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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jouami%27_al-Ulama | Battle of Jouami' al-Ulama | ["1 Background","2 Battle","3 Aftermath","4 References","5 Notes"] | Coordinates: 36°11′24″N 5°24′36″E / 36.19000°N 5.41000°E / 36.19000; 5.41000Battle of Jouami' al-UlamaPart of the Maghrebi War (1699–1702)Date3 October 1700LocationNear Sétif, Beylik of Constantine36°11′24″N 5°24′36″E / 36.19000°N 5.41000°E / 36.19000; 5.41000Result
Algerian victory
Rout of the Tunisian ArmyBelligerents
Beylik of Tunis
Deylik of Algiers
Beylik of ConstantineCommanders and leaders
Murad III Ibrahim Sharif
Hadj Mustapha Ahmed ben FerhatStrength
700 tents
100 tentsCasualties and losses
7,000 dead and wounded
LowBattle of Jouami' al-Ulamaclass=notpageimage| Location of the Battle of Jouami' al-Ulama in Algeria
The Battle of Jouami' al-Ulama took place on 3 October 1700 near Sétif, Algeria. It was fought between the armies of the Bey of Tunis Murad III and those of the Deylik of Algiers commanded by the Dey Hadj Mustapha, and a newly elected Bey of Constantine, Ahmed ben Ferhat.
Background
Main article: Constantine campaign (1699–1700)
In 1699 Tunisian troops reinforced with Tripolitanian ones invaded the Beylik of Constantine, at the same time as the Moroccan ones invaded western Algeria. The Bey of Constantine at the time, Ali Khodja Bey, was more prepared than his Mascaran counterpart, although he failed decisively in a battle near Constantine against Murad III Bey, and his commander Ibrahim Sharif. Although his goal was not necessarily clear, he most likely wanted to incorporate Kabylia and Constantinois into Tunisia in a similar fashion to the Hafsid Kingdom.
Battle
After Ali Khoudja's decisive defeat, the Dey of Algiers Hadj Mustapha decided to elect Ahmed ben Ferhat as the new Bey of Constantine.
The Tunisian army consisted of about 700 tents, while the Algerian army was barely 100. Thus, Murad was absolutely amused at the number of Algerian troops, and ordered his troops to rest. The Algerians themselves were uneasy, and thus Hadj Mustapha decided that the only way for them to succeed would be to ambush them. During the night while the Tunisians were asleep, the Algerian army mainly composed of light tribal cavalry moved in and attacked the Tunisians, and massacred about 7,000 of them. Murad and his commanders had to flee, while the Algerians moved into the ruins of their camps.
This defeat caused a rout, and Murad III had to retreat back to Tunisian territories, abandoning all of his gains. He attempted to raise another army to attack Algiers again. He also sent his commander Ibrahim Sharif to Constantinople to recruit additional janissaries.
Aftermath
In 1702, Murad III was raising an army for another offensive on Algiers. Ibrahim Shariff returned from Constantinople with a large number of Turkish janissaries which pleased Murad III. although unknown to him, Ibrahim Sharif, acting on secret orders from Ottoman Sultan Mustafa II, on 2 June he assassinated Murad III and killed his entire family, and restored Ottoman control over the territory, and ending the Muradid dynasty. He signed a peace treaty with the Algerians a few weeks later, ending the war with a status quo ante bellum.
References
^ a b André Raymond, Tunis sous les Mouradites : la ville et ses habitants au XVIIe siècle, éd. Cérès, Tunis, 2006
^ a b Mouloud Gaïd, Chronique des beys de Constantine
^ Rousseau, Alphonse (1864). Annales tunisiennes: ou, Aperçu historique sur la régence de Tunis (in French). Bastide.
^ Constantine, Société Archéologique de la Province de (1868). Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société Archéologique de la Province de Constantine (in French).
^ Journal asiatique (in French). Dondey-Dupré. 1851.
^ Ibn Abi Dhiaf, op. cit., p. 95
Notes
^ A tent could house dozens of troops depending on its size. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sétif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9tif"},{"link_name":"Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_beys_of_Tunis"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Murad III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_III_Bey"},{"link_name":"Deylik of Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers"},{"link_name":"Dey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_and_rulers_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers"},{"link_name":"Hadj Mustapha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadj_Mustapha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Bey of Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_beys_of_Constantine,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"}],"text":"The Battle of Jouami' al-Ulama took place on 3 October 1700 near Sétif, Algeria. It was fought between the armies of the Bey of Tunis Murad III and those of the Deylik of Algiers commanded by the Dey Hadj Mustapha,[1] and a newly elected Bey of Constantine, Ahmed ben Ferhat.[2]","title":"Battle of Jouami' al-Ulama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tunisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Tripolitanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania"},{"link_name":"Beylik of Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylik_of_Constantine"},{"link_name":"Moroccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"invaded western Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascara_campaign_(1699-1701)"},{"link_name":"Bey of Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_beys_of_Constantine,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Mascaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Beylik"},{"link_name":"Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Murad III Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_III_Bey"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Sharif_of_Tunis"},{"link_name":"Kabylia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabylia"},{"link_name":"Constantinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinois"},{"link_name":"Hafsid Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"In 1699 Tunisian troops reinforced with Tripolitanian ones invaded the Beylik of Constantine, at the same time as the Moroccan ones invaded western Algeria. The Bey of Constantine at the time, Ali Khodja Bey, was more prepared than his Mascaran counterpart, although he failed decisively in a battle near Constantine against Murad III Bey, and his commander Ibrahim Sharif. Although his goal was not necessarily clear, he most likely wanted to incorporate Kabylia and Constantinois into Tunisia in a similar fashion to the Hafsid Kingdom.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"decisive defeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_campaign_(1699%E2%80%931700)"},{"link_name":"Dey of Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_and_rulers_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers"},{"link_name":"Hadj Mustapha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadj_Mustapha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bey of Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_beys_of_Constantine,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Tunisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Algerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria"},{"link_name":"[notes 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Murad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_III_Bey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tunisian territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"janissaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissaries"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"After Ali Khoudja's decisive defeat, the Dey of Algiers Hadj Mustapha decided to elect Ahmed ben Ferhat as the new Bey of Constantine.[2]The Tunisian army consisted of about 700 tents, while the Algerian army was barely 100.[notes 1] Thus, Murad was absolutely amused at the number of Algerian troops, and ordered his troops to rest. The Algerians themselves were uneasy, and thus Hadj Mustapha decided that the only way for them to succeed would be to ambush them. During the night while the Tunisians were asleep, the Algerian army mainly composed of light tribal cavalry moved in and attacked the Tunisians, and massacred about 7,000 of them. Murad and his commanders had to flee, while the Algerians moved into the ruins of their camps.[4][5]This defeat caused a rout, and Murad III had to retreat back to Tunisian territories, abandoning all of his gains. He attempted to raise another army to attack Algiers again. He also sent his commander Ibrahim Sharif to Constantinople to recruit additional janissaries.[1]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Murad III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_III_Bey"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"janissaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissary"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Sharif_of_Tunis"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Mustafa II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_II"},{"link_name":"Muradid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muradid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"status quo ante bellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1702, Murad III was raising an army for another offensive on Algiers. Ibrahim Shariff returned from Constantinople with a large number of Turkish janissaries which pleased Murad III. although unknown to him, Ibrahim Sharif, acting on secret orders from Ottoman Sultan Mustafa II, on 2 June he assassinated Murad III and killed his entire family, and restored Ottoman control over the territory, and ending the Muradid dynasty. He signed a peace treaty with the Algerians a few weeks later, ending the war with a status quo ante bellum.[6]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ A tent could house dozens of troops depending on its size.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Rousseau, Alphonse (1864). Annales tunisiennes: ou, Aperçu historique sur la régence de Tunis (in French). Bastide.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IpkBAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"Annales tunisiennes: ou, Aperçu historique sur la régence de Tunis"}]},{"reference":"Constantine, Société Archéologique de la Province de (1868). Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société Archéologique de la Province de Constantine (in French).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ygt2-v21DRUC&dq=sept+mille+hommes+mourad-bey+kouhil&pg=PA275","url_text":"Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société Archéologique de la Province de Constantine"}]},{"reference":"Journal asiatique (in French). Dondey-Dupré. 1851.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s2cTAAAAQAAJ&dq=sept+mille+hommes+mourad-bey+kouhil&pg=PA54","url_text":"Journal asiatique"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Jouami%27_al-Ulama¶ms=36_11_24_N_5_24_36_E_region:DZ","external_links_name":"36°11′24″N 5°24′36″E / 36.19000°N 5.41000°E / 36.19000; 5.41000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Jouami%27_al-Ulama¶ms=36_11_24_N_5_24_36_E_region:DZ","external_links_name":"36°11′24″N 5°24′36″E / 36.19000°N 5.41000°E / 36.19000; 5.41000"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IpkBAAAAQAAJ","external_links_name":"Annales tunisiennes: ou, Aperçu historique sur la régence de Tunis"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ygt2-v21DRUC&dq=sept+mille+hommes+mourad-bey+kouhil&pg=PA275","external_links_name":"Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société Archéologique de la Province de Constantine"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s2cTAAAAQAAJ&dq=sept+mille+hommes+mourad-bey+kouhil&pg=PA54","external_links_name":"Journal asiatique"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearts_fc | Heart of Midlothian F.C. | ["1 History","1.1 Early years","1.2 Early success","1.3 Hearts in World War I","1.4 Inter war years","1.5 Tommy Walker's managerial era","1.6 Latter 20th century","1.7 Into the 21st century","1.8 The Romanov era","1.9 Administration","1.10 Post administration","2 Colours and badge","3 Stadium","4 Rivalry","5 Supporters and culture","6 Player of the year","7 Honours","7.1 Major honours","7.2 Minor honours","8 Club records","9 Players","9.1 Current squad","9.2 Out on loan","9.3 Retired numbers","9.4 Development and under-20s squad","9.5 Hearts Women squad","10 Club staff","10.1 Corporate staff","10.2 Coaching staff","10.3 Hearts Women staff","11 Managers","12 Hearts Women","13 References","13.1 Bibliography","14 External links"] | Association football club in Edinburgh, Scotland
For other uses of "Heart of Midlothian", see Heart of Midlothian.
"HMFC" redirects here. For the Chinese football club, see Haikou Mingcheng F.C.
Football clubHeart of MidlothianFull nameHeart of Midlothian Football ClubNickname(s)HeartsThe Jam TartsHMFCThe JambosThe Gorgie BoysFounded1874; 150 years ago (1874)GroundTynecastle Park, EdinburghCapacity19,852ChairpersonAnn BudgeHead coachSteven NaismithLeagueScottish Premiership2023–24Scottish Premiership, 3rd of 12WebsiteClub website
Home colours
Away colours
Third colours
Current season
Heart of Midlothian Football Club, commonly known as Hearts, is a professional football club in Edinburgh, Scotland. The team competes in the Scottish Premiership, the top division of Scottish football. Hearts, the oldest and most successful football club in the Scottish capital, was formed in 1874, its name influenced by Walter Scott's novel The Heart of Midlothian. The club crest is based on the Heart of Midlothian mosaic on the city's Royal Mile; the team's colours are maroon and white.
Hearts have played home matches at Tynecastle Park since 1886. After converting the ground into an all-seater stadium in 1990, it now has a capacity of 19,852 following the completion of a rebuilt main stand in 2017. They have training facilities at the Oriam, Scotland's national performance centre for sport, where they also run their youth academy.
Hearts have won the Scottish league championship four times, most recently in 1959–60, when they also retained the Scottish League Cup to complete a League and League Cup double – the only club outside of the Old Firm to achieve such a feat.
The club's most successful period was under former player turned manager Tommy Walker from the early 1950s to mid 1960s. Between 1954 and 1962 they won two league titles, one Scottish Cup, and four Scottish League Cups, and also finished inside the league's top four positions for 11 consecutive seasons between 1949–50 and 1959–60. Jimmy Wardhaugh, Willie Bauld and Alfie Conn Sr., known as the Terrible Trio, were forwards at the start of this period with wing half linchpins Dave Mackay and John Cumming. Wardhaugh was part of another notable Hearts attacking trinity in the 1957–58 league winning side. Along with Jimmy Murray and Alex Young, they set the record for the number of goals scored in a Scottish top-flight winning campaign (132). In doing so, they also became the only side to finish a season in the Scottish top tier with a goal difference exceeding 100 (+103).
Hearts have also won the Scottish Cup eight times, most recently in 2012 after a 5–1 victory over Hibernian, their local rivals. They have since been beaten finalists in 2019, 2020 and 2022. All four of Hearts' Scottish League Cup triumphs came under Walker, most recently a 1–0 victory against Kilmarnock in 1962. Their most recent League Cup Final appearance was in 2013, where they lost 3–2 to St Mirren.
In 1958, Heart of Midlothian became the third Scottish and fifth British team to compete in European competition. The club reached the quarter-finals of the 1988–89 UEFA Cup, losing to Bayern Munich 2–1 on aggregate.
History
See also: List of Heart of Midlothian F.C. seasons
Early years
The club was formed by a group of friends from the Heart of Midlothian Quadrille Assembly Club. The group of friends bought a ball before playing local rules football at the Tron from where they were directed by a local policeman to The Meadows to play. Local rules football was a mix of rugby and association football. In December 1873 a match was held between XIs selected by Mr Thomson from Queens Park and Mr Gardner from Clydesdale at Raimes Park in Bonnington. This was the first time that Association rules had been seen in Edinburgh. Members from the dance club viewed the match and in 1874 decided to adopt the association rules. The new side was Heart of Mid-Lothian Football Club. The exact date of the club's formation was never recorded; however, 1874 is regarded as the year of formation as it was when association rules were taken on, although Tom Purdie claimed the club was formed in 1873. The earliest mention of Heart of Midlothian in a sporting context is a report in The Scotsman newspaper from 20 July 1864 of The Scotsman vs Heart of Mid-Lothian at cricket. It is not known if this was the same club who went on to form the football club, but it was common for football clubs in those days to play other sports as well.
The club took its name from historic county Midlothian, dating from the Middle Ages, as well as the Heart of Midlothian mosaic on the Royal Mile, which marks the historic entrance to the Old Tolbooth jail, which was demolished in 1817 but was kept fresh in the mind by Walter Scott's novel The Heart of Midlothian.
Original Hearts stripLed by captain Tom Purdie the club played its matches in the East Meadows and in 1875 Hearts became members of the Scottish Football Association (SFA) and were founder members of the Edinburgh Football Association. By becoming members of the SFA Hearts were able to play in the Scottish Cup for the first time. Hearts played against 3rd Edinburgh Rifle Volunteers F.C. in October 1875 at Craigmount Park in Edinburgh. The game ended in a scoreless draw. A replay was held at the Meadows which again finished 0–0. Under rules at the time both clubs progressed to the next round with Hearts losing out to Drumpellier in the next round.
In the 1884–85 season, clubs in Scotland struggled to attract quality players who preferred to play professionally in England. After an 11–1 win in the Scottish Cup over Dunfermline a protest was raised against the club for fielding two professional players, which was against the rules at the time. Hearts were suspended by the SFA for two years - the first ever suspension of an SFA club. They were readmitted after a change of the club's committee.
Early success
Hearts had considerable success in the early years of the Scottish Football League, winning the league championship in 1895 and 1896. They also won four Scottish Cups in a 15-year period from 1891 to 1906. The team played against Sunderland in the 1894–95 World Championship, but lost with a 5–3 score. Hearts did win the World Championship title in 1902, beating Tottenham Hotspur 3–1 in Tynecastle Park, after a 0–0 in London a few months earlier.
Hearts in World War I
Hearts War Memorial
Main articles: Heart of Midlothian F.C. and World War I and McCrae's Battalion
Do not ask where Hearts are playing and then look at me askance. If it's football that you're wanting, you must come with us to France!— Sir George McCrae
In November 1914, Heart of Midlothian comfortably led the First Division, having started the 1914–15 season with eight straight victories, including a 2–0 defeat of reigning champions Celtic.
This streak coincided with the start of the First World War and the beginnings of a public debate upon the morality of continuing professional football while young soldiers were dying on the front-line. A motion was placed before the Scottish Football Association to postpone the season, with one of its backers, Airdrieonians chairman Thomas Forsyth declaring that "playing football while our men are fighting is repugnant". While this motion was defeated at the ballot box, with the SFA opting to wait for War Office advice, the East London philanthropist Frederick Charrington was orchestrating a public campaign to have professional football in Britain suspended, and achieving great popular support for his cause. The prime tactic of Charrington's campaign was to shame football players and officials into action through public and private denouncement. In response, sixteen players from Hearts enlisted in Sir George McCrae's new volunteer battalion, joining en masse on 25 November 1914. The battalion was to become the 16th Royal Scots and was the first to earn the "footballer's battalion" sobriquet. The group of volunteers also contained some 500 Hearts supporters and ticket-holders, 150 followers of Hibernian and a number of professional footballers from Raith Rovers, Falkirk and Dunfermline.
Military training was thus added to the Hearts players football training regime, and the side had a 20-game unbeaten run between October and February. However, exhaustion from their army exertions, twice including 10-hour nocturnal-marches the night before a league game, eventually led to a drop in form, as several enlisted players missed key games. Defeats to St Mirren and Morton allowed Celtic to usurp the Maroons and eventually claim the league title by 4 points.
The war claimed the lives of seven first team players: Duncan Currie, John Allan, James Boyd, Tom Gracie, Ernest Ellis, James Speedie and Harry Wattie as well as former player David Philip.
There are two war memorials to mark this period; The McCrae's Battalion Great War Memorial in Contalmaison and the Heart of Midlothian War Memorial in Haymarket, Edinburgh donated to the city by the club in 1922. The latter was placed in storage due to the Edinburgh Trams work but has now been replaced a little to the east of its previous position. A further memorial commemorating the 1914 Hearts team has been proposed by the club. An annual pilgrimage is held by football supporters to Contalmaison every year, whilst Hearts hold their memorial services at Haymarket or, whilst it was in storage, at Tynecastle Park.
Inter war years
Hearts collected no senior silverware in the inter war years. Tommy Walker joined the Hearts ground staff aged 16 in February 1932. As Scottish clubs could not then officially sign players until the age of 17, Walker played junior football for Linlithgow Rose until his birthday in May. A talented and elegant inside-forward, Walker quickly earned a place in the Hearts first team, helping the side to victory in the 1933 Jubilee edition of the Rosebery Charity Cup, in a season in which they finished 3rd in the league. He was a regular first team player by 1933–34 but despite some emphatic victories, inconsistent form limited Hearts to a sixth-place finish.
Despite Walker scoring 192 league goals for Hearts and playing in sides boasting numerous internationals, such as Scots Dave McCulloch, Barney Battles, Andy Anderson and Alex Massie, Welshman Freddie Warren and Irishman Willie Reid, Walker was destined not to win a major honour as a player at Tynecastle. The closest Hearts came to success during his period there was a second place league finish in 1937–38.
Tommy Walker's managerial era
The first seeds of the Tommy Walker managerial success at Hearts were sown by Davie McLean. On 9 October 1948 after a mediocre start to the 1948–49 season, Hearts' manager McLean gave a competitive first team debut to 20 year old centre forward Willie Bauld and 19 year old inside left Jimmy Wardhaugh, and 22 year old inside right Alfie Conn Sr. had already broken through to the first team so this game marked the first time all three were deployed as a combined attacking force. They became dubbed the Terrible Trio and scored over 900 Hearts goals between them (Wardhaugh 376, Bauld 355, Conn 221). As a unit they played 242 games together. The combination of Wardhaugh's dribbling skills and non-stop running, Bauld's cerebral play and prodigious aerial ability, and Conn's energetic, tenacious style and powerful shooting complemented each other well. Their first match as a forward combination ended in a 6–1 defeat of Scot Symon's East Fife team of the era. This was notable as Symon's team had defeated the Maroons 4–0 three weeks earlier.
A few weeks later in December 1948 Tommy Walker left during his third season at Chelsea to return to Hearts. He took the role of player-assistant to manager McLean. McLean's intention was that Walker would be a steadying influence in a developing young team. However, after a single appearance at right-half in a 1–0 home defeat by Dundee, Walker retired to concentrate fully on learning the managerial ropes. Tangible progress was made in the League Championship in 1949–50 when Hearts finished third. As Tommy Walker had become more influential, McLean was co-opted to the Board on 16 March 1950.
Chart of Hearts' yearly table positions in The League.McLean's death on 14 February 1951 saw Walker promoted to the position of manager. Walker's reign was to prove the most successful period in the club's history. Walker was always quick to acknowledge the contribution made by McLean and his fatherly interest in the welfare and development of the players. The important foundations Walker inherited from McLean included the Terrible Trio forwards, the full back pair of Bobby Parker and Tam McKenzie and half backs Bobby Dougan and Davie Laing. To this established core John Cumming had recently broken through to the first team in the left half position he was to dominate for many years. Freddie Glidden was already at Tynecastle but yet to first team debut as was the then schoolboy Dave Mackay. Walker made Parker the team Captain.
Mackay's key signing as a professional was under Walker in 1952 (initially part-time whilst also working as a joiner). Mackay's pairing with Cumming at wing half was to become the nucleus of the team in the middle of the pitch. Mackay was a supremely talented all round player of ferocious tackling, endless running and sublime ball control. Cumming's Iron Man nickname says much of his fearless determination. Despite his commitment he retained control of his temper and was never booked in his career. Cumming was the only player to collect medals for all seven of the trophies Hearts won under Walker. "He never had a bad game. It was either a fairly good game or an excellent game," said Mackay later of his former teammate. Both went on to become full Scotland internationalists while playing for Hearts.
Bauld's value to the team was underlined in 1952/53, when he missed eight vital league games through ankle injuries. Hearts were struggling, but with Bauld's return to full fitness came a change in fortunes. From the bottom half of the league they surged up the table to finish in fourth place (as they had the two previous seasons). That resurgence also took them to a 1952–53 Scottish Cup semi final against Rangers before 116,262 fans at Hampden Park in Glasgow. Wardhaugh scored in the 2–1 defeat. Hearts were now though on an upward trajectory.
In 1953–54, Wardhaugh became the A Division's top scorer with 27 goals as Hearts appeared set to win the League championship. However, on 13 March 1954 in the Scottish Cup quarter final 3–0 defeat away to Aberdeen, Parker broke his jaw, Conn injured his back, and Wardhaugh collected a serious shin bone injury. Dougan already had a lengthy knee injury meaning 9 November 1953 was his last competitive Hearts first team game (Dougan only subsequently played for Hearts in friendlies). Walker immediately tried Glidden to cover and he took over the centre half berth from Dougan. A stuttering end to their season saw Celtic overtake them. The young Mackay was given his first team debut on 7 November of that 1953–54 season one week before his nineteenth birthday. Naturally more left sided than right, Mackay played in the number six jersey normally associated with the absent Cumming. Mackay's next two appearances though weren't until mid March immediately after the Aberdeen cup defeat when again he played in Cumming's position. It wasn't until 17 April 1954 in a 1–0 win at Clyde that Walker first selected Mackay, Glidden and Cumming in the numbers four, five and six.
The team was boosted by the signing of Ian Crawford in August 1954. Mackay was given his extended place in the team in the 1954–55 season immediately after Laing's 5 September transfer to Clyde. It was from this point that Walker settled on Mackay, Glidden and Cumming as his combination for the number four, five and six jerseys. They promptly became a trophy winning force lifting the first of seven trophies over nine seasons between 1954 and 1963. In October of the 1954–55 season they won their first trophy since 1906, 48 years before. They beat Motherwell 4–2 in the 1954 Scottish League Cup final. Bauld scored three and Wardhaugh scored one in the final giving the team their break through trophy. Hearts gained some recompense against Celtic from the season before by beating them home and away in that 1954–55 Scottish League Cup group stage.
After signing Alex Young and Bobby Kirk, Walker's side proceeded to win the 1955–56 Scottish Cup. They thrashed Rangers 4–0 in the quarter-finals with goals from Crawford, Conn and a Bauld double. Cumming's commitment to the team was typified in that 1956 Scottish Cup final before 132,840 fans. With blood streaming from a first half head injury from a clash with Celtic's Willie Fernie he said, "Blood doesn't show on a maroon jersey". He returned to the playing field in the 3–1 win and was man of the match. That quote is now displayed above the entrance to the players tunnel at Tynecastle. Kirk could play in either full back role and played on the right in the final at the expense of Parker. Glidden lifted the trophy as Hearts captain in what he recalled as the "sweetest" moment in his footballing career.
Wardhaugh was the top tier's leading scorer again that season. The scorers in the cup final win over Celtic were Crawford with two and one from Conn. Conn ended that 1955–56 season at the peak of his powers aged 29 with a career best 29 goals from 41 games. On 2 May 1956 two weeks after the cup win Conn became the third of the terrible trio to collect a full Scotland cap. At Hampden Park he put his side ahead after 12 minutes in a 1–1 draw with Austria. However the following September he suffered a broken jaw playing against Hibernian keeping him out until January. The days of the Terrible Trio as a combined force were nearing their end.
17 year old Gordon Marshall debuted in 1956 as did George Thomson in February 1957. Marshall, a future England under 23 internationalist, became a Hearts goalkeeping regular until 1963. Hearts led the Scottish League for most of the 1956–57 season. The title hinged on Rangers visit to Tynecastle on 13 April. A capacity crowd watched a tense game in which Rangers keeper, George Niven, was man of the match. Hearts could not beat him and the only goal came from Billy Simpson of Rangers who scored on the break in 35 minutes. Rangers had games in hand which they won to overtake Hearts and lift the trophy.
Walker completed the set of having won all three major Scottish football trophies with the League Championship in 1957–58. Conn suffered a serious ankle injury meaning he only played in five league games all season. Injury hit Conn left Hearts for Raith Rovers in September 1958 just two years after his 1956 zenith. He did so after 408 first team games and 221 goals. With an injury hit Bauld only playing nine times in the league title win a new Hearts attacking trio were dominant. For a third time Wardhaugh was the League's top marksman with 28 strikes. This was one ahead of Jimmy Murray's 27 and four more than Young's 24. Mackay, now Captain, was fourth in Hearts' league scoring charts with 12. Hearts won that League title in 1957–58 with record-breaking points, goals scored and goal difference. Their record from 34 league games of 62 points out of a maximum possible 68 was 13 more than their nearest rival. They scored 132 goals (still the Scottish top tier record) with only 29 against for a record net difference of +103. This was Hearts' greatest ever league side. Murray and Mackay both played for Scotland at the 1958 FIFA World Cup where Murray scored in a 1–1 draw against Yugoslavia. Parker was a fringe player in the league winning season, his last season as a Hearts player. He moved to the club coaching staff before joining the Board of Directors where he also had a spell as chairman.
In the 1958–59 Scottish League Cup group stage Hearts eliminated Rangers. That October 1958 Scottish League Cup final was won with a heavy 5–1 defeat of Partick Thistle. Bauld and Murray each scored two and Johnny Hamilton netted one. Hearts defended their league title by being leaders in mid December. However a side visiting Ibrox missing injured Mackay were beaten 5–0 with all goals in the first 35 minutes. This put Rangers into top position in the table on goal average. This precipitated a run of only two wins from the next seven games without injured Mackay. Hearts beat Queen of the South in a 2–1 home league win on 7 March 1959. After that QoS game Rangers with six games to play were firm favourites for the title, six points ahead of second placed Hearts. Even if Hearts were to win their remaining seven games including a game in hand and beating Rangers in their visit Tynecastle in Rangers' penultimate game of the season, Rangers would still have to drop two points elsewhere and give away a superior goal average. The league game against QoS was Mackay's last for Hearts after they accepted a bid of £32,000 from Tottenham Hotspur for their captain who was fit at this time despite having had lengthy spells out injured in the previous 12 months. Bobby Rankin was brought in to bolster the squad and scored twice in each of his first two games (both victories). On the penultimate Saturday of the league campaign goals by Cumming and Rankin at home to Rangers meant Hearts were four points behind with a game in hand. In midweek they next won 4–2 at Aberdeen with Rankin scoring a hat-trick. The last day of the season began with Rangers two points clear with an identical goal average to Hearts. Rangers thus needed a point to clinch the title but lost 2–1 at home to Aberdeen. Despite missing Bobby Kirk at right back with a knee injury, Rankin's ninth goal from his fifth Hearts game had Hearts 1–0 up at half time at Celtic Park. Any victory would have given Hearts the title. Then Celtic's Bertie Auld playing at left wing equalised before Eric Smith scored Celtic's winning second goal to seal the title for their cross city rivals leaving those at Tynecastle to wonder what would have happened if Mackay hadn't been sold when he was.
Mackay's name as a club mainstay at half back was eventually taken over by Billy Higgins. That League Cup win was also Glidden's last trophy as a recurring back injury that season numbered his playing days at Tynecastle. 36 year old MacKenzie left in 1959 as did Wardhaugh. He scored 206 goals in 304 league games and a total of 376 goals in 518 games for Hearts.
After collecting three Scottish championships and 19 full Scotland caps at Hibernian, Gordon Smith had a recurring ankle injury leading to his free transfer in 1959. Smith believed that an operation could cure the injury and paid for an operation on the offending ankle himself. He then signed for Hearts, his boyhood heroes. He enjoyed immediate success at Tynecastle, winning both the 1959 Scottish League Cup final and league title in his first season with the club. Hamilton scored for Hearts in that second successive League Cup Final and Young hit the winner. Third Lanark were beaten 2–1. 1960 ended with Walker being awarded the OBE for services to football.
The 1960s saw Hearts fortunes fluctuate as Walker attempted to adapt to football's tactical changes by implementing a 4–2–4 formation. Young and Thomson departed for Everton in November 1960. At Everton Young was known as The Golden Vision and became another from the Walker production line of full Scotland internationalists. Smith had an injury hit season leading to his joining Dundee (who became the third club with whom he won the Scottish title). Hearts signed further future full internationalists in Willie Wallace and David Holt. Hearts lost the 1961 Scottish League Cup Final after a replay. Cumming scored a deserved equalising penalty for Hearts in the first game 1–1 draw they largely dominated against the Scot Symon managed Rangers. Norrie Davidson scored a then equalising Hearts goal when they lost in the 3–1 replay defeat.
Bauld left Hearts in 1962 with 355 goals from 510 first team appearances. Another future internationalist, Willie Hamilton, joined for the run culminating in the 1962 Scottish League Cup final win. Hearts won the trophy for a fourth time with a 1–0 final win over Willie Waddell's fine Kilmarnock side of that era. Davidson's goal this time proved decisive. Like in the 1954–55 win Hearts eliminated Celtic in that 1962-63 Scottish League Cup group stage.
In 1964–65 Hearts fought out a championship title race with Waddell's Kilmarnock. In the era of two points for a win Hearts were three points clear with two games remaining. Hearts drew with Dundee United meaning the last game of the season with the two title challengers playing each other at Tynecastle would be a league decider. Kilmarnock needed to win by a two-goal margin to take the title. Hearts entered the game as favourites with both a statistical and home advantage. They also had a solid pedigree of trophy winning under Walker. Waddell's Kilmarnock in contrast had been nearly men. Four times in the previous five seasons they had finished league runners-up including Hearts’ triumph in 1960. Killie had also lost three domestic cup finals during the same period including the 1962 League Cup Final defeat to Hearts. Hearts had won five of the six senior cup finals they played in under Walker. Even the final they had lost was in a replay after drawing the first game. Hearts' Roald Jensen hit the post after six minutes. Kilmarnock then scored twice through Davie Sneddon and Brian McIlroy after 27 and 29 minutes. Alan Gordon had an excellent chance to clinch the title for Hearts in second half injury time but was denied by a Bobby Ferguson diving save pushing the ball past the post. The 2–0 defeat meant Hearts lost the title by an average of 0.042 goals. Subsequently, Hearts were instrumental in pushing through a change to use goal difference to separate teams level on points. Ironically this rule change later denied Hearts the title in 1985–86.
Following a slump in results, Walker resigned in September 1966. Under his management Hearts had won 7 senior trophies and been runners up in five others. Cumming left the playing staff a year later and joined the coaching team.
Latter 20th century
The highlight of the late 60s was the run to the 1968 Scottish Cup Final when they lost 3–1 to George Farm's Dunfermline Athletic. The players of greatest note in the late sixties were Jim Cruickshank, Alan Anderson and Donald Ford with Drew Busby joining the three in the 1970s. The high point of the 1970s was another run to the Scottish Cup Final. In 1975–76 they again lost 3–1 in the final this time to Rangers. After the advent of the ten team Premier Division in 1975, Hearts were subsequently relegated for the first time in 1977. This began a sequence of yo-yoing between the Premier League and First Division six times in seven seasons.
On 25 May 1981, 34-year-old Wallace Mercer became chairman after buying a controlling interest in Hearts for £265,000. Hearts had just been relegated from the top flight for the third time in five seasons. The following December (1981), Mercer promoted Alex MacDonald to be Player-Manager. At the end of the 1982–83 season, Hearts were promoted back to the top flight. This marked an upturn in their fortunes to rejoin the more competitive clubs in Scotland's top flight. The 1985–86 season was their best since 1965. The league campaign started with the loss of five of the first eight games. From there the club went on a 27-game unbeaten league run, reaching the top of the league on 21 December after a 1–0 win at St Mirren.
Hearts needed a draw from the last game of the season away to Dundee on 3 May 1986 to win the Scottish league title. Before that final game they were two points ahead of Celtic and with a superior goal difference of four goals. However, this strong statistical position was undermined in the run up to the game when several players in the Hearts squad were hit by a viral infection. Craig Levein failed to recover to make the game in Dundee. Celtic were 4–0 up away at St Mirren at half time in their final fixture. Thus, at half time the players knew that they would have to deliver a result at Dens Park. Substitute Albert Kidd forced Hearts to concede a corner kick with seven minutes remaining. The in-swinging corner was touched on and fell to Kidd who put Dundee ahead. This was the first goal Hearts had conceded from a corner all season. Hearts now needed an equaliser to win the title. However, Kidd went on a run with the ball from the halfway line down the right wing beating two Hearts players. After then playing a one-two with a teammate on the edge of the Hearts box he finished to score a second with four minutes left. Dundee won 2–0. This combined with Celtic winning 5–0 against St Mirren meant the top two clubs finished the season on the same number of points. Hearts lost out to Celtic by a goal difference of three. Had goal difference been the rule in 1965 Hearts would have been champions; had goal average still applied in 1986, they would have won the league. Hearts lobbying after the league loss in 1965 cost them the title in 1986.
Hearts had been chasing a League and Scottish Cup double. After eliminating Rangers and Jim McLean's Dundee United they faced Alex Ferguson's Aberdeen in the final; Aberdeen won 3–0 meaning Hearts finished runners-up as they had in the league.
Hearts finished league runners-up again in 1988 and 1992. The club reached the quarter-finals of the 1988–89 UEFA Cup losing out to Bayern Munich 2–1 on aggregate. After MacDonald's summer 1990 departure the club struggled to settle on a manager. Within a two-year period, Joe Jordan, Sandy Clark and Tommy McLean were all sacked. From April 1989 to April 1994, Hearts went on a run of 22 games in a row without defeat against arch-rivals Hibernian in the Edinburgh Derby.
In 1994 Mercer sold his shares in Hearts to Chris Robinson and Leslie Deans. Under Mercer, Hearts finished second in the Scottish top tier three times and once in the Scottish Cup, but his time at the helm concluded without senior silverware. His personal influence at the club is perhaps best remembered with an attempted merger with Hibs in 1990. Seen by Hibs fans as an attempted take over to liquidate their club, Mercer's attempts were met with bitterness and acrimony before he backed away.
In 1998, Hearts beat Rangers 2–1 to lift the Scottish Cup under the management of ex Hearts player, Jim Jefferies. Colin Cameron scored a first-minute penalty and Stephane Adam added after half time. This was Hearts' first senior trophy win since the 1962–63 Scottish League Cup won in the Tommy Walker era.
Into the 21st century
Hearts finished third in 2003 and 2004, and reached the inaugural group stages of the UEFA Cup in 2004–05, but finished bottom of their group, despite Robbie Neilson's goal giving a 2–1 victory over FC Basel. During the 2004–05 season, they finished fifth in the league.
In 2004, then club CEO Chris Robinson announced plans to sell Tynecastle, which he claimed was "not fit for purpose", and instead have Hearts rent Murrayfield from the Scottish Rugby Union. This move was deemed necessary due to the club's increasingly large debt. The plan was very unpopular with supporters, and a campaign, entitled Save Our Hearts, was set up to try to block the move. As Robinson and his supporters had a slight majority of the club's shares, a preliminary deal to sell the stadium was struck with the Cala property development company for just over £20 million.
The Romanov era
Main article: Vladimir Romanov's ownership of Heart of Midlothian F.C.
In August 2004 the midst of Hearts' financial difficulties Russian-Lithuanian multi-millionaire Vladimir Romanov entered into talks to take over Hearts in what was dubbed the "Romanov Revolution". Romanov had already made failed attempts to purchase Dundee United, Dundee and Dunfermline. Romanov offered the prospect of the club staying at a redeveloped Tynecastle, which was very attractive to Hearts supporters. At the end of September 2004 Chris Robinson agreed to sell his 19.6% stake to Romanov. Romanov called an extraordinary general meeting in January 2005 so that the club could pass a motion to exercise the escape clause in the deal with Cala Homes. The backing of Leslie Deans and the McGrail brothers meant that the motion was passed with over 70% support. The sale of Robinson's shares was completed on 2 February 2005 after Romanov made financial guarantees that the club could continue to trade without selling Tynecastle. This sale increased Romanov's stake to 29.9%, giving him effective control of the club. Romanov's takeover was welcomed by a fans' representative. Romanov increased his shareholding in Hearts to 55.5% on 21 October 2005, and offered to buy the rest of the shares. Chairman George Foulkes sold his shares to Romanov and encouraged others to do likewise. Romanov eventually increased his majority share in Hearts to 82%.
Romanov's management of the club's debt became a cause for concern. During his takeover Romanov pledged to eradicate the club's debt. Soon after the takeover was completed, the debt was transferred from HBOS and SMG to the financial institutions controlled by Romanov, Ūkio bankas and UBIG. At the end of July 2007 the club were £36M in debt. On 7 July 2008, Hearts issued a statement that stated the club would issue debt for equity to reduce the debt by £12M. A further issue was completed in 2010. Since the takeover Hearts had failed to pay players wages on time on several occasions, and were threatened with administration twice due to failure to pay an outstanding tax bills with the bill finally being settled in August 2011. Results released for the financial year ending 31 July 2010 showed that Hearts had made a small profit for the first time since 1999, although they were still heavily in debt.
Hearts' first manager of the Romanov era was George Burley, who was appointed during close season by new chief executive Phil Anderton, who replaced Chris Robinson as chief executive. With their new manager and signings, Hearts got off to a tremendous start in the 2005–06 season. The team won their first eight league matches, equalling a club record set in 1914. Romanov shocked Scottish football by sacking George Burley on the following day whilst Hearts were sitting top of the SPL table; Hearts ultimately finished second. Hearts fans were led to expect a "top class manager" would replace Burley. Kevin Keegan, Bobby Robson, Claudio Ranieri and Ottmar Hitzfeld were all linked with the vacancy. Anderton, who had been making the approaches for these coaches, was sacked by Romanov on 31 October 2005. Foulkes, who had helped to bring Romanov to the club in the first place, resigned in protest at Anderton's dismissal. Romanov replaced both of them with his son, Roman Romanov. This proved to be a feature of his time at the club, going through nine permanent managers in seven years. The next managerial change after those came on 1 August 2011 when Jim Jefferies was sacked during his second spell at the club and replaced by former Sporting CP boss Paulo Sérgio.
Romanov stated that his ultimate aim was for Hearts to win the Champions League. Hearts competed in the Champions League during season 2006–07 but progressed only as far the second qualifying round before dropping down to the UEFA Cup. Since then Hearts have been unable to split the Old Firm for a second time to earn a Champions League place. Hearts target became finishing third or above in the SPL.
Romanov also owned the Lithuanian club FBK Kaunas and Belarusian club FC Partizan Minsk. Several players were loaned by FBK Kaunas to Hearts when Romanov acquired control of the club.
The club began experiencing severe financial problems in November 2011, which meant they were unable to pay the players' wages, and the club was put up for sale. The squad's October salaries were late and the November wages were paid twenty-nine days late, just one day before their December salaries were due. The December pay failed to arrive on time, and a complaint was lodged with the Scottish Premier League by the players' union. During this period the club advised fringe players they were free to leave the club. On 4 January 2012 the SPL ordered Hearts to pay all outstanding wages by 11 January 2012 and insisted that January's wages had to be paid on time on 16 January. Hearts paid all outstanding wages that day following the sale of Eggert Jónsson to Wolves. On 17 January, the day after Hearts' wages were due to be paid, it was revealed all players had been paid. Despite this, the SPL issued a statement saying Hearts had failed to pay all players on 16 January and an emergency board meeting had been called; Hearts refuted this, saying payment of the remuneration had been made to all players.
On 7 November 2012, Hearts were issued with a winding-up order by the Court of Session in Edinburgh after failing to pay a tax bill on time.
In early June 2013, during the close season, a Hearts media statement stated that they would need to raise £500,000 in capital to keep the club up and running during the break between seasons. With no match day income coming in and a lack of finance from owner Romanov, the club were left in a position where they had to put their whole squad up for sale.
On 17 June 2013, Heart of Midlothian began the process of entering into administration with debts of £25 million, owing recently bankrupt Ūkio bankas £15 million.
On 18 June 2013, a Scandinavian consortium offered to pay the club £500,000 immediately in return for a share of any future transfer income from up to 12 players; this was rejected by Hearts. The process of entering administration began on 19 June 2013 when the club's parent company, Ukio Bankas Investment Group (UBIG), filed papers at the Court of Session on Edinburgh for accountancy firm BDO to be named as administrators.
Administration
On 17 June 2013 Hearts announced that they had lodged court papers stating their intention to enter administration, and on 19 June 2013 the administrators BDO were appointed to run the club. This meant that the club was unable to register players over 21 until February 2014 at the earliest. As long as they were still in administration they would not be able to bring in players of any age.
As well as the signing embargo, Hearts were to be deducted a third of the previous season's points tally which meant the club would start the 2013–2014 season with −15 points. During this period the BDO administrator Trevor Birch pleaded with Hearts fans to purchase season tickets and stated that they needed to sell at least another 3000 season tickets to raise another £800,000 to keep the club running and avoiding liquidation. The fans met this number and took total season ticket sales beyond the 10,000 mark, giving the club more survival time.
A deadline of 12 July 2013 was set for interested parties to put in formal bids for the club; there were three bids entered for the club which were received from the supporters group "The Foundation of Hearts", the second from a new company called "HMFC limited" which was backed by American firm Club Sports 9 and a third from former Livingston FC owner Angelo Massone through Five Star Football Limited.
On 15 August 2013, "The Foundation of Hearts" were given preferred bidders status to make a CVA with Hearts' creditors. The money that the foundation used to purchase the club came from monthly donations from fans; the foundation received an interest-free loan from a wealthy fan, which was to be paid back using the monthly direct debts from the fans. On 2 December, Hearts' creditors agreed to the CVA deal proposed by "The Foundation of Hearts".
The club's relegation from the Scottish Premiership was confirmed on 5 April 2014. Hearts won 4–2 away to Partick Thistle, but St Mirren beat Motherwell 3–2, making it impossible for Hearts to catch up.
On Monday 12 May 2014, The Ann Budge fronted Bidco 1874 took control of Heart of Midlothian Plc, thus bringing to an end to Vladimir Romanov's involvement with the club. Budge, who fronted and financed the Bidco 1874 group which took over the reins at the club, became an unpaid executive chairwoman of the club. The Bidco group planned to hold the club for a possible five years, before the fans backed Foundation of Hearts supporters group take control. The Foundation put in £1 million for the running of the club until the final legal exit of administration. The Foundation then paid a further £2.6 million (£2.5m to cover the loan given by Bidco1874 Ltd to Hearts to finance the Creditors' Voluntary Agreement + £100,000 for the shares) to take 75% of the shares in the club and with that the running and decision making within the club. In addition, the Foundation also committed itself to provide a further £2.8m (£1.4m per year for two years) working capital for the club. Funding for the deal came from 8000+ people donating cash via a monthly direct debit.
The club officially exited administration on 11 June 2014, also bringing to an end the signing embargo that had been imposed upon the club a year earlier.
Post administration
Hearts earned an immediate return to the Scottish Premiership by clinching the 2014–15 Scottish Championship title with seven games remaining. Hearts remained undefeated for the first 20 league matches before a 3–2 home defeat to Falkirk ended that run. They won the title, winning 29 of 36 games, scoring 96 goals, conceding just 26 goals with a points total of 91. They finished the season 21 points ahead nearest challengers city-rivals Hibernian and 24 points ahead of third placed Rangers. The season included handing Cowdenbeath a joint club record defeat 10–0. At the PFA Scotland Awards, Hearts had six players named in Championship Team of the Year, two Young Player of the Year nominees, three Championship Player of the Year nominees, and Neilson shortlisted for Manager of the Year.
This period of renewed stability unravelled in the years following 2015. Despite finishing as runners up in the 2019 Scottish Cup Final, the club could only achieve mid-table placings in 2017, 2018 and 2019. This decline took a turn for the worse in 2019–20, and Hearts were relegated after finishing bottom of the Scottish Premiership, having won only four matches across the course of the season (which had been truncated due to the COVID-19 pandemic). Their relegation was confirmed in June 2020, after league reconstruction talks instigated by Budge collapsed. The club confirmed that they would be pursuing legal action against the SPFL following their demotion to the Scottish Championship. The legal action failed, as a Scottish Football Association arbitration panel ruled that the SPFL had acted within its powers.
Robbie Neilson was appointed as Hearts manager for a second time in June 2020, signing a three-year deal. Former manager Jim Jefferies was recruited as an advisor to the board and manager in July. In August 2020, Andrew McKinlay was appointed as the club's new Chief Executive. In June 2021, club captain Steven Naismith announced his retirement from football, taking up the role of Football Development Manager, focusing on the development of youth players "making their way towards the first team".
On 30 August 2021, Ann Budge officially transferred the club's shares to the Foundation of Hearts, meaning Hearts officially became the biggest fan owned club in the United Kingdom.
Hearts won the 2020–21 Scottish Championship, finishing ahead of second-placed Dundee by 12 points. This confirmed their return to the Scottish Premiership. In their first season back in the top flight, Hearts finished third. The following season, 2022–23, Hearts secured a fourth-placed finish.
Colours and badge
The Heart of Midlothian mosaic, on which the current club crest is based
The original Hearts football strip was all white shirts and trousers with maroon trimmings, and a heart sewn onto the chest. For one season they played in red, white and blue stripes. These were the colours of a club called St. Andrew, who had taken their name and colours from the University of St Andrews, that Hearts had absorbed. Since then the predominant club colours have been maroon and white. The strip typically has a maroon top and a white collar, although the strip was predominantly white in the 2010–11 season. The shorts are normally white, although maroon was used in the 2008–09 season. The socks are normally maroon with some white detail.
Hearts' current home kit is all maroon with a white collar.
The badge is a heart, based on the Heart of Midlothian mosaic on the Royal Mile. There is a tradition to spit on the mosaic when passing, harking back to the days when the city gaol stood there.
For the 2014–2015 season the club chose to commemorate 100 years since McCrae's Battalion with not only a commemorative strip, of maroon shirt, white shorts and black socks, but with a commemorative badge as well. The club chose to have no sponsor on the home top as a mark of respect to those who had joined the regiment.
Stadium
Main article: Tynecastle Park
Hearts initially played at The Meadows, Powburn and Powderhall before moving to the Gorgie area in 1881. They moved to their current site, Tynecastle Park, in 1886. Tynecastle has hosted nine full Scotland international matches. Tynecastle was named after the Tynecastle Tollhouse, at the entrance to the grounds of Merchiston.
For most of the 20th century, Tynecastle was a mostly terraced ground, with a seated main stand that was designed by Archibald Leitch and opened in 1919. The terraced sections were replaced by the Gorgie, Wheatfield and Roseburn Stands in the mid-1990s, making Tynecastle an all-seated stadium. In 2017, the main stand was demolished and replaced by a brand new stand which increased the ground's capacity to 20,099. While this work was undertaken, Hearts played some of their home league matches at Murrayfield Stadium.
Rivalry
Main article: Edinburgh derby
Hearts midfielder Paul Hartley (No. 10) prepares to take a free kick in an Edinburgh derby match against Hibs, played on 26 December 2006.
Hearts have a traditional local rivalry in Edinburgh with Hibs; the Edinburgh derby match between the two clubs is one of the oldest rivalries in world football. Graham Spiers has described it as "one of the jewels of the Scottish game". The clubs first met on Christmas Day 1875, when Hearts won 1–0, in the first match ever contested by Hibs. The two clubs became distinguished in Edinburgh after a five-game struggle for the Edinburgh Football Association Cup in 1878, which Hearts finally won with a 3–2 victory after four successive draws. The clubs have met twice in a Cup Final, in the 1896 Scottish Cup Final, which Hearts won 3–1 and the 2012 Scottish Cup Final which Hearts won 5–1. The 1896 final is also notable for being the only Scottish Cup Final to be played outside Glasgow.
Hearts have the better record in derbies. Approximately half of all derbies have been played in local competitions and friendlies. Hibs recorded the biggest derby win in a competitive match when they won 7–0 at Tynecastle on New Year's Day 1973.
While it has been noted that religious, ethnic or political background lies behind the rivalry, that aspect has been described as minor in relation to the sectarianism in Glasgow. In practice geography has been the main factor in establishing the support bases of the Edinburgh rivals: support for Hibs has always been founded in Leith and the surrounding areas in the north and east of the city, whereas the rest of Edinburgh has tended towards Hearts. Although the clubs are inescapable rivals, the rivalry is mainly "good-natured" and has had beneficial effects due to the demographic diversities; considering both of the clubs' territories have a variety of neighbourhoods that differ economically, politically, denominationally, or all three at once.
Supporters and culture
Heart of Midlothian are one of two full-time professional football clubs in Edinburgh. Hearts' average attendance during the 2022–23 season was 18,525. Important matches (particularly the Edinburgh derby, European fixtures, and games against the Old Firm) always see Tynecastle at or very close to full capacity.
The "Hearts Song" was written and performed by Scottish comedian Hector Nicol, a St Mirren fan. A new modern "Hearts Song", performed by Colin Chisholm and the Glasgow Branch, has been played before matches at Tynecastle in recent seasons, though the original version returned for the 2019–2020 season. In 2020–2021 the modern version once again replaced the old version. The folk anthem "There Will Always Be Heart of Midlothian" by Neil Grant has been played regularly at Tynecastle Park since 2018. At the request of the Foundation of Hearts, Neil performed the rousing track live at Tynecastle during the Ladbrokes Premiership match against St Johnstone on 26 January 2019. The track gained additional exposure after being played on the BBC's popular Off the Ball radio series.
Celebrity fans of Hearts include Stephen Hendry, Ronnie Corbett, Ken Stott, Alex Salmond, Sir Chris Hoy, Wattie Buchan, Eilidh Doyle, Lee McGregor, Andrew Oldcorn, Gavin Hastings, Martin Geissler, Nicky Campbell, Tom Wilson, Grant Hutchison and Scott Hutchison.
Hearts were featured in the American comedy-drama series Succession (in the episodes "Dundee" and "DC") as part of a storyline in which Roman Roy buys the team to impress his Scottish-born billionaire father Logan Roy, only to discover that Logan actually supports Hearts' rivals Hibernian.
Player of the year
2012–13 Marius Žaliūkas
2013–14 Jamie MacDonald
2014–15 Jamie Walker
2015–16 Arnaud Djoum
2016–17 Jamie Walker
2017–18 Christophe Berra
2018–19 Steven Naismith
2020–21 Craig Gordon
2021–22 Craig Gordon
2022–23 Lawrence Shankland
2023–24 Lawrence Shankland
Honours
See also: Heart of Midlothian F.C. in European football
Major honours
The Scottish Cup is the oldest national trophy in world football. Above, it is draped in maroon and white ribbons following Heart of Midlothian's 5–1 victory over Edinburgh rivals Hibernian in the 2012 final.
Scottish Premiership and predecessors (1890–present):
Champions (4): 1894–95, 1896–97, 1957–58, 1959–60
Runners–up (14): 1893–94, 1898–99, 1903–04, 1905–06, 1914–15, 1937–38, 1953–54, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1964–65, 1985–86, 1987–88, 1991–92, 2005–06
Scottish Cup (1874–present):
Winners (8): 1890–91, 1895–96, 1900–01, 1905–06, 1955–56, 1997–98, 2005–06, 2011–12
Runners–up (9): 1902–03, 1906–07, 1967–68, 1975–76, 1985–86, 1995–96, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2021–22
Scottish League Cup (1947–present):
Winners (4): 1954–55, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1962–63
Runners–up (3): 1961–62, 1996–97, 2012–13
Minor honours
Scottish Championship (second tier, 1893–present):
Winners (3): 1979–80, 2014–15, 2020–21
Runners–up (2): 1977–78, 1982–83
Victory Cup (1919)
Runners–up: 1919
Inter City Football League (1899–1904): 1901–02, 1902–03 (2, record)
Edinburgh Football League/East of Scotland League (1894–1908): 1894–95, 1895–96, 1896–97, 1897–98, 1898–99, 1899–1900, 1903–04 (7, record)
North-Eastern Cup (1908–1914): 1909–10, 1912–13 (2, record)
Rosebery Charity Cup (1882–1945): 32 times (record)
Wilson Cup (1906–1946): 21 times (record)
East of Scotland Shield (1875–1990): 48 times
Dunedin Cup (1909–1933): 13 times (record)
Festival Cup (2003–2004): 2003, 2004
Football World Championship:
Winners: 1902
Runners–up: 1895
Club records
Attendance
Highest home attendance: 53,396 v Rangers, 13 February 1932, Scottish Cup, Tynecastle
Highest average home attendance: 28,195, 1948–49 season (15 games)
Single game
Biggest win: 21–0 vs Anchor, EFA Cup, 1880
Biggest defeat: 1–8 vs Vale of Leven, Scottish Cup, 1888
Caps and appearances
Most capped players: Craig Gordon, 43 (for Scotland)
Youngest competitive player: Scott Robinson made his debut aged 16 years, 1 month and 14 days old.
Most appearances: Gary Mackay, 640 (515 L, 58 SC, 46 LC, 21 E) 1980 – 1997
Most league appearances: Gary Mackay, 515
Most honours: John Cumming, 2 League titles, 1 Scottish Cup, 4 League Cups, 1954–1962
Goals
Most league goals: John Robertson, 214, 1983–1998
Most goals in a season: Barney Battles Jr., 44, 1930–31 season
Transfers
Highest transfer fee paid: Mirsad Bešlija, £850,000, Racing Genk, 2006
Highest transfer fee received: £9m for Craig Gordon from Sunderland in 2007 (British record fee paid for a goalkeeper at the time)
Players
Current squad
As of 19 June 2024
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
1
GK
SCO
Craig Gordon (captain)
2
DF
ENG
Frankie Kent
3
DF
SCO
Stephen Kingsley
4
DF
SCO
Craig Halkett
6
MF
COD
Beni Baningime
7
MF
ENG
Jorge Grant
8
MF
AUS
Calem Nieuwenhof
9
FW
SCO
Lawrence Shankland
10
FW
NIR
Liam Boyce
11
FW
JPN
Yutaro Oda
12
GK
SCO
Ryan Fulton
13
DF
AUS
Nathaniel Atkinson
14
MF
AUS
Cameron Devlin
15
DF
AUS
Kye Rowles
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
17
MF
SCO
Alan Forrest
18
MF
SCO
Barrie McKay
19
DF
ENG
Alex Cochrane
20
DF
SCO
Lewis Neilson
21
DF
UGA
Toby Sibbick
22
MF
SCO
Aidan Denholm
24
MF
SCO
Finlay Pollock
25
MF
SCO
Macaulay Tait
28
GK
SCO
Zander Clark
29
DF
SCO
James Penrice
30
FW
JPN
Kyosuke Tagawa
77
FW
CRC
Kenneth Vargas
—
MF
ENG
Yan Dhanda
—
MF
SCO
Blair Spittal
Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
23
GK
SCO
Harry Stone (on loan at Ayr United)
Retired numbers
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
26
DF
LTU
Marius Žaliūkas (posthumous)
Development and under-20s squad
For more information on reserves and under-20s, see Heart of Midlothian F.C. Reserves and Academy
Hearts Women squad
For more information on Hearts Women squad, see Heart of Midlothian W.F.C. § Players
Club staff
Corporate staff
Position
Name
Chairman
Ann Budge
Chief executive
Andrew McKinlay
Non executive director
James Anderson
Non executive director
Andrew Brown
Non executive director
Kevin Windram
Finance director
Jacqui Duncan
Marketing & commercial director
Catriona McCallum
Sporting director
Joe Savage
Head of recruitment
William Lancefield
Principal ambassador
Gary Locke
Foundation of Hearts chairman
Gerry Mallon
Central services director
Lesley Blair
Coaching staff
Position
Name
Head coach
Steven Naismith
Assistant head coach
Frankie McAvoy
First team coach
Gordon Forrest
Goalkeeping coach
Paul Gallacher
Academy manager
Andy Webster
B team head coach
Liam Fox
Head of performance
Bob McCunn
Performance analysts
Euan BlondinTom White
Physiotherapists
Craig MaitlandClaire Rankin
Sports scientist
Mike Williams
Hearts Women staff
For more information on Hearts Women staff, see Heart of Midlothian W.F.C. § Coaching Staff
Managers
Main article: List of Heart of Midlothian F.C. managers
Peter Fairley (1901–1903)
William Waugh (1903–1908)
James McGhee (1908–1909)
John McCartney (1910–1919)
Willie McCartney (1919–1935)
David Pratt (1935–1937)
Frank Moss (1937–1940)
David McLean (1941–1951)
Tommy Walker (1951–1966)
John Harvey (1966–1970)
Bobby Seith (1970–1974)
John Hagart (1974–1977)
Willie Ormond (1977–1980)
Bobby Moncur (1980–1981)
Tony Ford (1981)
Alex MacDonald (1982–1986)
Sandy Jardine and Alex MacDonald (1986–1988)
Alex MacDonald (1988–1990)
Joe Jordan (1990–1993)
Sandy Clark (1993–1994)
Tommy McLean (1994–1995)
Jim Jefferies (1995–2000)
Craig Levein (2000–2004)
John Robertson (2004–2005)
George Burley (2005)
Graham Rix (2005–2006)
Valdas Ivanauskas (2006–2007)
Anatoliy Korobochka (2007–2008)
Stephen Frail (2008)
Csaba Laszlo (2008–2010)
Jim Jefferies (2010–2011)
Paulo Sérgio (2011–2012)
John McGlynn (2012–2013)
Gary Locke (2013–2014)
Robbie Neilson (2014–2016)
Ian Cathro (2016–2017)
Craig Levein (2017–2019)
Daniel Stendel (2019–2020)
Robbie Neilson (2020–2023)
Steven Naismith (2023–)
Hearts Women
Main article: Heart of Midlothian W.F.C.
In 2009, Hearts took over Musselburgh Windsor Ladies Football Club, changing their name to Hearts Ladies FC. They currently play in the Scottish Women's Premier League under the name Hearts Women.
The team play their home games at The Oriam, Riccarton.
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^ Thomas Martin Devine and Richard J. Finlay (1996). Scotland in the 20th Century. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0751-X. Retrieved 16 August 2010. Sectarian loyalties became articulated in club support for, respectively, Glasgow's Celtic and Rangers, Edinburgh's Hibs and Hearts and, early on, for Dundee's Hibs (from 1923 United) and Dundee F.C.
^ Richard Holt and Tony Mason (2000). Sport in Britain 1945–2000. Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-17153-3. Retrieved 16 August 2010. Other rivalries such as between Heart of Midlothian and Hibernian in Edinburgh or the Dundee and Dundee United divide were but pale reflections of this fiercer and peculiarly Scottish rivalry.
^ Richard Holt (1989). Sport and the British: a Modern History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-285229-9. Retrieved 16 August 2010. Sectarianism of a more muted kind also lay beneath the Hearts and Hibs split in Edinburgh
^ Donald Campbell (2003). Edinburgh: a Cultural and Literary History. Signal Books. p. 132. ISBN 1-902669-73-8. Retrieved 16 August 2010. Since both Hearts and Hibs originated in the Old Town, rivalry between the clubs was always inescapable.
^ a b Dunsmuir, Tom (7 November 2009). "Forget the Old Firm, this Edinburgh rivalry has a different dimension". The Times. News International. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
^ "Population of Scotland, Statistics of Scottish City population". Scotland.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
^ European Football Statistics. "Attendances". Retrieved 30 May 2023.
^ "Stephen Hendry". worldsnooker.com. 1 December 2010. Archived from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
^ "Comedian Ronnie Corbett launches Welsh Premier League". BBC Sport. 14 August 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
^ "Edinburgh A-list stirred by Scottish Cup final derby". BBC Sport. 14 May 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
^ "First Minister Alex Salmond hails all Edinburgh cup final classic". local.stv.tv. STV. 15 May 2012. Archived from the original on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
^ EILIDH CHILD RELISHING HOME SUPPORT AT HAMPDEN Archived 8 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine British Athletics. 17 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
^ "Players' Player of the Year". HOMFC. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
^ "THE WINNERS ARE IN!". HOMFC. 5 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
^ "Where Are They Now? Hearts 5-1 Scottish Cup Winners 2012". The Footy Blog. 20 January 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
^ "HOMFC: 2015/16 SEASON PREVIEW". Terrace Podcast. 9 April 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
^ "HOM 2:2 Rangers". BBC Sport. 2 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
^ "AWARD-WINNING NIGHT". HOMFC. 26 April 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
^ "Jamie Walker returns to Hearts after agreeing long-term deal".
^ "Defenders shine in Hearts' Player of the Year awards". Edinburgh News. 9 April 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
^ "NAISMITH DOES THE DOUBLE AT POTY AWARDS". HOMFC. 13 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
^ "Heroes honoured at Forever Hearts". HOMFC. 9 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
^ Andrea (24 April 2023). "Hearts Player of the Year Awards". Stellar Omada. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
^ "Player of the Year - 2023/24". HMFC. 29 April 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
^ a b East of Scotland League, Scottish Football Historical Archive, 5 August 2020
^ Rosebery Charity Cup, Scottish Football Historical Archive, 18 July 2020
^ Hearts Wilson Cup Results, London Hearts Supporters Club
^ East of Scotland Shield, Scottish Football Historical Archive, 17 June 2020
^ Dunedin Cup, Scottish Football Historical Archive, 18 June 2020
^ Ross, David (2005). The Roar of the Crowd: Following Scottish football down the years. Argyll publishing. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-902831-83-1.
^ a b Rollin, Glenda; Rollin, Jack (2011). Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2011–12. Headline. p. 732. ISBN 978-0755362318.
^ Summary of caps (Retrieved 19:21, 25 November 2006 (UTC))
^ "I'm a rubbish up front, says Hearts kid Scott Robinson". Daily Record. 25 September 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
^ Appearances Archived 4 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine (Retrieved 19:21, 25 November 2006 (UTC))
^ Most honours (Retrieved 25 November 2006 (UTC))
^ Goals Archived 6 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine (Retrieved 19:21, 25 November 2006 (UTC))
^ Top scorers by season (Retrieved 25 November 2006 (UTC))
^ Hearts pay Belgians for Beslija (Retrieved 22 December 2006 (UTC))
^ "Hearts announce robust financial results". Heart of Midlothian F.C. 24 April 2009. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
^ "Graig Gordon joins Sunderland for record fee". The Daily Telegraph. London. 7 August 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
^ "First Team Players | Heart of Midlothian Football Club". Heart of Midlothian F.C. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
^ "Hearts retire number 26 shirt for season to honour Zaliukas". BBC Sport. 2 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Introducing the 28 Hearts managers since 1901". Hearts News. Heart of Midlothian F.C. Archived from the original on 19 September 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
^ "Alex MacDonald 1st From 10 Dec 1981". London Hearts. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
^ "Alex MacDonald and Sandy Jardine From 01 Nov 1986 To 30 Nov 1988". London Hearts. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
^ "Alex MacDonald 2nd From 01 Dec 1988 To 09 Sep 1990". London Hearts. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
^ "Joe Jordan From 10 Sep 1990 To 03 May 1993". London Hearts. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
^ "Clark given the Hearts hot seat on permanent basis". Herald Scotland. Glasgow. 11 May 1993. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
^ "Football: Hearts dismiss Clark". The Independent. London. 21 June 1994. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
^ "Tommy McLean From 01 Jul 1994 To 30 Jun 1995". London Hearts. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
^ "Jim Jefferies From 04 Aug 1995 To 07 Nov 2000". London Hearts. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
^ "Levein leaves Hearts". UEFA. 29 October 2004. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
^ "Hearts set on Robertson". TheGuardian.com. 3 November 2004.
^ "Burley in shock exit from Hearts". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 22 October 2005. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
^ "Hearts unveil Rix as head coach". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 8 November 2005. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
^ "Rix sacked as Hearts head coach". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 22 March 2006. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
^ "Ivanauskas named new Hearts boss". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 30 June 2006. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
^ "Hearts part with boss Ivanauskas". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 20 March 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
^ "Hearts part company with Steve Frail after gardening leave as new manager hunt continues". Daily Record. Glasgow. 9 July 2008. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
^ "Hearts appoint Laszlo as manager". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 11 July 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
^ "Jim Jefferies appointed new Hearts manager". The Scotsman. 30 January 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
^ "Hearts appoint Paulo Sergio". Sky Sports. BSKYB. 2 August 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
^ "Paulo exits Hearts". Heart of Midlothian F.C. 7 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
^ "John McGlynn named Hearts manager". The Daily Telegraph. London. 26 June 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
^ "Hearts sack John McGlynn". The Daily Telegraph. London. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^ "Hearts' Gary Locke not worried by derby pressure - the Scotsman". Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
^ "Women's football club launched!". Heartsfc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
^ "Scottish Building Society SWPL 2 - Scottish Women's Football". Scotwomensfootball.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
^ "Fixtures & Results - Scottish Building Society Scottish Women's Premier League". Womenspremierleague/co/uk. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
^ "Home games are played at @Oriamscotland with tickets available at the gate". Twitter. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
Bibliography
Hoggan, Andrew (1995). Hearts in Art (Hardback). Mainstream. ISBN 1-85158-736-5.
Inglis, Simon (1996). Football Grounds of Britain. Collins Willow. ISBN 0-00-218426-5.
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For the Chinese football club, see Haikou Mingcheng F.C.Football clubHeart of Midlothian Football Club, commonly known as Hearts, is a professional football club in Edinburgh, Scotland. The team competes in the Scottish Premiership, the top division of Scottish football. Hearts, the oldest and most successful football club in the Scottish capital,[3] was formed in 1874, its name influenced by Walter Scott's novel The Heart of Midlothian.[4] The club crest is based on the Heart of Midlothian mosaic on the city's Royal Mile; the team's colours are maroon and white.[4]Hearts have played home matches at Tynecastle Park since 1886.[5] After converting the ground into an all-seater stadium in 1990, it now has a capacity of 19,852[1] following the completion of a rebuilt main stand in 2017. They have training facilities at the Oriam, Scotland's national performance centre for sport, where they also run their youth academy.[6]Hearts have won the Scottish league championship four times, most recently in 1959–60, when they also retained the Scottish League Cup to complete a League and League Cup double – the only club outside of the Old Firm to achieve such a feat.The club's most successful period was under former player turned manager Tommy Walker from the early 1950s to mid 1960s. Between 1954 and 1962 they won two league titles, one Scottish Cup, and four Scottish League Cups, and also finished inside the league's top four positions for 11 consecutive seasons between 1949–50 and 1959–60. Jimmy Wardhaugh, Willie Bauld and Alfie Conn Sr., known as the Terrible Trio, were forwards at the start of this period with wing half linchpins Dave Mackay and John Cumming. Wardhaugh was part of another notable Hearts attacking trinity in the 1957–58 league winning side. Along with Jimmy Murray and Alex Young,[7] they set the record for the number of goals scored in a Scottish top-flight winning campaign (132). In doing so, they also became the only side to finish a season in the Scottish top tier with a goal difference exceeding 100 (+103).Hearts have also won the Scottish Cup eight times, most recently in 2012 after a 5–1 victory over Hibernian, their local rivals.[8] They have since been beaten finalists in 2019, 2020 and 2022. All four of Hearts' Scottish League Cup triumphs came under Walker, most recently a 1–0 victory against Kilmarnock in 1962. Their most recent League Cup Final appearance was in 2013, where they lost 3–2 to St Mirren.In 1958, Heart of Midlothian became the third Scottish and fifth British team to compete in European competition. The club reached the quarter-finals of the 1988–89 UEFA Cup, losing to Bayern Munich 2–1 on aggregate.","title":"Heart of Midlothian F.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Heart of Midlothian F.C. seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C._seasons"}],"text":"See also: List of Heart of Midlothian F.C. seasons","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1874-1884-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1874-1884-4"},{"link_name":"Queens Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Park_F.C."},{"link_name":"Clydesdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clydesdale_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bonnington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnington,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P56-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p24-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1874-1884-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1874-1884-4"},{"link_name":"Tom Purdie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Purdie"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P27-11"},{"link_name":"The Scotsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlothian"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Heart of Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_(Royal_Mile)"},{"link_name":"Royal Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mile"},{"link_name":"Old Tolbooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Tolbooth,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1874-1884-4"},{"link_name":"Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott"},{"link_name":"The Heart of Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heart_of_Midlothian"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hearts_team_1875.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P56-9"},{"link_name":"Scottish Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1874-1884-4"},{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"3rd Edinburgh Rifle Volunteers F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Edinburgh_Rifle_Volunteers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"1884–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884%E2%80%9385_Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1874-1884-4"},{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1874-1884-4"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P20-18"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1874-1884-4"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"The club was formed by a group of friends from the Heart of Midlothian Quadrille Assembly Club.[4] The group of friends bought a ball before playing local rules football at the Tron from where they were directed by a local policeman to The Meadows to play. Local rules football was a mix of rugby and association football.[4] In December 1873 a match was held between XIs selected by Mr Thomson from Queens Park and Mr Gardner from Clydesdale at Raimes Park in Bonnington.[9] This was the first time that Association rules had been seen in Edinburgh. Members from the dance club viewed the match and in 1874 decided to adopt the association rules.[10] The new side was Heart of Mid-Lothian Football Club.[4] The exact date of the club's formation was never recorded; however, 1874 is regarded as the year of formation as it was when association rules were taken on,[4] although Tom Purdie claimed the club was formed in 1873.[11] The earliest mention of Heart of Midlothian in a sporting context is a report in The Scotsman newspaper from 20 July 1864 of The Scotsman vs Heart of Mid-Lothian at cricket. It is not known if this was the same club who went on to form the football club, but it was common for football clubs in those days to play other sports as well.[12]The club took its name from historic county Midlothian, dating from the Middle Ages, as well as the Heart of Midlothian mosaic on the Royal Mile, which marks the historic entrance to the Old Tolbooth jail,[4] which was demolished in 1817 but was kept fresh in the mind by Walter Scott's novel The Heart of Midlothian.[13][14]Original Hearts stripLed by captain Tom Purdie the club played its matches in the East Meadows[9] and in 1875 Hearts became members of the Scottish Football Association (SFA) and were founder members of the Edinburgh Football Association.[4] By becoming members of the SFA Hearts were able to play in the Scottish Cup for the first time. Hearts played against 3rd Edinburgh Rifle Volunteers F.C. in October 1875 at Craigmount Park[15] in Edinburgh. The game ended in a scoreless draw. A replay was held at the Meadows which again finished 0–0. Under rules at the time both clubs progressed to the next round with Hearts losing out to Drumpellier in the next round.[16]In the 1884–85 season, clubs in Scotland struggled to attract quality players who preferred to play professionally in England.[4] After an 11–1 win in the Scottish Cup over Dunfermline[17] a protest was raised against the club for fielding two professional players, which was against the rules at the time.[4] Hearts were suspended by the SFA for two years - the first ever suspension of an SFA club.[18] They were readmitted after a change of the club's committee.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_League"},{"link_name":"1895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894%E2%80%9395_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895%E2%80%9396_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"Scottish Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"1894–95 World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895_World_Championship_(football)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur"},{"link_name":"Tynecastle Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynecastle_Park"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Early success","text":"Hearts had considerable success in the early years of the Scottish Football League, winning the league championship in 1895 and 1896. They also won four Scottish Cups in a 15-year period from 1891 to 1906. The team played against Sunderland in the 1894–95 World Championship, but lost with a 5–3 score.[19] Hearts did win the World Championship title in 1902, beating Tottenham Hotspur 3–1 in Tynecastle Park, after a 0–0 in London a few months earlier.[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Heart_of_Midlothian_War_Memorial.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sir George McCrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McCrae_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"1914–15 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914%E2%80%9315_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Scottish Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Airdrieonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrieonians_F.C._(1878)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ballot-23"},{"link_name":"ballot box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_box"},{"link_name":"Frederick Charrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Charrington"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charrington-24"},{"link_name":"Sir George McCrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McCrae_(MP)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Museum-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-training-27"},{"link_name":"St Mirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C."},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season-26"},{"link_name":"Duncan Currie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Currie"},{"link_name":"Tom Gracie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Gracie"},{"link_name":"Ernest Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ellis"},{"link_name":"James Speedie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Speedie"},{"link_name":"Harry Wattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Wattie"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"David Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Philip"},{"link_name":"McCrae's Battalion Great War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCrae%27s_Battalion_Great_War_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Contalmaison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contalmaison"},{"link_name":"Haymarket, Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Trams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Trams"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Tynecastle Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynecastle_Park"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Hearts in World War I","text":"Hearts War MemorialDo not ask where Hearts are playing and then look at me askance. If it's football that you're wanting, you must come with us to France!— Sir George McCraeIn November 1914, Heart of Midlothian comfortably led the First Division,[21] having started the 1914–15 season with eight straight victories, including a 2–0 defeat of reigning champions Celtic.[22]This streak coincided with the start of the First World War and the beginnings of a public debate upon the morality of continuing professional football while young soldiers were dying on the front-line. A motion was placed before the Scottish Football Association to postpone the season, with one of its backers, Airdrieonians chairman Thomas Forsyth declaring that \"playing football while our men are fighting is repugnant\".[23] While this motion was defeated at the ballot box, with the SFA opting to wait for War Office advice, the East London philanthropist Frederick Charrington was orchestrating a public campaign to have professional football in Britain suspended, and achieving great popular support for his cause.[24] The prime tactic of Charrington's campaign was to shame football players and officials into action through public and private denouncement. In response, sixteen players from Hearts enlisted in Sir George McCrae's new volunteer battalion, joining en masse on 25 November 1914. The battalion was to become the 16th Royal Scots and was the first to earn the \"footballer's battalion\" sobriquet. The group of volunteers also contained some 500 Hearts supporters and ticket-holders, 150 followers of Hibernian and a number of professional footballers from Raith Rovers, Falkirk and Dunfermline.[25]Military training was thus added to the Hearts players football training regime, and the side had a 20-game unbeaten run between October and February.[26] However, exhaustion from their army exertions, twice including 10-hour nocturnal-marches the night before a league game,[27] eventually led to a drop in form, as several enlisted players missed key games. Defeats to St Mirren and Morton allowed Celtic to usurp the Maroons and eventually claim the league title by 4 points.[26]The war claimed the lives of seven first team players: Duncan Currie, John Allan, James Boyd, Tom Gracie, Ernest Ellis, James Speedie and Harry Wattie[28] as well as former player David Philip.There are two war memorials to mark this period; The McCrae's Battalion Great War Memorial in Contalmaison and the Heart of Midlothian War Memorial in Haymarket, Edinburgh donated to the city by the club in 1922.[29] The latter was placed in storage due to the Edinburgh Trams work[30] but has now been replaced a little to the east of its previous position. A further memorial commemorating the 1914 Hearts team has been proposed by the club.[31] An annual pilgrimage is held by football supporters to Contalmaison every year,[32][33] whilst Hearts hold their memorial services at Haymarket[34] or, whilst it was in storage, at Tynecastle Park.[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tommy Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Walker_(footballer,_born_1915)"},{"link_name":"junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Linlithgow Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linlithgow_Rose_F.C."},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Rosebery Charity Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosebery_Charity_Cup"},{"link_name":"1933–34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933%E2%80%9334_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"Dave McCulloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McCulloch"},{"link_name":"Barney Battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Battles_Jr."},{"link_name":"Andy Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Anderson_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Alex Massie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Massie_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Welshman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Tynecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynecastle_Park"},{"link_name":"1937–38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_in_Scottish_football"}],"sub_title":"Inter war years","text":"Hearts collected no senior silverware in the inter war years. Tommy Walker joined the Hearts ground staff aged 16 in February 1932. As Scottish clubs could not then officially sign players until the age of 17, Walker played junior football for Linlithgow Rose until his birthday in May.[36] A talented and elegant inside-forward, Walker quickly earned a place in the Hearts first team, helping the side to victory in the 1933 Jubilee edition of the Rosebery Charity Cup, in a season in which they finished 3rd in the league. He was a regular first team player by 1933–34 but despite some emphatic victories, inconsistent form limited Hearts to a sixth-place finish.Despite Walker scoring 192 league goals for Hearts and playing in sides boasting numerous internationals, such as Scots Dave McCulloch, Barney Battles, Andy Anderson and Alex Massie, Welshman Freddie Warren and Irishman Willie Reid, Walker was destined not to win a major honour as a player at Tynecastle. The closest Hearts came to success during his period there was a second place league finish in 1937–38.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Davie McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davie_McLean"},{"link_name":"1948–49 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%E2%80%9349_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bauld-37"},{"link_name":"Willie Bauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Bauld"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hearts4849-38"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Wardhaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Wardhaugh"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wardhaugh-39"},{"link_name":"Alfie Conn Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfie_Conn_Sr."},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conn-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh19481009-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-connobit-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-style-45"},{"link_name":"Scot Symon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scot_Symon"},{"link_name":"East Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Fife_F.C."},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist44-54-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh1948-09-18-47"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_F.C."},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist44-54-46"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_of_Midlothian_FC_League_Performance.svg"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Bobby Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Parker_(footballer,_born_1925)"},{"link_name":"Tam McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_McKenzie"},{"link_name":"Bobby Dougan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Dougan"},{"link_name":"Davie Laing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davie_Laing"},{"link_name":"John Cumming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cumming_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Freddie Glidden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Glidden"},{"link_name":"Dave Mackay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Mackay_(footballer_born_1934)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist44-54-46"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-43"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cummingobit-51"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist44-54-46"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-43"},{"link_name":"1952–53 Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist44-54-46"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-43"},{"link_name":"1953–54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"A Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_League"},{"link_name":"League championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_football_champions"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bauldbio2-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist44-54-46"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-43"},{"link_name":"Ian Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Crawford_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"1954–55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"Motherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherwell_F.C."},{"link_name":"1954 Scottish League Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Scottish_League_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"1954–55 Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist54-64-55"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-43"},{"link_name":"Alex Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Young_(footballer,_born_1937)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Kirk_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"1955–56 Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%E2%80%9356_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"1956 Scottish Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Scottish_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Willie Fernie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Fernie_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Tynecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynecastle_Park"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirkobit-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Memories-59"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist54-64-55"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-43"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_men%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alfieobit-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph_obit-61"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist54-64-55"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-43"},{"link_name":"Gordon Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Marshall_(footballer,_born_1939)"},{"link_name":"George Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Thomson_(footballer,_born_1936)"},{"link_name":"George Niven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Niven"},{"link_name":"Billy Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Simpson_(footballer,_born_1929)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist54-64-55"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-43"},{"link_name":"1957–58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%E2%80%9358_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"Raith Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raith_Rovers"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-43"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Murray_(footballer_born_1933)"},{"link_name":"League title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_football_champions"},{"link_name":"1957–58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%E2%80%9358_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"1958 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist54-64-55"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-43"},{"link_name":"1958–59 Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1958 Scottish League Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Scottish_League_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Partick Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partick_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Johnny Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hamilton_(footballer,_born_1935)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dec58-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh19590307-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh19590307-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh5859-64"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh19590307-63"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lhhttp://www.londonhearts.com/scores/games/195904111.html-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hl19590415-66"},{"link_name":"Celtic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Park"},{"link_name":"Bertie Auld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertie_Auld"},{"link_name":"Eric Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Smith_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh19590418-67"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist54-64-55"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-43"},{"link_name":"Billy Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Higgins_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-43"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist54-64-55"},{"link_name":"Gordon Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Smith_(1924-2004)"},{"link_name":"free transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_transfer_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-montford-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-montford-68"},{"link_name":"Tynecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynecastle_Park"},{"link_name":"1959 Scottish League Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Scottish_League_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%E2%80%9360_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-montford-68"},{"link_name":"Third Lanark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Lanark"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walkerobit-69"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist54-64-55"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-43"},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Willie Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Wallace"},{"link_name":"David Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Holt_(footballer,_born_1936)"},{"link_name":"1961 Scottish League Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Scottish_League_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Norrie Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrie_Davidson"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist54-64-55"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-43"},{"link_name":"Willie Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Hamilton_(footballer,_born_1938)"},{"link_name":"1962 Scottish League Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Scottish_League_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Willie Waddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Waddell"},{"link_name":"1962-63 Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962-63_Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist54-64-55"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-43"},{"link_name":"1964–65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%E2%80%9365_Scottish_Division_One"},{"link_name":"Roald Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Jensen"},{"link_name":"Davie Sneddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davie_Sneddon"},{"link_name":"Alan Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Gordon_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Ferguson_(footballer,_born_1945)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist64-74-73"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-43"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist64-74-73"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-43"}],"sub_title":"Tommy Walker's managerial era","text":"The first seeds of the Tommy Walker managerial success at Hearts were sown by Davie McLean. On 9 October 1948 after a mediocre start to the 1948–49 season, Hearts' manager McLean gave a competitive first team debut to 20 year old[37] centre forward Willie Bauld[38] and 19 year old inside left Jimmy Wardhaugh,[39] and 22 year old inside right Alfie Conn Sr.[40] had already broken through to the first team so this game marked the first time all three were deployed as a combined attacking force.[41] They became dubbed the Terrible Trio and scored over 900 Hearts goals between them[42] (Wardhaugh 376, Bauld 355, Conn 221).[43] As a unit they played 242 games together.[44] The combination of Wardhaugh's dribbling skills and non-stop running, Bauld's cerebral play and prodigious aerial ability, and Conn's energetic, tenacious style and powerful shooting complemented each other well.[45] Their first match as a forward combination ended in a 6–1 defeat of Scot Symon's East Fife team of the era.[46] This was notable as Symon's team had defeated the Maroons 4–0 three weeks earlier.[47]A few weeks later in December 1948 Tommy Walker left during his third season at Chelsea to return to Hearts. He took the role of player-assistant to manager McLean. McLean's intention was that Walker would be a steadying influence in a developing young team. However, after a single appearance at right-half in a 1–0 home defeat by Dundee, Walker retired to concentrate fully on learning the managerial ropes.[48] Tangible progress was made in the League Championship in 1949–50 when Hearts finished third. As Tommy Walker had become more influential, McLean was co-opted to the Board on 16 March 1950.[49][46][43]Chart of Hearts' yearly table positions in The League.McLean's death on 14 February 1951 saw Walker promoted to the position of manager. Walker's reign was to prove the most successful period in the club's history.[50] Walker was always quick to acknowledge the contribution made by McLean and his fatherly interest in the welfare and development of the players. The important foundations Walker inherited from McLean included the Terrible Trio forwards, the full back pair of Bobby Parker and Tam McKenzie and half backs Bobby Dougan and Davie Laing. To this established core John Cumming had recently broken through to the first team in the left half position he was to dominate for many years. Freddie Glidden was already at Tynecastle but yet to first team debut as was the then schoolboy Dave Mackay. Walker made Parker the team Captain.[46][43]Mackay's key signing as a professional was under Walker in 1952 (initially part-time whilst also working as a joiner). Mackay's pairing with Cumming at wing half was to become the nucleus of the team in the middle of the pitch. Mackay was a supremely talented all round player of ferocious tackling, endless running and sublime ball control. Cumming's Iron Man nickname says much of his fearless determination. Despite his commitment he retained control of his temper and was never booked in his career. Cumming was the only player to collect medals for all seven of the trophies Hearts won under Walker. \"He never had a bad game. It was either a fairly good game or an excellent game,\" said Mackay later of his former teammate.[51] Both went on to become full Scotland internationalists while playing for Hearts.[46][43]Bauld's value to the team was underlined in 1952/53, when he missed eight vital league games through ankle injuries. Hearts were struggling, but with Bauld's return to full fitness came a change in fortunes. From the bottom half of the league they surged up the table to finish in fourth place (as they had the two previous seasons). That resurgence also took them to a 1952–53 Scottish Cup semi final against Rangers before 116,262 fans at Hampden Park in Glasgow. Wardhaugh scored in the 2–1 defeat. Hearts were now though on an upward trajectory.[46][43]In 1953–54, Wardhaugh became the A Division's top scorer with 27 goals as Hearts appeared set to win the League championship. However, on 13 March 1954 in the Scottish Cup quarter final 3–0 defeat away to Aberdeen, Parker broke his jaw, Conn injured his back, and Wardhaugh collected a serious shin bone injury. Dougan already had a lengthy knee injury meaning 9 November 1953 was his last competitive Hearts first team game (Dougan only subsequently played for Hearts in friendlies). Walker immediately tried Glidden to cover and he took over the centre half berth from Dougan. A stuttering end to their season saw Celtic overtake them.[52] The young Mackay was given his first team debut on 7 November of that 1953–54 season one week before his nineteenth birthday. Naturally more left sided than right, Mackay played in the number six jersey normally associated with the absent Cumming. Mackay's next two appearances though weren't until mid March immediately after the Aberdeen cup defeat when again he played in Cumming's position. It wasn't until 17 April 1954 in a 1–0 win at Clyde that Walker first selected Mackay, Glidden and Cumming in the numbers four, five and six.[53][46][43]The team was boosted by the signing of Ian Crawford in August 1954. Mackay was given his extended place in the team in the 1954–55 season immediately after Laing's 5 September transfer to Clyde. It was from this point that Walker settled on Mackay, Glidden and Cumming as his combination for the number four, five and six jerseys.[54] They promptly became a trophy winning force lifting the first of seven trophies over nine seasons between 1954 and 1963. In October of the 1954–55 season they won their first trophy since 1906, 48 years before. They beat Motherwell 4–2 in the 1954 Scottish League Cup final. Bauld scored three and Wardhaugh scored one in the final giving the team their break through trophy. Hearts gained some recompense against Celtic from the season before by beating them home and away in that 1954–55 Scottish League Cup group stage.[55][43]After signing Alex Young and Bobby Kirk, Walker's side proceeded to win the 1955–56 Scottish Cup.[56] They thrashed Rangers 4–0 in the quarter-finals with goals from Crawford, Conn and a Bauld double.[57] Cumming's commitment to the team was typified in that 1956 Scottish Cup final before 132,840 fans. With blood streaming from a first half head injury from a clash with Celtic's Willie Fernie he said, \"Blood doesn't show on a maroon jersey\". He returned to the playing field in the 3–1 win and was man of the match. That quote is now displayed above the entrance to the players tunnel at Tynecastle. Kirk could play in either full back role[58] and played on the right in the final at the expense of Parker. Glidden lifted the trophy as Hearts captain in what he recalled as the \"sweetest\" moment in his footballing career.[59][55][43]Wardhaugh was the top tier's leading scorer again that season. The scorers in the cup final win over Celtic were Crawford with two and one from Conn. Conn ended that 1955–56 season at the peak of his powers aged 29 with a career best 29 goals from 41 games. On 2 May 1956 two weeks after the cup win Conn became the third of the terrible trio to collect a full Scotland cap. At Hampden Park he put his side ahead after 12 minutes in a 1–1 draw with Austria. However the following September he suffered a broken jaw playing against Hibernian keeping him out until January.[60][61] The days of the Terrible Trio as a combined force were nearing their end.[55][43]17 year old Gordon Marshall debuted in 1956 as did George Thomson in February 1957. Marshall, a future England under 23 internationalist, became a Hearts goalkeeping regular until 1963. Hearts led the Scottish League for most of the 1956–57 season. The title hinged on Rangers visit to Tynecastle on 13 April. A capacity crowd watched a tense game in which Rangers keeper, George Niven, was man of the match. Hearts could not beat him and the only goal came from Billy Simpson of Rangers who scored on the break in 35 minutes. Rangers had games in hand which they won to overtake Hearts and lift the trophy.[55][43]Walker completed the set of having won all three major Scottish football trophies with the League Championship in 1957–58. Conn suffered a serious ankle injury meaning he only played in five league games all season. Injury hit Conn left Hearts for Raith Rovers in September 1958 just two years after his 1956 zenith. He did so after 408 first team games and 221 goals.[43] With an injury hit Bauld only playing nine times in the league title win a new Hearts attacking trio were dominant. For a third time Wardhaugh was the League's top marksman with 28 strikes. This was one ahead of Jimmy Murray's 27 and four more than Young's 24. Mackay, now Captain, was fourth in Hearts' league scoring charts with 12. Hearts won that League title in 1957–58 with record-breaking points, goals scored and goal difference. Their record from 34 league games of 62 points out of a maximum possible 68 was 13 more than their nearest rival. They scored 132 goals (still the Scottish top tier record) with only 29 against for a record net difference of +103. This was Hearts' greatest ever league side. Murray and Mackay both played for Scotland at the 1958 FIFA World Cup where Murray scored in a 1–1 draw against Yugoslavia. Parker was a fringe player in the league winning season, his last season as a Hearts player. He moved to the club coaching staff before joining the Board of Directors where he also had a spell as chairman.[55][43]In the 1958–59 Scottish League Cup group stage Hearts eliminated Rangers. That October 1958 Scottish League Cup final was won with a heavy 5–1 defeat of Partick Thistle. Bauld and Murray each scored two and Johnny Hamilton netted one. Hearts defended their league title by being leaders in mid December. However a side visiting Ibrox missing injured Mackay were beaten 5–0 with all goals in the first 35 minutes. This put Rangers into top position in the table on goal average.[62] This precipitated a run of only two wins from the next seven games without injured Mackay. Hearts beat Queen of the South in a 2–1 home league win on 7 March 1959.[63] After that QoS game Rangers with six games to play were firm favourites for the title, six points ahead of second placed Hearts.[63] Even if Hearts were to win their remaining seven games including a game in hand and beating Rangers in their visit Tynecastle in Rangers' penultimate game of the season,[64] Rangers would still have to drop two points elsewhere and give away a superior goal average.[63] The league game against QoS was Mackay's last for Hearts after they accepted a bid of £32,000 from Tottenham Hotspur for their captain who was fit at this time despite having had lengthy spells out injured in the previous 12 months. Bobby Rankin was brought in to bolster the squad and scored twice in each of his first two games (both victories). On the penultimate Saturday of the league campaign goals by Cumming and Rankin at home to Rangers[65] meant Hearts were four points behind with a game in hand. In midweek they next won 4–2 at Aberdeen with Rankin scoring a hat-trick.[66] The last day of the season began with Rangers two points clear with an identical goal average to Hearts. Rangers thus needed a point to clinch the title but lost 2–1 at home to Aberdeen. Despite missing Bobby Kirk at right back with a knee injury, Rankin's ninth goal from his fifth Hearts game had Hearts 1–0 up at half time at Celtic Park. Any victory would have given Hearts the title. Then Celtic's Bertie Auld playing at left wing equalised before Eric Smith scored Celtic's winning second goal to seal the title for their cross city rivals[67] leaving those at Tynecastle to wonder what would have happened if Mackay hadn't been sold when he was.[55][43]Mackay's name as a club mainstay at half back was eventually taken over by Billy Higgins. That League Cup win was also Glidden's last trophy as a recurring back injury that season numbered his playing days at Tynecastle. 36 year old MacKenzie left in 1959 as did Wardhaugh. He scored 206 goals in 304 league games and a total of 376 goals in 518 games for Hearts.[43][55]After collecting three Scottish championships and 19 full Scotland caps at Hibernian, Gordon Smith had a recurring ankle injury leading to his free transfer in 1959. Smith believed that an operation could cure the injury[68] and paid for an operation on the offending ankle himself. He then signed for Hearts, his boyhood heroes.[68] He enjoyed immediate success at Tynecastle, winning both the 1959 Scottish League Cup final and league title in his first season with the club.[68] Hamilton scored for Hearts in that second successive League Cup Final and Young hit the winner. Third Lanark were beaten 2–1. 1960 ended with Walker being awarded the OBE for services to football.[69][55][43]The 1960s saw Hearts fortunes fluctuate as Walker attempted to adapt to football's tactical changes by implementing a 4–2–4 formation. Young and Thomson departed for Everton in November 1960. At Everton Young was known as The Golden Vision and became another from the Walker production line of full Scotland internationalists. Smith had an injury hit season leading to his joining Dundee (who became the third club with whom he won the Scottish title). Hearts signed further future full internationalists in Willie Wallace and David Holt. Hearts lost the 1961 Scottish League Cup Final after a replay. Cumming scored a deserved equalising penalty for Hearts in the first game 1–1 draw they largely dominated against the Scot Symon managed Rangers. Norrie Davidson scored a then equalising Hearts goal when they lost in the 3–1 replay defeat.[55][43]Bauld left Hearts in 1962 with 355 goals from 510 first team appearances.[43] Another future internationalist, Willie Hamilton, joined for the run culminating in the 1962 Scottish League Cup final win. Hearts won the trophy for a fourth time with a 1–0 final win over Willie Waddell's fine Kilmarnock side of that era. Davidson's goal this time proved decisive. Like in the 1954–55 win Hearts eliminated Celtic in that 1962-63 Scottish League Cup group stage.[55][43]In 1964–65 Hearts fought out a championship title race with Waddell's Kilmarnock. In the era of two points for a win Hearts were three points clear with two games remaining. Hearts drew with Dundee United meaning the last game of the season with the two title challengers playing each other at Tynecastle would be a league decider. Kilmarnock needed to win by a two-goal margin to take the title. Hearts entered the game as favourites with both a statistical and home advantage. They also had a solid pedigree of trophy winning under Walker. Waddell's Kilmarnock in contrast had been nearly men. Four times in the previous five seasons they had finished league runners-up including Hearts’ triumph in 1960. Killie had also lost three domestic cup finals during the same period including the 1962 League Cup Final defeat to Hearts. Hearts had won five of the six senior cup finals they played in under Walker. Even the final they had lost was in a replay after drawing the first game. Hearts' Roald Jensen hit the post after six minutes. Kilmarnock then scored twice through Davie Sneddon and Brian McIlroy after 27 and 29 minutes. Alan Gordon had an excellent chance to clinch the title for Hearts in second half injury time but was denied by a Bobby Ferguson diving save pushing the ball past the post. The 2–0 defeat meant Hearts lost the title by an average of 0.042 goals.[70][71][72] Subsequently, Hearts were instrumental in pushing through a change to use goal difference to separate teams level on points. Ironically this rule change later denied Hearts the title in 1985–86.[73][43]Following a slump in results, Walker resigned in September 1966. Under his management Hearts had won 7 senior trophies and been runners up in five others. Cumming left the playing staff a year later and joined the coaching team.[73][43]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Farm"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Athletic"},{"link_name":"Jim Cruickshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cruickshank"},{"link_name":"Alan Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Anderson_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Donald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Ford"},{"link_name":"Drew Busby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Busby"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"yo-yoing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-yo_club"},{"link_name":"Wallace Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Mercer"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercer-74"},{"link_name":"Alex MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_MacDonald_(footballer,_born_1948)"},{"link_name":"1985–86 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_F.C."},{"link_name":"Craig Levein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Levein"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Dens Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dens_Park"},{"link_name":"Albert Kidd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Kidd"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Jim McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_McLean"},{"link_name":"Alex Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"won 3–0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Scottish_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Scottish_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Scottish_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"1988–89 UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich"},{"link_name":"Joe Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jordan_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Sandy Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Clark"},{"link_name":"Tommy McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_McLean"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Derby"},{"link_name":"an attempted merger with Hibs in 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Hibernian_F.C.#Takeover_bid_by_Hearts_(1989%E2%80%931991)"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercer-74"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saviours-79"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"2–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Scottish_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Jim Jefferies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jefferies_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Colin Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Cameron_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Stephane Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephane_Adam"},{"link_name":"1962–63 Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_Scottish_League_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Latter 20th century","text":"The highlight of the late 60s was the run to the 1968 Scottish Cup Final when they lost 3–1 to George Farm's Dunfermline Athletic. The players of greatest note in the late sixties were Jim Cruickshank, Alan Anderson and Donald Ford with Drew Busby joining the three in the 1970s. The high point of the 1970s was another run to the Scottish Cup Final. In 1975–76 they again lost 3–1 in the final this time to Rangers. After the advent of the ten team Premier Division in 1975, Hearts were subsequently relegated for the first time in 1977. This began a sequence of yo-yoing between the Premier League and First Division six times in seven seasons.On 25 May 1981, 34-year-old Wallace Mercer became chairman after buying a controlling interest in Hearts for £265,000.[74] Hearts had just been relegated from the top flight for the third time in five seasons. The following December (1981), Mercer promoted Alex MacDonald to be Player-Manager. At the end of the 1982–83 season, Hearts were promoted back to the top flight. This marked an upturn in their fortunes to rejoin the more competitive clubs in Scotland's top flight. The 1985–86 season was their best since 1965. The league campaign started with the loss of five of the first eight games. From there the club went on a 27-game unbeaten league run, reaching the top of the league on 21 December after a 1–0 win at St Mirren.Hearts needed a draw from the last game of the season away to Dundee on 3 May 1986 to win the Scottish league title. Before that final game they were two points ahead of Celtic and with a superior goal difference of four goals. However, this strong statistical position was undermined in the run up to the game when several players in the Hearts squad were hit by a viral infection. Craig Levein failed to recover to make the game in Dundee.[75][76] Celtic were 4–0 up away at St Mirren at half time in their final fixture. Thus, at half time the players knew that they would have to deliver a result at Dens Park. Substitute Albert Kidd forced Hearts to concede a corner kick with seven minutes remaining. The in-swinging corner was touched on and fell to Kidd who put Dundee ahead. This was the first goal Hearts had conceded from a corner all season. Hearts now needed an equaliser to win the title. However, Kidd went on a run with the ball from the halfway line down the right wing beating two Hearts players. After then playing a one-two with a teammate on the edge of the Hearts box he finished to score a second with four minutes left. Dundee won 2–0.[77] This combined with Celtic winning 5–0 against St Mirren meant the top two clubs finished the season on the same number of points. Hearts lost out to Celtic by a goal difference of three. Had goal difference been the rule in 1965 Hearts would have been champions; had goal average still applied in 1986, they would have won the league. Hearts lobbying after the league loss in 1965 cost them the title in 1986.Hearts had been chasing a League and Scottish Cup double. After eliminating Rangers and Jim McLean's Dundee United they faced Alex Ferguson's Aberdeen in the final; Aberdeen won 3–0 meaning Hearts finished runners-up as they had in the league.[78]Hearts finished league runners-up again in 1988 and 1992. The club reached the quarter-finals of the 1988–89 UEFA Cup losing out to Bayern Munich 2–1 on aggregate. After MacDonald's summer 1990 departure the club struggled to settle on a manager. Within a two-year period, Joe Jordan, Sandy Clark and Tommy McLean were all sacked. From April 1989 to April 1994, Hearts went on a run of 22 games in a row without defeat against arch-rivals Hibernian in the Edinburgh Derby.In 1994 Mercer sold his shares in Hearts to Chris Robinson and Leslie Deans. Under Mercer, Hearts finished second in the Scottish top tier three times and once in the Scottish Cup, but his time at the helm concluded without senior silverware. His personal influence at the club is perhaps best remembered with an attempted merger with Hibs in 1990. Seen by Hibs fans as an attempted take over to liquidate their club, Mercer's attempts were met with bitterness and acrimony before he backed away.[74][79]In 1998, Hearts beat Rangers 2–1 to lift the Scottish Cup under the management of ex Hearts player, Jim Jefferies. Colin Cameron scored a first-minute penalty and Stephane Adam added after half time. This was Hearts' first senior trophy win since the 1962–63 Scottish League Cup won in the Tommy Walker era.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Robbie Neilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Neilson"},{"link_name":"FC Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Basel"},{"link_name":"Murrayfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrayfield_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Scottish Rugby Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"Into the 21st century","text":"Hearts finished third in 2003 and 2004, and reached the inaugural group stages of the UEFA Cup in 2004–05, but finished bottom of their group, despite Robbie Neilson's goal giving a 2–1 victory over FC Basel. During the 2004–05 season, they finished fifth in the league.In 2004, then club CEO Chris Robinson announced plans to sell Tynecastle, which he claimed was \"not fit for purpose\", and instead have Hearts rent Murrayfield from the Scottish Rugby Union.[80] This move was deemed necessary due to the club's increasingly large debt. The plan was very unpopular with supporters, and a campaign, entitled Save Our Hearts, was set up to try to block the move.[81] As Robinson and his supporters had a slight majority of the club's shares, a preliminary deal to sell the stadium was struck with the Cala property development company for just over £20 million.[82]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanians"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Romanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Romanov"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-talks-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-other_clubs-84"},{"link_name":"Dundee United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-other_clubs-84"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_F.C."},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-other_clubs-84"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-other_clubs-84"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-talks-83"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"extraordinary general meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraordinary_general_meeting"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edge_closer-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edge_closer-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edge_closer-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-takes_control-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-takes_control-91"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-takes_control-91"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-takes_control-91"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ownership-93"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ownership-93"},{"link_name":"George Foulkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foulkes,_Baron_Foulkes_of_Cumnock"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ownership-93"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ownership-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-concern-95"},{"link_name":"HBOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBOS"},{"link_name":"SMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STV_Group_plc"},{"link_name":"Ūkio bankas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAkio_bankas"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-concern-95"},{"link_name":"debt for equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt_restructuring"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"George Burley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Burley"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Phil Anderton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Anderton"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderton_hired-105"},{"link_name":"2005–06 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-title_talk-106"},{"link_name":"1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914%E2%80%9315_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-title_talk-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burley_exit-107"},{"link_name":"sacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termination_of_employment"},{"link_name":"SPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burley_exit-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burley_exit-107"},{"link_name":"Kevin Keegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Keegan"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Bobby Robson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Robson"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Claudio Ranieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Ranieri"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Ottmar Hitzfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottmar_Hitzfeld"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duo_depart-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duo_depart-113"},{"link_name":"Roman Romanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Romanov_(Lithuanian_businessman)"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duo_depart-113"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Sporting CP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Clube_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Paulo Sérgio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_S%C3%A9rgio_Bento_Brito"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Old Firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Firm"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"FBK Kaunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBK_Kaunas"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"FC Partizan Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Partizan_Minsk"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"FBK Kaunas to Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBK_Kaunas_to_Hearts"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Scottish Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Eggert Jónsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggert_J%C3%B3nsson"},{"link_name":"Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_(law)"},{"link_name":"Ūkio bankas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAkio_bankas"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"BDO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDO_International"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"}],"sub_title":"The Romanov era","text":"In August 2004 the midst of Hearts' financial difficulties Russian-Lithuanian multi-millionaire Vladimir Romanov entered into talks to take over Hearts[83] in what was dubbed the \"Romanov Revolution\". Romanov had already made failed attempts[84] to purchase Dundee United,[84] Dundee[84] and Dunfermline.[84] Romanov offered the prospect of the club staying at a redeveloped Tynecastle,[83][85] which was very attractive to Hearts supporters.[86] At the end of September 2004 Chris Robinson agreed to sell his 19.6% stake to Romanov.[87] Romanov called an extraordinary general meeting in January 2005 so that the club could pass a motion to exercise the escape clause in the deal with Cala Homes.[88][89] The backing of Leslie Deans[89] and the McGrail brothers[89] meant that the motion was passed with over 70% support.[90] The sale of Robinson's shares was completed on 2 February 2005[91] after Romanov made financial guarantees that the club could continue to trade without selling Tynecastle.[92] This sale increased Romanov's stake to 29.9%,[91] giving him effective control of the club.[91] Romanov's takeover was welcomed by a fans' representative.[91] Romanov increased his shareholding in Hearts to 55.5% on 21 October 2005,[93] and offered to buy the rest of the shares.[93] Chairman George Foulkes sold his shares to Romanov[93] and encouraged others to do likewise.[93] Romanov eventually increased his majority share in Hearts to 82%.[94]Romanov's management of the club's debt became a cause for concern.[95] During his takeover Romanov pledged to eradicate the club's debt. Soon after the takeover was completed, the debt was transferred from HBOS and SMG to the financial institutions controlled by Romanov, Ūkio bankas and UBIG. At the end of July 2007 the club were £36M in debt.[95] On 7 July 2008, Hearts issued a statement that stated the club would issue debt for equity to reduce the debt by £12M.[96] A further issue was completed in 2010.[97] Since the takeover Hearts had failed to pay players wages on time on several occasions,[98][99][100] and were threatened with administration twice[101] due to failure to pay an outstanding tax bills with the bill finally being settled in August 2011.[102] Results released for the financial year ending 31 July 2010 showed that Hearts had made a small profit for the first time since 1999, although they were still heavily in debt.[103]Hearts' first manager of the Romanov era was George Burley, who was appointed[104] during close season by new chief executive Phil Anderton, who replaced Chris Robinson as chief executive.[105] With their new manager and signings, Hearts got off to a tremendous start in the 2005–06 season. The team won their first eight league matches,[106] equalling a club record set in 1914.[106] Romanov shocked Scottish football[107] by sacking George Burley on the following day whilst Hearts were sitting top of the SPL table;[107] Hearts ultimately finished second.[108] Hearts fans were led to expect a \"top class manager\"[107] would replace Burley. Kevin Keegan,[109] Bobby Robson,[110] Claudio Ranieri[111] and Ottmar Hitzfeld[112] were all linked with the vacancy. Anderton, who had been making the approaches for these coaches, was sacked by Romanov on 31 October 2005.[113] Foulkes, who had helped to bring Romanov to the club in the first place,[114] resigned in protest at Anderton's dismissal.[113] Romanov replaced both of them with his son, Roman Romanov.[113] This proved to be a feature of his time at the club, going through nine[115] permanent managers in seven years.[116] The next managerial change after those came on 1 August 2011 when Jim Jefferies was sacked[117] during his second spell at the club and replaced by former Sporting CP boss Paulo Sérgio.[118]Romanov stated that his ultimate aim was for Hearts to win the Champions League.[119] Hearts competed in the Champions League during season 2006–07 but progressed only as far the second qualifying round before dropping down to the UEFA Cup.[120] Since then Hearts have been unable to split the Old Firm for a second time[121] to earn a Champions League place. Hearts target became finishing third or above in the SPL.[122]Romanov also owned the Lithuanian club FBK Kaunas[123] and Belarusian club FC Partizan Minsk.[124] Several players were loaned by FBK Kaunas to Hearts when Romanov acquired control of the club.[125]The club began experiencing severe financial problems in November 2011, which meant they were unable to pay the players' wages,[126] and the club was put up for sale.[127] The squad's October salaries were late and the November wages were paid twenty-nine days late, just one day before their December salaries were due.[128] The December pay failed to arrive on time,[129] and a complaint was lodged with the Scottish Premier League by the players' union.[130] During this period the club advised fringe players they were free to leave the club.[citation needed] On 4 January 2012 the SPL ordered Hearts to pay all outstanding wages by 11 January 2012 and insisted that January's wages had to be paid on time on 16 January.[131] Hearts paid all outstanding wages that day following the sale of Eggert Jónsson to Wolves.[132] On 17 January, the day after Hearts' wages were due to be paid, it was revealed all players had been paid.[133] Despite this, the SPL issued a statement saying Hearts had failed to pay all players on 16 January and an emergency board meeting had been called;[134] Hearts refuted this, saying payment of the remuneration had been made to all players.[135]\nOn 7 November 2012, Hearts were issued with a winding-up order by the Court of Session in Edinburgh after failing to pay a tax bill on time.[136]In early June 2013, during the close season, a Hearts media statement stated that they would need to raise £500,000 in capital to keep the club up and running during the break between seasons. With no match day income coming in and a lack of finance from owner Romanov, the club were left in a position where they had to put their whole squad up for sale.On 17 June 2013, Heart of Midlothian began the process of entering into administration with debts of £25 million, owing recently bankrupt Ūkio bankas £15 million.[137]On 18 June 2013, a Scandinavian consortium offered to pay the club £500,000 immediately in return for a share of any future transfer income from up to 12 players; this was rejected by Hearts. The process of entering administration began on 19 June 2013 when the club's parent company, Ukio Bankas Investment Group (UBIG), filed papers at the Court of Session on Edinburgh for accountancy firm BDO to be named as administrators.[138][139]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Scottish Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Premiership"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Partick Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partick_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Mirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C."},{"link_name":"Motherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherwell_F.C."},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Ann Budge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Budge"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_(law)"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"}],"sub_title":"Administration","text":"On 17 June 2013 Hearts announced that they had lodged court papers stating their intention to enter administration, and on 19 June 2013 the administrators BDO were appointed to run the club.[140] This meant that the club was unable to register players over 21 until February 2014 at the earliest. As long as they were still in administration they would not be able to bring in players of any age.[141]As well as the signing embargo, Hearts were to be deducted a third of the previous season's points tally which meant the club would start the 2013–2014 season with −15 points. During this period the BDO administrator Trevor Birch pleaded with Hearts fans to purchase season tickets and stated that they needed to sell at least another 3000 season tickets to raise another £800,000 to keep the club running and avoiding liquidation. The fans met this number and took total season ticket sales beyond the 10,000 mark, giving the club more survival time.[142]\nA deadline of 12 July 2013 was set for interested parties to put in formal bids for the club;[143] there were three bids entered for the club which were received from the supporters group \"The Foundation of Hearts\",[144] the second from a new company called \"HMFC limited\" which was backed by American firm Club Sports 9 and a third from former Livingston FC owner Angelo Massone through Five Star Football Limited.[145]On 15 August 2013, \"The Foundation of Hearts\" were given preferred bidders status to make a CVA with Hearts' creditors. The money that the foundation used to purchase the club came from monthly donations from fans; the foundation received an interest-free loan from a wealthy fan, which was to be paid back using the monthly direct debts from the fans.[146] On 2 December, Hearts' creditors agreed to the CVA deal proposed by \"The Foundation of Hearts\".[147]The club's relegation from the Scottish Premiership was confirmed on 5 April 2014.[148] Hearts won 4–2 away to Partick Thistle, but St Mirren beat Motherwell 3–2, making it impossible for Hearts to catch up.[149]On Monday 12 May 2014, The Ann Budge fronted Bidco 1874 took control of Heart of Midlothian Plc, thus bringing to an end to Vladimir Romanov's involvement with the club. Budge, who fronted and financed the Bidco 1874 group which took over the reins at the club, became an unpaid executive chairwoman of the club. The Bidco group planned to hold the club for a possible five years, before the fans backed Foundation of Hearts supporters group take control. The Foundation put in £1 million for the running of the club until the final legal exit of administration. The Foundation then paid a further £2.6 million (£2.5m to cover the loan given by Bidco1874 Ltd to Hearts to finance the Creditors' Voluntary Agreement + £100,000 for the shares) to take 75% of the shares in the club and with that the running and decision making within the club. In addition, the Foundation also committed itself to provide a further £2.8m (£1.4m per year for two years) working capital for the club. Funding for the deal came from 8000+ people donating cash via a monthly direct debit.[150][151]The club officially exited administration on 11 June 2014, also bringing to an end the signing embargo that had been imposed upon the club a year earlier.[152]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Premiership"},{"link_name":"2014–15 Scottish Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Scottish_Championship"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkirk_F.C."},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cowdenbeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowdenbeath_F.C."},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"PFA Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Footballers%27_Association_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Championship Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Scotland_Team_of_the_Year#Championship_2"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"Young Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Scotland_Young_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Neilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Neilson"},{"link_name":"Manager of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Scotland_Manager_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"2019 Scottish Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Scottish_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Scottish Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Premiership"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Scottish Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Championship"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"Scottish Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Robbie Neilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Neilson"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Jim Jefferies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jefferies_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_F.C."},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"}],"sub_title":"Post administration","text":"Hearts earned an immediate return to the Scottish Premiership by clinching the 2014–15 Scottish Championship title with seven games remaining.[153] Hearts remained undefeated for the first 20 league matches before a 3–2 home defeat to Falkirk ended that run.[154] They won the title, winning 29 of 36 games, scoring 96 goals, conceding just 26 goals with a points total of 91.[155] They finished the season 21 points ahead nearest challengers city-rivals Hibernian and 24 points ahead of third placed Rangers. The season included handing Cowdenbeath a joint club record defeat 10–0.[156] At the PFA Scotland Awards, Hearts had six players named in Championship Team of the Year,[157] two Young Player of the Year nominees,[158] three Championship Player of the Year nominees,[159] and Neilson shortlisted for Manager of the Year.[160]This period of renewed stability unravelled in the years following 2015. Despite finishing as runners up in the 2019 Scottish Cup Final, the club could only achieve mid-table placings in 2017, 2018 and 2019. This decline took a turn for the worse in 2019–20, and Hearts were relegated after finishing bottom of the Scottish Premiership, having won only four matches across the course of the season (which had been truncated due to the COVID-19 pandemic).[161] Their relegation was confirmed in June 2020, after league reconstruction talks instigated by Budge collapsed. The club confirmed that they would be pursuing legal action against the SPFL following their demotion to the Scottish Championship.[162] The legal action failed, as a Scottish Football Association arbitration panel ruled that the SPFL had acted within its powers.[163]Robbie Neilson was appointed as Hearts manager for a second time in June 2020, signing a three-year deal.[164] Former manager Jim Jefferies was recruited as an advisor to the board and manager in July.[165] In August 2020, Andrew McKinlay was appointed as the club's new Chief Executive.[166] In June 2021, club captain Steven Naismith announced his retirement from football, taking up the role of Football Development Manager, focusing on the development of youth players \"making their way towards the first team\".[167]On 30 August 2021, Ann Budge officially transferred the club's shares to the Foundation of Hearts, meaning Hearts officially became the biggest fan owned club in the United Kingdom.[168]Hearts won the 2020–21 Scottish Championship, finishing ahead of second-placed Dundee by 12 points.[169] This confirmed their return to the Scottish Premiership. In their first season back in the top flight, Hearts finished third. The following season, 2022–23, Hearts secured a fourth-placed finish.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Heart_of_Midlothian.JPG"},{"link_name":"Heart of Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_(Royal_Mile)"},{"link_name":"football strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_strip"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historical_kits-170"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historical_kits-170"},{"link_name":"University of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historical_kits-170"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historical_kits-170"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historical_kits-170"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historical_kits-170"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"Heart of Midlothian mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_(Royal_Mile)"},{"link_name":"Royal Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mile"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"McCrae's Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCrae%27s_Battalion"}],"text":"The Heart of Midlothian mosaic, on which the current club crest is basedThe original Hearts football strip was all white shirts and trousers with maroon trimmings, and a heart sewn onto the chest.[170] For one season they played in red, white and blue stripes.[170] These were the colours of a club called St. Andrew, who had taken their name and colours from the University of St Andrews, that Hearts had absorbed. Since then the predominant club colours have been maroon and white.[170] The strip typically has a maroon top and a white collar,[170] although the strip was predominantly white in the 2010–11 season.[171] The shorts are normally white, although maroon was used in the 2008–09 season.[170] The socks are normally maroon with some white detail.[170]Hearts' current home kit is all maroon with a white collar.[172]The badge is a heart, based on the Heart of Midlothian mosaic on the Royal Mile. There is a tradition to spit on the mosaic when passing, harking back to the days when the city gaol stood there.[173]For the 2014–2015 season the club chose to commemorate 100 years since McCrae's Battalion with not only a commemorative strip, of maroon shirt, white shorts and black socks, but with a commemorative badge as well. The club chose to have no sponsor on the home top as a mark of respect to those who had joined the regiment.","title":"Colours and badge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meadows,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Powderhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powderhall"},{"link_name":"Gorgie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgie"},{"link_name":"Tynecastle Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynecastle_Park"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_men%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"Archibald Leitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Leitch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-capacity-1"},{"link_name":"Murrayfield Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrayfield_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"}],"text":"Hearts initially played at The Meadows, Powburn and Powderhall before moving to the Gorgie area in 1881. They moved to their current site, Tynecastle Park, in 1886. Tynecastle has hosted nine full Scotland international matches. Tynecastle was named after the Tynecastle Tollhouse, at the entrance to the grounds of Merchiston.[174]For most of the 20th century, Tynecastle was a mostly terraced ground, with a seated main stand that was designed by Archibald Leitch and opened in 1919. The terraced sections were replaced by the Gorgie, Wheatfield and Roseburn Stands in the mid-1990s, making Tynecastle an all-seated stadium. In 2017, the main stand was demolished and replaced by a brand new stand which increased the ground's capacity to 20,099.[1] While this work was undertaken, Hearts played some of their home league matches at Murrayfield Stadium.[175]","title":"Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edinburgh_Derby_2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul Hartley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hartley"},{"link_name":"free kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_free_kick"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_derby"},{"link_name":"Hibs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Hibs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Edinburgh derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_derby"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"Graham Spiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Spiers"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Football Association Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_of_Scotland_Shield"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"1896 Scottish Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Scottish_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-logie_green-179"},{"link_name":"2012 Scottish Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Scottish_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-logie_green-179"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-derby_record-180"},{"link_name":"friendlies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_match"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-derby_record-180"},{"link_name":"Tynecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynecastle_F.C."},{"link_name":"sectarianism in Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarianism_in_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"Leith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leith"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forget_the_old_firm-185"}],"text":"Hearts midfielder Paul Hartley (No. 10) prepares to take a free kick in an Edinburgh derby match against Hibs, played on 26 December 2006.Hearts have a traditional local rivalry in Edinburgh with Hibs; the Edinburgh derby match between the two clubs is one of the oldest rivalries in world football.[176] Graham Spiers has described it as \"one of the jewels of the Scottish game\".[177] The clubs first met on Christmas Day 1875, when Hearts won 1–0, in the first match ever contested by Hibs. The two clubs became distinguished in Edinburgh after a five-game struggle for the Edinburgh Football Association Cup in 1878, which Hearts finally won with a 3–2 victory after four successive draws.[178] The clubs have met twice in a Cup Final, in the 1896 Scottish Cup Final, which Hearts won 3–1[179] and the 2012 Scottish Cup Final which Hearts won 5–1. The 1896 final is also notable for being the only Scottish Cup Final to be played outside Glasgow.[179]Hearts have the better record in derbies.[180] Approximately half of all derbies have been played in local competitions and friendlies.[180] Hibs recorded the biggest derby win in a competitive match when they won 7–0 at Tynecastle on New Year's Day 1973.While it has been noted that religious, ethnic or political background lies behind the rivalry, that aspect has been described as minor in relation to the sectarianism in Glasgow.[181][182][183] In practice geography has been the main factor in establishing the support bases of the Edinburgh rivals: support for Hibs has always been founded in Leith and the surrounding areas in the north and east of the city, whereas the rest of Edinburgh has tended towards Hearts. Although the clubs are inescapable rivals, the rivalry is mainly \"good-natured\" and has had beneficial effects due to the demographic diversities; considering both of the clubs' territories have a variety of neighbourhoods that differ economically, politically, denominationally, or all three at once.[184][185]","title":"Rivalry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"2022–23 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_derby"},{"link_name":"European fixtures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C._in_European_football"},{"link_name":"Old Firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Firm"},{"link_name":"Tynecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynecastle_Park"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forget_the_old_firm-185"},{"link_name":"Hector Nicol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Nicol"},{"link_name":"St Mirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C."},{"link_name":"Neil Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Grant_(musician)"},{"link_name":"St Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Johnstone_F.C."},{"link_name":"Off the Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_the_Ball_(radio_series)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hendry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hendry"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Corbett"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Ken Stott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Stott"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Alex Salmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Salmond"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"Sir Chris Hoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hoy"},{"link_name":"Wattie Buchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattie_Buchan"},{"link_name":"Eilidh Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilidh_Doyle"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"Lee McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_McGregor"},{"link_name":"Andrew Oldcorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Oldcorn"},{"link_name":"Gavin Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Hastings"},{"link_name":"Martin Geissler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Geissler"},{"link_name":"Nicky Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Tom Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Wilson_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Grant Hutchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Hutchison"},{"link_name":"Scott Hutchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hutchison"},{"link_name":"Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_(Succession)"},{"link_name":"DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_(Succession)"},{"link_name":"Roman Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Roy"},{"link_name":"Logan Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Roy"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."}],"text":"Heart of Midlothian are one of two full-time professional football clubs in Edinburgh.[186] Hearts' average attendance during the 2022–23 season was 18,525.[187] Important matches (particularly the Edinburgh derby, European fixtures, and games against the Old Firm) always see Tynecastle at or very close to full capacity.[185]The \"Hearts Song\" was written and performed by Scottish comedian Hector Nicol, a St Mirren fan. A new modern \"Hearts Song\", performed by Colin Chisholm and the Glasgow Branch, has been played before matches at Tynecastle in recent seasons, though the original version returned for the 2019–2020 season. In 2020–2021 the modern version once again replaced the old version. The folk anthem \"There Will Always Be Heart of Midlothian\" by Neil Grant has been played regularly at Tynecastle Park since 2018. At the request of the Foundation of Hearts, Neil performed the rousing track live at Tynecastle during the Ladbrokes Premiership match against St Johnstone on 26 January 2019. The track gained additional exposure after being played on the BBC's popular Off the Ball radio series.[citation needed]Celebrity fans of Hearts include Stephen Hendry,[188] Ronnie Corbett,[189] Ken Stott,[190] Alex Salmond,[191] Sir Chris Hoy, Wattie Buchan, Eilidh Doyle,[192] Lee McGregor, Andrew Oldcorn, Gavin Hastings, Martin Geissler, Nicky Campbell, Tom Wilson, Grant Hutchison and Scott Hutchison.Hearts were featured in the American comedy-drama series Succession (in the episodes \"Dundee\" and \"DC\") as part of a storyline in which Roman Roy buys the team to impress his Scottish-born billionaire father Logan Roy, only to discover that Logan actually supports Hearts' rivals Hibernian.","title":"Supporters and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Marius Žaliūkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_%C5%BDali%C5%ABkas"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Jamie MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_MacDonald_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Jamie Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Walker_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Arnaud Djoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaud_Djoum"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Jamie Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Walker_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Christophe Berra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Berra"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Steven Naismith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Naismith"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Craig Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Gordon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Craig Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Gordon"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Shankland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Shankland"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Shankland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Shankland"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"}],"text":"2012–13 Marius Žaliūkas[193]\n2013–14 Jamie MacDonald[194][195]\n2014–15 Jamie Walker[196][197]\n2015–16 Arnaud Djoum[198]\n2016–17 Jamie Walker[199]\n2017–18 Christophe Berra[200]\n2018–19 Steven Naismith[201]\n2020–21 Craig Gordon\n2021–22 Craig Gordon[202]\n2022–23 Lawrence Shankland[203]\n2023–24 Lawrence Shankland[204]","title":"Player of the year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heart of Midlothian F.C. in European football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C._in_European_football"}],"text":"See also: Heart of Midlothian F.C. in European football","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hearts_Scottish_Cup_2012.JPG"},{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"2012 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Scottish_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Scottish Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scottish_football_champions"},{"link_name":"1894–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894%E2%80%9395_Scottish_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1896–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896%E2%80%9397_Scottish_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1957–58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%E2%80%9358_Scottish_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1959–60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%E2%80%9360_Scottish_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1893–94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893%E2%80%9394_Scottish_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1898–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898%E2%80%9399_Scottish_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1903–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903%E2%80%9304_Scottish_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1905–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%E2%80%9306_Scottish_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1914–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914%E2%80%9315_Scottish_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1937–38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Scottish_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1953–54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_Scottish_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1956–57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956%E2%80%9357_Scottish_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1958–59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_Scottish_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1964–65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%E2%80%9365_Scottish_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1985–86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_Scottish_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"1987–88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Scottish_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Scottish_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"1890–91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890%E2%80%9391_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"1895–96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895%E2%80%9396_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"1900–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%E2%80%9301_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"1905–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%E2%80%9306_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"1955–56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%E2%80%9356_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"1902–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902%E2%80%9303_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"1906–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"1967–68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%E2%80%9368_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"1975–76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"1985–86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"1995–96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1954–55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1958–59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1959–60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%E2%80%9360_Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1962–63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1961–62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961%E2%80%9362_Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Scottish_League_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Major honours","text":"The Scottish Cup is the oldest national trophy in world football. Above, it is draped in maroon and white ribbons following Heart of Midlothian's 5–1 victory over Edinburgh rivals Hibernian in the 2012 final.Scottish Premiership and predecessors (1890–present):\nChampions (4): 1894–95, 1896–97, 1957–58, 1959–60\nRunners–up (14): 1893–94, 1898–99, 1903–04, 1905–06, 1914–15, 1937–38, 1953–54, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1964–65, 1985–86, 1987–88, 1991–92, 2005–06\nScottish Cup (1874–present):\nWinners (8): 1890–91, 1895–96, 1900–01, 1905–06, 1955–56, 1997–98, 2005–06, 2011–12\nRunners–up (9): 1902–03, 1906–07, 1967–68, 1975–76, 1985–86, 1995–96, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2021–22\nScottish League Cup (1947–present):\nWinners (4): 1954–55, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1962–63\nRunners–up (3): 1961–62, 1996–97, 2012–13","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_winners_of_the_Scottish_Championship_and_predecessors"},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_Scottish_First_Division"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Scottish_Championship"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Scottish_Championship"},{"link_name":"1977–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_Scottish_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_Scottish_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Victory Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Victory_Cup"},{"link_name":"Inter City Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_City_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfhaesfl-205"},{"link_name":"North-Eastern Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfhaesfl-205"},{"link_name":"Rosebery Charity Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosebery_Charity_Cup"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfharcc-206"},{"link_name":"Wilson Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Cup_(football)"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"East of Scotland Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_of_Scotland_Shield"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"Festival Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_Cup"},{"link_name":"Football World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"1902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901%E2%80%9302_World_Championship_(football)"},{"link_name":"1895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895_World_Championship_(football)"}],"sub_title":"Minor honours","text":"Scottish Championship (second tier, 1893–present):\nWinners (3): 1979–80, 2014–15, 2020–21\nRunners–up (2): 1977–78, 1982–83\nVictory Cup (1919)\nRunners–up: 1919\nInter City Football League (1899–1904): 1901–02, 1902–03 (2, record)\nEdinburgh Football League/East of Scotland League (1894–1908): 1894–95, 1895–96, 1896–97, 1897–98, 1898–99, 1899–1900, 1903–04 (7, record)[205]\nNorth-Eastern Cup (1908–1914): 1909–10, 1912–13 (2, record)[205]\nRosebery Charity Cup (1882–1945): 32 times (record)[206]\nWilson Cup (1906–1946): 21 times (record)[207]\nEast of Scotland Shield (1875–1990): 48 times[208]\nDunedin Cup (1909–1933): 13 times (record)[209]\nFestival Cup (2003–2004): 2003, 2004\nFootball World Championship:\nWinners: 1902\nRunners–up: 1895","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Tynecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynecastle_Park"},{"link_name":"1948–49 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%E2%80%9349_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-211"},{"link_name":"Vale of Leven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Leven_F.C."},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-211"},{"link_name":"Craig Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_men%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"Scott Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Robinson_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"Gary Mackay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Mackay"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"Gary Mackay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Mackay"},{"link_name":"John Cumming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cumming_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"John Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robertson_(footballer_born_1964)"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"Barney Battles Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Battles_Jr."},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"Mirsad Bešlija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirsad_Be%C5%A1lija"},{"link_name":"Racing Genk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.R.C._Genk"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"Craig Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"}],"text":"AttendanceHighest home attendance: 53,396 v Rangers, 13 February 1932, Scottish Cup, Tynecastle\nHighest average home attendance: 28,195, 1948–49 season (15 games)[210]Single gameBiggest win: 21–0 vs Anchor, EFA Cup, 1880[211]\nBiggest defeat: 1–8 vs Vale of Leven, Scottish Cup, 1888[211]Caps and appearancesMost capped players: Craig Gordon, 43 (for Scotland)[212]\nYoungest competitive player: Scott Robinson made his debut aged 16 years, 1 month and 14 days old.[213]\nMost appearances: Gary Mackay, 640 (515 L, 58 SC, 46 LC, 21 E) 1980 – 1997[214]\nMost league appearances: Gary Mackay, 515\nMost honours: John Cumming, 2 League titles, 1 Scottish Cup, 4 League Cups, 1954–1962[215]GoalsMost league goals: John Robertson, 214, 1983–1998[216]\nMost goals in a season: Barney Battles Jr., 44, 1930–31 season[217]TransfersHighest transfer fee paid: Mirsad Bešlija, £850,000, Racing Genk, 2006[218]\nHighest transfer fee received: £9m for Craig Gordon from Sunderland in 2007[219] (British record fee paid for a goalkeeper at the time)[220]","title":"Club records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 19 June 2024[221]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Retired numbers","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heart of Midlothian F.C. Reserves and Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C._Reserves_and_Academy"}],"sub_title":"Development and under-20s squad","text":"For more information on reserves and under-20s, see Heart of Midlothian F.C. Reserves and Academy","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heart of Midlothian W.F.C. § Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_W.F.C.#Players"}],"sub_title":"Hearts Women squad","text":"For more information on Hearts Women squad, see Heart of Midlothian W.F.C. § Players","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club staff"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Corporate staff","title":"Club staff"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Coaching staff","title":"Club staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heart of Midlothian W.F.C. § Coaching Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_W.F.C.#Coaching_Staff"}],"sub_title":"Hearts Women staff","text":"For more information on Hearts Women staff, see Heart of Midlothian W.F.C. § Coaching Staff","title":"Club staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Introducing_the_28_Hearts_managers_since_1901-223"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Introducing_the_28_Hearts_managers_since_1901-223"},{"link_name":"James McGhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McGhee"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Introducing_the_28_Hearts_managers_since_1901-223"},{"link_name":"John McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCartney_(footballer,_born_1866)"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Introducing_the_28_Hearts_managers_since_1901-223"},{"link_name":"Willie McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_McCartney"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Introducing_the_28_Hearts_managers_since_1901-223"},{"link_name":"David Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pratt_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Introducing_the_28_Hearts_managers_since_1901-223"},{"link_name":"Frank Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Moss_(footballer,_born_1909)"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Introducing_the_28_Hearts_managers_since_1901-223"},{"link_name":"David McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McLean_(footballer,_born_1884)"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Introducing_the_28_Hearts_managers_since_1901-223"},{"link_name":"Tommy Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Walker_(footballer,_born_1915)"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Introducing_the_28_Hearts_managers_since_1901-223"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Introducing_the_28_Hearts_managers_since_1901-223"},{"link_name":"Bobby Seith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Seith"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Introducing_the_28_Hearts_managers_since_1901-223"},{"link_name":"John Hagart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hagart"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Introducing_the_28_Hearts_managers_since_1901-223"},{"link_name":"Willie Ormond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Ormond"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Introducing_the_28_Hearts_managers_since_1901-223"},{"link_name":"Bobby Moncur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Moncur"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Introducing_the_28_Hearts_managers_since_1901-223"},{"link_name":"Tony Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Ford_(footballer,_born_1944)"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Introducing_the_28_Hearts_managers_since_1901-223"},{"link_name":"Alex MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_MacDonald_(footballer,_born_1948)"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"Sandy Jardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Jardine"},{"link_name":"Alex MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_MacDonald_(footballer,_born_1948)"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"Alex MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_MacDonald_(footballer,_born_1948)"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"Joe Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jordan"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"Sandy Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Clark"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"Tommy McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_McLean"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"Jim Jefferies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jefferies_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"Craig Levein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Levein"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"John Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robertson_(footballer,_born_1964)"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"George Burley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Burley"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"Graham Rix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Rix"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"Valdas Ivanauskas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdas_Ivanauskas"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"Anatoliy Korobochka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoliy_Korobochka"},{"link_name":"Stephen Frail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Frail"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"Csaba Laszlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csaba_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_(footballer,_born_1964)"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"Jim Jefferies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jefferies_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"Paulo Sérgio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_S%C3%A9rgio_(footballer,_born_1968)"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"John McGlynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McGlynn_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"Gary Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Locke_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"Robbie Neilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Neilson"},{"link_name":"Ian Cathro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Cathro"},{"link_name":"Craig Levein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Levein"},{"link_name":"Daniel Stendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Stendel"},{"link_name":"Robbie Neilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Neilson"},{"link_name":"Steven Naismith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Naismith"}],"text":"Peter Fairley (1901–1903)[223]\nWilliam Waugh (1903–1908)[223]\nJames McGhee (1908–1909)[223]\nJohn McCartney (1910–1919)[223]\nWillie McCartney (1919–1935)[223]\nDavid Pratt (1935–1937)[223]\nFrank Moss (1937–1940)[223]\nDavid McLean (1941–1951)[223]\nTommy Walker (1951–1966)[223]\nJohn Harvey (1966–1970)[223]\nBobby Seith (1970–1974)[223]\nJohn Hagart (1974–1977)[223]\nWillie Ormond (1977–1980)[223]\nBobby Moncur (1980–1981)[223]\nTony Ford (1981)[223]\nAlex MacDonald (1982–1986)[224]\nSandy Jardine and Alex MacDonald (1986–1988)[225]\nAlex MacDonald (1988–1990)[226]\nJoe Jordan (1990–1993)[227]\nSandy Clark (1993–1994)[228][229]\nTommy McLean (1994–1995)[230]\nJim Jefferies (1995–2000)[231]\nCraig Levein (2000–2004)[232]\nJohn Robertson (2004–2005)[233]\nGeorge Burley (2005)[234]\nGraham Rix (2005–2006)[235][236]\nValdas Ivanauskas (2006–2007)[237][238]\nAnatoliy Korobochka (2007–2008)\nStephen Frail (2008)[239]\nCsaba Laszlo (2008–2010)[240]\nJim Jefferies (2010–2011)[241]\nPaulo Sérgio (2011–2012)[242][243]\nJohn McGlynn (2012–2013)[244][245]\nGary Locke (2013–2014)[246]\nRobbie Neilson (2014–2016)\nIan Cathro (2016–2017)\nCraig Levein (2017–2019)\nDaniel Stendel (2019–2020)\nRobbie Neilson (2020–2023)\nSteven Naismith (2023–)","title":"Managers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"},{"link_name":"Scottish Women's Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Women%27s_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Hearts Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_W.F.C."},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"The Oriam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriam"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-250"}],"text":"In 2009, Hearts took over Musselburgh Windsor Ladies Football Club, changing their name to Hearts Ladies FC.[247][248] They currently play in the Scottish Women's Premier League under the name Hearts Women.[249]The team play their home games at The Oriam, Riccarton.[250]","title":"Hearts Women"}] | [{"image_text":"Original Hearts strip","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hearts_team_1875.jpg/200px-Hearts_team_1875.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hearts War Memorial","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_Heart_of_Midlothian_War_Memorial.jpg/125px-The_Heart_of_Midlothian_War_Memorial.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chart of Hearts' yearly table 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Clacton on Sea: Apex.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Speed, David; Knight, Alex. \"History: 1874–1884\". Heart of Midlothian F.C. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110211181112/http://www.heartsfc.co.uk/articles/20061108/1874-1884_2241543_924903","url_text":"\"History: 1874–1884\""},{"url":"http://www.heartsfc.co.uk/articles/20061108/1874-1884_2241543_924903","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oriam - The jewel in the crown of Scottish sport\". Scottish FA. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/performance/oriam/","url_text":"\"Oriam - The jewel in the crown of Scottish sport\""}]},{"reference":"\"1957-58\". Londonhearts.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.londonhearts.com/scores/sea/1957-58.html","url_text":"\"1957-58\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hibernian 1 Hearts 5\". BBC Sport. 19 May 2012. 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Heart of Midlotian F.C. 31 August 2011. Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140514222033/http://www.heartsfc.co.uk/articles/20110831/hearts-1914-memorial-trust_2241384_2437329","url_text":"\"Hearts 1914 Memorial Trust\""},{"url":"http://www.heartsfc.co.uk/articles/20110831/hearts-1914-memorial-trust_2241384_2437329","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"France preparing to pay respects to the fallen heroes from Hearts\". The Times. 10 November 2005. Retrieved 9 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article1081507.ece","url_text":"\"France preparing to pay respects to the fallen heroes from Hearts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contalmaison 2011\". Hearts News. Heart of Midlothian F.C. 4 July 2011. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. 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Retrieved 24 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628051859/http://www.edinburgh-inspiringcapital.com/live/leisure/spectator_sports.aspx","url_text":"\"Spectator sports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Edinburgh_Council","url_text":"City of Edinburgh Council"},{"url":"http://www.edinburgh-inspiringcapital.com/live/leisure/spectator_sports.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Spiers, Graham (3 November 2007). \"Edinburgh derby is the jewel of game in Scotland\". The Times. News International. Retrieved 22 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Spiers","url_text":"Spiers, Graham"},{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/scotland/article2797038.ece","url_text":"\"Edinburgh derby is the jewel of game in Scotland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sat 20 Apr 1878 EFA Cup Hearts 3 Hibernian 2\". London Hearts Supporters' Club. Retrieved 25 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.londonhearts.com/scores/games/187804201.html","url_text":"\"Sat 20 Apr 1878 EFA Cup Hearts 3 Hibernian 2\""}]},{"reference":"Halliday, Stephen (31 March 2006). \"Logie Green: the final Edinburgh didn't want\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 25 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://sport.scotsman.com/capitalcupclassics/Logie-Green-the-final-Edinburgh.2762269.jp","url_text":"\"Logie Green: the final Edinburgh didn't want\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hibernian\". London Hearts Supporters' Club. Retrieved 24 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.londonhearts.com/scores/tea/hibernian.html","url_text":"\"Hibernian\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas Martin Devine and Richard J. Finlay (1996). Scotland in the 20th Century. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0751-X. Retrieved 16 August 2010. Sectarian loyalties became articulated in club support for, respectively, Glasgow's Celtic and Rangers, Edinburgh's Hibs and Hearts and, early on, for Dundee's Hibs (from 1923 United) and Dundee F.C.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eEL69iDskI4C&q=hibernian+edinburgh+catholic&pg=PA215","url_text":"Scotland in the 20th Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press","url_text":"Edinburgh University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0751-X","url_text":"0-7486-0751-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C.","url_text":"Celtic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C.","url_text":"Rangers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_United_F.C.","url_text":"United"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_F.C.","url_text":"Dundee F.C."}]},{"reference":"Richard Holt and Tony Mason (2000). Sport in Britain 1945–2000. Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-17153-3. Retrieved 16 August 2010. Other rivalries such as between Heart of Midlothian and Hibernian in Edinburgh or the Dundee and Dundee United divide were but pale reflections of this fiercer and peculiarly Scottish rivalry.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OfNbUfnmPoIC&q=hibernian+edinburgh+catholic&pg=PA123","url_text":"Sport in Britain 1945–2000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwell_Publishers","url_text":"Blackwell Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-17153-3","url_text":"0-631-17153-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_F.C.","url_text":"Dundee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_United_F.C.","url_text":"Dundee United"}]},{"reference":"Richard Holt (1989). Sport and the British: a Modern History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-285229-9. Retrieved 16 August 2010. Sectarianism of a more muted kind also lay beneath the Hearts and Hibs split in Edinburgh","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vtChCoG6veMC&q=hibernian+edinburgh+catholic&pg=PA258","url_text":"Sport and the British: a Modern History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285229-9","url_text":"0-19-285229-9"}]},{"reference":"Donald Campbell (2003). Edinburgh: a Cultural and Literary History. Signal Books. p. 132. ISBN 1-902669-73-8. Retrieved 16 August 2010. Since both Hearts and Hibs originated in the Old Town, rivalry between the clubs was always inescapable.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/edinburghcultura0000camp","url_text":"Edinburgh: a Cultural and Literary History"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/edinburghcultura0000camp/page/132","url_text":"132"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902669-73-8","url_text":"1-902669-73-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town,_Edinburgh","url_text":"Old Town"}]},{"reference":"Dunsmuir, Tom (7 November 2009). \"Forget the Old Firm, this Edinburgh rivalry has a different dimension\". The Times. News International. 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Retrieved 27 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180623170234/https://www.womenspremierleague.co.uk/fixtures-results/","url_text":"\"Fixtures & Results - Scottish Building Society Scottish Women's Premier League\""},{"url":"http://www.womenspremierleague.co.uk/fixtures-results/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"[...]Home games are played at @Oriamscotland with tickets available at the gate[...]\". Twitter. Retrieved 9 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/heartswomenfc/status/1234518175351525383","url_text":"\"[...]Home games are played at @Oriamscotland with tickets available at the gate[...]\""}]},{"reference":"Hoggan, Andrew (1995). Hearts in Art (Hardback). Mainstream. ISBN 1-85158-736-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85158-736-5","url_text":"1-85158-736-5"}]},{"reference":"Inglis, Simon (1996). Football Grounds of Britain. Collins Willow. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachedridae | Batrachedridae | ["1 Taxonomy","2 Subfamilies","3 Genera","4 Distribution and diversity","5 References","6 External links"] | Family of moths
Batrachedridae
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Infraorder:
Heteroneura
Clade:
Eulepidoptera
Clade:
Ditrysia
Clade:
Apoditrysia
Superfamily:
Gelechioidea
Family:
BatrachedridaeHeinemann & Wocke, 1876
Synonyms
Batrachedrinae
The Batrachedridae are a small family of tiny moths. These are small, slender moths which rest with their wings wrapped tightly around their bodies.
Taxonomy
The taxonomy of this and related groups is often disputed.
This group was first proposed as a taxonomic rank in 1876 by Hermann von Heinemann and Maximilian Ferdinand Wocke under the name Batrachedrae. Lord Walsingham used the name Batrachedridae in 1890.
Ron Hodges decided to separate a number of new species he was describing in 1966 from Batrachedra in his new genus Chedra, on the basis of the adult males possessing a "single, strong, apical spine on the ampulla" (also known as the harpe). Chedra then accommodated three species: two from North America and one from Chile. Hodges furthermore described two more related genera in this paper: Duospina and Ifeda. These genera he all placed in the family Gelechioidea.
In his 1978 treatment of the microlepidoptera of Hawaii, Elwood Zimmerman classified this group as a new subfamily of the family Gelechiidae, which he coined the Momphinae. Zimmerman split five local species from the genus Batrachedra to a new genus Batrachedrodes on the basis of morphology and the particular habit of feeding among sporangia on the underside of fern fronds.
That same year, however, Hodges classified Batrachedra, Chedra, Duospina and Ifeda in the family Batrachedridae in The moths of America north of Mexico. Hodges changed the classification in his 1983 Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico and included the group as the subfamily Batrachedrinae of the family Coleophoridae.
Meanwhile, in Italy, the microlepidopterist Giorgio Baldizzone published an account of the Coleophoridae of Australia in 1996, in which he removed the genus Corythangela from that family to the Batrachedridae sensu Hodges 1978, apparently not having read or not following Hodges 1983 yet, upon examining the genitalia of the two species then known from the territory and finding them more similar to those of other Batrachedridae.
In 1999 Hodges reclassified it again as the family Batrachedridae. He also reclassified the family Epimarptidae as the subfamily Epimarptinae of this family, based on a number of shared synapomorphies. The Batrachedrinae sensu stricto he then reclassified as the subfamily Batrachedrinae. At the time Hodges considered the subfamily Batrachedrinae to include more than 100 species in five genera worldwide.
In Japan Yutaka Arita had been investigating a mysterious moth for a number of decades, but had been unable to identify it. He eventually got in touch with Kazuhiro Sugisima, and together with help of others, they were able to identify it and describe it as a new species of Idioglossa in 2000. Upon closer examination of the genitals of it and other species Sugisima transferred the genus, according to the key in Hodges' 1999 reclassification of the group, in the subfamily Batrachedrinae of the family Batrachedridae.
Sjaak J. C. Koster & Sergey Yu. Sinev in the 2003 Microlepidoptera of Europe recognise Hodges' subfamily Batrachedrinae at the rank of family again, but it is unclear where they place Epimarptis (which doesn't occur in Europe, as far as known).
In 2004 Lauri Kaila attempted to use cladistics to approximate the phylogeny of the superfamily Gelechioidea, using 193 morphological traits. In this work the family Batrachedridae appeared paraphyletic, because the family Coleophoridae sensu stricto was nested within the Batrachedridae. Kaila used an undescribed species from Australia which mined in the plant Lomandra longifolia, provisionally called "Batrachedra eustola", in his analysis. This taxon specifically helped to cause the Batrachedridae to be paraphyletic. Another problem was encountered with the genus Epimarptis. At the time, the few old specimens which existed in London had never been properly examined, and no one had knowingly collected any species of this genus since, and as such most of the traits used by Kaila were unknown. His paper proposed classifying the traditional family Coleophoridae, along with the subfamilies Batrachedrinae, Stathmopodinae and Coelopoetinae, in a newly circumscribed family Coleophoridae sensu lato. Inclusion of the genus Epimarptis in his analysis showed it belonged within his Coleophoridae sensu lato, but that including it caused a collapse of resolution in the basal clades of this provisional family. Kaila states that he is not formally revising Hodges' classification in this paper, merely suggesting a new classification.
Later in 2004, Sugisima stated that, after examining the specimens of the new Japanese species of Epimarptis he had just recognised, and new photographs of the specimens in London, and filling out some of the numerous until then unknown morphological characteristics of this obscure genus, it was not possible for him to agree with Kaila's analysis wholeheartedly, because in some characteristics Epimarptis fell outside even Coleophoridae sensu lato. Sugisima also mentions he finds the synapomorphies used by Hodges to define this latter family and its subfamilies in 1999 invalid in light of the further morphological observations made by him and Kaila, finding only one synapomorphy verifiable.
In 2006 Batrachedridae was expanded with another genus, the monotypic Houdinia with the single species Houdinia flexilissima restricted to New Zealand. In the description of this species Hoare et al. state that the new species appears morphologically closest to the new Epimarptis hiranoi of Japan, and because Kaila does not formally revise the taxonomy in his 2004 paper, they are classifying the species according to the taxonomy published by Hodges in 1999.
In Zhi-Qiang Zhang's 2011 attempt to number all the known animal species of earth, van Nieukerken et al., the authors of the section on Lepidoptera, were aware of Hodges' 1999 work but chose to repudiate it, and re-recognised Epimarptidae as a family again. Four species in the genus Epimarptis were counted as belonging to this family. In their taxonomic interpretation, the family Batrachedridae was circumscribed by Heinemann & Wocke in 1876, and comprised 99 species in 10 genera.
Three years later, in 2014, a cladistic analysis by Heikkilä et al. repudiated this interpretation and synonymised Epimarptidae with Batrachedridae again. They furthermore removed the genera Homaledra and Houdinia from the family, and moved both to the Pterolonchidae.
holotype of Chedra pensor from Arizona.
Subfamilies
In 1999 Hodges considered the family to have two subfamilies:
Epimarptinae (Meyrick, 1914) Hodges, 1999 - Monotypic, including only Epimarptis in 1999.
Batrachedrinae (Heinemann & Wocke, 1876) Hodges, 1999 - Hodges included five genera in the subfamily: Batrachedra, Chedra, Duospina, Homaledra and Ifeda. Idioglossa was moved to this group in 2000. Homaledra was moved out of the family in 2014.
Corythangela and Houdinia were never classified according to subfamily. Houdinia was moved out of the family in 2014.
Genera
These genera have at one point been assigned to the family:
Batrachedra Herrich-Schäffer, 1853
Batrachedrodes Zimmerman, 1978
Chedra Hodges, 1966
Corythangela Meyrick, 1897
Duospina Hodges, 1966
Enscepastra Meyrick, 1920
Epimarptis Meyrick, 1914
Homaledra Busck, 1900
Houdinia Hoare, Dugdale & Watts, 2006
Idioglossa Walsingham, 1881
Ifeda Hodges, 1966
Distribution and diversity
A total of over a hundred species of Batrachedra are found on every continent except Antarctica, including a number of Pacific islands, although there are only three species that occur in Europe. The genus Batrachedrodes, with six species, is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Six Chedra species have been found, scattered over the USA, Chile, Hawaii and the Philippines. Three species of Epimarptis have been found scattered across the Indian Subcontinent, another was found in Japan. Eight Idioglossa species been found, one to two species on each continent, except five species in Asia, and none in Europe, South America and Antarctica.
North America contains at least six genera.
Australia contains three genera, two species of Corythangela and twenty-nine of Batrachedra, as well as a number of undescribed species and one species of Idioglossa.
The Hawaiian Islands contain two genera with eight species, six of Batrachedrodes, and two of Chedra.
Europe only has three species of Batrachedra.
References
^ a b c d e f Zimmerman, Elwood C. (1978). Insects of Hawaii (PDF). Vol. 9 Microlepidoptera. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii. pp. 1003–1028. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
^ a b Hodges, Ronald W. (December 1966). "Review of New World Species of Batrachedra, with Description of Three New Genera (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea)". Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 92 (4): 585–651. JSTOR 25077925.
^ Hodges, Ronald W. (1978). "Gelechioidea, Cosmopterigidae". In Dominick, R. B. (ed.). The moths of America north of Mexico. Vol. 6. London: E. W. Classey & Wedge Entomological Research Fdn. ISBN 978-0-86096-001-0.
^ a b c Baldizzone, Giorgio (18 December 1996). "A taxonomic review of the Coleophoridae (Lepidoptera) of Australia". Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. 139: 98–100. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
^ a b c d e Brown, Richard L. (19 August 2015). "Batrachedridae Overview". Gelechioidea - a Global Framework. Mississippi State University. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
^ Savela, Markku (1 February 2015). "Chedra". Lepidoptera and some other life forms. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
^ a b c d Hodges, Ronald W. (1999). "The Gelechioidea". In Kristensen, N.P. (ed.). Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology Vol. 4, part 35. Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies Vol. 1. Evolution, Systematics and Biogeography. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 131–158. ISBN 978-3-11-015704-8.
^ a b Sugisima, Kazuhiro; Arita, Yutaka (2000). "A new species of a gelechioid genus, Idioglossa Walsingham (Lepidoptera, Batrachedridae, Batrachedrinae), from Japan". Lepidoptera Science. 51 (4): 319–336. doi:10.18984/lepid.51.4_319. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
^ Koster, Sjaak J.C.; Sinev, S.Yu. (2003). "Momphidae, Batrachedridae, Stathmopodidae, Agonoxenidae, Cosmopterigidae, Chrysopeleiidae". In Huemer, P.; Karsholt, O.; Lyneborg, L. (eds.). Microlepidoptera of Europe. Vol. 5. Stenstrup: Apollo Books.
^ a b c d Hoare, Robert; Dugdale, John; Watts, Corinne (2006-11-02). "The world's thinnest caterpillar? A new genus and species of Batrachedridae (Lepidoptera) from Sporadanthus ferrugineus (Restionaceae), a threatened New Zealand plant". Invertebrate Systematics. 20 (5): 571–583. doi:10.1071/is06009. ISSN 1447-2600. Archived from the original on 2024-05-17. Retrieved 2019-12-11 – via Researchgate.
^ Kaila, Lauri (September 2004). "Phylogeny of the superfamily Gelechioidea (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia): an exemplar approach". Cladistics. 20 (4): 303–340. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00027.x. PMID 34892939. S2CID 86113904.
^ a b c d Sugisima, Kazuhiro (2004). "Discovery of the genus Epimarptis Meyrick, 1914 (Gelechioidea: Coleophoridae s. l.) in Japan, with the description of a new species". Nota Lepidopterologica. 27 ((2/3)): 199–216. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
^ van Nieukerken, Erik J.; Kaila, Lauri; Kitching, Ian J.; Kristensen, Niels P.; Lees, David C.; Minet, Joël; Mitter, Charles; Mutanen, Marko; Regier, Jerome C.; Simonsen, Thomas J.; Wahlberg, Niklas; Yen, Shen-Horn; Zahiri, Reza; Adamski, David; Baixeras, Joaquin; Bartsch, Daniel; Bengtsson, Bengt Å.; Brown, John W.; Bucheli, Sibyl Rae; Davis, Donald R.; de Prins, Jurate; de Prins, Willy; Epstein, Marc E.; Gentili-Poole, Patricia; Gielis, Cees; Hättenschwiler, Peter; Hausmann, Axel; Holloway, Jeremy D.; Kallies, Axel; Karsholt, Ole; Kawahara, Akito Y.; Koster, Sjaak (J.C.); Kozlov, Mikhail V.; Lafontaine, J. Donald; Lamas, Gerardo; Landry, Jean-François; Lee, Sangmi; Nuss, Matthias; Park, Kyu-Tek; Penz, Carla; Rota, Jadranka; Schintlmeister, Alexander; Schmidt, B. Christian; Sohn, Jae-Cheon; Alma Solis, M.; Tarmann, Gerhard M.; Warren, Andrew D.; Weller, Susan; Yaklovlev, Roman V.; Zolotuhin, Vadim V.; Zwick, Andreas (2011). "Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758" (PDF). In Zhang, Zhi-Qiang (ed.). Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Vol. 3148. pp. 212–221. ISBN 978-1-86977-850-7. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2019. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^ a b c Heikkilä, Maria; Mutanen, Marko; Kekkonen, Mari; Kaila, Lauri (November 2014). "Morphology reinforces proposed molecular phylogenetic affinities: a revised classification for Gelechioidea (Lepidoptera)". Cladistics. 30 (6): 563–589. doi:10.1111/cla.12064. PMID 34794251. S2CID 84696495. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
^ Savela, Markku (30 December 2018). "Batrachedra". Lepidoptera and some other life forms. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
^ a b "Batrachedra Herrich-Schäffer, 1853". Fauna Europaea. Fauna Europaea Secretariat, Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz & Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
^ Mey, W. & Ceniza, M.J.C, 1993: Chedra fimbristyli n. sp. ein minierender Kleinschmetterling an Fimbrystylis ssp (Cyperaceae) auf Leyte, Philippinen (Lepidoptera: Batrachedridae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift N.F. 40(1): 181-186. Abstract: doi:10.1002/mmnd.19930400109
^ a b Savela, Markku (9 November 2018). "Idioglossa". Lepidoptera and some other life forms. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
^ a b "Genus Idioglossa Walsingham, 1881". Australian Faunal Directory. Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy. 8 March 2012. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
^ Su, You Ning (7 March 2012). "Names List for BATRACHEDRIDAE". Australian Faunal Directory. Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
^ Jefferis Turner, Alfred (1917). "Lepidopterological Gleanings". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. 29: 84. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
^ "Batrachedridae Heinemann & Wocke, 1876". Fauna Europaea. Fauna Europaea Secretariat, Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz & Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
External links
Wikispecies has information related to Batrachedridae.
Microleps U.S.A. (Neartic)
vteExtant Lepidoptera families
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Subclass: Pterygota
Infraclass: Neoptera
Superorder: Holometabola
Suborder ZeuglopteraMicropterigoideaMicropterigidae (mandibulate archaic moths)Suborder AglossataAgathiphagoideaAgathiphagidae (kauri moths)Suborder HeterobathmiinaHeterobathmioideaHeterobathmiidaeSuborder GlossataDacnonyphaEriocranioidea
Eriocraniidae
AcanthoctesiaAcanthopteroctetoidea
Acanthopteroctetidae (archaic sun moths)
LophocoroninaLophocoronoideaLophocoronidaeNeopseustinaNeopseustoidea
Aenigmatineidae
Neopseustidae (archaic bell moths)
ExoporiaHepialoidea
Anomosetidae
Hepialidae (swift moths, ghost moths)
Neotheoridae (Amazonian primitive ghost moths)
Palaeosetidae (miniature ghost moths)
Prototheoridae (African primitive ghost moths)
Mnesarchaeoidea
Mnesarchaeidae (New Zealand primitive moths)
HeteroneuraMonotrysiaAdeloidea
Adelidae (fairy longhorn moths)
Cecidosidae
Heliozelidae
Incurvariidae
Prodoxidae (yucca moths)
Andesianoidea
Andesianidae (Andean endemic moths)
Nepticuloidea
Nepticulidae (pigmy, or midget moths)
Opostegidae (white eyecap moths)
Palaephatoidea
Palaephatidae (Gondwanaland moths)
Tischerioidea
Tischeriidae (trumpet leaf miner moths)
DitrysiaSimaethistoidea
Simaethistidae
Tineoidea
Acrolophidae (burrowing webworm moths)
Arrhenophanidae
Eriocottidae (Old World spiny-winged moths)
Psychidae (bagworm moths)
Tineidae (fungus moths)
Gracillarioidea
Bucculatricidae (ribbed cocoon makers)
Douglasiidae (Douglas moths)
Gracillariidae
Roeslerstammiidae
Yponomeutoidea
Acrolepiidae (false diamondback moths)
Bedelliidae
Glyphipterigidae (sedge moths)
Heliodinidae
Lyonetiidae
Plutellidae
Yponomeutidae (ermine moths)
Ypsolophidae
Gelechioidea
Autostichidae
Batrachedridae
Blastobasidae
Coleophoridae (case-bearers, case moths)
Cosmopterigidae (cosmet moths)
Elachistidae (grass-miner moths)
Gelechiidae (twirler moths)
Lecithoceridae (long-horned moths)
Lypusidae
Metachandidae
Momphidae (mompha moths)
Oecophoridae (concealer moths)
Pterolonchidae
Scythrididae (flower moths)
Xyloryctidae (timber moths)
Galacticoidea
Galacticidae
Zygaenoidea
Heterogynidae
Zygaenidae (burnet, forester, or smoky moths)
Himantopteridae
Lacturidae
Somabrachyidae
Megalopygidae (flannel moths)
Aididae
Anomoeotidae
Cyclotornidae
Epipyropidae (planthopper parasite moths)
Dalceridae (slug caterpillars)
Limacodidae (slug, or cup moths)
Cossoidea
Cossidae (carpenter millers, or goat moths)
Dudgeoneidae (dudgeon carpenter moths)
Sesioidea
Brachodidae (little bear moths)
Castniidae (castniid moths: giant butterfly-moths, sun moths)
Sesiidae (clearwing moths)
Choreutoidea
Choreutidae (metalmark moths)
Tortricoidea
Tortricidae (tortrix moths)
Urodoidea
Urodidae (false burnet moths)
Schreckensteinioidea
Schreckensteiniidae (bristle-legged moths)
Epermenioidea
Epermeniidae (fringe-tufted moths)
Alucitoidea
Alucitidae (many-plumed moths)
Tineodidae (false plume moths)
Pterophoroidea
Pterophoridae (plume moths)
Whalleyanoidea
Whalleyanidae
Immoidea
Immidae
Copromorphoidea
Copromorphidae (tropical fruitworm moths)
Carposinidae (fruitworm moths)
Thyridoidea
Thyrididae (picture-winged leaf moths)
Calliduloidea
Callidulidae (Old World butterfly-moths)
Papilionoidea(butterflies)
Papilionidae (swallowtail butterflies)
Hedylidae (American moth-butterflies)
Hesperiidae (skippers)
Pieridae (whites, yellows, orangetips, sulphurs)
Riodinidae (metalmarks)
Lycaenidae (gossamer-winged butterflies: blues, coppers and relatives)
Nymphalidae (brush-footed, or four-footed butterflies)
Hyblaeoidea
Hyblaeidae (teak moths)
Pyraloidea
Pyralidae (snout moths)
Crambidae (grass moth)
Mimallonoidea
Mimallonidae (sack bearer moths)
Lasiocampoidea
Lasiocampidae (eggars, snout moths, or lappet moths)
Bombycoidea
Anthelidae (Australian lappet moth)
Apatelodidae (American silkworm moths)
Bombycidae (silk moths)
Brahmaeidae (Brahmin moths)
Carthaeidae (Dryandra moth)
Endromidae (Kentish glory and relatives)
Eupterotidae
Phiditiidae
Saturniidae (saturniids)
Sphingidae (hawk moths, sphinx moths and hornworms)
Noctuoidea
Erebidae (underwing, tiger, tussock, litter, snout, owlet moths)
Euteliidae
Noctuidae (daggers, sallows, owlet moths, quakers, cutworms, darts)
Nolidae (tuft moths)
Notodontidae (prominents, kittens)
Oenosandridae
Drepanoidea
Drepanidae (hook-tips)
Cimeliidae (gold moths)
Doidae
Geometroidea
Sematuridae
Pseudobistonidae
Epicopeiidae (oriental swallowtail moths)
Uraniidae
Geometridae (geometer moths)
Superfamily unassigned
Millieriidae
Note: division Monotrysia is not a clade.
Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera
Lists by region
Taxon identifiersBatrachedridae
Wikidata: Q133304
Wikispecies: Batrachedridae
AFD: Batrachedridae
BAMONA: Batrachedridae
BioLib: 17248
BOLD: 553
BugGuide: 54007
CoL: 74Z
EoL: 774
EPPO: 1BATRF
Fauna Europaea: 2432
Fauna Europaea (new): 1a68cc1b-2ddd-41a9-b1d4-f0ddf57ae218
GBIF: 4554
iNaturalist: 173417
IRMNG: 109769
ITIS: 693956
NBN: NBNSYS0100001916
NCBI: 173646
NZOR: a63374e7-0358-4aab-ba17-f20ec43923e9
Open Tree of Life: 485585
PPE: batrachedridae | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"moths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"}],"text":"The Batrachedridae are a small family of tiny moths. These are small, slender moths which rest with their wings wrapped tightly around their bodies.","title":"Batrachedridae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hermann von Heinemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Heinemann"},{"link_name":"Maximilian Ferdinand Wocke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_Ferdinand_Wocke"},{"link_name":"Lord Walsingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Grey,_6th_Baron_Walsingham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zimmerman1978-1"},{"link_name":"Ron Hodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_W._Hodges"},{"link_name":"Batrachedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachedra"},{"link_name":"Chedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chedra"},{"link_name":"apical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apical_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"ampulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampulla_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"harpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera_genitalia#Male"},{"link_name":"Chedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chedra"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Duospina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duospina"},{"link_name":"Ifeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifeda"},{"link_name":"Gelechioidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelechioidea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zimmerman1978-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodges1966-2"},{"link_name":"microlepidoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlepidoptera"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Elwood Zimmerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood_Zimmerman"},{"link_name":"subfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfamily"},{"link_name":"Gelechiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelechiidae"},{"link_name":"Momphinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momphinae"},{"link_name":"Batrachedrodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachedrodes"},{"link_name":"morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"sporangia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporangia"},{"link_name":"fern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zimmerman1978-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodges1978-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baldizzone1996-4"},{"link_name":"Coleophoridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleophoridae"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown2015-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savela2015-6"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Baldizzone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Baldizzone"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Corythangela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corythangela"},{"link_name":"genitalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitalia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baldizzone1996-4"},{"link_name":"Epimarptidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimarptidae"},{"link_name":"subfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfamily"},{"link_name":"synapomorphies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapomorphy"},{"link_name":"sensu stricto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensu_stricto"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown2015-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodges1999-7"},{"link_name":"Kazuhiro Sugisima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Kazuhiro_Sugisima"},{"link_name":"Idioglossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioglossa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sugisima2000-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown2015-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koster2003-9"},{"link_name":"Lauri Kaila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauri_Kaila"},{"link_name":"cladistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics"},{"link_name":"phylogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogeny"},{"link_name":"morphological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletic"},{"link_name":"Coleophoridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleophoridae"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Lomandra longifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomandra_longifolia"},{"link_name":"Epimarptis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimarptis"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London"},{"link_name":"Stathmopodinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stathmopodinae"},{"link_name":"Coelopoetinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelopoetinae"},{"link_name":"circumscribed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumscription_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"sensu lato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensu_lato"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoare2006-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaila2004-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sugisima2004-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sugisima2004-12"},{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic"},{"link_name":"Houdinia flexilissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houdinia_flexilissima"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Epimarptis hiranoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epimarptis_hiranoi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoare2006-10"},{"link_name":"Zhi-Qiang Zhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Zhi-Qiang_Zhang"},{"link_name":"Lepidoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera"},{"link_name":"Epimarptidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimarptidae"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nieukerken2011-13"},{"link_name":"cladistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistic"},{"link_name":"Homaledra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homaledra"},{"link_name":"Houdinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houdinia"},{"link_name":"Pterolonchidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterolonchidae"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heikkil%C3%A42014-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chedra_pensor_holotype_USNMENT00835531.jpg"},{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype"},{"link_name":"Chedra pensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chedra_pensor"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"}],"text":"The taxonomy of this and related groups is often disputed.This group was first proposed as a taxonomic rank in 1876 by Hermann von Heinemann and Maximilian Ferdinand Wocke under the name Batrachedrae. Lord Walsingham used the name Batrachedridae in 1890.[1]Ron Hodges decided to separate a number of new species he was describing in 1966 from Batrachedra in his new genus Chedra, on the basis of the adult males possessing a \"single, strong, apical spine on the ampulla\" (also known as the harpe). Chedra then accommodated three species: two from North America and one from Chile. Hodges furthermore described two more related genera in this paper: Duospina and Ifeda. These genera he all placed in the family Gelechioidea.[1][2]In his 1978 treatment of the microlepidoptera of Hawaii, Elwood Zimmerman classified this group as a new subfamily of the family Gelechiidae, which he coined the Momphinae. Zimmerman split five local species from the genus Batrachedra to a new genus Batrachedrodes on the basis of morphology and the particular habit of feeding among sporangia on the underside of fern fronds.[1]That same year, however, Hodges classified Batrachedra, Chedra, Duospina and Ifeda in the family Batrachedridae in The moths of America north of Mexico.[3][4] Hodges changed the classification in his 1983 Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico and included the group as the subfamily Batrachedrinae of the family Coleophoridae.[5][6]Meanwhile, in Italy, the microlepidopterist Giorgio Baldizzone published an account of the Coleophoridae of Australia in 1996, in which he removed the genus Corythangela from that family to the Batrachedridae sensu Hodges 1978, apparently not having read or not following Hodges 1983 yet, upon examining the genitalia of the two species then known from the territory and finding them more similar to those of other Batrachedridae.[4]In 1999 Hodges reclassified it again as the family Batrachedridae. He also reclassified the family Epimarptidae as the subfamily Epimarptinae of this family, based on a number of shared synapomorphies. The Batrachedrinae sensu stricto he then reclassified as the subfamily Batrachedrinae. At the time Hodges considered the subfamily Batrachedrinae to include more than 100 species in five genera worldwide.[5][7]In Japan Yutaka Arita had been investigating a mysterious moth for a number of decades, but had been unable to identify it. He eventually got in touch with Kazuhiro Sugisima, and together with help of others, they were able to identify it and describe it as a new species of Idioglossa in 2000. Upon closer examination of the genitals of it and other species Sugisima transferred the genus, according to the key in Hodges' 1999 reclassification of the group, in the subfamily Batrachedrinae of the family Batrachedridae.[8]Sjaak J. C. Koster & Sergey Yu. Sinev in the 2003 Microlepidoptera of Europe recognise Hodges' subfamily Batrachedrinae at the rank of family again, but it is unclear where they place Epimarptis (which doesn't occur in Europe, as far as known).[5][9]In 2004 Lauri Kaila attempted to use cladistics to approximate the phylogeny of the superfamily Gelechioidea, using 193 morphological traits. In this work the family Batrachedridae appeared paraphyletic, because the family Coleophoridae sensu stricto was nested within the Batrachedridae. Kaila used an undescribed species from Australia which mined in the plant Lomandra longifolia, provisionally called \"Batrachedra eustola\", in his analysis. This taxon specifically helped to cause the Batrachedridae to be paraphyletic. Another problem was encountered with the genus Epimarptis. At the time, the few old specimens which existed in London had never been properly examined, and no one had knowingly collected any species of this genus since, and as such most of the traits used by Kaila were unknown. His paper proposed classifying the traditional family Coleophoridae, along with the subfamilies Batrachedrinae, Stathmopodinae and Coelopoetinae, in a newly circumscribed family Coleophoridae sensu lato. Inclusion of the genus Epimarptis in his analysis showed it belonged within his Coleophoridae sensu lato, but that including it caused a collapse of resolution in the basal clades of this provisional family. Kaila states that he is not formally revising Hodges' classification in this paper, merely suggesting a new classification.[10][11][12]Later in 2004, Sugisima stated that, after examining the specimens of the new Japanese species of Epimarptis he had just recognised, and new photographs of the specimens in London, and filling out some of the numerous until then unknown morphological characteristics of this obscure genus, it was not possible for him to agree with Kaila's analysis wholeheartedly, because in some characteristics Epimarptis fell outside even Coleophoridae sensu lato. Sugisima also mentions he finds the synapomorphies used by Hodges to define this latter family and its subfamilies in 1999 invalid in light of the further morphological observations made by him and Kaila, finding only one synapomorphy verifiable.[12]In 2006 Batrachedridae was expanded with another genus, the monotypic Houdinia with the single species Houdinia flexilissima restricted to New Zealand. In the description of this species Hoare et al. state that the new species appears morphologically closest to the new Epimarptis hiranoi of Japan, and because Kaila does not formally revise the taxonomy in his 2004 paper, they are classifying the species according to the taxonomy published by Hodges in 1999.[10]In Zhi-Qiang Zhang's 2011 attempt to number all the known animal species of earth, van Nieukerken et al., the authors of the section on Lepidoptera, were aware of Hodges' 1999 work but chose to repudiate it, and re-recognised Epimarptidae as a family again. Four species in the genus Epimarptis were counted as belonging to this family. In their taxonomic interpretation, the family Batrachedridae was circumscribed by Heinemann & Wocke in 1876, and comprised 99 species in 10 genera.[13]Three years later, in 2014, a cladistic analysis by Heikkilä et al. repudiated this interpretation and synonymised Epimarptidae with Batrachedridae again. They furthermore removed the genera Homaledra and Houdinia from the family, and moved both to the Pterolonchidae.[14]holotype of Chedra pensor from Arizona.","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meyrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Meyrick"},{"link_name":"Hodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_W._Hodges"},{"link_name":"Monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic"},{"link_name":"Epimarptis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimarptis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown2015-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodges1999-7"},{"link_name":"Heinemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Heinemann"},{"link_name":"Wocke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_Ferdinand_Wocke"},{"link_name":"Batrachedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachedra"},{"link_name":"Chedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chedra"},{"link_name":"Duospina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duospina"},{"link_name":"Homaledra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homaledra"},{"link_name":"Ifeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifeda"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown2015-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodges1999-7"},{"link_name":"Idioglossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioglossa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sugisima2000-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heikkil%C3%A42014-14"},{"link_name":"Corythangela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corythangela"},{"link_name":"Houdinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houdinia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baldizzone1996-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoare2006-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heikkil%C3%A42014-14"}],"text":"In 1999 Hodges considered the family to have two subfamilies:Epimarptinae (Meyrick, 1914) Hodges, 1999 - Monotypic, including only Epimarptis in 1999.[5][7]\nBatrachedrinae (Heinemann & Wocke, 1876) Hodges, 1999 - Hodges included five genera in the subfamily: Batrachedra, Chedra, Duospina, Homaledra and Ifeda.[5][7] Idioglossa was moved to this group in 2000.[8] Homaledra was moved out of the family in 2014.[14]\nCorythangela and Houdinia were never classified according to subfamily.[4][10] Houdinia was moved out of the family in 2014.[14]","title":"Subfamilies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batrachedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachedra"},{"link_name":"Herrich-Schäffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_August_Wilhelm_Herrich-Sch%C3%A4ffer"},{"link_name":"Batrachedrodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachedrodes"},{"link_name":"Zimmerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood_Zimmerman"},{"link_name":"Chedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chedra"},{"link_name":"Corythangela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corythangela"},{"link_name":"Meyrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Meyrick"},{"link_name":"Duospina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duospina"},{"link_name":"Enscepastra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enscepastra"},{"link_name":"Epimarptis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimarptis"},{"link_name":"Homaledra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homaledra"},{"link_name":"Busck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Busck"},{"link_name":"Houdinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houdinia"},{"link_name":"Dugdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/John_S._Dugdale"},{"link_name":"Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Watts"},{"link_name":"Idioglossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioglossa"},{"link_name":"Walsingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Grey,_6th_Baron_Walsingham"},{"link_name":"Ifeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifeda"}],"text":"These genera have at one point been assigned to the family:Batrachedra Herrich-Schäffer, 1853\nBatrachedrodes Zimmerman, 1978\nChedra Hodges, 1966\nCorythangela Meyrick, 1897\nDuospina Hodges, 1966\nEnscepastra Meyrick, 1920\nEpimarptis Meyrick, 1914\nHomaledra Busck, 1900\nHoudinia Hoare, Dugdale & Watts, 2006\nIdioglossa Walsingham, 1881\nIfeda Hodges, 1966","title":"Genera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savela2018-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Europe1-16"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zimmerman1978-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodges1966-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zimmerman1978-1"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mey1993-17"},{"link_name":"Indian Subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sugisima2004-12"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savela2018b-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFD2-19"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodges1999-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sugisima2004-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoare2006-10"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFD1-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savela2018b-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFD2-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turner1917-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zimmerman1978-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Europe1-16"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Europe2-22"}],"text":"A total of over a hundred species of Batrachedra are found on every continent except Antarctica, including a number of Pacific islands,[15] although there are only three species that occur in Europe.[16] The genus Batrachedrodes, with six species, is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.[1] Six Chedra species have been found, scattered over the USA, Chile,[2] Hawaii[1] and the Philippines.[17] Three species of Epimarptis have been found scattered across the Indian Subcontinent, another was found in Japan.[12] Eight Idioglossa species been found, one to two species on each continent, except five species in Asia, and none in Europe, South America and Antarctica.[18][19]North America contains at least six genera.[7][12]Australia contains three genera, two species of Corythangela and twenty-nine of Batrachedra, as well as a number of undescribed species[10][20] and one species of Idioglossa.[18][19][21]The Hawaiian Islands contain two genera with eight species, six of Batrachedrodes, and two of Chedra.[1]Europe only has three species of Batrachedra.[16][22]","title":"Distribution and diversity"}] | [{"image_text":"holotype of Chedra pensor from Arizona.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Chedra_pensor_holotype_USNMENT00835531.jpg/220px-Chedra_pensor_holotype_USNMENT00835531.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Zimmerman, Elwood C. (1978). Insects of Hawaii (PDF). Vol. 9 Microlepidoptera. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii. pp. 1003–1028. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2019-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood_Zimmerman","url_text":"Zimmerman, Elwood C."},{"url":"https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/7338/3/IOH-V09%20Microlepidoptera%203of4.pdf","url_text":"Insects of Hawaii"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211103153153/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/7338/3/IOH-V09%20Microlepidoptera%203of4.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hodges, Ronald W. (December 1966). \"Review of New World Species of Batrachedra, with Description of Three New Genera (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea)\". Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 92 (4): 585–651. JSTOR 25077925.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_W._Hodges","url_text":"Hodges, Ronald W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25077925","url_text":"25077925"}]},{"reference":"Hodges, Ronald W. (1978). \"Gelechioidea, Cosmopterigidae\". In Dominick, R. B. (ed.). The moths of America north of Mexico. Vol. 6. London: E. W. Classey & Wedge Entomological Research Fdn. ISBN 978-0-86096-001-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_W._Hodges","url_text":"Hodges, Ronald W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86096-001-0","url_text":"978-0-86096-001-0"}]},{"reference":"Baldizzone, Giorgio (18 December 1996). \"A taxonomic review of the Coleophoridae (Lepidoptera) of Australia\". Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. 139: 98–100. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. 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ISBN 978-3-11-015704-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_W._Hodges","url_text":"Hodges, Ronald W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-015704-8","url_text":"978-3-11-015704-8"}]},{"reference":"Sugisima, Kazuhiro; Arita, Yutaka (2000). \"A new species of a gelechioid genus, Idioglossa Walsingham (Lepidoptera, Batrachedridae, Batrachedrinae), from Japan\". Lepidoptera Science. 51 (4): 319–336. doi:10.18984/lepid.51.4_319. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. 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Stenstrup: Apollo Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenstrup","url_text":"Stenstrup"}]},{"reference":"Hoare, Robert; Dugdale, John; Watts, Corinne (2006-11-02). \"The world's thinnest caterpillar? A new genus and species of Batrachedridae (Lepidoptera) from Sporadanthus ferrugineus (Restionaceae), a threatened New Zealand plant\". Invertebrate Systematics. 20 (5): 571–583. doi:10.1071/is06009. ISSN 1447-2600. Archived from the original on 2024-05-17. Retrieved 2019-12-11 – via Researchgate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248899941","url_text":"\"The world's thinnest caterpillar? 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Donald; Lamas, Gerardo; Landry, Jean-François; Lee, Sangmi; Nuss, Matthias; Park, Kyu-Tek; Penz, Carla; Rota, Jadranka; Schintlmeister, Alexander; Schmidt, B. Christian; Sohn, Jae-Cheon; Alma Solis, M.; Tarmann, Gerhard M.; Warren, Andrew D.; Weller, Susan; Yaklovlev, Roman V.; Zolotuhin, Vadim V.; Zwick, Andreas (2011). \"Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758\" (PDF). In Zhang, Zhi-Qiang (ed.). Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Vol. 3148. pp. 212–221. ISBN 978-1-86977-850-7. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. 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PMID 34794251. S2CID 84696495. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. 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Lepidoptera and some other life forms. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/gelechioidea/batrachedridae/batrachedra/","url_text":"\"Batrachedra\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191220144623/http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/gelechioidea/batrachedridae/batrachedra/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Batrachedra Herrich-Schäffer, 1853\". Fauna Europaea. Fauna Europaea Secretariat, Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz & Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. 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Retrieved 22 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jefferis_Turner","url_text":"Jefferis Turner, Alfred"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofroy1917roya#page/84/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Lepidopterological Gleanings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Batrachedridae Heinemann & Wocke, 1876\". Fauna Europaea. Fauna Europaea Secretariat, Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz & Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. 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1876\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190606145720/https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/1a68cc1b-2ddd-41a9-b1d4-f0ddf57ae218","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.microleps.org/Guide/Batrachedridae/index.html","external_links_name":"Microleps"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Batrachedridae","external_links_name":"Batrachedridae"},{"Link":"https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/taxonomy/Batrachedridae","external_links_name":"Batrachedridae"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id17248","external_links_name":"17248"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=553","external_links_name":"553"},{"Link":"https://bugguide.net/node/view/54007","external_links_name":"54007"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/74Z","external_links_name":"74Z"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/774","external_links_name":"774"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1BATRF","external_links_name":"1BATRF"},{"Link":"http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:2432","external_links_name":"2432"},{"Link":"https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/1a68cc1b-2ddd-41a9-b1d4-f0ddf57ae218","external_links_name":"1a68cc1b-2ddd-41a9-b1d4-f0ddf57ae218"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4554","external_links_name":"4554"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/173417","external_links_name":"173417"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109769","external_links_name":"109769"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=693956","external_links_name":"693956"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0100001916","external_links_name":"NBNSYS0100001916"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=173646","external_links_name":"173646"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/a63374e7-0358-4aab-ba17-f20ec43923e9","external_links_name":"a63374e7-0358-4aab-ba17-f20ec43923e9"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=485585","external_links_name":"485585"},{"Link":"https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/gelechioidea/batrachedridae/","external_links_name":"batrachedridae"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialized_voiced_velar_plosive | Labialization | ["1 Occurrence","2 Types","2.1 Prelabialization","3 Transcription","4 Assimilation","5 Examples","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography"] | Secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages
"Lip rounding" redirects here. For the lip rounding of vowels, see Roundedness.
This article is about labial rounding. For internal rounding, see sulcalization.
Labialized◌ᵝ
Labial(-velar)ized with protrusion◌ʷ
Sound change and alternation
Metathesis
Quantitative metathesis
Lenition
Consonant gradation
Consonant voicing and devoicing
Assibilation
Spirantization
L-vocalization
Debuccalization
Fortition
Epenthesis
Prothesis
Paragoge
Unpacking
Vowel breaking
Elision
Apheresis
Syncope
Apocope
Haplology
Cluster reduction
Transphonologization
Compensatory lengthening
Nasalization
Tonogenesis
Floating tone
Assimilation
Fusion
Coarticulation
Palatalization
Velarization
Labialization
Final devoicing
Metaphony (vowel harmony, umlaut)
Consonant harmony
Dissimilation
Sandhi
Liaison, linking R
Consonant mutation
Tone sandhi
Vowel hiatus
Synalepha
Elision
Crasis
Synaeresis and diaeresis
Synizesis
Other types
Apophony
Affrication
Gemination
Clipping
Fronting
Raising
Betacism
Iotacism
Fusion
Merger
Compensatory lengthening
Monophthongization
Rhotacism
Rhinoglottophilia
Sulcalization
Shm-reduplication
Consonant mutation
Vowel shift
Chain shift
vte
Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels involve the lips, they are called rounded.
The most common labialized consonants are labialized velars. Most other labialized sounds also have simultaneous velarization, and the process may then be more precisely called labio-velarization. The "labialization" of bilabial consonants often refers to protrusion instead of a secondary articulatory feature velarization. doesn't mean although refers to a labial–velar approximant.
In phonology, labialization may also refer to a type of assimilation process.
Occurrence
Labialization is the most widespread secondary articulation in the world's languages. It is phonemically contrastive in Northwest Caucasian (e.g. Adyghe), Athabaskan, and Salishan language families, among others. This contrast is reconstructed also for Proto-Indo-European, the common ancestor of the Indo-European languages; and it survives in Latin and some Romance languages. It is also found in the Cushitic and Ethio-Semitic languages.
American English labializes /r, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/ to various degrees.
A few languages, including Arrernte and Mba, have contrastive labialized forms for almost all of their consonants.
In many Salishan languages, such as Klallam, velar consonants only occur in their labialized forms (except /k/, which occurs in some loanwords). However, uvular consonants occur abundantly labialized and unrounded.
Types
Open-labialized◌ꟹ
Out of 706 language inventories surveyed by Ruhlen (1976), labialization occurred most often with velar (42%) and uvular (15%) segments and least often with dental and alveolar segments. With non-dorsal consonants, labialization may include velarization as well. Labialization is not restricted to lip-rounding. The following articulations have either been described as labialization or been found as allophonic realizations of prototypical labialization:
Labiodental frication, found in Abkhaz
Complete bilabial closure, , found in Abkhaz and Ubykh
"Labialization" (/w/, /ɡʷ/, and /kʷ/) without noticeable rounding (protrusion) of the lips, found in the Iroquoian languages. It may be that they are compressed.
Rounding without velarization, found in Shona and in the Bzyb dialect of Abkhaz.
Eastern Arrernte has labialization at all places and manners of articulation; this derives historically from adjacent rounded vowels, as is also the case of the Northwest Caucasian languages. Marshallese also has phonemic labialization as a secondary articulation at all places of articulation except for labial consonants and coronal obstruents.
In North America, languages from a number of families have sounds that sound labialized (and vowels that sound rounded) without the participation of the lips. See Tillamook language for an example.
Prelabialization
In Slovene, sounds can be prelabialized. Furthermore, the change is phonemic and all phonemes have prelabialized pairs (though not all of their allophones can have pairs). Compare stati 'stand' and vstati 'stand up' . The prelabialization part, however, is usually not considered as being part of the same phoneme as prelabialized sound, but rather as an allophone of /ʋ/ as it changes depending on the environment, e. g. vzeti 'take' and povzeti 'summarize' . See Slovene phonology for more details.
Transcription
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, labialization of velar consonants is indicated with a raised w modifier (Unicode U+02B7), as in /kʷ/. (Elsewhere this diacritic generally indicates simultaneous labialization and velarization.) There are also diacritics, respectively , , to indicate greater or lesser degrees of rounding. These are normally used with vowels but may occur with consonants. For example, in the Athabaskan language Hupa, voiceless velar fricatives distinguish three degrees of labialization, transcribed either /x/, /x̹/, /xʷ/ or /x/, /x̜ʷ/, /xʷ/.
The extensions to the IPA has two additional symbols for degrees of rounding: Spread and open-rounded (as in English). It also has a symbol for labiodentalized sounds, .
If precision is desired, the Abkhaz and Ubykh articulations may be transcribed with the appropriate fricative or trill raised as a diacritic: , , , .
For simple labialization, Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) resurrected an old IPA symbol, , which would be placed above a letter with a descender such as ɡ. However, their chief example is Shona sv and zv, which they transcribe /s̫/ and /z̫/ but which actually seem to be whistled sibilants, without necessarily being labialized. Another possibility is to use the IPA diacritic for rounding, distinguishing for example the labialization in English soon and swoon. The open rounding of English /ʃ/ is also unvelarized.
Assimilation
Labialization also refers to a specific type of assimilatory process where a given sound become labialized due to the influence of neighboring labial sounds. For example, /k/ may become /kʷ/ in the environment of /o/, or /a/ may become /o/ in the environment of /p/ or /kʷ/.
In the Northwest Caucasian languages as well as some Australian languages rounding has shifted from the vowels to the consonants, producing a wide range of labialized consonants and leaving in some cases only two phonemic vowels. This appears to have been the case in Ubykh and Eastern Arrernte, for example. The labial vowel sounds usually still remain, but only as allophones next to the now-labial consonant sounds.
Examples
type
Phone
IPA
Languages
Stops
plain
protruded voiceless bilabial stop
ⓘ
Chaha, Paha
protruded voiced bilabial stop
ⓘ
Chaha, Paha, Mayo, Yaqui
labzd voiceless alveolar stop
ⓘ
Archi, Abkhaz, Lao, Paha, Ubykh
labzd voiced alveolar stop
ⓘ
Archi, Abkhaz, Ubykh
labzd voiceless velar stop
ⓘ
Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Halkomelem, Kabardian, Taos, Chipewyan, Hadza, Gwichʼin, Tlingit, Akan, Nez Perce, Archi, Cantonese, Wariʼ, Chaha, Dahalo, Hausa, Igala, Igbo, Italian, Lao, Latin, Nahuatl, Nawat, Okinawan, Ossetic, Paha, Portuguese, Thai, Tigrinya, Hiw, Ubykh, Bearlake Slavey, Breton
labzd voiced velar stop
ⓘ
Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Akan, Archi, Chaha, Dahalo, Hausa, Okinawan, Oowekyala, Ossetic, Hadza, Igala, Igbo, Gwichʼin, Kabardian, Paha, Portuguese, Tigrinya, Ubykh, Breton, Yoruba
labzd voiceless uvular stop
ⓘ
Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Kabardian, Ossetic, Paha, Tlingit, Nez Perce, Ubykh
labzd pharyngealized voiceless uvular stop
Archi, Ubykh
labzd voiced uvular stop
ⓘ
Oowekyala, Kwak'wala, Tsakhur
labzd glottal stop
ⓘ
Adyghe, Kabardian, Lao, Tlingit
labzd prenasalized voiced bilabial plosive
Tamambo
Labial–velar
protruded voiceless labio–velar stop
Dorig, Mwotlap
protruded prenasalized voiced labial–velar stop
Volow
Affricates
sibilant
labzd voiceless alveolar affricate
ⓘ
Adyghe, Archi, Lezgian, Tsakhur
labzd voiced alveolar affricate
ⓘ
Adyghe, Dahalo
labzd voiceless palato-alveolar affricate
ⓘ
Archi, Abaza, Adyghe, Paha, Aghul, German
labzd voiced palato-alveolar affricate
ⓘ
Abaza, Aghul, Tsakhur, German
labzd voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
Abkhaz, Akan, Ubykh
labzd voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
Abkhaz, Akan, Ubykh
non-sibilant
labzd voiceless velar affricate
ⓘ
Navajo
labzd voiceless uvular affricate
ⓘ
Kabardian, Lillooet
lateral
labzd voiceless velar lateral affricate
ⓘ
Archi
Fricatives
sibilant
labzd voiceless alveolar sibilant
ⓘ
Archi, Lao, Lezgian
labzd voiced alveolar sibilant
ⓘ
Archi, Tsakhur, Lezgian
labzd voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
ⓘ
Archi, Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Paha, Aghul, Ubykh
labzd voiced palato-alveolar sibilant
ⓘ
Archi, Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Aghul, Ubykh
labzd voiceless retroflex sibilant
ⓘ
Bzhedug
labzd voiced retroflex sibilant
ⓘ
Bzhedug
labzd voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant
ⓘ
Abkhaz, Ubykh
labzd voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant
ⓘ
Abkhaz, Ubykh
non-sibilant
protruded voiceless bilabial fricative
Okinawan
protruded voiced bilabial fricative
Tamambo
labzd voiceless labiodental fricative
ⓘ
Hadza, Chaha
labzd voiced labiodental fricative
ⓘ
labzd voiceless dental fricative
ⓘ
Paha
labzd voiced dental fricative
ⓘ
Paha
labzd voiceless palatal fricative
ⓘ
Akan
labzd voiceless velar fricative
ⓘ
Abaza, Adyghe, Avestan, Chaha, Halkomelem, Kabardian, Oowekyala, Taos, Navajo, Tigrinya, Lillooet, Tlingit
labzd voiced velar fricative
ⓘ
Abaza, Navajo, Lillooet, Gwichʼin, possibly Proto-Indo-European
labzd voiceless uvular fricative
ⓘ
Abkhaz, Adyghe, Archi, Halkomelem, Kabardian, Lillooet, Tlingit, Wariʼ, Chipewyan, Oowekyala, Ossetic, Ubykh
labzd pharyngealized voiceless uvular fricative
Abkhaz, Archi, Ubykh
labzd voiced uvular fricative
ⓘ
Abkhaz, Adyghe, Chipewyan, Kabardian, Ubykh
labzd pharyngealized voiced uvular fricative
Archi, Ubykh
labzd voiceless pharyngeal fricative
ⓘ
Abaza, Abkhaz
labzd voiced pharyngeal fricative
ⓘ
Abaza, Lillooet
Pseudo-fricatives
labzd voiceless glottal fricative
ⓘ
Akan, Tlingit, Tsakhur
Lateral fricatives
labzd voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
ⓘ
Dahalo
labzd voiceless velar lateral fricative
ⓘ
Archi
Nasals
protruded bilabial nasal
ⓘ
Adyghe, Chaha, Paha, Tamambo
labzd palatal nasal
Akan
labzd velar nasal
Akan, Avestan, Lao, Hiw, Igala
protruded labial-velar nasal
Dorig, Mwotlap
Approximants
labzd alveolar lateral approximant
ⓘ
Lao
labzd labiodental approximant
Russian
labialized palatal approximant
Abkhaz, Akan, French, Mandarin, Paha
Labio-velar approximant (voiced)
in Japanese
Protruded labio-velar approximant (voiced)
widespread; in every above-mentioned language, as well as e.g. Arabic, English, Korean, Vietnamese
Voiceless labio-velar approximant
certain dialects of English
nasal labialized velar approximant
Polish, Portuguese
labzd postalveolar approximant
many dialects of English
Ejectives
protruded bilabial ejective
ⓘ
Adyghe
labzd alveolar ejective
ⓘ
Abkhaz, Adyghe, Ubykh
labzd velar ejective
ⓘ
Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Archi, Bearlake Slavey, Chipewyan, Halkomelem, Kabardian, Ossetic, Tlingit, Ubykh
labzd palato-alveolar ejective fricative
ⓘ
Adyghe
labzd uvular ejective
ⓘ
Abaza, Abkhaz, Archi, Halkomelem, Hakuchi, Tlingit, Ubykh
labzd pharyngealized uvular ejective
Archi, Ubykh
labzd alveolar ejective affricate
Archi, Khwarshi
labzd alveolar lateral ejective affricate
Khwarshi
labzd palato-alveolar ejective affricate
Abaza, Archi, Khwarshi
labzd alveolo-palatal ejective affricate
Abkhaz, Ubykh
labzd retroflex ejective affricate
allophonic in Adyghe
labzd velar lateral ejective affricate
Archi
labzd velar ejective fricative
Tlingit
labzd uvular ejective fricative
Tlingit
See also
Labio-palatalization (◌ᶣ)
References
^ a b Siegel, Bernard J. (1977). Annual Review of Anthropology. Annual Reviews Incorporated. ISBN 9780824319069.
^ Jurgec, Peter (2007), Novejše besedje s stališča fonologije Primer slovenščine (in Slovenian), Tromsø, p. 95{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ As a mnemonic, the more-rounded diacritics resemble the rounded vowel ⟨ɔ⟩.
^ International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge University Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-52163751-0.
^ This is not a subscript w but originally a subscript omega that "recalls the letter w" (Jespersen & Pedersen, 1926, Phonetic Transcription and Transliteration: Proposals of the Copenhagen Conference, April 1925. Oxford University Press).
^ See . Archived May 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ John Esling (2010) "Phonetic Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 2nd ed.
^ Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)
Bibliography
Crowley, Terry (1997). An Introduction to Historical Linguistics (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Ruhlen, Merritt (1976). A Guide to the Languages of the World. Stanford University Press.
Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015). "Russian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 45 (2): 221–228. doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395.
vteArticulationArticulatory phonetics – Coarticulation – International Phonetic AlphabetPlaceLabial
Bilabial
Labiodental
Coronal
Linguolabial
Interdental
Dental
Denti-alveolar
Alveolar
Postalveolar
Palato-alveolar
Retroflex
Active place
Apical
Laminal
Subapical
Dorsal
Alveolo-palatal
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Laryngeal
Pharyngeal/epiglottal
Glottal
Double articulation
Labial–coronal
Labial–palatal
Labial–velar
Labial–uvular
Coronal–velar
Uvular–epiglottal
Pathological
Velopharyngeal
Other
Bidental
MannerObstruent
Plosive
Affricate
Fricative
Sibilant
Sonorant
Nasal
Vowel
Approximant
Semivowel
Vibrant
Tap/flap
Trill
Liquid
Rhotic
Lateral
Occlusive
Continuant
Airstream
Egressive
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Ejective
Implosive
Click
Pulmonic
Ejective
Percussive
Secondary articulation
Labialization
Rounding
Palatalization
Labio-palatalization
Velarization
Uvularization
Pharyngealization
Glottalization
Nasalization
Tongue shape
Sulcal
Domed
Voice
Voiceless
Aspirated
Tenuis
Voice onset time
Phonation
Modal
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Creaky
Stiff
vteInternational Phonetic Alphabet (chart)IPA topicsIPA
International Phonetic Association
History of the alphabet
Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
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Special topics
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IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings
ASCII encodings
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Phonetic symbols in Unicode
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ConsonantsPulmonic consonants
Place →
Labial
Coronal
Dorsal
Laryngeal
Manner ↓
Bilabial
Labiodental
Linguolabial
Dental
Alveolar
Postalveolar
Retroflex
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngeal/epiglottal
Glottal
Nasal
m̥
m
ɱ̊
ɱ
n̼
n̥
n
ɳ̊
ɳ
ɲ̊
ɲ
ŋ̊
ŋ
ɴ̥
ɴ
Plosive
p
b
p̪
b̪
t̼
d̼
t
d
ʈ
ɖ
c
ɟ
k
ɡ
q
ɢ
ʡ
ʔ
Sibilant affricate
ts
dz
t̠ʃ
d̠ʒ
tʂ
dʐ
tɕ
dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate
pɸ
bβ
p̪f
b̪v
t̪θ
d̪ð
tɹ̝̊
dɹ̝
t̠ɹ̠̊˔
d̠ɹ̠˔
cç
ɟʝ
kx
ɡɣ
qχ
ɢʁ
ʡʜ
ʡʢ
ʔh
Sibilant fricative
s
z
ʃ
ʒ
ʂ
ʐ
ɕ
ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative
ɸ
β
f
v
θ̼
ð̼
θ
ð
θ̠
ð̠
ɹ̠̊˔
ɹ̠˔
ɻ̊˔
ɻ˔
ç
ʝ
x
ɣ
χ
ʁ
ħ
ʕ
h
ɦ
Approximant
ʋ
ɹ
ɻ
j
ɰ
ʔ̞
Tap/flap
ⱱ̟
ⱱ
ɾ̼
ɾ̥
ɾ
ɽ̊
ɽ
ɢ̆
ʡ̆
Trill
ʙ̥
ʙ
r̥
r
ɽ̊r̥
ɽr
ʀ̥
ʀ
ʜ
ʢ
Lateral affricate
tɬ
dɮ
tꞎ
d𝼅
c𝼆
ɟʎ̝
k𝼄
ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative
ɬ
ɮ
ꞎ
𝼅
𝼆
ʎ̝
𝼄
ʟ̝
Lateral approximant
l
ɭ
ʎ
ʟ
ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap
ɺ̥
ɺ
𝼈̥
𝼈
ʎ̆
ʟ̆
IPA help
audio
full chart
template
Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
Non-pulmonic consonants
BL
LD
D
A
PA
RF
P
V
U
EG
Ejective
Stop
pʼ
tʼ
ʈʼ
cʼ
kʼ
qʼ
ʡʼ
Affricate
p̪fʼ
t̪θʼ
tsʼ
t̠ʃʼ
tʂʼ
tɕʼ
kxʼ
qχʼ
Fricative
ɸʼ
fʼ
θʼ
sʼ
ʃʼ
ʂʼ
ɕʼ
xʼ
χʼ
Lateral affricate
tɬʼ
c𝼆ʼ
k𝼄ʼ
q𝼄ʼ
Lateral fricative
ɬʼ
Click(top: velar;bottom: uvular)
Tenuis
kʘqʘ
kǀqǀ
kǃqǃ
k𝼊q𝼊
kǂqǂ
Voiced
ɡʘɢʘ
ɡǀɢǀ
ɡǃɢǃ
ɡ𝼊ɢ𝼊
ɡǂɢǂ
Nasal
ŋʘɴʘ
ŋǀɴǀ
ŋǃɴǃ
ŋ𝼊ɴ𝼊
ŋǂɴǂ
ʞ
Tenuis lateral
kǁqǁ
Voiced lateral
ɡǁɢǁ
Nasal lateral
ŋǁɴǁ
Implosive
Voiced
ɓ
ɗ
ᶑ
ʄ
ɠ
ʛ
Voiceless
ɓ̥
ɗ̥
ᶑ̊
ʄ̊
ɠ̊
ʛ̥
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Co-articulated consonants
Nasal
n͡m
Labial–alveolar
ŋ͡m
Labial–velar
Plosive
t͡pd͡b
Labial–alveolar
k͡pɡ͡b
Labial–velar
q͡ʡ
Uvular–epiglottal
q͡p
Labial–uvular
Fricative/approximant
ɥ̊ɥ
Labial–palatal
ʍw
Labial–velar
ɧ
Sj-sound (variable)
Lateral approximant
ɫ
Velarized alveolar
Implosive
ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
ɠ͡ɓ
Labial–velar
Ejective
t͡pʼ
Labial–alveolar
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Other
Nasal labial–velar approximant
Nasal palatal approximant
Voiceless bidental fricative
Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
Vowels
Front
Central
Back
Close
i
y
ɨ
ʉ
ɯ
u
Near-close
ɪ
ʏ
ʊ
Close-mid
e
ø
ɘ
ɵ
ɤ
o
Mid
e̞
ø̞
ə
ɤ̞
o̞
Open-mid
ɛ
œ
ɜ
ɞ
ʌ
ɔ
Near-open
æ
ɐ
Open
a
ɶ
ä
ɑ
ɒ
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Legend: unrounded • rounded | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roundedness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundedness"},{"link_name":"sulcalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulcalization"},{"link_name":"secondary articulatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_articulation"},{"link_name":"oral cavity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mouth"},{"link_name":"consonants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant"},{"link_name":"rounded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundedness"},{"link_name":"labialized velars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant"},{"link_name":"velarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velarization"},{"link_name":"velarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velarization"},{"link_name":"labial–velar approximant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant"},{"link_name":"phonology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology"},{"link_name":"assimilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)"}],"text":"\"Lip rounding\" redirects here. For the lip rounding of vowels, see Roundedness.This article is about labial rounding. For internal rounding, see sulcalization.Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels involve the lips, they are called rounded.The most common labialized consonants are labialized velars. Most other labialized sounds also have simultaneous velarization, and the process may then be more precisely called labio-velarization. The \"labialization\" of bilabial consonants often refers to protrusion instead of a secondary articulatory feature velarization. [pʷ] doesn't mean [pˠ] although [w] refers to a labial–velar approximant.In phonology, labialization may also refer to a type of assimilation process.","title":"Labialization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northwest Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages"},{"link_name":"Adyghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adyghe_language"},{"link_name":"Athabaskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabaskan_languages"},{"link_name":"Salishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salishan_languages"},{"link_name":"language families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family"},{"link_name":"Proto-Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language"},{"link_name":"Indo-European languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Romance languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages"},{"link_name":"Cushitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushitic_languages"},{"link_name":"Ethio-Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages"},{"link_name":"American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"Arrernte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrernte_language"},{"link_name":"Mba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba_language"},{"link_name":"Salishan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salishan_languages"},{"link_name":"Klallam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klallam_language"}],"text":"Labialization is the most widespread secondary articulation in the world's languages. It is phonemically contrastive in Northwest Caucasian (e.g. Adyghe), Athabaskan, and Salishan language families, among others. This contrast is reconstructed also for Proto-Indo-European, the common ancestor of the Indo-European languages; and it survives in Latin and some Romance languages. It is also found in the Cushitic and Ethio-Semitic languages.American English labializes /r, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/ to various degrees.A few languages, including Arrernte and Mba, have contrastive labialized forms for almost all of their consonants.In many Salishan languages, such as Klallam, velar consonants only occur in their labialized forms (except /k/, which occurs in some loanwords). However, uvular consonants occur abundantly labialized and unrounded.","title":"Occurrence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ruhlen (1976)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRuhlen1976"},{"link_name":"velar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_consonant"},{"link_name":"uvular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvular_consonant"},{"link_name":"dental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_consonant"},{"link_name":"alveolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonant"},{"link_name":"velarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velarization"},{"link_name":"allophonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophone"},{"link_name":"Abkhaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARA-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARA-1"},{"link_name":"Iroquoian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquoian_languages"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"compressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundedness"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Shona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shona_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bzyb dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bzyb_dialect"},{"link_name":"Abkhaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Eastern Arrernte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Arrernte"},{"link_name":"places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_of_articulation"},{"link_name":"manners of articulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manner_of_articulation"},{"link_name":"Northwest Caucasian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages"},{"link_name":"Marshallese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallese_language"},{"link_name":"secondary articulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_articulation"},{"link_name":"labial consonants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_consonant"},{"link_name":"coronal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_consonant"},{"link_name":"obstruents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstruent_consonant"},{"link_name":"Tillamook language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillamook_language"}],"text":"Out of 706 language inventories surveyed by Ruhlen (1976), labialization occurred most often with velar (42%) and uvular (15%) segments and least often with dental and alveolar segments. With non-dorsal consonants, labialization may include velarization as well. Labialization is not restricted to lip-rounding. The following articulations have either been described as labialization or been found as allophonic realizations of prototypical labialization:Labiodental frication, found in Abkhaz[1]\nComplete bilabial closure, [d͡b, t͡p, t͡pʼ], found in Abkhaz and Ubykh[1]\n\"Labialization\" (/w/, /ɡʷ/, and /kʷ/) without noticeable rounding (protrusion) of the lips, found in the Iroquoian languages[citation needed]. It may be that they are compressed.[citation needed]\nRounding without velarization, found in Shona[citation needed] and in the Bzyb dialect of Abkhaz.[citation needed]Eastern Arrernte has labialization at all places and manners of articulation; this derives historically from adjacent rounded vowels, as is also the case of the Northwest Caucasian languages. Marshallese also has phonemic labialization as a secondary articulation at all places of articulation except for labial consonants and coronal obstruents.In North America, languages from a number of families have sounds that sound labialized (and vowels that sound rounded) without the participation of the lips. See Tillamook language for an example.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"stati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stati#Slovene"},{"link_name":"vstati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vstati#Slovene"},{"link_name":"vzeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vzeti#Slovene"},{"link_name":"povzeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/povzeti#Slovene"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Slovene phonology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_phonology"}],"sub_title":"Prelabialization","text":"In Slovene, sounds can be prelabialized. Furthermore, the change is phonemic and all phonemes have prelabialized pairs (though not all of their allophones can have pairs). Compare stati 'stand' [ˈs̪t̪àːt̪í] and vstati 'stand up' [ˈʷs̪t̪àːt̪í]. The prelabialization part, however, is usually not considered as being part of the same phoneme as prelabialized sound, but rather as an allophone of /ʋ/ as it changes depending on the environment, e. g. vzeti 'take' [ˈʷz̪èːt̪í] and povzeti 'summarize' [pou̯ˈz̪èːt̪í].[2] See Slovene phonology for more details.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Phonetic Alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Athabaskan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabaskan_languages"},{"link_name":"Hupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hupa_language"},{"link_name":"voiceless velar fricatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative"},{"link_name":"extensions to the IPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensions_to_the_IPA"},{"link_name":"labiodentalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiodental_approximant"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"whistled sibilants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistled_sibilant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In the International Phonetic Alphabet, labialization of velar consonants is indicated with a raised w modifier [ʷ] (Unicode U+02B7), as in /kʷ/. (Elsewhere this diacritic generally indicates simultaneous labialization and velarization.[citation needed]) There are also diacritics, respectively [ɔ̹], [ɔ̜], to indicate greater or lesser degrees of rounding.[3] These are normally used with vowels but may occur with consonants. For example, in the Athabaskan language Hupa, voiceless velar fricatives distinguish three degrees of labialization, transcribed either /x/, /x̹/, /xʷ/ or /x/, /x̜ʷ/, /xʷ/.The extensions to the IPA has two additional symbols for degrees of rounding: Spread [ɹ͍] and open-rounded [ʒꟹ] (as in English). It also has a symbol for labiodentalized sounds, [tᶹ].[4]If precision is desired, the Abkhaz and Ubykh articulations may be transcribed with the appropriate fricative or trill raised as a diacritic: [tᵛ], [tᵝ], [tʙ], [tᵖ].For simple labialization, Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) resurrected an old IPA symbol, [ ̫],[5] which would be placed above a letter with a descender such as ɡ. However, their chief example is Shona sv and zv, which they transcribe /s̫/ and /z̫/ but which actually seem to be whistled sibilants, without necessarily being labialized.[6] Another possibility is to use the IPA diacritic for rounding, distinguishing for example the labialization in English soon [s̹] and [sʷ] swoon.[7] The open rounding of English /ʃ/ is also unvelarized.","title":"Transcription"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northwest Caucasian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages"},{"link_name":"Australian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_languages"},{"link_name":"Eastern Arrernte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Arrernte"}],"text":"Labialization also refers to a specific type of assimilatory process where a given sound become labialized due to the influence of neighboring labial sounds. For example, /k/ may become /kʷ/ in the environment of /o/, or /a/ may become /o/ in the environment of /p/ or /kʷ/.In the Northwest Caucasian languages as well as some Australian languages rounding has shifted from the vowels to the consonants, producing a wide range of labialized consonants and leaving in some cases only two phonemic vowels. This appears to have been the case in Ubykh and Eastern Arrernte, for example. The labial vowel sounds usually still remain, but only as allophones next to the now-labial consonant sounds.","title":"Assimilation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ladefoged, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged"},{"link_name":"Maddieson, Ian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Maddieson"},{"link_name":"The Sounds of the World's Languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-631-19815-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6"},{"link_name":"Ruhlen, Merritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merritt_Ruhlen"},{"link_name":"\"Russian\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100314000395"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0025100314000395","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100314000395"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Articulation_navbox"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Articulation_navbox"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Articulation_navbox"},{"link_name":"Articulatory phonetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulatory_phonetics"},{"link_name":"Coarticulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-articulated_consonant"},{"link_name":"International Phonetic Alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet"},{"link_name":"Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_of_articulation"},{"link_name":"Labial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_consonant"},{"link_name":"Bilabial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_consonant"},{"link_name":"Labiodental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiodental_consonant"},{"link_name":"Coronal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_consonant"},{"link_name":"Linguolabial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant"},{"link_name":"Interdental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdental_consonant"},{"link_name":"Dental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_consonant"},{"link_name":"Denti-alveolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant"},{"link_name":"Alveolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonant"},{"link_name":"Postalveolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant"},{"link_name":"Palato-alveolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant"},{"link_name":"Retroflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_consonant"},{"link_name":"Apical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apical_consonant"},{"link_name":"Laminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminal_consonant"},{"link_name":"Subapical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subapical_consonant"},{"link_name":"Dorsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_consonant"},{"link_name":"Alveolo-palatal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant"},{"link_name":"Palatal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_consonant"},{"link_name":"Velar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_consonant"},{"link_name":"Uvular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvular_consonant"},{"link_name":"Laryngeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant"},{"link_name":"Pharyngeal/epiglottal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant"},{"link_name":"Glottal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_consonant"},{"link_name":"Double articulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubly_articulated_consonant"},{"link_name":"Labial–coronal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93coronal_consonant"},{"link_name":"Labial–palatal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93palatal_consonant"},{"link_name":"Labial–velar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant"},{"link_name":"Labial–uvular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93uvular_consonant"},{"link_name":"Coronal–velar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal%E2%80%93velar_consonant"},{"link_name":"Uvular–epiglottal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_consonant"},{"link_name":"Pathological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_pathology"},{"link_name":"Velopharyngeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velopharyngeal_consonant"},{"link_name":"Bidental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidental_consonant"},{"link_name":"Manner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manner_of_articulation"},{"link_name":"Obstruent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstruent"},{"link_name":"Plosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosive"},{"link_name":"Affricate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affricate"},{"link_name":"Fricative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative"},{"link_name":"Sibilant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilant"},{"link_name":"Sonorant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonorant"},{"link_name":"Nasal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_consonant"},{"link_name":"Vowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel"},{"link_name":"Approximant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximant"},{"link_name":"Semivowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowel"},{"link_name":"Vibrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrant_consonant"},{"link_name":"Tap/flap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants"},{"link_name":"Trill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trill_consonant"},{"link_name":"Liquid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_consonant"},{"link_name":"Rhotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhotic_consonant"},{"link_name":"Lateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_consonant"},{"link_name":"Occlusive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occlusive"},{"link_name":"Continuant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuant"},{"link_name":"Airstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstream_mechanism"},{"link_name":"Egressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egressive_sound"},{"link_name":"Ingressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingressive_sound"},{"link_name":"Ejective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejective_consonant"},{"link_name":"Implosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implosive_consonant"},{"link_name":"Click","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click_consonant"},{"link_name":"Pulmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonic-contour_clicks"},{"link_name":"Ejective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejective-contour_clicks"},{"link_name":"Percussive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussive_consonant"},{"link_name":"Secondary articulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_articulation"},{"link_name":"Labialization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Rounding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundedness"},{"link_name":"Palatalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)"},{"link_name":"Labio-palatalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labio-palatalization"},{"link_name":"Velarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velarization"},{"link_name":"Uvularization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvularization"},{"link_name":"Pharyngealization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngealization"},{"link_name":"Glottalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottalization"},{"link_name":"Nasalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasalization"},{"link_name":"Tongue shape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue_shape"},{"link_name":"Sulcal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulcalization"},{"link_name":"Domed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domed_consonant"},{"link_name":"Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)"},{"link_name":"Voiceless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessness"},{"link_name":"Aspirated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonant"},{"link_name":"Tenuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenuis_consonant"},{"link_name":"Voice onset time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_onset_time"},{"link_name":"Phonation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonation"},{"link_name":"Modal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_voice"},{"link_name":"Breathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathy_voice"},{"link_name":"Slack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_voice"},{"link_name":"Creaky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creaky_voice"},{"link_name":"Stiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiff_voice"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IPA_navigation"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:IPA_navigation"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IPA_navigation"},{"link_name":"International Phonetic 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help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio"},{"link_name":"audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio"},{"link_name":"full chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart"},{"link_name":"template","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IPA_vowels"},{"link_name":"unrounded • rounded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundedness"}],"text":"Crowley, Terry (1997). An Introduction to Historical Linguistics (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.\nLadefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.\nRuhlen, Merritt (1976). A Guide to the Languages of the World. Stanford University Press.Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015). \"Russian\". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 45 (2): 221–228. doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395.vteArticulationArticulatory phonetics – Coarticulation – International Phonetic AlphabetPlaceLabial\nBilabial\nLabiodental\nCoronal\nLinguolabial\nInterdental\nDental\nDenti-alveolar\nAlveolar\nPostalveolar\nPalato-alveolar\nRetroflex\n Active place\nApical\nLaminal\nSubapical\n\nDorsal\nAlveolo-palatal\nPalatal\nVelar\nUvular\nLaryngeal\nPharyngeal/epiglottal\nGlottal\nDouble articulation\nLabial–coronal\nLabial–palatal\nLabial–velar\nLabial–uvular\nCoronal–velar\nUvular–epiglottal\nPathological\nVelopharyngeal\nOther\nBidental\nMannerObstruent\nPlosive\nAffricate\nFricative\nSibilant\nSonorant\nNasal\nVowel\nApproximant\nSemivowel\nVibrant\nTap/flap\nTrill\n\nLiquid\nRhotic\nLateral\nOcclusive\nContinuant\nAirstream\nEgressive\nIngressive\nEjective\nImplosive\nClick\nPulmonic\nEjective\nPercussive\nSecondary articulation\nLabialization\nRounding\nPalatalization\nLabio-palatalization\nVelarization\nUvularization\nPharyngealization\nGlottalization\nNasalization\nTongue shape\nSulcal\nDomed\nVoice\nVoiceless\nAspirated\nTenuis\nVoice onset time\nPhonation\nModal\nBreathy\nSlack\nCreaky\nStiffvteInternational Phonetic Alphabet (chart)IPA topicsIPA\nInternational Phonetic Association\nHistory of the alphabet\nExtensions for disordered speech (extIPA)\nVoice Quality Symbols (VoQS)\nJournal of the IPA (JIPA)\nSpecial topics\nCursive forms\nCase variants\nObsolete and nonstandard symbols\nNaming conventions\nSinological extensions\nWorld Orthography\nIPA chart for English dialects\nEncodings\nASCII encodings\nSAMPA\nX-SAMPA\nKirshenbaum\nTIPA\nPhonetic symbols in Unicode\nIPA number\nIPA Braille\nConsonantsPulmonic consonants \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPlace →\n\nLabial\n\nCoronal\n\nDorsal\n\nLaryngeal\n\n\nManner ↓\n\nBilabial\n\nLabiodental\n\nLinguolabial\n\nDental\n\nAlveolar\n\nPostalveolar\n\nRetroflex\n\nPalatal\n\nVelar\n\nUvular\n\nPharyngeal/epiglottal\n\nGlottal\n\n\nNasal\n\nm̥\n\nm\n\nɱ̊\n\nɱ\n\n\n\nn̼\n\n\n\n\n\nn̥\n\nn\n\n\n\n\n\nɳ̊\n\nɳ\n\nɲ̊\n\nɲ\n\nŋ̊\n\nŋ\n\nɴ̥\n\nɴ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPlosive\n\np\n\nb\n\np̪\n\nb̪\n\nt̼\n\nd̼\n\n\n\n\n\nt\n\nd\n\n\n\n\n\nʈ\n\nɖ\n\nc\n\nɟ\n\nk\n\nɡ\n\nq\n\nɢ\n\nʡ\n\n\n\nʔ\n\n\n\n\nSibilant affricate\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nts\n\ndz\n\nt̠ʃ\n\nd̠ʒ\n\ntʂ\n\ndʐ\n\ntɕ\n\ndʑ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNon-sibilant affricate\n\npɸ\n\nbβ\n\np̪f\n\nb̪v\n\n\n\n\n\nt̪θ\n\nd̪ð\n\ntɹ̝̊\n\ndɹ̝\n\nt̠ɹ̠̊˔\n\nd̠ɹ̠˔\n\n\n\n\n\ncç\n\nɟʝ\n\nkx\n\nɡɣ\n\nqχ\n\nɢʁ\n\nʡʜ\n\nʡʢ\n\nʔh\n\n\n\n\nSibilant fricative\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\ns\n\nz\n\nʃ\n\nʒ\n\nʂ\n\nʐ\n\nɕ\n\nʑ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNon-sibilant fricative\n\nɸ\n\nβ\n\nf\n\nv\n\nθ̼\n\nð̼\n\nθ\n\nð\n\nθ̠\n\nð̠\n\nɹ̠̊˔\n\nɹ̠˔\n\nɻ̊˔\n\nɻ˔\n\nç\n\nʝ\n\nx\n\nɣ\n\nχ\n\nʁ\n\nħ\n\nʕ\n\nh\n\nɦ\n\n\nApproximant\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nʋ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nɹ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nɻ\n\n\n\nj\n\n\n\nɰ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nʔ̞\n\n\nTap/flap\n\n\n\nⱱ̟\n\n\n\nⱱ\n\n\n\nɾ̼\n\n\n\n\n\nɾ̥\n\nɾ\n\n\n\n\n\nɽ̊\n\nɽ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nɢ̆\n\n\n\nʡ̆\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTrill\n\nʙ̥\n\nʙ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nr̥\n\nr\n\n\n\n\n\nɽ̊r̥\n\nɽr\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nʀ̥\n\nʀ\n\nʜ\n\nʢ\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLateral affricate\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\ntɬ\n\ndɮ\n\n\n\n\n\ntꞎ\n\nd𝼅\n\nc𝼆\n\nɟʎ̝\n\nk𝼄\n\nɡʟ̝\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLateral fricative\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nɬ\n\nɮ\n\n\n\n\n\nꞎ\n\n𝼅\n\n𝼆\n\nʎ̝\n\n𝼄\n\nʟ̝\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLateral approximant\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nl\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nɭ\n\n\n\nʎ\n\n\n\nʟ\n\n\n\nʟ̠\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLateral tap/flap\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nɺ̥\n\nɺ\n\n\n\n\n\n𝼈̥\n\n𝼈\n\n\n\nʎ̆\n\n\n\nʟ̆\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIPA help\n audio\nfull chart\ntemplate\n\nSymbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.\n\nNon-pulmonic consonants\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBL\n\nLD\n\nD\n\nA\n\nPA\n\nRF\n\nP\n\nV\n\nU\n\nEG\n\n\nEjective\n\nStop\n\npʼ\n\n\n\n\n\ntʼ\n\n\n\nʈʼ\n\ncʼ\n\nkʼ\n\nqʼ\n\nʡʼ\n\n\nAffricate\n\n\n\np̪fʼ\n\nt̪θʼ\n\ntsʼ\n\nt̠ʃʼ\n\ntʂʼ\n\ntɕʼ\n\nkxʼ\n\nqχʼ\n\n\n\n\nFricative\n\nɸʼ\n\nfʼ\n\nθʼ\n\nsʼ\n\nʃʼ\n\nʂʼ\n\nɕʼ\n\nxʼ\n\nχʼ\n\n\n\n\nLateral affricate\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\ntɬʼ\n\n\n\n\n\nc𝼆ʼ\n\nk𝼄ʼ\n\nq𝼄ʼ\n\n\n\n\nLateral fricative\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nɬʼ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nClick(top: velar;bottom: uvular)\n\nTenuis\n\nkʘqʘ\n\n\n\nkǀqǀ\n\nkǃqǃ\n\n\n\nk𝼊q𝼊\n\nkǂqǂ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVoiced\n\nɡʘɢʘ\n\n\n\nɡǀɢǀ\n\nɡǃɢǃ\n\n\n\nɡ𝼊ɢ𝼊\n\nɡǂɢǂ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNasal\n\nŋʘɴʘ\n\n\n\nŋǀɴǀ\n\nŋǃɴǃ\n\n\n\nŋ𝼊ɴ𝼊\n\nŋǂɴǂ\n\nʞ \n\n\n\n\n\n\nTenuis lateral\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nkǁqǁ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVoiced lateral\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nɡǁɢǁ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNasal lateral\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nŋǁɴǁ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImplosive\n\nVoiced\n\nɓ\n\n\n\n\n\nɗ\n\n\n\nᶑ\n\nʄ\n\nɠ\n\nʛ\n\n\n\n\nVoiceless\n\nɓ̥\n\n\n\n\n\nɗ̥\n\n\n\nᶑ̊\n\nʄ̊\n\nɠ̊\n\nʛ̥\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIPA help\n audio\nfull chart\ntemplate\n\nCo-articulated consonants\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNasal\n\nn͡m\nLabial–alveolar\n\n\nŋ͡m\nLabial–velar\n\nPlosive\n\nt͡pd͡b\nLabial–alveolar\n\n\nk͡pɡ͡b\nLabial–velar\n\n\nq͡ʡ\nUvular–epiglottal\n\nq͡p\nLabial–uvular\n\n\n\n\nFricative/approximant\n\nɥ̊ɥ\nLabial–palatal\n\n\nʍw\nLabial–velar\n\n\nɧ\nSj-sound (variable)\n\nLateral approximant\n\nɫ\nVelarized alveolar\n\nImplosive\n\nɠ̊͜ɓ̥\nɠ͡ɓ\nLabial–velar\nEjective\nt͡pʼ\nLabial–alveolar\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIPA help\nfull chart\ntemplate\n\n\nOther\nNasal labial–velar approximant [w̃]\nNasal palatal approximant [j̃]\nVoiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆]\nVoiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop [t̪ʙ̥]\nVoiceless nasal glottal approximant [h̃]\nVowels\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFront\n\nCentral\n\nBack\n\n\nClose\n\n\ni\n\ny\n\n\nɨ\n\nʉ\n\n\nɯ\n\nu\n\n\nNear-close\n\n\nɪ\n\nʏ\n\n\n\n\n\n\nʊ\n\n\nClose-mid\n\n\ne\n\nø\n\n\nɘ\n\nɵ\n\n\nɤ\n\no\n\n\nMid\n\n\ne̞\n\nø̞\n\n\nə\n\n\nɤ̞\n\no̞\n\n\nOpen-mid\n\n\nɛ\n\nœ\n\n\nɜ\n\nɞ\n\n\nʌ\n\nɔ\n\n\nNear-open\n\n\næ\n\n\n\n\nɐ\n\n\n\n\nOpen\n\n\na\n\nɶ\n\n\nä\n\n\n\n\nɑ\n\nɒ\n\n\n\n\n\nIPA help\n audio\nfull chart\ntemplate\n\nLegend: unrounded • rounded","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Labio-palatalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labio-palatalization"}] | [{"reference":"Siegel, Bernard J. (1977). Annual Review of Anthropology. Annual Reviews Incorporated. ISBN 9780824319069.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ApzO7A7-xcUC&q=abkhaz+labialized","url_text":"Annual Review of Anthropology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824319069","url_text":"9780824319069"}]},{"reference":"Jurgec, Peter (2007), Novejše besedje s stališča fonologije Primer slovenščine (in Slovenian), Tromsø, p. 95","urls":[]},{"reference":"International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge University Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-52163751-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52163751-0","url_text":"978-0-52163751-0"}]},{"reference":"Crowley, Terry (1997). 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Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 45 (2): 221–228. doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100314000395","url_text":"\"Russian\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100314000395","url_text":"10.1017/S0025100314000395"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ApzO7A7-xcUC&q=abkhaz+labialized","external_links_name":"Annual Review of Anthropology"},{"Link":"http://www.cefala.org/issp2006/cdrom/articles/shosted.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080516193747/http://www.cefala.org/issp2006/cdrom/articles/shosted.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100314000395","external_links_name":"\"Russian\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100314000395","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0025100314000395"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprig_of_Acacia | Acacia | ["1 Description","2 Taxonomy","2.1 History","2.2 Etymology","2.3 Species","3 Fossil record","4 Distribution and habitat","5 Ecology","6 Toxicity","7 Uses","7.1 Cultivation","8 References","9 External links"] | Genus of plants
For other uses, see Acacia (disambiguation).
For the former broader circumscription, see Acacia sensu lato.
Acacia
Acacia baileyana Canberra
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Subfamily:
Caesalpinioideae
Clade:
Mimosoid clade
Genus:
AcaciaMill.
Type species
Acacia penninervisSieber ex DC. (typ.cons.)
Species
List of Acacia species
Synonyms
List
Adianthum Burm.f.
Chithonanthus Lehm.
Cuparilla Raf.
Drepaphyla Raf.
Hecatandra Raf.
Phyllodoce Link
Racosperma Mart.
Tetracheilos Lehm.
Zigmaloba Raf.
Bipinnate leaves of Acacia dealbata
Phyllodes of Acacia penninervis
Flowers of Acacia retinodes
Acacia, commonly known as wattles or acacias, is a genus of about 1,084 species of shrubs and trees in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the pea family Fabaceae. Initially, it comprised a group of plant species native to Africa, South America, and Australasia, but is now reserved for species mainly from Australia, with others from New Guinea, Southeast Asia, and the Indian Ocean. The genus name is Neo-Latin, borrowed from the Greek ἀκακία (akakia), a term used in antiquity to describe a preparation extracted from Vachellia nilotica, the original type species.
A number of species of Acacia have been introduced to various parts of the world, and two million hectares of commercial plantations have been established.
Description
Plants in the genus Acacia are shrubs or trees with bipinnate leaves, the mature leaves sometimes reduced to phyllodes or rarely absent. There are 2 small stipules at the base of the leaf, but sometimes fall off as the leaf matures. The flowers are borne in spikes or cylindrical heads, sometimes singly, in pairs or in racemes in the axils of leaves or phyllodes, sometimes in panicles on the ends of branches. Each spike or cylindrical head has many small golden-yellow to pale creamy-white flowers, each with 4 or 5 sepals and petals, more than 10 stamens, and a thread-like style that is longer than the stamens. The fruit is a variably-shaped pod, sometimes flat or cylindrical, containing seeds with a fleshy aril on the end.
Taxonomy
The genus was first validly named in 1754 by Philip Miller in The Gardeners Dictionary. In 1913 Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown selected Mimosa scorpioides L. (≡ Acacia scorpioides (L.) W.Wight = Acacia nilotica (L.) Delille), a species from Africa, as the lectotype of the name.
History
Genus Acacia was considered to contain some 1352 species leading to 1986. That year, Leslie Pedley questioned the monophyletic nature of the genus, and proposed a split into three genera: Acacia sensu stricto (161 species), Senegalia (231 species) and Racosperma (960 species), the last name first proposed in 1829 by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius as the name of a section in Acacia, but raised to generic rank in 1835. In 2003, Pedley published a paper with 834 new combinations in Racosperma for species, most of which were formerly placed in Acacia. All but 10 of these species are native to Australasia, where it constitutes the largest plant genus.
In the early 2000s, it had become evident that the genus as it stood was not monophyletic and that several divergent lineages needed to be placed in separate genera. It turned out that one lineage comprising over 900 species mainly native to Australia, New Guinea, and Indonesia was not closely related to the much smaller group of African lineage that contained A. nilotica – the type species. This meant that the Australasian lineage (by far the most prolific in number of species) would need to be renamed. Pedley's proposed name of Racosperma for this group had received little acclaim in the botanical community. Australian botanists proposed a less disruptive solution, setting a different type species for Acacia (A. penninervis) and allowing this largest number of species to remain in Acacia, resulting in the two pan-tropical lineages being renamed Vachellia and Senegalia, and the two endemic American lineages renamed Acaciella and Mariosousa.
In 2003, Anthony Orchard and Bruce Maslin filed a proposal to conserve the name Acacia with a different type, in order to retain the Australasian group of species in the genus Acacia. Following a controversial decision to choose a new type for Acacia in 2005, the Australian component of Acacia s.l. now retains the name Acacia. At the 2011 International Botanical Congress held in Melbourne, Australia, the decision to use the name Acacia, rather than the proposed Racosperma for this genus, was upheld. Other Acacia s.l. taxa continue to be called Acacia by those who choose to consider the entire group as one genus.
The Australian species of the genus Paraserianthes s.l. (namely P. lophantha) are deemed its closest relatives. The nearest relatives of Acacia and Paraserianthes s.l. in turn include the Australian and South East Asian genera Archidendron, Archidendropsis, Pararchidendron and Wallaceodendron, all of the tribe Ingeae.
Etymology
The genus name is Neo-Latin, borrowed from the Greek akakia , a name used by Dioscorides for some prickly species growing in Egypt, from acacis meaning "a point". In his Pinax (1623), Bauhin mentioned the Greek ἀκακία from Dioscorides as the origin of the Latin name.
The origin of "wattle" may be an Old Teutonic word meaning "to weave". From around 700 CE, watul was used in Old English to refer to the flexible woody vines, branches, and sticks which were interwoven to form walls, roofs, and fences. Since about 1810 it has been used as the common name for the Australian legume trees and shrubs that can provide these branches.
Species
See also: List of Acacia species
There are about 1080 species of Acacia, mostly native to Australia.
Fossil record
An Acacia-like 14 cm (5.5 in) long fossil seed pod has been described from the Eocene of the Paris Basin. Acacia-like fossil pods under the name Leguminocarpon are known from late Oligocene deposits at different sites in Hungary. Seed pod fossils of †Acacia parschlugiana and †Acacia cyclosperma are known from Tertiary deposits in Switzerland. †Acacia colchica has been described from the Miocene of West Georgia. Pliocene fossil pollen of an Acacia sp. has been described from West Georgia (including Abkhazia). The oldest fossil Acacia pollen in Australia are recorded as being from the late Oligocene epoch, 25 million years ago.
Distribution and habitat
Species of Acacia occurs in all Australian states and territories, and on its nearby islands. About 20 species occur naturally outside Australia and 7 of these also occur in Australia. One species (Acacia koa) is native to Hawaii and one (Acacia heterophylla) is native to Mauritius and Réunion in the Indian Ocean.
They are present in all terrestrial habitats, including alpine settings, rainforests, woodlands, grasslands, coastal dunes and deserts. In drier woodlands or forests they are an important component of the understory. Elsewhere they may be dominant, as in the Brigalow Belt, Myall woodlands and the eremaean Mulga woodlands.
In Australia, Acacia forest is the second most common forest type after eucalypt forest, covering 980,000 square kilometres (378,380 sq mi) or 8% of total forest area. Acacia is also the nation's largest genus of flowering plants with almost 1000 species found.
Ecology
Acacia is a common food source and host plant for butterflies of the genus Jalmenus. The imperial hairstreak, Jalmenus evagoras, feeds on at least 25 acacia species. Many reptiles feed on the sap, such as the native house gecko in Australia. The sap is also consumed by bugs (Hemiptera), such as Hackerobrachys viridiventris and Sextius virescens.
Toxicity
Some species of acacia contain psychoactive alkaloids, and some contain potassium fluoroacetate.
Uses
Wattle sign at Olive Pink Botanic Garden, Alice Springs, Australia (2005).
The seed pods, flowers, and young leaves are generally edible either raw or cooked.
Aboriginal Australians have traditionally harvested the seeds of some species, to be ground into flour and eaten as a paste or baked into a cake. Wattleseeds contain as much as 25% more protein than common cereals, and they store well for long periods due to the hard seed coats. In addition to using the edible seed and gum, the people employed the timber for implements, weapons, fuel and musical instruments. A number of species, most notably Acacia mangium (hickory wattle), A. mearnsii (black wattle) and A. saligna (coojong), are economically important and are widely planted globally for wood products, tannin, firewood and fodder. A. melanoxylon (blackwood) and A. aneura (mulga) supply some of the most attractive timbers in the genus. Black wattle bark supported the tanning industries of several countries, and may supply tannins for production of waterproof adhesives.
In Vietnam, Acacia is used in plantations of non-native species that are regularly clear-cut for paper or timber uses.
Wattle bark collected in Australia in the 19th century was exported to Europe where it was used in the tanning process. One ton of wattle or mimosa bark contained about 68 kilograms (150 pounds) of pure tannin.
Cultivation
Some species of acacia – notably Acacia baileyana, A. dealbata and A. pravissima – are cultivated as ornamental garden plants. The 1889 publication Useful Native Plants of Australia describes various uses for eating.
References
^ a b c "Acacia". Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ "Report of the General Committee". Taxon. 55 (3): 798. 2006. doi:10.2307/25065657.
^ Midgley, S.J.; Turnbull, J.W. (2003). "Domestication and use of Australian acacias: Case studies of five important species". Australian Systematic Botany. 16 (1): 89–102. doi:10.1071/SB01038.
^ Kodela, Phillip G.; Harden, Gwen J. "Genus Acacia". Sydney, NSW, AU: Royal Botanic Garden. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ Entwisle, Timothy J.; Maslin, Bruce R.; Cowan, Richard S.; Court, Arthur B.; Walsh, Neville G. "Acacia". Melbourne, VIC, AU: Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ "Acacia". Adelaide, SA, AU: State Herbarium of South Australia. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ a b c Kodela, Phillip G.; Maslin, Bruce R. (n.d.). Kodela, Philip G. (ed.). "Acacia". Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia. Canberra, AU: Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment, and Water. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ a b Murphy, Daniel J. (2008). "A review of the classification of Acacia (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae)". Muelleria. 26 (1): 10–26. doi:10.5962/p.292490. S2CID 199562144. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
^ a b c d e Orchard, Anthony E.; Wilson, Annette J.G. (2001). Flora of Australia. Vol. 11A, Mimosaceae, Acacia. Melbourne, VIC, AU: CSIRO. part 1, page x. ISBN 9780643067172.
^ Miller, P. (1754). The Gardeners Dictionary. Vol. 1 (abridged, 4th ed.). p. 25. — only gives the name of the genus. Miller did not validly publish names of species in this book, as he did not consistently use binomial names.
^ von Martius, Carl Friedrich P. (1829). Hortus regius Monacensis. p. 188.
^ von Martius, C.F.P. (1835). Hortus regius Monacensis seminifer. p. 4. Archived from the original on 2022-01-10. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
^ Pedley, L. (1986). "Derivation and dispersal of Acacia (Leguminosae), with particular reference to Australia, and the recognition of Senegalia and Racosperma". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 92 (3): 219–254. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01429.x. PMC 7188348. PMID 32362685.
^ a b Orchard, A.E.; Maslin, B.R. (2003). "Proposal to conserve the name Acacia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) with a conserved type". Taxon. 52: 362–363. doi:10.2307/3647418. JSTOR 3647418.
^ Pedley, L. (2003). "A synopsis of Racosperma (C. Mart.) (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)". Austrobaileya. 6 (3): 445–496. doi:10.5962/p.299681. JSTOR 41738994.
^ Kyalangalilwa, B.; Boatwright, J.S.; Daru, B.H.; Maurin, O.; van der Bank, M. (2013). "Phylogenetic position and revised classification of Acacia s.l. (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations in Vachellia and Senegalia". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 172 (4): 500–523. doi:10.1111/boj.12047. hdl:10566/3454.
^ a b Thiele, Kevin R. (February 2011). "The controversy over the retypification of Acacia (Mill.) with an Australian type: A pragmatic view" (PDF). Taxon. 60 (1): 194–198. doi:10.1002/tax.601017. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
^ Brummitt, R.K. (December 2010). "(292) Acacia: A solution that should be acceptable to everybody" (PDF). Taxon. 59 (6): 1925–1926. doi:10.1002/tax.596050. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
^ The Acacia debate (PDF) (Report). IBC2011 Congress News. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
^ a b Smith, Gideon F. & Figueiredo, Estrela (2011). "Conserving Acacia (Mill.) with a conserved type: What happened in Melbourne?". Taxon. 60 (5): 1504–1506. doi:10.1002/tax.605033. hdl:2263/17733.
^ Brown, Gillian K.; Daniel J. Murphy & Pauline Y. Ladiges (2011). "Relationships of the Australo-Malesian genus Paraserianthes (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae) identifies the sister group of Acacia sensu stricto and two biogeographical tracks". Cladistics. 27 (4): 380–390. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00349.x. PMID 34875795. S2CID 85416700.
^ Brown, Gillian K.; Murphy, Daniel J.; Miller, Joseph T.; Ladiges, Pauline Y. (October 2008). "Acacia s.s. and its relationship among tropical legumes, tribe Ingeae (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)". Systematic Botany. 33 (4): 739–751. doi:10.1600/036364408786500136. S2CID 85910836.
^ Sharr, Francis Aubi; George, Alex (2019). Western Australian Plant Names and Their Meanings (3rd ed.). Kardinya, WA: Four Gables Press. p. 56. ISBN 9780958034180.
^ Bauhin, Caspar (1623). Pinax theatri botanici Caspari Bauhini. Basileae Helvet. p. 391.
^ a b Austin, Daniel F. (2004). Florida Ethnobotany. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 58. ISBN 9780203491881.
^ Kenrick, Paul; Davis, Paul (2004). Fossil Plants. London, UK: Natural History Museum. ISBN 0-565-09176-X.
^ Hably, L. (1992). Herendeen, P.S.; Dilcher (eds.). Distribution of Legumes in the Tertiary of Hungary. Advances in Legume Systematics. Vol. Part 4, The fossil record. London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 0947643400.
^ Shakryl, Alexandra K. (1992). Herendeen, P.S.; Dilcher (eds.). Leguminosae species from the territory of Abkhazia. Advances in Legume Systematics. Vol. Part 4, The fossil record. London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 0947643400.
^ White, M.E. (1988). The Greening of Gondwanana (reprint ed.). Australia: Reed Books. ISBN 0730101541.
^ "Acacia koa". Plants of the World online (powo.science.kew.org). Kew Science. London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
^ "Acacia heterophylla". Plants of the World online (powo.science.kew.org). Kew Science. London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
^ "Acacia forest". agriculture.gov.au. Department of Agriculture. Commonwealth of Australia. 6 February 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
^ Kitching, Roger Laurence (1999). Biology of Australian Butterflies. Collingwood, VIC, AU: CSIRO Pub. ISBN 978-0643050273. OCLC 40792921.
^ Alamy Limited (agency). Flat-headed house gecko (Hemidactylus platycephalus) adult feeding on solidified sap of acacia tree. Kafue N.P. Zambia (stock photo). Retrieved 2022-03-25 – via alamy.com.
^ Constant, J. (2006). "Revision of the Eurybrachidae (VII). The Australian genera Hackerobrachys and Fletcherobrachys (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Eurybrachidae)". Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie. 76: 31–40 – via researchgate.net.
^ "Acacia horned treehopper – Sextius virescens". brisbaneinsects.com. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
^ Leong, L.E.; Khan, S.; Davis, C.K.; Denman, S.E.; McSweeney, C.S. (2017). "Fluoroacetate in plants – a review of its distribution, toxicity to livestock and microbial detoxification". Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 8: 55. doi:10.1186/s40104-017-0180-6. PMC 5485738. PMID 28674607.
^ The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army (original publisher) (reprint ed.). New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Tan, Ria. "Acacia auriculiformis, black wattle". Naturia. Archived from the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
^ Nambiar, E.K. Sadanandan; Harwood, Christopher E.; Kien, Nguyen Duc (2015). "Acacia plantations in Vietnam: Research and knowledge application to secure a sustainable future". Southern Forests. Sustaining the future of acacia plantation forestry. 77 (1): 1–10. Bibcode:2015SFJFS..77....1N. doi:10.2989/20702620.2014.999301. S2CID 84167231.
^ Tatarski, Michael (20 May 2021). "Drastic forest development: Vietnam to plant 1 billion trees – but how?". Mongabay Environmental News. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
^ Knight, Charles, ed. (1847). The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge. Vol. II. London, UK. p. 873.
^ Maiden, J.H. (1889). Useful Native Plants of Australia, including Tasmania. Sydney, AU: Turner & Henderson.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acacia.
Acacias of Australia (Lucid web player). WATTLE. — multi-access key for identifying Australian Acacias
Taxon identifiersAcacia
Wikidata: Q81666
Wikispecies: Acacia
APDB: 187666
APNI: 56859
BioLib: 62118
CoL: C8VYK
eFloraSA: Acacia
EoL: 39940157
EPPO: 1ACAG
FloraBase: 21511
FNA: 100060
FoAO2: Acacia
FoC: 100060
GBIF: 2978223
GRIN: 26
iNaturalist: 47452
IPNI: 21551-1
IRMNG: 1310672
ITIS: 26417
NBN: NHMSYS0000455528
NCBI: 3808
NZOR: 1db7631f-5673-4505-abe8-0abdc7da9f48
Open Tree of Life: 560307
Paleobiology Database: 53524
PLANTS: ACACI
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325783-2
Tropicos: 40003076
uBio: 715537
VicFlora: dfe52d12-cc3f-4620-8a9b-ab8361322615
WFO: wfo-4000000074
Authority control databases: National
Japan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acacia (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Acacia sensu lato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_sensu_lato"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acacia_dealbata_kz09.jpg"},{"link_name":"Acacia dealbata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_dealbata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acacia_penninervis_(5368395701).jpg"},{"link_name":"Acacia penninervis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_penninervis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acacia_retinodes_MucBotGard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Acacia retinodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_retinodes"},{"link_name":"Mimosoideae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimosoideae"},{"link_name":"Fabaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae"},{"link_name":"Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO-1"},{"link_name":"Neo-Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Latin"},{"link_name":"Vachellia nilotica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachellia_nilotica"},{"link_name":"type species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see Acacia (disambiguation).For the former broader circumscription, see Acacia sensu lato.Bipinnate leaves of Acacia dealbataPhyllodes of Acacia penninervisFlowers of Acacia retinodesAcacia, commonly known as wattles or acacias, is a genus of about 1,084 species of shrubs and trees in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the pea family Fabaceae. Initially, it comprised a group of plant species native to Africa, South America, and Australasia, but is now reserved for species mainly from Australia, with others from New Guinea, Southeast Asia, and the Indian Ocean.[1] The genus name is Neo-Latin, borrowed from the Greek ἀκακία (akakia), a term used in antiquity to describe a preparation extracted from Vachellia nilotica, the original type species.A number of species of Acacia have been introduced to various parts of the world, and two million hectares of commercial plantations have been established.[3]","title":"Acacia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bipinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#bipinnate"},{"link_name":"phyllodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllode"},{"link_name":"stipules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipule"},{"link_name":"racemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racemes"},{"link_name":"panicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panicle"},{"link_name":"sepals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepal"},{"link_name":"stamens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen"},{"link_name":"style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_(botany)"},{"link_name":"pod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"aril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aril"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBGS-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBGV-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SA-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FoA-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mur-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orch1-9"}],"text":"Plants in the genus Acacia are shrubs or trees with bipinnate leaves, the mature leaves sometimes reduced to phyllodes or rarely absent. There are 2 small stipules at the base of the leaf, but sometimes fall off as the leaf matures. The flowers are borne in spikes or cylindrical heads, sometimes singly, in pairs or in racemes in the axils of leaves or phyllodes, sometimes in panicles on the ends of branches. Each spike or cylindrical head has many small golden-yellow to pale creamy-white flowers, each with 4 or 5 sepals and petals, more than 10 stamens, and a thread-like style that is longer than the stamens. The fruit is a variably-shaped pod, sometimes flat or cylindrical, containing seeds with a fleshy aril on the end.[4][5][6][7][8][9]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Miller"},{"link_name":"The Gardeners Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gardeners_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Lord Britton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Lord_Britton"},{"link_name":"Addison Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison_Brown"},{"link_name":"L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"W.Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Franklin_Wight"},{"link_name":"Acacia nilotica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_nilotica"},{"link_name":"Delille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alire_Raffeneau_Delille&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"lectotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectotype"}],"text":"The genus was first validly named in 1754 by Philip Miller in The Gardeners Dictionary.[10] In 1913 Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown selected Mimosa scorpioides L. (≡ Acacia scorpioides (L.) W.Wight = Acacia nilotica (L.) Delille), a species from Africa, as the lectotype of the name.","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leslie Pedley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Pedley"},{"link_name":"monophyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletic"},{"link_name":"sensu stricto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensu_stricto"},{"link_name":"Senegalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalia"},{"link_name":"Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Philipp_von_Martius"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orch2-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ped1-15"},{"link_name":"Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mur-8"},{"link_name":"monophyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyly"},{"link_name":"type species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"A. penninervis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_penninervis"},{"link_name":"Vachellia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachellia"},{"link_name":"Senegalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalia"},{"link_name":"Acaciella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acaciella"},{"link_name":"Mariosousa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariosousa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kyalangalilwa-16"},{"link_name":"Anthony Orchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Orchard"},{"link_name":"Bruce Maslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Maslin"},{"link_name":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orch2-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thiel-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brum-18"},{"link_name":"International Botanical Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Botanical_Congress"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acaciaresolution1-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acaciaresolution2-20"},{"link_name":"Acacia s.l.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_sensu_lato"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acaciaresolution2-20"},{"link_name":"Paraserianthes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraserianthes"},{"link_name":"s.l.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensu_lato"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-21"},{"link_name":"South East Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Asia"},{"link_name":"Archidendron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archidendron"},{"link_name":"Archidendropsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archidendropsis"},{"link_name":"Pararchidendron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pararchidendron"},{"link_name":"Wallaceodendron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallaceodendron"},{"link_name":"Ingeae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeae"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bro-22"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"Genus Acacia was considered to contain some 1352 species leading to 1986. That year, Leslie Pedley questioned the monophyletic nature of the genus, and proposed a split into three genera: Acacia sensu stricto (161 species), Senegalia (231 species) and Racosperma (960 species), the last name first proposed in 1829 by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius as the name of a section in Acacia,[11] but raised to generic rank in 1835.[12][13][14] In 2003, Pedley published a paper with 834 new combinations in Racosperma for species, most of which were formerly placed in Acacia.[15] All but 10 of these species are native to Australasia, where it constitutes the largest plant genus.[8]In the early 2000s, it had become evident that the genus as it stood was not monophyletic and that several divergent lineages needed to be placed in separate genera. It turned out that one lineage comprising over 900 species mainly native to Australia, New Guinea, and Indonesia was not closely related to the much smaller group of African lineage that contained A. nilotica – the type species. This meant that the Australasian lineage (by far the most prolific in number of species) would need to be renamed. Pedley's proposed name of Racosperma for this group had received little acclaim in the botanical community. Australian botanists proposed a less disruptive solution, setting a different type species for Acacia (A. penninervis) and allowing this largest number of species to remain in Acacia, resulting in the two pan-tropical lineages being renamed Vachellia and Senegalia, and the two endemic American lineages renamed Acaciella and Mariosousa.[16]In 2003, Anthony Orchard and Bruce Maslin filed a proposal to conserve the name Acacia with a different type, in order to retain the Australasian group of species in the genus Acacia.[14] Following a controversial decision to choose a new type for Acacia in 2005, the Australian component of Acacia s.l. now retains the name Acacia.[17][18] At the 2011 International Botanical Congress held in Melbourne, Australia, the decision to use the name Acacia, rather than the proposed Racosperma for this genus, was upheld.[19][20] Other Acacia s.l. taxa continue to be called Acacia by those who choose to consider the entire group as one genus.[20]The Australian species of the genus Paraserianthes s.l. (namely P. lophantha) are deemed its closest relatives.[21] The nearest relatives of Acacia and Paraserianthes s.l. in turn include the Australian and South East Asian genera Archidendron, Archidendropsis, Pararchidendron and Wallaceodendron, all of the tribe Ingeae.[22]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neo-Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Latin"},{"link_name":"Dioscorides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharr-23"},{"link_name":"Bauhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"wattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattle_(construction)"},{"link_name":"Old Teutonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-25"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"common name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_name"},{"link_name":"legume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-25"}],"sub_title":"Etymology","text":"The genus name is Neo-Latin, borrowed from the Greek akakia , a name used by Dioscorides for some prickly species growing in Egypt, from acacis meaning \"a point\".[23] In his Pinax (1623), Bauhin mentioned the Greek ἀκακία from Dioscorides as the origin of the Latin name.[24]The origin of \"wattle\" may be an Old Teutonic word meaning \"to weave\".[25] From around 700 CE, watul was used in Old English to refer to the flexible woody vines, branches, and sticks which were interwoven to form walls, roofs, and fences. Since about 1810 it has been used as the common name for the Australian legume trees and shrubs that can provide these branches.[25]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Acacia species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Acacia_species"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FoA-7"}],"sub_title":"Species","text":"See also: List of Acacia speciesThere are about 1080 species of Acacia, mostly native to Australia.[7]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"seed pod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_pod"},{"link_name":"Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene"},{"link_name":"Paris Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Basin"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Oligocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocene"},{"link_name":"deposits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposits"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossils"},{"link_name":"Tertiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Oligocene epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocene_epoch"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"An Acacia-like 14 cm (5.5 in) long fossil seed pod has been described from the Eocene of the Paris Basin.[26] Acacia-like fossil pods under the name Leguminocarpon are known from late Oligocene deposits at different sites in Hungary. Seed pod fossils of †Acacia parschlugiana and †Acacia cyclosperma are known from Tertiary deposits in Switzerland.[27] †Acacia colchica has been described from the Miocene of West Georgia. Pliocene fossil pollen of an Acacia sp. has been described from West Georgia (including Abkhazia).[28] The oldest fossil Acacia pollen in Australia are recorded as being from the late Oligocene epoch, 25 million years ago.[29]","title":"Fossil record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acacia koa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_koa"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO2-30"},{"link_name":"Acacia heterophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_heterophylla"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Réunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FoA-7"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO3-31"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orch1-9"},{"link_name":"Brigalow Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigalow_Belt"},{"link_name":"Myall woodlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myall_Lakes_National_Park"},{"link_name":"eremaean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremaean_province"},{"link_name":"Mulga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_aneura"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orch1-9"},{"link_name":"eucalypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Species of Acacia occurs in all Australian states and territories, and on its nearby islands. About 20 species occur naturally outside Australia and 7 of these also occur in Australia. One species (Acacia koa) is native to Hawaii[30] and one (Acacia heterophylla) is native to Mauritius and Réunion in the Indian Ocean.[7][31]They are present in all terrestrial habitats, including alpine settings, rainforests, woodlands, grasslands, coastal dunes and deserts.[9] In drier woodlands or forests they are an important component of the understory. Elsewhere they may be dominant, as in the Brigalow Belt, Myall woodlands and the eremaean Mulga woodlands.[9]In Australia, Acacia forest is the second most common forest type after eucalypt forest, covering 980,000 square kilometres (378,380 sq mi) or 8% of total forest area. Acacia is also the nation's largest genus of flowering plants with almost 1000 species found.[32]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jalmenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalmenus"},{"link_name":"Jalmenus evagoras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalmenus_evagoras"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"native house gecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubious_dtella"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Hackerobrachys viridiventris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackerobrachys"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Sextius virescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sextius_virescens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Acacia is a common food source and host plant for butterflies of the genus Jalmenus. The imperial hairstreak, Jalmenus evagoras, feeds on at least 25 acacia species.[33] Many reptiles feed on the sap, such as the native house gecko in Australia.[34] The sap is also consumed by bugs (Hemiptera), such as Hackerobrachys viridiventris[35] and Sextius virescens.[36]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychoactive alkaloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Acacia_species_known_to_contain_psychoactive_alkaloids"},{"link_name":"potassium fluoroacetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_fluoroacetate"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Some species of acacia contain psychoactive alkaloids, and some contain potassium fluoroacetate.[37]","title":"Toxicity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattle_sign._Olive_Pink_Reserve,_Alice_Springs.jpg"},{"link_name":"Olive Pink Botanic Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Pink_Botanic_Garden"},{"link_name":"Alice Springs, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Springs,_Australia"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"Wattleseeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattleseed"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tan-39"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orch1-9"},{"link_name":"Acacia mangium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_mangium"},{"link_name":"A. mearnsii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_mearnsii"},{"link_name":"A. saligna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_saligna"},{"link_name":"tannin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thiel-17"},{"link_name":"tanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanning_(leather)"},{"link_name":"adhesives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orch1-9"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"plantations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"tanning process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanning_(leather)"},{"link_name":"mimosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimosa"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Wattle sign at Olive Pink Botanic Garden, Alice Springs, Australia (2005).The seed pods, flowers, and young leaves are generally edible either raw or cooked.[38]Aboriginal Australians have traditionally harvested the seeds of some species, to be ground into flour and eaten as a paste or baked into a cake. Wattleseeds contain as much as 25% more protein than common cereals, and they store well for long periods due to the hard seed coats.[39] In addition to using the edible seed and gum, the people employed the timber for implements, weapons, fuel and musical instruments.[9] A number of species, most notably Acacia mangium (hickory wattle), A. mearnsii (black wattle) and A. saligna (coojong), are economically important and are widely planted globally for wood products, tannin, firewood and fodder.[17] A. melanoxylon (blackwood) and A. aneura (mulga) supply some of the most attractive timbers in the genus. Black wattle bark supported the tanning industries of several countries, and may supply tannins for production of waterproof adhesives.[9]In Vietnam, Acacia is used in plantations of non-native species that are regularly clear-cut for paper or timber uses.[40][41]Wattle bark collected in Australia in the 19th century was exported to Europe where it was used in the tanning process. One ton of wattle or mimosa bark contained about 68 kilograms (150 pounds) of pure tannin.[42]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acacia baileyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_baileyana"},{"link_name":"A. dealbata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_dealbata"},{"link_name":"A. pravissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_pravissima"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Cultivation","text":"Some species of acacia – notably Acacia baileyana, A. dealbata and A. pravissima – are cultivated as ornamental garden plants. The 1889 publication Useful Native Plants of Australia describes various uses for eating.[43]","title":"Uses"}] | [{"image_text":"Bipinnate leaves of Acacia dealbata","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Acacia_dealbata_kz09.jpg/220px-Acacia_dealbata_kz09.jpg"},{"image_text":"Phyllodes of Acacia penninervis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Acacia_penninervis_%285368395701%29.jpg/220px-Acacia_penninervis_%285368395701%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flowers of Acacia retinodes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Acacia_retinodes_MucBotGard.jpg/220px-Acacia_retinodes_MucBotGard.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wattle sign at Olive Pink Botanic Garden, Alice Springs, Australia (2005).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Wattle_sign._Olive_Pink_Reserve%2C_Alice_Springs.jpg/310px-Wattle_sign._Olive_Pink_Reserve%2C_Alice_Springs.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Acacia\". Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325783-2#synonyms","url_text":"\"Acacia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"}]},{"reference":"\"Report of the General Committee\". Taxon. 55 (3): 798. 2006. doi:10.2307/25065657.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25065657","url_text":"10.2307/25065657"}]},{"reference":"Midgley, S.J.; Turnbull, J.W. (2003). \"Domestication and use of Australian acacias: Case studies of five important species\". Australian Systematic Botany. 16 (1): 89–102. doi:10.1071/SB01038.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publish.csiro.au/SB/SB01038","url_text":"\"Domestication and use of Australian acacias: Case studies of five important species\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FSB01038","url_text":"10.1071/SB01038"}]},{"reference":"Kodela, Phillip G.; Harden, Gwen J. \"Genus Acacia\". Sydney, NSW, AU: Royal Botanic Garden. Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&showsyn=&dist=&constat=&lvl=gn&name=Acacia","url_text":"\"Genus Acacia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden,_Sydney","url_text":"Royal Botanic Garden"}]},{"reference":"Entwisle, Timothy J.; Maslin, Bruce R.; Cowan, Richard S.; Court, Arthur B.; Walsh, Neville G. \"Acacia\". Melbourne, VIC, AU: Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/dfe52d12-cc3f-4620-8a9b-ab8361322615","url_text":"\"Acacia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens_Victoria","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria"}]},{"reference":"\"Acacia\". Adelaide, SA, AU: State Herbarium of South Australia. Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Acacia","url_text":"\"Acacia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Herbarium_of_South_Australia","url_text":"State Herbarium of South Australia"}]},{"reference":"Kodela, Phillip G.; Maslin, Bruce R. (n.d.). Kodela, Philip G. (ed.). \"Acacia\". Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia. Canberra, AU: Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment, and Water. Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Acacia","url_text":"\"Acacia\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Daniel J. (2008). \"A review of the classification of Acacia (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae)\". Muelleria. 26 (1): 10–26. doi:10.5962/p.292490. S2CID 199562144. Retrieved 22 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255611439","url_text":"\"A review of the classification of Acacia (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fp.292490","url_text":"10.5962/p.292490"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199562144","url_text":"199562144"}]},{"reference":"Orchard, Anthony E.; Wilson, Annette J.G. (2001). Flora of Australia. Vol. 11A, Mimosaceae, Acacia. Melbourne, VIC, AU: CSIRO. part 1, page x. ISBN 9780643067172.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780643067172","url_text":"9780643067172"}]},{"reference":"Miller, P. (1754). The Gardeners Dictionary. Vol. 1 (abridged, 4th ed.). p. 25.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Miller","url_text":"Miller, P."},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44045001","url_text":"The Gardeners Dictionary"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44045001","url_text":"25"}]},{"reference":"von Martius, Carl Friedrich P. (1829). Hortus regius Monacensis. p. 188.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hortusregiusmon00martgoog/page/n204/mode/2up","url_text":"Hortus regius Monacensis"}]},{"reference":"von Martius, C.F.P. (1835). Hortus regius Monacensis seminifer. p. 4. Archived from the original on 2022-01-10. Retrieved 2020-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220110231945/https://seedlists.naturalis.nl/sites/seedlists/files/Munchen%201835%20page%204.jpg","url_text":"Hortus regius Monacensis seminifer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220110231945/https://seedlists.naturalis.nl/sites/seedlists/files/Munchen%201835%20page%204.jpg","url_text":"4"},{"url":"https://seedlists.naturalis.nl/sites/seedlists/files/Munchen%201835%20page%204.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pedley, L. (1986). \"Derivation and dispersal of Acacia (Leguminosae), with particular reference to Australia, and the recognition of Senegalia and Racosperma\". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 92 (3): 219–254. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01429.x. PMC 7188348. PMID 32362685.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7188348","url_text":"\"Derivation and dispersal of Acacia (Leguminosae), with particular reference to Australia, and the recognition of Senegalia and Racosperma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1986.tb01429.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01429.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7188348","url_text":"7188348"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32362685","url_text":"32362685"}]},{"reference":"Orchard, A.E.; Maslin, B.R. (2003). \"Proposal to conserve the name Acacia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) with a conserved type\". Taxon. 52: 362–363. doi:10.2307/3647418. JSTOR 3647418.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274564212","url_text":"\"Proposal to conserve the name Acacia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) with a conserved type\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3647418","url_text":"10.2307/3647418"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3647418","url_text":"3647418"}]},{"reference":"Pedley, L. (2003). \"A synopsis of Racosperma (C. Mart.) (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)\". Austrobaileya. 6 (3): 445–496. doi:10.5962/p.299681. JSTOR 41738994.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fp.299681","url_text":"\"A synopsis of Racosperma (C. Mart.) (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fp.299681","url_text":"10.5962/p.299681"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41738994","url_text":"41738994"}]},{"reference":"Kyalangalilwa, B.; Boatwright, J.S.; Daru, B.H.; Maurin, O.; van der Bank, M. (2013). \"Phylogenetic position and revised classification of Acacia s.l. (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations in Vachellia and Senegalia\". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 172 (4): 500–523. doi:10.1111/boj.12047. hdl:10566/3454.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fboj.12047","url_text":"\"Phylogenetic position and revised classification of Acacia s.l. (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations in Vachellia and Senegalia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fboj.12047","url_text":"10.1111/boj.12047"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10566%2F3454","url_text":"10566/3454"}]},{"reference":"Thiele, Kevin R. (February 2011). \"The controversy over the retypification of Acacia (Mill.) with an Australian type: A pragmatic view\" (PDF). Taxon. 60 (1): 194–198. doi:10.1002/tax.601017. Retrieved 15 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_2011/Acacia_pragm.pdf","url_text":"\"The controversy over the retypification of Acacia (Mill.) with an Australian type: A pragmatic view\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Ftax.601017","url_text":"10.1002/tax.601017"}]},{"reference":"Brummitt, R.K. (December 2010). \"(292) Acacia: A solution that should be acceptable to everybody\" (PDF). Taxon. 59 (6): 1925–1926. doi:10.1002/tax.596050. Retrieved 19 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_2011/Prop291-292.pdf","url_text":"\"(292) Acacia: A solution that should be acceptable to everybody\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Ftax.596050","url_text":"10.1002/tax.596050"}]},{"reference":"The Acacia debate (PDF) (Report). IBC2011 Congress News. Retrieved 5 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldwidewattle.com/infogallery/nomenclature/nameissue/melbourne-ibc-2011-congress-news-tuesday-26-july.pdf","url_text":"The Acacia debate"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Gideon F. & Figueiredo, Estrela (2011). \"Conserving Acacia (Mill.) with a conserved type: What happened in Melbourne?\". Taxon. 60 (5): 1504–1506. doi:10.1002/tax.605033. hdl:2263/17733.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Ftax.605033","url_text":"10.1002/tax.605033"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F17733","url_text":"2263/17733"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Gillian K.; Daniel J. Murphy & Pauline Y. Ladiges (2011). \"Relationships of the Australo-Malesian genus Paraserianthes (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae) identifies the sister group of Acacia sensu stricto and two biogeographical tracks\". Cladistics. 27 (4): 380–390. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00349.x. PMID 34875795. S2CID 85416700.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-0031.2011.00349.x","url_text":"\"Relationships of the Australo-Malesian genus Paraserianthes (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae) identifies the sister group of Acacia sensu stricto and two biogeographical tracks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-0031.2011.00349.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00349.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34875795","url_text":"34875795"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85416700","url_text":"85416700"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Gillian K.; Murphy, Daniel J.; Miller, Joseph T.; Ladiges, Pauline Y. 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Herendeen, P.S.; Dilcher (eds.). Distribution of Legumes in the Tertiary of Hungary. Advances in Legume Systematics. Vol. Part 4, The fossil record. London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 0947643400.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0947643400","url_text":"0947643400"}]},{"reference":"Shakryl, Alexandra K. (1992). Herendeen, P.S.; Dilcher (eds.). Leguminosae species from the territory of Abkhazia. Advances in Legume Systematics. Vol. Part 4, The fossil record. London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 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Flat-headed house gecko (Hemidactylus platycephalus) adult feeding on solidified sap of acacia tree. Kafue N.P. Zambia (stock photo). Retrieved 2022-03-25 – via alamy.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamy_Limited","url_text":"Alamy Limited"},{"url":"https://www.alamy.com/flat-headed-house-gecko-hemidactylus-platycephalus-adult-feeding-on-image67188834.html","url_text":"Flat-headed house gecko (Hemidactylus platycephalus) adult feeding on solidified sap of acacia tree. Kafue N.P. Zambia"}]},{"reference":"Constant, J. (2006). \"Revision of the Eurybrachidae (VII). The Australian genera Hackerobrachys and Fletcherobrachys (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Eurybrachidae)\". Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie. 76: 31–40 – via researchgate.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280304218","url_text":"\"Revision of the Eurybrachidae (VII). The Australian genera Hackerobrachys and Fletcherobrachys (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Eurybrachidae)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Acacia horned treehopper – Sextius virescens\". brisbaneinsects.com. Retrieved 2023-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_planthoppers/AcaciaHorned.htm","url_text":"\"Acacia horned treehopper – Sextius virescens\""}]},{"reference":"Leong, L.E.; Khan, S.; Davis, C.K.; Denman, S.E.; McSweeney, C.S. (2017). \"Fluoroacetate in plants – a review of its distribution, toxicity to livestock and microbial detoxification\". Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 8: 55. doi:10.1186/s40104-017-0180-6. PMC 5485738. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(Manpower_and_Reserve_Affairs) | Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) | ["1 Organization of the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs)","2 Assistant Secretaries","3 References"] | Civilian office in the US Department of the Navy
Assistant Secretary of the Navy forManpower and Reserve AffairsSeal of the Department of the NavyIncumbentFranklin R. Parkersince January 18, 2023StyleMr. SecretaryThe Honorable(formal address in writing)Reports toSecretary of the NavyUnder Secretary of the NavySeatThe Pentagon, Arlington County, Virginia, United StatesNominatorThe President with Senate advice and consentTerm lengthNo fixed termConstituting instrument10. U.S.C. § 8016FormationSeptember 1968First holderRandolph S. DriverSuccession18th in SecDef succession by seniority of appointmentDeputyPrincipal Deputy Assistant Secretary (Manpower & Reserve Affairs)SalaryExecutive Schedule, Level IVWebsiteOfficial website
The Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) (abbreviated as ASN M&RA) is a civilian office in the United States Department of the Navy. The Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) reports to the Under Secretary of the Navy who in turn reports to the United States Secretary of the Navy.
The office of Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) was created in 1968. The Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) is responsible for recruiting all of the personnel of the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps, including military personnel (both active and reserve), government civilians, contractors, and volunteers. Since 1993, the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) has been assisted by the Department of the Navy Force Management Oversight Council, an advisory council of senior military and civilian personnel in the Department of the Navy.
Organization of the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs)
The principal deputies of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) are:
Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Total Force Transformation)
Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Military Personnel Policy)
Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Reserve Affairs)
Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Civilian Human Resources)
Assistant General Counsel of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs)
The Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) oversees the following organizations:
Secretary of the Navy Council of Review Boards
Physical Evaluation Board
Naval Discharge Review Board
Naval Clemency and Parole Board
Combat Related Special Compensation Board
Navy Department Board of Decorations and Medals
Board of Corrections of Naval Records
The principal military advisors of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) are:
Chief of Naval Personnel
Chief of Naval Education and Training
Chief of Navy Reserve
Surgeon General of the United States Navy
Deputy Commandant of the United States Marine Corps (Manpower and Reserve Affairs)
Assistant Secretaries
Name
Assumed office
Left office
President appointed by
Secretary served under
Randolph S. Driver
September 1968
January 20, 1969
Lyndon B. Johnson
Paul Robert Ignatius
James D. Hittle
March 1969
March 1971
Richard Nixon
John Chafee
James E. Johnson
June 1971
September 1973
John ChafeeJohn Warner
Joseph T. McCullen, Jr.
September 1973
April 1977
John WarnerJ. William Middendorf
Edward Hidalgo
April 25, 1977
October 24, 1979
Jimmy Carter
W. Graham Claytor, Jr.
Joseph A. Doyle
December 1979
January 1981
Edward Hidalgo
John S. Herrington
October 1981
February 1983
Ronald Reagan
John Lehman
Chapman B. Cox
June 1983
June 1984
Chase Untermeyer
December 1984
April 1988
John LehmanJim Webb
Kenneth P. Bergquist
June 1988
November 1989
William L. BallHenry L. Garrett III
Barbara S. Pope
November 1989
January 20, 1993
George H. W. Bush
Henry L. Garrett IIISean O'Keefe
Dorothy M. Meletzke (acting)
January 20, 1993
November 1993
John Howard Dalton
Frederick Pang
November 1993
October 1994
Bill Clinton
Bernard D. Rostker
October 7, 1994
October 1998
Carolyn H. Becraft
October 1998
January 20, 2001
Richard Danzig
Bonnie Morehouse (acting)
January 20, 2001
July 17, 2001
George W. Bush
Gordon R. England
William A. Navas Jr.
July 17, 2001
January 7, 2008
Gordon R. EnglandDonald C. Winter
Anita K. Blair (acting)
January 7, 2008
January 20, 2009
Barack Obama
Donald C. Winter
Harvey C. Barnum Jr. (acting)
January 20, 2009
September 16, 2009
Juan M. Garcia III
September 16, 2009
January 14, 2016
Ray Mabus
Franklin R. Parker
January 14, 2016
January 20, 2017
Robert L. Woods (Acting)
April 30, 2017
June 10, 2018
Donald Trump
Richard V. Spencer
Gregory J. Slavonic
June 11, 2018
January 20, 2021
Richard V. SpencerKenneth Braithwaite
Catherine L. Kessmeier (acting)
January 20, 2021
August 2021
Joe Biden
Thomas Harker (acting)
Robert D. Hogue (acting)
August 2021
January 18, 2023
Carlos Del Toro
Franklin R. Parker
January 18, 2023
Incumbent
References
^ 5 U.S.C. § 5315
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-02-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
Profile at Navy Department Library
ASN M&RA Webpage
vteUnited States Secretaries of the NavySecretariesCabinet-level
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AssistantSecretariesPre–1954
Fox
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Financial Management and Comptroller
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Manpower and Reserve Affairs
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defunct:
Air
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vte United States Navy
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PersonnelandtrainingPeopleOfficers
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Equipment
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Weapons
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History
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Jack
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vteUnited States Marine CorpsLeadership
Secretary of the Navy
Under Secretary of the Navy
Commandant of the Marine Corps
Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps
Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps
Military Secretary to the Commandant of the Marine Corps
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1942–1959
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2010–present
US Congress
House Armed Services Committee
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Major commands
Organization of the Marine Corps
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II Marine Expeditionary Force
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Pacific
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Bases
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Personneland trainingPersonnel
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Training
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Uniformsand equipment
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Awards
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Weapons
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History
Culture
Acronyms and terms
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Flag
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march
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Toys for Tots
Gung ho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulo_Reach | Doubtful Sound / Patea | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Flora and fauna","4 Hydroelectricity","5 Tourism","6 References","7 See also"] | Coordinates: 45°19′S 166°59′E / 45.317°S 166.983°E / -45.317; 166.983Fiord in New Zealand
Doubtful Sound / PateaPatea (Māori)Doubtful Sound on a clear dayDoubtful Sound / PateaLocation of Doubtful Sound / Patea in New ZealandShow map of FiordlandDoubtful Sound / PateaDoubtful Sound / Patea (New Zealand)Show map of New ZealandLocationFiordlandCoordinates45°19′S 166°59′E / 45.317°S 166.983°E / -45.317; 166.983Part ofTasman SeaRiver sourcesElizabeth RiverBasin countriesNew ZealandMax. length40 kilometres (25 mi)Max. width2 kilometres (1.2 mi)IslandsBauza Island, Elizabeth Island
Typical weather in Doubtful Sound
Doubtful Sound / Patea is a fiord in Fiordland, in the far south west of New Zealand. It is located in the same region as the smaller but more famous and accessible Milford Sound / Piopiotahi. It took second place after Milford Sound as New Zealand's most famous tourism destination.
At 40 kilometres (25 mi) long, Doubtful Sound / Patea is the second longest, and with a depth of up to 421 metres (1,381 ft) the deepest of the South Island's fiords. In comparison with Milford Sound, it is more widespread, with the cliffs not as dramatically tall and near vertical. However, the U-shaped profile of the fiord is obvious, in particular on the two innermost of the main fiord's arms and the hanging side valleys along the main fiord.
Like most of Fiordland, Doubtful Sound receives a high amount of rainfall, ranging from an annual average of 3,000–6,000 millimetres (120–240 in). The vegetation on the mountainous landscape surrounding the fiord is dense native rainforest.
History
Doubtful Sound was named 'Doubtful Harbour' in 1770 by Captain Cook, who did not enter the inlet as he was uncertain whether it was navigable under sail. It was later renamed Doubtful Sound by whalers and sealers, although it is not technically a sound but a fiord.
A Spanish scientific expedition commanded by Alessandro Malaspina visited Doubtful Sound in February 1793 to conduct experiments measuring the force of gravity using a pendulum, a part of the effort to establish a new metric system. The officers of the expedition, which included Felipe Bauzá y Cañas, a cartographer, also made the first chart of the entrance and lower parts of the Sound, naming features of it. Today these form a unique cluster containing most of the Spanish names on the map of New Zealand: Febrero Point, Bauza Island and the Nee Islets, Pendulo Reach, and Malaspina Reach.
Following the passage of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, the name of the fiord was officially altered to Doubtful Sound / Patea.
Geography
Simple map of the Doubtful Sound complex of fiords and islands
Doubtful Sound lies deep within the Fiordland National Park, about 50 kilometres (31 mi) from the nearest inhabited place, the small town of Manapouri, and is surrounded by mountainous terrain with peaks typically reaching 1,300–1,600 metres (4,300–5,200 ft). Along the coast, there are no settlements for about 200 kilometres (120 mi) in either direction.
There are three distinct arms to the sound, which all extend to the south from the main fiord. From the major conflux of water just south of Secretary Island, these arms are:
First Arm, the shortest at 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) long,
Crooked Arm, roughly halfway along the sound and the longest at 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) long,
Hall Arm (8 kilometres (5.0 mi) long), which branches off from the Sound's terminus at Deep Cove next to the prominent Commander Peak.
Crooked Arm reaches to within 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) of Te Rā / Dagg Sound, almost cutting off a landmass of about 195 square kilometres (75 sq mi).
The Sound is the site of several large waterfalls, notably Helena Falls at Deep Cove and the Browne Falls, which have a fall of over 600 metres (2,000 ft). The steep hills surrounding the main fiord and its arms are known for their hundreds of waterfalls during the rainy season.
Doubtful Sound contains about a dozen smaller islands, with the more notable ones being Elizabeth Island, Fergusson Island, Bauza Island, and the Shelter Islands. Parts of the sound on the west side of Elizabeth Island are protected by the Taipari Roa (Elizabeth Island) Marine Reserve.
Doubtful Sound's Shelter Islands
The last quarter of the sound closest to the sea is dominated by islands, the major one being Secretary Island to the north. At the southernmost tip of the island, Doubtful Sound opens up as a confluence of 5 bodies of water. From the western seaward end and going clockwise, these are:
Seaward end of Doubtful Sound, often referred to as "The Gut"
Te Awa-o-Tū / Thompson Sound
Kaikiekie / Bradshaw Sound
Continuation of Doubtful Sound to Deep Cove (Malaspina Reach)
First Arm
The narrow, shallower area of the sound between Bauza Island and Secretary Island ("The Gut") offers more shelter than areas further to the west and towards the sea. It is a popular fishing and mooring location and is a haven for crayfish.
Thompson Sound and Bradshaw Sound join in a short stretch named "Pendulo Reach" southeast of Secretary Island, and containing the tiny Seymour Island.
Access to the sound is either by sea or via the isolated Wilmot Pass road from the Manapouri Power Station. Most areas of the sound itself are accessible only by sea, however, as the road network in this area of New Zealand is sparse or nonexistent, as is the human population.
Charles John Lyttelton, 10th Viscount Cobham, Governor-General of New Zealand (1957–1962) wrote about this part of Fiordland:
"There are just a few areas left in the world where no human has ever set foot. That one of them should be in a country so civilized and so advanced as New Zealand may seem incredible, unless one has visited the south-west corner of the South Island. Jagged razor backed mountains rear their heads into the sky. More than 200 days of rain a year ensure not a tree branch is left bare and brown, moss and epiphytes drape every nook. The forest is intensely green. This is big country... one day peaceful, a study in green and blue, the next melancholy and misty, with low cloud veiling the tops... an awesome place, with its granite precipices, its hanging valleys, its earthquake faults and its thundering cascades."
Flora and fauna
An example of a black coral found at a depth of 15 metres (50 ft) in "the gut" area of the sound, complete with a snake star.
Doubtful Sound (like many of the fiords in the area) is unusual in that it contains two distinct layers of water that scarcely mix. The surface layer 2–10 metres (5–35 ft), referred to as the Low Salinity Layer or LSL, consists of diluted seawater with a typical salinity value of less than 10 psu. This layer receives fresh water fed from the high inflows from the surrounding mountains, and stained brown with tannins from the forest. The outflow of freshwater from the tailrace discharge from the Manapouri Power Station also influences the thickness of the LSL. Below the LSL is a layer of warmer, undiluted seawater with a salinity value of around 35 psu. The dark tannins in the fresh water layer make it difficult for light to penetrate. Thus, many deep-sea species grow in the comparatively shallow depths of the Sound. Such species include black coral Antipathes fiordensis, which is normally found at depths of 30–40 metres (100–130 ft) but can be found at just 10 metres (35 ft) in Doubtful Sound and is within the range of qualified recreational divers.
The catchment basin of Doubtful Sound is generally steep terrain that is heavily forested except for locations where surface rock exposures are extensive. Nothofagus trees are dominant in many locations. In the understory there are a wide variety of shrubs and ferns, including the crown fern, Blechnum discolor.
The fiord is home to one of the southernmost populations of bottlenose dolphins. The Doubtful Sound bottlenoses have formed a very insular subgroup of only about 70 individuals, with none having been observed to leave or enter the Sound during a multi-year monitoring regime. Their social grouping is thus extremely close, which is also partly attributed to the difficult and unusual features of their habitat, which is much colder than the habitats of other bottlenose groups and is also overlaid by the freshwater layer. Recently (2000s), there has been growing concern that the population is in significant decline, with calf survival rates having halved, as well as being noticeably lower than in captivity or in other New Zealand environments. The reasons for this are unclear, though increased tourism and the fresh-water discharge from the Manapouri Power Station (see Hydroelectricity section below) are considered potential causes.
Other wildlife to be found in Doubtful Sound includes fur seals and penguins, or even large whales. Southern right whales and humpback whales are the most frequently seen especially the later. Others include minke whale, sperm whale and some giant beaked whales). Orcas (killer whales) and long-finned pilot whales can be found also. The waters of Doubtful Sound are also home to an abundance of sea creatures, including many species of fish, starfish, sea anemones, and corals. It is perhaps best known for its black coral trees which occur in unusually shallow water for what is normally a deep-water species. The sound has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because it is a breeding site for Fiordland penguins.
Secretary Island and Bauza Island are some of the most important sanctuaries in New Zealand for critically endangered birds.
Hydroelectricity
Deep Cove, below Wilmot Pass – the outlet from the Manapouri Hydro Power Station is in the center
Main article: Manapouri Power Station
Deep Cove (45°27′S 167°09′E / 45.450°S 167.150°E / -45.450; 167.150), the innermost end of Doubtful Sound, is the site of discharge of water from the Manapouri Power Station's tailrace tunnels. Deep Cove, like the rest of Fiordland, is a unique and mostly pristine environment. The discharge of clear fresh water has affected fauna and flora by letting light into the lower layers of the sound. Nevertheless, this is an area naturally high in fresh water inflows (7.6 metres (24 ft 11 in) of rain falls annually).
The small wharf at Deep Cove is on rare occasion also used to unload any equipment for the Manapouri Power Station that is too large to be ferried across Lake Manapouri. From Deep Cove, such equipment then has to be hauled over Wilmot Pass to the power station.
Tourism
Tall tour boat dwarfed even by one of the smaller islands in Doubtful Sound
Unlike the more easily accessible Milford Sound, it is not possible to drive to Doubtful Sound, as the Wilmot Pass road is not connected to the road network and only connects the Manapouri Hydro Power Station with Deep Cove.
The only options for visitors to visit Doubtful Sound are boat cruises. The less common way to access Doubtful Sound is by sea. However, there are some boat cruises that operate out of the small town of Manapouri. These day trips first take a boat across Lake Manapouri and then a bus on the gravel road across Wilmot Pass to the Sound, where the Doubtful Sound tour boats berth at a small wharf in Deep Cove. The tour companies offer a day option out of Te Anau/Manapouri or an overnight option.
References
^ Real Journeys rapt with Kiwi Must-Do's – Scoop Independent News, Tuesday 13 February 2007
^ "Doubtful Sound, New Zealand". Tourism New Zealand. Retrieved 2017-09-01.
^ "Southland Climate" (PDF). National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. p. 16. Retrieved 2017-09-01.
^ Cook's Voyages (from Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Accessed 2008-09-12.)
^ "Puerto del Pendulo, Doubtful Sound: The Malaspina Expedition's Visit to New Zealand in Quest of the True Figure of the Earth", The Globe, no.65, 2010, pp.1–18. Downloadable at: http://search.informit.com.au
^ Doubtful Sound (from Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Accessed 2008-09-12.)
^ Science and Spycraft: The Malaspina Expedition in New Zealand and New South Wales, 1793 Archived June 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine – Robert J. King, via Mains’l Haul, A Journal of Pacific Maritime History, San Diego, Vol 41 No. 4 & 42, No. 1, Fall/Winter 2006, Pages 76–87
^ "Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998". Retrieved 28 March 2016.
^ "Commander Peak, Southland – NZ Topo Map". NZ Topo Map. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 2017-09-01.
^ "Dagg Sound, Southland – NZ Topo Map". NZ Topo Map. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 2017-09-01.
^ "Narrow Neck, Southland – NZ Topo Map". NZ Topo Map. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 2017-09-01.
^ "Fergusson Island, Southland – NZ Topo Map". NZ Topo Map. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 2017-09-01.
^ "Shelter Islands, Southland – NZ Topo Map". NZ Topo Map. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 2017-09-01.
^ "Malaspina Reach, Southland – NZ Topo Map". NZ Topo Map. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 2017-09-01.
^ "Pendulo Reach, Southland – NZ Topo Map". NZ Topo Map. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 2017-09-01.
^ "Seymour Island, Southland – NZ Topo Map". NZ Topo Map. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 2017-09-01.
^ McCully, D R; Vennell, R; Mladenov, P V (1994). "Hydrology of a New Zealand fiord". Recent Advances in Marine Science and Technology: 263–271.
^ a b c A Doubtful future Archived 2008-10-15 at the Wayback Machine – New Zealand Listener, 27 September 2008
^ Grange, K R (1990). "Antipathes fiordensis, a new species of black coral (Coelenterata: Antipatharia) from New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 17 (2): 279–282. doi:10.1080/03014223.1990.10422603.
^ C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Crown Fern: Blechnum discolor, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg Archived February 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ Bottlenose dolphins (from Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Accessed 2008-09-12.)
^ http://www.backpackersnews.co.nz/index.php?page=whale-sightings-up/
^ "A whale watcher's dream". 13 November 2015.
^ "The Humpback Whale Migration | Fiordland Marine Guardians". Archived from the original on 2016-07-16. Retrieved 2016-08-19.
^ "Fiordland Kindergarten: Whales at Doubtful Sound". Archived from the original on 2014-05-04. Retrieved 2010-03-06.
^ BirdLife International. (2012). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Doubtful Sound. Downloaded from "BirdLife International - conserving the world's birds". Archived from the original on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2013-04-20. on 2012-02-18.
^ Brittany Pickett (23 December 2014). "New transformers for Manapouri station". The Southland Times. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
See also
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Doubtful Sound.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Doubtful Sound.
vteFiordland, New ZealandFiords
Doubtful Sound / Patea
Deep Cove
Hāwea / Bligh Sound
Hinenui / Nancy Sound
Bradshaw Sound
Milford Sound
Taiari / Chalky Inlet
Charles Sound
Caswell Sound
Tamatea / Dusky Sound
Thompson Sound
Sutherland Sound
George Sound
Breaksea Sound
Dagg Sound
Rakituma / Preservation Inlet
Bays
Big Bay
Martins Bay
Pearl Harbour
Te Waewae Bay
Islands
Anchor Island
Arran Island
Bauza Island
Bay Rock
Belle Vue Island
Breaksea Island
Brig Rock
Buncrana Island
Centre Island
Chalky Island
Coal Island
Cooper Island
Elizabeth Island
Great Island
Indian Island
Long Island
Pomona Island
Resolution Island
Secretary Island
Lakes
Lake Alabaster
Lake Alice
Lake Fergus
Lake Gunn
Green Lake
Lake Hauroko
Lake Innes
Lake Manapouri
Lake Marian
Lake McKerrow / Whakatipu Waitai
Mirror Lakes
Lake Monowai
Lake Poteriteri
Lake Quill
Lake Te Anau
Waiuna Lagoon
Marine reserves
Hawea (Clio Rocks)
Kahukura (Gold Arm)
Kutu Parera (Gaer Arm)
Moana Uta (Wet Jacket Arm)
Piopiotahi (Milford Sound)
Taipari Roa (Elizabeth Island)
Taumoana (Five Finger Peninsula)
Te Awaatu Channel (The Gut)
Te Hapua (Sutherland Sound)
Te Tapuwae o Hua (Long Sound)
Mountain ranges
Darran Mountains
Franklin Mountains
Humboldt Mountains
Hunter Mountains
Kepler Mountains
Murchison Mountains
Wick Mountains
Mountains
Mitre Peak
Mount Edgecumbe
Mount Grono
Mount Luxmore
Mount Moturau
Mount Richardson
Mount Titiroa
Mount Tūtoko
Rivers
Aan River
Arthur River
Awarua River
Big River
Bowen River
Camelot River
Carrick River
Castle River
Cavendish River
Cleddau River
Clinton River
Coal River
Dark River
Donne River
Doon River
Dry Awarua River
Edith River
Eglinton River
Electric River
Elizabeth River
Forgotten River
George River
Glaisnock River
Gray River
Grebe River
Gulliver River
Hollyford River
Irene River
John o'Groats River
Juno River
Kaipo River
Light River
Lyvia River
Mike River
Misty River
Monowai River
Namu River
Newton River
Olivine River
Pandora River
Pitt River
Pyke River
Rea River
Red Pyke River
Rooney River
Seaforth River
Shag River
Spey River
Stillwater River
Talbot River
Thurso River
Transit River
Tūtoko River
Waiau River
Waikōau River
Wairaurāhiri River
Waitutu River
Walker River
Wapiti River
Whitewater River
Wild Natives River
Wilmot River
Wilson River
Windward River
Wolff River
Waterfalls
Bowen Falls
Browne Falls
Grainger Falls
Helena Falls
Humboldt Falls
Lady Alice Falls
Sutherland Falls
Settlements
Manapouri
Milford Sound
Port Craig
Te Anau
Structures
Homer Tunnel
Manapouri Power Station
Milford Sound Airport
Monowai Power Station
Milford Road
Port Craig tramway
Puysegur Point Lighthouse
Te Anau Airport
Walking tracks
Dusky Track
Hollyford Track
Hump Ridge Track
Kepler Track
Kepler Challenge
Milford Track
Routeburn Track
Routeburn Classic
Other features
Aurora Cave
Awarua Point
Fiordland National Park
Foveaux Strait
Hollyford Valley
McKinnon Pass
Puysegur Point
Te Ana-au Caves
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Programmes and expeditions
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DoubtfulSound-TypicalScenery.jpg"},{"link_name":"fiord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiord"},{"link_name":"Fiordland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiordland"},{"link_name":"Milford Sound / Piopiotahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford_Sound_/_Piopiotahi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Fiord in New ZealandTypical weather in Doubtful SoundDoubtful Sound / Patea is a fiord in Fiordland, in the far south west of New Zealand. It is located in the same region as the smaller but more famous and accessible Milford Sound / Piopiotahi. It took second place after Milford Sound as New Zealand's most famous tourism destination.[1]At 40 kilometres (25 mi) long, Doubtful Sound / Patea is the second longest, and with a depth of up to 421 metres (1,381 ft) the deepest of the South Island's fiords.[2] In comparison with Milford Sound, it is more widespread, with the cliffs not as dramatically tall and near vertical. However, the U-shaped profile of the fiord is obvious, in particular on the two innermost of the main fiord's arms and the hanging side valleys along the main fiord.Like most of Fiordland, Doubtful Sound receives a high amount of rainfall, ranging from an annual average of 3,000–6,000 millimetres (120–240 in).[3] The vegetation on the mountainous landscape surrounding the fiord is dense native rainforest.","title":"Doubtful Sound / Patea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Captain Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Cook"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"whalers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaler"},{"link_name":"sealers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_hunter"},{"link_name":"sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_(geography)"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Malaspina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Malaspina"},{"link_name":"pendulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulum"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Felipe Bauzá y Cañas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Bauza"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bauza Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauza_Island"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81i_Tahu_Claims_Settlement_Act_1998"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Doubtful Sound was named 'Doubtful Harbour' in 1770 by Captain Cook, who did not enter the inlet as he was uncertain whether it was navigable under sail.[4] It was later renamed Doubtful Sound by whalers and sealers, although it is not technically a sound but a fiord.A Spanish scientific expedition commanded by Alessandro Malaspina visited Doubtful Sound in February 1793 to conduct experiments measuring the force of gravity using a pendulum, a part of the effort to establish a new metric system.[5] The officers of the expedition, which included Felipe Bauzá y Cañas, a cartographer,[6] also made the first chart of the entrance and lower parts of the Sound, naming features of it. Today these form a unique cluster containing most of the Spanish names on the map of New Zealand: Febrero Point, Bauza Island and the Nee Islets, Pendulo Reach, and Malaspina Reach.[7]Following the passage of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, the name of the fiord was officially altered to Doubtful Sound / Patea.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Doubtful_Sound_Complex.png"},{"link_name":"Fiordland National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiordland_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Manapouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manapouri"},{"link_name":"Secretary Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_Island"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Te Rā / Dagg Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_R%C4%81_/_Dagg_Sound"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"waterfalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall"},{"link_name":"Deep Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Cove,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Browne Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browne_Falls"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Island,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Taipari Roa (Elizabeth Island) Marine Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipari_Roa_(Elizabeth_Island)_Marine_Reserve"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shelter_Is_b.jpg"},{"link_name":"Te Awa-o-Tū / Thompson Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Awa-o-T%C5%AB_/_Thompson_Sound"},{"link_name":"Kaikiekie / Bradshaw Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaikiekie_/_Bradshaw_Sound"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Wilmot Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmot_Pass"},{"link_name":"Manapouri Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manapouri_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Charles John Lyttelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_John_Lyttelton,_10th_Viscount_Cobham"},{"link_name":"Viscount Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Cobham"},{"link_name":"Governor-General of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand"}],"text":"Simple map of the Doubtful Sound complex of fiords and islandsDoubtful Sound lies deep within the Fiordland National Park, about 50 kilometres (31 mi) from the nearest inhabited place, the small town of Manapouri, and is surrounded by mountainous terrain with peaks typically reaching 1,300–1,600 metres (4,300–5,200 ft). Along the coast, there are no settlements for about 200 kilometres (120 mi) in either direction.There are three distinct arms to the sound, which all extend to the south from the main fiord. From the major conflux of water just south of Secretary Island, these arms are:First Arm, the shortest at 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) long,\nCrooked Arm, roughly halfway along the sound and the longest at 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) long,\nHall Arm (8 kilometres (5.0 mi) long), which branches off from the Sound's terminus at Deep Cove next to the prominent Commander Peak.[9]Crooked Arm reaches to within 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) of Te Rā / Dagg Sound,[10] almost cutting off a landmass of about 195 square kilometres (75 sq mi).[11]The Sound is the site of several large waterfalls, notably Helena Falls at Deep Cove and the Browne Falls, which have a fall of over 600 metres (2,000 ft). The steep hills surrounding the main fiord and its arms are known for their hundreds of waterfalls during the rainy season.Doubtful Sound contains about a dozen smaller islands, with the more notable ones being Elizabeth Island, Fergusson Island,[12] Bauza Island, and the Shelter Islands.[13] Parts of the sound on the west side of Elizabeth Island are protected by the Taipari Roa (Elizabeth Island) Marine Reserve.Doubtful Sound's Shelter IslandsThe last quarter of the sound closest to the sea is dominated by islands, the major one being Secretary Island to the north. At the southernmost tip of the island, Doubtful Sound opens up as a confluence of 5 bodies of water. From the western seaward end and going clockwise, these are:Seaward end of Doubtful Sound, often referred to as \"The Gut\"\nTe Awa-o-Tū / Thompson Sound\nKaikiekie / Bradshaw Sound\nContinuation of Doubtful Sound to Deep Cove (Malaspina Reach[14])\nFirst ArmThe narrow, shallower area of the sound between Bauza Island and Secretary Island (\"The Gut\") offers more shelter than areas further to the west and towards the sea. It is a popular fishing and mooring location and is a haven for crayfish.Thompson Sound and Bradshaw Sound join in a short stretch named \"Pendulo Reach\"[15] southeast of Secretary Island, and containing the tiny Seymour Island.[16]Access to the sound is either by sea or via the isolated Wilmot Pass road from the Manapouri Power Station. Most areas of the sound itself are accessible only by sea, however, as the road network in this area of New Zealand is sparse or nonexistent, as is the human population.Charles John Lyttelton, 10th Viscount Cobham, Governor-General of New Zealand (1957–1962) wrote about this part of Fiordland:\"There are just a few areas left in the world where no human has ever set foot. That one of them should be in a country so civilized and so advanced as New Zealand may seem incredible, unless one has visited the south-west corner of the South Island. Jagged razor backed mountains rear their heads into the sky. More than 200 days of rain a year ensure not a tree branch is left bare and brown, moss and epiphytes drape every nook. The forest is intensely green. This is big country... one day peaceful, a study in green and blue, the next melancholy and misty, with low cloud veiling the tops... an awesome place, with its granite precipices, its hanging valleys, its earthquake faults and its thundering cascades.\"","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_coral_and_seastar.jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D-18"},{"link_name":"black coral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_coral"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Nothofagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothofagus"},{"link_name":"ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"crown fern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_fern"},{"link_name":"Blechnum discolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blechnum_discolor"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"bottlenose dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D-18"},{"link_name":"fur seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_seal"},{"link_name":"penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin"},{"link_name":"whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Southern right whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_right_whale"},{"link_name":"humpback whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpback_whale"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"minke whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minke"},{"link_name":"sperm whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_whale"},{"link_name":"giant beaked whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_beaked_whale"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"killer whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_whale"},{"link_name":"long-finned pilot whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-finned_pilot_whale"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"starfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish"},{"link_name":"sea anemones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_anemone"},{"link_name":"corals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral"},{"link_name":"black coral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_coral"},{"link_name":"Important Bird Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Bird_Area"},{"link_name":"BirdLife International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International"},{"link_name":"Fiordland penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiordland_penguin"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"An example of a black coral found at a depth of 15 metres (50 ft) in \"the gut\" area of the sound, complete with a snake star.Doubtful Sound (like many of the fiords in the area) is unusual in that it contains two distinct layers of water that scarcely mix. The surface layer 2–10 metres (5–35 ft), referred to as the Low Salinity Layer or LSL, consists of diluted seawater with a typical salinity value of less than 10 psu. This layer receives fresh water fed from the high inflows from the surrounding mountains, and stained brown with tannins from the forest. The outflow of freshwater from the tailrace discharge from the Manapouri Power Station also influences the thickness of the LSL. Below the LSL is a layer of warmer, undiluted seawater with a salinity value of around 35 psu.[17] The dark tannins in the fresh water layer make it difficult for light to penetrate. Thus, many deep-sea species grow in the comparatively shallow depths of the Sound.[18] Such species include black coral Antipathes fiordensis,[19] which is normally found at depths of 30–40 metres (100–130 ft) but can be found at just 10 metres (35 ft) in Doubtful Sound and is within the range of qualified recreational divers.The catchment basin of Doubtful Sound is generally steep terrain that is heavily forested except for locations where surface rock exposures are extensive. Nothofagus trees are dominant in many locations. In the understory there are a wide variety of shrubs and ferns, including the crown fern, Blechnum discolor.[20]The fiord is home to one of the southernmost populations of bottlenose dolphins. The Doubtful Sound bottlenoses have formed a very insular subgroup of only about 70 individuals, with none having been observed to leave or enter the Sound during a multi-year monitoring regime. Their social grouping is thus extremely close, which is also partly attributed to the difficult and unusual features of their habitat, which is much colder than the habitats of other bottlenose groups and is also overlaid by the freshwater layer.[21] Recently (2000s), there has been growing concern that the population is in significant decline, with calf survival rates having halved, as well as being noticeably lower than in captivity or in other New Zealand environments. The reasons for this are unclear, though increased tourism and the fresh-water discharge from the Manapouri Power Station (see Hydroelectricity section below) are considered potential causes.[18]Other wildlife to be found in Doubtful Sound includes fur seals and penguins, or even large whales.[22] Southern right whales and humpback whales are the most frequently seen especially the later.[23][24] Others include minke whale, sperm whale and some giant beaked whales[25]). Orcas (killer whales) and long-finned pilot whales can be found also. The waters of Doubtful Sound are also home to an abundance of sea creatures, including many species of fish, starfish, sea anemones, and corals. It is perhaps best known for its black coral trees which occur in unusually shallow water for what is normally a deep-water species. The sound has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because it is a breeding site for Fiordland penguins.[26]\nSecretary Island and Bauza Island are some of the most important sanctuaries in New Zealand for critically endangered birds.","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deep_Cove_in_Doubtful_Sound_in_front_of_Wilmot_Pass.jpg"},{"link_name":"Deep Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Cove,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"45°27′S 167°09′E / 45.450°S 167.150°E / -45.450; 167.150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Doubtful_Sound_/_Patea¶ms=45_27_S_167_09_E_"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D-18"},{"link_name":"Lake Manapouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Manapouri"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Deep Cove, below Wilmot Pass – the outlet from the Manapouri Hydro Power Station is in the centerDeep Cove (45°27′S 167°09′E / 45.450°S 167.150°E / -45.450; 167.150), the innermost end of Doubtful Sound, is the site of discharge of water from the Manapouri Power Station's tailrace tunnels. Deep Cove, like the rest of Fiordland, is a unique and mostly pristine environment. The discharge of clear fresh water has affected fauna and flora by letting light into the lower layers of the sound.[18] Nevertheless, this is an area naturally high in fresh water inflows (7.6 metres (24 ft 11 in) of rain falls annually).The small wharf at Deep Cove is on rare occasion also used to unload any equipment for the Manapouri Power Station that is too large to be ferried across Lake Manapouri. From Deep Cove, such equipment then has to be hauled over Wilmot Pass to the power station.[27]","title":"Hydroelectricity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fergusson_Island_in_Doubtful_Sound.jpg"}],"text":"Tall tour boat dwarfed even by one of the smaller islands in Doubtful SoundUnlike the more easily accessible Milford Sound, it is not possible to drive to Doubtful Sound, as the Wilmot Pass road is not connected to the road network and only connects the Manapouri Hydro Power Station with Deep Cove.The only options for visitors to visit Doubtful Sound are boat cruises. The less common way to access Doubtful Sound is by sea. However, there are some boat cruises that operate out of the small town of Manapouri. These day trips first take a boat across Lake Manapouri and then a bus on the gravel road across Wilmot Pass to the Sound, where the Doubtful Sound tour boats berth at a small wharf in Deep Cove. The tour companies offer a day option out of Te Anau/Manapouri or an overnight option.","title":"Tourism"}] | [{"image_text":"Typical weather in Doubtful Sound","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/DoubtfulSound-TypicalScenery.jpg/220px-DoubtfulSound-TypicalScenery.jpg"},{"image_text":"Simple map of the Doubtful Sound complex of fiords and islands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Map_of_Doubtful_Sound_Complex.png/220px-Map_of_Doubtful_Sound_Complex.png"},{"image_text":"Doubtful Sound's Shelter Islands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Shelter_Is_b.jpg/220px-Shelter_Is_b.jpg"},{"image_text":"An example of a black coral found at a depth of 15 metres (50 ft) in \"the gut\" area of the sound, complete with a snake star.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Black_coral_and_seastar.jpg/220px-Black_coral_and_seastar.jpg"},{"image_text":"Deep Cove, below Wilmot Pass – the outlet from the Manapouri Hydro Power Station is in the center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Deep_Cove_in_Doubtful_Sound_in_front_of_Wilmot_Pass.jpg/220px-Deep_Cove_in_Doubtful_Sound_in_front_of_Wilmot_Pass.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tall tour boat dwarfed even by one of the smaller islands in Doubtful Sound","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Fergusson_Island_in_Doubtful_Sound.jpg/220px-Fergusson_Island_in_Doubtful_Sound.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Doubtful Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Doubtful_Sound#Q575365"},{"title":"Doubtful Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Doubtful_Sound"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fiordland"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Fiordland"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fiordland"},{"title":"Fiordland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiordland"},{"title":"Doubtful Sound / Patea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Deep Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Cove_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Hāwea / Bligh Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81wea_/_Bligh_Sound"},{"title":"Hinenui / Nancy Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinenui_/_Nancy_Sound"},{"title":"Bradshaw Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradshaw_Sound"},{"title":"Milford Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford_Sound"},{"title":"Taiari / Chalky Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiari_/_Chalky_Inlet"},{"title":"Charles Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sound"},{"title":"Caswell Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caswell_Sound"},{"title":"Tamatea / Dusky Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamatea_/_Dusky_Sound"},{"title":"Thompson Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_Sound_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Sutherland Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutherland_Sound"},{"title":"George Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sound"},{"title":"Breaksea Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaksea_Sound"},{"title":"Dagg Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagg_Sound"},{"title":"Rakituma / Preservation Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakituma_/_Preservation_Inlet"},{"title":"Big Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bay_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Martins Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martins_Bay"},{"title":"Pearl Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbour,_New_Zealand"},{"title":"Te Waewae Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Waewae_Bay"},{"title":"Anchor Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_Island"},{"title":"Arran Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arran_Island_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Bauza Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauza_Island"},{"title":"Bay Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Rock"},{"title":"Belle Vue Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Vue_Island"},{"title":"Breaksea Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaksea_Island_(Fiordland)"},{"title":"Brig Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brig_Rock"},{"title":"Buncrana Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buncrana_Island"},{"title":"Centre Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Island_(Te_Anau)"},{"title":"Chalky Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalky_Island_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Coal Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_Island_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Cooper Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Island_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Elizabeth Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Island_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Great Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Island_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Indian Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Island_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_(Southland)"},{"title":"Pomona Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona_Island"},{"title":"Resolution Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_Island_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Secretary Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_Island"},{"title":"Lake Alabaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Alabaster"},{"title":"Lake Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Alice_(Southland)"},{"title":"Lake Fergus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Fergus"},{"title":"Lake Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Gunn"},{"title":"Green Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lake_(Southland)"},{"title":"Lake Hauroko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Hauroko"},{"title":"Lake Innes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Innes"},{"title":"Lake Manapouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Manapouri"},{"title":"Lake Marian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Marian"},{"title":"Lake McKerrow / Whakatipu Waitai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_McKerrow_/_Whakatipu_Waitai"},{"title":"Mirror Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_Lakes"},{"title":"Lake Monowai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Monowai"},{"title":"Lake Poteriteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Poteriteri"},{"title":"Lake Quill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Quill"},{"title":"Lake Te Anau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Te_Anau"},{"title":"Waiuna Lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiuna_Lagoon"},{"title":"Hawea (Clio Rocks)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawea_(Clio_Rocks)_Marine_Reserve"},{"title":"Kahukura (Gold Arm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahukura_(Gold_Arm)_Marine_Reserve"},{"title":"Kutu Parera (Gaer Arm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutu_Parera_(Gaer_Arm)_Marine_Reserve"},{"title":"Moana Uta (Wet Jacket Arm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moana_Uta_(Wet_Jacket_Arm)_Marine_Reserve"},{"title":"Piopiotahi (Milford Sound)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piopiotahi_(Milford_Sound)_Marine_Reserve"},{"title":"Taipari Roa (Elizabeth Island)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipari_Roa_(Elizabeth_Island)_Marine_Reserve"},{"title":"Taumoana (Five Finger Peninsula)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taumoana_(Five_Finger_Peninsula)_Marine_Reserve"},{"title":"Te Awaatu Channel (The Gut)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Awaatu_Channel_(The_Gut)_Marine_Reserve"},{"title":"Te Hapua (Sutherland Sound)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Hapua_(Sutherland_Sound)_Marine_Reserve"},{"title":"Te Tapuwae o Hua (Long Sound)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Tapuwae_o_Hua_(Long_Sound)_Marine_Reserve"},{"title":"Darran Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darran_Mountains"},{"title":"Franklin Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Mountains_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Humboldt Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_Mountains_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Hunter Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Mountains"},{"title":"Kepler Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler_Mountains"},{"title":"Murchison Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murchison_Mountains"},{"title":"Wick Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wick_Mountains"},{"title":"Mitre Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitre_Peak_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Mount Edgecumbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Edgecumbe_(Southland)"},{"title":"Mount Grono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Grono"},{"title":"Mount Luxmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Luxmore"},{"title":"Mount Moturau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Moturau"},{"title":"Mount Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Richardson_(Southland)"},{"title":"Mount Titiroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Titiroa"},{"title":"Mount Tūtoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_T%C5%ABtoko"},{"title":"Aan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aan_River"},{"title":"Arthur River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_River_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Awarua River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awarua_River_(Southland)"},{"title":"Big River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_River_(Southland)"},{"title":"Bowen River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowen_River_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Camelot River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelot_River"},{"title":"Carrick River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrick_River"},{"title":"Castle River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_River_(Southland)"},{"title":"Cavendish River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish_River"},{"title":"Cleddau River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleddau_River"},{"title":"Clinton River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_River_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Coal River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_River_(Fiordland)"},{"title":"Dark River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_River_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Donne River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donne_River"},{"title":"Doon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doon_River"},{"title":"Dry Awarua River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_Awarua_River"},{"title":"Edith River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_River"},{"title":"Eglinton River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton_River"},{"title":"Electric River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_River"},{"title":"Elizabeth River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_River_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Forgotten River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgotten_River"},{"title":"George River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_River_(Southland)"},{"title":"Glaisnock River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaisnock_River"},{"title":"Gray River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_River"},{"title":"Grebe River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grebe_River"},{"title":"Gulliver River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulliver_River"},{"title":"Hollyford River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollyford_River"},{"title":"Irene River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_River_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"John o'Groats River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_o%27Groats_River"},{"title":"Juno River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_River"},{"title":"Kaipo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaipo_River"},{"title":"Light River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_River_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Lyvia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyvia_River"},{"title":"Mike River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_River"},{"title":"Misty River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misty_River"},{"title":"Monowai River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monowai_River"},{"title":"Namu River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namu_River"},{"title":"Newton River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_River_(Fiordland)"},{"title":"Olivine River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivine_River"},{"title":"Pandora River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_River"},{"title":"Pitt River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitt_River_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Pyke River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyke_River"},{"title":"Rea River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rea_River"},{"title":"Red Pyke River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Pyke_River"},{"title":"Rooney River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooney_River"},{"title":"Seaforth River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaforth_River"},{"title":"Shag River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shag_River_(Fiordland)"},{"title":"Spey River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spey_River_(Southland)"},{"title":"Stillwater River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillwater_River_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Talbot River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_River_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Thurso River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurso_River"},{"title":"Transit River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_River"},{"title":"Tūtoko River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%ABtoko_River"},{"title":"Waiau River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiau_River_(Southland)"},{"title":"Waikōau River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waik%C5%8Dau_River"},{"title":"Wairaurāhiri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wairaur%C4%81hiri_River"},{"title":"Waitutu River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitutu_River"},{"title":"Walker River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_River_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Wapiti River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapiti_River_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Whitewater River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewater_River_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Wild Natives River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Natives_River"},{"title":"Wilmot River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmot_River"},{"title":"Wilson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_River_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"Windward River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windward_River"},{"title":"Wolff River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolff_River"},{"title":"Bowen Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowen_Falls"},{"title":"Browne Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browne_Falls"},{"title":"Grainger Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grainger_Falls"},{"title":"Helena Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Falls"},{"title":"Humboldt Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_Falls"},{"title":"Lady Alice Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Alice_Falls"},{"title":"Sutherland Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutherland_Falls"},{"title":"Manapouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manapouri"},{"title":"Milford 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Tourism New Zealand. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newzealand.com/au/doubtful-sound/","url_text":"\"Doubtful Sound, New Zealand\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_New_Zealand","url_text":"Tourism New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Southland Climate\" (PDF). National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. p. 16. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.niwa.co.nz/static/Southland%20ClimateWEB.pdf","url_text":"\"Southland Climate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Water_and_Atmospheric_Research","url_text":"National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research"}]},{"reference":"\"Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998\". Retrieved 28 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1998/0097/10.0/DLM431335.html","url_text":"\"Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commander Peak, Southland – NZ Topo Map\". NZ Topo Map. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz13679/Commander-Peak/Southland","url_text":"\"Commander Peak, Southland – NZ Topo Map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Information_New_Zealand","url_text":"Land Information New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Dagg Sound, Southland – NZ Topo Map\". NZ Topo Map. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz13674/Dagg-Sound/Southland","url_text":"\"Dagg Sound, Southland – NZ Topo Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Narrow Neck, Southland – NZ Topo Map\". NZ Topo Map. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz13671/Narrow-Neck/Southland","url_text":"\"Narrow Neck, Southland – NZ Topo Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fergusson Island, Southland – NZ Topo Map\". NZ Topo Map. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz13688/Fergusson-Island/Southland","url_text":"\"Fergusson Island, Southland – NZ Topo Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shelter Islands, Southland – NZ Topo Map\". NZ Topo Map. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz14090/Shelter-Islands/Southland","url_text":"\"Shelter Islands, Southland – NZ Topo Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malaspina Reach, Southland – NZ Topo Map\". NZ Topo Map. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz14101/Malaspina-Reach/Southland","url_text":"\"Malaspina Reach, Southland – NZ Topo Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pendulo Reach, Southland – NZ Topo Map\". NZ Topo Map. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz14105/Pendulo-Reach/Southland","url_text":"\"Pendulo Reach, Southland – NZ Topo Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seymour Island, Southland – NZ Topo Map\". NZ Topo Map. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz14106/Seymour-Island/Southland","url_text":"\"Seymour Island, Southland – NZ Topo Map\""}]},{"reference":"McCully, D R; Vennell, R; Mladenov, P V (1994). \"Hydrology of a New Zealand fiord\". Recent Advances in Marine Science and Technology: 263–271.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Grange, K R (1990). \"Antipathes fiordensis, a new species of black coral (Coelenterata: Antipatharia) from New Zealand\". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 17 (2): 279–282. doi:10.1080/03014223.1990.10422603.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03014223.1990.10422603","url_text":"\"Antipathes fiordensis, a new species of black coral (Coelenterata: Antipatharia) from New Zealand\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03014223.1990.10422603","url_text":"10.1080/03014223.1990.10422603"}]},{"reference":"\"A whale watcher's dream\". 13 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.odt.co.nz/regions/queenstown-lakes/whale-watchers-dream","url_text":"\"A whale watcher's dream\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Humpback Whale Migration | Fiordland Marine Guardians\". Archived from the original on 2016-07-16. Retrieved 2016-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160716130520/http://www.fmg.org.nz/content/humpback-whale-migration-0","url_text":"\"The Humpback Whale Migration | Fiordland Marine Guardians\""},{"url":"http://www.fmg.org.nz/content/humpback-whale-migration-0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fiordland Kindergarten: Whales at Doubtful Sound\". Archived from the original on 2014-05-04. Retrieved 2010-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140504111518/http://fiordlandkindy.blogspot.com/2009/04/whales-at-doubtful-sound.html","url_text":"\"Fiordland Kindergarten: Whales at Doubtful Sound\""},{"url":"http://fiordlandkindy.blogspot.com/2009/04/whales-at-doubtful-sound.html/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BirdLife International - conserving the world's birds\". Archived from the original on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2013-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070710124603/http://www.birdlife.org/","url_text":"\"BirdLife International - conserving the world's birds\""},{"url":"http://www.birdlife.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brittany Pickett (23 December 2014). \"New transformers for Manapouri station\". The Southland Times. Retrieved 2016-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/64368583/new-transformers-for-manapouri-station","url_text":"\"New transformers for Manapouri station\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Southland_Times","url_text":"The Southland Times"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Doubtful_Sound_/_Patea¶ms=45_19_S_166_59_E_region:NZ_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"45°19′S 166°59′E / 45.317°S 166.983°E / -45.317; 166.983"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Doubtful_Sound_/_Patea¶ms=45_19_S_166_59_E_region:NZ_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"45°19′S 166°59′E / 45.317°S 166.983°E / -45.317; 166.983"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Doubtful_Sound_/_Patea¶ms=45_27_S_167_09_E_","external_links_name":"45°27′S 167°09′E / 45.450°S 167.150°E / -45.450; 167.150"},{"Link":"http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/BU0702/S00157.htm","external_links_name":"Real Journeys rapt with Kiwi Must-Do's"},{"Link":"http://www.newzealand.com/au/doubtful-sound/","external_links_name":"\"Doubtful Sound, New Zealand\""},{"Link":"https://www.niwa.co.nz/static/Southland%20ClimateWEB.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Southland Climate\""},{"Link":"https://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/H/HistoryDiscoveryAndExploration/CooksVoyages/en","external_links_name":"Cook's Voyages"},{"Link":"http://search.informit.com.au/","external_links_name":"http://search.informit.com.au"},{"Link":"https://www.teara.govt.nz/Places/Southland/SouthlandPlaces/10/en","external_links_name":"Doubtful Sound"},{"Link":"http://web.mala.bc.ca/black/amrc/index.htm?research.htm&2","external_links_name":"Science and Spycraft: The Malaspina Expedition in New Zealand and New South Wales, 1793"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080602132307/http://web.mala.bc.ca/black/amrc/index.htm?research.htm&2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1998/0097/10.0/DLM431335.html","external_links_name":"\"Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998\""},{"Link":"http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz13679/Commander-Peak/Southland","external_links_name":"\"Commander Peak, Southland – NZ Topo Map\""},{"Link":"http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz13674/Dagg-Sound/Southland","external_links_name":"\"Dagg Sound, Southland – NZ Topo Map\""},{"Link":"http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz13671/Narrow-Neck/Southland","external_links_name":"\"Narrow Neck, Southland – NZ Topo Map\""},{"Link":"http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz13688/Fergusson-Island/Southland","external_links_name":"\"Fergusson Island, Southland – NZ Topo Map\""},{"Link":"http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz14090/Shelter-Islands/Southland","external_links_name":"\"Shelter Islands, Southland – NZ Topo Map\""},{"Link":"http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz14101/Malaspina-Reach/Southland","external_links_name":"\"Malaspina Reach, Southland – NZ Topo Map\""},{"Link":"http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz14105/Pendulo-Reach/Southland","external_links_name":"\"Pendulo Reach, Southland – NZ Topo Map\""},{"Link":"http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz14106/Seymour-Island/Southland","external_links_name":"\"Seymour Island, Southland – NZ Topo Map\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzlistener.co.nz/issue/3568/features/11907/a_doubtful_future_.html","external_links_name":"A Doubtful future"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081015105739/http://www.nzlistener.co.nz/issue/3568/features/11907/a_doubtful_future_.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03014223.1990.10422603","external_links_name":"\"Antipathes fiordensis, a new species of black coral (Coelenterata: Antipatharia) from New Zealand\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03014223.1990.10422603","external_links_name":"10.1080/03014223.1990.10422603"},{"Link":"http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=95431","external_links_name":"Crown Fern: Blechnum discolor, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Chiyoda_Branch_Line | Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line | ["1 Overview","2 Basic data","3 Station list","4 Rolling stock","4.1 Tokyo Metro","4.2 Odakyu","4.3 JR East","4.4 Former rolling stock","5 History","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"] | Subway line in Tokyo, Japan
Tokyo Metro Chiyoda LineA Chiyoda Line 16000 series trainOverviewOther name(s)CNative name東京メトロ千代田線Owner Tokyo MetroLine number9LocaleTokyoTerminiYoyogi-UeharaKita-ayase (Main line) / Yoyogi-Uehara (Branch)Stations20Color on map Green (#00BB85)ServiceTypeHeavy rail rapid transitSystemTokyo subwayOperator(s)Tokyo MetroDepot(s)Ayase, YoyogiRolling stockTokyo Metro 16000 seriesTokyo Metro 05 series (for Branch Line)Odakyu 4000 seriesOdakyu 60000 series MSEJR East E233-2000 seriesDaily ridership1,447,730 (2017)HistoryOpened20 December 1969; 54 years ago (1969-12-20)TechnicalLine length24.0 km (14.9 mi)Number of tracksDouble-trackTrack gauge1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)Minimum radius160.2 m (526 ft) (Main line)143.8 m (472 ft) (Branch line)Electrification1,500 V DC (overhead line)Operating speed80 km/h (50 mph) (Ayase - Yoyogi-Uehara60 km/h (37 mph) (Kita-Ayase-Ayase)SignallingCab signalling, Closed blockTrain protection systemNew CS-ATC, ATOMaximum incline3.5%
Route map
Legend
Odakyu Odawara Line for Odawara
(C-01)
Yoyogi-Uehara Odakyu Odawara Line
Yoyogi-Hachiman Odakyu Odawara Line for Shinjuku
Yoyogi Depot
(C-02)
Yoyogi-Koen
Harajuku Yamanote Line
(C-03)
Meiji-Jingumae
(C-04)
Omotesando
(C-05)
Nogizaka
(C-06)
Akasaka
Tameike-Sanno
(C-07)
Kokkai-gijidomae
Servicing connection to Yurakucho Line
(C-08)
Kasumigaseki
(C-09)
Hibiya
Yurakucho Yamanote and Keihin-Tohoku
Nijubashimae (C-10)
(C-11)
Ōtemachi
Awajicho
(C-12)
Shin-Ochanomizu
Ochanomizu Chuo
(C-13)
Yushima
(C-14)
Nezu
(C-15)
Sendagi
(C-16)
Nishi-Nippori Yamanote and Keihin-Tohoku
(C-17)
Machiya Keisei Main Line, Toden Arakawa Line
Joban Line/Hibiya Line/Tobu Line for central Tokyo
(C-18)
Kita-Senju JR Joban, Tobu Skytree Line, Tsukuba Express
Arakawa River
Central Circular Route
Ayase River
Shuto Expressway Line 6 Misato Route
(C-19)
Ayase
Ayase Branch Line splits from Joban Line
(C-20)
Kita-Ayase
Ayase Depot
Joban Rapid and Local Line for Matsudo, Abiko, Toride
The Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line (東京メトロ千代田線, Tōkyō Metoro Chiyoda-sen) is a subway line owned and operated by Tokyo Metro in Tokyo, Japan. On average, the line carries 1,447,730 passengers daily (2017), the second highest of the Tokyo Metro network, behind the Tozai Line (1,642,378).
The line was named after the Chiyoda ward, under which it passes. On maps, diagrams and signboards, the line is shown using the color green, and its stations are given numbers using the letter "C".
Overview
The 24.0 km (14.91 mi) line serves the wards of Adachi, Arakawa, Bunkyō, Chiyoda, Minato and Shibuya, and a short stretch of tunnel in Taitō with no station. Its official name, rarely used, is Line 9 Chiyoda Line (9号線千代田線, kyūgō sen Chiyoda-sen). The Chiyoda Line was built as a bypass for the older Hibiya Line, with both lines following a similar route and having direct interchanges at three stations. Trains have through running onto other railway lines on both ends. More than half of these are trains to the northeast beyond Ayase onto the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) Joban Line to Toride. The rest run to the southwest beyond Yoyogi-Uehara onto the Odakyu Odawara Line to Isehara.
The Chiyoda Line has direct interchanges with all other Tokyo Metro and Toei lines with the exception of the Toei Oedo Line. However, Yushima Station is located relatively close to Ueno-okachimachi Station on the Oedo Line without being marked as an official transfer between the lines.
According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation, as of June 2009 the Chiyoda Line was the second most crowded subway line in Tokyo, at its peak running at 181% capacity between Machiya and Nishi-Nippori stations.
Basic data
Distance: 24.0 km (14.91 mi)
Double-tracking: Entire line
Railway signalling: New CS-ATC
Station list
All stations are located in Tokyo.
Stopping patterns:
Commuter Semi Express, Local, Semi Express, and Express trains stop at every station.
Odakyu Romancecar limited express services stop at stations marked "●" and does not stop at those marked "｜".
No.
Station
Japanese
Distance (km)
LimitedExpress
Transfers
Location
Betweenstations
From C-01
↑ Through-services to/from Isehara via the OH Odakyu Odawara Line ; limited express Metro Morning Way/Metro Home Way to/from Hon-Atsugi via the OH Odakyu Odawara Line ; limited express Metro Hakone to/from Hakone-Yumoto via the OH Hakone Tozan Line ; limited express Metro Enoshima to Katase-Enoshima via the OE Odakyū Enoshima Line ↑
C01
Yoyogi-Uehara
代々木上原
-
0.0
※
Odakyu Odawara Line
Shibuya
C02
Yoyogi-koen
代々木公園
1.0
1.0
|
Odakyu Odawara Line (Yoyogi-Hachiman)
C03
Meiji-jingumae (Harajuku)
明治神宮前
1.2
2.2
|
F Fukutoshin Line (F-15)
JY Yamanote Line (Harajuku)
C04
Omotesandō
表参道
0.9
3.1
●
Z Hanzōmon Line (Z-02)
G Ginza Line (G-02)
Minato
C05
Nogizaka
乃木坂
1.4
4.5
|
C06
Akasaka
赤坂
1.1
5.6
|
C07
Kokkai-gijidō-mae
国会議事堂前
0.8
6.4
|
M Marunouchi Line (M-14)
N Namboku Line (Tameike-sanno: N-06)
G Ginza Line (Tameike-sanno: G-06)
Chiyoda
C08
Kasumigaseki
霞ケ関
0.8
7.2
●
M Marunouchi Line (M-15)
H Hibiya Line (H-07)
C09
Hibiya
日比谷
0.8
8.0
|
H Hibiya Line (H-08)
I Mita Line (I-08)
Y Yūrakuchō Line (Yūrakuchō: Y-18)
JY Yamanote Line (Yūrakuchō)
JK Keihin-Tōhoku Line (Yūrakuchō)
Underground passage to Ginza, Higashi-ginza stations
C10
Nijūbashimae
二重橋前
0.7
8.7
|
M Marunouchi Line (Tokyo: M-17)
JE Keiyō Line (Tokyo: JE01)
C11
Ōtemachi
大手町
0.7
9.4
●
T Tozai Line (T-09)
M Marunouchi Line (M-18)
Z Hanzōmon Line (Z-08)
I Mita Line (I-09)
C12
Shin-ochanomizu
新御茶ノ水
1.3
10.7
|
M Marunouchi Line (Awajicho: M-19)
S Shinjuku Line (Ogawamachi: S-07)
JB Chūō-Sōbu Line (Ochanomizu)
JC Chūō Line (Ochanomizu)
C13
Yushima
湯島
1.2
11.9
|
Bunkyō
C14
Nezu
根津
1.2
13.1
|
C15
Sendagi
千駄木
1.0
14.1
|
C16
Nishi-Nippori
西日暮里
0.9
15.0
|
JY Yamanote Line
JK Keihin-Tōhoku Line
NT Nippori-Toneri Liner (02)
Arakawa
C17
Machiya
町屋
1.7
16.7
|
KS Keisei Main Line
Toden Arakawa Line (Machiya-ekimae)
C18
Kita-Senju
北千住
2.6
19.3
●
H Hibiya Line (H-22)
JJ Jōban Line (Rapid)
TS Tobu Skytree Line
Tsukuba Express (05)
Adachi
C19
Ayase
綾瀬
2.6
21.9
JL Jōban Line (Local)
C Chiyoda Line (for Kita-ayase)
↓ Through-services to/from Kashiwa, Abiko and Toride via the JL Joban Line (Local) ↓
C20
Kita-Ayase
北綾瀬
2.1
24.0
Adachi
^ Yoyogi-Uehara is shared by both Odakyu Electric Railway and Tokyo Metro; Odakyu Electric Railway manages the station.
^ Limited express services stop at Yoyogi-Uehara to change drivers and conductors, but passengers may not board or disembark at this station.
^ a b Kita-senju and Ayase are shared by both JR East and Tokyo Metro; Tokyo Metro manages both stations.
^ Between Kita-senju Station and Ayase Station, the Chiyoda Line uses JR East's Joban Line (Local) fare system.
Rolling stock
As of 1 January 2019, the following train types are used on the line, all running as ten-car formations unless otherwise indicated.
Tokyo Metro
16000 series (x37) (since November 2010)
05 series 3-car trains (x4) (since April 2014, used on Kita-Ayase Branch)
05 series 3-car set in March 2014
Odakyu
4000 series (since September 2007)
60000 series MSE (since spring 2008)
An Odakyu 60000 series MSE Romancecar EMU on a Metro Hakone service in April 2012
An Odakyu 4000 series set in April 2016
JR East
E233-2000 series (x19) (since summer 2009)
A Jōban Line/Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line E233-2000 series set in April 2019
Former rolling stock
6000 series (x35) (from 1971 until November 2018)
JNR 103-1000 series (x16) (from 1971 until April 1986)
JR East 203 series (x17) (from August 27, 1982 until September 26, 2011)
JR East 209-1000 series (x2) (from 1999 until October 13, 2018)
JNR 207–900 series (x1) (from 1986 until December 2009)
5000 series 3-car trains (x2) (from 1969 until 2014, later used on branch line)
6000 series 3-car train (x1) (prototype of the series built in 1968 until 2014, used on branch line)
06 series (x1) (from 1993 until January 2015)
07 series (x1) (September 2008 – December 2008)
Odakyu 1000 series (1988–2010)
Odakyu 9000 series (1978–1990)
5000 series (Aluminum prototype)
A Tokyo Metro 6000 series set in December 2014
An 07 series set in December 2008
An Odakyu 9000 series set in October 1977
History
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The Chiyoda Line was originally proposed in 1962 as a line from Setagaya in Tokyo to Matsudo, Chiba; the initial name was "Line 8". In 1964, the plan was changed slightly so that through service would be offered on the Joban Line north of Tokyo, and the number was changed to "Line 9".
Line 9 was designed to pass through built-up areas in Chiyoda, and also intended to relieve the busy Ginza Line and Hibiya Line, which follow a roughly similar route through central Tokyo.
Opening ceremony of through services at Yoyogi-Uehara Station, with an Odakyu 9000 series and TRTA 6000 series present, 31 March 1978
The first stretch was opened on December 20, 1969 between Kita-Senju and Ōtemachi. The line was almost completed by October 10, 1972 when it reached Yoyogi-Kōen, although the 1 km (0.62 mi) section to Yoyogi-Uehara was not completed until March 31, 1978.
The branch line to Kita-Ayase was opened on December 20, 1979. This branch primarily serves as a connection to Ayase Depot, but also serves Kita-Ayase Station constructed in the area. A three-car shuttle service operates between Ayase and Kita-Ayase.
The Chiyoda Line was one of the lines targeted in the Aum sarin gas attack on March 20, 1995.
On May 15, 2006, women-only cars were introduced on early-morning trains from Toride on the Joban Line to Yoyogi-Uehara.
On March 18, 2008, the Chiyoda Line became the first subway line in Japan with operations by reserved-seating trains when Odakyu Romancecar limited express services began running between Kita-Senju and Hakone-Yumoto (on the Hakone Tozan Line) and Karakida (on the Odakyu Tama Line). Trains also run from/to Shin-Kiba using tracks connecting to the Yurakucho Line.
On March 16, 2019, 10 car services to Kita-Ayase station commenced.
Notes
a. ^ Crowding levels defined by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism:
100% — Commuters have enough personal space and are able to take a seat or stand while holding onto the straps or hand rails.
150% — Commuters have enough personal space to read a newspaper.
180% — Commuters must fold newspapers to read.
200% — Commuters are pressed against each other in each compartment but can still read small magazines.
250% — Commuters are pressed against each other, unable to move.
References
Tokyo portal
Shaw, Dennis; Morioka, Hisashi (1992). Tokyo Subways. Hoikusha Publishing.
^ a b Tokyo Metro station ridership in 2010 Train Media (sourced from Tokyo Metro) Retrieved July 23, 2018.
^ "Commute". Metropolis: 7. June 12, 2009. Archived from the original on October 9, 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2011. Capacity is defined as all passengers having a seat or a strap or door railing to hold on to.
^ 私鉄車両編成表 2015 (in Japanese). Japan: Kotsu Shimbunsha. July 23, 2015. pp. 74–75. ISBN 978-4-330-58415-7.
^ Tokyo Metro (December 21, 2009). "環境配慮型の新型車両16000系 千代田線に導入決定！！" (Press release) (in Japanese). Retrieved December 22, 2009.
^ "東京地下鉄千代田線用05系" . Japan Railfan Magazine. Vol. 54, no. 640. Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. August 2014. pp. 67–70.
^ "東京メトロ千代田線への新たな直通運転用車両 新型通勤車両｢４０００形｣ ２００７年９月デビュー" (PDF) (in Japanese). February 5, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2007.
^ "新型ロマンスカー・ＭＳＥの製造を決定 ２００８年春 東京メトロ線内初の座席指定制特急の乗り入れを開始" (PDF) (in Japanese). September 20, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 18, 2007.
^ 203系が営業運転から離脱 . Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. September 28, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
^ 東京地下鉄06系、新木場へ . RM News (in Japanese). Japan: Neko Publishing Co., Ltd. August 13, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
^ "混雑率の推移".
^ Kikuchi, Daisuke (July 6, 2017). "Tokyo plans new effort to ease commuter hell on rush-hour trains". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017.
External links
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aerial lifts (list) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Tozai Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Tozai_Line"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ridership-1"},{"link_name":"Chiyoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo"}],"text":"The Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line (東京メトロ千代田線, Tōkyō Metoro Chiyoda-sen) is a subway line owned and operated by Tokyo Metro in Tokyo, Japan. On average, the line carries 1,447,730 passengers daily (2017), the second highest of the Tokyo Metro network, behind the Tozai Line (1,642,378).[1]The line was named after the Chiyoda ward, under which it passes. On maps, diagrams and signboards, the line is shown using the color green, and its stations are given numbers using the letter \"C\".","title":"Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_wards_of_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Adachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adachi,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Arakawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakawa,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Bunkyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunky%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Chiyoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Minato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minato,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Shibuya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibuya"},{"link_name":"Taitō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tait%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Hibiya Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Hibiya_Line"},{"link_name":"through running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_train"},{"link_name":"East Japan Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Joban Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joban_Line"},{"link_name":"Toride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toride_Station"},{"link_name":"Odakyu Odawara Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odakyu_Odawara_Line"},{"link_name":"Isehara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isehara_Station"},{"link_name":"Toei Oedo Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toei_Oedo_Line"},{"link_name":"Yushima Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yushima_Station_(Tokyo)"},{"link_name":"Ueno-okachimachi Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ueno-okachimachi_Station"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Bureau_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_notes1"},{"link_name":"Machiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiya_Station"},{"link_name":"Nishi-Nippori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishi-Nippori_Station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 24.0 km (14.91 mi) line serves the wards of Adachi, Arakawa, Bunkyō, Chiyoda, Minato and Shibuya, and a short stretch of tunnel in Taitō with no station. Its official name, rarely used, is Line 9 Chiyoda Line (9号線千代田線, kyūgō sen Chiyoda-sen). The Chiyoda Line was built as a bypass for the older Hibiya Line, with both lines following a similar route and having direct interchanges at three stations. Trains have through running onto other railway lines on both ends. More than half of these are trains to the northeast beyond Ayase onto the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) Joban Line to Toride. The rest run to the southwest beyond Yoyogi-Uehara onto the Odakyu Odawara Line to Isehara.The Chiyoda Line has direct interchanges with all other Tokyo Metro and Toei lines with the exception of the Toei Oedo Line. However, Yushima Station is located relatively close to Ueno-okachimachi Station on the Oedo Line without being marked as an official transfer between the lines.According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation, as of June 2009 the Chiyoda Line was the second most crowded subway line in Tokyo, at its peak running at 181%[a] capacity between Machiya and Nishi-Nippori stations.[2]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Railway signalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signalling"},{"link_name":"CS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cab_signalling"},{"link_name":"ATC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Train_Control"}],"text":"Distance: 24.0 km (14.91 mi)\nDouble-tracking: Entire line\nRailway signalling: New CS-ATC","title":"Basic data"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romancecar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romancecar"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kitasen_ayase_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kitasen_ayase_5-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Kita-senju Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kita-senju_Station"},{"link_name":"Ayase Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayase_Station"}],"text":"All stations are located in Tokyo.\nStopping patterns:\nCommuter Semi Express, Local, Semi Express, and Express trains stop at every station.\nOdakyu Romancecar limited express services stop at stations marked \"●\" and does not stop at those marked \"｜\".^ Yoyogi-Uehara is shared by both Odakyu Electric Railway and Tokyo Metro; Odakyu Electric Railway manages the station.\n\n^ Limited express services stop at Yoyogi-Uehara to change drivers and conductors, but passengers may not board or disembark at this station.\n\n^ a b Kita-senju and Ayase are shared by both JR East and Tokyo Metro; Tokyo Metro manages both stations.\n\n^ Between Kita-senju Station and Ayase Station, the Chiyoda Line uses JR East's Joban Line (Local) fare system.","title":"Station list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_Metro_Chiyoda_Line&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jrrprivate2015-7"}],"text":"As of 1 January 2019[update], the following train types are used on the line, all running as ten-car formations unless otherwise indicated.[3]","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"16000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_16000_series"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tokyometro20091221-8"},{"link_name":"05 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_05_series"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-railfan640-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo_Metro_05-013F_Chiyoda_line_Kita-Ayase_branch_line_for_test_run.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Tokyo Metro","text":"16000 series (x37) (since November 2010)[4]\n05 series 3-car trains (x4) (since April 2014, used on Kita-Ayase Branch)[5]05 series 3-car set in March 2014","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"4000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odakyu_4000_series"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"60000 series MSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odakyu_60000_series_MSE"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Odakyu_60000kei_metro_hakone.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Odakyu_4000_J%C5%8Dban_Local_train.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Odakyu","text":"4000 series (since September 2007)[6]\n60000 series MSE (since spring 2008)[7]An Odakyu 60000 series MSE Romancecar EMU on a Metro Hakone service in April 2012\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn Odakyu 4000 series set in April 2016","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E233-2000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E233-2000_series"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E233%E7%B3%BB2000%E7%95%AA%E5%8F%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8810%E7%B7%A8%E6%88%90.jpg"}],"sub_title":"JR East","text":"E233-2000 series (x19) (since summer 2009)A Jōban Line/Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line E233-2000 series set in April 2019","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"6000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_6000_series"},{"link_name":"JNR 103-1000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/103_series#103-1000_series"},{"link_name":"JR East 203 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/203_series"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-railfan20110928-12"},{"link_name":"JR East 209-1000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/209-1000_series"},{"link_name":"JNR 207–900 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/207_series_(JR_East)"},{"link_name":"5000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_5000_series"},{"link_name":"06 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_06_series"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmnews20150813-13"},{"link_name":"07 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_07_series"},{"link_name":"Odakyu 1000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odakyu_1000_series"},{"link_name":"Odakyu 9000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odakyu_9000_series"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Model_5000-Chiyoda_of_Teito_Rapid_Transit_Authority.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyometro_6000_Chiyoda.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chiyoda-line_series07.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oer9000mikaku.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Former rolling stock","text":"6000 series (x35) (from 1971 until November 2018)\nJNR 103-1000 series (x16) (from 1971 until April 1986)\nJR East 203 series (x17) (from August 27, 1982 until September 26, 2011)[8]\nJR East 209-1000 series (x2) (from 1999 until October 13, 2018)\nJNR 207–900 series (x1) (from 1986 until December 2009)\n5000 series 3-car trains (x2) (from 1969 until 2014, later used on branch line)\n6000 series 3-car train (x1) (prototype of the series built in 1968 until 2014, used on branch line)\n06 series (x1) (from 1993 until January 2015)[9]\n07 series (x1) (September 2008 – December 2008)\nOdakyu 1000 series (1988–2010)\nOdakyu 9000 series (1978–1990)5000 series (Aluminum prototype)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Tokyo Metro 6000 series set in December 2014\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn 07 series set in December 2008\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn Odakyu 9000 series set in October 1977","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Setagaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setagaya,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Matsudo, Chiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsudo,_Chiba"},{"link_name":"Joban Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joban_Line"},{"link_name":"Chiyoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Ginza Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Ginza_Line"},{"link_name":"Hibiya Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Hibiya_Line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TRTA_6000_and_OER_9000_at_Yoyogi-Uehara_Station_19780331.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yoyogi-Uehara Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoyogi-Uehara_Station"},{"link_name":"Kita-Senju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kita-Senju_Station"},{"link_name":"Ōtemachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctemachi_Station_(Tokyo)"},{"link_name":"Yoyogi-Kōen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoyogi-K%C5%8Den_Station"},{"link_name":"Yoyogi-Uehara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoyogi-Uehara_Station"},{"link_name":"Kita-Ayase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kita-Ayase_Station"},{"link_name":"Aum sarin gas attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack"},{"link_name":"women-only cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women-only_car"},{"link_name":"Toride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toride_Station"},{"link_name":"Joban Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joban_Line"},{"link_name":"Yoyogi-Uehara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoyogi-Uehara_Station"},{"link_name":"Romancecar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romancecar"},{"link_name":"limited express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_express"},{"link_name":"Hakone-Yumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakone-Yumoto_Station"},{"link_name":"Hakone Tozan Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakone_Tozan_Line"},{"link_name":"Karakida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakida_Station"},{"link_name":"Odakyu Tama Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odakyu_Tama_Line"},{"link_name":"Shin-Kiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-Kiba_Station"},{"link_name":"Yurakucho Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Y%C5%ABrakuch%C5%8D_Line"}],"text":"The Chiyoda Line was originally proposed in 1962 as a line from Setagaya in Tokyo to Matsudo, Chiba; the initial name was \"Line 8\". In 1964, the plan was changed slightly so that through service would be offered on the Joban Line north of Tokyo, and the number was changed to \"Line 9\".Line 9 was designed to pass through built-up areas in Chiyoda, and also intended to relieve the busy Ginza Line and Hibiya Line, which follow a roughly similar route through central Tokyo.Opening ceremony of through services at Yoyogi-Uehara Station, with an Odakyu 9000 series and TRTA 6000 series present, 31 March 1978The first stretch was opened on December 20, 1969 between Kita-Senju and Ōtemachi. The line was almost completed by October 10, 1972 when it reached Yoyogi-Kōen, although the 1 km (0.62 mi) section to Yoyogi-Uehara was not completed until March 31, 1978.The branch line to Kita-Ayase was opened on December 20, 1979. This branch primarily serves as a connection to Ayase Depot, but also serves Kita-Ayase Station constructed in the area. A three-car shuttle service operates between Ayase and Kita-Ayase.The Chiyoda Line was one of the lines targeted in the Aum sarin gas attack on March 20, 1995.On May 15, 2006, women-only cars were introduced on early-morning trains from Toride on the Joban Line to Yoyogi-Uehara.On March 18, 2008, the Chiyoda Line became the first subway line in Japan with operations by reserved-seating trains when Odakyu Romancecar limited express services began running between Kita-Senju and Hakone-Yumoto (on the Hakone Tozan Line) and Karakida (on the Odakyu Tama Line). Trains also run from/to Shin-Kiba using tracks connecting to the Yurakucho Line.On March 16, 2019, 10 car services to Kita-Ayase station commenced.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_notes1"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Land,_Infrastructure,_Transport_and_Tourism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"a. ^ Crowding levels defined by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism:[10][11]\n\n100% — Commuters have enough personal space and are able to take a seat or stand while holding onto the straps or hand rails.\n150% — Commuters have enough personal space to read a newspaper.\n180% — Commuters must fold newspapers to read.\n200% — Commuters are pressed against each other in each compartment but can still read small magazines.\n250% — Commuters are pressed against each other, unable to move.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Opening ceremony of through services at Yoyogi-Uehara Station, with an Odakyu 9000 series and TRTA 6000 series present, 31 March 1978","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/TRTA_6000_and_OER_9000_at_Yoyogi-Uehara_Station_19780331.jpg/220px-TRTA_6000_and_OER_9000_at_Yoyogi-Uehara_Station_19780331.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Shaw, Dennis; Morioka, Hisashi (1992). Tokyo Subways. Hoikusha Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Commute\". Metropolis: 7. June 12, 2009. Archived from the original on October 9, 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111009000444/http://archive.metropolis.co.jp/tokyo/794/page2.asp","url_text":"\"Commute\""},{"url":"http://archive.metropolis.co.jp/tokyo/794/page2.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"私鉄車両編成表 2015 [Private Railway Rolling Stock Formations – 2015] (in Japanese). Japan: Kotsu Shimbunsha. July 23, 2015. pp. 74–75. ISBN 978-4-330-58415-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-330-58415-7","url_text":"978-4-330-58415-7"}]},{"reference":"Tokyo Metro (December 21, 2009). \"環境配慮型の新型車両16000系 千代田線に導入決定！！\" [Environmentally friendly new 16000 series trains to be introduced on Chiyoda Line] (Press release) (in Japanese). Retrieved December 22, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyometro.jp/news/2009/2009-70.html","url_text":"\"環境配慮型の新型車両16000系 千代田線に導入決定！！\""}]},{"reference":"\"東京地下鉄千代田線用05系\" [Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line 05 series]. Japan Railfan Magazine. Vol. 54, no. 640. Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. August 2014. pp. 67–70.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Railfan_Magazine","url_text":"Japan Railfan Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"東京メトロ千代田線への新たな直通運転用車両 新型通勤車両｢４０００形｣ ２００７年９月デビュー\" [New direct drive vehicle to Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line New model commuter vehicle \"4000 form\" Debuted in September 2007] (PDF) (in Japanese). February 5, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070207013413/http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/2353_8862142_.pdf","url_text":"\"東京メトロ千代田線への新たな直通運転用車両 新型通勤車両｢４０００形｣ ２００７年９月デビュー\""},{"url":"http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/2353_8862142_.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"新型ロマンスカー・ＭＳＥの製造を決定 ２００８年春 東京メトロ線内初の座席指定制特急の乗り入れを開始\" [Decided to manufacture the new Romance car · MSE; Initiation of the first seating designation express train in the Tokyo Metro line in the spring of 2008] (PDF) (in Japanese). September 20, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070218143357/http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/1993_6852248_.pdf","url_text":"\"新型ロマンスカー・ＭＳＥの製造を決定 ２００８年春 東京メトロ線内初の座席指定制特急の乗り入れを開始\""},{"url":"http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/1993_6852248_.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"203系が営業運転から離脱 [203 series withdrawn from revenue service]. Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. September 28, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://railf.jp/news/2011/09/28/152700.html","url_text":"203系が営業運転から離脱"}]},{"reference":"東京地下鉄06系、新木場へ [Tokyo Metro 06 series moved to Shinkiba]. RM News (in Japanese). Japan: Neko Publishing Co., Ltd. August 13, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://rail.hobidas.com/rmn/archives/2015/08/06.html","url_text":"東京地下鉄06系、新木場へ"}]},{"reference":"\"混雑率の推移\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlit.go.jp/tetudo/toshitetu/03_04.html","url_text":"\"混雑率の推移\""}]},{"reference":"Kikuchi, Daisuke (July 6, 2017). \"Tokyo plans new effort to ease commuter hell on rush-hour trains\". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/07/06/national/tokyo-plans-new-effort-ease-crowding-rush-hour-trains/","url_text":"\"Tokyo plans new effort to ease commuter hell on rush-hour trains\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Japan_Times","url_text":"The Japan Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170706120354/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/07/06/national/tokyo-plans-new-effort-ease-crowding-rush-hour-trains/","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_Metro_Chiyoda_Line&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.train-media.net/report/1110/metro.pdf","external_links_name":"Tokyo Metro station ridership in 2010"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111009000444/http://archive.metropolis.co.jp/tokyo/794/page2.asp","external_links_name":"\"Commute\""},{"Link":"http://archive.metropolis.co.jp/tokyo/794/page2.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tokyometro.jp/news/2009/2009-70.html","external_links_name":"\"環境配慮型の新型車両16000系 千代田線に導入決定！！\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070207013413/http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/2353_8862142_.pdf","external_links_name":"\"東京メトロ千代田線への新たな直通運転用車両 新型通勤車両｢４０００形｣ ２００７年９月デビュー\""},{"Link":"http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/2353_8862142_.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070218143357/http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/1993_6852248_.pdf","external_links_name":"\"新型ロマンスカー・ＭＳＥの製造を決定 ２００８年春 東京メトロ線内初の座席指定制特急の乗り入れを開始\""},{"Link":"http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/1993_6852248_.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://railf.jp/news/2011/09/28/152700.html","external_links_name":"203系が営業運転から離脱"},{"Link":"http://rail.hobidas.com/rmn/archives/2015/08/06.html","external_links_name":"東京地下鉄06系、新木場へ"},{"Link":"https://www.mlit.go.jp/tetudo/toshitetu/03_04.html","external_links_name":"\"混雑率の推移\""},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/07/06/national/tokyo-plans-new-effort-ease-crowding-rush-hour-trains/","external_links_name":"\"Tokyo plans new effort to ease commuter hell on rush-hour trains\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170706120354/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/07/06/national/tokyo-plans-new-effort-ease-crowding-rush-hour-trains/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.tokyometro.jp/global/en/index.html","external_links_name":"Tokyo Metro website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Fab | X-Fab | ["1 History","2 Corporate affairs","2.1 Production capabilities","3 See also","4 References"] | German semiconductor foundry
X-FAB Silicon FoundriesX-FAB in Erfurt (2020)Traded asEuronext: XFABIndustryMicroelectronicsFounderRoland DuchâteletHeadquartersErfurt Area servedWorldwideKey peopleRudi De Winter (President & CEO)RevenueUS$ 740 million (2022)Number of employees4,200WebsiteX-FAB.com
The X-FAB Silicon Foundries is a group of semiconductor foundries. The group specializes in the fabrication of analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits for fabless semiconductor companies, as well as MEMS and solutions for high voltage applications. The holding company named "X-FAB Silicon Foundries SE" is based in Tessenderlo, Belgium while its headquarters is located in Erfurt, Germany.
History
X-Fab logo until 2020
As a result of the German reunification in the 1990s, came to the dismantling of the old electronics conglomerate in East Germany named Kombinat Mikroelektronik Erfurt. The conglomerate was privatized in 1992 and divided into X-FAB Gesellschaft zur Fertigung von Wafern mbH (simply known as X-Fab) and the Thesys Gesellschaft für Mikroelektronik mbH (simply known as Thesys). X-Fab would be majority owned by the company Melexis while Thesys would be majority owned by the German state of Thuringia.
In 1999, X-Fab acquired a foundry from Texas Instruments in Lubbock, Texas, USA. In the same year, X-Fab (at this time owned by Belgian holding company named Elex N.V) acquired Thesys and disposed of its non-foundry business.
In 2002, X-Fab acquired Zarlink wafer plant in Plymouth, United Kingdom.
In 2006, X-Fab merged with 1st Silicon, a semiconductor fabrication plant located in Sarawak, Malaysia. The Sarawak government acquired 35% of X-Fab shares in the merger.
In 2007, X-Fab acquired the foundry business from ZMD, thus enabling ZMD to focus on its core business of design and developing analog mixed signal devices.
In December 2009, X-Fab sold its United Kingdom wafer plant to Plus Semi, the old Plessey Semiconductors plant in Swindon, England.
In February 2011, the company added Rudi De Winter as co-CEO. He later assumed the role of CEO in 2014.
In 2012, the X-Fab group acquired MEMS foundry Itzehoe GmbH where the latter was a spin-off from Fraunhofer Institute for Silicon Technology (ISIT). Nevertheless, X-Fab continues its cooperation with ISIT in the chip business. X-Fab also expanded its MEMS manufacturing capabilities. The foundry in Itzehoe became fully owned by X-Fab in 2015.
In 2015, PowerAmerica (a research institute under Manufacturing USA network) collaborated with X-Fab production facility in Lubbock, Texas to produce 150-mm Silicon carbide wafers for power electronics applications.
In 2016, the X-FAB group acquired the assets of Altis Semiconductor, making the fab in France their sixth manufacturing site.
In July 2020, X-FAB temporarily halted IT systems and production lines to prevent damage following a Maze ransomware attack.
Corporate affairs
The main shareholders of X-Fab Silicon Foundries are Xtrion NV (61.4%) and Sarawak Technology Holdings Sdn Bhd (35.2%). In 2017, X-Fab made an initial public offering (IPO) in France, where 36.2% of the shares were available for purchase. Meanwhile, Xtrion reduced its shareholdings to 48.3% and Sarawak Technology Holdings reduced its shares to 14.4%. Xtrion NV also holds majority shares in Melexis, where the latter is a major customer for X-Fab. Meanwhile, Sarawak Technology Holdings Sdn Bhd is a wholly owned subsidiary of the government of Sarawak. Both Xtrion and Sarawak Technology Holdings have the power to appoint two directors each onto the board of directors of X-Fab. X-Fab revenue reached US$ 512.9 million in 2016.
Production capabilities
As of 2017, X-Fab has six wafer plants around the world, with production capacity of 9,4000 200-mm sized wafers, ranging from 800 nm process to 130 nm process:
Erfurt, Germany - producing CMOS semiconductors and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS devices) from 200-mm wafers
Dresden, Germany - producing CMOS semiconductors from 200-mm wafers
Itzehoe, Germany - producing MEMS devices from 200-mm wafers
Corbeil-Essonnes, France - producing 180-nm CMOS semiconductors
Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia - producing CMOS semiconductors from 200-mm wafers
Lubbock, Texas, United States - producing CMOS and BiCMOS semiconductors from 150-mm wafers
X-Fab employs a total of 2,946 people in all its production facilities as of 2016.
X-fab's chips are used in automotive, industrial, consumer, and medical industries. As of 2016, X-Fab's European/Middle East customers accounted for 54% of the sales, followed by Asia (36%) and North America (10%). The biggest buyer of X-Fab's chips is Melexis (34%). Other buyers of X-Fab chips are: Goodix, Lite-On, Micronas, Sensata, Integrated Device Technology, Knowles Electronics, and others. Russian buyers for X-Fab chips were: CJSC PKK Milander, KTTS "Electronics", VZPP-S, VZPP-Mikron, and OJSC NII Electronic Engineering (NIIET).
In 2022 X-Fab licensed a 130 nm siGe BiCMOS platform from the Leibniz Institute for High Performance Microelectronics(IHP). Beforehand, X-Fabs products were already being used in IHPs SG13S and SG13G2 chips.
See also
Pure-Play Semiconductor Foundry
List of semiconductor fabrication plants
References
^ a b Bush, Steve (25 March 2021). "X-Fab adds photodiodes to 180nm process, from UV to near-IR". Electronics Weekly. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
^ a b c d e f "X-Fab - Exposed to growing markets, but fairly valued". Credit Suisse. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
^ a b "VEB Mikroelektronik "Karl Marx" Erfurt" (in German). Robotron Technik (open community project documenting the history of VEB Robotron and other electronics companies in East Germany). Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h "X-FAB Silicon Foundries SE - Offering of up to 50,000,390 Ordinary Shares (and up to 5,000,039 additional Ordinary Shares if the Over-allotment Option is exercised in full) Listing of all Shares on Euronext Paris" (PDF). Euronext Paris. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
^ Hammerschmidt, Christoph (6 September 2006). "X-Fab completes merger with 1st Silicon". EE Times. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
^ Hammerschmidt, Christoph (29 March 2007). "X-Fab takes over ZMD's foundry activities". EE Times. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
^ Happich, Julien (12 January 2009). "X-FAB and Plus Semi agree on sale of X-FAB UK". EE Times. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
^ "Board of Directors". X-Fab. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
^ Clarke, Peter (11 May 2012). "X-Fab takes control of another MEMS foundry". EE Times. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
^ "X-FAB Acquires Majority Share in MFI". X-Fab. 1 November 2012. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
^ Wellmann, Peter; Ohtani, Noboru; Rupp, Roland (10 January 2022). Wide Bandgap Semiconductors for Power Electronic A guide to the field of wide bandgap semiconductor technology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 306. ISBN 9783527346714. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
^ "X-Fab to buy assets of Altis". Electronics Weekly. 2016-09-30. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ Stegall, Amber. "Ransomware attack halts X-FAB production in Lubbock, worldwide". KCBD News Channel. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
^ a b c d "X-FAB Silicon Foundries SE Corporate Governance Charter" (PDF). XFab. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
^ "X-FAB to Invest More than $50M in MEMS Operations". design-reuse.com. 2012-09-26. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
^ "X-FAB and Exagan Fab GaN-on-Si Devices on 200-mm Wafers". eepower.com. 2017-05-09. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
^ "X-Fab takes control of another MEMS foundry". eetimes.com. 2012-11-05. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
^ "X-FAB Brings High Voltage180nm Automotive-Qualified Process to French Fab". eepower.com. 2019-07-29. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
^ "X-FAB Sarawak Set To Begin Volume Production Of 0.35 Micrometer Analog/Mixed-Signal High-Voltage Technology". semiconductoronline.com. 2008-09-03. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
^ "X-FAB offers high-volume 6-inch SiC foundry production". semiconductor-today.com. 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
^ "Russian microelectronics for space: who produces what". Sudonull. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
^ "X-Fab Partners with IHP on BiCMOS Technology". eepower.com. 2021-03-30. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
^ "X-Fab licenses 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS platform". eenewseurope.com. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
^ "X-FAB Partners With IHP to Advance SiGe BiCMOS Technology". eetimes.com. 2021-03-17. Retrieved 2024-03-03. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mixed-signal integrated circuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuits"},{"link_name":"fabless semiconductor companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabless_semiconductor_company"},{"link_name":"MEMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEMS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bush_2021-1"},{"link_name":"holding company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company"},{"link_name":"Tessenderlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessenderlo"},{"link_name":"Erfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CreditSuisse2017-2"}],"text":"The X-FAB Silicon Foundries is a group of semiconductor foundries. The group specializes in the fabrication of analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits for fabless semiconductor companies, as well as MEMS and solutions for high voltage applications.[1] The holding company named \"X-FAB Silicon Foundries SE\" is based in Tessenderlo, Belgium while its headquarters is located in Erfurt, Germany.[2]","title":"X-Fab"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:X-FAB_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"German reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Kombinat Mikroelektronik Erfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombinat_Mikroelektronik_Erfurt"},{"link_name":"Melexis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melexis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melexis"},{"link_name":"Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RobotronTechnik-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euronext_Paris-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CreditSuisse2017-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RobotronTechnik-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CreditSuisse2017-2"},{"link_name":"wafer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CreditSuisse2017-2"},{"link_name":"Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"ZMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZMDI"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Plessey Semiconductors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessey#Plessey_Semiconductors_Ltd._The_re-birth"},{"link_name":"Swindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"MEMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems"},{"link_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Silicon Technology (ISIT)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CreditSuisse2017-2"},{"link_name":"Manufacturing USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_USA"},{"link_name":"Silicon carbide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_carbide"},{"link_name":"power electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_electronics"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Altis Semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altis_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"ransomware attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransomware"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"X-Fab logo until 2020As a result of the German reunification in the 1990s, came to the dismantling of the old electronics conglomerate in East Germany named Kombinat Mikroelektronik Erfurt. The conglomerate was privatized in 1992 and divided into X-FAB Gesellschaft zur Fertigung von Wafern mbH (simply known as X-Fab) and the Thesys Gesellschaft für Mikroelektronik mbH (simply known as Thesys). X-Fab would be majority owned by the company Melexis [fr] while Thesys would be majority owned by the German state of Thuringia.[3][4]In 1999, X-Fab acquired a foundry from Texas Instruments in Lubbock, Texas, USA.[2] In the same year, X-Fab (at this time owned by Belgian holding company named Elex N.V)[3] acquired Thesys and disposed of its non-foundry business.[2]In 2002, X-Fab acquired Zarlink wafer plant in Plymouth, United Kingdom.[2]In 2006, X-Fab merged with 1st Silicon, a semiconductor fabrication plant located in Sarawak, Malaysia. The Sarawak government acquired 35% of X-Fab shares in the merger.[5]In 2007, X-Fab acquired the foundry business from ZMD, thus enabling ZMD to focus on its core business of design and developing analog mixed signal devices.[6]In December 2009, X-Fab sold its United Kingdom wafer plant to Plus Semi, the old Plessey Semiconductors plant in Swindon, England.[7]In February 2011, the company added Rudi De Winter as co-CEO. He later assumed the role of CEO in 2014.[8]In 2012, the X-Fab group acquired MEMS foundry Itzehoe GmbH where the latter was a spin-off from Fraunhofer Institute for Silicon Technology (ISIT). Nevertheless, X-Fab continues its cooperation with ISIT in the chip business.[9][10] X-Fab also expanded its MEMS manufacturing capabilities. The foundry in Itzehoe became fully owned by X-Fab in 2015.[2]In 2015, PowerAmerica (a research institute under Manufacturing USA network) collaborated with X-Fab production facility in Lubbock, Texas to produce 150-mm Silicon carbide wafers for power electronics applications.[11]In 2016, the X-FAB group acquired the assets of Altis Semiconductor, making the fab in France their sixth manufacturing site.[12]In July 2020, X-FAB temporarily halted IT systems and production lines to prevent damage following a Maze ransomware attack.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shareholders-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euronext_Paris-4"},{"link_name":"initial public offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euronext_Paris-4"},{"link_name":"government of Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Sarawak"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shareholders-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shareholders-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euronext_Paris-4"}],"text":"The main shareholders of X-Fab Silicon Foundries are Xtrion NV (61.4%) and Sarawak Technology Holdings Sdn Bhd (35.2%).[14][4] In 2017, X-Fab made an initial public offering (IPO) in France, where 36.2% of the shares were available for purchase. Meanwhile, Xtrion reduced its shareholdings to 48.3% and Sarawak Technology Holdings reduced its shares to 14.4%.[4] Xtrion NV also holds majority shares in Melexis, where the latter is a major customer for X-Fab. Meanwhile, Sarawak Technology Holdings Sdn Bhd is a wholly owned subsidiary of the government of Sarawak.[14] Both Xtrion and Sarawak Technology Holdings have the power to appoint two directors each onto the board of directors of X-Fab.[14] X-Fab revenue reached US$ 512.9 million in 2016.[4]","title":"Corporate affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"800 nm process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/800_nm_process"},{"link_name":"130 nm process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/130_nm_process"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euronext_Paris-4"},{"link_name":"Erfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt"},{"link_name":"CMOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOS"},{"link_name":"microelectromechanical systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems"},{"link_name":"wafers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Itzehoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itzehoe"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Corbeil-Essonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbeil-Essonnes"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Kuching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuching"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock"},{"link_name":"BiCMOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BiCMOS"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euronext_Paris-4"},{"link_name":"automotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry"},{"link_name":"industrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering"},{"link_name":"medical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_device"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bush_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euronext_Paris-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euronext_Paris-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shareholders-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CreditSuisse2017-2"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Production capabilities","text":"As of 2017, X-Fab has six wafer plants around the world, with production capacity of 9,4000 200-mm sized wafers, ranging from 800 nm process to 130 nm process:[4]Erfurt, Germany - producing CMOS semiconductors and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS devices) from 200-mm wafers[15]\nDresden, Germany - producing CMOS semiconductors from 200-mm wafers[16]\nItzehoe, Germany - producing MEMS devices from 200-mm wafers[17]\nCorbeil-Essonnes, France - producing 180-nm CMOS semiconductors[18]\nKuching, Sarawak, Malaysia - producing CMOS semiconductors from 200-mm wafers[19]\nLubbock, Texas, United States - producing CMOS and BiCMOS semiconductors from 150-mm wafers[20]X-Fab employs a total of 2,946 people in all its production facilities as of 2016.[4]X-fab's chips are used in automotive, industrial, consumer, and medical industries.[1] As of 2016, X-Fab's European/Middle East customers accounted for 54% of the sales, followed by Asia (36%) and North America (10%).[4] The biggest buyer of X-Fab's chips is Melexis (34%).[4][14] Other buyers of X-Fab chips are: Goodix, Lite-On, Micronas, Sensata, Integrated Device Technology, Knowles Electronics, and others.[2] Russian buyers for X-Fab chips were: CJSC PKK Milander, KTTS \"Electronics\", VZPP-S, VZPP-Mikron, and OJSC NII Electronic Engineering (NIIET).[21]In 2022 X-Fab licensed a 130 nm siGe BiCMOS platform from the Leibniz Institute for High Performance Microelectronics(IHP).[22][23] Beforehand, X-Fabs products were already being used in IHPs SG13S and SG13G2 chips.[24]","title":"Corporate affairs"}] | [{"image_text":"X-Fab logo until 2020","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/X-FAB_logo.svg/220px-X-FAB_logo.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Pure-Play Semiconductor Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure-Play_Semiconductor_Foundry"},{"title":"List of semiconductor fabrication plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_semiconductor_fabrication_plants"}] | [{"reference":"Bush, Steve (25 March 2021). \"X-Fab adds photodiodes to 180nm process, from UV to near-IR\". Electronics Weekly. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210325121944/https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/design/eda-and-ip/x-fab-adds-photodiodes-180nm-process-uv-near-ir-2021-03/","url_text":"\"X-Fab adds photodiodes to 180nm process, from UV to near-IR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_Weekly","url_text":"Electronics Weekly"},{"url":"https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/design/eda-and-ip/x-fab-adds-photodiodes-180nm-process-uv-near-ir-2021-03/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"X-Fab - Exposed to growing markets, but fairly valued\". Credit Suisse. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230122081529/https://research-doc.credit-suisse.com/docView?language=ENG&format=PDF&sourceid=emblast&document_id=1074875641&serialid=%2FxRPqhww1g830blEucbhPOBu46sNn2gsABdbOkHz4V8%3D&cspId=null","url_text":"\"X-Fab - Exposed to growing markets, but fairly valued\""},{"url":"https://research-doc.credit-suisse.com/docView?language=ENG&format=PDF&sourceid=emblast&document_id=1074875641&serialid=%2FxRPqhww1g830blEucbhPOBu46sNn2gsABdbOkHz4V8%3D&cspId=null","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"VEB Mikroelektronik \"Karl Marx\" Erfurt\" (in German). Robotron Technik (open community project documenting the history of VEB Robotron and other electronics companies in East Germany). Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232320/https://www.robotrontechnik.de/index.htm?/html/standorte/mme.htm","url_text":"\"VEB Mikroelektronik \"Karl Marx\" Erfurt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEB_Robotron","url_text":"VEB Robotron"},{"url":"https://www.robotrontechnik.de/index.htm?/html/standorte/mme.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"X-FAB Silicon Foundries SE - Offering of up to 50,000,390 Ordinary Shares (and up to 5,000,039 additional Ordinary Shares if the Over-allotment Option is exercised in full) Listing of all Shares on Euronext Paris\" (PDF). Euronext Paris. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2022. 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Retrieved 12 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220812123803/https://www.eetimes.com/x-fab-and-plus-semi-agree-on-sale-of-x-fab-uk/","url_text":"\"X-FAB and Plus Semi agree on sale of X-FAB UK\""},{"url":"https://www.eetimes.com/x-fab-and-plus-semi-agree-on-sale-of-x-fab-uk/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Directors\". X-Fab. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210226061505/https://www.xfab.com/investors/board-of-directors","url_text":"\"Board of Directors\""},{"url":"https://www.xfab.com/investors/board-of-directors","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Peter (11 May 2012). \"X-Fab takes control of another MEMS foundry\". EE Times. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220812223039/https://www.eetimes.com/x-fab-takes-control-of-another-mems-foundry/","url_text":"\"X-Fab takes control of another MEMS foundry\""},{"url":"https://www.eetimes.com/x-fab-takes-control-of-another-mems-foundry/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"X-FAB Acquires Majority Share in MFI\". X-Fab. 1 November 2012. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190326100322/https://www.xfab.com/nc/about-x-fab/news/newsdetail/article/x-fab-acquires-majority-share-in-mfi/","url_text":"\"X-FAB Acquires Majority Share in MFI\""},{"url":"https://www.xfab.com/nc/about-x-fab/news/newsdetail/article/x-fab-acquires-majority-share-in-mfi/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wellmann, Peter; Ohtani, Noboru; Rupp, Roland (10 January 2022). Wide Bandgap Semiconductors for Power Electronic A guide to the field of wide bandgap semiconductor technology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 306. ISBN 9783527346714. Retrieved 10 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NqZCEAAAQBAJ&q=xfab","url_text":"Wide Bandgap Semiconductors for Power Electronic A guide to the field of wide bandgap semiconductor technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783527346714","url_text":"9783527346714"}]},{"reference":"\"X-Fab to buy assets of Altis\". Electronics Weekly. 2016-09-30. Retrieved 2016-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/business/x-fab-buy-assets-altis-2016-09/","url_text":"\"X-Fab to buy assets of Altis\""}]},{"reference":"Stegall, Amber. \"Ransomware attack halts X-FAB production in Lubbock, worldwide\". KCBD News Channel. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. 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Retrieved 6 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230106231337/https://sudonull.com/post/113657-Russian-microelectronics-for-space-who-produces-what","url_text":"\"Russian microelectronics for space: who produces what\""},{"url":"https://sudonull.com/post/113657-Russian-microelectronics-for-space-who-produces-what","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"X-Fab Partners with IHP on BiCMOS Technology\". eepower.com. 2021-03-30. Retrieved 2024-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://eepower.com/news/x-fab-partners-with-ihp-on-bicmos-technology/","url_text":"\"X-Fab Partners with IHP on BiCMOS Technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"X-Fab licenses 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS platform\". eenewseurope.com. Retrieved 2024-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/x-fab-licenses-130-nm-sige-bicmos-platform/","url_text":"\"X-Fab licenses 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS platform\""}]},{"reference":"\"X-FAB Partners With IHP to Advance SiGe BiCMOS Technology\". eetimes.com. 2021-03-17. Retrieved 2024-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eetimes.eu/x-fab-partners-with-ihp-to-advance-sige-bicmos-technology/","url_text":"\"X-FAB Partners With IHP to Advance SiGe BiCMOS Technology\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://euronext.com/products/equities/BE0974310428-XPAR/quotes","external_links_name":"XFAB"},{"Link":"http://www.xfab.com/","external_links_name":"X-FAB.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210325121944/https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/design/eda-and-ip/x-fab-adds-photodiodes-180nm-process-uv-near-ir-2021-03/","external_links_name":"\"X-Fab adds photodiodes to 180nm process, from UV to near-IR\""},{"Link":"https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/design/eda-and-ip/x-fab-adds-photodiodes-180nm-process-uv-near-ir-2021-03/","external_links_name":"the 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Advance SiGe BiCMOS Technology\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaraja | Singaraja | ["1 Climate","2 Notable people","3 Sister cities","4 References","5 External links"] | Place in Bali, IndonesiaSingarajaSingaraja in 2005SingarajaLocation in BaliCoordinates: 8°07′S 115°05′E / 8.117°S 115.083°E / -8.117; 115.083CountryIndonesiaProvinceBaliPopulation (mid 2022 estimate) • Total153,930 Time zoneUTC+8 (Central Indonesia Standard Time)
Singaraja is a port town in northern Bali, Indonesia, which serves as the seat of Buleleng Regency. The name is Indonesian for "Lion King" (from Sanskrit singha and raja). It is just east of Lovina and is also the centre of Buleleng District, which covers an area of 46.94 km² and had a population of 153,930 in 2022, the second largest on the island.
Near the crossing of Ahmad Yani Street and Diponegoro Street.
Singaraja was the Dutch colonial capital for Bali and the Lesser Sunda Islands from 1849 until 1960, It was an administrative center and the port of arrival for most visitors until the development of the Bukit Peninsula area in the south. Singaraja was also an administrative center for the Japanese during their World War II occupation.
Gedong Kirtya, just south of the town center, is the only library of lontar manuscripts (ancient and sacred texts on leaves of the rontal palm) in the world - apart from the Pustaka Lontar Museum in Penaban, north of Amlapura.
Climate
Singaraja has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) with little to no rainfall from June to October and heavy rainfall from December to March. April, May, and November feature moderate rainfall.
Climate data for Singaraja
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
31.2(88.2)
31.3(88.3)
31.4(88.5)
31.8(89.2)
31.4(88.5)
30.9(87.6)
30.4(86.7)
30.6(87.1)
31.4(88.5)
32.3(90.1)
32.4(90.3)
31.8(89.2)
31.4(88.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)
26.8(80.2)
26.9(80.4)
26.8(80.2)
26.8(80.2)
26.5(79.7)
25.9(78.6)
25.4(77.7)
25.7(78.3)
26.3(79.3)
27.1(80.8)
27.3(81.1)
27.1(80.8)
26.6(79.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
22.4(72.3)
22.5(72.5)
22.2(72.0)
21.9(71.4)
21.6(70.9)
20.9(69.6)
20.5(68.9)
20.8(69.4)
21.3(70.3)
21.9(71.4)
22.2(72.0)
22.4(72.3)
21.7(71.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
318(12.5)
284(11.2)
253(10.0)
103(4.1)
71(2.8)
30(1.2)
29(1.1)
13(0.5)
8(0.3)
19(0.7)
80(3.1)
191(7.5)
1,399(55)
Source: Climate-Data.org
Notable people
I Ketut Gedé, painter
Jero Wacik, politician
Pandji Tisna, writer, king Buleleng
Putu Oka Sukanta, writer
Sister cities
Singaraja has the following sister cities:
Bacolod, Philippines
Andong, South Korea
Sungai Petani, Malaysia
References
^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023, Kabupaten Buleleng Dalam Angka 2023 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.5108)
^ "Climate: Singaraja". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
^ "City to forge ties with South Korea, Indonesia". Sun.Star Bacolod. 2008-09-27. Archived from the original on 2008-10-01. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
External links
Singaraja travel guide from Wikivoyage
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Singaraja.
vteRegencies and cities of BaliCapital: DenpasarRegencies
Badung
Bangli
Buleleng
Gianyar
Jembrana
Karangasem
Klungkung
Tabanan
Cities
Denpasar
See also: List of regencies and cities of Indonesia
vteProvincial capitals in IndonesiaSumatra
Banda Aceh
Bandar Lampung
Bengkulu
Jambi
Medan
Padang
Palembang
Pangkalpinang
Pekanbaru
Tanjungpinang
Java
Bandung
Jakarta
Semarang
Serang
Surabaya
Yogyakarta
Kalimantan
Banjarbaru
Palangka Raya
Pontianak
Samarinda
Tanjung Selor
Lesser Sunda
Denpasar
Kupang
Mataram
Sulawesi
Gorontalo
Kendari
Makassar
Mamuju
Manado
Palu
Maluku
Ambon
Sofifi
Papua
Jayapura
Manokwari
Salor
Wanggar
Sorong
Wamena
Former provincial capitals
Banjarmasin
Bukittinggi
Dili
Singaraja
Ternate
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
This Bali location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"Buleleng Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buleleng_Regency"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_Language"},{"link_name":"singha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion#Etymology"},{"link_name":"raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja"},{"link_name":"Lovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2023-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Singaraja_200507-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Lesser Sunda Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands"},{"link_name":"Bukit Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukit_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Gedong Kirtya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedong_Kirtya"},{"link_name":"lontar manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontar_manuscripts"},{"link_name":"rontal palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borassus_flabellifer"},{"link_name":"Amlapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amlapura"}],"text":"Singaraja is a port town in northern Bali, Indonesia, which serves as the seat of Buleleng Regency. The name is Indonesian for \"Lion King\" (from Sanskrit singha and raja). It is just east of Lovina and is also the centre of Buleleng District, which covers an area of 46.94 km² and had a population of 153,930 in 2022,[1] the second largest on the island.Near the crossing of Ahmad Yani Street and Diponegoro Street.Singaraja was the Dutch colonial capital for Bali and the Lesser Sunda Islands from 1849 until 1960, It was an administrative center and the port of arrival for most visitors until the development of the Bukit Peninsula area in the south. Singaraja was also an administrative center for the Japanese during their World War II occupation.Gedong Kirtya, just south of the town center, is the only library of lontar manuscripts (ancient and sacred texts on leaves of the rontal palm) in the world - apart from the Pustaka Lontar Museum in Penaban, north of Amlapura.","title":"Singaraja"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical savanna climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Singaraja has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) with little to no rainfall from June to October and heavy rainfall from December to March. April, May, and November feature moderate rainfall.Climate data for Singaraja\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n31.3(88.3)\n\n31.4(88.5)\n\n31.8(89.2)\n\n31.4(88.5)\n\n30.9(87.6)\n\n30.4(86.7)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n31.4(88.5)\n\n32.3(90.1)\n\n32.4(90.3)\n\n31.8(89.2)\n\n31.4(88.5)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n26.9(80.4)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n26.5(79.7)\n\n25.9(78.6)\n\n25.4(77.7)\n\n25.7(78.3)\n\n26.3(79.3)\n\n27.1(80.8)\n\n27.3(81.1)\n\n27.1(80.8)\n\n26.6(79.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n22.4(72.3)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n21.6(70.9)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n20.8(69.4)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n22.4(72.3)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n318(12.5)\n\n284(11.2)\n\n253(10.0)\n\n103(4.1)\n\n71(2.8)\n\n30(1.2)\n\n29(1.1)\n\n13(0.5)\n\n8(0.3)\n\n19(0.7)\n\n80(3.1)\n\n191(7.5)\n\n1,399(55)\n\n\nSource: Climate-Data.org[2]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I Ketut Gedé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ketut_Ged%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Jero Wacik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jero_Wacik"},{"link_name":"Pandji Tisna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandji_Tisna"},{"link_name":"Putu Oka Sukanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putu_Oka_Sukanta"}],"text":"I Ketut Gedé, painter\nJero Wacik, politician\nPandji Tisna, writer, king Buleleng\nPutu Oka Sukanta, writer","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sister cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_twinning"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Singaraja has the following sister cities:[3]","title":"Sister cities"}] | [{"image_text":"Near the crossing of Ahmad Yani Street and Diponegoro Street.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Singaraja_200507-1.jpg/250px-Singaraja_200507-1.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Climate: Singaraja\". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 17 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.climate-data.org/location/977902/","url_text":"\"Climate: Singaraja\""}]},{"reference":"\"City to forge ties with South Korea, Indonesia\". Sun.Star Bacolod. 2008-09-27. Archived from the original on 2008-10-01. Retrieved 2008-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081001161240/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/bac/2008/09/28/news/city.to.forge.ties.with.south.korea.indonesia.html","url_text":"\"City to forge ties with South Korea, Indonesia\""},{"url":"http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/bac/2008/09/28/news/city.to.forge.ties.with.south.korea.indonesia.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Singaraja¶ms=8_07_S_115_05_E_region:ID_type:city(153930)","external_links_name":"8°07′S 115°05′E / 8.117°S 115.083°E / -8.117; 115.083"},{"Link":"https://en.climate-data.org/location/977902/","external_links_name":"\"Climate: Singaraja\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081001161240/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/bac/2008/09/28/news/city.to.forge.ties.with.south.korea.indonesia.html","external_links_name":"\"City to forge ties with South Korea, Indonesia\""},{"Link":"http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/bac/2008/09/28/news/city.to.forge.ties.with.south.korea.indonesia.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/150229997","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565117105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90721784","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singaraja&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_evidence | Transient evidence | ["1 Transient medical evidence","2 Transient environmental evidence","3 Transient contextual evidence","4 References"] | Type of physical evidence
Part of a series onForensic science
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Outline
Categoryvte
Transient evidence is term used in criminal forensics to indicate elements of physical evidence that might be expected to degrade or disappear within a particular time frame. As such, it is one of the five primary categories of physical evidence codified in Legal Medicine by the American College of Legal Medicine, along with conditional evidence, pattern evidence, transfer evidence and associative evidence. While, in a sense, many types of evidence degrade with the passage of time (such as witness recollections, a victim's clothing, etc.), the term is specific to factors with an inherently limited period of existence. A bloodstain itself is not transient evidence, despite its mutable nature. The condition and appearance of that bloodstain at a given point of time would, however, be transient evidence.
Transient medical evidence
Transient evidence is frequently relied upon in the determination of time of death. The condition of rigor mortis begins to manifest after about 3 hours after death, and lasts about 72 hours. It then disappears as proteolytic enzymes from lysosomes break down the stiffness of the corpse. The reduction in internal temperature after death, a process known as algor mortis, can also be used to estimate demise.
Another noteworthy transient condition is livor mortis, the purplish pooling of blood within the body after the heart has stopped beating. Emergency responders are instructed to recognize it as a sign that CPR should not be attempted. Investigators may use it to determine if a body has been moved or repositioned after death. Livor mortis starts 20 minutes to 3 hours after death and is congealed in the capillaries in 4 to 5 hours. Maximum lividity occurs within 6–12 hours.
By far, the most commonly documented transient medical evidence is blood alcohol level. Since the development of accurate portable breathalyzer technology, the determination of illegal intoxication has become a matter of field forensics.
Transient environmental evidence
Certain aspects of a crime scene may manifest themselves only for brief periods. For instance, the distinctive smoke and odor an incendiary device emits may be evident only within the first few minutes. Those arriving on the scene later, when the blaze is fully fueled by the structure itself, might perceive no indicators of suspicious origin, and indeed might not search for such a device among the debris.
Other examples include: the heat of a gun barrel, indicating it had been recently fired. The color of a bloodstain, indicating its freshness. The absence of transient environmental evidence can also be evidentiary, as in the case of odors associated with decomposition. If a skeletal body is found within the confines of a frequented space (such as in a closet in a public bar), the fact that no one complained about the smell during putrefaction is a strong indicator that the body has been relocated.
Transient contextual evidence
Not all scenes can remain preserved during the course of an investigation. A vehicular incident, for example, must often be quickly cleared from the road. An exterior scene can be promptly compromised by weather. Sometimes aspects of the scene are intentionally destroyed in the process of investigation: one might, for instance, break down a locked door to discover what is on the other side, destroying a pattern of blood spatters on the door in the process.
In all such instances, the advent of photography has become invaluable. Immediate and extensive photographing of a scene is often the only means of preserving transient contextual evidence, which is why photographic documentation, in standard protocol, takes precedence to all other steps of investigation (subsequent to securing the scene). Investigators are encouraged "to not hesitate to photograph something which has no apparent significance at that time - it may later prove to be a key element in the investigation." .
References
^ "The FBI Process" Exploration Evidence and Investigation, Part II.http://www.teachingtools.com/solutions/Episode5FBI.htm
^ Legal Medicine, 7th Edition, page 636.
^ "Crime Scene Response Guidelines." http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/respon3.html | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"forensics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensics"},{"link_name":"physical evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_evidence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"conditional evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conditional_evidence&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pattern evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pattern_evidence&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"transfer evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transfer_evidence&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"associative evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Associative_evidence&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Transient evidence is term used in criminal forensics to indicate elements of physical evidence that might be expected to degrade or disappear within a particular time frame.[1] As such, it is one of the five primary categories of physical evidence codified in Legal Medicine by the American College of Legal Medicine, along with conditional evidence, pattern evidence, transfer evidence and associative evidence.[2] While, in a sense, many types of evidence degrade with the passage of time (such as witness recollections, a victim's clothing, etc.), the term is specific to factors with an inherently limited period of existence. A bloodstain itself is not transient evidence, despite its mutable nature. The condition and appearance of that bloodstain at a given point of time would, however, be transient evidence.","title":"Transient evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rigor mortis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigor_mortis"},{"link_name":"algor mortis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algor_mortis"},{"link_name":"livor mortis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livor_mortis"},{"link_name":"CPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPR"},{"link_name":"blood alcohol level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_alcohol_level"},{"link_name":"breathalyzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathalyzer"}],"text":"Transient evidence is frequently relied upon in the determination of time of death. The condition of rigor mortis begins to manifest after about 3 hours after death, and lasts about 72 hours. It then disappears as proteolytic enzymes from lysosomes break down the stiffness of the corpse. The reduction in internal temperature after death, a process known as algor mortis, can also be used to estimate demise.Another noteworthy transient condition is livor mortis, the purplish pooling of blood within the body after the heart has stopped beating. Emergency responders are instructed to recognize it as a sign that CPR should not be attempted. Investigators may use it to determine if a body has been moved or repositioned after death. Livor mortis starts 20 minutes to 3 hours after death and is congealed in the capillaries in 4 to 5 hours. Maximum lividity occurs within 6–12 hours.By far, the most commonly documented transient medical evidence is blood alcohol level. Since the development of accurate portable breathalyzer technology, the determination of illegal intoxication has become a matter of field forensics.","title":"Transient medical evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"putrefaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putrefaction"}],"text":"Certain aspects of a crime scene may manifest themselves only for brief periods. For instance, the distinctive smoke and odor an incendiary device emits may be evident only within the first few minutes. Those arriving on the scene later, when the blaze is fully fueled by the structure itself, might perceive no indicators of suspicious origin, and indeed might not search for such a device among the debris.Other examples include: the heat of a gun barrel, indicating it had been recently fired. The color of a bloodstain, indicating its freshness. The absence of transient environmental evidence can also be evidentiary, as in the case of odors associated with decomposition. If a skeletal body is found within the confines of a frequented space (such as in a closet in a public bar), the fact that no one complained about the smell during putrefaction is a strong indicator that the body has been relocated.","title":"Transient environmental evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Not all scenes can remain preserved during the course of an investigation. A vehicular incident, for example, must often be quickly cleared from the road. An exterior scene can be promptly compromised by weather. Sometimes aspects of the scene are intentionally destroyed in the process of investigation: one might, for instance, break down a locked door to discover what is on the other side, destroying a pattern of blood spatters on the door in the process.In all such instances, the advent of photography has become invaluable. Immediate and extensive photographing of a scene is often the only means of preserving transient contextual evidence, which is why photographic documentation, in standard protocol, takes precedence to all other steps of investigation (subsequent to securing the scene). Investigators are encouraged \"to not hesitate to photograph something which has no apparent significance at that time - it may later prove to be a key element in the investigation.\" .[3]","title":"Transient contextual evidence"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.teachingtools.com/solutions/Episode5FBI.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.teachingtools.com/solutions/Episode5FBI.htm"},{"Link":"http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/respon3.html","external_links_name":"http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/respon3.html"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_films_of_1997 | List of French films of 1997 | ["1 External links"] | Cinema ofFrance
1892–1909
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vte
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008)
A list of films produced in France in 1997.
Title
Director
Cast
Genre
Notes
100% Arabica
Mahmoud Zemmouri
Khaled, Cheb Mami
Comedy
1 nomination
Assassin(s)
Mathieu Kassovitz
Entered into the 1997 Cannes Film Festival
The Banned Woman
Philippe Harel
Entered into the 1997 Cannes Film Festival
Bet
Didier Bourdon, Bernard Campan
Didier Bourdon, Bernard Campan
The Chambermaid on the Titanic
Bigas Luna
Romane Bohringer, Olivier Martinez
Period drama
Le Bossu
Philippe de Broca
Daniel Auteuil, Fabrice Luchini
Swashbuckler
Dakan
Mohamed Camara
Drama
1 win
The Fifth Element
Luc Besson
Bruce Willis, Milla Jovovich
Sci-Fi adventure
7 wins & 16 nominations
Genealogies of a Crime
Raúl Ruiz
Entered into the 47th Berlin International Film Festival
Kings for a Day
François Velle
Entered into the 20th Moscow International Film Festival
Lolita
Adrian Lyne
Jeremy Irons, Melanie Griffith, Frank Langella, Dominique Swain
Drama
French-American co-production
Lucie Aubrac
Claude Berri
Entered into the 47th Berlin International Film Festival
On connaît la chanson
Alain Resnais
Jean-Pierre Bacri, Agnès Jaoui
Musical comedy
9 wins & 8 nominations
Port Djema
Eric Heumann
Heumann won the Silver Bear for Best Director at Berlin
Post Coitum, Animal Triste
Brigitte Roüan
Brigitte Roüan
Drama
1 win & 2 nominations, screened at Cannes
Quadrille
Valérie Lemercier
André Dussollier, Sandrine Kiberlain
Comedy
See the Sea
François Ozon
Sasha Hails, Marina de Van
Drama
The Serpent's Kiss
Philippe Rousselot
Ewan McGregor, Greta Scacchi
Drama
1 nomination
Sous les pieds des femmes
Rachida Krim
Claudia Cardinale, Nadia Farès, Mohammad Bakri
Drama
La Vérité si je mens !
Thomas Gilou
Bruno Solo, Richard Anconina, Vincent Elbaz, Gilbert Melki, José Garcia, Élie Kakou, Amira Casar
Comedy
Western
Manuel Poirier
Sergi López, Sacha Bourdo
Entered into the 1997 Cannes Film Festival
External links
1997 in France
French films of 1997 at the Internet Movie Database
French films of 1997 at Cinema-francais.fr
vte1997 films
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vte Cinema of France
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Films by year(Films (A–Z))
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Production companies and studios
Action Synthese
Æternam Films
Ariane Films
Billancourt Studios
Celluloid Dreams
Ciby 2000
Def2shoot
EuropaCorp
Les films du losange
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Francinex
Gaumont
Honkytonk Films
Les Films du Poisson
Joinville Studios
Medialab Technology
Pan-Européenne
Pathé
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Sciapode
Sofracima
Star Film Company
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Victorine Studios
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Globe de Cristal Awards
French Syndicate of Cinema Critics Awards
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vteLists of films by countryAfricaCentral
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AmericasCentral Americaand the Caribbean
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Tonga | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_in_film"}],"text":"A list of films produced in France in 1997.","title":"List of French films of 1997"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_French_films_of_1997&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/search/title?at=0&countries=fr&sort=moviemeter,asc&title_type=feature,tv_series&year=1997,1997","external_links_name":"French films of 1997"},{"Link":"http://www.cinema-francais.fr/films_annees/films_1997.htm","external_links_name":"French films of 1997"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1yaka_(%C4%B0ZBAN) | Karşıyaka railway station | ["1 Overview","2 References"] | KarşıyakaİZBAN commuter rail stationView of Karşıyaka Izban from inside in 2011General informationCoordinates38°27′28″N 27°06′54″E / 38.457868°N 27.115071°E / 38.457868; 27.115071Owned byİZBANLine(s)Northern LinePlatforms2 side platformsTracks2ConstructionStructure typeUndergroundParkingNoAccessibleYesHistoryOpenedOctober 10, 1865Rebuilt2006-2010Electrified2001 (25 kV AC)Passengers20112.061.535 69%
Services
Preceding station
İZBAN
Following station
Alaybeytowards Alsancak
Northern Line
Nergiztowards Aliağa
Former services
Preceding station
Turkish State Railways
Following station
Alaybeytowards Basmane
Çiğli suburban
Nergiztowards Çiğli
Karşıyaka is a historic railway station currently in use on İZBAN's Northern Line, in the famous Karşıyaka district of İzmir. The station is located at the northern end of the Karşıyaka Çarşı (Main Street). The station is located underground in the Karşıyaka Tunnel. It is the busiest İZBAN station in terms of passengers, serving 8,380 passengers daily. The station is also a transfer point for ESHOT buses as well as Minibus service to nearby towns.
Overview
The original station was opened on October 10, 1865, by the Smyrna Cassaba Railway. On June 1, 1934, the Turkish State Railways acquired the station when they bought the SCP. The station has become a landmark of the district and had TCDD #44062 locomotive plinthed next to the station. On July 23, 2006, the station was closed for construction of the new underground station. Karşıyaka station was moved underground and the former trackbed above was converted into a park. The station reopened on December 10, 2010, after remaining dormant for over 4 years.
References
^ IZBAN station passenger statistics - yenisasir.com
^ SCP History - trainsofturkey.com
vteİZBAN stationsNorthern Line
Aliağa
Biçerova
Hatundere
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Alaybey
Naldöken
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Alsancak
Hilal
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Koşu
İnkılap
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Esbaş
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Develi
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Pancar
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Torbalı
Tepeköy
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vteİZBANStock
E22000
E22100
Routes
Northern Line
Southern Line
Main Stations
Alsancak
Halkapınar
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Çiğli
Menemen
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İZBAN A.Ş.
List of İZBAN stations
Rail transport in İzmir
This article about a Turkish railway station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"İZBAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ZBAN"},{"link_name":"Northern Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Line_(%C4%B0ZBAN)"},{"link_name":"Karşıyaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1yaka"},{"link_name":"İzmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zmir"},{"link_name":"Karşıyaka Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1yaka_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"İZBAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ZBAN"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ESHOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESHOT"},{"link_name":"Minibus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minibus"}],"text":"Karşıyaka is a historic railway station currently in use on İZBAN's Northern Line, in the famous Karşıyaka district of İzmir. The station is located at the northern end of the Karşıyaka Çarşı (Main Street). The station is located underground in the Karşıyaka Tunnel. It is the busiest İZBAN station in terms of passengers, serving 8,380 passengers daily.[1] The station is also a transfer point for ESHOT buses as well as Minibus service to nearby towns.","title":"Karşıyaka railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smyrna Cassaba Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna_Cassaba_Railway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Turkish State Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_State_Railways"}],"text":"The original station was opened on October 10, 1865, by the Smyrna Cassaba Railway.[2] On June 1, 1934, the Turkish State Railways acquired the station when they bought the SCP. The station has become a landmark of the district and had TCDD #44062 locomotive plinthed next to the station. On July 23, 2006, the station was closed for construction of the new underground station. Karşıyaka station was moved underground and the former trackbed above was converted into a park. The station reopened on December 10, 2010, after remaining dormant for over 4 years.","title":"Overview"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1yaka_railway_station¶ms=38.457868_N_27.115071_E_type:railwaystation_region:TR","external_links_name":"38°27′28″N 27°06′54″E / 38.457868°N 27.115071°E / 38.457868; 27.115071"},{"Link":"http://www.yeniasir.com.tr/KentHaberleri/2011/09/04/en-cok-izban-yolcusu-karsiyakadan-cikti","external_links_name":"IZBAN station passenger statistics"},{"Link":"http://www.trainsofturkey.com/w/pmwiki.php/History/SCP","external_links_name":"SCP History"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1yaka_railway_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_Central_China_Plan | Rise of Central China Plan | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Chinese economic policy
The East Coast(w/ existing development programmes)
"Rise of Central China"
"Revitalize Northeast China"
"China Western Development"
The Rise of Central China Plan (simplified Chinese: 中部崛起计划; traditional Chinese: 中部崛起計劃; pinyin: Zhōngbù Juéqǐ Jìhuà) is a policy adopted by the People's Republic of China to accelerate the development of its central regions. It was announced by Premier Wen Jiabao on 5 March 2004 during his delivery of the Annual Work Report of the State Council.: 216–217 It covers six provinces: Shanxi, Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, and Jiangxi.: 217
See also
Economy of China
Bohai Economic Rim
Beibu Gulf Economic Rim
Pearl River Delta Economic Zone
Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone
References
^ a b Ang, Yuen Yuen (2016). How China Escaped the Poverty Trap. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-0020-0. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt1zgwm1j.
External links
China Internet Information Center: China to Boost Rise of Central Region
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This economics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Wen Jiabao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Jiabao"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:26-1"},{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_(China)"},{"link_name":"Shanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi"},{"link_name":"Henan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan"},{"link_name":"Anhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei"},{"link_name":"Hunan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan"},{"link_name":"Jiangxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:26-1"}],"text":"The Rise of Central China Plan (simplified Chinese: 中部崛起计划; traditional Chinese: 中部崛起計劃; pinyin: Zhōngbù Juéqǐ Jìhuà) is a policy adopted by the People's Republic of China to accelerate the development of its central regions. It was announced by Premier Wen Jiabao on 5 March 2004 during his delivery of the Annual Work Report of the State Council.[1]: 216–217 It covers six provinces: Shanxi, Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, and Jiangxi.[1]: 217","title":"Rise of Central China Plan"}] | [] | [{"title":"Economy of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China"},{"title":"Bohai Economic Rim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohai_Economic_Rim"},{"title":"Beibu Gulf Economic Rim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beibu_Gulf_Economic_Rim"},{"title":"Pearl River Delta Economic Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta_Economic_Zone"},{"title":"Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta_Economic_Zone"}] | [{"reference":"Ang, Yuen Yuen (2016). How China Escaped the Poverty Trap. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-0020-0. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt1zgwm1j.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuen_Yuen_Ang","url_text":"Ang, Yuen Yuen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press","url_text":"Cornell University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0020-0","url_text":"978-1-5017-0020-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1zgwm1j","url_text":"10.7591/j.ctt1zgwm1j"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1zgwm1j","external_links_name":"10.7591/j.ctt1zgwm1j"},{"Link":"http://www.china.org.cn/english/null/158317.htm","external_links_name":"China Internet Information Center: China to Boost Rise of Central Region"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rise_of_Central_China_Plan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rise_of_Central_China_Plan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renunciation_of_United_States_citizenship | Relinquishment of United States nationality | ["1 Terminology","2 Numbers","3 Process","3.1 Overview","3.2 Interview and processing fee","3.3 Waiting for a Certificate of Loss of Nationality","4 Legal elements","4.1 Voluntariness and intent","4.2 Burden of proof and standard of evidence","4.3 Abandonment of right of U.S. residence","4.4 Other citizenship recommended but not required","4.5 No relinquishment by parent or guardian","5 Reasons for relinquishing citizenship","5.1 Foreign prohibitions on multiple citizenship","5.2 Tax compliance difficulties for U.S. citizens abroad","5.3 U.S. military service","5.4 Other reasons","6 Relinquishing acts since 1978","6.1 Naturalization in a foreign country","6.2 Oath of allegiance to a foreign country","6.3 Serving in a foreign military","6.4 Serving in a foreign government","6.5 Renunciation at a U.S. diplomatic mission abroad","6.6 Renunciation within U.S. territory","6.7 Treason, rebellion, or similar crimes","7 Legal treatment of former citizens","7.1 Taxation","7.2 Publication of names","7.3 Visas","7.4 Regaining citizenship through naturalization","7.5 Firearms and explosives","7.6 Social Security benefits","7.7 Other government benefits","8 Notable people","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"] | Legal procedure to relinquish American citizenship
Relinquishment of United States nationalityLong titleSection 349 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952: Loss of nationality by native-born or naturalized citizen; voluntary action; burden of proof; presumptionsEnacted bythe 82nd United States CongressEffectiveJune 27, 1952CitationsStatutes at Large66 Stat. 163, 268CodificationActs repealedExpatriation Act of 1907 (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 59–193)Section 401 of the Nationality Act of 1940 (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 76–853; 8 U.S.C. § 801)U.S.C. sections created8 U.S.C. § 1481Legislative historyIntroduced in the House as H.R. 5678 by Francis E. Walter (D-PA) and Pat McCarran (D-NV) on October 9, 1951Major amendments
Expatriation Act of 1954 (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 83–772)
Repeal of Certain Expatriation Provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 1978 (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–432)
Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1986 (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 99–653)
United States Supreme Court cases(including cases involving the Bancroft Treaties, Sections 2 and 3 of the Expatriation Act of 1907, and Section 401 of the Nationality Act of 1940)
Mackenzie v. Hare, 239 U.S. 299 (1915)
Perkins v. Elg, 307 U.S. 325 (1939)
Savorgnan v. United States, 338 U.S. 491 (1950)
Perez v. Brownell, 356 U.S. 44 (1958)
Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86 (1958)
Nishikawa v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 129 (1958)
Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez, 372 U.S. 144 (1963)
Schneider v. Rusk, 377 U.S. 163 (1964)
Afroyim v. Rusk, 387 U.S. 253 (1967)
Rogers v. Bellei, 401 U.S. 815 (1971)
Vance v. Terrazas, 444 U.S. 252 (1980)
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Under United States federal law, a U.S. citizen or national may voluntarily and intentionally give up that status and become an alien with respect to the United States. Relinquishment is distinct from denaturalization, which in U.S. law refers solely to cancellation of illegally procured naturalization.
8 U.S.C. § 1481(a) explicitly lists all seven potentially expatriating acts by which a U.S. citizen can relinquish that citizenship. Renunciation of United States citizenship is a legal term encompassing two of those acts: swearing an oath of renunciation at a U.S. embassy or consulate in foreign territory or, during a state of war, at a U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services office in U.S. territory. The other five acts are: naturalization in a foreign country; taking an oath of allegiance to a foreign country; serving in a foreign military; serving in a foreign government; and committing treason, rebellion, or similar crimes. Beginning with a 1907 law, Congress had intended that mere voluntary performance of potentially expatriating acts would automatically terminate citizenship. However, a line of Supreme Court cases beginning in the 1960s, most notably Afroyim v. Rusk (1967) and Vance v. Terrazas (1980), held this to be unconstitutional and instead required that specific intent to relinquish citizenship be proven by the totality of the individual's actions and words. Since a 1990 policy change, the State Department no longer proactively attempts to prove such intent, and issues a Certificate of Loss of Nationality (CLN) only when an individual "affirmatively asserts" their relinquishment of citizenship.
People who relinquish U.S. citizenship generally have lived abroad for many years, and nearly all of them are citizens of another country. Unlike most other countries, the U.S. does not prohibit its citizens from making themselves stateless, but the State Department strongly recommends against it, and very few choose to do so. Since the end of World War II, no individual has successfully relinquished U.S. citizenship while in U.S. territory, and courts have rejected arguments that U.S. state citizenship or Puerto Rican citizenship give an ex-U.S. citizen the right to enter or reside in the U.S. without the permission of the U.S. government. Like any other foreigner or stateless person, an ex-U.S. citizen requires permission from the U.S. government, such as a U.S. visa or visa waiver, in order to visit the United States.
Relinquishment of U.S. citizenship remains uncommon in absolute terms, but has become more frequent than relinquishment of the citizenship of most other developed countries. Between three thousand and six thousand U.S. citizens have relinquished citizenship each year since 2013, compared to estimates of anywhere between three million and nine million U.S. citizens residing abroad. The number of relinquishments is up sharply from lows in the 1990s and 2000s, though only about three times as high as in the 1970s. Lawyers believe this growth is mostly driven by American citizens at birth who were raised abroad and only became aware of their U.S. citizenship and the tax liabilities for citizens abroad due to ongoing publicity surrounding the 2010 Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act. Between 2010 and 2015, obtaining a CLN began to become a difficult process with high barriers, including nearly year-long waitlists for appointments and the world's most expensive administrative fee, as well as complicated tax treatment. Legal scholars state that such barriers may constitute a breach of the United States' obligations under international law, and foreign legislatures have called upon the U.S. government to eliminate the fees, taxes, and other requirements, particularly with regard to accidental Americans who have few genuine links to the United States (see the Nottebohm case).
Terminology
In general, "loss of citizenship" is a blanket term which may include both voluntary (citizen-initiated) and involuntary (government-initiated) termination of citizenship, though it is not always easy to make a clean distinction between the two categories: automatic loss of citizenship due to an initial action performed voluntarily could be seen either as "voluntary loss" or "involuntary loss". Citizen-initiated termination of citizenship may be referred to as "renunciation", "relinquishment", or "expatriation", while the term "denationalization" refers to government-initiated termination.
In U.S. law, "relinquishment" and "renunciation" are terms used in Subchapter III, Part 3 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (8 U.S.C. §§ 1481–1489). The term "expatriation" was used in the initial version of that act (66 Stat. 163, 268) up until the Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1986, when it was replaced by "relinquishment". The State Department continues to use both the terms "expatriation" and "relinquishment", and refers to the acts listed in 8 U.S.C. § 1481(a) as "potentially expatriating acts". "Renunciation" specifically describes two of those acts: swearing an oath of renunciation before a U.S. diplomatic officer outside of the United States, or before a U.S. government official designated by the Attorney-General inside the United States during a state of war. "Relinquishment" refers to all seven acts including renunciation, but some sources use it contrastively to refer solely to the other five acts besides renunciation. In contrast, "denaturalization" is distinct from expatriation: that term is used solely in Subchapter III, Part 2 of the 1952 INA (8 U.S.C. §§ 1421–1459) to refer to court proceedings for cancellation of fraudulently procured naturalization.
Relinquishment of United States nationality encompasses relinquishment of United States citizenship. "Nationality" and "citizenship" are distinct under U.S. law: all people with U.S. citizenship also have U.S. nationality, but American Samoans and some residents of the Northern Mariana Islands have U.S. nationality without citizenship. Both citizens and non-citizen nationals may undertake the process of relinquishment of United States nationality. A citizen who undertakes that process gives up both citizenship and nationality. It is not possible to relinquish U.S. citizenship while retaining U.S. nationality.
People who relinquish U.S. citizenship are called "relinquishers", while those who specifically renounce U.S. citizenship are called "renunciants". The informal term "last-generation Americans", wordplay on terminology for immigrant generations (such as "first-generation Americans" or "second-generation Americans"), is also used. The terms "expatriation" or "expatriates" may lead to some confusion, as in modern parlance an "expatriate" ("expat") is simply a person who resides abroad, without any implication of giving up citizenship.
Numbers
From 2014 to 2016, an average of about five thousand U.S. citizens gave up their citizenship each year. These numbers have risen by nearly ten times between 2005 and 2015, though they remain only about three times the annual numbers in the 1970s.
In absolute terms, few people relinquish U.S. citizenship or citizenship of any other developed country; in almost all countries, the number of people who give up citizenship each year is small relative to the total number of citizens abroad, let alone the total number of citizens in that country. In a 2017 study of citizenship relinquishments in twenty-eight countries, mostly OECD members, the U.S. came in sixth place in relative terms (i.e. relinquishers as a proportion of citizens abroad), behind Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Estonia, and Japan; and second in absolute numbers behind South Korea. The study author noted that emotional factors and prohibitions on dual citizenship may affect the rates of citizenship relinquishment, and that military conscription may explain the high rates in the other top countries besides the United States. Peter Spiro notes that most countries with military conscription provide exemptions for non-resident citizens. Regardless of the reasons, even for South Korea, the top country, only about 0.7% of citizens abroad relinquish each year, while for the U.S. the rate is only about 0.1%, though in both cases unreliability of population figures for citizens abroad means the rates are open to question. One former Foreign Service Officer, noting that State Department estimates of the population of U.S. citizens abroad have grown from 3.2 million in 2004 to 9 million in 2017, argues that these estimates were "generated to justify consular assets and budget" and so "may be self-serving".
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The graph above presents statistics on relinquishment of U.S. citizenship from three sources. The blue bars are State Department statistics from 1962 to 1994 obtained by the Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT). During that period, a total of 37,818 U.S. citizens renounced or abandoned their citizenship. It is not clear which of these statistics refer solely to renunciants or include other relinquishers as well; the JCT stated that there were inconsistencies between the definitions used for the statistics for 1962 to 1979 and for 1980 to 1994. The green bars reflect the number of records of people who have renounced U.S. citizenship added each year to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (2006–present). This series includes renunciants and not other relinquishers (see below). The FBI added a large backlog of entries in 2012, so figures from that year may not be comparable to other years. The red bars reflect the number of entries in the Internal Revenue Service's Quarterly Publication of Individuals Who Have Chosen to Expatriate (1996–present). Statistics for 1996 and 1997 may not be comparable to later years. Lawyers disagree whether this publication includes the names of all former citizens, or just some (see below).
The proportion of renunciations or other individual expatriating acts among the total number of relinquishments has been reported on occasion. A Los Angeles Times article stated that between 1951 and 1973, a total of 10,000 Americans renounced their citizenship, while another 71,900 lost it "either unknowingly or deliberately, by acquiring a foreign passport". Law journal articles in 1975 and 1976 stated that there were 95,000 "administrative determinations of voluntary abandonment of United States citizenship" from 1945 to 1969, including 40,000 on grounds of voting in a foreign election. In the 1980s, renunciations accounted for about one-fifth of all relinquishments of citizenship, according to State Department statistics: there were roughly 200 to 300 renunciations per year, among a total of between 800 and 1,600 relinquishments per year. In 2015, the State Department forecast that there would be 5,986 renunciations and 559 non-renunciatory relinquishments during that fiscal year.
Process
Overview
A Certificate of Loss of Nationality of the United States, issued to an ex-citizen as official documentation of his decision to relinquish U.S. citizenship.
A person who performs a potentially expatriating act with the intention of giving up U.S. citizenship loses U.S. citizenship from the time of that act. The State Department will issue such a person with a Certificate of Loss of Nationality (CLN) upon request. U.S. nationality law does not require an ex-citizen to notify the State Department nor obtain a CLN, but obtaining one may be helpful to prove one's status as a non-U.S. citizen to other governments or private parties, and U.S. tax laws since 2004 ignore relinquishment of citizenship until the person notifies the State Department.
Obtaining a CLN to demonstrate relinquishment of U.S. citizenship has become a lengthy process with high barriers. The total cost of renouncing U.S. citizenship for a person in France, including the cost of preparing the related tax paperwork, has been reported to be €10,000-20,000 on average. Allison Christians of McGill University and Peter Spiro of Temple University have suggested that the complexity and cost of the process, especially the $2,350 State Department fee and the potential penalties for failure to file related tax forms, may constitute a breach of the U.S.' obligation not to impose arbitrary barriers to change of nationality, particularly when applied to accidental Americans who have few genuine links to the United States. Such an obligation can be found in municipal law (the Expatriation Act of 1868), in international instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and in general state practice. The difficulty of the process led to a proposal by members of France's National Assembly that the French government should negotiate with the U.S. government for French citizens to enjoy a simplified procedure for renouncing U.S. citizenship that did not require payment of such fees, and subsequently a June 2018 resolution in the European Parliament calling on the European Commission to carry out similar negotiations in respect of all accidental Americans who were citizens of the European Union.
Tax filing is not a legal prerequisite to giving up U.S. citizenship, although there are various negative tax consequences if one fails to file U.S. taxes before giving up citizenship, or fails to file tax forms specific to ex-citizens in the year following relinquishment. The U.S. State Department instructs officers not to answer any inquiries about the tax treatment of ex-citizens, and refers all such inquiries to the IRS.
Interview and processing fee
Obtaining a CLN by renouncing citizenship requires two interviews by U.S. consular officers; the first interview may be held by telephone, but State Department policy requires that the second must be in person. Obtaining a CLN through other forms of relinquishment, where the individual informs the consulate that he or she had the requisite intent when performing a potentially expatriating act, requires the individual to complete a questionnaire and return it to the consulate, after which the consular officer may request a follow-up interview, either by telephone or in person. In Canada, one of the countries with a high volume of relinquishments of U.S. citizenship, initial intake and review of the questionnaire prior to assignment of an appointment reportedly took 60 days in 2016.
Interviews are normally conducted on an individual basis, but in 2011 the U.S. Consulate in Toronto held a group appointment for twenty-two people in an apparent attempt to address scheduling difficulties. By 2014, backlogs had lengthened, and subsequently the Toronto consulate was reported to have a 10-month waiting list for appointments in 2015, while the U.S. Embassy in Dublin stated in April 2016 that no more appointments were available until December 2016. The appointment does not have to be conducted at the diplomatic post in the relinquisher's country of residence, but can be held at a post in another country instead.
After the second interview, the person signs a statement confirming that they understand the rights they are giving up, and must pay a fee of $2,350. The fee was raised from its previous level of $450 in 2014. This fee is believed to be the world's highest for giving up citizenship, more than twice the fee in the next highest country (Jamaica), and roughly twenty times the average fee charged by other developed countries.
Waiting for a Certificate of Loss of Nationality
Wait time to receive a CLN varies. Cuban spy René González received his CLN within days of renouncing. Others have reported wait times of as long as a year. The loss of citizenship is deemed to take legal effect on the date of the actual relinquishing act, rather than the date of approval of the CLN. While approval of the CLN is pending, the State Department will not issue a U.S. visa to a person who has relinquished citizenship, meaning that in general the person cannot travel to the United States. In exceptional cases, the State Department says that it can permit a relinquisher with an "urgent need to travel" to the U.S. while the CLN is pending to use a U.S. passport.
Following confirmation by State Department officials in Washington, DC, the consulate provides a copy of the CLN to the former citizen, and returns his or her U.S. passport after cancelling it. The State Department also forwards copies of the CLN to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Department of Homeland Security (more specifically Citizenship and Immigration Services), and the Internal Revenue Service.
Legal elements
Voluntariness and intent
The State Department now requires that a relinquisher seeking to obtain a Certificate of Loss of Nationality attend an in-person interview at a U.S. diplomatic mission abroad, such as the U.S. Consulate in Amsterdam (pictured), to assess the person's intent towards U.S. citizenship.
Beginning with the Expatriation Act of 1907, Congress began to define concrete acts from which the intent to give up citizenship would be inferred, in what Nora Graham describes as the start of "the process of the government transforming voluntary expatriation into denationalization". The constitutional basis for this was not the Naturalization Clause, as Supreme Court dicta limited the scope of this power. Rather, the government successfully argued for decades, beginning in Mackenzie v. Hare, that this arose from the inherent power of sovereignty in foreign relations. The Nationality Act of 1940 greatly expanded the list of acts regarded as criteria for a finding of voluntary expatriation.
The Supreme Court eventually rejected this argument in Afroyim v. Rusk (1967), ruling that under the Fourteenth Amendment, Congress lacked the power to deprive a native-born or naturalized citizen of U.S. citizenship, and that loss of citizenship required the individual's assent. Then in Vance v. Terrazas (1980), the court further clarified that mere performance of expatriating acts could not be taken as "conclusive evidence" of assent to loss of citizenship, but rather that the trier of fact must also find an intent to relinquish citizenship either "in words" or "as fair inference from proven conduct". Finally, in 1990, the State Department adopted an administrative presumption that U.S. citizens who performed three categories of potentially expatriating acts (naturalizing in a foreign state, making a "routine" oath of allegiance to a foreign country, or serving in a non-policy-level position in a foreign government) intended to retain U.S. citizenship, unless the person "affirmatively asserts" otherwise to a consular officer. An attempt in 2005 to force the State Department to revise this policy died in committee in the House of Representatives. Cases restricting government-initiated termination of U.S. citizenship were seen as civil rights victories by advocates and people who hoped to regain or retain U.S. citizenship. They have also resulted in involuntary retroactive restoration of U.S. citizenship, without notification, to people who were unwilling to have their citizenship restored.
In general, the Department of Justice takes the position that renunciation pursuant to a plea bargain is voluntary and demonstrates intent to give up U.S. citizenship. However, the Office of Legal Counsel outlined some circumstances under which a court might regard such a renunciation as involuntary, including "physical or mental intimidation", material misrepresentation of the plea agreement, or withholding material evidence. In at least one case prior to 1984, a State Department official refused to certify that a renunciation under such a plea bargain was voluntary.
Some cases from the late 1950s and 1960s held that a potentially expatriating act could not actually cause loss of citizenship absent awareness that one had citizenship. Later case law modulated this: in Breyer v. Meissner (2000), the Third Circuit stated in dicta that voluntary service in the Waffen-SS during World War II would constitute "unequivocal renunciation of American citizenship whether or not the putative citizen then aware that he has a right to American citizenship".
Burden of proof and standard of evidence
A July 1980 letter from a U.S. consulate to a new Canadian citizen, stating that naturalization in Canada was "highly persuasive evidence" of intent to relinquish U.S. nationality.
8 U.S.C. § 1481(b) places the burden of proof for relinquishment of citizenship "upon the person or party claiming that such loss occurred, to establish such claim by a preponderance of the evidence", and establishes the presumption that a potentially expatriating act was performed voluntarily. Thus, when an individual citizen asserts that it was his or her intent to relinquish citizenship, the burden of proof is on the individual to prove that intent.
This provision, recommended by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), passed into law in 1961. HUAC chairman Francis E. Walter first introduced bills with this provision in February 1960 and January 1961, and it was eventually inserted into a Senate-originated bill on war orphans in August 1961. The House Judiciary Committee report on that bill stated that the burden of proof "would rest on the Government", whereas HUAC's later annual report noted that the burden of proof was on "the party claiming that such loss occurred". In the committee report on the bill, Walter described this provision as "forestall further erosion of the statute designed to preserve and uphold the dignity and priceless value of U.S. citizenship with attendant obligations".
The standard of preponderance of the evidence means that "it was more likely than not that the individual intended to relinquish citizenship at the time of the expatriating act"; the intent must be contemporaneous with the act. Prior to the enactment of 1481(b), the Supreme Court had held in Nishikawa v. Dulles that, in the absence of any Congressionally enacted standard of evidence, expatriation cases required the same standard of clear and convincing evidence as in denaturalization cases. Decades after the enactment of 1481(b), the Supreme Court upheld the new standard of evidence in Vance v. Terrazas in January 1980.
Abandonment of right of U.S. residence
In general, 8 U.S.C. § 1483(a) requires that an individual be outside of the United States and its outlying possessions in order to relinquish citizenship, except when the relinquishing act is renunciation during a state of war or commission of treason, rebellion, or similar crimes. Additionally, relinquishment of citizenship requires giving up the right to enter and reside in the United States. This does not mean that ex-citizens are banned from the country; the State Department routinely issues visas to ex-citizens. However, aside from limited exceptions for some indigenous peoples of the Americas, entry into the United States is a privilege for which ex-citizens must apply, rather than a right which they can exercise freely, and they can be denied entry or deported just like any other alien. Though it might be possible that an alien could be a citizen of a U.S. state without obtaining or even being eligible for U.S. citizenship, state citizenship cannot provide any rights to enter or remain in the United States. Pseudo-legal arguments about U.S. citizenship by members of the sovereign citizen movement, such as that a person can declare himself a "free-born citizen of a state" rather than a U.S. citizen and then continue to reside in the U.S. without being subject to federal law, have been found frivolous by courts. Courts have also addressed other assertions of residual rights to U.S. residence by ex-citizens on the basis of sub-national citizenship at least twice in recent years.
Garry Davis, who renounced U.S. citizenship in 1948 at the U.S. Embassy in Paris, attempted to return to the United States in 1978 without a visa, and was granted parole into the U.S. but not legal admission. In an appeal against deportation, he argued that he had only renounced United States citizenship but not the citizenship of the state of Maine where he was born. He further argued that the U.S. Constitution's Privileges and Immunities Clause meant that as a citizen of Maine he could not be denied the privilege of living in New Hampshire which New Hampshire citizens enjoyed. Judge Thomas Aquinas Flannery of the DC District Court did not address the first argument but rejected the second, writing that while the state of New Hampshire could not restrict Davis' travel or access there, under the Constitution's Naturalization Clause Congress has sole and absolute authority to make laws regarding the entry and deportation of people other than United States citizens.
In 1998, the DC District Court considered another case involving a renunciant who returned to the United States without a visa. In the mid-1990s, a number of Puerto Rican independence supporters, including Alberto Lozada Colón and Juan Mari Brás, renounced U.S. citizenship at U.S. embassies in nearby countries and then returned to Puerto Rico almost immediately while they were waiting to receive CLNs. In 1998, the State Department formally refused to issue a CLN to Lozada Colón, stating that his continued assertion of the right to reside in the United States without obtaining a visa demonstrated his lack of intent to relinquish United States citizenship. Lozada Colón petitioned for a writ of mandamus to compel the State Department to issue his CLN, arguing that he could relinquish U.S. citizenship while keeping Puerto Rican citizenship and thus the right to return to his homeland of Puerto Rico. Judge Stanley Sporkin rejected the argument that a non-U.S. citizen had the right to enter Puerto Rico, noting that Puerto Rico was part of the United States for purposes of the Immigration and Nationality Act, and so aliens required documentation from the U.S. government in order to enter and reside there. Sporkin further ruled that the court was not an appropriate venue to decide the political question of whether Puerto Rican citizenship could stand separately from U.S. citizenship. Following the ruling, the State Department also revoked Mari Brás' CLN.
Other citizenship recommended but not required
Mike Gogulski voluntarily gave up his U.S. citizenship without acquiring any other.
The United States is not a signatory to either the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons nor the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness. As such, the United States permits citizens to relinquish their citizenship even when those citizens have no other citizenship, without regard to the conventions' attempts to prevent statelessness from occurring as a result of voluntary relinquishment of nationality. The State Department warns that "severe hardship" could result to individuals making themselves stateless, that even those with permanent residence in their country "could encounter difficulties continuing to reside there without a nationality", and that a foreign country might deport stateless ex-U.S. citizens back to the United States. However, "n making all these points clear to potentially stateless renunciants, the Department of State will, nevertheless, afford them their right to expatriate."
There are several known cases in which former U.S. citizens made themselves stateless voluntarily. Henry Martyn Noel moved to Allied-occupied Germany in the aftermath of World War II and voluntarily made himself stateless to protest "a climax of nationalism" he saw rising around him in the United States. Thomas Jolley renounced U.S. citizenship in 1967 after acquiring landed immigrant status in Canada (but not citizenship there) in order to avoid being drafted to serve in the Vietnam War. Raffi Hovannisian renounced U.S. citizenship in April 2001 and made himself stateless to protest a decade-long delay in the processing of his application for Armenian citizenship; he was subsequently granted Armenian citizenship by presidential decree about four months later. Garry Davis and Mike Gogulski made themselves stateless because they felt that their respective political philosophies precluded allegiance to any one country.
One case in which a stateless ex-U.S. citizen was deported back to the United States, as warned of by the State Department, was that of Joel Slater. Slater, motivated by opposition to the foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration, renounced in Perth, Australia, in 1987. After Australia deported him back to the United States, he subsequently proceeded to Canada en route to the French overseas territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, but failed to secure permission to remain there, and was deported from Canada back to the United States as well. In other cases, renunciation of U.S. citizenship forestalled or prevented the stateless individual's deportation. Clare Negrini renounced U.S. citizenship in Italy in 1951 and made herself stateless in an effort to prevent Italy from expelling her back to the United States; she later married an Italian citizen and acquired Italian citizenship through him. Harmon Wilfred renounced U.S. citizenship in New Zealand in 2005 and made himself stateless after Immigration New Zealand (INZ) denied his application for a visa extension to remain in the country. In 2011 INZ ordered Wilfred deported, but the State Department refused to issue travel documents to allow Wilfred entry to the U.S., and in February 2018 INZ withdrew the deportation order against him.
No relinquishment by parent or guardian
In early U.S. legal history, the Supreme Court recognized the expatriation of a minor by his father's action in Inglis v. Trustees of Sailor's Snug Harbor (1830). In that case, the plaintiff had been born in New York City, but the success of his action to recover real estate turned on the legal question of his citizenship. It was not clear whether he was born before or after the United States Declaration of Independence, but it was common ground that his loyalist father took him to Nova Scotia after the 1783 British evacuation of New York. Justice Smith Thompson, writing the majority opinion, held that the father's action constituted election to be a British subject under the 1783 Treaty of Paris, and that decision extended to the plaintiff as well.
In the early 20th century, the State Department and the Immigration and Naturalization Service clashed on the question of whether parental action could result in loss of citizenship of minor children. Though the Attorney-General favored the State Department's view that it could, in 1939 the Supreme Court held in Perkins v. Elg that a citizen born in the U.S. did not lose her own citizenship when her parents, both naturalized Americans of Swedish origin, returned to Sweden and her father renounced his American citizenship. In the 2010s, the U.S. Consulate in Calgary ruled that Carol Tapanila, an American-born Canadian woman who had renounced her own U.S. citizenship, could not renounce on behalf of her developmentally disabled son; the son was also ruled unable to renounce on his own due to his inability to understand the concept of citizenship or renunciation, thus leaving him permanently subject to U.S. taxation and reporting requirements on gains in his Canadian government-funded Registered Disability Savings Plan.
The statutory definition of some potentially expatriating acts, namely foreign naturalization, foreign oath of allegiance, and foreign government service, requires that the person performing them have been eighteen years or older at the time in order to relinquish citizenship through those acts. There is no statutory age restriction on renunciation before a U.S. diplomatic officer abroad; nevertheless, the State Department often refuses to accept renunciations by minors, and carefully scrutinizes cases involving even individuals who have recently attained the age of majority, on the theory that they may be subject to ongoing influence by their parents.
Reasons for relinquishing citizenship
Foreign prohibitions on multiple citizenship
Valdas Adamkus renounced U.S. citizenship to run for president of Lithuania, and was elected to the position twice.
Although the U.S. government has removed most restrictions on dual or multiple citizenship from its nationality laws, some other countries retain such restrictions, and U.S. citizens in such countries may choose to give up U.S. citizenship to comply with those restrictions.
Some foreign countries do not permit their citizens to hold other citizenships at all. Bars on dual citizenship take a variety of forms, but two common provisions in such countries' laws are that a foreigner seeking to become a citizen of the country generally must obtain release from any other citizenships according to the laws of those other countries (a provision seen for example in South Korea and Austria), and that a person who was born with dual citizenship must choose whether to retain the local citizenship or the foreign citizenship upon reaching the age of majority (e.g. in Japan). In the 1990s, a large proportion of individuals relinquishing citizenship were naturalized citizens returning to their countries of birth; for example, the State Department indicated to the JCT that many of the 858 U.S. citizens who renounced in 1994 were former Korean Americans who returned to South Korea and resumed their citizenship there, which under South Korean nationality law required them to give up their U.S. citizenship. By the late 1990s, the number of relinquishments had fallen to about 400 per year. The State Department speculated that the 1997 Asian financial crisis resulted in "fewer people renounc their U.S. citizenship as a condition of employment in an Asian country".
Even countries which permit dual citizenship may bar dual citizens from government positions. Section 44 of the Constitution of Australia for example forbids dual citizens to stand for election to Parliament, while Article 28 of Taiwan's Public Servants Employment Act bars dual citizens from most public-sector positions. Diplomatic and consular positions present additional difficulties. The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and Vienna Convention on Consular Relations state that a country may refuse to receive a diplomat or consular officer who holds the citizenship of the receiving country. Based on this, the State Department does not receive U.S. citizens and non-citizen nationals as diplomats representing a foreign country to the United States. The State Department permits such individuals to represent a foreign country in its diplomatic mission at United Nations Headquarters in New York City, but while in such positions they enjoy only official acts immunity and not diplomatic immunity. Thus, an individual wishing to assume a diplomatic or consular position in the United States may choose to relinquish U.S. citizenship. One early example of this, which was described at the time as the first such case in U.S. diplomatic history, was Oskar R. Lange's decision to renounce citizenship in 1945 to become the Polish ambassador to the United States.
Tax compliance difficulties for U.S. citizens abroad
Systems of taxation on personal income No income tax on individuals Territorial Residential Citizenship-based
The United States is the only country which taxes the foreign income of citizens residing abroad permanently. The United States first imposed taxes on overseas citizens during the Civil War, and has done so continuously since the Revenue Act of 1913. During that period, the small number of other countries with similar practices all repealed such laws and moved to taxing based on residence, to the extent that residence-based taxation might now be regarded as a norm of customary international law; Allison Christians has stated that the U.S. might be regarded as a persistent objector to the emergence of this new norm, though she notes that the U.S.' sporadic efforts to enforce its system over the years in which this norm formed might not rise to the level of "persistent".
The U.S. foreign tax credit and Foreign Earned Income Exclusion reduce double taxation but do not eliminate it even for people whose income is well below the exclusion threshold, particularly in the case of self-employment tax. The treatment of foreign-currency loans can result in U.S. income tax owed even when there has been no income in real terms, which causes difficulties for those who obtained a mortgage to purchase a home in their country of residence. Foreign government-sponsored savings plans or structures may face complicated reporting requirements under United States anti-offshoring laws; for example the Canadian Registered Disability Savings Plan may be a foreign trust for U.S. tax purposes, while non-US mutual funds may be Passive Foreign Investment Companies. The forms for reporting such assets are time-consuming to complete, often requiring expensive professional assistance, and penalties of $10,000 per form can be imposed for failure to file. Furthermore, the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) imposed additional compliance burdens on non-U.S. banks, making them increasingly unwilling to extend anything beyond basic banking services to customers with U.S. citizenship. One scholar described the sum total of these requirements as "an attack on ordre public".
The rise in relinquishments in the 2010s appears to have been driven by increased awareness of the tax and reporting burdens on U.S. citizens in other countries; in particular, many relinquishers are believed to be accidental Americans who only learned about their citizenship and these burdens due to enforcement of and publicity about FATCA. Some legal scholars interpret the number of U.S. citizenship relinquishers as indicating acceptance of the tax and reporting burdens by those who do not relinquish. Others believe that the number of people giving up citizenship remains small only because some de jure dual citizens, particularly those born abroad, remain unaware of their status or are able to hide from the U.S. government more effectively than those born in the United States.
U.S. military service
In 1972, one commentator described Selective Service registration and military service as the "primary obligation" of U.S. citizen men living abroad, aside from taxation. In a 1995 report, the Joint Committee on Taxation attributed the high number of people who gave up U.S. citizenship in the 1960s and 1970s to the Vietnam War.
Other reasons
Other individual ex-citizens have expressed a variety of reasons for giving up U.S. citizenship.
Vincent Cate, an encryption expert living in Anguilla, chose to renounce his U.S. citizenship in 1998 to avoid the possibility of violating U.S. laws that may have prohibited U.S. citizens from "exporting" encryption software.
Some individuals have given up U.S. citizenship as part of plea bargains, in order to receive reduced penalties for certain crimes. Examples include Arthur Rudolph and Yaser Esam Hamdi. The State Department notes that "some would liken to banishment when a citizen at birth is involved".
Relinquishing acts since 1978
Litigation about relinquishing acts typically takes place in the E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse, where the DC District Court and the DC Circuit Court sit.
U.S. law explicitly lists the acts by which one may relinquish U.S. citizenship at 8 U.S.C. § 1481(a), and previously in other sections of the same subchapter. The list itself was last amended in 1978 to delete the provisions on loss of citizenship for draft evasion, desertion, failure to reside in the United States by naturalized citizens, voting in foreign elections, and failure to reside in the United States by citizens born abroad. The former four had already been struck down by the Supreme Court a decade earlier or more in Trop v. Dulles (1958), Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez (1963), Schneider v. Rusk (1964), and Afroyim v. Rusk (1967). The final provision had been upheld in Rogers v. Bellei (1971), but the State Department favored its repeal. The conditions for relinquishment under some potentially expatriating acts were modified by the Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1986, which also inserted the general requirement of "intention to relinquish" in conformance with the Supreme Court's ruling in Vance v. Terrazas (1980). The last amendment to this section was contained in the Immigration Technical Corrections Act of 1988, which extended the requirement of intention to relinquishing acts prior to the effective date of the 1986 amendments.
Naturalization in a foreign country
8 U.S.C. § 1481(a)(1) provides for relinquishment through "obtaining naturalization in a foreign state upon his own application or upon an application filed by a duly authorized agent". The U.S. government did not recognize unequivocally that a U.S. citizen could choose to give up citizenship by becoming a citizen of a foreign country until the passage of the Expatriation Act of 1868, and instead treated them as continuing to be U.S. citizens regardless of their intent, for example in the Supreme Court case Talbot v. Janson (1795). Beginning in 1868, the State Department regarded foreign naturalization as effecting expatriation in nearly all cases, again without regard to the citizen's intent.
The State Department continued to regard foreign naturalization as demonstrating intent to relinquish U.S. citizenship even after Vance v. Terrazas. As late as 1985, in Richards v. Secretary of State, the Ninth Circuit upheld a State Department finding of expatriation against a man who had naturalized in Canada, despite his protests that he did not wish to give up U.S. citizenship and that he had only naturalized in order to keep his job with Scouts Canada. Similar rulings by the State Department's Board of Appellate Review can be found as late as March 1990. This policy ended in April 1990, when the State Department began applying a presumption of intent to retain U.S. citizenship to most potentially expatriating acts, including naturalization in a foreign country.
The State Department used to assert that acquisition of Israeli citizenship by operation of the Law of Return after moving to Israel on an oleh's visa could not trigger loss of citizenship under 1481(a)(1) even if the citizen stated that it was his or her intent to relinquish. In Fox v. Clinton (2012), the plaintiff challenged this policy and won recognition of his relinquishment on appeal to the DC Circuit Court.
Oath of allegiance to a foreign country
8 U.S.C. § 1481(a)(2) provides for relinquishment through "taking an oath or making an affirmation or other formal declaration of allegiance to a foreign state or a political subdivision thereof". This provision was first found in Section 2 of the Expatriation Act of 1907, and was re-enacted in Section 401(b) of the Nationality Act of 1940.
In various cases before the Board of Immigration Appeals up to 1950, oaths which were held as not establishing expatriation included an oath required for employment by a Canadian government-owned airline, an ordination oath in the Church of England, and an admission oath in the German Bar Association. State Department officials also held that the oath should be required by the laws of the foreign state and sworn before an officer of its government. In Gillars v. United States (1950), an appeal in the treason trial of Mildred Gillars, the DC Circuit Court rejected Gillars' contention that a letter she signed in the aftermath of a workplace dispute expressing allegiance to Germany resulted in her expatriation because it was informal in nature, not signed before any German government official, and not connected to German regulations or legal procedures. In the 1950s and 1960s, courts rejected government contentions that individuals had expatriated themselves by subscribing to the oath of allegiance on the application form for a Philippine passport, or making the statement of allegiance to King George V contained in the oath of admission to the Canadian Bar Association. Finally, in Vance v. Terrazas (1980), the Supreme Court held that even when an oath sworn to a foreign government contains language specifically renouncing allegiance to the United States, the government cannot use the oath itself as evidence of intent to relinquish citizenship, but must establish such intent independently.
In 2017, the State Department added four criteria to the Foreign Affairs Manual regarding what would be considered a "meaningful oath" for purposes of this provision. The fourth criterion required that "making and receipt of the oath or affirmation alters the affiant’s legal status with respect to the foreign state", giving the example that a citizen of a foreign country could not expatriate him or herself by taking an oath of allegiance to that same country, unless the oath gave the person a "new citizenship status ... such as a retention of citizenship that might otherwise be lost".
Serving in a foreign military
8 U.S.C. § 1481(a)(3) provides for relinquishment through "entering, or serving in, the armed forces of a foreign state" if either the person serves "as a commissioned or non-commissioned officer" or "such armed forces are engaged in hostilities against the United States". 1481(a)(3) does not require that the person have attained the age of eighteen years. The State Department's 1990 presumption of intent to retain U.S. citizenship does not apply to service in the military of a foreign country engaged in hostilities against the United States.
When the Supreme Court considered the Nationality Act of 1940's predecessor to this provision in Nishikawa v. Dulles (1958), the majority struck down the government's contention that plaintiff-appellant Mitsugi Nishikawa's service in the Imperial Japanese Army during WWII could serve to effect his expatriation under this provision, because he had been conscripted. The minority objected that by the time the provision had been written, "conscription and not voluntary enlistment had become the usual method of raising armies throughout the world, and it can hardly be doubted that Congress was aware of this fact."
Serving in a foreign government
Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed kept U.S. citizenship during his term as prime minister of Somalia but renounced it two years after being elected president.
8 U.S.C. § 1481(a)(4) provides for relinquishment through "accepting, serving in, or performing the duties of any office, post, or employment under the government of a foreign state or political subdivision thereof", if the person "has or acquires the nationality of such foreign state" or "if an oath, affirmation, or declaration of allegiance is required".
Though the State Department's 1990 presumption of intent to retain U.S. citizenship applies only to non-policy-level employment in a foreign government, even policy-level employment typically does not result in loss of citizenship if the individual says that he or she did not intend to give up citizenship. However, the State Department has expressed some reservations whether serving as a foreign head of state, head of government, or minister of foreign affairs is compatible with maintaining United States citizenship, due to the absolute immunity from U.S. jurisdiction which individuals in such positions should enjoy at customary international law. One case in which the State Department made an ex post facto finding that a foreign head of government had previously relinquished US citizenship was that of Grenadian prime minister Keith Mitchell, who was determined in October 2001 to have relinquished citizenship as of June 1995. Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed retained his U.S. citizenship during his whole term as prime minister of Somalia in 2010 and the first two years of his term as president of Somalia beginning in 2017; during his term as president, he avoided traveling to the U.S. for diplomatic functions such as the general debates of the 72nd and 73rd sessions of the United Nations General Assembly, in what some Somali news reports stated was an attempt to avoid any issues of immunity that might arise, and he then renounced U.S. citizenship in mid-2019.
Under the respective Compacts of Free Association, service with the governments of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, or Palau is not an expatriating act.
Renunciation at a U.S. diplomatic mission abroad
8 U.S.C. § 1481(a)(5) provides for renunciation "before a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States in a foreign state, in such form as may be prescribed by the Secretary of State". The text of the oath is found in Form DS-4080. The 1990 presumption of intent to retain U.S. citizenship does not apply to swearing an oath of renunciation before a U.S. diplomatic officer. The State Department describes renunciation as "the most unequivocal way in which someone can manifest an intention to relinquish U.S. citizenship". A major legal distinction between renunciation and other forms of relinquishment is that "t is much more difficult to establish a lack of intent or duress for renunciation".
A large-scale case in which renunciations of U.S. citizenship were later overturned was that of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem. In the early 1980s, at least 700 members of the community who had settled in Israel renounced their U.S. citizenship in the hopes that statelessness would prevent their deportation back to the United States, though their children tended to retain citizenship. Groups of four to six per week came to the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv to renounce citizenship, over a period of years. Around 1990, the community began negotiating with the Israeli government in an effort to regularize their immigration status; one condition of the mass grant of residence permits was for the community members to re-acquire U.S. citizenship, so that the small number of criminals who had tried to hide in their community could be deported back to the United States. The State Department accepted community leaders' argument that the earlier renunciations had been made under duress due to the social and political environment at the time, and were thus involuntary and did not meet the legal requirements to terminate citizenship.
Renunciation within U.S. territory
Main article: Renunciation Act of 1944
Thousands of Japanese Americans at the Tule Lake internment camp (pictured) renounced U.S. citizenship in 1944 and 1945.
8 U.S.C. § 1481(a)(6) provides for renunciation from within U.S. territory "in such form as may be prescribed by, and before such officer as may be designated by, the Attorney General, whenever the United States shall be in a state of war and the Attorney General shall approve such renunciation as not contrary to the interests of national defense". It was intended to encourage militants among Japanese American internees to renounce U.S. citizenship so that they could continue to be detained if internment were to be declared unconstitutional. About five thousand individuals, mostly at Tule Lake, renounced citizenship for a variety of reasons, including anger at the U.S. government for the internment and the desire to remain with non-citizen family members whom they feared would be deported to Japan. After the war, civil rights lawyer Wayne M. Collins helped many fight legal battles in the courts to regain their citizenship, while some such as Joseph Kurihara accepted deportation to Japan and lived out the rest of their lives there.
1481(a)(6) became inoperative after World War II, and was thought to have remained so during the Vietnam War. There were later some pro se lawsuits regarding 1481(a)(6) due to what Judge Bernice B. Donald derided as a "popular myth among prisoners" that renouncing citizenship would allow early release in exchange for deportation to another country. Courts consistently ruled that 1481(a)(6) was inoperative because the U.S. was not in a "state of war", until 2008 when James Kaufman of Wisconsin won a ruling from the DC District Court that the U.S. was indeed in a "state of war" and that the Department of Homeland Security was responsible for administering 1481(a)(6). The Department of Justice abandoned its appeal against this ruling for unstated reasons. Further attempts by prisoners to renounce under 1481(a)(6) continued to be stymied by a United States Citizenship and Immigration Services policy that applicants had to attend an in-person interview and demonstrate that they could leave the U.S. immediately upon approval of renunciation. By 2018, Kaufman had been released from prison but remained unable to renounce due to the second requirement, though on appeal, the D.C. Circuit found that USCIS was incorrect as a matter of law to conclude, from Kaufman's failure to establish foreign residency or citizenship prior to his attempt at renunciation, that Kaufman lacked the requisite intent to renounce citizenship.
Treason, rebellion, or similar crimes
8 U.S.C. § 1481(a)(7) provides that commission of certain crimes may be regarded as a relinquishing act, if one is convicted of those crimes. The original list in Section 349(a)(9) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 included only treason, bearing arms against the U.S., or attempting to overthrow the U.S. by force. The Expatriation Act of 1954, motivated by fears of communism in the United States, added additional crimes to this list, namely the crime of advocating the overthrow of the U.S. government as defined by the Smith Act of 1940, as well as the crimes of seditious conspiracy and rebellion or insurrection as proscribed by the Crimes Act of 1909. This provision is known to have been applied to Tomoya Kawakita, whose conviction for treason was upheld by the Supreme Court in Kawakita v. United States (1952). Kawakita had his death sentence commuted to life imprisonment in 1953, and in 1963 received a conditional pardon in exchange for his deportation to Japan. As of 1991, the constitutionality of this provision had not been tested in the courts. In the 2000s and 2010s, there were proposals to add additional terrorism-related crimes to the list of those causing loss of citizenship, such as the Enemy Expatriation Act in 2011, but these failed to pass.
Legal treatment of former citizens
Taxation
Main article: Expatriation tax § United States
Special tax provisions began targeting former U.S. citizens in the 1960s. The Foreign Investors Tax Act of 1966, which provided that foreigners who invested in the United States would not have to pay capital gains tax, denied this tax break to people who had relinquished U.S. citizenship within the past ten years and whom the IRS determined to have relinquished for the purpose of avoiding U.S. taxation. This was intended to ensure that U.S. citizens did not relinquish citizenship for the purpose of accessing those tax breaks.
These provisions were rarely enforced due to their vagueness. In the early 1990s an article in Forbes magazine sparked renewed public interest in the issue of wealthy individuals giving up citizenship in order to avoid U.S. taxation, who were estimated to make up roughly a dozen of the one thousand individuals per year giving up U.S. citizenship. As a result, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) enacted concrete criteria under which an ex-citizen would be presumed a "covered expatriate" who gave up U.S. status for tax reasons, based on the person's income and assets, (26 U.S.C. § 877(a)(2)), and required such citizens to file additional tax forms to certify their compliance with the new provisions (26 U.S.C. § 6039G). Dual citizens at birth and young people who relinquished citizenship before the age of 18½ were exempt from "covered expatriate" status, subject to some restrictions including limited physical presence in the United States. The law also extended the expatriation tax to cover ex-permanent residents as well.
Discretionary exceptions to this tax, in particular the system of obtaining a private letter ruling (PLR) that one's relinquishment of citizenship was not motivated by taxation, fueled perceptions that it was ineffective at addressing tax-motivated relinquishment of citizenship, and sparked further amendments in the 2000s. The American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 terminated the PLR exception to the tax on covered expatriates and taxed those who stayed in the U.S. for more than thirty days in any of the first ten years following relinquishment as though they remained a U.S. citizen for that year, while also classifying as "covered expatriates" people who relinquished citizenship or permanent residence but could not certify compliance with their tax filing and payment obligations for the past five years. Then, the Heroes Earnings Assistance Relief Tax Act (HEART Act) of 2008 repealed the ten-year system and imposed new taxes relating to covered expatriates, consisting of a one-time tax on worldwide accrued capital gains, calculated on a mark-to-market basis, and an inheritance tax on bequests from covered expatriates to U.S. persons (equivalent to estate tax with the exemption amount drastically lowered from $5.5 million to $13,000). The HEART Act also modified the criteria for dual citizens and people below the age of 18½ to be exempted from "covered expatriate" status. The new certification requirement to avoid covered expatriate status means that even the poorest individuals renouncing citizenship could become subject to these taxes. As a result, though tax filing is not a legal prerequisite to relinquishment of citizenship, this new exit tax system imposed significant disadvantages on people who relinquished citizenship without filing taxes.
Publication of names
Main article: Quarterly Publication of Individuals Who Have Chosen to Expatriate
In addition to the tax law changes, HIPAA included a provision to make the names of people who give up U.S. citizenship part of the public record by listing them in the Federal Register. The sponsor of this provision, Sam Gibbons (D-FL), stated that it was intended to "name and shame" the people in question. The list contains numerous errors and does not appear to report the names of all people who give up U.S. citizenship, though tax lawyers disagree whether that is because the list is only required to contain "covered expatriates", or due to unintentional omissions or other reasons. Other countries such as Vietnam and South Korea also have provisions requiring publication of renunciation decisions in their respective government gazettes.
Visas
Two provisions of U.S. immigration law make some former citizens inadmissible, though only a small number of people are actually found inadmissible under those provisions each year. A finding of inadmissibility prevents a person from entering the U.S. either temporarily (under the Visa Waiver Program or a visitor or other visa) or permanently (as a lawful permanent resident), unless the person obtains a Waiver of Inadmissibility.
The Reed Amendment (8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(10)(E)), which became law as part of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, attempted to make people who had renounced citizenship for the purpose of avoiding taxation by the United States inadmissible. The Department of Homeland Security indicated in a 2015 report that, due to laws protecting the privacy of tax information, the provision was effectively impossible to enforce unless the former citizen "affirmatively admits" his or her reasons for renouncing citizenship to an official at DHS or the State Department. Bipartisan efforts in the 2000s and 2010s to amend the tax information privacy laws to address this limitation all failed. According to the State Department, no person was denied a U.S. visa due to inadmissibility under the Reed Amendment until Fiscal Years 2016 and 2017, in which a total of three visa applications were denied due to a finding of inadmissibility. In two of those cases, the applicant was able to overcome the finding of inadmissibility and obtain a visa.
Another provision (8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(8)(B)) makes inadmissible anyone who left the U.S. "to avoid or evade training or service in the armed forces" during a war or national emergency. The State Department regards a conviction as unnecessary for a finding of inadmissibility under this provision. Only people who were U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents upon their departure are ineligible for non-immigrant visas under this provision. President Carter's 1977 pardon means that this provision is not applied to Vietnam War draft evaders. The State Department interprets the pardon as not applying to deserters. From 2000 to 2014, 120 people were found ineligible for non-immigrant visas under this provision, among whom 83 were able to overcome this ineligibility.
Regaining citizenship through naturalization
There is no specific provision of law which prevents a person who relinquished U.S. citizenship from regaining it again through naturalization, though conversely such individuals enjoy no special provisions to make the process easier either. They generally must qualify for lawful permanent resident (LPR) immigration status through the same process as any other alien, and must comply with the same requirements for naturalization. Special exceptions apply to women who lost citizenship under the Expatriation Act of 1907 by marrying a non-citizen, and to people who lost citizenship through service in Allied armed forces during World War II: such people can obtain special LPR status (under SC-1 and SC-2 visas) and apply for renaturalization without any required period of residence. The State Department has not issued any SC-1 or SC-2 visas at least since 2000.
Levi Ying stated that the process of regaining U.S. citizenship through naturalization was not very difficult. Ying, a Taiwanese American lawyer who renounced U.S. citizenship to take political office in Taiwan, subsequently re-immigrated to the United States on a petition by his wife (who had remained a U.S. citizen), and applied for naturalization again for the sake of convenience. In contrast, some former Korean Americans who renounced U.S. citizenship to go into politics in South Korea, including Chris Nam and Chang Sung-gill, stated that while they were able to regain LPR status in the U.S. easily through sponsorship by spouses or children who had retained U.S. citizenship, they faced difficulties in the naturalization process.
Firearms and explosives
One provision of the Gun Control Act of 1968 (codified at 18 U.S. Code § 922(g)) criminalizes firearms purchases by, and firearms sales to, people who have renounced United States citizenship. This provision, along with similar treatment for people adjudged mentally defective or dishonorably discharged from the U.S. Armed Forces, and a restriction on mail-order firearms sales, was aimed at preventing a repeat of the circumstances which allowed Lee Harvey Oswald to obtain the rifle which he used to assassinate President Kennedy. Oswald had never actually renounced his citizenship; he went to the U.S. embassy in Moscow one Saturday in 1959 intending to do so, but in order to delay him, Richard Edward Snyder requested that he come back on a weekday to complete the paperwork and swear the formal oath of renunciation, which Oswald never did.
The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) interprets the word "renounced" in this provision of law to apply only to persons who swore an oath of renunciation U.S. citizenship before a designated U.S. government official, and not those who committed other relinquishing acts. ATF further stated that a court appeal which reverses a renunciation also removes firearms disabilities, but that a renunciant who subsequently obtains United States citizenship again through naturalization would continue to be barred from purchasing firearms. Under the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1993, individuals who are barred from purchasing firearms due to this provision or other provisions of the same law have their names entered into the National Instant Criminal Background Check System.
The Safe Explosives Act (a portion of the Homeland Security Act of 2002) expanded the list of people who may not lawfully transport, ship, receive or possess explosive materials to include people who have renounced their U.S. citizenship. In 2003, ATF promulgated regulations under that act providing for a definition of renunciation of citizenship consistent with that under the regulations to the Gun Control Act of 1968 and the Brady Act of 1993.
Social Security benefits
In general, ex-U.S. citizens are treated like any other aliens for purposes of Social Security retirement benefits. Those who have earned qualifying wages for at least forty quarters are eligible to receive benefits, while those who have not are ineligible. "Qualifying wages" excludes wages paid abroad by a non-U.S. employer, so in general people who have resided abroad for their entire working lives did not pay into Social Security and are not eligible for benefits, regardless of their citizenship.
Additionally, aliens face restrictions on eligibility for payments based on their country of citizenship or residence, whereas U.S. citizens do not. Residents of countries which have a totalization agreement with the United States, as well as citizens of 53 other countries, can receive Social Security payments indefinitely while residing outside of the United States. Otherwise, Social Security benefit payments will stop after the alien has spent six full calendar months outside of the United States, and cannot be resumed until the alien spends one full calendar month inside of the United States and is lawfully present for that entire month. U.S. citizens, in contrast, can receive Social Security payments outside of the U.S. regardless of their length of residence abroad.
Other government benefits
Relinquishment of U.S. citizenship does not result in loss of Medicare benefits if one was eligible prior to relinquishing. Medicare does not cover medical treatment outside of the U.S. for either citizens or non-citizens, meaning that Medicare beneficiaries would have to travel to the U.S. in order to use their benefits. Furthermore, Medicare beneficiaries who wish to retain their Part B benefits must continue to pay Part B premiums even while living outside of the United States.
Retired members of the United States Armed Forces who cease to be U.S. citizens may lose their entitlement to veterans' benefits, if the right to benefits is dependent on the retiree's continued military status.
Under Department of Energy guidelines, an action that shows allegiance to a country other than the United States, such as a declaration of intent to renounce U.S. citizenship or actual renunciation of citizenship, demonstrates foreign preference and thus is a ground to deny a security clearance.
Notable people
For a more comprehensive list, see List of former United States citizens who relinquished their nationality.
Below is a gallery of some individuals who relinquished United States citizenship, listed by their other citizenship (dependent territories listed with the country in parentheses afterwards).
Tom Alter India
David Alward Canada
Janet Jagan Guyana
Han Ye-seul South Korea
William Heinecke Thailand
Raffi Hovannisian Armenia
Boris Johnson United Kingdom
Kristina Keneally Australia
Akierra Missick Turks and Caicos(United Kingdom)
Michael Oren Israel
Grace Poe Philippines
Shawn Richards Saint Kitts and Nevis
Eduardo Saverin Brazil
Tina Turner Switzerland
Donnie Yen Hong Kong SAR(China)
Yang Chen-Ning China
Jet Li Singapore
Rabi Lamichhane Nepal
Notes
^ For general discussion of conscription in the other countries mentioned, see Estonian Defence Forces#Conscription, conscription in Singapore, conscription in South Korea, and conscription in Taiwan (Japan does not practice military conscription). For general discussion of the treatment of multiple citizenship in those countries, see Estonian nationality law#Dual citizenship, Japanese nationality law#Dual nationality, Singaporean nationality law#Dual citizenship, South Korean nationality law#Dual citizenship, and Nationality law of the Republic of China#Dual nationality and naturalization.
^ A similar chart which combines the State Department data and the Quarterly Publication up to 2017 can be found in Fraser, Erin L. (July 2017). "The Roots and Fruits of Section 6039G" (PDF). California Tax Lawyer. 26 (3): 40. SSRN 2827716. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2019. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
^ In addition to the matters discussed by Berg 2014, the Second Circuit has also held that "Congress sought by the enactment of Section 356 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, 8 U.S.C. § 1488, to have loss of nationality occur immediately upon the commission of expatriating acts". United States ex. re. Marks v. Esperdy, 315 F.2d 673 (1963). Affirmed by an equally divided Supreme Court: Marks v. Esperdy, 377 U.S. 214 (1964).
^ Section 703 of the Enforcement First Immigration Reform Act of 2005 (H.R. 3938), a U.S. immigration reform bill sponsored by J. D. Hayworth (R-AZ-5) and co-sponsored by 33 other Republicans, would have required the State Department to "revise the 1990 memoranda and directives on dual citizenship and dual nationality and return to the traditional policy of the Department of State of viewing dual/multiple citizenship as problematic and as something to be discouraged not encouraged". Section 702 of the same act would have imposed a $10,000 fine and a prison sentence of up to one year on naturalized citizens who had taken the Oath of Allegiance and subsequently voted in an election, ran for elective office, served in any government body, used the passport, took an oath of allegiance, or served in the armed forces of their country of former citizenship. See Gaver, John (December 9, 2005). "Citizenship Reform Torpedoes Immigration Bill". Action America. Retrieved April 14, 2018. The House Judiciary Committee referred the bill to its Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security, while the Armed Services Committee referred the bill to its Subcommittee on Terrorism, Unconventional Threats and Capabilities, but neither took further action on the bill by the end of the 109th Congress' first session.
^ However, the Third Circuit upheld the district court's finding that the Waffen-SS service of plaintiff-appellant Johann Breyer was involuntary and that he had not thus relinquished U.S. citizenship. Breyer v. Meissner, 214 F.3d 416 (3rd Cir. 2000).
^ American Samoa and Swains Island, per 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(29)
^ 8 U.S.C. § 1359, based on Article III of the Jay Treaty (1794), acknowledges "the right of American Indians born in Canada to pass the borders of the United States", subject to a 50% blood quantum requirement. 25 U.S.C. § 1300b-13(d) acknowledges a similar right in respect of members of the Texas Band of Kickapoo Indians, whose traditional lands straddle the Mexico–U.S. border. No such provisions are available for members of some other indigenous nations, such as the Tohono O'odham. See Grossman 2018, § 3, and further Heiderpriem, Peter (December 2015). "The Tohono O'odham Nation and the United States–Mexico Border". American Indian Law Journal. 4 (1). Retrieved September 26, 2018.
^ Regarding in general the obligation for a state to receive back its stateless former nationals in the case that another state seeks to deport them (a duty owed by a state to other states at international public law, rather than an entitlement of the individual under municipal law), see Williams, John Fischer (1927). "Denationalization". The British Yearbook of International Law. 8: 45–61 – via HathiTrust.
^ "The facts disclosed in this case, then, lead irresistibly to the conclusion that it was the fixed determination of Charles Inglis the father, at the declaration of independence, to adhere to his native allegiance. And John Inglis the son must be deemed to have followed the condition of his father, and the character of a British subject attached to and fastened on him also, which he has never attempted to throw off by any act disaffirming the choice made for him by his father." Inglis v. Trustees of Sailor's Snug Harbor, 28 U.S. 99 (1830). For information about the harbor itself, see Sailors' Snug Harbor.
^ Eritrea, which is frequently mentioned as another country practicing "citizenship-based taxation", requires citizens abroad to fill out a one-page form and pay a 2% reconstruction tax. Both proponents and detractors of the U.S. system agree that it is not analogous to the Eritrean system, e.g. Kirsch 2014 and Spiro 2017. Reports that China practices citizenship-based taxation are incorrect; see Johnston, Stephanie Soong (January 22, 2015). "Experts Question Accuracy of New York Times Story on Chinese Taxation". Tax Analysts. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ Most recently Vietnam in 2007 and Myanmar in 2012. "Vietnam: Law on Personal Income Tax". Global Legal Monitor. Library of Congress. April 2, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2018. Roughneen, Simon (January 10, 2012). "Burmese Abroad Welcome Tax Break, but More Reforms Needed". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
^ Specifically, U.S. citizens, unlike businesses, are required to use the United States dollar as their functional currency. If the U.S. dollar has gone up in value, repayment of the foreign-currency loan creates income from cancellation of debt, because in U.S. dollar terms the initial amount of indebtedness is greater than the value of the depreciated foreign currency used to pay back the loan. "When buying a home is a forex transaction". Hodgen Law PC. May 29, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2018. Furthermore, U.S. citizens, unlike businesses, are not allowed to use 26 U.S.C. § 988(d)(1) to net gains on foreign-currency loans with capital losses on assets acquired with those loans. Quijano v. United States, 93 F.3d 26 (1st Cir. 1996).
^ For example, Form 3520, required for foreign savings plans classified as trusts by U.S. tax law as mentioned above, has a total time burden of 54 hours (including the time for recordkeeping, learning about the law or form, and preparing the form), according to estimates made by the IRS under the Paperwork Reduction Act, and has a minimum penalty of $10,000 for incomplete or incorrect filing. "Instructions for Form 3520: Annual Return To Report Transactions With Foreign Trusts and Receipt of Certain Foreign Gifts" (PDF). Internal Revenue Service. October 25, 2016. pp. 2, 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 30, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2018. For further details, see Mitchel, Andrew (November 2, 2015). "The Escalation of Offshore Penalties Over the Last 20 Years". International Tax Blog. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ 26 U.S.C. § 877(a)(2). In both cases, this exemption was conditional on not being present in the U.S. "for more than 30 days during any calendar year which is 1 of the 10 calendar years preceding the individual’s loss of United States citizenship". Additionally, a dual citizen had to meet the requirement that he or she "was never a resident of the United States" and "has never held a United States passport", while a young person relinquishing within six months of their 18th birthday would only be exempted from covered expatriate status if "neither parent of such individual was a citizen of the United States" at the time of the person's birth.
^ For dual citizens, 26 U.S.C. § 877A(g)(1)(B) adds the requires that the individual "is taxed as a resident of" the other country of citizenship, but does not require that the individual "has never held a United States passport". It also loosened the limits on residence in the U.S. compared to 877(a)(2), allowing an individual to qualify for the exemption from covered expatriate status if he or she "has been a resident of the United States ... for not more than 10 taxable years" within a certain period prior to the expatriation date.
^ Under the No Social Security for Nazis Act of 2014, a person who admitted participation in Nazi persecution and renounced U.S. citizenship pursuant to a settlement agreement with the Attorney General to avoid prosecution for that participation becomes ineligible for Social Security benefits. See "RS 02635.040 No Social Security for Nazis Act of 2014". Program Operations Manual System. January 13, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
References
^ De Groot, Gerard René; Vink, Maarten; Honohan, Iseult (2013). "Loss of Citizenship" (PDF). EUDO Citizenship Policy Brief (3): 2. Retrieved 2013-12-14.
^ De Groot, Vink & Honohan 2013, p. 2 and Graham, Nora (2004). "Patriot Act II and Denationalization: An Unconstitutional Attempt to Revive Stripping Americans of Their Citizenship". Cleveland State Law Review. 52: 593, 596.
^ a b H.R. 4444; Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 99–653; 100 Stat. 3655. See House Committee on the Judiciary (September 26, 1986). House Report 99-916: Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1986: report to accompany H.R. 4444. Congressional Serial Set. Vol. No. 13710. Government Printing Office. OCLC 19585808. Retrieved February 11, 2018. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
^ "7 FAM 1220: Developing a Loss-of-Nationality Case". Foreign Affairs Manual. Department of State. September 19, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
^ 7 FAM 1222(d) and Loughran, Robert F. (20 April 2016). "Relinquishment of U.S. citizenship; replaced with existing alternate nationality(ies)". Foster LLP. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ Klubock, Daniel (1962). "Expatriation: Its Origin and Meaning". Notre Dame Law Review. 38 (1): 9. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
^ "7 FAM 1220: Acquisition of U.S. nationality in U.S. territories and possessions". Foreign Affairs Manual. United States: Department of State. October 27, 2017. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved July 12, 2018. "Developments in the Law — American Samoa and the Citizenship Clause: A Study in Insular Cases Revisionism". Harvard Law Review. 130: 1680. 2017. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
^ Matter of Davis, 16 I. & N. Dec. 514, 525 (Atty. Gen. 1978).
^ 7 FAM Exhibit 1227(A) and 1227(B)
^ Morley, Anders (November 27, 2017). "Last-Generation Americans: Fifty years after the Vietnam War, Anders Morley talks to draft dodgers about their legacy in Canada". Maison Neuve. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
^ Green, Nancy L. (April 2009). "Expatriation, Expatriates, and Expats: The American Transformation of a Concept" (PDF). The American Historical Review. 114 (2): 307. doi:10.1086/ahr.114.2.307. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ Issues Presented By Proposals To Modify The Tax Treatment Of Expatriation. Joint Committee on Taxation. 1995-06-01. p. 7.
^ a b Lee, Young Ran (2017). "Considering 'Citizenship Taxation': In Defense of FATCA". Florida Tax Review. 20: 346–347. SSRN 2972248.
^ Lee 2017, pp. 341, 348
^ Spiro, Peter (2017). "Citizenship Overreach". Michigan Journal of International Law. 38 (2): 169. SSRN 2956020. Archived from the original on May 12, 2019.
^ Lee 2017, p. 348
^ Grossman, Andrew (2018). "FATCA: Citizenship-Based Taxation, Foreign Asset Reporting Requirements and American Citizens Abroad". In Olejnikova, Lucie (ed.). GlobaLex. New York University. § 2. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
^ a b JCT 1995, p. 7
^ Section "Active Records in the NICS Index" in NICS Operation Report for years 2003/2004 (p. 50), 2005 (p. 38), 2006 (p. 40), 2007 (p. 34), 2008 (p. 34), 2009 (p. 24), 2010 (p. 22), 2011 (p. 21), 2012 (web page), 2013 (web page), 2014 (p. 29), 2015 (p. 21), 2016 (p. 26), 2017, and 2018.
^ "More than 3,100 Americans renounced citizenship last year: FBI". Global News. 2014-01-10. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
^ See Quarterly Publication of Individuals Who Have Chosen to Expatriate#Statistics for citations to each of the 89 editions of the publication, including those on which the 2017 and 2018 data is based.
^ Ashby, Cornelia M. (2000-05-01). Information Concerning Tax-Motivated Expatriation (PDF). General Accounting Office. p. 3. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
^ Zyda, Joan (1974-02-10). "Changing Citizenship — Why Americans Go". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
^ Keefe, Arthur John (1976). "How to Expatriate Yourself on Ten Easy Grounds". American Bar Association Journal. 62: 925. Retrieved 2018-04-07. Wasserman, Jack (1975). "The Voluntary Abandonment of U.S. Citizenship". South Texas Law Journal. 17: 31. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
^ Tien, James M.; Rich, Thomas F. (May 1990). "7. Renunciates". Identifying Persons, Other Than Felons, Ineligible to Purchase Firearms: A Feasibility Study (PDF). United States: Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. p. 92. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-04. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
^ "Is the IRS Undercounting Americans Renouncing U.S. Citizenship?". The Wall Street Journal. September 16, 2015. Archived from the original on September 21, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2018. Cites Andrew Mitchel, who in turn cites Kennedy, Patrick F. (September 8, 2015). "Schedule of Fees for Consular Services, Department of State and Overseas Embassies and Consulates-Passport and Citizenship Services Fee Changes". Federal Register. 80: 53704. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
^ Berg, Roy (2014-11-30). FATCA in Canada: The 'Cure' for a U.S. Place of Birth (PDF). 66th Annual Canadian Tax Foundation Annual Conference. Toronto. p. 20. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
^ Berg 2014, p. 20
^ Viscusi, Gregory (April 16, 2018). "'Accidental Americans' in France Press Macron for IRS Relief". Bloomberg. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ Christians, Allison (2017). "A Global Perspective on Citizenship-Based Taxation". Michigan Journal of International Law. 38 (2): 241–242. Archived from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ Spiro 2017, pp. 182–3; see also blog posts by the same author: Spiro, Peter (2008-07-18). "U.S. erects a Berlin (Tax) Wall". Opinio Juris. Retrieved 2014-06-09. Spiro, Peter (2012-05-17). "Will Congress Move to Tax 'Ex-Patriots'?". Opinio Juris. Retrieved 2014-05-09.
^ Garbay, Antoine (March 14, 2018). ""Américains accidentels" : l'Assemblée nationale s'empare du dossier". Le Figaro. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ "MEPs want to open negotiations on an EU-US FATCA agreement". European Parliament. July 5, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
^ Spiro 2017, p. 185 and Worster, William Thomas (2010). "The Constitutionality of the Taxation Consequences for Renouncing U.S. Citizenship". Florida Tax Review. 9 (11): 938. SSRN 1628568.
^ 7 FAM 1243(f)
^ "7 FAM 1260: Renunciation of U.S. Citizenship Abroad". Foreign Affairs Manual. Department of State. September 19, 2014. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
^ 7 FAM 1224.5. The questionnaire is "DS-4079: Request for Determination of Possible Loss of United States Citizenship" (PDF). United States: Department of State. 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 15, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
^ "US Citizenship Renunciation Procedures in Canada". Canadian Tax Highlights. Vol. 24, no. 9. September 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
^ McKenna, Barrie (November 8, 2011). "Americans in Canada driven to divorce from their country". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
^ a b Kowalski, Daniel M. (September 11, 2014). "Fee for Renouncing United States Citizenship Increases Significantly". LexisNexis. Archived from the original on August 11, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
^ "Unwilling dual citizens face 10-month wait to shed U.S. citizenship in Toronto". Global News. April 22, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2017. "Renunciation of the United States". Dublin, Ireland: Embassy of the United States. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ "Meet the Alberta man who went to Tijuana to renounce his U.S. citizenship". Global News. November 18, 2014. Retrieved June 15, 2014. 7 FAM 1211(g) specifically states that "There is no requirement that a U.S. citizen renouncing or relinquishing U.S. citizenship abroad be a resident of the U.S. consular district." "7 FAM 1210: Loss and Restoration of U.S. Citizenship". Foreign Affairs Manual. Department of State. December 19, 2014. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ 7 FAM 1262.4. In 2015, the fee was extended to cover relinquishments other than swearing an oath of renunciation: 80 FR 53704. The statement itself is "DS-4081: Statement of Understanding Concerning Ramifications of Renunciation or Relinquishment of U.S. Nationality" (PDF). U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs. July 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ Camacho, Catherine Bejarana (2017-08-05). "Losing your United States citizenship". Guam Pacific Daily News. Retrieved 2017-08-05.
^ Spiro 2017, p. 185 ("Renunciation of citizenship also requires the payment of a $2,350 fee, the world's highest.") Kotecki, Peter (September 1, 2018). "A record number of Americans renounced their US citizenship in the last few years — here's how you do it". Business Insider. Retrieved May 12, 2019. The US government also charges a renunciation fee. Renouncing used to be free before the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act was passed in 2010. It's gone up in price since then — from $450 to the current price of $2,350. This is one of the highest renunciation fees in the world. According to the State Department, the fee went up due to a rise in demand and paperwork, though it remains 20 times higher than the average fee in other high-income nations.
^ "Renunciation of U.S. Nationality Abroad".
^ "Cuban spy officially stripped of US citizenship". San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. May 10, 2013. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
^ Tancinco, Lourdes Santos (January 24, 2016). "Use of certificate of loss of nationality allowed after renunciation of US citizenship". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
^ Burggraf, Helen (March 16, 2015). "U.S. Government Changes Citizenship Renunciation Passport Policy After Criticism". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 23, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2018. Describes an update to 7 FAM 1227(e).
^ "7 FAM 1240: Interagency Coordination and Reporting Requirements". Foreign Affairs Manual. Department of State. November 12, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ Graham 2004, p. 697
^ Roche, John P. (1950). "Loss of American Nationality: The Development of Statutory Expatriation". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 99 (1): 25–71. doi:10.2307/3309397. JSTOR 3309397.
^ Ward, Robert (1969). "Constitutional Law - Involuntary Expatriation - Specific Intent to Relinquish Citizenship Required". DePaul Law Review. 19 (1): 202. Retrieved April 12, 2018. Buckley, Matthew J. (October 1980). "Loss of United States Citizenship: Fourteenth Amendment Limitations on Congressionally Mandated Expatriation, Vance v. Terrazas, 444 U.S. 252 (1980)". Inter-American Law Review. 12 (3): 750. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ Kelly, H. Angsar (1991). "Dual Nationality, the Myth of Election, and a Kinder, Gentler State Department". Inter-American Law Review. 23: 421, 442. Ryan, Mary A. (June 12, 1996). "22 CFR Part 50: Nationality Procedures" (PDF). Federal Register. 61: 29652. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ "The Income Tax Consequences of a Holding of Unconstitutionality of Expatriation Statutes". University of Baltimore Law Review. 1 (1): 49–59. 1971. Lubick, Donald C. (May 1998). "Relief for 'Unknowing' or 'Restored' Citizens". Income Tax Compliance by U.S. Citizens and U.S. Lawful Permanent Residents Residing Outside of the United States and Related Issues (PDF). United States Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 2018-02-12. Reed, Max (September 30, 2016). "Can clients ditch U.S. citizenship retroactively". Advisor.ca. Retrieved February 12, 2018. Christians 2017, p. 214
^ Tarr, Ralph W. (1984). "Voluntariness of Renunciations of Citizenship under 8 U.S.C. 1481(a)(6)" (PDF). Opinion of the Office of Legal Counsel. 8: 220.
^ Scharf, Abraham (May 1964). "A Study of the Law of Expatriation". St. John's Law Review. 38 (2): 251, 256. Retrieved April 12, 2018. Cites Rogers v. Patokoski, 271 F.2d 858 (9th Cir. 1959). Matter of C., 9 I. & N. Dec. 482 (BIA 1961). Matter of C., 9 I. & N. Dec. 670, 675–77 (Atty. Gen. 1962). See further "7 FAM 1100 Appendix K: Defenses of unawareness, impossibility of performance, constructive compliance, and official misinformation". Foreign Affairs Manual. United States: Department of State. March 25, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ Yoo, John C. (June 12, 2002). "Survey of the Law of Expatriation: Memorandum Opinion for the Solicitor General". Department of Justice. Archived from the original on June 3, 2006. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ 7 FAM 1224.4(c)
^ Annual report for the year 1961. House Un-American Activities Committee, United States Congress. 1961. p. 146. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ a b HUAC 1961, p. 164
^ 87th Congress, 1st Session, House Report 1086: Amending the Immigration and Nationality Act and for other purposes. Congressional Serial Set 12342. 1961. p. 40. Retrieved 2017-11-04.
^ 7 FAM 1225.2
^ McCarthy, Mary Kempers. "Evidentiary Proof in Expatriation Proceedings". Chicago-Kent Law Review. 57 (1). Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ 7 FAM 1211(g) and 7 FAM 1221(a).
^ 7 FAM 1226(c)
^ Chow, Eugene (November 2, 2013). "Acquisition of Chinese nationality in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Expatriation under U.S. law" (PDF). Nationality and Immigration Commission. 57th Congress of the Union International des Avocats. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
^ a b Lorenz, Milton C. (June 1972). "Aliens: Renunciation of Nationality Leaves Individual Stateless and Excludable as Any Alien". Tulane Law Review. 46 (984). Retrieved 2012-05-12. Jolley v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 441 F.2d 1245 (April 12, 1971).
^ Spiro, Peter (June 24, 2014). "State Citizenship Has Roots in American History". The New York Times. Retrieved June 15, 2017. "Why New York's proposal to grant state citizenship makes perfect sense". Al Jazeera America. June 14, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ "Anti-Tax Law Evasion Schemes - Law and Arguments (Section III)". Internal Revenue Service. 2016-08-15. Archived from the original on 2017-05-16. Retrieved 2017-11-06.
^ Davis v. District Director, INS, 481 F.Supp. 1178 (D.D.C. 1979).
^ a b Lozada Colon v. U.S. Dept. of State, 452 F.Supp.2d 43 (D.D.C. 1998).
^ Oliver, Lance (February 2, 1998). "Citizenship Questions Not Settled". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved June 15, 2017. Caban, Pedro (2013). "The Puerto Rican Colonial Matrix: The Etiology of Citizenship". Centro Journal. XXV (1). Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ "Federal Court Says Congress Decides Citizenship Not Puerto Rico". Puerto Rico Herald. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ "Berrios: Decision on Mari Bras Shows P.R. Still a Colony". Puerto Rico Herald. Associated Press. June 7, 1998. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ Price, Polly (2013). "Stateless in the United States: Current Reality and a Future Prediction" (PDF). Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. 46: 443, 452–3. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
^ 7 FAM 1215 and 7 FAM 1261(g).
^ "Harvard Man Gives Up His Citizenship". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. February 18, 1948. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
^ a b Makaryan, Shushanik (March 2013). "Country report: Armenia" (PDF). EUDO Citizenship Observatory. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
^ Mendoza, Moises (2011-12-06). "Stateless in Slovakia: What if you renounce US citizenship … and you have no nationality to fall back on? Meet Mike Gogulski, refugee by choice". Global Post. Retrieved 2012-05-08.
^ Boatman, Kim (November 27, 1992). "A Man Without A Country, Literally". The Seattle Times. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
^ "Former Priest, Girl Plan Wedding". Winona Republican-Herald. December 15, 1951. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
^ Williams, David (October 27, 2016). "US help to deport Wilfred sought". Otago Daily Times. Retrieved June 15, 2017. Lewis, Oliver (April 14, 2018). "'Legally they don't exist': New Zealand's stateless population of two". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
^ Tsiang, I-Mien (1942). The Question of Expatriation in America Prior to 1907. The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Series LX. Vol. 3. p. 67. OCLC 768266232.
^ Roche 1950, pp. 30–31
^ a b Cain, Patrick (April 4, 2014). "How to get rid of your U.S. citizenship". Global News. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
^ a b Hildebrant, Amber (January 13, 2014). "U.S. FATCA tax law catches unsuspecting Canadians in its crosshairs". CBC News. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
^ 7 FAM 1214(b)(7) and "7 FAM 1290: Minors, Incompetents, Prisoners, Plea Bargains, Cults and Other Special Circumstances". Foreign Affairs Manual. Department of State. March 25, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ Van Leijen, Majorie (November 23, 2013). "'I accidentally became a US citizen and cannot get rid of the passport': Minors who have involuntarily acquired US citizenship find it difficult to renounce it". Emirates 24/7. Retrieved February 11, 2018. Cites language in 7 FAM 1290 and "7 FAM 1236: Reviewing the Record". Foreign Affairs Manual. Department of State. June 29, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
^ "Which Countries Don't Allow Dual Citizenship?". Seeker. 2016-07-20. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ JCT 1995, p. 8
^ Ashby 2000, p. 4
^ Scott, Jason (November 13, 2017). "Australia's Dual-Nationality Crisis Claims Eighth Victim". Bloomberg Politics. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
^ Wong, Bernard (2006). The Chinese in Silicon Valley: Globalization, Social Networks, and Ethnic Identity. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 213. ISBN 9780742539402. "公務人員任用法第 28 條". Taiwan: Ministry of Justice. June 17, 2015. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
^ "7 FAM 1280: Loss of Nationality and Taking up a Position in a Foreign Government". Foreign Affairs Manual. Department of State. March 25, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ Trohan, Walter (August 20, 1945). "Lange to yield citizenship to be Poles' envoy". Chicago Daily Tribune. Retrieved April 15, 2018. For the first time in the diplomatic history of the United States, an American citizen is renouncing his allegiance to his adopted country in order to become the ambassador to Washington of the nation he disowned ...
^ Spiro 2017, p. 168
^ Kirsch, Michael (2014). "Revisiting the Tax Treatment of Citizens Abroad: Reconciling Principle and Practice". Florida Tax Review. 16 (3): 117, 119. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
^ Christians 2017, pp. 224–228
^ Schneider, Bernard (2012). "The End of Taxation without End: A New Tax Regime for U.S. Expatriates". Virginia Law Review. 32 (1): 30. SSRN 2186076.
^ De Aenlle, Conrad (July 27, 2002). "Property losses and gains: Selling up? Prepare for a taxing time". International Herald-Tribune. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ Konish, Lorie (June 30, 2018). "More Americans are considering cutting their ties with the US — here's why". CNBC. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved August 11, 2019.
^ Perez, William (December 18, 2017). "Learn About Tax Penalties for Americans Overseas". Retrieved April 12, 2018. Yan, Sophia (March 11, 2015). "Uncle Sam says my Swedish kid is American". CNN Money. Retrieved April 12, 2018. Christians, Allison (December 8, 2015). "Understanding the Accidental American: Tina's Story". Tax Analysts. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ Srinivas, Siri (September 24, 2014). "'I was terrified we'd lose all our money': banks tell US customers they won't work with Americans". The Guardian. Retrieved April 12, 2018. Scared of running afoul of US banking laws, foreign banks are taking extreme steps to limit US citizens to a narrow range of services. The result for expats has been a chaotic brew of closed bank accounts, mysterious excuses and a scramble to find local banks that would allow them to park their money.
^ Grossman 2018, § 6
^ Nightingale, Kevyn; Turchen, David (2013). "Expatriation: The American's Tax Experience in Canada". Canadian Tax Journal. 61 (1): 1, 12–13. Archived from the original on 2017-10-31. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
^ Kirsch 2014, pp. 125, 187–190
^ Spiro 2017, p. 191 and Grossman 2018, § 1
^ Bell, Stephen S. "Expatriation: Constitutional and Non-Constitutional Citizenship". California Law Review. 60 (6): 1595.
^ Wayner, Peter (September 6, 1998). "Encryption Expert Says U.S. Laws Led to Renouncing of Citizenship". The New York Times Sunday. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ Johnston, David (February 20, 1993). "Scientist Accused as Ex-Nazi Is Denied Citizenship". The New York Times. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ Esbrook, Leslie (2016). "Citizenship Unmoored: Expatriation as a Counter-Terrorism Tool". University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law. 37 (4): 1274, 1293. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ 7 FAM 1294.3
^ H.R. 13349; Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–432; 92 Stat. 1046. See House Committee on the Judiciary (1978). House Report 95-1493: Repeal of Certain Expatriation Provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act: report to accompany H.R. 13349. Congressional Serial Set. Vol. No. 13207-11. Government Printing Office. OCLC 880053179. Retrieved February 8, 2018. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
^ a b "Loss of U.S. Citizenship: Expatriation". R.A. Zisman Law. January 1, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ Tsiang 1942, pp. 30–33
^ Tsiang 1942, p. 101
^ Abramson, L. (1984). "United States Loss of Citizenship Law after Terrazas: Decisions of the Board of Appellate Review". New York University Journal of International Law and Politics. 16: 829. James, A.G. (1986). "The Board of Appellate Review of the Department of State: The Right to Appellate Review of Administrative Determinations of Loss of Nationality". San Diego Law Review. 23: 261.
^ Richards v. Secretary of State, 752 F.2d 1413 (9th Cir. 1985).
^ Matter of T.A.Y., 20 BAR(D) 134 (1990) ("The key issue to be decided is whether appellant intended to relinquish her United States citizenship when she became a Canadian citizen. For the reasons given below we conclude that the Department has satisfied its burdern of proving that appellant's naturalization in Canada was accompanied by the requisite intent. Accordingly the Department's determination that appellant expatriated herself is affirmed.").
^ Kelly 1991, pp. 421, 442
^ Palazollo, Joe (June 12, 2012). "It's Hard to Become a Non-Citizen, Too". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 4, 2017. Cites Fox v. Clinton, 684 F.3d 67 (D.C. Cir. 2012).
^ Roche 1950, p. 32
^ Roche 1950, p. 33
^ Gillars v. United States, 182 F.2d 962 (D.C. Cir. 1950).
^ Jalbuena v. Dulles, 254 F.2d 379 (3rd Cir. 1958). In re Bautista's Petition, 183 F.Supp. 271 (D. Guam 1960).
^ Ward 1969, p. 193, citing Baker v. Rusk, 296 F.Supp. 1244 (C.D. Cal. 1969).
^ Buckley 1980, p. 739
^ "7 FAM 1250: Naturalization and Oath of Allegiance to a Foreign State". Foreign Affairs Manual. Department of State. February 23, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ "7 FAM 1270: Military Service and Loss of Nationality". Foreign Affairs Manual. Department of State. June 29, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ 7 FAM 1271
^ Kim, Hyung-chan (1994). A Legal History of Asian Americans, 1790–1990. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 124–125. ISBN 0-313-29142-X. Nishikawa v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 129 (1958).
^ 7 FAM 1282
^ 7 FAM 1285
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^ 7 FAM 1283(d)
^ "DS-4080: Oath/Affirmation of Renunciation of Nationality of United States" (PDF). U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs. January 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ "Advice about Possible Loss of U.S. Nationality and Dual Nationality". travel.state.gov. United States: Department of State. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ "Renunciation of U.S. Nationality Abroad". travel.state.gov. United States: Department of State. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ 7 FAM 1211(h).
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^ Kennedy, Ellen Clare (October 2006). "The Japanese-American Renunciants: Due Process and the Danger of Making Laws During Times of Fear". JPRI Working Papers (110). Retrieved 2013-07-01. Tamura, Eileen H. (2013). In Defense of Justice: Joseph Kurihara and the Japanese American Struggle for Equality. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252037788.
^ Matter of Jolley, 13 I. & N. Dec. 543 (BIA 1970).
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^ Kaufman v. Johnson, 170 F.Supp.3d 71 (D.D.C. 2016). Kaufman v. Nielsen, No. 16-5065 (D.C. Cir. 2018). "Kaufman v. Nielsen — Justia U.S. D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals Opinion Summaries — July 20, 2018". Justia. July 20, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
^ Pollak, Stephen F. (1955). "The Expatriation Act of 1954". The Yale Law Journal. 64 (8): 1164–1200. doi:10.2307/794190. JSTOR 794190.
^ Kelly 1991, pp. 431, 447
^ Prunty, Lauren (June 2013). "The Terrorist Expatriation Act: Unconstitutional and Unnecessary". Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development. 26 (4): 1009. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ Dentino, William L.; Manolakas, Christine (2012). "The Exit Tax: A Move in the Right Direction". William & Mary Business Law Review. 3 (2): 350. Retrieved April 16, 2018. "Foreign Investors Tax Act of 1966; Presidential Election Fund Act; and other amendments". United States Senate Committee on Finance. 1966-10-11. p. 28. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
^ De Witt, Karen (1995-10-01). "Exile's Effort to Return Puts Focus on Tax Loophole". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
^ Pfeifer, Michael G. (December 2014). "The Current State of Expatriation" (PDF). ALI CLE Estate Planning Course Materials Journal: 3, 9. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
^ Worster 2010, p. 936
^ Pfeifer 2014, p. 12
^ McCann, James D. (2013-10-17). "Ten Surprises for Expatriates". Bloomberg BNA. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
^ Martin, Patrick (2012). "'Accidental Americans' Rush to Renounce U.S. Citizenship to Avoid the Ugly U.S. Tax Web" (PDF). Procopio, Cory, Hargreaves & Savitch LLP. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
^ Spiro 2017, p. 119
^ Kirsch, Michael S. (2004). "Alternative Sanctions and the Federal Tax Law: Symbols, Shaming, and Social Norm Management as a Substitute for Effective Tax Policy". Iowa Law Review. 89: 863. SSRN 552730.
^ "Is the IRS Undercounting Americans Renouncing U.S. Citizenship?". Wall Street Journal. 2015-09-16. Retrieved 2015-09-21. "Quarterly List of Expatriates: Source of Data". International Tax Blog. Andrew Mitchel LLC, Attorneys at Law. 2014-02-12. Retrieved 2014-02-13. "FBI and IRS differ on U.S. citizenship data". Advisor.ca. Rogers Media. 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
^ "제17조(관보 고시)". 국적법 . South Korea: Ministry of Government Legislation. May 4, 2010. Retrieved February 11, 2018. ① 법무부장관은 대한민국 국적의 취득과 상실에 관한 사항이 발생하면 그 뜻을 관보에 고시(告示)하여야 한다.
^ "Điều 41. Thông báo và đăng tải kết quả giải quyết các việc về quốc tịch". Luật Quốc tịch Việt Nam, Số 24/2008/QH12. Vietnam: Ministry of Justice. November 13, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2018. Văn phòng Chủ tịch nước có trách nhiệm gửi đăng Công báo nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam quyết định cho nhập, cho trở lại, cho thôi, tước quốc tịch Việt Nam, hủy bỏ Quyết định cho nhập quốc tịch Việt Nam.
^ Johnson, Jeh C. (2015-11-30). Inadmissibility of Tax-Based Citizenship Renunciants (PDF). Fiscal Year 2015 Report to Congress. Washington, DC: Department of Homeland Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-22.
^ McLemore, Chris; Fraser, Erin (September 2015). "Uncle Sam Wants You (To Pay Tax): Breaking Up Is Hard To Do" (PDF). Tax Planning International Review: 3–7. ISSN 0309-7900. Cites for example the Armed Forces Tax Fairness Act of 2002, H.R. 5063, and the Senate Finance Committee report, S.Rept. 107-283.
^ a b "Table XX: Immigrant and Nonimmigrant Visa Ineligibilities (by Grounds for Refusal Under the Immigration and Nationality Act) for Fiscal Years 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014,
2015, 2016, and 2017", Report of the Visa Office. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved June 17, 2017. The statistics on legal grounds which resulted in zero findings of ineligibility are not included in the 2003 report, while the 2014 report only includes information on immigrant visa ineligibilities and not non-immigrant visa ineligibilities under the Reed Amendment.
^ "9 FAM 302.10 (U) Ineligibility Based on Citizenship Restrictions - INA 212(a)(8)". Foreign Affairs Manual. State Department. April 12, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ Dellapenna, Joseph W. "The Citizenship of Draft Evaders After the Pardon". Villanova Law Review. 22 (3): 531. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ 9 FAM 302.10-3(B)(5)
^ "Voluntary Relinquishment of U.S. Citizenship". Murthy Law Firm. June 15, 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-04-12. Retrieved April 12, 2018. "Renunciation of U.S. Citizenship by persons claiming right of residence in the United States". travel.state.gov. United States: Department of State. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ a b "台灣政要放棄美國籍,只是政治遊戲 專家:想恢復並不難" . World Journal. 9 December 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2017. Alt URL
^ 8 U.S.C. §§ 1435–1438 The names of the visas are listed in "Appendix F: Immigrant and Nonimmigrant Visa Symbols" (PDF). Report of the Visa Office for Fiscal Year 2003. United States: Department of State. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ "Table IX: Special Immigrant Visas Issued for Fiscal Years 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017". Report of the Visa Office. United States: Department of State. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ "시민권 포기 후… 취업비자로 신분 유지" . Korea Times. March 7, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ Sullivan, Larry (2005). "Gun Control Act". Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement. Vol. 1. SAGE. ISBN 9780761926498. Grimaldi, James V. (January 11, 2011). "A rush for new gun restrictions, but odds appear long". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ "What does an American diplomat do about a 20-year-old boy who wants to defect? After all the conspiracy theories and speculations, our man in Moscow in 1959 now tells his side". The Washington Post Magazine. January 31, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2017. "Foreign Service despatch from the American Embassy in Moscow to the Department of State, dated November 2, 1959" (PDF). Warren Commission, Volume XVIII. 1963. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ 27 CFR 478.11 and John W. Magaw (1997-06-27). "Definitions for the Categories of Persons Prohibited From Receiving Firearms (95R-051P)". Federal Register. 62 (124): 34634–34640. Retrieved 2013-08-13.
^ "Implementation of the Safe Explosives Act, Title XI, Subtitle C of Public Law 107-296". Federal Register. 68 (54): 13767–13793. March 20, 2003. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
^ Merritt, Cam. "Can a Former US Citizen Receive Social Security Retirement Benefits?". Zacks Finance. Retrieved June 15, 2017. Rodriguez, Raoul (October 26, 2016). "The Potential Tax Consequences Of Renouncing U.S. Citizenship For Affluent Individuals". Pinnacle Advisory. Retrieved February 8, 2018. 김형재 (December 30, 2016). "영주권·시민권 포기해도 소셜시큐리티 YES" . Korea Daily. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
^ La Torre Jeker, Virginia (2013-09-30). "U.S. Social Security and Working Overseas". AngloInfo. Retrieved 2017-09-16. La Torre Jeker, Virginia (2016-12-20). "U.S. Expatriates: No Social Security in Sight. What Should You Do?". AngloInfo. Retrieved 2017-09-16.
^ Your Payments While You are Outside the United States (PDF). Social Security Administration. January 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017. Creveling, Chad; Creveling, Peggy (July 28, 2015). "On Social Security Benefits for Former U.S. Green Card Holders". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
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External links
Advice about Possible Loss of U.S. Nationality and Dual Nationality, from the U.S. State Department
The Consulate Report Directory, a collection of personal accounts about experiences reporting relinquishment of citizenship and obtaining CLNs at various U.S. consulates | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States federal law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_law"},{"link_name":"U.S. citizen or national","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_nationality_law"},{"link_name":"alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(law)"},{"link_name":"denaturalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaturalization"},{"link_name":"naturalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization"},{"link_name":"8 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 1481(a)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1481#a"},{"link_name":"legal term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_of_art"},{"link_name":"a U.S. embassy or consulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services"},{"link_name":"U.S. territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._territory"},{"link_name":"treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason"},{"link_name":"rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion"},{"link_name":"a 1907 law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriation_Act_of_1907"},{"link_name":"Afroyim v. Rusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroyim_v._Rusk"},{"link_name":"Vance v. Terrazas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vance_v._Terrazas"},{"link_name":"State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"Certificate of Loss of Nationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Loss_of_Nationality"},{"link_name":"People who relinquish U.S. citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_citizens_who_relinquished_their_nationality"},{"link_name":"stateless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statelessness"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rican citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_citizenship"},{"link_name":"U.S. visa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._visa"},{"link_name":"visa waiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_Waiver_Program"},{"link_name":"U.S. citizens residing abroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_diaspora"},{"link_name":"timeframe?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references"},{"link_name":"American citizens at birth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidental_American"},{"link_name":"Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Account_Tax_Compliance_Act"},{"link_name":"complicated tax treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Taxation"},{"link_name":"clarify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Nottebohm case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottebohm_case"},{"link_name":"relevant?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic"}],"text":"Under United States federal law, a U.S. citizen or national may voluntarily and intentionally give up that status and become an alien with respect to the United States. Relinquishment is distinct from denaturalization, which in U.S. law refers solely to cancellation of illegally procured naturalization.8 U.S.C. § 1481(a) explicitly lists all seven potentially expatriating acts by which a U.S. citizen can relinquish that citizenship. Renunciation of United States citizenship is a legal term encompassing two of those acts: swearing an oath of renunciation at a U.S. embassy or consulate in foreign territory or, during a state of war, at a U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services office in U.S. territory. The other five acts are: naturalization in a foreign country; taking an oath of allegiance to a foreign country; serving in a foreign military; serving in a foreign government; and committing treason, rebellion, or similar crimes. Beginning with a 1907 law, Congress had intended that mere voluntary performance of potentially expatriating acts would automatically terminate citizenship. However, a line of Supreme Court cases beginning in the 1960s, most notably Afroyim v. Rusk (1967) and Vance v. Terrazas (1980), held this to be unconstitutional and instead required that specific intent to relinquish citizenship be proven by the totality of the individual's actions and words. Since a 1990 policy change, the State Department no longer proactively attempts to prove such intent, and issues a Certificate of Loss of Nationality (CLN) only when an individual \"affirmatively asserts\" their relinquishment of citizenship.People who relinquish U.S. citizenship generally have lived abroad for many years, and nearly all of them are citizens of another country. Unlike most other countries, the U.S. does not prohibit its citizens from making themselves stateless, but the State Department strongly recommends against it, and very few choose to do so. Since the end of World War II, no individual has successfully relinquished U.S. citizenship while in U.S. territory, and courts have rejected arguments that U.S. state citizenship or Puerto Rican citizenship give an ex-U.S. citizen the right to enter or reside in the U.S. without the permission of the U.S. government. Like any other foreigner or stateless person, an ex-U.S. citizen requires permission from the U.S. government, such as a U.S. visa or visa waiver, in order to visit the United States.Relinquishment of U.S. citizenship remains uncommon in absolute terms, but has become more frequent than relinquishment of the citizenship of most other developed countries. Between three thousand and six thousand U.S. citizens have relinquished citizenship each year since 2013, compared to estimates of anywhere between three million and nine million U.S. citizens residing abroad. The number of relinquishments is up sharply[timeframe?] from lows in the 1990s and 2000s, though only about three times as high as in the 1970s. Lawyers believe this growth is mostly driven by American citizens at birth who were raised abroad and only became aware of their U.S. citizenship and the tax liabilities for citizens abroad due to ongoing publicity surrounding the 2010 Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act. Between 2010 and 2015, obtaining a CLN began to become a difficult process with high barriers, including nearly year-long waitlists for appointments and the world's most expensive administrative fee, as well as complicated tax treatment. Legal scholars state that such barriers may constitute a breach of the United States' obligations under international law, and foreign legislatures have called upon the U.S. government to eliminate the fees, taxes, and other requirements, particularly with regard to accidental Americans who have few genuine links to the United States[clarify] (see the Nottebohm case).[relevant?]","title":"Relinquishment of United States nationality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"loss of citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_of_citizenship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"8 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§§ 1481","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1481"},{"link_name":"1489","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1489"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-66-163"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAA1986-3"},{"link_name":"8 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 1481(a)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1481#a"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7FAM1220-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"denaturalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaturalization"},{"link_name":"8 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§§ 1421","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1421"},{"link_name":"1459","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1459"},{"link_name":"naturalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"American Samoans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Northern Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"immigrant generations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant_generations"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In general, \"loss of citizenship\" is a blanket term which may include both voluntary (citizen-initiated) and involuntary (government-initiated) termination of citizenship, though it is not always easy to make a clean distinction between the two categories: automatic loss of citizenship due to an initial action performed voluntarily could be seen either as \"voluntary loss\" or \"involuntary loss\".[1] Citizen-initiated termination of citizenship may be referred to as \"renunciation\", \"relinquishment\", or \"expatriation\", while the term \"denationalization\" refers to government-initiated termination.[2]In U.S. law, \"relinquishment\" and \"renunciation\" are terms used in Subchapter III, Part 3 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (8 U.S.C. §§ 1481–1489). The term \"expatriation\" was used in the initial version of that act (66 Stat. 163, 268) up until the Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1986, when it was replaced by \"relinquishment\".[3] The State Department continues to use both the terms \"expatriation\" and \"relinquishment\", and refers to the acts listed in 8 U.S.C. § 1481(a) as \"potentially expatriating acts\".[4] \"Renunciation\" specifically describes two of those acts: swearing an oath of renunciation before a U.S. diplomatic officer outside of the United States, or before a U.S. government official designated by the Attorney-General inside the United States during a state of war. \"Relinquishment\" refers to all seven acts including renunciation, but some sources use it contrastively to refer solely to the other five acts besides renunciation.[5] In contrast, \"denaturalization\" is distinct from expatriation: that term is used solely in Subchapter III, Part 2 of the 1952 INA (8 U.S.C. §§ 1421–1459) to refer to court proceedings for cancellation of fraudulently procured naturalization.[6]Relinquishment of United States nationality encompasses relinquishment of United States citizenship. \"Nationality\" and \"citizenship\" are distinct under U.S. law: all people with U.S. citizenship also have U.S. nationality, but American Samoans and some residents of the Northern Mariana Islands have U.S. nationality without citizenship.[7] Both citizens and non-citizen nationals may undertake the process of relinquishment of United States nationality. A citizen who undertakes that process gives up both citizenship and nationality. It is not possible to relinquish U.S. citizenship while retaining U.S. nationality.[8]People who relinquish U.S. citizenship are called \"relinquishers\", while those who specifically renounce U.S. citizenship are called \"renunciants\".[9] The informal term \"last-generation Americans\", wordplay on terminology for immigrant generations (such as \"first-generation Americans\" or \"second-generation Americans\"), is also used.[10] The terms \"expatriation\" or \"expatriates\" may lead to some confusion, as in modern parlance an \"expatriate\" (\"expat\") is simply a person who resides abroad, without any implication of giving up citizenship.[11]","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee2017-13"},{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee2017-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Peter Spiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Spiro"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[Note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Joint Committee on Taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_Taxation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JCT_1995_7-20"},{"link_name":"National Instant Criminal Background Check System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Instant_Criminal_Background_Check_System"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"see below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Firearms_and_explosives"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Quarterly Publication of Individuals Who Have Chosen to Expatriate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterly_Publication_of_Individuals_Who_Have_Chosen_to_Expatriate"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"see below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Publication_of_names"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"From 2014 to 2016, an average of about five thousand U.S. citizens gave up their citizenship each year. These numbers have risen by nearly ten times between 2005 and 2015, though they remain only about three times the annual numbers in the 1970s.[12][13]In absolute terms, few people relinquish U.S. citizenship or citizenship of any other developed country; in almost all countries, the number of people who give up citizenship each year is small relative to the total number of citizens abroad, let alone the total number of citizens in that country. In a 2017 study of citizenship relinquishments in twenty-eight countries, mostly OECD members, the U.S. came in sixth place in relative terms (i.e. relinquishers as a proportion of citizens abroad), behind Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Estonia, and Japan; and second in absolute numbers behind South Korea.[13] The study author noted that emotional factors and prohibitions on dual citizenship may affect the rates of citizenship relinquishment, and that military conscription may explain the high rates in the other top countries besides the United States.[14][Note 1] Peter Spiro notes that most countries with military conscription provide exemptions for non-resident citizens.[15] Regardless of the reasons, even for South Korea, the top country, only about 0.7% of citizens abroad relinquish each year, while for the U.S. the rate is only about 0.1%, though in both cases unreliability of population figures for citizens abroad means the rates are open to question.[16] One former Foreign Service Officer, noting that State Department estimates of the population of U.S. citizens abroad have grown from 3.2 million in 2004 to 9 million in 2017, argues that these estimates were \"generated to justify consular assets and budget\" and so \"may be self-serving\".[17]1,000\n\n2,000\n\n3,000\n\n4,000\n\n5,000\n\n6,000\n\n\n\n1962\n\n1967\n\n1972\n\n1977\n\n1982\n\n1987\n\n1992\n\n1997\n\n2002\n\n2007\n\n2012\n\n2017The graph above presents statistics on relinquishment of U.S. citizenship from three sources.[Note 2] The blue bars are State Department statistics from 1962 to 1994 obtained by the Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT). During that period, a total of 37,818 U.S. citizens renounced or abandoned their citizenship. It is not clear which of these statistics refer solely to renunciants or include other relinquishers as well; the JCT stated that there were inconsistencies between the definitions used for the statistics for 1962 to 1979 and for 1980 to 1994.[18] The green bars reflect the number of records of people who have renounced U.S. citizenship added each year to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (2006–present).[19] This series includes renunciants and not other relinquishers (see below). The FBI added a large backlog of entries in 2012, so figures from that year may not be comparable to other years.[20] The red bars reflect the number of entries in the Internal Revenue Service's Quarterly Publication of Individuals Who Have Chosen to Expatriate (1996–present).[21] Statistics for 1996 and 1997 may not be comparable to later years.[22] Lawyers disagree whether this publication includes the names of all former citizens, or just some (see below).The proportion of renunciations or other individual expatriating acts among the total number of relinquishments has been reported on occasion. A Los Angeles Times article stated that between 1951 and 1973, a total of 10,000 Americans renounced their citizenship, while another 71,900 lost it \"either unknowingly or deliberately, by acquiring a foreign passport\".[23] Law journal articles in 1975 and 1976 stated that there were 95,000 \"administrative determinations of voluntary abandonment of United States citizenship\" from 1945 to 1969, including 40,000 on grounds of voting in a foreign election.[24] In the 1980s, renunciations accounted for about one-fifth of all relinquishments of citizenship, according to State Department statistics: there were roughly 200 to 300 renunciations per year, among a total of between 800 and 1,600 relinquishments per year.[25] In 2015, the State Department forecast that there would be 5,986 renunciations and 559 non-renunciatory relinquishments during that fiscal year.[26]","title":"Numbers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Certificate_of_Loss_of_Nationality_of_the_United_States.jpg"},{"link_name":"Certificate of Loss of Nationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Loss_of_Nationality"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berg2014-29"},{"link_name":"[Note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Certificate of Loss of Nationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Loss_of_Nationality"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"€","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Allison Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Christians"},{"link_name":"Peter Spiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Spiro"},{"link_name":"accidental Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidental_American"},{"link_name":"clarify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"municipal law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_law"},{"link_name":"Expatriation Act of 1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriation_Act_of_1868"},{"link_name":"Universal Declaration of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)"},{"link_name":"French citizens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_nationality_law"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"citizens of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Overview","text":"A Certificate of Loss of Nationality of the United States, issued to an ex-citizen as official documentation of his decision to relinquish U.S. citizenship.A person who performs a potentially expatriating act with the intention of giving up U.S. citizenship loses U.S. citizenship from the time of that act.[27][Note 3] The State Department will issue such a person with a Certificate of Loss of Nationality (CLN) upon request. U.S. nationality law does not require an ex-citizen to notify the State Department nor obtain a CLN, but obtaining one may be helpful to prove one's status as a non-U.S. citizen to other governments or private parties, and U.S. tax laws since 2004 ignore relinquishment of citizenship until the person notifies the State Department.[28]Obtaining a CLN to demonstrate relinquishment of U.S. citizenship has become a lengthy process with high barriers. The total cost of renouncing U.S. citizenship for a person in France, including the cost of preparing the related tax paperwork, has been reported to be €10,000-20,000 on average.[29] Allison Christians of McGill University and Peter Spiro of Temple University have suggested that the complexity and cost of the process, especially the $2,350 State Department fee and the potential penalties for failure to file related tax forms, may constitute a breach of the U.S.' obligation not to impose arbitrary barriers to change of nationality, particularly when applied to accidental Americans who have few genuine links to the United States.[clarify] Such an obligation can be found in municipal law (the Expatriation Act of 1868), in international instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and in general state practice.[30][31] The difficulty of the process led to a proposal by members of France's National Assembly that the French government should negotiate with the U.S. government for French citizens to enjoy a simplified procedure for renouncing U.S. citizenship that did not require payment of such fees, and subsequently a June 2018 resolution in the European Parliament calling on the European Commission to carry out similar negotiations in respect of all accidental Americans who were citizens of the European Union.[32][33]Tax filing is not a legal prerequisite to giving up U.S. citizenship, although there are various negative tax consequences if one fails to file U.S. taxes before giving up citizenship, or fails to file tax forms specific to ex-citizens in the year following relinquishment.[34] The U.S. State Department instructs officers not to answer any inquiries about the tax treatment of ex-citizens, and refers all such inquiries to the IRS.[35]","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7FAM1260-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"U.S. Embassy in Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LexisNexis20140911-43"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LexisNexis20140911-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Interview and processing fee","text":"Obtaining a CLN by renouncing citizenship requires two interviews by U.S. consular officers; the first interview may be held by telephone, but State Department policy requires that the second must be in person.[36] Obtaining a CLN through other forms of relinquishment, where the individual informs the consulate that he or she had the requisite intent when performing a potentially expatriating act, requires the individual to complete a questionnaire and return it to the consulate, after which the consular officer may request a follow-up interview, either by telephone or in person.[37] In Canada, one of the countries with a high volume of relinquishments of U.S. citizenship, initial intake and review of the questionnaire prior to assignment of an appointment reportedly took 60 days in 2016.[38]Interviews are normally conducted on an individual basis, but in 2011 the U.S. Consulate in Toronto held a group appointment for twenty-two people in an apparent attempt to address scheduling difficulties.[39] By 2014, backlogs had lengthened, and subsequently the Toronto consulate was reported to have a 10-month waiting list for appointments in 2015, while the U.S. Embassy in Dublin stated in April 2016 that no more appointments were available until December 2016.[40][41] The appointment does not have to be conducted at the diplomatic post in the relinquisher's country of residence, but can be held at a post in another country instead.[42]After the second interview, the person signs a statement confirming that they understand the rights they are giving up, and must pay a fee of $2,350.[43] The fee was raised from its previous level of $450 in 2014.[40][44] This fee is believed to be the world's highest for giving up citizenship, more than twice the fee in the next highest country (Jamaica), and roughly twenty times the average fee charged by other developed countries.[45][46]","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"René González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(agent)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"U.S. passport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_passport"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Washington, DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Department of Homeland Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security"},{"link_name":"Citizenship and Immigration Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services"},{"link_name":"Internal Revenue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Waiting for a Certificate of Loss of Nationality","text":"Wait time to receive a CLN varies. Cuban spy René González received his CLN within days of renouncing.[47] Others have reported wait times of as long as a year. The loss of citizenship is deemed to take legal effect on the date of the actual relinquishing act, rather than the date of approval of the CLN.[48] While approval of the CLN is pending, the State Department will not issue a U.S. visa to a person who has relinquished citizenship, meaning that in general the person cannot travel to the United States. In exceptional cases, the State Department says that it can permit a relinquisher with an \"urgent need to travel\" to the U.S. while the CLN is pending to use a U.S. passport.[49]Following confirmation by State Department officials in Washington, DC, the consulate provides a copy of the CLN to the former citizen, and returns his or her U.S. passport after cancelling it. The State Department also forwards copies of the CLN to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Department of Homeland Security (more specifically Citizenship and Immigration Services), and the Internal Revenue Service.[50]","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legal elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Consulate_General_Amsterdam_Museumplein_Dec_2013.JPG"},{"link_name":"Certificate of Loss of Nationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Loss_of_Nationality"},{"link_name":"Expatriation Act of 1907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriation_Act_of_1907"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Naturalization Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization_Clause"},{"link_name":"dicta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obitur_dictum"},{"link_name":"Mackenzie v. Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mackenzie_v._Hare&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nationality Act of 1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality_Act_of_1940"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Afroyim v. Rusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroyim_v._Rusk"},{"link_name":"Fourteenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Vance v. Terrazas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vance_v._Terrazas"},{"link_name":"trier of fact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trier_of_fact"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[Note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Office of Legal Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Counsel"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Third Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Waffen-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[Note 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Voluntariness and intent","text":"The State Department now requires that a relinquisher seeking to obtain a Certificate of Loss of Nationality attend an in-person interview at a U.S. diplomatic mission abroad, such as the U.S. Consulate in Amsterdam (pictured), to assess the person's intent towards U.S. citizenship.Beginning with the Expatriation Act of 1907, Congress began to define concrete acts from which the intent to give up citizenship would be inferred, in what Nora Graham describes as the start of \"the process of the government transforming voluntary expatriation into denationalization\".[51] The constitutional basis for this was not the Naturalization Clause, as Supreme Court dicta limited the scope of this power. Rather, the government successfully argued for decades, beginning in Mackenzie v. Hare, that this arose from the inherent power of sovereignty in foreign relations. The Nationality Act of 1940 greatly expanded the list of acts regarded as criteria for a finding of voluntary expatriation.[52]The Supreme Court eventually rejected this argument in Afroyim v. Rusk (1967), ruling that under the Fourteenth Amendment, Congress lacked the power to deprive a native-born or naturalized citizen of U.S. citizenship, and that loss of citizenship required the individual's assent. Then in Vance v. Terrazas (1980), the court further clarified that mere performance of expatriating acts could not be taken as \"conclusive evidence\" of assent to loss of citizenship, but rather that the trier of fact must also find an intent to relinquish citizenship either \"in words\" or \"as fair inference from proven conduct\".[53] Finally, in 1990, the State Department adopted an administrative presumption that U.S. citizens who performed three categories of potentially expatriating acts (naturalizing in a foreign state, making a \"routine\" oath of allegiance to a foreign country, or serving in a non-policy-level position in a foreign government) intended to retain U.S. citizenship, unless the person \"affirmatively asserts\" otherwise to a consular officer.[54] An attempt in 2005 to force the State Department to revise this policy died in committee in the House of Representatives.[Note 4] Cases restricting government-initiated termination of U.S. citizenship were seen as civil rights victories by advocates and people who hoped to regain or retain U.S. citizenship. They have also resulted in involuntary retroactive restoration of U.S. citizenship, without notification, to people who were unwilling to have their citizenship restored.[55]In general, the Department of Justice takes the position that renunciation pursuant to a plea bargain is voluntary and demonstrates intent to give up U.S. citizenship. However, the Office of Legal Counsel outlined some circumstances under which a court might regard such a renunciation as involuntary, including \"physical or mental intimidation\", material misrepresentation of the plea agreement, or withholding material evidence. In at least one case prior to 1984, a State Department official refused to certify that a renunciation under such a plea bargain was voluntary.[56]Some cases from the late 1950s and 1960s held that a potentially expatriating act could not actually cause loss of citizenship absent awareness that one had citizenship.[57] Later case law modulated this: in Breyer v. Meissner (2000), the Third Circuit stated in dicta that voluntary service in the Waffen-SS during World War II would constitute \"unequivocal renunciation of American citizenship whether or not the putative citizen [was] then aware that he has a right to American citizenship\".[58][Note 5]","title":"Legal elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Letter_from_United_States_Consulate-General_to_naturalized_Canadian_citizen,_1980_(page_1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Letter_from_United_States_Consulate-General_to_naturalized_Canadian_citizen,_1980_(page_2).jpg"},{"link_name":"8 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 1481(b)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1481#b"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"House Un-American Activities Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Francis E. Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_E._Walter"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HUAC1961-164-66"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HUAC1961-164-66"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"preponderance of the evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preponderance_of_the_evidence"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Nishikawa v. Dulles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishikawa_v._Dulles"},{"link_name":"clear and convincing evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_and_convincing_evidence"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Burden of proof and standard of evidence","text":"A July 1980 letter from a U.S. consulate to a new Canadian citizen, stating that naturalization in Canada was \"highly persuasive evidence\" of intent to relinquish U.S. nationality.8 U.S.C. § 1481(b) places the burden of proof for relinquishment of citizenship \"upon the person or party claiming that such loss occurred, to establish such claim by a preponderance of the evidence\", and establishes the presumption that a potentially expatriating act was performed voluntarily. Thus, when an individual citizen asserts that it was his or her intent to relinquish citizenship, the burden of proof is on the individual to prove that intent.[59]This provision, recommended by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), passed into law in 1961.[60] HUAC chairman Francis E. Walter first introduced bills with this provision in February 1960 and January 1961, and it was eventually inserted into a Senate-originated bill on war orphans in August 1961.[61] The House Judiciary Committee report on that bill stated that the burden of proof \"would rest on the Government\", whereas HUAC's later annual report noted that the burden of proof was on \"the party claiming that such loss occurred\".[61] In the committee report on the bill, Walter described this provision as \"forestall[ing] further erosion of the statute designed to preserve and uphold the dignity and priceless value of U.S. citizenship with attendant obligations\".[62]The standard of preponderance of the evidence means that \"it was more likely than not that the individual intended to relinquish citizenship at the time of the expatriating act\"; the intent must be contemporaneous with the act.[63] Prior to the enactment of 1481(b), the Supreme Court had held in Nishikawa v. Dulles that, in the absence of any Congressionally enacted standard of evidence, expatriation cases required the same standard of clear and convincing evidence as in denaturalization cases. Decades after the enactment of 1481(b), the Supreme Court upheld the new standard of evidence in Vance v. Terrazas in January 1980.[64]","title":"Legal elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"8 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 1483(a)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1483#a"},{"link_name":"[Note 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"renunciation during a state of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Renunciation_within_U.S._territory"},{"link_name":"commission of treason, rebellion, or similar crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Treason,_rebellion,_or_similar_crimes"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"indigenous peoples of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"[Note 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"deported","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lorenz1972-75"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"sovereign citizen movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement"},{"link_name":"frivolous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frivolous_litigation"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Garry Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Davis"},{"link_name":"parole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole_(United_States_immigration)"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Privileges and Immunities Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privileges_and_Immunities_Clause"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Thomas Aquinas Flannery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas_Flannery"},{"link_name":"DC District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Naturalization Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization_Clause"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LozadaColonCase-79"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rican independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Juan Mari Brás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mari_Br%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"writ of mandamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ_of_mandamus"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rican citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_citizenship"},{"link_name":"Stanley Sporkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sporkin"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"political question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_question"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rican citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_citizenship"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LozadaColonCase-79"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"Abandonment of right of U.S. residence","text":"In general, 8 U.S.C. § 1483(a) requires that an individual be outside of the United States and its outlying possessions[Note 6] in order to relinquish citizenship, except when the relinquishing act is renunciation during a state of war or commission of treason, rebellion, or similar crimes.[65] Additionally, relinquishment of citizenship requires giving up the right to enter and reside in the United States.[66] This does not mean that ex-citizens are banned from the country; the State Department routinely issues visas to ex-citizens.[67] However, aside from limited exceptions for some indigenous peoples of the Americas,[Note 7] entry into the United States is a privilege for which ex-citizens must apply, rather than a right which they can exercise freely, and they can be denied entry or deported just like any other alien.[68] Though it might be possible that an alien could be a citizen of a U.S. state without obtaining or even being eligible for U.S. citizenship, state citizenship cannot provide any rights to enter or remain in the United States.[69] Pseudo-legal arguments about U.S. citizenship by members of the sovereign citizen movement, such as that a person can declare himself a \"free-born citizen of a state\" rather than a U.S. citizen and then continue to reside in the U.S. without being subject to federal law, have been found frivolous by courts.[70] Courts have also addressed other assertions of residual rights to U.S. residence by ex-citizens on the basis of sub-national citizenship at least twice in recent years.Garry Davis, who renounced U.S. citizenship in 1948 at the U.S. Embassy in Paris, attempted to return to the United States in 1978 without a visa, and was granted parole into the U.S. but not legal admission. In an appeal against deportation, he argued that he had only renounced United States citizenship but not the citizenship of the state of Maine where he was born. He further argued that the U.S. Constitution's Privileges and Immunities Clause meant that as a citizen of Maine he could not be denied the privilege of living in New Hampshire which New Hampshire citizens enjoyed. Judge Thomas Aquinas Flannery of the DC District Court did not address the first argument but rejected the second, writing that while the state of New Hampshire could not restrict Davis' travel or access there, under the Constitution's Naturalization Clause Congress has sole and absolute authority to make laws regarding the entry and deportation of people other than United States citizens.[71]In 1998, the DC District Court considered another case involving a renunciant who returned to the United States without a visa.[72] In the mid-1990s, a number of Puerto Rican independence supporters, including Alberto Lozada Colón and Juan Mari Brás, renounced U.S. citizenship at U.S. embassies in nearby countries and then returned to Puerto Rico almost immediately while they were waiting to receive CLNs. In 1998, the State Department formally refused to issue a CLN to Lozada Colón, stating that his continued assertion of the right to reside in the United States without obtaining a visa demonstrated his lack of intent to relinquish United States citizenship.[73] Lozada Colón petitioned for a writ of mandamus to compel the State Department to issue his CLN, arguing that he could relinquish U.S. citizenship while keeping Puerto Rican citizenship and thus the right to return to his homeland of Puerto Rico. Judge Stanley Sporkin rejected the argument that a non-U.S. citizen had the right to enter Puerto Rico, noting that Puerto Rico was part of the United States for purposes of the Immigration and Nationality Act, and so aliens required documentation from the U.S. government in order to enter and reside there.[74] Sporkin further ruled that the court was not an appropriate venue to decide the political question of whether Puerto Rican citizenship could stand separately from U.S. citizenship.[72] Following the ruling, the State Department also revoked Mari Brás' CLN.[75]","title":"Legal elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mike_Gogulski,_2007_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mike Gogulski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Gogulski"},{"link_name":"Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Stateless_Persons"},{"link_name":"Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Reduction_of_Statelessness"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[Note 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Henry Martyn Noel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Martyn_Noel"},{"link_name":"Allied-occupied Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daytona-86"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jolley"},{"link_name":"landed immigrant status in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_residency_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lorenz1972-75"},{"link_name":"Raffi Hovannisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffi_Hovannisian"},{"link_name":"Armenian citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_nationality_law"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Makaryan2013-87"},{"link_name":"Garry Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Davis"},{"link_name":"Mike Gogulski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Gogulski"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mendoza2011-88"},{"link_name":"Joel Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Slater"},{"link_name":"foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration"},{"link_name":"overseas territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_territory_(France)"},{"link_name":"Saint Pierre and Miquelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SeattleTimes19921127-89"},{"link_name":"Clare Negrini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Negrini"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Harmon Wilfred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmon_Wilfred"},{"link_name":"Immigration New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"sub_title":"Other citizenship recommended but not required","text":"Mike Gogulski voluntarily gave up his U.S. citizenship without acquiring any other.The United States is not a signatory to either the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons nor the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness. As such, the United States permits citizens to relinquish their citizenship even when those citizens have no other citizenship, without regard to the conventions' attempts to prevent statelessness from occurring as a result of voluntary relinquishment of nationality.[76] The State Department warns that \"severe hardship\" could result to individuals making themselves stateless, that even those with permanent residence in their country \"could encounter difficulties continuing to reside there without a nationality\", and that a foreign country might deport stateless ex-U.S. citizens back to the United States.[Note 8] However, \"[i]n making all these points clear to potentially stateless renunciants, the Department of State will, nevertheless, afford them their right to expatriate.\"[77]There are several known cases in which former U.S. citizens made themselves stateless voluntarily. Henry Martyn Noel moved to Allied-occupied Germany in the aftermath of World War II and voluntarily made himself stateless to protest \"a climax of nationalism\" he saw rising around him in the United States.[78] Thomas Jolley renounced U.S. citizenship in 1967 after acquiring landed immigrant status in Canada (but not citizenship there) in order to avoid being drafted to serve in the Vietnam War.[68] Raffi Hovannisian renounced U.S. citizenship in April 2001 and made himself stateless to protest a decade-long delay in the processing of his application for Armenian citizenship; he was subsequently granted Armenian citizenship by presidential decree about four months later.[79] Garry Davis and Mike Gogulski made themselves stateless because they felt that their respective political philosophies precluded allegiance to any one country.[80]One case in which a stateless ex-U.S. citizen was deported back to the United States, as warned of by the State Department, was that of Joel Slater. Slater, motivated by opposition to the foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration, renounced in Perth, Australia, in 1987. After Australia deported him back to the United States, he subsequently proceeded to Canada en route to the French overseas territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, but failed to secure permission to remain there, and was deported from Canada back to the United States as well.[81] In other cases, renunciation of U.S. citizenship forestalled or prevented the stateless individual's deportation. Clare Negrini renounced U.S. citizenship in Italy in 1951 and made herself stateless in an effort to prevent Italy from expelling her back to the United States; she later married an Italian citizen and acquired Italian citizenship through him.[82] Harmon Wilfred renounced U.S. citizenship in New Zealand in 2005 and made himself stateless after Immigration New Zealand (INZ) denied his application for a visa extension to remain in the country. In 2011 INZ ordered Wilfred deported, but the State Department refused to issue travel documents to allow Wilfred entry to the U.S., and in February 2018 INZ withdrew the deportation order against him.[83]","title":"Legal elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"legal question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_of_law"},{"link_name":"United States Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"took him to Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist"},{"link_name":"1783 British evacuation of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Smith Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Thompson"},{"link_name":"1783 Treaty of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[Note 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Perkins v. Elg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkins_v._Elg"},{"link_name":"Americans of Swedish origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Americans"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"American-born Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Canadians"},{"link_name":"Registered Disability Savings Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_Disability_Savings_Plan"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cain2014-95"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hildebrant2014-96"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"sub_title":"No relinquishment by parent or guardian","text":"In early U.S. legal history, the Supreme Court recognized the expatriation of a minor by his father's action in Inglis v. Trustees of Sailor's Snug Harbor (1830). In that case, the plaintiff had been born in New York City, but the success of his action to recover real estate turned on the legal question of his citizenship. It was not clear whether he was born before or after the United States Declaration of Independence, but it was common ground that his loyalist father took him to Nova Scotia after the 1783 British evacuation of New York. Justice Smith Thompson, writing the majority opinion, held that the father's action constituted election to be a British subject under the 1783 Treaty of Paris, and that decision extended to the plaintiff as well.[84][Note 9]In the early 20th century, the State Department and the Immigration and Naturalization Service clashed on the question of whether parental action could result in loss of citizenship of minor children. Though the Attorney-General favored the State Department's view that it could, in 1939 the Supreme Court held in Perkins v. Elg that a citizen born in the U.S. did not lose her own citizenship when her parents, both naturalized Americans of Swedish origin, returned to Sweden and her father renounced his American citizenship.[85] In the 2010s, the U.S. Consulate in Calgary ruled that Carol Tapanila, an American-born Canadian woman who had renounced her own U.S. citizenship, could not renounce on behalf of her developmentally disabled son; the son was also ruled unable to renounce on his own due to his inability to understand the concept of citizenship or renunciation, thus leaving him permanently subject to U.S. taxation and reporting requirements on gains in his Canadian government-funded Registered Disability Savings Plan.[86][87]The statutory definition of some potentially expatriating acts, namely foreign naturalization, foreign oath of allegiance, and foreign government service, requires that the person performing them have been eighteen years or older at the time in order to relinquish citizenship through those acts.[88] There is no statutory age restriction on renunciation before a U.S. diplomatic officer abroad; nevertheless, the State Department often refuses to accept renunciations by minors, and carefully scrutinizes cases involving even individuals who have recently attained the age of majority, on the theory that they may be subject to ongoing influence by their parents.[89]","title":"Legal elements"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reasons for relinquishing citizenship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valdas_Adamkus.2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Valdas Adamkus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdas_Adamkus"},{"link_name":"president of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"dual or multiple citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_citizenship"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seeker-99"},{"link_name":"Korean Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Americans"},{"link_name":"South Korean nationality law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korean_nationality_law"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"1997 Asian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Section 44 of the Constitution of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_44_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Diplomatic_Relations"},{"link_name":"Vienna Convention on Consular Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Consular_Relations"},{"link_name":"diplomatic mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_mission"},{"link_name":"United Nations Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Headquarters"},{"link_name":"official acts immunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consular_immunity"},{"link_name":"diplomatic immunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Oskar R. Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_R._Lange"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"sub_title":"Foreign prohibitions on multiple citizenship","text":"Valdas Adamkus renounced U.S. citizenship to run for president of Lithuania, and was elected to the position twice.Although the U.S. government has removed most restrictions on dual or multiple citizenship from its nationality laws, some other countries retain such restrictions, and U.S. citizens in such countries may choose to give up U.S. citizenship to comply with those restrictions.Some foreign countries do not permit their citizens to hold other citizenships at all. Bars on dual citizenship take a variety of forms, but two common provisions in such countries' laws are that a foreigner seeking to become a citizen of the country generally must obtain release from any other citizenships according to the laws of those other countries (a provision seen for example in South Korea and Austria), and that a person who was born with dual citizenship must choose whether to retain the local citizenship or the foreign citizenship upon reaching the age of majority (e.g. in Japan).[90] In the 1990s, a large proportion of individuals relinquishing citizenship were naturalized citizens returning to their countries of birth; for example, the State Department indicated to the JCT that many of the 858 U.S. citizens who renounced in 1994 were former Korean Americans who returned to South Korea and resumed their citizenship there, which under South Korean nationality law required them to give up their U.S. citizenship.[91] By the late 1990s, the number of relinquishments had fallen to about 400 per year. The State Department speculated that the 1997 Asian financial crisis resulted in \"fewer people renounc[ing] their U.S. citizenship as a condition of employment in an Asian country\".[92]Even countries which permit dual citizenship may bar dual citizens from government positions. Section 44 of the Constitution of Australia for example forbids dual citizens to stand for election to Parliament, while Article 28 of Taiwan's Public Servants Employment Act bars dual citizens from most public-sector positions.[93][94] Diplomatic and consular positions present additional difficulties. The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and Vienna Convention on Consular Relations state that a country may refuse to receive a diplomat or consular officer who holds the citizenship of the receiving country. Based on this, the State Department does not receive U.S. citizens and non-citizen nationals as diplomats representing a foreign country to the United States. The State Department permits such individuals to represent a foreign country in its diplomatic mission at United Nations Headquarters in New York City, but while in such positions they enjoy only official acts immunity and not diplomatic immunity. Thus, an individual wishing to assume a diplomatic or consular position in the United States may choose to relinquish U.S. citizenship.[95] One early example of this, which was described at the time as the first such case in U.S. diplomatic history, was Oskar R. Lange's decision to renounce citizenship in 1945 to become the Polish ambassador to the United States.[96]","title":"Reasons for relinquishing citizenship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Individual_Taxation_Systems.svg"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[Note 10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Revenue Act of 1913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1913"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[Note 11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"customary international law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_international_law"},{"link_name":"Allison Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Christians"},{"link_name":"persistent objector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_objector"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"foreign tax credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_tax_credit"},{"link_name":"Foreign Earned Income Exclusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Earned_Income_Exclusion"},{"link_name":"double taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_taxation"},{"link_name":"self-employment tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Insurance_Contributions_Act_tax#Self-employed_people"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"mortgage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[Note 12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Registered Disability Savings Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_Disability_Savings_Plan"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cain2014-95"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hildebrant2014-96"},{"link_name":"mutual funds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_fund"},{"link_name":"Passive Foreign Investment Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_foreign_investment_company"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[Note 13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Account_Tax_Compliance_Act"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"ordre public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_public"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"accidental Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidental_American"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"}],"sub_title":"Tax compliance difficulties for U.S. citizens abroad","text":"Systems of taxation on personal income No income tax on individuals Territorial Residential Citizenship-basedThe United States is the only country which taxes the foreign income of citizens residing abroad permanently.[97][Note 10] The United States first imposed taxes on overseas citizens during the Civil War, and has done so continuously since the Revenue Act of 1913.[98] During that period, the small number of other countries with similar practices all repealed such laws and moved to taxing based on residence,[Note 11] to the extent that residence-based taxation might now be regarded as a norm of customary international law; Allison Christians has stated that the U.S. might be regarded as a persistent objector to the emergence of this new norm, though she notes that the U.S.' sporadic efforts to enforce its system over the years in which this norm formed might not rise to the level of \"persistent\".[99]The U.S. foreign tax credit and Foreign Earned Income Exclusion reduce double taxation but do not eliminate it even for people whose income is well below the exclusion threshold, particularly in the case of self-employment tax.[100] The treatment of foreign-currency loans can result in U.S. income tax owed even when there has been no income in real terms, which causes difficulties for those who obtained a mortgage to purchase a home in their country of residence.[101][Note 12] Foreign government-sponsored savings plans or structures may face complicated reporting requirements under United States anti-offshoring laws; for example the Canadian Registered Disability Savings Plan may be a foreign trust for U.S. tax purposes,[86][87] while non-US mutual funds may be Passive Foreign Investment Companies.[102] The forms for reporting such assets are time-consuming to complete, often requiring expensive professional assistance, and penalties of $10,000 per form can be imposed for failure to file.[103][Note 13] Furthermore, the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) imposed additional compliance burdens on non-U.S. banks, making them increasingly unwilling to extend anything beyond basic banking services to customers with U.S. citizenship.[104] One scholar described the sum total of these requirements as \"an attack on ordre public\".[105]The rise in relinquishments in the 2010s appears to have been driven by increased awareness of the tax and reporting burdens on U.S. citizens in other countries; in particular, many relinquishers are believed to be accidental Americans who only learned about their citizenship and these burdens due to enforcement of and publicity about FATCA.[106] Some legal scholars interpret the number of U.S. citizenship relinquishers as indicating acceptance of the tax and reporting burdens by those who do not relinquish.[107] Others believe that the number of people giving up citizenship remains small only because some de jure dual citizens, particularly those born abroad, remain unaware of their status or are able to hide from the U.S. government more effectively than those born in the United States.[108]","title":"Reasons for relinquishing citizenship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JCT_1995_7-20"}],"sub_title":"U.S. military service","text":"In 1972, one commentator described Selective Service registration and military service as the \"primary obligation\" of U.S. citizen men living abroad, aside from taxation.[109] In a 1995 report, the Joint Committee on Taxation attributed the high number of people who gave up U.S. citizenship in the 1960s and 1970s to the Vietnam War.[18]","title":"Reasons for relinquishing citizenship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vincent Cate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Cate"},{"link_name":"encryption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption"},{"link_name":"Anguilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla"},{"link_name":"prohibited U.S. citizens from \"exporting\" encryption software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export_of_cryptography_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"plea bargains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plea_bargain"},{"link_name":"Arthur Rudolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rudolph"},{"link_name":"Yaser Esam Hamdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaser_Esam_Hamdi"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"}],"sub_title":"Other reasons","text":"Other individual ex-citizens have expressed a variety of reasons for giving up U.S. citizenship.Vincent Cate, an encryption expert living in Anguilla, chose to renounce his U.S. citizenship in 1998 to avoid the possibility of violating U.S. laws that may have prohibited U.S. citizens from \"exporting\" encryption software.[110]Some individuals have given up U.S. citizenship as part of plea bargains, in order to receive reduced penalties for certain crimes. Examples include Arthur Rudolph and Yaser Esam Hamdi.[111][112] The State Department notes that \"some would liken [this] to banishment when a citizen at birth is involved\".[113]","title":"Reasons for relinquishing citizenship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E._Barrett_Prettyman_Federal_Courthouse,_DC.jpg"},{"link_name":"E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Barrett_Prettyman_United_States_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"DC District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"DC Circuit Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit"},{"link_name":"8 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 1481(a)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1481#a"},{"link_name":"Trop v. Dulles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trop_v._Dulles"},{"link_name":"Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_v._Mendoza-Martinez"},{"link_name":"Schneider v. Rusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneider_v._Rusk"},{"link_name":"Afroyim v. Rusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroyim_v._Rusk"},{"link_name":"Rogers v. Bellei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_v._Bellei"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAA1986-3"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zisman-128"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zisman-128"}],"text":"Litigation about relinquishing acts typically takes place in the E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse, where the DC District Court and the DC Circuit Court sit.U.S. law explicitly lists the acts by which one may relinquish U.S. citizenship at 8 U.S.C. § 1481(a), and previously in other sections of the same subchapter. The list itself was last amended in 1978 to delete the provisions on loss of citizenship for draft evasion, desertion, failure to reside in the United States by naturalized citizens, voting in foreign elections, and failure to reside in the United States by citizens born abroad. The former four had already been struck down by the Supreme Court a decade earlier or more in Trop v. Dulles (1958), Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez (1963), Schneider v. Rusk (1964), and Afroyim v. Rusk (1967). The final provision had been upheld in Rogers v. Bellei (1971), but the State Department favored its repeal.[114] The conditions for relinquishment under some potentially expatriating acts were modified by the Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1986, which also inserted the general requirement of \"intention to relinquish\" in conformance with the Supreme Court's ruling in Vance v. Terrazas (1980).[3][115] The last amendment to this section was contained in the Immigration Technical Corrections Act of 1988, which extended the requirement of intention to relinquishing acts prior to the effective date of the 1986 amendments.[115]","title":"Relinquishing acts since 1978"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"8 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 1481(a)(1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1481#a_1"},{"link_name":"Expatriation Act of 1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriation_Act_of_1868"},{"link_name":"Talbot v. Janson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_v._Janson"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Ninth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Scouts Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouts_Canada"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Israeli citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_nationality_law"},{"link_name":"Law of Return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Return"},{"link_name":"oleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah"},{"link_name":"DC Circuit Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Circuit_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"}],"sub_title":"Naturalization in a foreign country","text":"8 U.S.C. § 1481(a)(1) provides for relinquishment through \"obtaining naturalization in a foreign state upon his own application or upon an application filed by a duly authorized agent\". The U.S. government did not recognize unequivocally that a U.S. citizen could choose to give up citizenship by becoming a citizen of a foreign country until the passage of the Expatriation Act of 1868, and instead treated them as continuing to be U.S. citizens regardless of their intent, for example in the Supreme Court case Talbot v. Janson (1795).[116] Beginning in 1868, the State Department regarded foreign naturalization as effecting expatriation in nearly all cases, again without regard to the citizen's intent.[117]The State Department continued to regard foreign naturalization as demonstrating intent to relinquish U.S. citizenship even after Vance v. Terrazas.[118] As late as 1985, in Richards v. Secretary of State, the Ninth Circuit upheld a State Department finding of expatriation against a man who had naturalized in Canada, despite his protests that he did not wish to give up U.S. citizenship and that he had only naturalized in order to keep his job with Scouts Canada.[119] Similar rulings by the State Department's Board of Appellate Review can be found as late as March 1990.[120] This policy ended in April 1990, when the State Department began applying a presumption of intent to retain U.S. citizenship to most potentially expatriating acts, including naturalization in a foreign country.[121]The State Department used to assert that acquisition of Israeli citizenship by operation of the Law of Return after moving to Israel on an oleh's visa could not trigger loss of citizenship under 1481(a)(1) even if the citizen stated that it was his or her intent to relinquish. In Fox v. Clinton (2012), the plaintiff challenged this policy and won recognition of his relinquishment on appeal to the DC Circuit Court.[122]","title":"Relinquishing acts since 1978"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"8 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 1481(a)(2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1481#a_2"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Board of Immigration Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Immigration_Appeals"},{"link_name":"ordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"German Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Mildred Gillars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_Gillars"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Philippine passport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_passport"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V"},{"link_name":"Canadian Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Vance v. Terrazas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vance_v._Terrazas"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"}],"sub_title":"Oath of allegiance to a foreign country","text":"8 U.S.C. § 1481(a)(2) provides for relinquishment through \"taking an oath or making an affirmation or other formal declaration of allegiance to a foreign state or a political subdivision thereof\". This provision was first found in Section 2 of the Expatriation Act of 1907, and was re-enacted in Section 401(b) of the Nationality Act of 1940.[123]In various cases before the Board of Immigration Appeals up to 1950, oaths which were held as not establishing expatriation included an oath required for employment by a Canadian government-owned airline, an ordination oath in the Church of England, and an admission oath in the German Bar Association. State Department officials also held that the oath should be required by the laws of the foreign state and sworn before an officer of its government.[124] In Gillars v. United States (1950), an appeal in the treason trial of Mildred Gillars, the DC Circuit Court rejected Gillars' contention that a letter she signed in the aftermath of a workplace dispute expressing allegiance to Germany resulted in her expatriation because it was informal in nature, not signed before any German government official, and not connected to German regulations or legal procedures.[125] In the 1950s and 1960s, courts rejected government contentions that individuals had expatriated themselves by subscribing to the oath of allegiance on the application form for a Philippine passport,[126] or making the statement of allegiance to King George V contained in the oath of admission to the Canadian Bar Association.[127] Finally, in Vance v. Terrazas (1980), the Supreme Court held that even when an oath sworn to a foreign government contains language specifically renouncing allegiance to the United States, the government cannot use the oath itself as evidence of intent to relinquish citizenship, but must establish such intent independently.[128]In 2017, the State Department added four criteria to the Foreign Affairs Manual regarding what would be considered a \"meaningful oath\" for purposes of this provision. The fourth criterion required that \"making and receipt of the oath or affirmation alters the affiant’s legal status with respect to the foreign state\", giving the example that a citizen of a foreign country could not expatriate him or herself by taking an oath of allegiance to that same country, unless the oath gave the person a \"new citizenship status ... such as a retention of citizenship that might otherwise be lost\".[129]","title":"Relinquishing acts since 1978"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"8 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 1481(a)(3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1481#a_3"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Nishikawa v. Dulles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishikawa_v._Dulles"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim_HC-145"}],"sub_title":"Serving in a foreign military","text":"8 U.S.C. § 1481(a)(3) provides for relinquishment through \"entering, or serving in, the armed forces of a foreign state\" if either the person serves \"as a commissioned or non-commissioned officer\" or \"such armed forces are engaged in hostilities against the United States\". 1481(a)(3) does not require that the person have attained the age of eighteen years.[130] The State Department's 1990 presumption of intent to retain U.S. citizenship does not apply to service in the military of a foreign country engaged in hostilities against the United States.[131]When the Supreme Court considered the Nationality Act of 1940's predecessor to this provision in Nishikawa v. Dulles (1958), the majority struck down the government's contention that plaintiff-appellant Mitsugi Nishikawa's service in the Imperial Japanese Army during WWII could serve to effect his expatriation under this provision, because he had been conscripted. The minority objected that by the time the provision had been written, \"conscription and not voluntary enlistment had become the usual method of raising armies throughout the world, and it can hardly be doubted that Congress was aware of this fact.\"[132]","title":"Relinquishing acts since 1978"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohamed_Abdullahi_Farmajo_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdullahi_Mohamed"},{"link_name":"prime minister of Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"8 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 1481(a)(4)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1481#a_4"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"customary international law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_international_law"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Keith Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrenadianConnection20181031-148"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdullahi_Mohamed"},{"link_name":"prime minister of Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"president of Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Compacts of Free Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Federated States of Micronesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia"},{"link_name":"Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"}],"sub_title":"Serving in a foreign government","text":"Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed kept U.S. citizenship during his term as prime minister of Somalia but renounced it two years after being elected president.8 U.S.C. § 1481(a)(4) provides for relinquishment through \"accepting, serving in, or performing the duties of any office, post, or employment under the government of a foreign state or political subdivision thereof\", if the person \"has or acquires the nationality of such foreign state\" or \"if an oath, affirmation, or declaration of allegiance is required\".[133]Though the State Department's 1990 presumption of intent to retain U.S. citizenship applies only to non-policy-level employment in a foreign government, even policy-level employment typically does not result in loss of citizenship if the individual says that he or she did not intend to give up citizenship. However, the State Department has expressed some reservations whether serving as a foreign head of state, head of government, or minister of foreign affairs is compatible with maintaining United States citizenship, due to the absolute immunity from U.S. jurisdiction which individuals in such positions should enjoy at customary international law.[134] One case in which the State Department made an ex post facto finding that a foreign head of government had previously relinquished US citizenship was that of Grenadian prime minister Keith Mitchell, who was determined in October 2001 to have relinquished citizenship as of June 1995.[135] Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed retained his U.S. citizenship during his whole term as prime minister of Somalia in 2010 and the first two years of his term as president of Somalia beginning in 2017; during his term as president, he avoided traveling to the U.S. for diplomatic functions such as the general debates of the 72nd and 73rd sessions of the United Nations General Assembly, in what some Somali news reports stated was an attempt to avoid any issues of immunity that might arise, and he then renounced U.S. citizenship in mid-2019.[136]Under the respective Compacts of Free Association, service with the governments of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, or Palau is not an expatriating act.[137]","title":"Relinquishing acts since 1978"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"8 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 1481(a)(5)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1481#a_5"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"}],"sub_title":"Renunciation at a U.S. diplomatic mission abroad","text":"8 U.S.C. § 1481(a)(5) provides for renunciation \"before a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States in a foreign state, in such form as may be prescribed by the Secretary of State\". The text of the oath is found in Form DS-4080.[138] The 1990 presumption of intent to retain U.S. citizenship does not apply to swearing an oath of renunciation before a U.S. diplomatic officer.[139] The State Department describes renunciation as \"the most unequivocal way in which someone can manifest an intention to relinquish U.S. citizenship\".[140] A major legal distinction between renunciation and other forms of relinquishment is that \"[i]t is much more difficult to establish a lack of intent or duress for renunciation\".[141]A large-scale case in which renunciations of U.S. citizenship were later overturned was that of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem. In the early 1980s, at least 700 members of the community who had settled in Israel renounced their U.S. citizenship in the hopes that statelessness would prevent their deportation back to the United States, though their children tended to retain citizenship. Groups of four to six per week came to the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv to renounce citizenship, over a period of years. Around 1990, the community began negotiating with the Israeli government in an effort to regularize their immigration status; one condition of the mass grant of residence permits was for the community members to re-acquire U.S. citizenship, so that the small number of criminals who had tried to hide in their community could be deported back to the United States. The State Department accepted community leaders' argument that the earlier renunciations had been made under duress due to the social and political environment at the time, and were thus involuntary and did not meet the legal requirements to terminate citizenship.[142]","title":"Relinquishing acts since 1978"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tule_Lake_Relocation_Center,_Newell,_California._A_view_in_the_lunch_shed_at_the_farm._Trucks_from_._._._-_NARA_-_538339.tif"},{"link_name":"Japanese Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Americans"},{"link_name":"Tule Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule_Lake"},{"link_name":"8 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 1481(a)(6)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1481#a_6"},{"link_name":"Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Japanese American internees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans"},{"link_name":"Tule Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule_Lake"},{"link_name":"Wayne M. Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_M._Collins"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kurihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kurihara"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A18168808-157"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INSInterpretation-158"},{"link_name":"pro se","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_se"},{"link_name":"Bernice B. Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernice_B._Donald"},{"link_name":"Department of Homeland Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"United States Citizenship and Immigration Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DUSPIL2012-161"},{"link_name":"intent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Voluntariness_and_intent"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"}],"sub_title":"Renunciation within U.S. territory","text":"Thousands of Japanese Americans at the Tule Lake internment camp (pictured) renounced U.S. citizenship in 1944 and 1945.8 U.S.C. § 1481(a)(6) provides for renunciation from within U.S. territory \"in such form as may be prescribed by, and before such officer as may be designated by, the Attorney General, whenever the United States shall be in a state of war and the Attorney General shall approve such renunciation as not contrary to the interests of national defense\". It was intended to encourage militants among Japanese American internees to renounce U.S. citizenship so that they could continue to be detained if internment were to be declared unconstitutional. About five thousand individuals, mostly at Tule Lake, renounced citizenship for a variety of reasons, including anger at the U.S. government for the internment and the desire to remain with non-citizen family members whom they feared would be deported to Japan. After the war, civil rights lawyer Wayne M. Collins helped many fight legal battles in the courts to regain their citizenship, while some such as Joseph Kurihara accepted deportation to Japan and lived out the rest of their lives there.[143]1481(a)(6) became inoperative after World War II, and was thought to have remained so during the Vietnam War.[144][145] There were later some pro se lawsuits regarding 1481(a)(6) due to what Judge Bernice B. Donald derided as a \"popular myth among prisoners\" that renouncing citizenship would allow early release in exchange for deportation to another country. Courts consistently ruled that 1481(a)(6) was inoperative because the U.S. was not in a \"state of war\", until 2008 when James Kaufman of Wisconsin won a ruling from the DC District Court that the U.S. was indeed in a \"state of war\" and that the Department of Homeland Security was responsible for administering 1481(a)(6).[146] The Department of Justice abandoned its appeal against this ruling for unstated reasons.[147] Further attempts by prisoners to renounce under 1481(a)(6) continued to be stymied by a United States Citizenship and Immigration Services policy that applicants had to attend an in-person interview and demonstrate that they could leave the U.S. immediately upon approval of renunciation.[148] By 2018, Kaufman had been released from prison but remained unable to renounce due to the second requirement, though on appeal, the D.C. Circuit found that USCIS was incorrect as a matter of law to conclude, from Kaufman's failure to establish foreign residency or citizenship prior to his attempt at renunciation, that Kaufman lacked the requisite intent to renounce citizenship.[149]","title":"Relinquishing acts since 1978"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"8 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 1481(a)(7)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1481#a_7"},{"link_name":"Smith Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Act"},{"link_name":"seditious conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seditious_conspiracy"},{"link_name":"rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion"},{"link_name":"insurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrection"},{"link_name":"Crimes Act of 1909","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crimes_Act_of_1909&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Kawakita v. United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawakita_v._United_States"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Enemy Expatriation Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_Expatriation_Act"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"}],"sub_title":"Treason, rebellion, or similar crimes","text":"8 U.S.C. § 1481(a)(7) provides that commission of certain crimes may be regarded as a relinquishing act, if one is convicted of those crimes. The original list in Section 349(a)(9) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 included only treason, bearing arms against the U.S., or attempting to overthrow the U.S. by force. The Expatriation Act of 1954, motivated by fears of communism in the United States, added additional crimes to this list, namely the crime of advocating the overthrow of the U.S. government as defined by the Smith Act of 1940, as well as the crimes of seditious conspiracy and rebellion or insurrection as proscribed by the Crimes Act of 1909.[150] This provision is known to have been applied to Tomoya Kawakita, whose conviction for treason was upheld by the Supreme Court in Kawakita v. United States (1952). Kawakita had his death sentence commuted to life imprisonment in 1953, and in 1963 received a conditional pardon in exchange for his deportation to Japan. As of 1991, the constitutionality of this provision had not been tested in the courts.[151] In the 2000s and 2010s, there were proposals to add additional terrorism-related crimes to the list of those causing loss of citizenship, such as the Enemy Expatriation Act in 2011, but these failed to pass.[152]","title":"Relinquishing acts since 1978"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legal treatment of former citizens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"capital gains tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_gains_tax_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19951001-167"},{"link_name":"Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Insurance_Portability_and_Accountability_Act"},{"link_name":"26 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 877(a)(2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/877#a_2"},{"link_name":"26 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 6039G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/6039G"},{"link_name":"[Note 14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"private letter ruling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_letter_ruling"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"American Jobs Creation Act of 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jobs_Creation_Act_of_2004"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"mark-to-market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark-to-market_accounting"},{"link_name":"estate tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"[Note 15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"}],"sub_title":"Taxation","text":"Special tax provisions began targeting former U.S. citizens in the 1960s. The Foreign Investors Tax Act of 1966, which provided that foreigners who invested in the United States would not have to pay capital gains tax, denied this tax break to people who had relinquished U.S. citizenship within the past ten years and whom the IRS determined to have relinquished for the purpose of avoiding U.S. taxation. This was intended to ensure that U.S. citizens did not relinquish citizenship for the purpose of accessing those tax breaks.[153]These provisions were rarely enforced due to their vagueness. In the early 1990s an article in Forbes magazine sparked renewed public interest in the issue of wealthy individuals giving up citizenship in order to avoid U.S. taxation, who were estimated to make up roughly a dozen of the one thousand individuals per year giving up U.S. citizenship.[154] As a result, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) enacted concrete criteria under which an ex-citizen would be presumed a \"covered expatriate\" who gave up U.S. status for tax reasons, based on the person's income and assets, (26 U.S.C. § 877(a)(2)), and required such citizens to file additional tax forms to certify their compliance with the new provisions (26 U.S.C. § 6039G). Dual citizens at birth and young people who relinquished citizenship before the age of 18½ were exempt from \"covered expatriate\" status, subject to some restrictions including limited physical presence in the United States.[Note 14] The law also extended the expatriation tax to cover ex-permanent residents as well.[155]Discretionary exceptions to this tax, in particular the system of obtaining a private letter ruling (PLR) that one's relinquishment of citizenship was not motivated by taxation, fueled perceptions that it was ineffective at addressing tax-motivated relinquishment of citizenship, and sparked further amendments in the 2000s.[156] The American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 terminated the PLR exception to the tax on covered expatriates and taxed those who stayed in the U.S. for more than thirty days in any of the first ten years following relinquishment as though they remained a U.S. citizen for that year, while also classifying as \"covered expatriates\" people who relinquished citizenship or permanent residence but could not certify compliance with their tax filing and payment obligations for the past five years.[157] Then, the Heroes Earnings Assistance Relief Tax Act (HEART Act) of 2008 repealed the ten-year system and imposed new taxes relating to covered expatriates, consisting of a one-time tax on worldwide accrued capital gains, calculated on a mark-to-market basis, and an inheritance tax on bequests from covered expatriates to U.S. persons (equivalent to estate tax with the exemption amount drastically lowered from $5.5 million to $13,000).[158] The HEART Act also modified the criteria for dual citizens and people below the age of 18½ to be exempted from \"covered expatriate\" status.[Note 15] The new certification requirement to avoid covered expatriate status means that even the poorest individuals renouncing citizenship could become subject to these taxes.[159] As a result, though tax filing is not a legal prerequisite to relinquishment of citizenship, this new exit tax system imposed significant disadvantages on people who relinquished citizenship without filing taxes.[160]","title":"Legal treatment of former citizens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Register"},{"link_name":"Sam Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Gibbons"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"government gazettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_gazette"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"}],"sub_title":"Publication of names","text":"In addition to the tax law changes, HIPAA included a provision to make the names of people who give up U.S. citizenship part of the public record by listing them in the Federal Register. The sponsor of this provision, Sam Gibbons (D-FL), stated that it was intended to \"name and shame\" the people in question.[161] The list contains numerous errors and does not appear to report the names of all people who give up U.S. citizenship, though tax lawyers disagree whether that is because the list is only required to contain \"covered expatriates\", or due to unintentional omissions or other reasons.[162] Other countries such as Vietnam and South Korea also have provisions requiring publication of renunciation decisions in their respective government gazettes.[163][164]","title":"Legal treatment of former citizens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Visa Waiver Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_Waiver_Program"},{"link_name":"Waiver of Inadmissibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiver_of_Inadmissibility"},{"link_name":"Reed Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Amendment_(immigration)"},{"link_name":"8 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 1182(a)(10)(E)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1182#a_10_E"},{"link_name":"Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson2015-180"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McLemoreFraser2015-181"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VisaIneligibilities-182"},{"link_name":"8 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 1182(a)(8)(B)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1182#a_8_B"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VisaIneligibilities-182"}],"sub_title":"Visas","text":"Two provisions of U.S. immigration law make some former citizens inadmissible, though only a small number of people are actually found inadmissible under those provisions each year. A finding of inadmissibility prevents a person from entering the U.S. either temporarily (under the Visa Waiver Program or a visitor or other visa) or permanently (as a lawful permanent resident), unless the person obtains a Waiver of Inadmissibility.The Reed Amendment (8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(10)(E)), which became law as part of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, attempted to make people who had renounced citizenship for the purpose of avoiding taxation by the United States inadmissible. The Department of Homeland Security indicated in a 2015 report that, due to laws protecting the privacy of tax information, the provision was effectively impossible to enforce unless the former citizen \"affirmatively admits\" his or her reasons for renouncing citizenship to an official at DHS or the State Department.[165] Bipartisan efforts in the 2000s and 2010s to amend the tax information privacy laws to address this limitation all failed.[166] According to the State Department, no person was denied a U.S. visa due to inadmissibility under the Reed Amendment until Fiscal Years 2016 and 2017, in which a total of three visa applications were denied due to a finding of inadmissibility. In two of those cases, the applicant was able to overcome the finding of inadmissibility and obtain a visa.[167]Another provision (8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(8)(B)) makes inadmissible anyone who left the U.S. \"to avoid or evade training or service in the armed forces\" during a war or national emergency. The State Department regards a conviction as unnecessary for a finding of inadmissibility under this provision. Only people who were U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents upon their departure are ineligible for non-immigrant visas under this provision.[168] President Carter's 1977 pardon means that this provision is not applied to Vietnam War draft evaders.[169] The State Department interprets the pardon as not applying to deserters.[170] From 2000 to 2014, 120 people were found ineligible for non-immigrant visas under this provision, among whom 83 were able to overcome this ineligibility.[167]","title":"Legal treatment of former citizens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WorldJournal2011-187"},{"link_name":"Expatriation Act of 1907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriation_Act_of_1907"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Levi Ying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Ying"},{"link_name":"Taiwanese American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_American"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WorldJournal2011-187"},{"link_name":"Korean Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_American"},{"link_name":"Chris Nam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Nam"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"}],"sub_title":"Regaining citizenship through naturalization","text":"There is no specific provision of law which prevents a person who relinquished U.S. citizenship from regaining it again through naturalization, though conversely such individuals enjoy no special provisions to make the process easier either. They generally must qualify for lawful permanent resident (LPR) immigration status through the same process as any other alien, and must comply with the same requirements for naturalization.[171][172] Special exceptions apply to women who lost citizenship under the Expatriation Act of 1907 by marrying a non-citizen, and to people who lost citizenship through service in Allied armed forces during World War II: such people can obtain special LPR status (under SC-1 and SC-2 visas) and apply for renaturalization without any required period of residence.[173] The State Department has not issued any SC-1 or SC-2 visas at least since 2000.[174]Levi Ying stated that the process of regaining U.S. citizenship through naturalization was not very difficult. Ying, a Taiwanese American lawyer who renounced U.S. citizenship to take political office in Taiwan, subsequently re-immigrated to the United States on a petition by his wife (who had remained a U.S. citizen), and applied for naturalization again for the sake of convenience.[172] In contrast, some former Korean Americans who renounced U.S. citizenship to go into politics in South Korea, including Chris Nam and Chang Sung-gill, stated that while they were able to regain LPR status in the U.S. easily through sponsorship by spouses or children who had retained U.S. citizenship, they faced difficulties in the naturalization process.[175]","title":"Legal treatment of former citizens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gun Control Act of 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_Control_Act_of_1968"},{"link_name":"18 U.S. Code § 922(g)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=18_U.S._Code_%C2%A7_922(g)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"discharged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_discharge"},{"link_name":"Lee Harvey Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald"},{"link_name":"the rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_rifle"},{"link_name":"assassinate President Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"U.S. embassy in Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Richard Edward Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Edward_Snyder"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco_and_Firearms"},{"link_name":"Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brady_Handgun_Violence_Prevention_Act"},{"link_name":"National Instant Criminal Background Check System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Instant_Criminal_Background_Check_System"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"Homeland Security Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_Security_Act"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"}],"sub_title":"Firearms and explosives","text":"One provision of the Gun Control Act of 1968 (codified at 18 U.S. Code § 922(g)) criminalizes firearms purchases by, and firearms sales to, people who have renounced United States citizenship. This provision, along with similar treatment for people adjudged mentally defective or dishonorably discharged from the U.S. Armed Forces, and a restriction on mail-order firearms sales, was aimed at preventing a repeat of the circumstances which allowed Lee Harvey Oswald to obtain the rifle which he used to assassinate President Kennedy.[176] Oswald had never actually renounced his citizenship; he went to the U.S. embassy in Moscow one Saturday in 1959 intending to do so, but in order to delay him, Richard Edward Snyder requested that he come back on a weekday to complete the paperwork and swear the formal oath of renunciation, which Oswald never did.[177]The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) interprets the word \"renounced\" in this provision of law to apply only to persons who swore an oath of renunciation U.S. citizenship before a designated U.S. government official, and not those who committed other relinquishing acts. ATF further stated that a court appeal which reverses a renunciation also removes firearms disabilities, but that a renunciant who subsequently obtains United States citizenship again through naturalization would continue to be barred from purchasing firearms. Under the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1993, individuals who are barred from purchasing firearms due to this provision or other provisions of the same law have their names entered into the National Instant Criminal Background Check System.[178]The Safe Explosives Act (a portion of the Homeland Security Act of 2002) expanded the list of people who may not lawfully transport, ship, receive or possess explosive materials to include people who have renounced their U.S. citizenship. In 2003, ATF promulgated regulations under that act providing for a definition of renunciation of citizenship consistent with that under the regulations to the Gun Control Act of 1968 and the Brady Act of 1993.[179]","title":"Legal treatment of former citizens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MerrittZacks-195"},{"link_name":"[Note 16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"totalization agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalization_agreement"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"}],"sub_title":"Social Security benefits","text":"In general, ex-U.S. citizens are treated like any other aliens for purposes of Social Security retirement benefits.[180][Note 16] Those who have earned qualifying wages for at least forty quarters are eligible to receive benefits, while those who have not are ineligible. \"Qualifying wages\" excludes wages paid abroad by a non-U.S. employer, so in general people who have resided abroad for their entire working lives did not pay into Social Security and are not eligible for benefits, regardless of their citizenship.[181]Additionally, aliens face restrictions on eligibility for payments based on their country of citizenship or residence, whereas U.S. citizens do not. Residents of countries which have a totalization agreement with the United States, as well as citizens of 53 other countries, can receive Social Security payments indefinitely while residing outside of the United States. Otherwise, Social Security benefit payments will stop after the alien has spent six full calendar months outside of the United States, and cannot be resumed until the alien spends one full calendar month inside of the United States and is lawfully present for that entire month. U.S. citizens, in contrast, can receive Social Security payments outside of the U.S. regardless of their length of residence abroad.[182]","title":"Legal treatment of former citizens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medicare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"United States Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"veterans' benefits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans%27_benefits"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"security clearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_clearance"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"}],"sub_title":"Other government benefits","text":"Relinquishment of U.S. citizenship does not result in loss of Medicare benefits if one was eligible prior to relinquishing. Medicare does not cover medical treatment outside of the U.S. for either citizens or non-citizens, meaning that Medicare beneficiaries would have to travel to the U.S. in order to use their benefits. Furthermore, Medicare beneficiaries who wish to retain their Part B benefits must continue to pay Part B premiums even while living outside of the United States.[183]Retired members of the United States Armed Forces who cease to be U.S. citizens may lose their entitlement to veterans' benefits, if the right to benefits is dependent on the retiree's continued military status.[184]Under Department of Energy guidelines, an action that shows allegiance to a country other than the United States, such as a declaration of intent to renounce U.S. citizenship or actual renunciation of citizenship, demonstrates foreign preference and thus is a ground to deny a security clearance.[185]","title":"Legal treatment of former citizens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of former United States citizens who relinquished their nationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_citizens_who_relinquished_their_nationality"},{"link_name":"dependent territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_Alter_at_Dev_Anand%27s_birthday_celebrations_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tom Alter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Alter"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Alward,_premier_of_New_Brunswick,_Canada.png"},{"link_name":"David Alward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Alward"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Janet_Jagan.png"},{"link_name":"Janet Jagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jagan"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Han_Ye-seul_(2008,_cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Han Ye-seul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Ye-seul"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WilliamHeinecke.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Heinecke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Heinecke"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raffi_Hovannisian_speaking.JPG"},{"link_name":"Raffi Hovannisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffi_Hovannisian"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Makaryan2013-87"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Boris Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kristina_KeneallyCrop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kristina Keneally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Keneally"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hon._Akierra_Mary_Deanne_Missick.jpg"},{"link_name":"Akierra Missick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akierra_Missick"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"Turks and Caicos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Oren_official_portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"Michael Oren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Oren"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grace_Poe-Llamanzares_portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grace Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Poe"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timeline-211"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ShawnRichards.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shawn Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Richards"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eduardo_Saverin_CHINICT.JPG"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Saverin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Saverin"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ20120517-213"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tina_Turner_1970.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tina Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Turner"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donnie_Yen_MCM_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Donnie Yen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnie_Yen"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong SAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yang.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yang Chen-Ning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jet_Li_2009_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jet Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Li"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabi_Lamichhane.png"},{"link_name":"Rabi Lamichhane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi_Lamichhane"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of former United States citizens who relinquished their nationality.Below is a gallery of some individuals who relinquished United States citizenship, listed by their other citizenship (dependent territories listed with the country in parentheses afterwards).Tom Alter[186] India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDavid Alward[187] Canada\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJanet Jagan[188] Guyana\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHan Ye-seul[189] South Korea\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWilliam Heinecke[190] Thailand\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRaffi Hovannisian[79] Armenia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBoris Johnson[191] United Kingdom\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKristina Keneally[192] Australia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAkierra Missick[193] Turks and Caicos(United Kingdom)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMichael Oren[194] Israel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGrace Poe[195] Philippines\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShawn Richards[196] Saint Kitts and Nevis\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEduardo Saverin[197] Brazil\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTina Turner[198] Switzerland\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDonnie Yen[199] Hong Kong SAR(China)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYang Chen-Ning[200] China\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJet Li[201] Singapore\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRabi Lamichhane[202] Nepal","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Estonian Defence Forces#Conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Defence_Forces#Conscription"},{"link_name":"conscription in Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"conscription in South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"conscription in Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"multiple citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_citizenship"},{"link_name":"Estonian nationality law#Dual citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_nationality_law#Dual_citizenship"},{"link_name":"Japanese nationality law#Dual nationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_nationality_law#Dual_nationality"},{"link_name":"Singaporean nationality law#Dual citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_nationality_law#Dual_citizenship"},{"link_name":"South Korean nationality law#Dual citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korean_nationality_law#Dual_citizenship"},{"link_name":"Nationality law of the Republic of China#Dual nationality and naturalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality_law_of_the_Republic_of_China#Dual_nationality_and_naturalization"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"The Roots and Fruits of Section 6039G\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190518080731/https://www.hansonbridgett.com/-/media/Files/Publications/2017-08-california-tax-lawyer.pdf"},{"link_name":"SSRN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2827716","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2827716"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hansonbridgett.com/-/media/Files/Publications/2017-08-california-tax-lawyer.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Berg 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBerg2014"},{"link_name":"Second Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit"},{"link_name":"8 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 1488","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1488"},{"link_name":"315 F.2d 673","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openjurist.org/315/f2d/673/united-states-marks-v-p-a-esperdy"},{"link_name":"377 U.S. 214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/377/214/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"H.R. 3938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/house-bill/3938"},{"link_name":"U.S. immigration reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_reform_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"J. D. Hayworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Hayworth"},{"link_name":"Oath of Allegiance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"\"Citizenship Reform Torpedoes Immigration Bill\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.actionamerica.org/constitution/citrefhoax.shtml"},{"link_name":"House Judiciary Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary"},{"link_name":"Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_Immigration_and_Border_Security"},{"link_name":"Armed Services Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services"},{"link_name":"Subcommittee on Terrorism, Unconventional Threats and Capabilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Emerging_Threats_and_Capabilities"},{"link_name":"109th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/109th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"Johann Breyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Breyer"},{"link_name":"214 F.3d 416","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openjurist.org/214/f3d/416/johann-breyer-v-doris-meissner-us-immigration-and-naturalization-service"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"},{"link_name":"American Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Swains Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swains_Island"},{"link_name":"8 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 1101(a)(29)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1101#a_29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-74"},{"link_name":"8 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 1359","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1359"},{"link_name":"Article III of the Jay Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Treaty#American_Indian_rights"},{"link_name":"blood quantum requirement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws"},{"link_name":"25 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_25_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 1300b-13(d)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/25/1300b-13#d"},{"link_name":"Texas Band of Kickapoo Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Band_of_Kickapoo_Indians"},{"link_name":"Mexico–U.S. border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border"},{"link_name":"Tohono O'odham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham"},{"link_name":"Grossman 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrossman2018"},{"link_name":"\"The Tohono O'odham Nation and the United States–Mexico Border\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1118&context=ailj"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-84"},{"link_name":"\"Denationalization\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015035799751"},{"link_name":"The British Yearbook of International Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_British_Yearbook_of_International_Law"},{"link_name":"HathiTrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HathiTrust"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-93"},{"link_name":"28 U.S. 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/28/99/case.html"},{"link_name":"Sailors' Snug Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailors%27_Snug_Harbor"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-107"},{"link_name":"Kirsch 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKirsch2014"},{"link_name":"Spiro 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpiro2017"},{"link_name":"\"Experts Question Accuracy of New York Times Story on Chinese Taxation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.taxanalysts.org/content/experts-question-accuracy-new-york-times-story-chinese-taxation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-109"},{"link_name":"\"Vietnam: Law on Personal Income Tax\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/vietnam-law-on-personal-income-tax/"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"\"Burmese Abroad Welcome Tax Break, but More Reforms Needed\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www2.irrawaddy.com/article.php?art_id=22805"},{"link_name":"The Irrawaddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irrawaddy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-113"},{"link_name":"functional currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_currency"},{"link_name":"income from cancellation of debt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancellation-of-debt_income"},{"link_name":"\"When buying a home is a forex transaction\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hodgen.com/when-buying-a-home-is-a-forex-transaction/"},{"link_name":"26 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 988(d)(1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/988#d_1"},{"link_name":"93 F.3d 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//openjurist.org:80/93/f3d/26/quijano-v-united-states"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-116"},{"link_name":"Paperwork Reduction Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperwork_Reduction_Act"},{"link_name":"\"Instructions for Form 3520: Annual Return To Report Transactions With Foreign Trusts and Receipt of Certain Foreign Gifts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170430025608/https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/i3520.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/i3520.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"The Escalation of Offshore Penalties Over the Last 20 Years\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//intltax.typepad.com/intltax_blog/2015/11/the-escalation-of-offshore-penalties-over-the-last-20-years.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-168"},{"link_name":"26 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 877(a)(2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/877#a_2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-173"},{"link_name":"26 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 877A(g)(1)(B)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/877A#g_1_B"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-196"},{"link_name":"\"RS 02635.040 No Social Security for Nazis Act of 2014\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//secure.ssa.gov/poms.nsf/lnx/0302635040"}],"text":"^ For general discussion of conscription in the other countries mentioned, see Estonian Defence Forces#Conscription, conscription in Singapore, conscription in South Korea, and conscription in Taiwan (Japan does not practice military conscription). For general discussion of the treatment of multiple citizenship in those countries, see Estonian nationality law#Dual citizenship, Japanese nationality law#Dual nationality, Singaporean nationality law#Dual citizenship, South Korean nationality law#Dual citizenship, and Nationality law of the Republic of China#Dual nationality and naturalization.\n\n^ A similar chart which combines the State Department data and the Quarterly Publication up to 2017 can be found in Fraser, Erin L. (July 2017). \"The Roots and Fruits of Section 6039G\" (PDF). California Tax Lawyer. 26 (3): 40. SSRN 2827716. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2019. Retrieved August 2, 2019.\n\n^ In addition to the matters discussed by Berg 2014, the Second Circuit has also held that \"Congress sought by the enactment of Section 356 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, 8 U.S.C. § 1488, to have loss of nationality occur immediately upon the commission of expatriating acts\". United States ex. re. Marks v. Esperdy, 315 F.2d 673 (1963). Affirmed by an equally divided Supreme Court: Marks v. Esperdy, 377 U.S. 214 (1964).\n\n^ Section 703 of the Enforcement First Immigration Reform Act of 2005 (H.R. 3938), a U.S. immigration reform bill sponsored by J. D. Hayworth (R-AZ-5) and co-sponsored by 33 other Republicans, would have required the State Department to \"revise the 1990 memoranda and directives on dual citizenship and dual nationality and return to the traditional policy of the Department of State of viewing dual/multiple citizenship as problematic and as something to be discouraged not encouraged\". Section 702 of the same act would have imposed a $10,000 fine and a prison sentence of up to one year on naturalized citizens who had taken the Oath of Allegiance and subsequently voted in an election, ran for elective office, served in any government body, used the passport, took an oath of allegiance, or served in the armed forces of their country of former citizenship. See Gaver, John (December 9, 2005). \"Citizenship Reform Torpedoes Immigration Bill\". Action America. Retrieved April 14, 2018. The House Judiciary Committee referred the bill to its Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security, while the Armed Services Committee referred the bill to its Subcommittee on Terrorism, Unconventional Threats and Capabilities, but neither took further action on the bill by the end of the 109th Congress' first session.\n\n^ However, the Third Circuit upheld the district court's finding that the Waffen-SS service of plaintiff-appellant Johann Breyer was involuntary and that he had not thus relinquished U.S. citizenship. Breyer v. Meissner, 214 F.3d 416 (3rd Cir. 2000).\n\n^ American Samoa and Swains Island, per 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(29)\n\n^ 8 U.S.C. § 1359, based on Article III of the Jay Treaty (1794), acknowledges \"the right of American Indians born in Canada to pass the borders of the United States\", subject to a 50% blood quantum requirement. 25 U.S.C. § 1300b-13(d) acknowledges a similar right in respect of members of the Texas Band of Kickapoo Indians, whose traditional lands straddle the Mexico–U.S. border. No such provisions are available for members of some other indigenous nations, such as the Tohono O'odham. See Grossman 2018, § 3, and further Heiderpriem, Peter (December 2015). \"The Tohono O'odham Nation and the United States–Mexico Border\". American Indian Law Journal. 4 (1). Retrieved September 26, 2018.\n\n^ Regarding in general the obligation for a state to receive back its stateless former nationals in the case that another state seeks to deport them (a duty owed by a state to other states at international public law, rather than an entitlement of the individual under municipal law), see Williams, John Fischer (1927). \"Denationalization\". The British Yearbook of International Law. 8: 45–61 – via HathiTrust.\n\n^ \"The facts disclosed in this case, then, lead irresistibly to the conclusion that it was the fixed determination of Charles Inglis the father, at the declaration of independence, to adhere to his native allegiance. And John Inglis the son must be deemed to have followed the condition of his father, and the character of a British subject attached to and fastened on him also, which he has never attempted to throw off by any act disaffirming the choice made for him by his father.\" Inglis v. Trustees of Sailor's Snug Harbor, 28 U.S. 99 (1830). For information about the harbor itself, see Sailors' Snug Harbor.\n\n^ Eritrea, which is frequently mentioned as another country practicing \"citizenship-based taxation\", requires citizens abroad to fill out a one-page form and pay a 2% reconstruction tax. Both proponents and detractors of the U.S. system agree that it is not analogous to the Eritrean system, e.g. Kirsch 2014 and Spiro 2017. Reports that China practices citizenship-based taxation are incorrect; see Johnston, Stephanie Soong (January 22, 2015). \"Experts Question Accuracy of New York Times Story on Chinese Taxation\". Tax Analysts. Retrieved June 6, 2017.\n\n^ Most recently Vietnam in 2007 and Myanmar in 2012. \"Vietnam: Law on Personal Income Tax\". Global Legal Monitor. Library of Congress. April 2, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2018. Roughneen, Simon (January 10, 2012). \"Burmese Abroad Welcome Tax Break, but More Reforms Needed\". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved April 10, 2018.\n\n^ Specifically, U.S. citizens, unlike businesses, are required to use the United States dollar as their functional currency. If the U.S. dollar has gone up in value, repayment of the foreign-currency loan creates income from cancellation of debt, because in U.S. dollar terms the initial amount of indebtedness is greater than the value of the depreciated foreign currency used to pay back the loan. \"When buying a home is a forex transaction\". Hodgen Law PC. May 29, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2018. Furthermore, U.S. citizens, unlike businesses, are not allowed to use 26 U.S.C. § 988(d)(1) to net gains on foreign-currency loans with capital losses on assets acquired with those loans. Quijano v. United States, 93 F.3d 26 (1st Cir. 1996).\n\n^ For example, Form 3520, required for foreign savings plans classified as trusts by U.S. tax law as mentioned above, has a total time burden of 54 hours (including the time for recordkeeping, learning about the law or form, and preparing the form), according to estimates made by the IRS under the Paperwork Reduction Act, and has a minimum penalty of $10,000 for incomplete or incorrect filing. \"Instructions for Form 3520: Annual Return To Report Transactions With Foreign Trusts and Receipt of Certain Foreign Gifts\" (PDF). Internal Revenue Service. October 25, 2016. pp. 2, 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 30, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2018. For further details, see Mitchel, Andrew (November 2, 2015). \"The Escalation of Offshore Penalties Over the Last 20 Years\". International Tax Blog. Retrieved April 12, 2018.\n\n^ 26 U.S.C. § 877(a)(2). In both cases, this exemption was conditional on not being present in the U.S. \"for more than 30 days during any calendar year which is 1 of the 10 calendar years preceding the individual’s loss of United States citizenship\". Additionally, a dual citizen had to meet the requirement that he or she \"was never a resident of the United States\" and \"has never held a United States passport\", while a young person relinquishing within six months of their 18th birthday would only be exempted from covered expatriate status if \"neither parent of such individual was a citizen of the United States\" at the time of the person's birth.\n\n^ For dual citizens, 26 U.S.C. § 877A(g)(1)(B) adds the requires that the individual \"is taxed as a resident of\" the other country of citizenship, but does not require that the individual \"has never held a United States passport\". It also loosened the limits on residence in the U.S. compared to 877(a)(2), allowing an individual to qualify for the exemption from covered expatriate status if he or she \"has been a resident of the United States ... for not more than 10 taxable years\" within a certain period prior to the expatriation date.\n\n^ Under the No Social Security for Nazis Act of 2014, a person who admitted participation in Nazi persecution and renounced U.S. citizenship pursuant to a settlement agreement with the Attorney General to avoid prosecution for that participation becomes ineligible for Social Security benefits. See \"RS 02635.040 No Social Security for Nazis Act of 2014\". Program Operations Manual System. January 13, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"A Certificate of Loss of Nationality of the United States, issued to an ex-citizen as official documentation of his decision to relinquish U.S. citizenship.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Certificate_of_Loss_of_Nationality_of_the_United_States.jpg/170px-Certificate_of_Loss_of_Nationality_of_the_United_States.jpg"},{"image_text":"The State Department now requires that a relinquisher seeking to obtain a Certificate of Loss of Nationality attend an in-person interview at a U.S. diplomatic mission abroad, such as the U.S. Consulate in Amsterdam (pictured), to assess the person's intent towards U.S. citizenship.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/US_Consulate_General_Amsterdam_Museumplein_Dec_2013.JPG/220px-US_Consulate_General_Amsterdam_Museumplein_Dec_2013.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mike Gogulski voluntarily gave up his U.S. citizenship without acquiring any other.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mike_Gogulski%2C_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Mike_Gogulski%2C_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Valdas Adamkus renounced U.S. citizenship to run for president of Lithuania, and was elected to the position twice.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Valdas_Adamkus.2007.jpg/220px-Valdas_Adamkus.2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Systems of taxation on personal income No income tax on individuals Territorial Residential Citizenship-based","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Individual_Taxation_Systems.svg/220px-Individual_Taxation_Systems.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Litigation about relinquishing acts typically takes place in the E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse, where the DC District Court and the DC Circuit Court sit.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/E._Barrett_Prettyman_Federal_Courthouse%2C_DC.jpg/220px-E._Barrett_Prettyman_Federal_Courthouse%2C_DC.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thousands of Japanese Americans at the Tule Lake internment camp (pictured) renounced U.S. citizenship in 1944 and 1945.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tule_Lake_Relocation_Center%2C_Newell%2C_California._A_view_in_the_lunch_shed_at_the_farm._Trucks_from_._._._-_NARA_-_538339.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Tule_Lake_Relocation_Center%2C_Newell%2C_California._A_view_in_the_lunch_shed_at_the_farm._Trucks_from_._._._-_NARA_-_538339.tif.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Fraser, Erin L. (July 2017). \"The Roots and Fruits of Section 6039G\" (PDF). California Tax Lawyer. 26 (3): 40. SSRN 2827716. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2019. 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Prepare for a taxing time\""}]},{"reference":"Konish, Lorie (June 30, 2018). \"More Americans are considering cutting their ties with the US — here's why\". CNBC. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved August 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190323075525/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/27/more-americans-are-considering-cutting-their-ties-with-the-us-heres.html","url_text":"\"More Americans are considering cutting their ties with the US — here's why\""},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/27/more-americans-are-considering-cutting-their-ties-with-the-us-heres.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Perez, William (December 18, 2017). \"Learn About Tax Penalties for Americans Overseas\". 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(1984). \"United States Loss of Citizenship Law after Terrazas: Decisions of the Board of Appellate Review\". New York University Journal of International Law and Politics. 16: 829.","urls":[{"url":"http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/nyuilp16&div=37&id=&page=","url_text":"\"United States Loss of Citizenship Law after Terrazas: Decisions of the Board of Appellate Review\""}]},{"reference":"James, A.G. (1986). \"The Board of Appellate Review of the Department of State: The Right to Appellate Review of Administrative Determinations of Loss of Nationality\". San Diego Law Review. 23: 261.","urls":[{"url":"http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/sanlr23&div=19&id=&page=","url_text":"\"The Board of Appellate Review of the Department of State: The Right to Appellate Review of Administrative Determinations of Loss of Nationality\""}]},{"reference":"Richards v. 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New York: Oxford University Press. p. 74. ISBN 0-19-511257-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Deutsch","url_text":"Deutsch, Nathaniel"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112580/page/74","url_text":"Black Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112580/page/74","url_text":"74"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511257-1","url_text":"0-19-511257-1"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Ellen Clare (October 2006). \"The Japanese-American Renunciants: Due Process and the Danger of Making Laws During Times of Fear\". JPRI Working Papers (110). Retrieved 2013-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpri.org/publications/workingpapers/wp110.html","url_text":"\"The Japanese-American Renunciants: Due Process and the Danger of Making Laws During Times of Fear\""}]},{"reference":"Tamura, Eileen H. (2013). In Defense of Justice: Joseph Kurihara and the Japanese American Struggle for Equality. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252037788.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/indefenseofjusti00tamu","url_text":"In Defense of Justice: Joseph Kurihara and the Japanese American Struggle for Equality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252037788","url_text":"9780252037788"}]},{"reference":"Matter of Jolley","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Interpretation 349.7 Expatriation by formal renunciation of United States citizenship\". Immigration and Naturalization Service. Archived from the original on 2010-02-16. 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The National Law Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.com/almID/1202457435187/","url_text":"\"DOJ Challenges Sex Offender's Effort to Renounce Citizenship\""}]},{"reference":"Scarcella, Mike (August 18, 2010). \"DOJ Abandons Challenge of Sex Offender's Desire to Renounce Citizenship\". The National Law Journal. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130828103846/http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202470006780&slreturn=20130530112538","url_text":"\"DOJ Abandons Challenge of Sex Offender's Desire to Renounce Citizenship\""},{"url":"https://www.law.com/almID/1202470006780/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter 1: Nationality, Citizenship, and Immigration\" (PDF). Digest of United States Practice in International Law. Washington, D.C.: Department of State. 2012. pp. 22–25. 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Retrieved March 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://usdccircuitcourtofappealsopinions.justia.com/2018/07/20/kaufman-v-nielsen/","url_text":"\"Kaufman v. Nielsen — Justia U.S. D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals Opinion Summaries — July 20, 2018\""}]},{"reference":"Pollak, Stephen F. (1955). \"The Expatriation Act of 1954\". The Yale Law Journal. 64 (8): 1164–1200. doi:10.2307/794190. JSTOR 794190.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F794190","url_text":"10.2307/794190"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/794190","url_text":"794190"}]},{"reference":"Prunty, Lauren (June 2013). \"The Terrorist Expatriation Act: Unconstitutional and Unnecessary\". Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development. 26 (4): 1009. 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(2004). \"Alternative Sanctions and the Federal Tax Law: Symbols, Shaming, and Social Norm Management as a Substitute for Effective Tax Policy\". Iowa Law Review. 89: 863. SSRN 552730.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=552730","url_text":"552730"}]},{"reference":"\"Is the IRS Undercounting Americans Renouncing U.S. Citizenship?\". Wall Street Journal. 2015-09-16. Retrieved 2015-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.wsj.com/expat/2015/09/16/is-the-irs-undercounting-americans-renouncing-u-s-citizenship/","url_text":"\"Is the IRS Undercounting Americans Renouncing U.S. Citizenship?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quarterly List of Expatriates: Source of Data\". International Tax Blog. Andrew Mitchel LLC, Attorneys at Law. 2014-02-12. 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[(1) The Minister of Justice shall, when a matter occurs relating to the acquisition or loss of the nationality of the Republic of Korea, make public announcement of that in the Official Gazette.]","urls":[{"url":"http://www.law.go.kr/%EB%B2%95%EB%A0%B9/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%81%EB%B2%95/(10275)","url_text":"국적법 [시행 2010.5.4.] [법률 제10275호, 2010.5.4., 일부개정]"}]},{"reference":"\"Điều 41. Thông báo và đăng tải kết quả giải quyết các việc về quốc tịch\". Luật Quốc tịch Việt Nam, Số 24/2008/QH12. Vietnam: Ministry of Justice. November 13, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2018. Văn phòng Chủ tịch nước có trách nhiệm gửi đăng Công báo nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam quyết định cho nhập, cho trở lại, cho thôi, tước quốc tịch Việt Nam, hủy bỏ Quyết định cho nhập quốc tịch Việt Nam. [The Office of the President is responsible for submitting for publication in the Public Gazette of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam the decisions on granting admission, granting restoration, granting renunciation, and deprivation of the nationality of Vietnam, and annulment of decisions to grant admission to the nationality of Vietnam.]","urls":[{"url":"http://www.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/lists/vn%20bn%20php%20lut/view_detail.aspx?itemid=12343","url_text":"Luật Quốc tịch Việt Nam, Số 24/2008/QH12"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Jeh C. (2015-11-30). Inadmissibility of Tax-Based Citizenship Renunciants (PDF). Fiscal Year 2015 Report to Congress. Washington, DC: Department of Homeland Security. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kearns_Deane_Tanner | Charles Kearns Deane Tanner | ["1 Life","2 Death","3 Notes","4 External links"] | Irish surgeon and politician
Portrait of Dr Tanner from Vanity Fair, 1888
Dr Charles Kearns Deane Tanner (20 September 1849 – 21 April 1901) was an Irish surgeon and politician.
Dr. Charles Kearns Deane-Tanner was the uncle of early Hollywood director William Cunningham Deane-Tanner, better known as William Desmond Taylor.
Life
Tanner was born in Cork, the son of notable surgeon Dr. William Kearns Deane-Tanner and Eliza Sharpe, educated in Paris and Winchester, and studied arts and medicine at Queen's College, Cork and the Universities of Leipzig and Berlin. He practised as a surgeon at South Cork Infirmary and County Hospital and lectured on anatomy at Queen's College.
In the general election of 1885, Tanner was elected Irish Parliamentary Party MP for the Mid Cork constituency, and was re-elected unopposed for the seat until his death. Like other activists for Home Rule, his involvement in Parliament was controversial, as his behaviour was often obstructive. The Times remarked after his death that "it was difficult to regard him as a serious politician ... he came repeatedly under the censure of the Speaker".
The Church Standard remarked that "there was scarcely a session that he did not make a fierce attack upon the ministry" and he "was credited with the record of having been more frequently "suspended" from the House of Commons for violent speech than any other member of the body". He was actively involved in the Plan of Campaign, and was a supporter of Parnell until Parnell made an adverse comment about Tanner's father. When the Parnell split occurred, Tanner joined the Anti-Parnellite Irish National Federation. Tanner's politics were at odds with many in his Anglo-Irish family. This caused quite a bit of controversy within the family.
Death
He died in 1901 of consumption and was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery, London next to the grave of his brother Dr. Lombard John Newman Deane-Tanner.
Notes
^ a b c d 'Obituary. Dr. Tanner, M.P.', The Times, 23 April 1901
^ a b Obituary, The Church Standard, 27 April 1901.
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Charles Tanner
Parliament of the United Kingdom
New constituency
Member of Parliament for Mid Cork 1885 – 1901
Succeeded byDaniel Desmond Sheehan | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Kearns_Deane_Tanner,_Vanity_Fair,_1888-08-04.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-1"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)"},{"link_name":"William Desmond Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Desmond_Taylor"}],"text":"Portrait of Dr Tanner from Vanity Fair, 1888Dr Charles Kearns Deane Tanner (20 September 1849 – 21 April 1901) was an Irish surgeon and politician.[1]Dr. Charles Kearns Deane-Tanner was the uncle of early Hollywood director William Cunningham Deane-Tanner, better known as William Desmond Taylor.","title":"Charles Kearns Deane Tanner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_School"},{"link_name":"Queen's College, Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_College,_Cork"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-1"},{"link_name":"South Cork Infirmary and County Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Infirmary_Victoria_University_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CS-2"},{"link_name":"Irish Parliamentary Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Mid Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Cork_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Home Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Rule"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-1"},{"link_name":"Plan of Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_of_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell"},{"link_name":"Irish National Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Federation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CS-2"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Tanner was born in Cork, the son of notable surgeon Dr. William Kearns Deane-Tanner and Eliza Sharpe, educated in Paris and Winchester, and studied arts and medicine at Queen's College, Cork and the Universities of Leipzig and Berlin.[1] He practised as a surgeon at South Cork Infirmary and County Hospital and lectured on anatomy at Queen's College.[2]In the general election of 1885, Tanner was elected Irish Parliamentary Party MP for the Mid Cork constituency, and was re-elected unopposed for the seat until his death. Like other activists for Home Rule, his involvement in Parliament was controversial, as his behaviour was often obstructive. The Times remarked after his death that \"it was difficult to regard him as a serious politician ... he came repeatedly under the censure of the Speaker\".[1]The Church Standard remarked that \"there was scarcely a session that he did not make a fierce attack upon the ministry\" and he \"was credited with the record of having been more frequently \"suspended\" from the House of Commons for violent speech than any other member of the body\". He was actively involved in the Plan of Campaign, and was a supporter of Parnell until Parnell made an adverse comment about Tanner's father. When the Parnell split occurred, Tanner joined the Anti-Parnellite Irish National Federation.[2] Tanner's politics were at odds with many in his Anglo-Irish family. This caused quite a bit of controversy within the family.[citation needed]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_(disease)"},{"link_name":"Kensal Green Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensal_Green_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-1"}],"text":"He died in 1901 of consumption and was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery,[1] London next to the grave of his brother Dr. Lombard John Newman Deane-Tanner.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Times_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Times_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Times_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Times_1-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CS_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CS_2-1"}],"text":"^ a b c d 'Obituary. Dr. Tanner, M.P.', The Times, 23 April 1901\n\n^ a b Obituary, The Church Standard, 27 April 1901.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Portrait of Dr Tanner from Vanity Fair, 1888","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Charles_Kearns_Deane_Tanner%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1888-08-04.jpg/220px-Charles_Kearns_Deane_Tanner%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1888-08-04.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/dr-charles-tanner","external_links_name":"contributions in Parliament by Charles Tanner"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davleia | Davleia | ["1 Modern population","2 History","2.1 Ancient","2.2 Modern","3 Sights","4 Sport","5 Transport","5.1 Road","5.2 Rail","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 38°31′N 22°44′E / 38.517°N 22.733°E / 38.517; 22.733Municipal unit in GreeceDavleia
ΔαύλειαMunicipal unitA view of DavleiaDavleiaLocation within the regional unit Coordinates: 38°31′N 22°44′E / 38.517°N 22.733°E / 38.517; 22.733CountryGreeceAdministrative regionCentral GreeceRegional unitBoeotiaMunicipalityLivadeiaArea • Municipal unit94.985 km2 (36.674 sq mi) • Community61.725 km2 (23.832 sq mi)Highest elevation410 m (1,350 ft)Lowest elevation260 m (850 ft)Population (2021) • Municipal unit1,426 • Municipal unit density15/km2 (39/sq mi) • Community1,069 • Community density17/km2 (45/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Postal code320 08Area code(s)+30-2261Vehicle registrationΒΙWebsitedavlia.com
Davleia (Greek: Δαύλεια) is a village and a former municipality in Boeotia, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Livadeia, of which it is a municipal unit. Its name comes from the ancient settlement Daulis. The municipal unit has an area of 94.985 km2, the community 61.725 km2. The municipality includes the eastern portion of Mount Parnassos. Phthiotis lies to the north. Davleia is located ESE of Lamia, SW of Kamena Vourla, W of Livadeia and Thiva, NE of Itea and E of Delphi.
Modern population
Year
Community
Municipal unit
1981
2,264
-
1991
2,188
-
2001
1,764
2,397
2011
1,240
1,686
2021
1,069
1,426
History
Ancient
In ancient Greece, this city in Phocis was called Daulis (Δαυλίς) and at a later stage Daulia (Δαυλία) and Daulion (Δαύλιον). Mentioned by Homer, it was said to be named either in reference to the woody character of the area or after a nymph Daulis, a daughter of the river-god Cephissus.
In Greek mythology, Daulis was the hometown of Tereus.
Daulis was the city at the end of the road not taken by Oedipus.
During the Greco-Persian Wars, Daulis was destroyed for the first time in 480 BC. In 395 BC, the city was attacked by Thebes. In 346 BC, Daulis was destroyed again during the so-called Third Sacred War. In 220 BC, the city was attacked by the Aetolians. In 198 BC, the Romans occupied Daulis by a stratagem.
In Late Antiquity, Daulia was a seat of a bishop and is now a titular see of the Catholic Church.
Remains of the walls of the city's acropolis can be seen today above the modern town.
Modern
The settlement is mentioned by Frankish documents of the last years of Latin rule in Central Greece as Daulia while a few years later, specifically in 1466, it is recorded in an Ottoman settlement as Tavla, having a population of 150 families. A few decades later (1506) another Ottoman census records 220 families in Davlia.
The fighter of the Greek Revolution, Panagiotis Antonopoulos, was born in Davlia. The inhabitants of Davlia took an active part in the revolution of 1821, while the place became several times a field of conflict between the Greek revolutionaries and the Ottoman troops. In 1856, gunmen from Davlia took part in the operation to exterminate the gang of the robber Davelis.
During the period of the National Divide , on January 29, 1918, a clash took place between a gendarmerie detachment and a force of local anti-Venezuelan armed forces consisting of Epistratos and soldiers who had lost their lives. Five Cretan gendarmes and an officer were killed during the battle. On February 12 of the same year, following a military court ruling, six people (two soldiers and four civilians) were executed at the scene of the conflict and found guilty of killing gendarmes.
On 5 May 1943, the settlement was set on fire by a detachment of the Italian Occupation forces, while on 21 October 1948, the DSE captain Pantelis Laskas (Pelopidas) was killed in an ambush by the National Guard and the gendarmerie.
Sights
The fortifications of the ancient city and some other buildings are preserved in good condition. Sights of the area are the nunnery "Holy Monastery of Jerusalem" located a little north of Davlia and the ruins of the church of Agios Theodoros in the castle. Near Davlia, Greek mythology places the point where Oedipus , on his way to Delphi , killed his father Laius.
Sport
In the settlement is located the football club A.P.O. Pandavliakos, which was founded in 1936.
Transport
Road
National Road 3 passes near the village connecting it with Livadia, Lamia and other cities of mainland Greece.
Rail
The railway station of Davleia.
The village is served by Davleia railway station, situated 8.3 kilometres (5.2 mi) north of the settlement on the Athens-Leianokladi railway with regional services to Athens and Leianokladi.
See also
List of settlements in Boeotia
References
^ a b "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
^ "ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
^
2011 Greek census: "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός". Hellenic Statistical Authority. (in Greek)
^ William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), entry: Daulis
^ Eisner, Robert (1987). The Road to Daulis: Psychoanalysis, Psychology, and Classical Mythology. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-0210-3.
^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), "Sedi titolari", p. 880
^ Kalaitzakis, Theofanis (2000). Eastern Central Greece from The late Frankish rule to the early Turkish occupation: Boeotia ca 1400-1500: political conditions, ecological and demographic development, economic life, social result. Athens: EKPA. Doctoral thesis. pp. 88-90.
^ Kalaitzakis, Theofanis (2000). p. 102.
^ Kalaitzakis, Theofanis (2000). p. 106.
^ World Curriculum Vitae . Educational Encyclopedia , Ekdotiki Athinon, 1999, volume one, p. 335.
^ Thymiou D. Dalka, 1993, pp. 50 - 51.
^ Konstantinou S. Antoniou, History of the Greek Royal Gendarmerie 1833 - 1967 , Book Exchange Publishing House, Athens 1965, volume AD, pp. 363 - 364.
^ George T. Mavrogordatos, 1915. The National Divide , Patakis publications, published, Athens 2016, pp. 298 - 301.
^ "Discover Viotia - Davlia".
^ Dionysis Charitopoulos, Aris the leader of the rioters , Greek Letters, Athens 2003, p. 778.
^ "OSE - 2017 Network Statement Annexes".
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Davleia.
Local website
vteSubdivisions of the municipality of LivadeiaMunicipal unit of Chaeronea
Agios Vlasios
Akontio
Anthochori
Chaeronea
Profitis Ilias
Prosilio
Thourio
Vasilika
Municipal unit of Davleia
Davleia
Mavroneri
Parori
Municipal unit of Koroneia
Agia Anna
Agia Triada
Agios Georgios
Alalkomenes
Koroneia
Municipal unit of Kyriaki
Kyriaki
Municipal unit of Livadeia
Lafystio
Livadeia
Romaiiko | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeotia"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Livadeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livadeia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kallikratis-2"},{"link_name":"Daulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daulis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stat01-3"},{"link_name":"Mount Parnassos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Parnassos"},{"link_name":"Phthiotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phthiotis"},{"link_name":"Lamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamia_(city)"},{"link_name":"Kamena Vourla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamena_Vourla"},{"link_name":"Livadeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livadeia"},{"link_name":"Thiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiva"},{"link_name":"Itea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itea,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Delphi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi"}],"text":"Municipal unit in GreeceDavleia (Greek: Δαύλεια) is a village and a former municipality in Boeotia, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Livadeia, of which it is a municipal unit.[2] Its name comes from the ancient settlement Daulis. The municipal unit has an area of 94.985 km2, the community 61.725 km2.[3] The municipality includes the eastern portion of Mount Parnassos. Phthiotis lies to the north. Davleia is located ESE of Lamia, SW of Kamena Vourla, W of Livadeia and Thiva, NE of Itea and E of Delphi.","title":"Davleia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Modern population"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Phocis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocis"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"nymph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymph"},{"link_name":"Daulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daulis_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Cephissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephissus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Tereus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tereus"},{"link_name":"Oedipus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Greco-Persian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Thebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Third Sacred War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Sacred_War"},{"link_name":"Aetolians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetolians"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Late Antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Antiquity"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"titular see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Ancient","text":"In ancient Greece, this city in Phocis was called Daulis (Δαυλίς) and at a later stage Daulia (Δαυλία) and Daulion (Δαύλιον). Mentioned by Homer, it was said to be named either in reference to the woody character of the area or after a nymph Daulis, a daughter of the river-god Cephissus.[5]In Greek mythology, Daulis was the hometown of Tereus.Daulis was the city at the end of the road not taken by Oedipus.[6]During the Greco-Persian Wars, Daulis was destroyed for the first time in 480 BC. In 395 BC, the city was attacked by Thebes. In 346 BC, Daulis was destroyed again during the so-called Third Sacred War. In 220 BC, the city was attacked by the Aetolians. In 198 BC, the Romans occupied Daulis by a stratagem.In Late Antiquity, Daulia was a seat of a bishop and is now a titular see of the Catholic Church.[7]Remains of the walls of the city's acropolis can be seen today above the modern town.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Panagiotis Antonopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panagiotis_Antonopoulos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Pantelis Laskas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pantelis_Laskas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Modern","text":"The settlement is mentioned by Frankish documents of the last years of Latin rule in Central Greece as Daulia while a few years later, specifically in 1466, it is recorded in an Ottoman settlement as Tavla,[8] having a population of 150 families.[9] A few decades later (1506) another Ottoman census records 220 families in Davlia.[10]The fighter of the Greek Revolution, Panagiotis Antonopoulos, was born in Davlia.[11] The inhabitants of Davlia took an active part in the revolution of 1821,[12] while the place became several times a field of conflict between the Greek revolutionaries and the Ottoman troops. In 1856, gunmen from Davlia took part in the operation to exterminate the gang of the robber Davelis.[13]During the period of the National Divide , on January 29, 1918, a clash took place between a gendarmerie detachment and a force of local anti-Venezuelan armed forces consisting of Epistratos and soldiers who had lost their lives. Five Cretan gendarmes and an officer were killed during the battle. On February 12 of the same year, following a military court ruling, six people (two soldiers and four civilians) were executed at the scene of the conflict and found guilty of killing gendarmes.[14]On 5 May 1943, the settlement was set on fire by a detachment of the Italian Occupation forces,[15] while on 21 October 1948, the DSE captain Pantelis Laskas (Pelopidas) was killed in an ambush by the National Guard and the gendarmerie. [16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The fortifications of the ancient city and some other buildings are preserved in good condition. Sights of the area are the nunnery \"Holy Monastery of Jerusalem\" located a little north of Davlia and the ruins of the church of Agios Theodoros in the castle. Near Davlia, Greek mythology places the point where Oedipus , on his way to Delphi , killed his father Laius.","title":"Sights"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In the settlement is located the football club A.P.O. Pandavliakos, which was founded in 1936.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Road 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_National_Road_3"}],"sub_title":"Road","text":"National Road 3 passes near the village connecting it with Livadia, Lamia and other cities of mainland Greece.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20110528-Davleia_4467.jpg"},{"link_name":"Davleia railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davleia_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Athens-Leianokladi railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraeus%E2%80%93Platy_railway"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Leianokladi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leianokladi"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSE-17"}],"sub_title":"Rail","text":"The railway station of Davleia.The village is served by Davleia railway station, situated 8.3 kilometres (5.2 mi) north of the settlement on the Athens-Leianokladi railway with regional services to Athens and Leianokladi.[17]","title":"Transport"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/DE_Davlias.svg/250px-DE_Davlias.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The railway station of Davleia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/20110528-Davleia_4467.jpg/220px-20110528-Davleia_4467.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of settlements in Boeotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Boeotia"}] | [{"reference":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/MON_PLI_DHM_OIKISN_2021.xlsx","url_text":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\""}]},{"reference":"\"ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities\" (in Greek). Government Gazette.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wGYK2xFpSwMnXdtvSoClrL81-32jgAMSfbnMRVjyfnPUeJInJ48_97uHrMts-zFzeyCiBSQOpYnT00MHhcXFRTsb2fGphpq4MKX2ZkaHobySNnvZCNHXvYVvlf80XevW0Q.","url_text":"\"ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Gazette_(Greece)","url_text":"Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)\" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150921212047/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf","url_text":"\"Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)\""},{"url":"http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός\". Hellenic Statistical Authority.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/1210503/resident_population_census2011rev.xls","url_text":"\"Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Statistical_Authority","url_text":"Hellenic Statistical Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"Discover Viotia - Davlia\".","urls":[{"url":"http://discoverviotia.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=35","url_text":"\"Discover Viotia - Davlia\""}]},{"reference":"\"OSE - 2017 Network Statement Annexes\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ose.gr/en/o-s-e/network?download=78:network-statement-2017-2-2","url_text":"\"OSE - 2017 Network Statement Annexes\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Davleia¶ms=38_31_N_22_44_E_type:city_region:GR-H","external_links_name":"38°31′N 22°44′E / 38.517°N 22.733°E / 38.517; 22.733"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Davleia¶ms=38_31_N_22_44_E_type:city_region:GR-H","external_links_name":"38°31′N 22°44′E / 38.517°N 22.733°E / 38.517; 22.733"},{"Link":"http://www.davlia.com/","external_links_name":"davlia.com"},{"Link":"https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/MON_PLI_DHM_OIKISN_2021.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\""},{"Link":"http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wGYK2xFpSwMnXdtvSoClrL81-32jgAMSfbnMRVjyfnPUeJInJ48_97uHrMts-zFzeyCiBSQOpYnT00MHhcXFRTsb2fGphpq4MKX2ZkaHobySNnvZCNHXvYVvlf80XevW0Q.","external_links_name":"\"ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150921212047/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)\""},{"Link":"http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/1210503/resident_population_census2011rev.xls","external_links_name":"\"Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός\""},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=daulis-geo","external_links_name":"William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), entry: Daulis"},{"Link":"http://discoverviotia.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=35","external_links_name":"\"Discover Viotia - Davlia\""},{"Link":"http://www.ose.gr/en/o-s-e/network?download=78:network-statement-2017-2-2","external_links_name":"\"OSE - 2017 Network Statement Annexes\""},{"Link":"http://www.davlia.gr/","external_links_name":"Local website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_Paisal_Visalo | Phra Paisal Visalo | ["1 References","2 External links"] | This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Phra Paisal Visalo" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Paisal Visalo (Thai: ไพศาล วิสาโล; born May 10, 1957), is a Thai Buddhist monk, author and the abbot of Wat Pasukato in Chaiyaphum province of Thailand. He was involved in student activism and human rights protection before entering the monkhood in 1983. He is the co-founder of Sekiyadhamma, a network of socially engaged monks all over the country. Besides writing and editing books on environment and Buddhism, he holds training courses on nonviolence and meditation as well. He was recently the recipient of the Asian Public Intellectual Fellowship of the Nippon Foundation.
References
^ Jones, Michael Ernest (13 October 2010). The Social Movement of Spiritually Engaged Alternative Education in Thailand Against the Background of Reform and Globalization. Universal-Publishers. pp. 245–. ISBN 978-1-59942-366-1. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Phra Paisal Visalo.
www.visalo.org
This article about an environmental activist or conservationist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"Buddhist monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhikkhu"},{"link_name":"Wat Pasukato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wat_Pasukato&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-1"},{"link_name":"Sekiyadhamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sekiyadhamma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"nonviolence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolence"},{"link_name":"meditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation"},{"link_name":"Nippon Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Foundation"}],"text":"Paisal Visalo (Thai: ไพศาล วิสาโล; born May 10, 1957), is a Thai Buddhist monk, author and the abbot of Wat Pasukato[1] in Chaiyaphum province of Thailand. He was involved in student activism and human rights protection before entering the monkhood in 1983. He is the co-founder of Sekiyadhamma, a network of socially engaged monks all over the country. Besides writing and editing books on environment and Buddhism, he holds training courses on nonviolence and meditation as well. He was recently the recipient of the Asian Public Intellectual Fellowship of the Nippon Foundation.","title":"Phra Paisal Visalo"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Jones, Michael Ernest (13 October 2010). The Social Movement of Spiritually Engaged Alternative Education in Thailand Against the Background of Reform and Globalization. Universal-Publishers. pp. 245–. ISBN 978-1-59942-366-1. Retrieved 23 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nlx-jAu1y0kC&pg=PA245","url_text":"The Social Movement of Spiritually Engaged Alternative Education in Thailand Against the Background of Reform and Globalization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59942-366-1","url_text":"978-1-59942-366-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Phra+Paisal+Visalo%22","external_links_name":"\"Phra Paisal Visalo\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Phra+Paisal+Visalo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Phra+Paisal+Visalo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Phra+Paisal+Visalo%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Phra+Paisal+Visalo%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Phra+Paisal+Visalo%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nlx-jAu1y0kC&pg=PA245","external_links_name":"The Social Movement of Spiritually Engaged Alternative Education in Thailand Against the Background of Reform and Globalization"},{"Link":"http://www.visalo.org/","external_links_name":"www.visalo.org"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phra_Paisal_Visalo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicetas_of_Nicomedia | Nicetas of Nicomedia | ["1 References"] | Nicetas was a twelfth-century Archbishop of Nicomedia. He is noted for having said that the Church of Rome "has separated herself from us by her own deeds when through pride she assumed a monarchy which does not belong to her office."
He also participated in a theological debate with Anselm of Havelberg when he was the Archbishop of Nicomedia. This took place on April 3, 1136 in the city of Constantinople, capital of the East Roman Empire (referred to sometimes as the Byzantine Empire).
References
^ Quoted in Kallistos Ware, The Orthodox Church.
^ See Sylvain Gouguenheim, Aristote au Mont-Saint-Michel. Les racines grecques de l’Europe chrétienne, Éditions du Seuil, coll. L'univers historique, Paris, 2008, p.109, (ISBN 978-2-02-096541-5)
This article about an Eastern Orthodox bishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Byzantine biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anselm of Havelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Havelberg"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"East Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"He also participated in a theological debate with Anselm of Havelberg when he was the Archbishop of Nicomedia. This took place on April 3, 1136 in the city of Constantinople, capital of the East Roman Empire (referred to sometimes as the Byzantine Empire).[2]","title":"Nicetas of Nicomedia"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicetas_of_Nicomedia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicetas_of_Nicomedia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAllen_Texas_Temple | McAllen Texas Temple | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 26°16′03″N 98°12′41″W / 26.2676°N 98.2113°W / 26.2676; -98.2113
McAllen Texas TempleNumber183Dedication8 October 2023, by Dieter F. UchtdorfSite10.61 acres (4.29 ha)Floor area27,897 sq ft (2,591.7 m2)Height108 ft (33 m)Official website • News & imagesChurch chronology
←Moses Lake Washington Temple
McAllen Texas Temple
→Feather River California Temple
Additional informationAnnounced5 October 2019, by Russell M. NelsonGroundbreaking21 November 2020, by Art RasconOpen house25 August-9 September 2023Current presidentCarlos VillarrealLocationMcAllen, Texas, United StatesGeographic coordinates26°16′03″N 98°12′41″W / 26.2676°N 98.2113°W / 26.2676; -98.2113Baptistries1Ordinance rooms2Sealing rooms2Visitors' centerNo(edit)
The McAllen Texas Temple is temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints under construction in McAllen, Texas.
The intent to construct the temple was announced on October 5, 2019 by church president Russell M. Nelson in the Women's Session of the church's general conference. The announcement also included the Freetown Sierra Leone; Orem Utah; Port Moresby Papua New Guinea; Bentonville Arkansas; Bacolod Philippines; Cóban, Guatemala; and Taylorsville Utah temples.
On December 11, 2019, the church announced that the temple will be built on a 10.6-acre site located on the northwest corner of Second Street and West Trenton Road in McAllen. Plans call for a single-story temple of approximately 25,000 square feet, with a center spire. The temple is being built on 11 acres and stands 107 feet high.
A groundbreaking ceremony, to signify beginning of construction was held on November 21, 2020, with Art Rascon, an area seventy, presiding.
See also
LDS Church portal
AustinDallasFort WorthHoustonLubbockMcAllenMcKinneySan AntonioOklahoma CityTulsaBentonvilleAlbuquerqueCiudad Juárez(edit)
Dallas-Fort Worth Temples
DallasFort WorthMcKinney(edit)
Temples in Texas and Oklahoma (edit)
= Operating = Under construction = Announced = Temporarily Closed
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Texas
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Temple architecture (LDS Church)
References
^ "President Nelson Announces Eight New Temples at October 2019 General Conference", Newsroom, LDS Church, October 5, 2019
^ "The Temple Coming to McAllen, Texas, Will Help People 'Look to the Heavens for Wisdom'", newsroom, LDS Church, November 21, 2020, retrieved September 28, 2023
^ Nelson Russell, M. "Spiritual Treasures". 189th Semiannual General Conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 5 October 2019, Web,
^ Toone, Trent (October 5, 2019). "8 new Latter-day Saint temples announced by President Nelson at women's session". Deseret News. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ Bennett, Craig (October 7, 2019). "Eight new temples announced in LDS Church semiannual conference". KDXU News. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ Noyce, David (October 5, 2019). "Latter-day Saint temples coming to Orem and Taylorsville, upping Utah's eventual total to 23". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ Walker, Sean (October 6, 2019). "5 takeaways from the 189th semiannual general conference". KSL.com. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ "New Temple Site Locations Announced in Texas and Utah". Newsroom. LDS Church. December 11, 2019.
^ Reyes, Erika De Los (January 8, 2023). "Mayor welcomes Valley's only Mormon temple to McAllen". MyRGV.com. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
^ "The Temple Coming to McAllen Texas". Newsroom. LDS Church. November 21, 2020.
External links
McAllen Texas Temple at ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org
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Missions in the United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"McAllen, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAllen,_Texas"},{"link_name":"church president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"Russell M. 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Nelson in the Women's Session of the church's general conference. The announcement also included the Freetown Sierra Leone; Orem Utah; Port Moresby Papua New Guinea; Bentonville Arkansas; Bacolod Philippines; Cóban, Guatemala; and Taylorsville Utah temples.[3][4][5][6][7]On December 11, 2019, the church announced that the temple will be built on a 10.6-acre site located on the northwest corner of Second Street and West Trenton Road in McAllen.[8] Plans call for a single-story temple of approximately 25,000 square feet, with a center spire. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_H%C3%B6rdler | Frank Hördler | ["1 Career statistics","1.1 Regular season and playoffs","1.2 International","2 Awards and honors","3 References","4 External links"] | German ice hockey player (born 1985)
Ice hockey player
Frank Hördler
Hördler in 2006Born
(1985-01-26) 26 January 1985 (age 39)Bad Muskau, East GermanyHeight
6 ft 0 in (183 cm)Weight
190 lb (86 kg; 13 st 8 lb)Position
DefenceShoots
LeftDEL2 teamFormer teams
VER SelbEisbären BerlinNational team
GermanyNHL draft
UndraftedPlaying career
2001–present
Medal record
Olympic Games
2018 Pyeongchang
Team
Frank Hördler (born 26 January 1985) is a German professional ice hockey defenceman who currently plays for VER Selb in the DEL2. He previously played the entirety of his professional career with Eisbären Berlin in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga, spending 20 seasons with the club in the DEL.
His elder brother David Hördler was also a hockey player and his son Eric also played alongside him with Eisbären Berlin.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
Regular season
Playoffs
Season
Team
League
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
2001–02
ERC Selb
GER.3
15
0
2
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
2002–03
ERC Selb
GER.3
34
2
7
9
74
—
—
—
—
—
2003–04
Eisbären Berlin
DEL
39
1
1
2
20
—
—
—
—
—
2003–04
Eisbären Juniors Berlin
GER.4
—
—
—
—
—
13
4
2
6
61
2004–05
Eisbären Berlin
DEL
42
0
1
1
32
12
0
0
0
8
2004–05
Eisbären Juniors Berlin
GER.3
18
3
9
12
47
—
—
—
—
—
2005–06
Eisbären Berlin
DEL
50
3
15
18
91
11
2
2
4
12
2005–06
Eisbären Juniors Berlin
GER.3
1
0
0
0
0
—
—
—
—
—
2006–07
Eisbären Berlin
DEL
48
1
9
10
40
3
0
0
0
0
2007–08
Eisbären Berlin
DEL
56
1
15
16
58
14
1
2
3
6
2008–09
Eisbären Berlin
DEL
42
7
8
15
68
12
0
4
4
8
2009–10
Eisbären Berlin
DEL
23
0
7
7
24
5
0
1
1
8
2010–11
Eisbären Berlin
DEL
49
6
12
18
40
12
1
3
4
6
2011–12
Eisbären Berlin
DEL
45
3
17
20
38
13
1
2
3
20
2012–13
Eisbären Berlin
DEL
52
8
16
24
66
13
1
4
5
20
2013–14
Eisbären Berlin
DEL
37
3
16
19
32
3
0
0
0
2
2014–15
Eisbären Berlin
DEL
52
12
25
37
92
3
1
1
2
0
2015–16
Eisbären Berlin
DEL
23
3
6
9
24
7
0
4
4
4
2016–17
Eisbären Berlin
DEL
28
5
10
15
20
14
0
6
6
4
2017–18
Eisbären Berlin
DEL
30
2
8
10
12
18
3
11
14
18
2018–19
Eisbären Berlin
DEL
43
6
13
19
71
8
0
1
1
8
2019–20
Eisbären Berlin
DEL
52
6
11
17
38
—
—
—
—
—
2020–21
Eisbären Berlin
DEL
36
3
10
13
26
9
1
3
4
6
2021–22
Eisbären Berlin
DEL
50
5
23
28
52
12
0
4
4
4
2022–23
Eisbären Berlin
DEL
53
4
10
14
28
—
—
—
—
—
DEL totals
850
79
233
312
872
176
11
48
59
134
International
Year
Team
Event
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
2002
Germany
U17
1
1
2
2002
Germany
WJC18
8
0
0
0
8
2003
Germany
WJC18 D1
5
0
6
6
8
2004
Germany
WJC D1
5
1
1
2
10
2006
Germany
WC D1
5
0
3
3
2
2007
Germany
WC
6
0
0
0
14
2008
Germany
WC
6
1
0
1
6
2009
Germany
OGQ
3
0
0
0
2
2009
Germany
WC
6
0
0
0
10
2010
Germany
WC
1
0
0
0
0
2011
Germany
WC
7
2
2
4
0
2013
Germany
WC
7
0
1
1
4
2014
Germany
WC
7
0
2
2
6
2016
Germany
OGQ
3
0
0
0
2
2017
Germany
WC
8
0
1
1
0
2018
Germany
OG
7
1
2
3
4
Junior totals
18
1
7
8
26
Senior totals
66
4
11
15
50
Awards and honors
Award
Year
DEL
Champion (Eisbären Berlin)
2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2021, 2022
All-Star Game
2006, 2009
Defenseman of the Year
2015
References
^ Frank Hördler's profile and statistics at DEL.org (in German)
^ "Aktueller Kader" (in German). Eisbären Berlin. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
^ David Hördler
^ "Eric Hördler player profile". eliteprospects.com. 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
^ "New champion in unique DEL season". IIHF. 8 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
^ "Belin defend title in DEL" (in German). Deutsche Eishockey Liga. 4 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
External links
Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com, or Eurohockey.com, or The Internet Hockey Database
Media related to Frank Hördler at Wikimedia Commons
This German biographical article relating to ice hockey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"defenceman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenceman"},{"link_name":"DEL2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEL2"},{"link_name":"Eisbären Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisb%C3%A4ren_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Eishockey Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Eishockey_Liga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ice hockey playerFrank Hördler (born 26 January 1985) is a German professional ice hockey defenceman who currently plays for VER Selb in the DEL2. He previously played the entirety of his professional career with Eisbären Berlin in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga, spending 20 seasons with the club in the DEL.[1][2]His elder brother David Hördler was also a hockey player [3] and his son Eric also played alongside him with Eisbären Berlin.[4]","title":"Frank Hördler"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season and playoffs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and honors"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Aktueller Kader\" [Current Squad] (in German). Eisbären Berlin. Retrieved 20 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eisbaeren.de/das-team/spieler/","url_text":"\"Aktueller Kader\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisb%C3%A4ren_Berlin","url_text":"Eisbären Berlin"}]},{"reference":"\"Eric Hördler player profile\". eliteprospects.com. 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eliteprospects.com/player/601781/eric-hordler","url_text":"\"Eric Hördler player profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"New champion in unique DEL season\". IIHF. 8 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iihf.com/en/news/25381/new_champion_in_unique_del_season","url_text":"\"New champion in unique DEL season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation","url_text":"IIHF"}]},{"reference":"\"Belin defend title in DEL\" (in German). Deutsche Eishockey Liga. 4 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penny-del.org/news/eisbaeren-berlin-verteidigen-den-titel-in-der-penny-del/14355","url_text":"\"Belin defend title in DEL\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Eishockey_Liga","url_text":"Deutsche Eishockey Liga"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.del.org/?p=1405192","external_links_name":"Frank Hördler's profile and statistics"},{"Link":"http://www.eisbaeren.de/das-team/spieler/","external_links_name":"\"Aktueller Kader\""},{"Link":"https://www.eliteprospects.com/player/38441/david-hordler","external_links_name":"David Hördler"},{"Link":"https://www.eliteprospects.com/player/601781/eric-hordler","external_links_name":"\"Eric Hördler player profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.iihf.com/en/news/25381/new_champion_in_unique_del_season","external_links_name":"\"New champion in unique DEL season\""},{"Link":"https://www.penny-del.org/news/eisbaeren-berlin-verteidigen-den-titel-in-der-penny-del/14355","external_links_name":"\"Belin defend title in DEL\""},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=18054&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eurohockey.com/player/57126-frank-hrdler-.html","external_links_name":"Eurohockey.com"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=63359","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_H%C3%B6rdler&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Delia | Francis Delia | ["1 Career","1.1 The Bruthers","1.2 Work in visual media","2 Filmography","2.1 Films","2.2 Music videos","2.3 Television","3 References","4 External links"] | American film director
Francis DeliaBorn1947 or 1948 (age 75–76)Other namesFrank Delia, F.X. Pope, Francis X. WolfeOccupation(s)Director, writer, producer, cinematographer, photographer, guitaristYears active1965–1966 (with The Bruthers)1975–present (photography, film and television)RelativesJoe Delia (brother)
Francis Delia (c. 1948) is an American filmmaker, photographer, writer and musician, at times credited as Francis X. Wolfe or F.X. Pope
As Frank Delia, he was the guitarist of The Bruthers, a 1960s New York garage rock band whose four members were all brothers.
Delia worked as a photographer in the 1970s, working for a time with Hustler magazine. His first experiences as a cinematographer and director were in the pornographic film genre.
After relocating to Los Angeles with Hustler in 1978, he became co-founder and president of Wolfe Co., a film production company. He directed music videos in the 1980s, such as the videos for Wall of Voodoo's "Mexican Radio", "Somebody's Watching Me" by Rockwell as well as several videos for The Ramones, including the video for "Psycho Therapy", which made Rolling Stone's 1993 list of "The Top 100 Videos".
He also directed episodes of several television series in the 1980s and 1990s, as well as the feature films Freeway, Trouble Bound and Time of Her Time.
Career
The Bruthers
Delia was one of nine brothers and grew-up in Pearl River, New York. In 1960, Delia and his three of brothers — Mike, Al and Joe — formed the garage band The Bruthers and toured colleges for several years. The band was signed to RCA Records and released the single Bad Way to Go/Bad Love in 1966.
Delia told The Morning Call in 1966 that their father, Alfred W. Delia, was always supportive of his sons' creative endeavors. He also co-managed the band with famed music promoter and talent manager Sid Bernstein. The band broke up in 1967 after they were dropped by RCA.
Work in visual media
Delia attended the Cooper Union School of Art and started work as a photographer in 1975, working for ad agencies and publications such as National Lampoon and High Times. His first experience with a film camera was after meeting director Abel Ferrara, who frequently collaborated with Delia's brother, film composer Joe Delia. Delia served as Ferrara's cinematographer for his 1976 pornographic film, 9 Lives of a Wet Pussy, under the pseudonym Francis X. Wolfe.
Delia worked as a photographer for Hustler magazine, along with creative director Stephen Sayadian and writer Jerry Stahl. The three men relocated to Los Angeles with the magazine in 1978. After the move, the trio formed an art design company that created posters and one sheets for films, such as The Fog (1980), Dressed to Kill (1980), The Exterminator (1980) and Escape from New York (1981).
Delia's first experience as a film director was the 1981 pornographic horror Nightdreams, which was written by Sayadian and Stahl. Delia also acted as cinematographer and producer of Sayadian's 1982 pornographic science fiction film Café Flesh. Delia was credited under the pseudonym F.X. Pope for both films.
In 1982, Delia founded the film and visual media production company, Wolfe Company, which employed filmmakers such as Jean-Pierre Dutilleux, Russell Mulcahy, Brian Grant. The company started out producing movie trailers. including trailers for the films A Night In Heaven and Revenge of the Nerds, which were both directed by Delia, but within a couple of years the company's focus shifted to mostly music video production.
Delia's first music video was for the Wall of Voodoo single "Mexican Radio". The band were longtime friends of Delia's and their practice space was in the same building as the art studio he shared with Sayadian and Stahl. The Ramones liked the video and asked him to create a video for their single "Psycho Therapy". The video features a man who undergoes a lobotomy. The Ramones were pleased with the video, but MTV refused to air it until some scenes were cut. The video made Rolling Stone's 1993 list of "The Top 100 Videos". Delia also directed video for the Ramones' "Howling at the Moon (Sha–La–La)".
Some of the other songs for which he directed videos include "The Real World" by The Bangles, "A Million Miles Away" by The Plimsouls, "Somebody's Watching Me" by Rockwell, "Heard The News" by David Johansen, "Colored Lights" by The Blasters, "The Right to Rock" by Keel and "Love Always" by El DeBarge. Delia also directed videos for Starship's singles "We Built This City", "Sara", and "Tomorrow Doesn't Matter Tonight". He filmed The Fleshtones for The Beast of IRS Video, Vol I, a compilation of clips of music artists on the I.R.S. Records label, in addition to a film of Gary Numan in concert and a series of public service announcements for the campaign titled "Fight the Fear with Facts" by the AIDS Project Los Angeles.
Delia's feature film debut was the 1988 thriller Freeway, starring Darlanne Fluegel, James Russo and Michael Callan, which Delia both wrote and directed. He directed the 1993 crime comedy-drama film Trouble Bound, starring Patricia Arquette, Billy Bob Thornton and Michael Madsen. He directed the 1999 erotic film, Time of Her Time, starring Linden Ashby, and adapted the script from the short story "The Time of Her Time" by Norman Mailer. He also directed episodes of the television series Max Headroom, Friday the 13th: The Series (and wrote one episode), Against the Law and War of the Worlds.
In the 2000s Delia founded the film production company called Radioactive Digital Pictures, or RADPics, and in the 2010s it was announced that Delia was working on two film projects with musician Phil Driscoll, a music feature film titled Symphony of the Universe, as well as A Long Day Journey, a biopic about Driscoll's life starring Danny Glover, Derek Luke and Brian Dennehy that was to be released in 3D format, although these films have yet to be released.
Filmography
Films
Year
Title
Director
Writer
Producer
Cinematographer
Notes
1976
9 Lives of a Wet Pussy
No
No
No
Yes
Credited as Francis X. Wolfe
1981
Nightdreams
Yes
No
No
Yes
Credited as F.X. Pope
1982
Café Flesh
No
No
Yes
Yes
Credited as F.X. Pope
1988
Freeway
Yes
Yes
No
No
1993
Trouble Bound
No
Yes
No
No
Co-producer
1999
Time of Her Time
Yes
Yes
No
No
2005
An American Haunting
No
No
No
No
Co-executive producer
2008
The Game: Life After the Math
Yes
Yes
No
No
Documentary about rapper The Game
Music videos
Year
Song
Artist
1983
"Mexican Radio"
Wall of Voodoo
"Psycho Therapy"
Ramones
"The Real World"
The Bangles
"A Million Miles Away"
The Plimsouls
1984
"Somebody's Watching Me"
Rockwell
"Howling at the Moon (Sha-La-La)"
Ramones
"Heard the News"
David Johansen
1985
"The Right to Rock"
Keel
"We Built This City"
Starship
"Sara"
"Tomorrow Doesn't Matter Tonight"
1986
"Love Always"
El DeBarge
Television
Year
Title
Episode
Director
Writer
1986
Crime Story
"Hide and Go Thief" (season 1, episode 13)
Yes
No
"Strange Bedfellows" (season 1, episode 14)
Yes
No
1987
Max Headroom
"Body Banks" (season 1, episode 3)
Yes
No
1988
Friday the 13th: The Series
"Read My Lips"
Yes
No
"Symphony in B-Sharp"
Yes
No
1989
"The Butcher"
Yes
Yes
"Femme Fatale"
Yes
No
War of the Worlds
"The Second Wave"
Yes
No
1990
"Synthetic Love"
Yes
No
Against the Law
"The Price of Life"
Yes
No
References
^ a b McHarry, Charles (August 17, 1966). "On the Town". Daily News. p. C18. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. The Bruthers. . .are Al, 21, Mike 20, Frank, 18, and Joe, 17.
^ a b c d e f Smith, Jacob (March 22, 2007). "Sound and Performance in Stephen Sayadian's: Night Dreams and Cafe Flesh". Velvet Light Trap. 59 (59). University of Texas Press: 15–30. doi:10.1353/vlt.2007.0007. S2CID 190124808. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
^ a b c Brenez, Nicole (2007). Abel Ferrara. University of Illinois Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0252074110. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.
^ a b c d e Everly, Susan (August 16, 1966). "Brothers Turn Bruthers". The Morning Call. p. 15. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Some fathers dream of having nine sons for a family baseball team, but Alfred W. Delia had these nine sons and baseball is the farthest from his mind . . . Four of his sons -- Al, Mike, Frank, and Joe -- have opened at the New York young adult night club, The Cheetah, for 2 weeks after 6 years of local entertaining and touring the Eastern college circuit. . . The Pearl River group, who call themselves the Bruthers. They first performed in January 1960 for the Teaneck Jewish Community Center camp reunion. . . Frank described his father as the greatest single force directing the group's success. He always encouraged us, but never forced us into anything, he said. . . Delia senior is the group's co-manager with Sidney Bernstein who is also talent coordinator for the "Hullabaloo" T.V. show. Bernstein also discovered, and now manages, The Rascals.
^ a b c d e Iscan, Virgile (July 11, 2014). "Le génie du rinçage" (in French). Retrieved February 12, 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Delia's Remarkable Videos". LA Weekly. June 30, 1983. p. 6. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Frank Delia's "Mexican Radio" video for Wall of Voodoo has earned him a lot of attention. Great song, great video -- MTV is still playing it after nine months. . . The Ramones were impressed. They told their manager to find out who made the video, and Delia got a call from Joey Ramone in March. Would he video a song called "Psychotherapy" for their new album? . . This was followed by videos for the Bangles, the Plimsouls, the Flesheaters, Johnny Koonce, and a film of Gary Numan in concert. . . You can say that Delia -- who had never made a rock video before "Mexican Radio," and did only then because he and the band were long-time friends -- and his Wolfe Company (up until then a filmmaking company) are on a roll. . . The unsettling image is also a part of Delia's formula. In "Psychotherapy"...the protagonist undergoes a lobotomy, and his head is split in half, out writhes a hideous and uncontrollable being, a grotesque face that pushes its way up into the camera providing chills a la Eraserhead. The Ramones loved it. MTV labeled it as "totally offensive" and banned the video until the offending scenes were cut. . . The arresting image has been Delia's stock in trade before. Following a ten-year stint with a rock band in New York, Delia became a commercial photographer, putting together promotional photos for films like Dressed to Kill, The Fog, Escape from New York and The Exterminator. It was filmmaker Abel Ferrara -- of Ms. 45 fame -- who first put a movie camera in Delia's hands.
^ a b Roblin, Andrew (July 21, 1984). "Nashville Acts' Vidclips Rock Out". Billboard. Vol. 96, no. 29. p. 51. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.
^ a b Elysa, Gardener (October 14, 1993). "The 100 Top Music Videos". Rolling Stone. No. 667.
^ a b Klein, Andy (September 3, 1988). "'Freeway' proves just a turnoff". The San Francisco Examiner. p. 15. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Cast: Darlanne Fluegel, James Russo, Michael Callan. Director:Francis Delia. Writers Darell Fetty and Delia based on the novel by Deanne Barkley.
^ a b c d e "Goldmark Production Partner Radio Active Digital Pictures to Launch Much Anticipated Francis Delia Website" (Press release). New York, New York, United States: Goldmark Industries. Business Wire. January 4, 2007 – via ProQuest. About Francis Delia: A native New Yorker, Delia began as a performer with RCA recording group "The Bruthers". (Sundazed Records digitally re-mastered "Bruthers" recordings discovered in BMG's vaults and released album, "Bad Way To Go", October 2003). Delia went on to study at The School of Visual Arts and Cooper Union, emerged as a commercial photographer in 1975 for Madison Avenue Ad agencies, magazines such as National Lampoon & High Times, and in the same year gained first motion picture experience as cinematographer on early Abel Ferrara films. Delia migrated to L.A., photographed key art for movie ads including De Palma's "Dress To Kill", Carpenter's "The Fog", "Escape From New York"; produced/directed scores of music videos including #1's Sara (w/Rebecca De Mornay)/We Built This City (Starship) and Rockwell's Somebody's Watching Me (BET's Top 100 Videos). Four music videos were adapted for VH-1's POP-UP VIDEO; "Mexican Radio" (Wall of Voodoo) and "Psychotherapy" (The Ramones) listed on Rolling Stone's Top 100 Videos of All Time. Delia's feature films as director and/or writer include "Freeway" (New World, 1988), "Troublebound" (ITC/Fox Video, 1993) and "The Time of Her Time", adaptation of Norman Mailer short novel (released in Europe, 2001); Delia completed director's cut (2004) and currently seeks U.S. distribution. TV directorial credits include pilot of "War of the Worlds" (Paramount), "Against the Law" (Fox), "Max Headroom" (ABC), episodes of Michael Mann's "Crime Story" (NBC) and multiple episodes of "Friday the 13th, the Series" (Paramount). Currently, Delia is directing music video, writing feature screenplays including "Che" (Davis-Panzer, 2004), adapting Mailer short novel, "The Man Who Studied Yoga" (2006, attached as director); co-exec-producer (uncredited writer), "An American Haunting", 2006, starring Donald Sutherland/Sissy Spacek) released in May 2006; developing slate of features for development/production company, RadioActiveDigital Pictures.
^ a b c "Not a Bad Way to Go: A Story About a Killer Sixties Garage Band Called "The Bruthers"". Freeform Portland. January 19, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
^ Marsh, Steven P. (May 23, 2019). "Abel Ferrara". The Journal News. p. C1. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. It's one of the few questions the impish Ferrara answers directly in a conversation that begins in an elevator ride in the Roxy Hotel in Manhattan's Tribeca neighborhood after he played guitar and did a little enthusiastic singing with longtime music collaborator and Tappan studio operator Joe Delia and his band in the lobby lounge.
^ "Francis X. Wolfe". bfi.org. British Film Institute. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
^ a b c Dobrin, Gregory (April 19, 1986). "The Wolfe Co. Shoots For Quality Over Quantity". Cashbox. Vol. 49, no. 44. p. 10. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Internet Archive.
^ Dupler, Steven (January 19, 1985). "Vidclip makers Branching Out". Billboard. Vol. 97, no. 3. pp. 32–34. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.
^ a b "New Video Clips". Billboard. Vol. 96, no. 47. November 24, 1984. p. 31. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.
^ "Video Track". Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 33. August 16, 1986. p. 50. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.
^ "Video Track". Billboard. Vol. 97, no. 12. March 23, 1985. p. 33. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.
^ "Video Track". Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 14. April 5, 1986. p. 54. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.
^ Bessman, Jim (April 12, 1986). "Delia Diversification Is Designed To Put Wolfe At The Fore". Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 15. p. 61. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.
^ Zuckerman, Faye (July 21, 1984). "Video Reviews". Billboard. Vol. 96, no. 29. p. 34. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.
^ "Delia Diversification Is Designed To Put Wolfe At The Fore". Billboard. Vol. 97, no. 4. April 12, 1986. p. 40. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.
^ a b Hindes, Andrew (January 29, 1997). "Green buys 'Time' for Delia to helm". Variety. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
^ "War of the Worlds episode list". Radio Times. Immediate Media Company. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.
^ Hemry, Melanie (November 2011). "A High Note of Victory". Believer's Voice of Victory. p. 17. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.
^ Kay, Jeremy (November 2, 2012). "Danny Glover, Derek Luke join Phil Driscoll prison drama". screendaily.com. Screen International. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
External links
Francis Delia at IMDb
Official website
radpics.com | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMITH-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRENEZ-3"},{"link_name":"The Bruthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bruthers"},{"link_name":"garage rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_rock"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EVERLY-4"},{"link_name":"Hustler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hustler_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISCAN-5"},{"link_name":"pornographic film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornographic_film"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRENEZ-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISCAN-5"},{"link_name":"production company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_company"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISCAN-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAWEEKLY-6"},{"link_name":"Wall of Voodoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_of_Voodoo"},{"link_name":"Mexican Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Radio"},{"link_name":"Somebody's Watching Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody%27s_Watching_Me"},{"link_name":"Rockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_(musician)"},{"link_name":"The Ramones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ramones"},{"link_name":"Psycho Therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subterranean_Jungle#Compositions_and_lyrics"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAWEEKLY-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROBLIN-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ELYSA-8"},{"link_name":"Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway_(1988_film)"},{"link_name":"Trouble Bound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouble_Bound"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KLEIN-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRESSRELEASE-10"}],"text":"Francis Delia (c. 1948)[1] is an American filmmaker, photographer, writer and musician, at times credited as Francis X. Wolfe or F.X. Pope[2][3]As Frank Delia, he was the guitarist of The Bruthers, a 1960s New York garage rock band whose four members were all brothers.[4]Delia worked as a photographer in the 1970s, working for a time with Hustler magazine.[5] His first experiences as a cinematographer and director were in the pornographic film genre.[3][5]After relocating to Los Angeles with Hustler in 1978, he became co-founder and president of Wolfe Co., a film production company.[5][6] He directed music videos in the 1980s, such as the videos for Wall of Voodoo's \"Mexican Radio\", \"Somebody's Watching Me\" by Rockwell as well as several videos for The Ramones, including the video for \"Psycho Therapy\", which made Rolling Stone's 1993 list of \"The Top 100 Videos\".[6][7][8]He also directed episodes of several television series in the 1980s and 1990s, as well as the feature films Freeway, Trouble Bound and Time of Her Time.[9][10]","title":"Francis Delia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pearl River, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EVERLY-4"},{"link_name":"Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Delia"},{"link_name":"The Bruthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bruthers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EVERLY-4"},{"link_name":"RCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FREEFORM-11"},{"link_name":"The Morning Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morning_Call"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EVERLY-4"},{"link_name":"Sid Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Bernstein_(impresario)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EVERLY-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FREEFORM-11"}],"sub_title":"The Bruthers","text":"Delia was one of nine brothers and grew-up in Pearl River, New York.[4] In 1960, Delia and his three of brothers — Mike, Al and Joe — formed the garage band The Bruthers and toured colleges for several years.[4] The band was signed to RCA Records and released the single Bad Way to Go/Bad Love in 1966.[11]Delia told The Morning Call in 1966 that their father, Alfred W. Delia, was always supportive of his sons' creative endeavors.[4] He also co-managed the band with famed music promoter and talent manager Sid Bernstein.[4] The band broke up in 1967 after they were dropped by RCA.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cooper Union School of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Union_School_of_Art"},{"link_name":"National Lampoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"High Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Times"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRESSRELEASE-10"},{"link_name":"Abel Ferrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Ferrara"},{"link_name":"Joe Delia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Delia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAWEEKLY-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FREEFORM-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"9 Lives of a Wet Pussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_Lives_of_a_Wet_Pussy"},{"link_name":"pseudonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRENEZ-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Hustler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hustler_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Sayadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Sayadian"},{"link_name":"Jerry Stahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Stahl"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMITH-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISCAN-5"},{"link_name":"one sheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_sheet"},{"link_name":"The Fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fog"},{"link_name":"Dressed to Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressed_to_Kill_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"The Exterminator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exterminator"},{"link_name":"Escape from New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMITH-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAWEEKLY-6"},{"link_name":"Nightdreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightdreams"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISCAN-5"},{"link_name":"Café Flesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Flesh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMITH-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMITH-2"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Dutilleux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Dutilleux"},{"link_name":"Russell Mulcahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Mulcahy"},{"link_name":"Brian Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Grant_(director)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOBRIN041986-14"},{"link_name":"movie trailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_trailers"},{"link_name":"A Night In Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Night_In_Heaven"},{"link_name":"Revenge of the Nerds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Nerds"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOBRIN041986-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Wall of Voodoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_of_Voodoo"},{"link_name":"Mexican Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Radio"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAWEEKLY-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMITH-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAWEEKLY-6"},{"link_name":"The Ramones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ramones"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAWEEKLY-6"},{"link_name":"lobotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobotomy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAWEEKLY-6"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAWEEKLY-6"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ELYSA-8"},{"link_name":"Howling at the Moon (Sha–La–La)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howling_at_the_Moon_(Sha%E2%80%93La%E2%80%93La)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEWVIDEO-16"},{"link_name":"The Real World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangles_(EP)"},{"link_name":"The Bangles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bangles"},{"link_name":"A Million Miles Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everywhere_at_Once_(The_Plimsouls_album)"},{"link_name":"The Plimsouls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plimsouls"},{"link_name":"Somebody's Watching Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody%27s_Watching_Me"},{"link_name":"Rockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Heard The News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Revenge_(David_Johansen_album)"},{"link_name":"David Johansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Johansen"},{"link_name":"Colored Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Line_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Blasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blasters"},{"link_name":"The Right to Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_to_Rock"},{"link_name":"Keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_(band)"},{"link_name":"Love Always","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_DeBarge_(album)"},{"link_name":"El DeBarge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_DeBarge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAWEEKLY-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROBLIN-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEWVIDEO-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Starship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_(band)"},{"link_name":"We Built This City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Built_This_City"},{"link_name":"Sara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_(Starship_song)"},{"link_name":"Tomorrow Doesn't Matter Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_Doesn%27t_Matter_Tonight"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The Fleshtones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fleshtones"},{"link_name":"I.R.S. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.R.S._Records"},{"link_name":"Gary Numan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Numan"},{"link_name":"public service announcements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service_announcements"},{"link_name":"AIDS Project Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS_Project_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAWEEKLY-6"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway_(1988_film)"},{"link_name":"Darlanne Fluegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlanne_Fluegel"},{"link_name":"James Russo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Russo"},{"link_name":"Michael Callan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Callan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KLEIN-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRESSRELEASE-10"},{"link_name":"Trouble Bound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouble_Bound"},{"link_name":"Patricia Arquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Arquette"},{"link_name":"Billy Bob Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bob_Thornton"},{"link_name":"Michael Madsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madsen"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOBRIN041986-14"},{"link_name":"Linden Ashby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linden_Ashby"},{"link_name":"The Time of Her Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Time_of_Her_Time"},{"link_name":"Norman Mailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Mailer"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HINDES-23"},{"link_name":"Max Headroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Headroom_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Friday the 13th: The Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_the_13th:_The_Series"},{"link_name":"Against the Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against_the_Law_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"War of the Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Worlds_(1988_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRESSRELEASE-10"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HINDES-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Phil Driscoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Driscoll"},{"link_name":"Danny Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Glover"},{"link_name":"Derek Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Luke"},{"link_name":"Brian Dennehy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Dennehy"},{"link_name":"3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_film"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRESSRELEASE-10"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Work in visual media","text":"Delia attended the Cooper Union School of Art and started work as a photographer in 1975, working for ad agencies and publications such as National Lampoon and High Times.[10] His first experience with a film camera was after meeting director Abel Ferrara, who frequently collaborated with Delia's brother, film composer Joe Delia.[6][11][12] Delia served as Ferrara's cinematographer for his 1976 pornographic film, 9 Lives of a Wet Pussy, under the pseudonym Francis X. Wolfe.[3][13]Delia worked as a photographer for Hustler magazine, along with creative director Stephen Sayadian and writer Jerry Stahl.[2] The three men relocated to Los Angeles with the magazine in 1978.[5] After the move, the trio formed an art design company that created posters and one sheets for films, such as The Fog (1980), Dressed to Kill (1980), The Exterminator (1980) and Escape from New York (1981).[2][6]Delia's first experience as a film director was the 1981 pornographic horror Nightdreams, which was written by Sayadian and Stahl.[5] Delia also acted as cinematographer and producer of Sayadian's 1982 pornographic science fiction film Café Flesh.[2] Delia was credited under the pseudonym F.X. Pope for both films.[2]In 1982, Delia founded the film and visual media production company, Wolfe Company, which employed filmmakers such as Jean-Pierre Dutilleux, Russell Mulcahy, Brian Grant.[14] The company started out producing movie trailers. including trailers for the films A Night In Heaven and Revenge of the Nerds, which were both directed by Delia, but within a couple of years the company's focus shifted to mostly music video production.[14][15]Delia's first music video was for the Wall of Voodoo single \"Mexican Radio\".[6] The band were longtime friends of Delia's and their practice space was in the same building as the art studio he shared with Sayadian and Stahl.[2][6] The Ramones liked the video and asked him to create a video for their single \"Psycho Therapy\".[6] The video features a man who undergoes a lobotomy.[6] The Ramones were pleased with the video, but MTV refused to air it until some scenes were cut.[6] The video made Rolling Stone's 1993 list of \"The Top 100 Videos\".[8] Delia also directed video for the Ramones' \"Howling at the Moon (Sha–La–La)\".[16]Some of the other songs for which he directed videos include \"The Real World\" by The Bangles, \"A Million Miles Away\" by The Plimsouls, \"Somebody's Watching Me\" by Rockwell, \"Heard The News\" by David Johansen, \"Colored Lights\" by The Blasters, \"The Right to Rock\" by Keel and \"Love Always\" by El DeBarge.[6][7][16][17][18] Delia also directed videos for Starship's singles \"We Built This City\", \"Sara\", and \"Tomorrow Doesn't Matter Tonight\".[19] He filmed The Fleshtones for The Beast of IRS Video, Vol I, a compilation of clips of music artists on the I.R.S. Records label, in addition to a film of Gary Numan in concert and a series of public service announcements for the campaign titled \"Fight the Fear with Facts\" by the AIDS Project Los Angeles.[6][20][21][22]Delia's feature film debut was the 1988 thriller Freeway, starring Darlanne Fluegel, James Russo and Michael Callan, which Delia both wrote and directed.[9][10] He directed the 1993 crime comedy-drama film Trouble Bound, starring Patricia Arquette, Billy Bob Thornton and Michael Madsen.[14] He directed the 1999 erotic film, Time of Her Time, starring Linden Ashby, and adapted the script from the short story \"The Time of Her Time\" by Norman Mailer.[23] He also directed episodes of the television series Max Headroom, Friday the 13th: The Series (and wrote one episode), Against the Law and War of the Worlds.[10][23][24]In the 2000s Delia founded the film production company called Radioactive Digital Pictures, or RADPics, and in the 2010s it was announced that Delia was working on two film projects with musician Phil Driscoll, a music feature film titled Symphony of the Universe, as well as A Long Day Journey, a biopic about Driscoll's life starring Danny Glover, Derek Luke and Brian Dennehy that was to be released in 3D format, although these films have yet to be released.[10][25][26]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"McHarry, Charles (August 17, 1966). \"On the Town\". Daily News. p. C18. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. The Bruthers. . .are Al, 21, Mike 20, Frank, 18, and Joe, 17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/461578311/","url_text":"\"On the Town\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"Daily News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Jacob (March 22, 2007). \"Sound and Performance in Stephen Sayadian's: Night Dreams and Cafe Flesh\". Velvet Light Trap. 59 (59). University of Texas Press: 15–30. doi:10.1353/vlt.2007.0007. S2CID 190124808. Retrieved February 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A160640823/AONE?u=oregon_oweb&sid=googleScholar&xid=e6907d91","url_text":"\"Sound and Performance in Stephen Sayadian's: Night Dreams and Cafe Flesh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fvlt.2007.0007","url_text":"10.1353/vlt.2007.0007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190124808","url_text":"190124808"}]},{"reference":"Brenez, Nicole (2007). Abel Ferrara. University of Illinois Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0252074110. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k8iLpYdw6mMC&pg=PA174","url_text":"Abel Ferrara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252074110","url_text":"978-0252074110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Everly, Susan (August 16, 1966). \"Brothers Turn Bruthers\". The Morning Call. p. 15. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Some fathers dream of having nine sons for a family baseball team, but Alfred W. Delia had these nine sons and baseball is the farthest from his mind . . . Four of his sons -- Al, Mike, Frank, and Joe -- have opened at the New York young adult night club, The Cheetah, for 2 weeks after 6 years of local entertaining and touring the Eastern college circuit. . . The Pearl River group, who call themselves the Bruthers. They first performed in January 1960 for the Teaneck Jewish Community Center camp reunion. . . Frank described his father as the greatest single force directing the group's success. He always encouraged us, but never forced us into anything, he said. . . Delia senior is the group's co-manager with Sidney Bernstein who is also talent coordinator for the \"Hullabaloo\" T.V. show. Bernstein also discovered, and now manages, The Rascals.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/553721988/","url_text":"\"Brothers Turn Bruthers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morning_Call","url_text":"The Morning Call"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Iscan, Virgile (July 11, 2014). \"Le génie du rinçage\" [The rinsing genius] (in French). Retrieved February 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/fr/article/exe5zm/le-genie-du-rincage-v8n6","url_text":"\"Le génie du rinçage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Delia's Remarkable Videos\". LA Weekly. June 30, 1983. p. 6. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Frank Delia's \"Mexican Radio\" video for Wall of Voodoo has earned him a lot of attention. Great song, great video -- MTV is still playing it after nine months. . . The Ramones were impressed. They told their manager to find out who made the video, and Delia got a call from Joey Ramone in March. Would he video a song called \"Psychotherapy\" for their new album? . . This was followed by videos for the Bangles, the Plimsouls, the Flesheaters, Johnny Koonce, and a film of Gary Numan in concert. . . You can say that Delia -- who had never made a rock video before \"Mexican Radio,\" and did only then because he and the band were long-time friends -- and his Wolfe Company (up until then a filmmaking company) are on a roll. . . The unsettling image is also a part of Delia's formula. In \"Psychotherapy\"...the protagonist undergoes a lobotomy, and his head is split in half, out writhes a hideous and uncontrollable being, a grotesque face that pushes its way up into the camera providing chills a la Eraserhead. The Ramones loved it. MTV labeled it as \"totally offensive\" and banned the video until the offending scenes were cut. . . The arresting image has been Delia's stock in trade before. Following a ten-year stint with a rock band in New York, Delia became a commercial photographer, putting together promotional photos for films like Dressed to Kill, The Fog, Escape from New York and The Exterminator. It was filmmaker Abel Ferrara -- of Ms. 45 fame -- who first put a movie camera in Delia's hands.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/579217541/","url_text":"\"Delia's Remarkable Videos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_Weekly","url_text":"LA Weekly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Roblin, Andrew (July 21, 1984). \"Nashville Acts' Vidclips Rock Out\". Billboard. Vol. 96, no. 29. p. 51. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j5I4br0t7cwC&pg=PT116","url_text":"\"Nashville Acts' Vidclips Rock Out\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Elysa, Gardener (October 14, 1993). \"The 100 Top Music Videos\". Rolling Stone. No. 667.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Klein, Andy (September 3, 1988). \"'Freeway' proves just a turnoff\". The San Francisco Examiner. p. 15. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Cast: Darlanne Fluegel, James Russo, Michael Callan. Director:Francis Delia. Writers Darell Fetty and Delia based on the novel by Deanne Barkley.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/461240009/","url_text":"\"'Freeway' proves just a turnoff\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Francisco_Examiner","url_text":"The San Francisco Examiner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Goldmark Production Partner Radio Active Digital Pictures to Launch Much Anticipated Francis Delia Website\" (Press release). New York, New York, United States: Goldmark Industries. Business Wire. January 4, 2007 – via ProQuest. About Francis Delia: A native New Yorker, Delia began as a performer with RCA recording group \"The Bruthers\". (Sundazed Records digitally re-mastered \"Bruthers\" recordings discovered in BMG's vaults and released album, \"Bad Way To Go\", October 2003). Delia went on to study at The School of Visual Arts and Cooper Union, emerged as a commercial photographer in 1975 for Madison Avenue Ad agencies, magazines such as National Lampoon & High Times, and in the same year gained first motion picture experience as cinematographer on early Abel Ferrara films. Delia migrated to L.A., photographed key art for movie ads including De Palma's \"Dress To Kill\", Carpenter's \"The Fog\", \"Escape From New York\"; produced/directed scores of music videos including #1's Sara (w/Rebecca De Mornay)/We Built This City (Starship) and Rockwell's Somebody's Watching Me (BET's Top 100 Videos). Four music videos were adapted for VH-1's POP-UP VIDEO; \"Mexican Radio\" (Wall of Voodoo) and \"Psychotherapy\" (The Ramones) listed on Rolling Stone's Top 100 Videos of All Time. Delia's feature films as director and/or writer include \"Freeway\" (New World, 1988), \"Troublebound\" (ITC/Fox Video, 1993) and \"The Time of Her Time\", adaptation of Norman Mailer short novel (released in Europe, 2001); Delia completed director's cut (2004) and currently seeks U.S. distribution. TV directorial credits include pilot of \"War of the Worlds\" (Paramount), \"Against the Law\" (Fox), \"Max Headroom\" (ABC), episodes of Michael Mann's \"Crime Story\" (NBC) and multiple episodes of \"Friday the 13th, the Series\" (Paramount). Currently, Delia is directing music video, writing feature screenplays including \"Che\" (Davis-Panzer, 2004), adapting Mailer short novel, \"The Man Who Studied Yoga\" (2006, attached as director); co-exec-producer (uncredited writer), \"An American Haunting\", 2006, starring Donald Sutherland/Sissy Spacek) released in May 2006; developing slate of features for development/production company, RadioActiveDigital Pictures.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/445115181/","url_text":"\"Goldmark Production Partner Radio Active Digital Pictures to Launch Much Anticipated Francis Delia Website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire","url_text":"Business Wire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest","url_text":"ProQuest"}]},{"reference":"\"Not a Bad Way to Go: A Story About a Killer Sixties Garage Band Called \"The Bruthers\"\". Freeform Portland. January 19, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freeformportland.org/2018/01/19/not-a-bad-way-to-go-a-story-about-a-killer-sixties-garage-band-called-the-bruthers/","url_text":"\"Not a Bad Way to Go: A Story About a Killer Sixties Garage Band Called \"The Bruthers\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeform_Portland","url_text":"Freeform Portland"}]},{"reference":"Marsh, Steven P. (May 23, 2019). \"Abel Ferrara\". The Journal News. p. C1. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. It's one of the few questions the impish Ferrara answers directly in a conversation that begins in an elevator ride in the Roxy Hotel in Manhattan's Tribeca neighborhood after he played guitar and did a little enthusiastic singing with longtime music collaborator and Tappan studio operator Joe Delia and his band in the lobby lounge.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/592263411/","url_text":"\"Abel Ferrara\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_News","url_text":"The Journal News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Francis X. Wolfe\". bfi.org. British Film Institute. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230225151849/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bc3228ba5","url_text":"\"Francis X. Wolfe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Film_Institute","url_text":"British Film Institute"},{"url":"https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bc3228ba5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dobrin, Gregory (April 19, 1986). \"The Wolfe Co. Shoots For Quality Over Quantity\". Cashbox. Vol. 49, no. 44. p. 10. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cashbox49unse_42/page/10","url_text":"\"The Wolfe Co. Shoots For Quality Over Quantity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)","url_text":"Cashbox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Dupler, Steven (January 19, 1985). \"Vidclip makers Branching Out\". Billboard. Vol. 97, no. 3. pp. 32–34. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GSUEAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"\"Vidclip makers Branching Out\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"New Video Clips\". Billboard. Vol. 96, no. 47. November 24, 1984. p. 31. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nyQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA31","url_text":"\"New Video Clips\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"Video Track\". Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 33. August 16, 1986. p. 50. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4SQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT65","url_text":"\"Video Track\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"Video Track\". Billboard. Vol. 97, no. 12. March 23, 1985. p. 33. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tSQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT46","url_text":"\"Video Track\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"Video Track\". Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 14. April 5, 1986. p. 54. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_CQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT55","url_text":"\"Video Track\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Bessman, Jim (April 12, 1986). \"Delia Diversification Is Designed To Put Wolfe At The Fore\". Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 15. p. 61. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7yQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA57-IA4","url_text":"\"Delia Diversification Is Designed To Put Wolfe At The Fore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Zuckerman, Faye (July 21, 1984). \"Video Reviews\". Billboard. Vol. 96, no. 29. p. 34. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j5I4br0t7cwC&pg=PT39","url_text":"\"Video Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"Delia Diversification Is Designed To Put Wolfe At The Fore\". Billboard. Vol. 97, no. 4. April 12, 1986. p. 40. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7CQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT39","url_text":"\"Delia Diversification Is Designed To Put Wolfe At The Fore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Hindes, Andrew (January 29, 1997). \"Green buys 'Time' for Delia to helm\". Variety. Retrieved February 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1997/scene/vpage/green-buys-time-for-delia-to-helm-1117432803/","url_text":"\"Green buys 'Time' for Delia to helm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"War of the Worlds episode list\". Radio Times. Immediate Media Company. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-vprqxf/war-of-the-worlds/episodes/","url_text":"\"War of the Worlds episode list\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times","url_text":"Radio Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immediate_Media_Company","url_text":"Immediate Media Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Hemry, Melanie (November 2011). \"A High Note of Victory\". Believer's Voice of Victory. p. 17. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/aepvisionary/docs/nov11_d","url_text":"\"A High Note of Victory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Believer%27s_Voice_of_Victory","url_text":"Believer's Voice of Victory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Kay, Jeremy (November 2, 2012). \"Danny Glover, Derek Luke join Phil Driscoll prison drama\". screendaily.com. Screen International. Retrieved February 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.screendaily.com/danny-glover-derek-luke-join-phil-driscoll-prison-drama/5048531.article","url_text":"\"Danny Glover, Derek Luke join Phil Driscoll prison drama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_International","url_text":"Screen International"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/461578311/","external_links_name":"\"On the Town\""},{"Link":"https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A160640823/AONE?u=oregon_oweb&sid=googleScholar&xid=e6907d91","external_links_name":"\"Sound and Performance in Stephen Sayadian's: Night Dreams and Cafe Flesh\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fvlt.2007.0007","external_links_name":"10.1353/vlt.2007.0007"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190124808","external_links_name":"190124808"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k8iLpYdw6mMC&pg=PA174","external_links_name":"Abel Ferrara"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/553721988/","external_links_name":"\"Brothers Turn Bruthers\""},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/fr/article/exe5zm/le-genie-du-rincage-v8n6","external_links_name":"\"Le génie du rinçage\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/579217541/","external_links_name":"\"Delia's Remarkable Videos\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j5I4br0t7cwC&pg=PT116","external_links_name":"\"Nashville Acts' Vidclips Rock Out\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","external_links_name":"0006-2510"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/461240009/","external_links_name":"\"'Freeway' proves just a turnoff\""},{"Link":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/445115181/","external_links_name":"\"Goldmark Production Partner Radio Active Digital Pictures to Launch Much Anticipated Francis Delia Website\""},{"Link":"https://www.freeformportland.org/2018/01/19/not-a-bad-way-to-go-a-story-about-a-killer-sixties-garage-band-called-the-bruthers/","external_links_name":"\"Not a Bad Way to Go: A Story About a Killer Sixties Garage Band Called \"The Bruthers\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/592263411/","external_links_name":"\"Abel Ferrara\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230225151849/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bc3228ba5","external_links_name":"\"Francis X. Wolfe\""},{"Link":"https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bc3228ba5","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cashbox49unse_42/page/10","external_links_name":"\"The Wolfe Co. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosaly-Batiz_House | Rosaly–Batiz House | ["1 History and significance","2 Sale of the residence","3 Physical appearance and description","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 18°00′39″N 66°36′55″W / 18.01072°N 66.61522°W / 18.01072; -66.61522Historic building in Ponce, Puerto Rico
United States historic placeRosaly–Batiz HouseU.S. National Register of Historic Places
The Rosaly–Batiz House in Barrio PrimeroLocation in Puerto RicoLocation125 Villa St./ Corner of Mendez Vigo St., Ponce, Puerto RicoCoordinates18°00′39″N 66°36′55″W / 18.01072°N 66.61522°W / 18.01072; -66.61522Area0.3 acres (0.12 ha)Built1897ArchitectManuel V. DomenechNRHP reference No.86002768Added to NRHPSeptember 29, 1986
The Rosaly–Batiz House (Spanish: Residencia Rosaly-Batiz) is a historic building located on Villa street in Barrio Primero in Ponce, Puerto Rico, in the city's historic district. The building dates from 1897. It was designed by Manuel V. Domenech, a Puerto Rican architect that was responsible for designing various other now-historic buildings. Domenech built this residence for Ponce mayor Pedro Juan Rosaly. Domenech himself became mayor of Ponce and held numerous other political positions in Puerto Rico. The Batiz Residence is a monument to a great man and his works and a vivid reminder of the aristocracy of the years prior to the Great Depression.
History and significance
The Batiz Residence was built in 1897 by the renown engineer Manuel Domenech for the Mayor of the City of Ponce, Don Pedro Juan Rosaly. A native of Ponce, Domenech graduated from the prestigious Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute of New York and was responsible for many of the island's most lavish turn-of-the-century buildings.
Among Domenech's other designs are the Caryatid House (1910) which faces the Ponce Cathedral and the "Asilo de Pobres" (listed in the National Register on 2 December 1985). Domenech was also Mayor of the City of Ponce and held many governmental positions in Puerto Rico.
Although a particular style cannot be attributed to Domenech, the vocabulary of his designs ranged from the purest Neoclassical to the most intricate eccletic. In this case, Domenech referred to the Renaissance Italian Palazzo as a model, a theme repeated in other properties both in Ponce and Mayaguez. However stern, the Batiz Residence displays a greater degree of mannerism over eclecticism, resulting in one of Ponce's most distinguished structures.
Sale of the residence
The property was purchased in the 1920s as the city residence of Antonio Batiz Olivera, a wealthy coffee plantation owner. During his visits to Ponce the house was said to be filled with light and music. Great balls, concerts and intellectual gatherings characterized the Batiz family and, thus, the house.
The structure has never been altered from what Domenech designed. Only minor maintenance work has been carried out during its many years of forgotten splendor.
The Batiz Residence today is a monument to the great man that Domenech was and his works, and a vivid reminder of the aristocracy of the years prior to the Great Depression.
Physical appearance and description
The Batiz Residence is located on the southeast corner of Villa Street at Mendez Vigo Street. It occupies a plot of land 1145 meters square, bordered by Villa Street on the north and Luna Street on the south.
This structure of stuccoed brick and rubble consists of two stories set on a podium approximately four feet above street level. The property follows a U-shaped plan, creating a rectangular courtyard enclosed at the rear by a garden wall. The roof is flat, of wood and brick construction.
The main facade is divided into five bays in an A-B-A rhythm established by a single-bay central section and flanking two-bay sections. Rustic quoins turn the east and west corners of the facade. An italianate cornice spans the roof-line between the rusticated quoins.
At the first level, a recessed loggia is created by an arcade of segmental arches supported by diminished Doric columns on pedestals. Balusters enclose the arcade. The central bay is separated from the rest by a one-storey pair of rusticated pilasters. This bay breaks the podium for access to the main entrance and incorporates a round arch beginning at a point lower than the other arches. Inside the loggia the central doorway is flanked by rusticated segmental arches with full-height, double-shutter jalousies.
A continuous string course separates the first floor from the second. At the upper level there are five rusticated openings similar to those of the first storey. The three inner bays open to a continuous balcony with wrought iron railing in intricate decorative patterns. Iron trellises support a decorative balcony roof.
The west facade is divided by rusticated pilasters into three sections of two, three, and one bay respectively, from north to south. South of the sixth bay extends a one-storey section which serves as a port-cochere. The fenestration at the west facade is similar to that at the main, except with circular arches at the upper level. At the lower level, another circular arch of larger proportions opens at the sixth bay.
The interiors are divided into three separate apartments: two similarly distributed residential units at the first level and a single large apartment at the second. The living quarters, kitchen, and servants' quarters of the upper floor are reached via a series of louvered galleries that open to the courtyard. The living room boasts original crystal chandeliers and electric features. Floors are generally of polished wood and ceilings of ornate pressed sheet-metal. The living room windows open to the balcony which has marble floors and iron railings.
The Batiz Residence remains a magnificent example of the architectural trends of the aristocracy of Ponce.
See also
Puerto Rico portal
Puerto Rico State Historic Preservation Office Files
Ponce Historic Archives
References
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ a b c d e f g Mariano G. Coronas Castro, Certifying Official; Felix J. del Campo, State Historian, Puerto Rico Historic Preservation Office. (San Juan, Puerto Rico) July 12, 1986. Rosaly-Batiz House. In, National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.) Page 3. Listing Reference Number 87000772. September 29, 1986.
^ a b c d e f g h Mariano G. Coronas Castro, Certifying Official; Felix J. del Campo, State Historian, Puerto Rico Historic Preservation Office. (San Juan, Puerto Rico) July 12, 1986. Rosaly-Batiz House. In, National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.) Page 2. Listing Reference Number 87000772. September 29, 1986.
External links
National Register of Historic Places photographic file
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Ponce Jazz Festival
Fiesta Nacional de la Danza
Día Mundial de Ponce
Festival Nacional de la Quenepa
Bienal de Arte de Ponce
Nightlife in Ponce, Puerto Rico
Las Justas
Cruce a Nado Internacional
Theaters
Teatro La Perla
Teatro Fox Delicias
Ponce Towne Center
Caribbean Cinemas
Teatro Antono Paoli
Teatro Vicente Murga
Concha Acústica de Ponce
Parks
Parque de la Abolición
Parque de la Ceiba
Parque del Tricentenario
Parque Ecológico Urbano
Parque Familiar Julio Enrique Monagas
Parque Luis A. "Wito" Morales
Parque Pedro Albizu Campos
Parque Urbano Dora Colón Clavell
Plaza Las Delicias
La Guancha
Hospitals
Hospital Damas
Hospital San Lucas
Hospital Dr. Pila
Hospital Oncológico Andrés Grillasca
Hospital San Cristóbal
Steven Anthony Children's Hospital
Universities
Ana G. Méndez University
Caribbean University
Universidad Interamericana
Ponce Health Sciences University
Pontificia Universidad Católica
PUCPR School of Architecture
PUCPR School of Law
Universidad de Puerto Rico
Islands
Cardona
Ratones
Frío
Caja de Muertos
Morrillito
Gatas
Jueyes
Rivers
Anón
Bayagán
Blanco
Bucaná
Canas
Cerrillos
Chiquito
Inabón
Jacaguas
Matilde
Pastillo
Portugués
Prieto
San Patricio
Mountains
Cerro de Punta
Peñón de Ponce
Cerro del Vigía
Cerro del Diablo
Monte Jayuya
Cerro Maravilla
vteLandmarks and historic buildings of the Ponce Historic ZonePlaza Las Deliciasand immediate vicinity
Plaza Las Delicias
Plaza Degetau
Plaza Muñoz Rivera
Monumento a los héroes de El Polvorín
Hotel Meliá
Casa Saurí
Los Chinos de Ponce
Government buildings
Casa Alcaldía
Ponce Servicios
Antiguo Casino de Ponce
Correo de la Atocha
Schools and colleges
Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico Escuela de Arquitectura
Instituto de Música Juan Morel Campos
Escuela Superior Ponce High
Religious buildings
Catedral Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe
Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad
Primera Iglesia Metodista Unida de Ponce
Museums
Museo Parque de Bombas
Museo Francisco "Pancho" Coimbre
Museo de la Historia de Ponce
Museo de Arte de Ponce
Museo de la Arquitectura Ponceña
Museo de la Música Puertorriqueña
Museo de la Masacre de Ponce
Casa Paoli
Residencia Armstrong-Poventud
Fundación Biblioteca Rafael Hernández Colón
Monuments and memorials
Monumento a los héroes de El Polvorín
Monumento a la abolición de la esclavitud
Estatua Juan Morel Campos
Estatua Domingo Cruz ("Cocolía")
Estatua Luis Muñoz Rivera
Ponce Honra A Su Maestra: Lolita Tizol
Monumento a la Mujer
Theaters
Teatro La Perla
Teatro Fox Delicias
Concha Acústica de Ponce
Parks
Parque Urbano Dora Colón Clavell
Parque de la Abolición
Parque del Tricentenario
Parque Ecológico Urbano
Parque Lineal Veredas del Labrador
Markets
Paseo Atocha
Plaza del Mercado de Ponce
Mercado de las Carnes
Historic banks
Edificio Banco Crédito y Ahorro Ponceño
Edificio Banco de Ponce
Banco Crédito y Ahorro Ponceño (institution)
Banco de Ponce (institution)
Historic houses
Casa Fernando Luis Toro
Casa Oppenheimer
Residencia Subirá
Casa Rosaly–Batiz
Casa Vives
Residencia Ermelindo Salazar
Centro Español de Ponce
Casa Salazar-Candal
Casa Wiechers-Villaronga
Others
Albergue Caritativo Tricoche
Antiguo Cuartel Militar Español de Ponce
Antiguo Hospital Militar Español de Ponce
Panteón Nacional Román Baldorioty de Castro
Ponce YMCA
Calle 25 de Enero
Campo Atlético Charles H. Terry
vteNational Register of Historic Places in Ponce, Puerto RicoDistrict
Hacienda Buena Vista
Building
Albergue Caritativo Tricoche
Antiguo Cuartel Militar Español de Ponce
Antiguo Hospital Militar Español de Ponce
Armstrong-Toro House
Banco Crédito y Ahorro Ponceño
Banco de Ponce
Casa Alcaldía de Ponce – City Hall
Casa de la Masacre
Casa Miguel C. Godreau
Casa Paoli
Casa Vives
Casino de Ponce
Castillo de Serralles
Cathedral Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe of Ponce
Edificio Empresas Ferré
Edificio Municipal de la Playa de Ponce
Fernando Luis Toro Casa
Font–Ubides House
Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad
McCabe Memorial Church
Mercado de las Carnes
Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church
Oppenheimer House
Parque de Bombas de Ponce
Ponce High School
Ponce YMCA Building
Rosaly–Batiz House
Salazar–Candal House
Subirá House
Teatro La Perla
U.S. Custom House
Villaronga House
Zaldo de Nebot Residencia
Sites
Cementerio Antiguo de Ponce
Cementerio Catolico San Vicente de Paul
Centro Ceremonial Indígena
Structures
Acueducto Alfonso XII
Carretera Num. 6
Faro de la Isla de Caja de Muertos
Faro del Puerto de Ponce
Puente Río Portugués
See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Ponce, Puerto Rico and List of National Historic Landmarks in Puerto Rico | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Primero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primero_(Ponce)"},{"link_name":"Ponce, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"city's historic district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce_Historic_Zone"},{"link_name":"Manuel V. Domenech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_V._Domenech"},{"link_name":"Pedro Juan Rosaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Juan_Rosaly"},{"link_name":"mayor of Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mariano_G._Coronas_Castro_1986._Page_3-2"}],"text":"Historic building in Ponce, Puerto RicoUnited States historic placeThe Rosaly–Batiz House (Spanish: Residencia Rosaly-Batiz) is a historic building located on Villa street in Barrio Primero in Ponce, Puerto Rico, in the city's historic district. The building dates from 1897. It was designed by Manuel V. Domenech, a Puerto Rican architect that was responsible for designing various other now-historic buildings. Domenech built this residence for Ponce mayor Pedro Juan Rosaly. Domenech himself became mayor of Ponce and held numerous other political positions in Puerto Rico. The Batiz Residence is a monument to a great man and his works and a vivid reminder of the aristocracy of the years prior to the Great Depression.[2]","title":"Rosaly–Batiz House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manuel Domenech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Domenech"},{"link_name":"Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_(honorific)"},{"link_name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mariano_G._Coronas_Castro_1986._Page_3-2"},{"link_name":"Caryatid House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong-Poventud_Residence"},{"link_name":"Ponce Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Asilo de Pobres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asilo_De_Pobres"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mariano_G._Coronas_Castro_1986._Page_3-2"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture"},{"link_name":"Italian Palazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Rucellai"},{"link_name":"Mayaguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayaguez,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mariano_G._Coronas_Castro_1986._Page_3-2"}],"text":"The Batiz Residence was built in 1897 by the renown engineer Manuel Domenech for the Mayor of the City of Ponce, Don Pedro Juan Rosaly. A native of Ponce, Domenech graduated from the prestigious Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute of New York and was responsible for many of the island's most lavish turn-of-the-century buildings.[2]Among Domenech's other designs are the Caryatid House (1910) which faces the Ponce Cathedral and the \"Asilo de Pobres\" (listed in the National Register on 2 December 1985). Domenech was also Mayor of the City of Ponce and held many governmental positions in Puerto Rico.[2]Although a particular style cannot be attributed to Domenech, the vocabulary of his designs ranged from the purest Neoclassical to the most intricate eccletic. In this case, Domenech referred to the Renaissance Italian Palazzo as a model, a theme repeated in other properties both in Ponce and Mayaguez. However stern, the Batiz Residence displays a greater degree of mannerism over eclecticism, resulting in one of Ponce's most distinguished structures.[2]","title":"History and significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mariano_G._Coronas_Castro_1986._Page_3-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mariano_G._Coronas_Castro_1986._Page_3-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mariano_G._Coronas_Castro_1986._Page_3-2"}],"text":"The property was purchased in the 1920s as the city residence of Antonio Batiz Olivera, a wealthy coffee plantation owner. During his visits to Ponce the house was said to be filled with light and music. Great balls, concerts and intellectual gatherings characterized the Batiz family and, thus, the house.[2]The structure has never been altered from what Domenech designed. Only minor maintenance work has been carried out during its many years of forgotten splendor.[2]The Batiz Residence today is a monument to the great man that Domenech was and his works, and a vivid reminder of the aristocracy of the years prior to the Great Depression.[2]","title":"Sale of the residence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mariano_G._Coronas_Castro_1986._Page_2-3"},{"link_name":"brick and rubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_and_rubble"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mariano_G._Coronas_Castro_1986._Page_2-3"},{"link_name":"quoins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoin_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mariano_G._Coronas_Castro_1986._Page_2-3"},{"link_name":"loggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggia"},{"link_name":"arches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch"},{"link_name":"Doric columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_column"},{"link_name":"pedestals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedestal"},{"link_name":"Balusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluster"},{"link_name":"arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaster"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mariano_G._Coronas_Castro_1986._Page_2-3"},{"link_name":"rusticated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustication_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"balcony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcony"},{"link_name":"wrought iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_iron"},{"link_name":"trellises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trellis_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mariano_G._Coronas_Castro_1986._Page_2-3"},{"link_name":"port-cochere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mariano_G._Coronas_Castro_1986._Page_2-3"},{"link_name":"servants' quarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servants%27_quarters"},{"link_name":"galleries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcony"},{"link_name":"courtyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtyard"},{"link_name":"chandeliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandelier"},{"link_name":"marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mariano_G._Coronas_Castro_1986._Page_2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mariano_G._Coronas_Castro_1986._Page_2-3"}],"text":"The Batiz Residence is located on the southeast corner of Villa Street at Mendez Vigo Street. It occupies a plot of land 1145 meters square, bordered by Villa Street on the north and Luna Street on the south.[3]This structure of stuccoed brick and rubble consists of two stories set on a podium approximately four feet above street level. The property follows a U-shaped plan, creating a rectangular courtyard enclosed at the rear by a garden wall. The roof is flat, of wood and brick construction.[3]The main facade is divided into five bays in an A-B-A rhythm established by a single-bay central section and flanking two-bay sections. Rustic quoins turn the east and west corners of the facade. An italianate cornice spans the roof-line between the rusticated quoins.[3]At the first level, a recessed loggia is created by an arcade of segmental arches supported by diminished Doric columns on pedestals. Balusters enclose the arcade. The central bay is separated from the rest by a one-storey pair of rusticated pilasters. This bay breaks the podium for access to the main entrance and incorporates a round arch beginning at a point lower than the other arches. Inside the loggia the central doorway is flanked by rusticated segmental arches with full-height, double-shutter jalousies.[3]A continuous string course separates the first floor from the second. At the upper level there are five rusticated openings similar to those of the first storey. The three inner bays open to a continuous balcony with wrought iron railing in intricate decorative patterns. Iron trellises support a decorative balcony roof.[3]The west facade is divided by rusticated pilasters into three sections of two, three, and one bay respectively, from north to south. South of the sixth bay extends a one-storey section which serves as a port-cochere. The fenestration at the west facade is similar to that at the main, except with circular arches at the upper level. At the lower level, another circular arch of larger proportions opens at the sixth bay.[3]The interiors are divided into three separate apartments: two similarly distributed residential units at the first level and a single large apartment at the second. The living quarters, kitchen, and servants' quarters of the upper floor are reached via a series of louvered galleries that open to the courtyard. The living room boasts original crystal chandeliers and electric features. Floors are generally of polished wood and ceilings of ornate pressed sheet-metal. The living room windows open to the balcony which has marble floors and iron railings.[3]The Batiz Residence remains a magnificent example of the architectural trends of the aristocracy of Ponce.[3]","title":"Physical appearance and description"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico_Escudo.svg/40px-Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico_Escudo.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Puerto Rico portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico"}] | [{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rosaly%E2%80%93Batiz_House¶ms=18.01072_N_66.61522_W_region:PR_type:landmark","external_links_name":"18°00′39″N 66°36′55″W / 18.01072°N 66.61522°W / 18.01072; -66.61522"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rosaly%E2%80%93Batiz_House¶ms=18.01072_N_66.61522_W_region:PR_type:landmark","external_links_name":"18°00′39″N 66°36′55″W / 18.01072°N 66.61522°W / 18.01072; -66.61522"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/86002768","external_links_name":"86002768"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/86002768_photos","external_links_name":"National Register of Historic Places photographic file"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_Liberation_Medal_(Saudi_Arabia) | Kuwait Liberation Medal (Saudi Arabia) | ["1 Background","2 Description","2.1 Ribbon device","3 Acceptance and wear","3.1 Australia","3.2 Belgium","3.3 Canada","3.4 France","3.5 United Kingdom","3.6 United States","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | AwardKuwait Liberation MedalKuwait Liberation Medal (Saudi Arabia)Presented by The King of Saudi ArabiaEligibilityParticipation in the Persian Gulf WarCampaign(s)Persian Gulf WarStatusNo longer awardedEstablished1991First awardedJanuary 17, 1991Last awardedFebruary 28, 1991Service ribbon with device
PrecedenceNext (lower)Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait)
The Naut Tahrir al-Kuwait (Arabic: نوط تحرير الكويت) (Medal for the Liberation of Kuwait) was instituted by King Fahd ibn Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia for service during the Liberation of Kuwait campaign.
Background
The Saudi Arabian version of the Kuwait Liberation Medal is awarded to members of the Coalition Forces who participated in Operation Desert Storm and the liberation of Kuwait between January 17, 1991 and February 28, 1991.
It is considered rarer than the Kuwaiti version of the medal, because it recognizes service in a relatively short period of time (only a few weeks) whereas the Kuwaiti version of the medal is granted for service over three years. The Saudi Arabian version is also senior in U.S. precedence, owing to its having been authorized for several years before the Kuwaiti version was offered.
Description
The Saudi version of the Kuwait Liberation Medal consists of a silver star of fifteen rounded points (with shorter rounded points between them) surmounted by a gilt medallion which contains a wreath tied at its base and a crown at its top. In the center of the gilt medallion is a silver representation of the Earth, over which is superimposed a gilt representation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Above the gilt medallion are the crossed swords and palm tree taken from the Royal Cypher. Beneath the gilt medallion is a swallow-tailed scroll with its ends folded back and point upward so they follow the contour of the gilt medallion. On the scroll are the words, LIBERATION OF KUWAIT in English, and the same inscription above it in Arabic.
Ribbon device
The service ribbon for the Kuwait Liberation Medal bears a gold-gilt device consisting of crossed swords (point up) superimposed over a palm tree. This device is taken from the Royal Cypher. The device is not used on the suspension ribbon of the medal.
Acceptance and wear
Australia
The Australian Government has authorised the medal to be worn with other international honours and awards after all other Australian medals.
Belgium
Belgium has authorised the medal to be worn on military uniform with other international honours and awards after all Belgian medals.
Canada
The Canadian Government has decreed that the Canadian personnel may accept their medals as a keepsake but permission to wear them in uniform has so far been refused.
France
France accepted the medal for their personnel; permission to wear them in uniform has been granted.
United Kingdom
British servicemen have not been given permission by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office to wear this medal since a UK campaign medal, the Gulf Medal, was issued. The wearing in uniform of the Kuwait Liberation Medal or its ribbon is therefore forbidden and it is accepted only as a keepsake.
United States
Kuwait Liberation Medal, displayed at the Museum of Florida's Military in St. Augustine, Florida.
Service must have been performed in support of Operation Desert Storm and the liberation of Kuwait, between 17 January 1991 to 28 February 1991. Eligible areas include:
The Persian Gulf
The Red Sea
That portion of the Arabian Sea that lies north of 10 degrees north latitude and west of 68 degrees east longitude
The Gulf of Aden
The total areas of Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates
In addition, those personnel must have:
Been attached to or regularly serving for one or more days with an organization participating in ground and/or shore operations;
Been attached to or regularly serving for one or more days aboard a naval vessel directly supporting military operations;
Actually participated as a crew member in one or more aerial flights supporting military operations in the areas designated above; or,
Served on temporary duty for 30 consecutive days during the qualifying period. Note: That time limitation may be waived for personnel who actually participated in combat operations.
See also
Saudi Arabia portal
List of military awards and decorations of the Gulf War
Orders, decorations, and medals of Saudi Arabia
References
^ "Kuwait Liberation Medal FAQ". Archived from the original on 2018-10-14. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
^ "Medals: campaigns, descriptions and eligibility". Ministry of Defence Medal Office. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
^ 578.130 Kuwait Liberation Medal--Saudi Arabia
^ Air Force Personnel Center Kuwait Liberation Medal--Saudi Arabia Archived 2011-06-19 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kuwait Liberation Medal (Saudi Arabia).
The Institute of Heraldry:Kuwait Liberation Medal (Saudi Arabia) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Fahd ibn Abdulaziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Liberation of Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"}],"text":"The Naut Tahrir al-Kuwait (Arabic: نوط تحرير الكويت) (Medal for the Liberation of Kuwait) was instituted by King Fahd ibn Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia for service during the Liberation of Kuwait campaign.","title":"Kuwait Liberation Medal (Saudi Arabia)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Desert Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm"},{"link_name":"Kuwaiti version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_Liberation_Medal_(Kuwait)"}],"text":"The Saudi Arabian version of the Kuwait Liberation Medal is awarded to members of the Coalition Forces who participated in Operation Desert Storm and the liberation of Kuwait between January 17, 1991 and February 28, 1991.It is considered rarer than the Kuwaiti version of the medal, because it recognizes service in a relatively short period of time (only a few weeks) whereas the Kuwaiti version of the medal is granted for service over three years. The Saudi Arabian version is also senior in U.S. precedence, owing to its having been authorized for several years before the Kuwaiti version was offered.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Saudi version of the Kuwait Liberation Medal consists of a silver star of fifteen rounded points (with shorter rounded points between them) surmounted by a gilt medallion which contains a wreath tied at its base and a crown at its top. In the center of the gilt medallion is a silver representation of the Earth, over which is superimposed a gilt representation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Above the gilt medallion are the crossed swords and palm tree taken from the Royal Cypher. Beneath the gilt medallion is a swallow-tailed scroll with its ends folded back and point upward so they follow the contour of the gilt medallion. On the scroll are the words, LIBERATION OF KUWAIT in English, and the same inscription above it in Arabic.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"service ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_ribbon"},{"link_name":"palm tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_tree"}],"sub_title":"Ribbon device","text":"The service ribbon for the Kuwait Liberation Medal bears a gold-gilt device consisting of crossed swords (point up) superimposed over a palm tree. This device is taken from the Royal Cypher. The device is not used on the suspension ribbon of the medal.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Acceptance and wear"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"The Australian Government has authorised the medal to be worn with other international honours and awards after all other Australian medals.","title":"Acceptance and wear"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Belgium","text":"Belgium has authorised the medal to be worn on military uniform with other international honours and awards after all Belgian medals.","title":"Acceptance and wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"The Canadian Government has decreed that the Canadian personnel may accept their medals as a keepsake but permission to wear them in uniform has so far been refused.[1]","title":"Acceptance and wear"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"France","text":"France accepted the medal for their personnel; permission to wear them in uniform has been granted.","title":"Acceptance and wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foreign and Commonwealth Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office"},{"link_name":"Gulf Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Medal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MoDMedalOffice-2"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"British servicemen have not been given permission by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office to wear this medal since a UK campaign medal, the Gulf Medal, was issued. The wearing in uniform of the Kuwait Liberation Medal or its ribbon is therefore forbidden and it is accepted only as a keepsake.[2]","title":"Acceptance and wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuwait_Liberation_Medal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Museum of Florida's Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museum_of_Florida%27s_Military&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Augustine, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"10 degrees north latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"68 degrees east longitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68th_meridian_east"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Kuwait Liberation Medal, displayed at the Museum of Florida's Military in St. Augustine, Florida.Service must have been performed in support of Operation Desert Storm and the liberation of Kuwait, between 17 January 1991 to 28 February 1991. Eligible areas include:[3][4]The Persian Gulf\nThe Red Sea\nThat portion of the Arabian Sea that lies north of 10 degrees north latitude and west of 68 degrees east longitude\nThe Gulf of Aden\nThe total areas of Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab EmiratesIn addition, those personnel must have:Been attached to or regularly serving for one or more days with an organization participating in ground and/or shore operations;\nBeen attached to or regularly serving for one or more days aboard a naval vessel directly supporting military operations;\nActually participated as a crew member in one or more aerial flights supporting military operations in the areas designated above; or,\nServed on temporary duty for 30 consecutive days during the qualifying period. Note: That time limitation may be waived for personnel who actually participated in combat operations.","title":"Acceptance and wear"}] | [{"image_text":"Kuwait Liberation Medal, displayed at the Museum of Florida's Military in St. Augustine, Florida.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kuwait_Liberation_Medal.jpg/220px-Kuwait_Liberation_Medal.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Saudi Arabia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia"},{"title":"List of military awards and decorations of the Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_the_Gulf_War"},{"title":"Orders, decorations, and medals of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Saudi_Arabia"}] | [{"reference":"\"Kuwait Liberation Medal FAQ\". Archived from the original on 2018-10-14. Retrieved 2010-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181014185538/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhr-ddhr/faq/index-eng.asp#q7","url_text":"\"Kuwait Liberation Medal FAQ\""},{"url":"http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhr-ddhr/faq/index-eng.asp#q7","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Medals: campaigns, descriptions and eligibility\". Ministry of Defence Medal Office. Retrieved 29 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/medals-campaigns-descriptions-and-eligibility#operational-service-medal-for-sierra-leone","url_text":"\"Medals: campaigns, descriptions and eligibility\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181014185538/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhr-ddhr/faq/index-eng.asp#q7","external_links_name":"\"Kuwait Liberation Medal FAQ\""},{"Link":"http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhr-ddhr/faq/index-eng.asp#q7","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/medals-campaigns-descriptions-and-eligibility#operational-service-medal-for-sierra-leone","external_links_name":"\"Medals: campaigns, descriptions and eligibility\""},{"Link":"http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2008/julqtr/32cfr578.130.htm","external_links_name":"578.130 Kuwait Liberation Medal--Saudi Arabia"},{"Link":"http://www.afpc.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=7844","external_links_name":"Air Force Personnel Center Kuwait Liberation Medal--Saudi Arabia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110619032208/http://www.afpc.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=7844","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111025123706/http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Awards/kuwait_liberation_sa.aspx","external_links_name":"The Institute of Heraldry:Kuwait Liberation Medal (Saudi Arabia)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Hough | Keith Hough | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Australian rules footballer
Australian rules footballer
Keith HoughPersonal informationFull name
Keith Alan HoughDate of birth
(1908-03-17)17 March 1908Place of birth
Bunbury, Western AustraliaDate of death
13 July 1958(1958-07-13) (aged 50)Place of death
Floreat, Western AustraliaOriginal team(s)
PastimesPlaying career1Years
Club
Games (Goals)1928–1936
Claremont
120
1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1936.
Source: AustralianFootball.com
Keith Alan Hough (17 March 1908 – 13 July 1958) was an Australian rules footballer who played 120 games for Claremont in the West Australian National Football League (WANFL) during the late 1920s and 1930s. He missed the 1931 season because South Melbourne signed him, but the WANFL consistently refused to clear him.
A half back flanker from Bunbury, Hough made his league debut in the 1928 season with Claremont, who at the time were called Claremont-Cottesloe. He won the first of his two best and fairest awards that year and took out the other in the 1932 WANFL season, the same season he became Claremont's first Sandover Medallist with what was then a record number of votes. Hough had come close to winning the Sandover two years earlier when he finished second to Ted Flemming.
References
^ "Australian Football - Keith Hough - Player Bio". australianfootball.com. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
^ "Keith Hough – Claremont Football Club History". Retrieved 12 July 2020.
^ "Football Transfer: Agitation over Keith Hough"; Daily News, 8 July 1931, p. 3
^ Casey, Kevin (1995); The Tigers' Tale: the origins and history of the Claremont Football Club; Claremont Football Club; p. 26. ISBN 0646264982
External links
Keith Hough at AustralianFootball.com
vteSandover Medal winners
1921: Hoft / Outridge
1922: Boyd
1923: W. Thomas
1924: Gosnell
1925: Owens
1926: Leonard
1927: Craig
1928: Rocchi
1929: Leonard / B. Thomas
1930: Flemming
1931: Richards
1932: Hough
1933: S. Clarke
1934: S. Clarke
1935: Krepp / Daily
1936: Moloney
1937: Jenkins
1938: Bunton Sr.
1939: Bunton Sr.
1940: O'Keefe
1941: Bunton Sr.
1942: Bowen
1943: Moriarty
1944: Davies
1945: Bailey
1946: Loughridge
1947: Lewington
1948: McIntosh
1949: Maffina
1950: Allen / Conway
1951: Buttsworth
1952: Marsh
1953: McIntosh
1954: McIntosh
1955: Todd
1956: Farmer
1957: J. Clarke / Farmer
1958: Kilmurray
1959: Foley
1960: Farmer
1961: Beard / Sorrell
1962: Bunton Jr.
1963: Sorrell
1964: Cable
1965: Walker
1966: Walker
1967: Parkinson / Walker
1968: Cable
1969: Brown
1970: Dalton / Walker
1971: Hollins
1972: Miller
1973: Cable
1974: Melrose
1975: Quartermaine
1976: Spencer
1977: Peake
1978: Kelly
1979: Kelly
1980: Michael
1981: Michael
1982: Narkle
1983: Cousins / Ironmonger
1984: Malaxos / M. Mitchell / Spencer
1985: Wrensted
1986: Bairstow
1987: Watson
1988: Bain
1989: Edwards
1990: Grasso
1991: Dargie
1992: West
1993: Mildenhall
1994: Dargie
1995: Treleven
1996: Wasley
1997: Anderson
1998: Bromage
1999: Seebeck
2000: Ambrose
2001: Turnbull
2002: Pickett
2003: Beros
2004: Pickett
2005: Crabb / McGrath
2006: Priddis
2007: Jones
2008: Ballantyne
2009: Young
2010: Krakouer
2011: Blackwell
2012: K. Mitchell
2013: O'Brien
2014: Black
2015: Tropiano
2016: Bolton
2017: Schloithe
2018: Bolton
2019: Delahunty
2020: Fisher
2021: Rogers
2022: Boekhorst
2023: Brayshaw
The Sandover Medal has been awarded every year since 1921 to the fairest and best player in the West Australian Football League and its various incarnations. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pronunciation?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Australian rules footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Claremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"West Australian National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"the 1931 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_WANFL_season"},{"link_name":"South Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Swans"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"half back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-back_line"},{"link_name":"Bunbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunbury,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"the 1928 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_WAFL_season"},{"link_name":"best and fairest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_and_fairest"},{"link_name":"1932 WANFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_WANFL_season"},{"link_name":"Sandover Medallist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandover_Medal"},{"link_name":"Ted Flemming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Flemming_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Australian rules footballerKeith Alan Hough[pronunciation?] (17 March 1908 – 13 July 1958)[1] was an Australian rules footballer who played 120 games for Claremont in the West Australian National Football League (WANFL) during the late 1920s and 1930s.[2] He missed the 1931 season because South Melbourne signed him, but the WANFL consistently refused to clear him.[3]A half back flanker from Bunbury, Hough made his league debut in the 1928 season with Claremont, who at the time were called Claremont-Cottesloe. He won the first of his two best and fairest awards that year and took out the other in the 1932 WANFL season, the same season he became Claremont's first Sandover Medallist with what was then a record number of votes. Hough had come close to winning the Sandover two years earlier when he finished second to Ted Flemming.[4]","title":"Keith Hough"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Australian Football - Keith Hough - Player Bio\". australianfootball.com. Retrieved 12 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://australianfootball.com/players/player/keith+hough/15655","url_text":"\"Australian Football - Keith Hough - Player Bio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Keith Hough – Claremont Football Club History\". Retrieved 12 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.claremontfchistory.com.au/archives/archive/k-hough","url_text":"\"Keith Hough – Claremont Football Club History\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://australianfootball.com/players/player/Keith+Hough/15655","external_links_name":"AustralianFootball.com"},{"Link":"https://australianfootball.com/players/player/keith+hough/15655","external_links_name":"\"Australian Football - Keith Hough - Player Bio\""},{"Link":"https://www.claremontfchistory.com.au/archives/archive/k-hough","external_links_name":"\"Keith Hough – Claremont Football Club History\""},{"Link":"https://australianfootball.com/players/player/keith+hough/15655","external_links_name":"Keith Hough"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Gori | Mario Gori | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Argentine footballer
For the Italian film producer, see Mario Cecchi Gori.
Mario GoriPersonal informationFull name
Mario Jose GoriDate of birth
(1973-06-01) June 1, 1973 (age 51)Place of birth
Rosario, ArgentinaHeight
5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)Position(s)
MidfielderSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1993–1996
Rosario Central
28
(0)1996–1998
D.C. United
45
(2)1997
→ Richmond Kickers (loan)
1
(0)1998
→ Richmond Kickers (loan)
1
(0)1999
Miami Fusion
12
(0)1999
New England Revolution
17
(0)2000
Columbus Crew
25
(1)2001–2002
Pittsburgh Riverhounds
34
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Mario José Gori (born June 1, 1973, in Rosario) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Gori played professionally in Argentina and in Major League Soccer.
In 1993, Gori joined Rosario Central. On March 4, 1996, D.C. United selected Gori in the first round (eighth overall) of the 1996 MLS Supplemental Draft. Gori spent three seasons in D.C., winning the 1996 and 1997 MLS Cup and the 1998 CONCACAF Champions' Cup. In December 1998, D.C. sent Gori and its second round selection in the 1999 MLS College Draft to the Miami Fusion for Miami's 1999 MLS College Draft second round pick and Miami's first round pick in the 2000 MLS SuperDraft. Gori began the season in Miam but was traded to the New England Revolution on June 23, 1999, in exchange for Edwin Gorter. In 2000, he finished his MLS career with the Columbus Crew. In February 2001, the Crew waived Gori in order to free up one of the three foreign player slots in order to sign Tenywa Bonseu.
Gori then moved to the Pittsburgh Riverhounds of the USL A-League. Gori made an immediate impact on the team in 2001, but injuries limited his time in 2002 and 2003. The Riverhounds released him during the 2003 preseason.
References
^ MLS: Fusion acquires Gori from D.C. United
^ Fusion Trades For Veteran
External links
Mario Gori at BDFA (in Spanish)
MLS: Mario Gori | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mario Cecchi Gori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Cecchi_Gori"},{"link_name":"Rosario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"Rosario Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario_Central"},{"link_name":"D.C. United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C._United"},{"link_name":"1996 MLS Supplemental Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_MLS_Supplemental_Draft"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_MLS_Cup"},{"link_name":"1997 MLS Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_MLS_Cup"},{"link_name":"1998 CONCACAF Champions' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_CONCACAF_Champions%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"1999 MLS College Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_MLS_College_Draft"},{"link_name":"Miami Fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Fusion"},{"link_name":"2000 MLS SuperDraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_MLS_SuperDraft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"New England Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Edwin Gorter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Gorter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Columbus Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Crew"},{"link_name":"Tenywa Bonseu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenywa_Bonseu"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Riverhounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Riverhounds"},{"link_name":"USL A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_A-League"}],"text":"For the Italian film producer, see Mario Cecchi Gori.Mario José Gori (born June 1, 1973, in Rosario) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Gori played professionally in Argentina and in Major League Soccer.In 1993, Gori joined Rosario Central. On March 4, 1996, D.C. United selected Gori in the first round (eighth overall) of the 1996 MLS Supplemental Draft. Gori spent three seasons in D.C., winning the 1996 and 1997 MLS Cup and the 1998 CONCACAF Champions' Cup. In December 1998, D.C. sent Gori and its second round selection in the 1999 MLS College Draft to the Miami Fusion for Miami's 1999 MLS College Draft second round pick and Miami's first round pick in the 2000 MLS SuperDraft.[1] Gori began the season in Miam but was traded to the New England Revolution on June 23, 1999, in exchange for Edwin Gorter.[2] In 2000, he finished his MLS career with the Columbus Crew. In February 2001, the Crew waived Gori in order to free up one of the three foreign player slots in order to sign Tenywa Bonseu.Gori then moved to the Pittsburgh Riverhounds of the USL A-League. Gori made an immediate impact on the team in 2001, but injuries limited his time in 2002 and 2003. The Riverhounds released him during the 2003 preseason.","title":"Mario Gori"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.socceramerica.com/article/21392/mls-fusion-acquires-gori-from-dc-united.html","external_links_name":"MLS: Fusion acquires Gori from D.C. United"},{"Link":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1999-06-23/news/9906230098_1_fusion-mls-player-mls-team","external_links_name":"Fusion Trades For Veteran"},{"Link":"https://www.bdfa.com.ar/jugadores-2751.html","external_links_name":"Mario Gori"},{"Link":"http://www.dcunited.com/player/mario-gori","external_links_name":"MLS: Mario Gori"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Josepha_of_Portugal | Infanta Maria Josepha of Portugal | ["1 Life","2 Children","3 Ancestry"] | Duchess Maria José in Bavaria
Infanta Maria JoséDuchess Maria José in BavariaBorn19 March 1857Schloss BronnbachDied11 March 1943(1943-03-11) (aged 85)Vienna, AustriaBurialTegernsee AbbeySpouseDuke Karl Theodor in BavariaIssueSophie, Countess zu Törring-JettenbachElisabeth, Queen of the BelgiansPrincess Marie Gabrielle of BavariaDuke Ludwig Wilhelm in BavariaDuke Franz Joseph in BavariaNamesPortuguese: Maria José Joana Eulália Leopoldina Adelaide Isabel Carolina Micaela Rafaela Gabriela Francisca de Assis e de Paula Inês Sofia Joaquina Teresa Benedita BernardinaHouseBraganzaFatherMiguel I of PortugalMotherAdelaide of Löwenstein
Infanta Maria José of Portugal (Maria José Joana Eulália Leopoldina Adelaide Isabel Carolina Micaela Rafaela Gabriela Francisca de Assis e de Paula Inês Sofia Joaquina Teresa Benedita Bernardina; 19 March 1857 – 11 March 1943), sometimes known in English as Maria Josepha, was a Portuguese infanta, later Duchess in Bavaria by marriage. She was the maternal grandmother of King Leopold III of Belgium and Queen Marie-José of Italy.
Life
Duchess Maria Josepha in Bavaria, by Joseph Albert, c.1874
Maria José was the fourth child and third daughter of King Miguel I of Portugal and his wife Adelaide of Löwenstein. Among her sisters were Maria Ana, Grand Duchess of Luxemburg and Maria Antónia, Duchess of Parma. Her only brother was Miguel, Duke of Braganza.
On 29 April 1874 she married Duke Karl Theodor in Bavaria, the younger brother of Empress Elisabeth of Austria.
The couple lived in Munich, where they founded the Herzog Carl Theodor Eye Clinic, that still exists today.
Maria José died in Vienna at the age of 85, and is buried in Tegernsee Abbey.
Children
Sophie Adelheid Ludovika Maria (1875–1957), married Count Hans Veit zu Törring-Jettenbach; their son married Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark.
Elisabeth Gabriele Valérie Marie (1876–1965), future Queen Elisabeth of Belgium, married Albert I of Belgium.
Marie Gabrielle (1878–1912), married Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria.
Ludwig Wilhelm (1884–1968), married Princess Eleonore zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg.
Franz Joseph (1888–1912).
Ancestry
See also: Descendants of Miguel I of Portugal
Ancestors of Infanta Maria Josepha of Portugal 8. Peter III of Portugal 4. John VI of Portugal and Brazil 9. Maria I of Portugal and Brazil 2. Miguel I of Portugal 10. Charles IV of Spain 5. Infanta Carlota Joaquina of Spain 11. Princess Maria Luisa of Parma 1. Infanta Maria José of Portugal 12. Charles Thomas, Prince of Löwenstein 6. Constantine, Hereditary Prince of Löwenstein 13. Countess Sophie of Windisch-Graetz 3. Princess Adelaide of Löwenstein 14. Karl Ludwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 7. Princess Agnes of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 15. Countess Amalie Henriette of Solms-Baruth
vteHouse of BraganzaMembers of the Ducal HouseGenerations indicate descent from Afonso, Duke of Braganza, founder of the House of Braganza, until João II, Duke of Braganza, the first Braganza monarch of Portugal; italics indicate a head of the House1st generation
Afonso, 1st Marquis of Valença
Isabel, Lady of Reguengos de Monsaraz
Fernando I
2nd generation
Ferdinand II
João, 1st Marquis of Montemor-o-Novo
Afonso, Count of Faro do Alentejo
Álvaro, 4th Lord of Cadaval
António
Isabel
Beatriz, Marquise of Vila Real
Guiomar, Countess of Viana do Alentejo
Catarina
3rd generation
Roderigo, 1st Marquis of Ferreira
Jorge Alberto, 1st Count of Gelves
Beatriz, Duchess of Coimbra
Joana, Countess of Vimioso
Maria, Countess of Portalegre
Filipe
Jaime I
Dinis, Count of Lemos
Margarida
4th generation
Fernando, 7th Count of Lemos
Afonso
Isabel
Maria
Isabel, Duchess of Guimarães
Teodósio I
Joana, Marquise of Elche
Jaime
Eugénia, Marquise of Ferreira
Maria
Constantino, Viceroy of India
Fulgêncio
Teotónio, Archbishop of Évora
5th generation
John I
Jaime
Isabel, Duchess of Caminha
6th generation
Maria
Serefina
Teodósio II
Duarte, 1st Marquise of Frechilla
Alexandre, Archbishop of Évora
Querubina
Angélica
Maria
Isabel
Filipe
7th generation
John II
Duarte, 1st Lord of Vila do Conde
Catarina
Alexandre
Members of the Royal HouseGenerations indicate descent from John IV, King of Portugal, formerly John II, Duke of Braganza, the first Braganza monarch of Portugal, until Manuel II, King of Portugal, the last monarch of Portugal, excluding the Miguelist line; italics indicate a head of the House1st generation
Teodósio, Prince of Brazil
Ana
Joana, Princess of Beira
Catarina, Queen Consort of the England
Manuel
Afonso VI
Peter II
Maria
2nd generation
Isabel Luísa, Princess of Beira
João, Prince of Brazil
John V
Francisco, Duke of Beja
António
Francisca Xaviera
Teresa Maria
Manuel, Count of Ourém
Francisca Josefa
Luísa, Duchess of Cadaval
Miguel
José, Archbishop of Braga
3rd generation
António
Gaspar, Archbishop of Braga
José, High Inquisitor of Portugal
Maria Rita of Braganza
Barbara, Queen Consort of Spain
Pedro, Prince of Brazil
Joseph I
Carlos
Peter III
Alexandre
João da Bemposta
Joana Francisca, Marquise of Cascais
Pedro Henrique, 1st Duke of Lafões
João Carlos, 2nd Duke of Lafões
Francisca
4th generation
Maria I
Mariana Francisca
Maria Doroteia
Maria Benedita, Princess of Brazil
José João, Duke of Miranda do Corvo
Carlota
Ana Maria, 3rd Duchess of Lafões
Maria Domingas, Duchess of Cadaval
5th generation
José, Prince of Brazil
João Carlos
João Francisco
John VI
Maria Ana Vitória
Maria Clementina
Maria Isabel
6th generation
Maria Teresa, Princess of Beira
Francisco António, Prince of Beira
Maria Isabel, Queen Consort of Spain
Pedro IV
Maria Francisca, Countess of Molina
Isabel Maria, Regent of Portugal
Miguel I
Maria da Assunção
Ana de Jesus Maria, Marquise of Loulé
7th generation
Maria II
Miguel, Prince of Beira
João Carlos, Prince of Beira
Januária Maria, Princess Imperial of Brazil
8th generation
Pedro V
Luís I
Maria
João, Duke of Beja
Maria Anna, Princess of Saxony
Antónia, Princess of Hohenzollern
Fernando
Augusto, Duke of Coimbra
Leopoldo
Maria da Glória
Eugénio
9th generation
Carlos I
Afonso, Duke of Porto
10th generation
Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal
Maria Ana
Manuel II
Members of the Imperial houseGenerations indicate descent from Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil, also Pedro IV, King of Portugal, founder of the Empire of Brazil, until Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil, the last monarch of Brazil; italics indicates a head of the House1st generation
Maria II, Queen of Portugal
Januária, Countess of Aquila
Paula
Francisca, Princess of Joinville
Pedro II
Maria Amélia
2nd generation
Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil
Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil
Leopoldina
Pedro Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil
3rd generation
Pedro Augusto
Augusto Leopoldo
José Fernando
Luís Gastão
Luís Maria
Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará
Antônio Gastão
Members of the Miguelist HouseGenerations indicate descent from Miguel I, King of Portugal, founder of the Miguelist House, until Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, the current head of the House of Braganza; italics indicates a head of the House1st generation
Maria das Neves, Duchess of San Jaime
Miguel, Duke of Braganza
Maria Teresa, Archduchess of Austria
Maria José, Duchess in Bavaria
Aldegundes, Duchess of Guimarães
Maria Ana, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
Maria Antónia, Duchess of Parma
2nd generation
Miguel, Duke of Viseu
Francisco José
Maria Teresa, Princess of Thurn and Taxis
Isabel Maria, Princess of Thurn and Taxis
Maria Benedita
Mafalda
Maria Ana, Princess of Thurn and Taxis
Maria Antónia
Filipa
Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza
Maria Adelaide
3rd generation
Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza
Miguel, Duke of Viseu
Henrique, Duke of Coimbra
4th generation
Afonso, Prince of Beira
Maria Francisca
Dinis, Duke of Porto
TitlesRegnal
King of Portugal and the Algarves
Emperor of Brazil
King of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves
Royal
Prince of Portugal
Prince of Brazil
Prince Royal of United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
Prince Royal of Portugal and the Algarves
Prince of Beira
Prince Imperial of Brazil
Prince of Grão-Pará
Prince of Brazil
Infante of Portugal
Noble
Duke of Braganza
Duke of Guimarães
Duke of Barcelos
Duke of Porto
Duke of Beja
Duke of Viseu
Duke of Coimbra
Marquis of Vila Viçosa
Marquis of Valença
Marquis of Montemor-o-Novo
Count of Guimarães
Count of Barcelos
Count of Arraiolos
Count of Ourém
Count of Neiva
Count of Faro
Count of Faria
PatrimonyPortugal
Ajuda Palace
Belém Palace
Buçaco Palace
Carrancas Palace
Castle of Vila Viçosa
Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa
Mafra Palace
Necessidades Palace
Palace of the Counts of Barcelos
Palace of the Dukes of Braganza
Pena Palace
Queluz Palace
Ramalhão Palace
Ribeira Palace
Brazil
Grão-Pará Palace
Petrópolis Palace
Quinta da Boa Vista
Rio de Janeiro Palace
São Cristóvão Palace
Santa Cruz Estate
Cadet housesAgnatic
House of Valença
House of Lafões
House of Cadaval
Non-agnatic
House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
House of Bourbon-Braganza
House of Orléans-Braganza
MiscellaneousTopics
Duchy of Braganza
Dukedom of Braganza
List of Dukes of Braganza
Duchess of Braganza
Pantheon of the House of Braganza
vteInfantas of PortugalThe generations indicate descent form Afonso I, and continues through the House of Aviz, the House of Habsburg through Infanta Isabel, Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Spain, and the House of Braganza through Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza.1st generation
Urraca, Queen of León
Teresa, Countess of Flanders
Infanta Mafalda
2nd generation
Teresa, Queen of León
Infanta Sancha, Lady of Alenquer
Mafalda, Queen of Castile
Infanta Branca, Lady of Guadalajara
Berengária, Queen of Denmark
3rd generation
Leonor, Queen of Denmark
4th generation
Infanta Branca, Lady of Las Huelgas
Infanta Sancha
5th generation
Constança, Queen of Castile and León
Infanta Maria, Lady of Meneses and Orduña
6th generation
Maria, Queen of Castile and León
Leonor, Queen of Aragon
7th generation
Infanta Maria, Marchioness of Tortosa
Infanta Beatriz, Countess of Alburquerque
8th generation
Beatriz, Queen of Castile and León
Isabel, Duchess of Burgundy
9th generation
Leonor, Holy Roman Empress
Infanta Catarina
Joana, Queen of Castile and León
Isabel, Queen of Portugal
Beatriz, Lady of Ravenstein
Infanta Filipa
Isabel, Queen of Castile and León
Infanta Beatriz, Duchess of Viseu
10th generation
Joanna, Princess of Portugal
Leonor, Queen of Portugal
Isabel, Duchess of Braganza
11th generation
Isabel, Queen of Spain
Beatriz, Duchess of Savoy
Infanta Maria, Duchess of Viseu
12th generation
Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal and Asturias
Maria, Hereditary Princess of Parma
Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza
13th generation
Isabel Clara, Archduchess of Austria*
Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy*
14th generation
Ana, Queen of France*
María*
María Ana, Holy Roman Empress*
Margarita*
15th generation
María Teresa, Queen of France*
Joana, Princess of Beira
Catarina, Queen of England
16th generation
Isabel Luísa, Princess of Beira
Infanta Francisca Josefa
17th generation
Bárbara, Queen of Spain
18th generation
Maria I
Infanta Maria Ana
Maria Doroteia
Benedita, Princess of Brazil
19th generation
Mariana Victoria, Infanta Gabriel of Spain
20th generation
Infanta Maria Teresa
Maria Isabel, Queen of Spain
Maria Francisca, Infanta Carlos María Isidro of Spain
Infanta Isabel Maria
Infanta Maria da Assunção
Infanta Ana de Jesus Maria, Marquise of Loulé
21st generation
Maria II**
Infanta Januária, Countess of Aquila**
Infanta Paula**
Francisca, Princess of Joinville**
Infanta Maria Amélia**
Infanta Maria das Neves, Duchess of San Jaimeƒ
Maria Teresa, Archduchess Karl Ludwig of Austriaƒ
Maria José, Duchess Karl Theodor in Bavariaƒ
Infanta Adelgundes, Duchess of Guimarãesƒ
Maria Ana, Grand Duchess of Luxembourgƒ
Maria Antónia, Duchess of Parmaƒ
22nd generation
Maria Ana, Princess Georg of Saxony***
Antónia, Princess of Hohenzollern***
Maria Teresa, Princess Karl Ludwig of Thurn und Taxisƒ◙
Isabel Maria, Princess of Thurn und Taxisƒ◙
Maria Ana, Princess Karl August of Thurn und Taxisƒ◙
Infanta Maria Adelaide, Mrs. van Udenƒ◙
24th generation
Maria Francisca, Duchess of Coimbraƒ
* also an infanta of Spain and an archduchess of Austria, ** also an imperial princess of Brazil, *** also a princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duchess in Saxony, ◙ Also a princess of Braganza, ƒ title of pretense
vteDuchesses in Bavaria by marriage1st generation
Princess Amélie Louise of Arenberg
2nd generation
Princess Ludovika of Bavaria
3rd generation
Princess Sophie of Saxony
Infanta Maria Josepha of Portugal
Princess Amalie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"infanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Leopold III of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Queen Marie-José of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Jos%C3%A9_of_Belgium"}],"text":"Infanta Maria José of Portugal (Maria José Joana Eulália Leopoldina Adelaide Isabel Carolina Micaela Rafaela Gabriela Francisca de Assis e de Paula Inês Sofia Joaquina Teresa Benedita Bernardina; 19 March 1857 – 11 March 1943), sometimes known in English as Maria Josepha, was a Portuguese infanta, later Duchess in Bavaria by marriage. She was the maternal grandmother of King Leopold III of Belgium and Queen Marie-José of Italy.","title":"Infanta Maria Josepha of Portugal"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marie_Jose,_Duchess_Carl_Theodor_in_Bavaria_(c._1874)_-_J._Albert,_M%C3%BCnchen.png"},{"link_name":"Miguel I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Adelaide of Löwenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_of_L%C3%B6wenstein"},{"link_name":"Maria Ana, Grand Duchess of Luxemburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Anne_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Maria Antónia, Duchess of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Ant%C3%B3nia_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Miguel, Duke of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel,_Duke_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Duke Karl Theodor in Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Karl_Theodor_in_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Empress Elisabeth of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Elisabeth_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Tegernsee Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegernsee_Abbey"}],"text":"Duchess Maria Josepha in Bavaria, by Joseph Albert, c.1874Maria José was the fourth child and third daughter of King Miguel I of Portugal and his wife Adelaide of Löwenstein. Among her sisters were Maria Ana, Grand Duchess of Luxemburg and Maria Antónia, Duchess of Parma. Her only brother was Miguel, Duke of Braganza.On 29 April 1874 she married Duke Karl Theodor in Bavaria, the younger brother of Empress Elisabeth of Austria.The couple lived in Munich, where they founded the Herzog Carl Theodor Eye Clinic, that still exists today.Maria José died in Vienna at the age of 85, and is buried in Tegernsee Abbey.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sophie Adelheid Ludovika Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_Sophie_Adelheid_in_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Törring-Jettenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toerring-Jettenbach_Wappen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_Greece_and_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Gabriele Valérie Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Bavaria,_Queen_of_the_Belgians"},{"link_name":"Albert I of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Marie Gabrielle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_Marie_Gabrielle_in_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupprecht,_Crown_Prince_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Wilhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ludwig_Wilhelm_in_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg"},{"link_name":"Franz Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Franz_Joseph_in_Bavaria"}],"text":"Sophie Adelheid Ludovika Maria (1875–1957), married Count Hans Veit zu Törring-Jettenbach; their son married Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark.\nElisabeth Gabriele Valérie Marie (1876–1965), future Queen Elisabeth of Belgium, married Albert I of Belgium.\nMarie Gabrielle (1878–1912), married Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria.\nLudwig Wilhelm (1884–1968), married Princess Eleonore zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg.\nFranz Joseph (1888–1912).","title":"Children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Descendants of Miguel I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descendants_of_Miguel_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Peter III of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_III_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"John VI of Portugal and Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Maria I of Portugal and Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Miguel I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Charles IV of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Infanta Carlota Joaquina of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Luisa of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Charles Thomas, Prince of Löwenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomas,_Prince_of_L%C3%B6wenstein"},{"link_name":"Constantine, Hereditary Prince of Löwenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine,_Hereditary_Prince_of_L%C3%B6wenstein"},{"link_name":"Princess Adelaide of Löwenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_of_L%C3%B6wenstein"},{"link_name":"Karl Ludwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ludwig,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Langenburg"},{"link_name":"Princess Agnes of Hohenlohe-Langenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Agnes_of_Hohenlohe-Langenburg"},{"link_name":"Countess Amalie Henriette of Solms-Baruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_Amalie_Henriette_of_Solms-Baruth"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:House_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:House_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"House of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Afonso, Duke of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso,_Duke_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"João II, Duke of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Afonso, 1st Marquis of Valença","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_of_Braganza,_1st_Marquis_of_Valen%C3%A7a"},{"link_name":"Isabel, Lady of Reguengos de Monsaraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_of_Barcelos"},{"link_name":"Fernando I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_I,_Duke_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_II,_Duke_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"João, 1st Marquis of Montemor-o-Novo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_of_Braganza,_Marquis_of_Montemor-o-Novo"},{"link_name":"Jaime I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime,_Duke_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Dinis, Count of Lemos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinis_of_Braganza,_Count_of_Lemos"},{"link_name":"Isabel, Duchess of Guimarães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_of_Braganza,_Duchess_of_Guimar%C3%A3es"},{"link_name":"Teodósio I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teod%C3%B3sio_I,_Duke_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Constantino, Viceroy of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"John I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_I,_Duke_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Teodósio II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teod%C3%B3sio_II,_Duke_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"John II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brasao-Brigantina.png"},{"link_name":"John IV, King of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Manuel II, King of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Teodósio, Prince of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teod%C3%B3sio,_Prince_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Joana, Princess of Beira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joana,_Princess_of_Beira"},{"link_name":"Catarina, Queen Consort of the England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Afonso VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_VI_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Peter II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_II_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Isabel Luísa, Princess of Beira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Lu%C3%ADsa,_Princess_of_Beira"},{"link_name":"João, Prince of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o,_Prince_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"John V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Francisco, Duke of Beja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_Francisco,_Duke_of_Beja"},{"link_name":"António","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_Ant%C3%B3nio_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Manuel, Count of Ourém","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_Manuel,_Count_of_Our%C3%A9m"},{"link_name":"Francisca Josefa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Francisca_Josefa_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Luísa, Duchess of Cadaval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADsa,_Duchess_of_Cadaval"},{"link_name":"Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Bragan%C3%A7a"},{"link_name":"José, Archbishop of Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_of_Braganza,_Archbishop_of_Braga"},{"link_name":"António","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_of_Braganza,_Child_of_Palhav%C3%A3"},{"link_name":"Gaspar, Archbishop of Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_of_Braganza,_Archbishop_of_Braga"},{"link_name":"José, High Inquisitor of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_of_Braganza,_High_Inquisitor_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Maria Rita of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Rita_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Barbara, Queen Consort of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Pedro, Prince of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro,_Prince_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Joseph I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Carlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_Carlos_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Peter III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_III_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Alexandre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_Alexandre_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"João da Bemposta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Bemposta"},{"link_name":"Maria I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Mariana Francisca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Ana_Francisca_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Maria Doroteia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Doroteia_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Maria Benedita, Princess of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Benedita_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"José, Prince of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9,_Prince_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"John VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Maria Ana Vitória","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Ana_Vit%C3%B3ria_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Maria Teresa, Princess of Beira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Teresa,_Princess_of_Beira"},{"link_name":"Francisco António, Prince of Beira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prince_of_Beira"},{"link_name":"Maria Isabel, Queen Consort of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Isabel_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Pedro IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Maria Francisca, Countess of Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Francisca_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Isabel Maria, Regent of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Isabel_Maria_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Miguel I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Maria da Assunção","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Maria_da_Assun%C3%A7%C3%A3o_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Ana de Jesus Maria, Marquise of Loulé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Ana_de_Jesus_Maria_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Maria II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Miguel, Prince of Beira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel,_Prince_of_Beira"},{"link_name":"João Carlos, Prince of Beira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos,_Prince_of_Beira"},{"link_name":"Januária Maria, Princess Imperial of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Janu%C3%A1ria_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Pedro V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_V_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Luís I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"João, Duke of Beja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_Jo%C3%A3o,_Duke_of_Beja"},{"link_name":"Maria Anna, Princess of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Anna_of_Portugal_(1843%E2%80%931884)"},{"link_name":"Antónia, Princess of Hohenzollern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Ant%C3%B3nia_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_Fernando_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Augusto, Duke of Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_Augusto,_Duke_of_Coimbra"},{"link_name":"Carlos I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Afonso, Duke of Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso,_Duke_of_Porto"},{"link_name":"Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Filipe,_Prince_Royal_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Manuel II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Empire of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"monarch of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Maria II, Queen of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Januária, Countess of Aquila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Janu%C3%A1ria_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Paula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Paula_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Francisca, Princess of Joinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Francisca_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Pedro II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Maria Amélia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Maria_Am%C3%A9lia_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso,_Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Leopoldina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Leopoldina_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Pedro Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Afonso,_Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Pedro Augusto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Pedro_Augusto_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha"},{"link_name":"Augusto Leopoldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_August_Leopold_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha"},{"link_name":"José Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Joseph_Ferdinand_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha"},{"link_name":"Luís Gastão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Ludwig_Gaston_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha"},{"link_name":"Luís Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Lu%C3%ADs_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza_(1878-1920)"},{"link_name":"Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Alc%C3%A2ntara,_Prince_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Antônio Gastão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Ant%C3%B4nio_Gast%C3%A3o_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza"},{"link_name":"Miguel I, King of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duarte_Pio,_Duke_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Maria das Neves, Duchess of San Jaime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Maria_das_Neves_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Miguel, Duke of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel,_Duke_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Maria Teresa, Archduchess of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Theresa_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Maria José, Duchess in Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Aldegundes, Duchess of Guimarães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Aldegundes,_Duchess_of_Guimar%C3%A3es"},{"link_name":"Maria Ana, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Marie_Anne_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Maria Antónia, Duchess of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Antonia_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Miguel, Duke of Viseu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Miguel,_Duke_of_Viseu"},{"link_name":"Francisco José","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Francis_Joseph_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Maria Teresa, Princess of Thurn and Taxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Maria_Theresa_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Isabel Maria, Princess of Thurn and Taxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Isabel_Maria_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Maria Ana, Princess of Thurn and Taxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Maria_Anna_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Duarte Nuno, Duke of 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Empress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Margarita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Margarita_of_Spain_(1610%E2%80%931617)"},{"link_name":"María Teresa, Queen of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Joana, Princess of Beira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joana,_Princess_of_Beira"},{"link_name":"Catarina, Queen of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Isabel Luísa, Princess of Beira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Lu%C3%ADsa,_Princess_of_Beira"},{"link_name":"Infanta Francisca Josefa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Francisca_Josefa_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Bárbara, Queen of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Maria I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Infanta Maria Ana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Ana_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Maria Doroteia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Doroteia_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Benedita, Princess of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Benedita_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Mariana Victoria, Infanta Gabriel of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Mariana_Vit%C3%B3ria_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Infanta Maria Teresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Teresa_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Maria Isabel, Queen of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Isabel_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Maria Francisca, Infanta Carlos María Isidro of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Francisca_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Infanta Isabel Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Isabel_Maria_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Infanta Maria da Assunção","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Maria_da_Assun%C3%A7%C3%A3o_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Infanta Ana de Jesus Maria, Marquise of Loulé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Ana_de_Jesus_Maria_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Maria II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Infanta Januária, Countess of Aquila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Janu%C3%A1ria_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Infanta Paula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Paula_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Francisca, Princess of Joinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Francisca_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Infanta Maria Amélia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Maria_Am%C3%A9lia_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Infanta Maria das Neves, Duchess of San Jaime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Maria_das_Neves_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Maria Teresa, Archduchess Karl Ludwig of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Theresa_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Maria José, Duchess Karl Theodor in Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Infanta Adelgundes, Duchess of Guimarães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Adelgundes,_Duchess_of_Guimar%C3%A3es"},{"link_name":"Maria Ana, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Marie_Anne_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Maria Antónia, Duchess of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Ant%C3%B3nia_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Maria Ana, Princess Georg of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Ana_of_Portugal_(1843%E2%80%931884)"},{"link_name":"Antónia, Princess of Hohenzollern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Ant%C3%B3nia_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Maria Teresa, Princess Karl Ludwig of Thurn und Taxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Maria_Theresa_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Isabel Maria, Princess of Thurn und Taxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Isabel_Maria_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Maria Ana, Princess Karl August of Thurn und Taxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Maria_Ana_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Infanta Maria Adelaide, Mrs. van Uden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Adelaide_de_Bragan%C3%A7a"},{"link_name":"Maria Francisca, Duchess of Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Francisca,_Duchess_of_Coimbra"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Duchesses_in_Bavaria_by_marriage"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Duchesses_in_Bavaria_by_marriage"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Duchesses_in_Bavaria_by_marriage"},{"link_name":"Duchesses in Bavaria by marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_in_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Princess Amélie Louise of Arenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Am%C3%A9lie_Louise_of_Arenberg"},{"link_name":"Princess Ludovika of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Ludovika_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Princess Sophie of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Sophie_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Infanta Maria Josepha of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Princess Amalie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Amalie_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242180#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/81545846"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgMxqJCp8tx4MykVxdCwC"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/137342004"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd137342004.html?language=en"}],"text":"See also: Descendants of Miguel I of PortugalAncestors of Infanta Maria Josepha of Portugal 8. Peter III of Portugal 4. John VI of Portugal and Brazil 9. Maria I of Portugal and Brazil 2. Miguel I of Portugal 10. Charles IV of Spain 5. Infanta Carlota Joaquina of Spain 11. Princess Maria Luisa of Parma 1. Infanta Maria José of Portugal 12. Charles Thomas, Prince of Löwenstein 6. Constantine, Hereditary Prince of Löwenstein 13. Countess Sophie of Windisch-Graetz 3. Princess Adelaide of Löwenstein 14. Karl Ludwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 7. Princess Agnes of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 15. Countess Amalie Henriette of Solms-BaruthvteHouse of BraganzaMembers of the Ducal HouseGenerations indicate descent from Afonso, Duke of Braganza, founder of the House of Braganza, until João II, Duke of Braganza, the first Braganza monarch of Portugal; italics indicate a head of the House1st generation\nAfonso, 1st Marquis of Valença\nIsabel, Lady of Reguengos de Monsaraz\nFernando I\n2nd generation\nFerdinand II\nJoão, 1st Marquis of Montemor-o-Novo\nAfonso, Count of Faro do Alentejo\nÁlvaro, 4th Lord of Cadaval\nAntónio\nIsabel\nBeatriz, Marquise of Vila Real\nGuiomar, Countess of Viana do Alentejo\nCatarina\n3rd generation\nRoderigo, 1st Marquis of Ferreira\nJorge Alberto, 1st Count of Gelves\nBeatriz, Duchess of Coimbra\nJoana, Countess of Vimioso\nMaria, Countess of Portalegre\nFilipe\nJaime I\nDinis, Count of Lemos\nMargarida\n4th generation\nFernando, 7th Count of Lemos\nAfonso\nIsabel\nMaria\nIsabel, Duchess of Guimarães\nTeodósio I\nJoana, Marquise of Elche\nJaime\nEugénia, Marquise of Ferreira\nMaria\nConstantino, Viceroy of India\nFulgêncio\nTeotónio, Archbishop of Évora\n5th generation\nJohn I\nJaime\nIsabel, Duchess of Caminha\n6th generation\nMaria\nSerefina\nTeodósio II\nDuarte, 1st Marquise of Frechilla\nAlexandre, Archbishop of Évora\nQuerubina\nAngélica\nMaria\nIsabel\nFilipe\n7th generation\nJohn II\nDuarte, 1st Lord of Vila do Conde\nCatarina\nAlexandre\nMembers of the Royal HouseGenerations indicate descent from John IV, King of Portugal, formerly John II, Duke of Braganza, the first Braganza monarch of Portugal, until Manuel II, King of Portugal, the last monarch of Portugal, excluding the Miguelist line; italics indicate a head of the House1st generation\nTeodósio, Prince of Brazil\nAna\nJoana, Princess of Beira\nCatarina, Queen Consort of the England\nManuel\nAfonso VI\nPeter II\nMaria\n2nd generation\nIsabel Luísa, Princess of Beira\nJoão, Prince of Brazil\nJohn V\nFrancisco, Duke of Beja\nAntónio\nFrancisca Xaviera\nTeresa Maria\nManuel, 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Regiment | 20th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment | ["1 Brigade, divisional and corps attachments","2 Battles","3 Casualties","4 Notable members","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | 20th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer InfantryActiveAugust 29, 1861 – July 28, 1865Country United States of AmericaAllegianceUnionBranchUnited States ArmyTypeInfantrySize1,978Part ofIn 1863: 3rd Brigade (Hall's), 2nd Division (Gibbon's), II Corps, Army of the PotomacNickname(s)"The Harvard Regiment"CommandersNotablecommandersCol. Paul J. RevereCol. William R. LeeLt. Henry L. AbbottInsigniaII Corps (2nd Division) badgeMilitary unit
Massachusetts U.S. Volunteer Infantry Regiments 1861-1865
Previous Next 19th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment 21st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment
20 Mass. Infantry - Revere, Feirson, Bryant, Lee, Palfrey, Folsom, Hayward, ca. 1859–1870
Monument to the 20th Massachusetts Infantry on the Gettysburg battlefield; Roxbury Conglomerate.
The 20th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, also known as the "Harvard Regiment", was a regiment of infantry in the American Civil War. The regiment was so nicknamed because the officers of the 20th were young Harvard graduates. In addition, some, but not all, of the private soldiers had attended Harvard. The 20th was organized at Camp Meigs in Readville, August 29 to September 4, 1861. After training they left Massachusetts for Washington, D. C., September 4. They would fight until the war's conclusion being mustered out on July 16 and discharged July 28, 1865. Fogel et al's Union Army Data urban sample suggests perhaps as many as two-thirds of the regiment's enlisted were immigrants with Irish immigrants making up half of the regiment's total.
Brigade, divisional and corps attachments
Attached to Lander's Brigade, Division of the Potomac, to October, 1861. Lander's Brigade, Stone's (Sedgwick's) Division, Army of the Potomac, to March, 1862. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, 2nd Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March, 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 2nd Army Corps, to July, 1865.
Battles
With the exception of First Bull Run, the 20th participated in all of the major battles and many of the smaller battles fought by the Army of the Potomac. Their baptism of fire occurred at Ball's Bluff on October 21, 1861. Other battles included the Seven Days, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, the Siege of Petersburg, and the Appomattox Campaign.
Casualties
The 20th regiment lost 17 officers and 243 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded, and one officer and 148 enlisted men from disease. The total casualties were 409. The regiment ranks first among Massachusetts regiments and fifth among Union regiments in total casualties.
Notable members
Henry L. Abbott
William Bartlett
Joseph Hayes
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
Norwood "Pen" Hallowell
Edward Needles Hallowell
William Raymond Lee
Francis Winthrop Palfrey
Paul Joseph Revere
Henry Martyn Tremlett
See also
American Civil War portal
List of Massachusetts Civil War units
Massachusetts in the Civil War
References
Citations
^ Dyer (1908), p. 1254-1255; Miller (2005), p. 16-19.
^ a b c NPS 20th Massachusetts.
^ NBER Union Army Data-Urban.
^ Higginson (1896), p. 269.
^ Catton (1985), p. 115; Miller (2005), p. 187-194.
^ Bowen (1889), p. 312-313.
^ "The Harvard Regiment". Retrieved on 2008-02-15
^ Johnson (1906), Vol. I, Abbe–Browne, p. 21.
^ Johnson (1906), Vol. I, Abbe–Browne, p. 225-226.
Sources
Bowen, James L (1889). Massachusetts in the War 1861–1865 (PDF) (1st ed.). Springfield, MA: Clark W. Bryan & Co. pp. 311–326. OCLC 1986476. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
Catton, Bruce (1985) . The Civil War. American Heritage Library. New York: American Heritage, Inc. ISBN 9780828103053. OCLC 11786425. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
Dyer, Frederick Henry (1908). A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (PDF) (1st ed.). Des Moines, IA: Dyer Pub. Co. pp. 1254–1255. ASIN B01BUFJ76Q. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
Johnson, Rossiter, ed. (1906). "Vol. I" (PDF). The Biographical Dictionary of America. Vol. 1 (Library ed.). Boston, MA: American Biographical Society. p. 484. OCLC 848266989. 13960-t1jh3jn1z. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth (1896). Massachusetts in the Army and Navy During the War of 1861-65, 8 Volumes. Boston, MA: Wright and Potter Printing Co, State Printers. pp. 269–274. OCLC 1049652105. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
Miller, Richard F. (2005). Harvard's Civil War: A History of the Twentieth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry (1st ed.). ISBN 9781584655053. OCLC 60515104. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
"20th Regiment, Massachusetts Infantry (U.S. National Park Service)". nps.gov. U.S. National Park Service. January 19, 2007. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
"Union Army Data-Urban (Robert W Fogel, Dora L Costa, Hoyt Bleakley, Louis Cain, Sok Chul Hong, Chulhee Lee, Sven Wilson, Louis Nguyen, Joseph Burton, Noelle Yetter, and Carlos Villarreal)". nber.org. The National Bureau of Economic Research. 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
External links
Pvt of 20th Mass killed in 1863
Memoir of William Francis Bartlett (1878) at the Internet Archive
The Twentieth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1861-1865 (1906) at the Internet Archive | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20_Mass._Infantry_-_Revere,_Feirson,_Bryant,_Lee,_Palfrey,_Folsom,_Hayward_-_DPLA_-_3487dad96be24d326c43e0648d7ff9ef_(page_1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roxbury_Puddingstone_20th_Mass_monument.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roxbury Conglomerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury_Conglomerate"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyer19081254-1255Miller200516-19-1"},{"link_name":"Camp Meigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Meigs"},{"link_name":"Readville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readville,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Washington, D. 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They would fight until the war's conclusion being mustered out on July 16 and discharged July 28, 1865.[2] Fogel et al's Union Army Data urban sample suggests perhaps as many as two-thirds of the regiment's enlisted were immigrants with Irish immigrants making up half of the regiment's total.[3]","title":"20th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigginson1896269-4"},{"link_name":"Army of the Potomac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatton1985115Miller2005187-194-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENPS_20th_Massachusetts-2"}],"text":"Attached to Lander's Brigade, Division of the Potomac, to October, 1861.[4] Lander's Brigade, Stone's (Sedgwick's) Division, Army of the Potomac, to March, 1862. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, 2nd Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March, 1864.[5] 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 2nd Army Corps, to July, 1865.[2]","title":"Brigade, divisional and corps attachments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Bull Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run"},{"link_name":"Ball's Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ball%27s_Bluff"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen1889312-313-6"},{"link_name":"Seven Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles"},{"link_name":"Antietam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antietam"},{"link_name":"Fredericksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg"},{"link_name":"Chancellorsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg"},{"link_name":"Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Spotsylvania Court House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotsylvania_Court_House"},{"link_name":"Siege of Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Appomattox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENPS_20th_Massachusetts-2"}],"text":"With the exception of First Bull Run, the 20th participated in all of the major battles and many of the smaller battles fought by the Army of the Potomac. Their baptism of fire occurred at Ball's Bluff on October 21, 1861.[6] Other battles included the Seven Days, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, the Siege of Petersburg, and the Appomattox Campaign.[2]","title":"Battles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The 20th regiment lost 17 officers and 243 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded, and one officer and 148 enlisted men from disease. The total casualties were 409. The regiment ranks first among Massachusetts regiments and fifth among Union regiments in total casualties.[7]","title":"Casualties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry L. 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Abbott[8]\nWilliam Bartlett[9]\nJoseph Hayes\nOliver Wendell Holmes Jr.\nNorwood \"Pen\" Hallowell\nEdward Needles Hallowell\nWilliam Raymond Lee\nFrancis Winthrop Palfrey\nPaul Joseph Revere\nHenry Martyn Tremlett","title":"Notable members"}] | [{"image_text":"20 Mass. Infantry - Revere, Feirson, Bryant, Lee, Palfrey, Folsom, Hayward, ca. 1859–1870","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/20_Mass._Infantry_-_Revere%2C_Feirson%2C_Bryant%2C_Lee%2C_Palfrey%2C_Folsom%2C_Hayward_-_DPLA_-_3487dad96be24d326c43e0648d7ff9ef_%28page_1%29.jpg/220px-20_Mass._Infantry_-_Revere%2C_Feirson%2C_Bryant%2C_Lee%2C_Palfrey%2C_Folsom%2C_Hayward_-_DPLA_-_3487dad96be24d326c43e0648d7ff9ef_%28page_1%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monument to the 20th Massachusetts Infantry on the Gettysburg battlefield; Roxbury Conglomerate.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Roxbury_Puddingstone_20th_Mass_monument.jpg/220px-Roxbury_Puddingstone_20th_Mass_monument.jpg"}] | [{"title":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"title":"List of Massachusetts Civil War units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Civil_War_units"},{"title":"Massachusetts in the Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_Civil_War"}] | [{"reference":"Bowen, James L (1889). 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Retrieved August 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_H._Dyer","url_text":"Dyer, Frederick Henry"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OBkNAQAAMAAJ/page/1254/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines,_IA","url_text":"Des Moines, IA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01BUFJ76Q","url_text":"B01BUFJ76Q"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Rossiter, ed. (1906). \"Vol. I\" (PDF). The Biographical Dictionary of America. Vol. 1 (Library ed.). Boston, MA: American Biographical Society. p. 484. OCLC 848266989. 13960-t1jh3jn1z. Retrieved October 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiter_Johnson","url_text":"Johnson, Rossiter"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict01johnuoft/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"\"Vol. I\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Biographical_Dictionary_of_America","url_text":"The Biographical Dictionary of America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/848266989","url_text":"848266989"}]},{"reference":"Higginson, Thomas Wentworth (1896). Massachusetts in the Army and Navy During the War of 1861-65, 8 Volumes. Boston, MA: Wright and Potter Printing Co, State Printers. pp. 269–274. OCLC 1049652105. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Fletcher_(businessman) | Hugh Fletcher (businessman) | ["1 Early life","2 Fletcher Challenge","3 References"] | New Zealand businessman
Hugh FletcherChief executive of Fletcher Challenge LtdIn office1987–19979th Chancellor of the University of AucklandIn office2004–2008Preceded byJohn GrahamSucceeded byRoger France
Personal detailsBorn (1947-11-28) 28 November 1947 (age 76)SpouseSian EliasAlma materUniversity of AucklandStanford University
Hugh Alasdair Fletcher (born 28 November 1947) is a New Zealand businessman and former chancellor of the University of Auckland.
Early life
Fletcher was the second son born to Sir James Fletcher and Vaughan, Lady Fletcher. After attending Kings College, he gained a BSc 1969 and MCom (Hons) 1974 from the University of Auckland, in addition to an MBA from Stanford University.
Fletcher's wife is the former Chief Justice of New Zealand Dame Sian Elias. His brother Angus Fletcher, who was also involved with the family firm, is ex-husband to former Mayor of Auckland, and City and Government Minister Christine Fletcher. His older brother Jim Fletcher was murdered at his holiday home in the Bay of Plenty in 1993.
Fletcher Challenge
Main article: Fletcher Challenge
Fletcher played a major role in developing New Zealand industry as chief executive of Fletcher Challenge following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather Sir James Fletcher.
Fletcher was a New Zealand Representative on the Trilateral Commission. In 2002, he was appointed to the board of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand. He was subsequently reappointed in 2007. He is also Chair of the board of directors of IAG New Zealand and a board director of Fletcher Building and Vector Limited. In August 2007 he was appointed to the board of Insurance Australia Group.
References
^ Alister Taylor (2001). New Zealand Who's Who Aotearoa 2001 Edition. Alister Taylor Publishers. p. 340. ISSN 1172-9813.
^ "Hugh Fletcher - BSc, MCom(Hons)". University of Auckland. Archived from the original on 7 July 2007. Retrieved 6 September 2007.
^ Easton, Paul (15 July 2015). "Notorious killer to remain behind bars". Stuff. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
^ "Hugh Fletcher reappointed to Reserve Bank Board". Reserve Bank of New Zealand. 27 June 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 6 September 2007.
^ "Vector Company Profile - Board of Directors". Vector Limited. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007. Retrieved 6 September 2007.
^ "Media release: IAG board appointments" (PDF). Insurance Australia Group. 30 August 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2007. Retrieved 6 September 2007.
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
This business-related New Zealand biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whos_who_2001-1"},{"link_name":"University of Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Auckland"}],"text":"Hugh Alasdair Fletcher (born 28 November 1947[1]) is a New Zealand businessman and former chancellor of the University of Auckland.","title":"Hugh Fletcher (businessman)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir James Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Muir_Cameron_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Kings College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_College,_Auckland"},{"link_name":"BSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"MCom (Hons)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"MBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-au_alum-2"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Dame Sian Elias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sian_Elias"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Auckland"},{"link_name":"Christine Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Fletcher was the second son born to Sir James Fletcher and Vaughan, Lady Fletcher. After attending Kings College, he gained a BSc 1969 and MCom (Hons) 1974 from the University of Auckland, in addition to an MBA from Stanford University.[2]Fletcher's wife is the former Chief Justice of New Zealand Dame Sian Elias. His brother Angus Fletcher, who was also involved with the family firm, is ex-husband to former Mayor of Auckland, and City and Government Minister Christine Fletcher. 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In 2002, he was appointed to the board of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand. He was subsequently reappointed in 2007.[4] He is also Chair of the board of directors of IAG New Zealand and a board director of Fletcher Building and Vector Limited.[5] In August 2007 he was appointed to the board of Insurance Australia Group.[6]","title":"Fletcher Challenge"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Alister Taylor (2001). New Zealand Who's Who Aotearoa 2001 Edition. Alister Taylor Publishers. p. 340. ISSN 1172-9813.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1172-9813","url_text":"1172-9813"}]},{"reference":"\"Hugh Fletcher - BSc, MCom(Hons)\". University of Auckland. Archived from the original on 7 July 2007. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Chalaev | Stanislav Chalaev | ["1 External links"] | New Zealand weightlifter (born 1986)
Stanislav ChalaevPersonal informationNicknameStasNationalityNew Zealand / RussianBorn (1986-10-16) 16 October 1986 (age 37)Tomsk, Soviet UnionEducationAuckland Grammar SchoolHeight1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Weight103 kg (227 lb)SportCountryNew ZealandSportOlympic Weightlifting
Medal record
Men's weightlifting
Representing New Zealand
Commonwealth Games
2010 Delhi
105 kg
2014 Glasgow
105 kg
Commonwealth Championships
2009 Penang
105 kg
Oceania Championships
2008 Auckland
105 kg
2010 Suva
105 kg
2014 Le Mont-Dore
105 kg
2017 Gold Coast
105 kg
Stanislav Chalaev (born 16 October 1986) is a weightlifter from New Zealand.
At the 2010 Commonwealth Games he won the silver medal in the 105 kg class. Chalaev again won silver at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in the same weight class.
External links
Stanislav Chalaev at the International Weightlifting Federation
Stanislav Chalaev at the New Zealand Olympic Committee
Stanislav Chalaev at the Commonwealth Games Federation (archived)
Delhi Commonwealth Games 2010 Snatch and Grab
vte2010 New Zealand Commonwealth Games teamArchery
Steve Clifton
Stephanie Croskery
Mandy McGregor
Anne Mitchell
Shaun Teasdale
Tony Waddick
Athletics
Adrian Blincoe
Stuart Farquhar
Beatrice Faumuina
Nikki Hamblin
Jess Hamill
Matthew Lack
Elizabeth Lamb
Andrea Miller
Brent Newdick
Valerie Vili
Rebecca Wardell
Monique Williams
Nick Willis
Badminton
Danielle Barry
Michelle Chan
James Eunson
Donna Haliday
Oliver Leydon-Davis
Anna Rankin
Henry Tam
Joe Wu
Boxing
David Aloua
Angus Donaldson
Nathon McEwen
Reece Papuni
Joseph Parker
Anthony Taylor
Cycling
Shane Archbold
Clinton Avery
Jack Bauer
Sam Bewley
Kaytee Boyd
Rushlee Buchanan
Cath Cheatley
Eddie Dawkins
Gemma Dudley
Lauren Ellis
Aaron Gate
Westley Gough
Greg Henderson
Melissa Holt
Jo Kiesanowski
Peter Latham
Gordon McCauley
Ethan Mitchell
Jaime Nielsen
Hayden Roulston
Marc Ryan
Jesse Sergent
Alison Shanks
Myron Simpson
Simon van Velthooven
Sam Webster
Linda Villumsen
Diving
Gabrielle Armstrong-Scott
Gymnastics
Brandon Field
Lani Hohepa
Mark Holyoake
Mikhail Koudinov
Briana Mitchell
Holly Moon
Keziah Oliver
Matthew Palmer
Patrick Peng
Mereana Rademekers
Jordan Rae
Kimberley Robson
Hockey
Phil Burrows
Stacey Carr
Simon Child
Dean Couzins
Steve Edwards
Clarissa Eshuis
Natasha FitzSimons
Gemma Flynn
Krystal Forgesson
Katie Glynn
Ella Gunson
Nick Haig
Charlotte Harrison
Samantha Harrison
Andrew Hayward
Blair Hilton
Hugo Inglis
Stephen Jenness
Beth Jurgeleit
Shea McAleese
Stacey Michelsen
Emily Naylor
Arun Panchia
Kyle Pontifex
Anita Punt
Kayla Sharland
Bradley Shaw
Hayden Shaw
Lucy Talbot
Blair Tarrant
Anna Thorpe
Nick Wilson
Lawn bowls
Genevieve Baildon
Richard Collett
Karen Coombe
Dan Delany
Ali Forsyth
Richard Girvan
Jan Khan
Dale Lang
Shannon McIlroy
Val Smith
Manu Timoti
Andrew Todd
Netball
Leana de Bruin
Temepara George
Katrina Grant
Joline Henry
Laura Langman
Liana Leota
Grace Rasmussen
Anna Scarlett
Maria Tutaia
Irene van Dyk
Casey Williams
Daneka Wipiiti
Rugby sevens
Toby Arnold
Kurt Baker
Tomasi Cama
DJ Forbes
Hosea Gear
Zac Guildford
Liam Messam
Tim Mikkelson
Lote Raikabula
Ben Smith
Ben Souness
Sherwin Stowers
Shooting
Adrian Black
Myles Browne-Cole
Mike Collings
Alan Earle
Juliet Etherington
Sally Johnston
Natalie Rooney
Allan Sinclair
John Snowden
Nadine Stanton
Ryan Taylor
Greg Yelavich
Squash
Campbell Grayson
Jaclyn Hawkes
Joelle King
Martin Knight
Tamsyn Leevey
Kylie Lindsay
Swimming
Daniel Bell
Lauren Boyle
Moss Burmester
Amaka Gessler
Natasha Hind
Melissa Ingram
Gareth Kean
Penelope Marshall
Hayley Palmer
Glenn Snyders
Emily Thomas
Natalie Wiegersma
Synchronised swimming
Kirstin Anderson
Caitlin Anderson
Table tennis
Jenny Hung
Karen Li
Sun Yang
Annie Yang
Tennis
Marina Erakovic
Rubin Statham
Weightlifting
Stanislav Chalaev
Lou Guinares
Kate Howard
Tracey Lambrechs
Richie Patterson
Cameron Sinclair
Mark Spooner
Wrestling
Sam Belkin
Stephen Hill
Nicholas Lane
Sian Law
Andrei Paulet
Aaron Quinlan
Chef de Mission: Dave Currie
vte2014 New Zealand Commonwealth Games teamAthletics
Valerie Adams
Kristie Baillie
Zoe Ballantyne
Portia Bing
Katherine Camp
Sarah Cowley
Brooke Cull
Stuart Farquhar
Jacko Gill
Siositina Hakeai
Nikki Hamblin
Louise Jones
Julian Matthews
Scott McLaren
Brent Newdick
Julia Ratcliffe
Jake Robertson
Zane Robertson
Angie Smit
Lucy van Dalen
Tom Walsh
Nick Willis
Badminton
Michelle Chan
Kevin Dennerly-Minturn
Michael Fowke
Oliver Leydon-Davis
Susannah Leydon-Davis
Anna Rankin
Madeleine Stapleton
Joe Wu
Boxing
Eric Finau
Leroy Hindley
David Light
Patrick Mailata
Magan Maka
Chad Milnes
Bowyn Morgan
David Nyika
Alexis Pritchard
Cycling
Shane Archbold
Matt Archibald
Jack Bauer
Patrick Bevin
Rushlee Buchanan
Emily Collins
Anton Cooper
Eddie Dawkins
Lauren Ellis
Kate Fluker
Aaron Gate
Sam Gaze
Karen Hanlen
Greg Henderson
Dylan Kennett
Jo Kiesanowski
Stephanie McKenzie
Ethan Mitchell
Jaime Nielsen
Mike Northey
Marc Ryan
Tom Scully
Jesse Sergent
Reta Trotman
Simon van Velthooven
Linda Villumsen
Sam Webster
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Chef de Mission: Rob Waddell
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This biographical article relating to weightlifting in New Zealand is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"2014 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Commonwealth_Games"}],"text":"Stanislav Chalaev (born 16 October 1986) is a weightlifter from New Zealand.At the 2010 Commonwealth Games he won the silver medal in the 105 kg class. Chalaev again won silver at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in the same weight class.","title":"Stanislav Chalaev"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://iwf.sport/weightlifting_/athletes-bios/?athlete=&id=1935","external_links_name":"Stanislav Chalaev"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7598983#P3667"},{"Link":"https://www.olympic.org.nz/athletes/stas-chalaev/","external_links_name":"Stanislav Chalaev"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7598983#P4056"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220101/https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/58301","external_links_name":"Stanislav Chalaev"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7598983#P4548"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MLDIxF0720","external_links_name":"Delhi Commonwealth Games 2010 Snatch and Grab"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanislav_Chalaev&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualia_(Sony) | Qualia (Sony) | ["1 Products","2 References"] | Qualia was a boutique brand of high-end electronics, created by Sony to showcase their best technology. Some Qualia products were newly designed while others were upgraded and rebranded versions of regular Sony products. The line was launched in Japan in June 2003 and the U.S. in April 2004. In 2005, Sony discontinued the Qualia series except in the United States. In early 2006, Sony discontinued the series in the US as well.
Products
Function
Unveiled
RRP
Model number
Based on
Qualia 001
Video processor
January 2005
US$5,080
Q001-CB01
-
Qualia 002
HDV camcorder
April 2005
US$5,800
Q002-HDR1
HDR-FX1
Qualia 004
SXRD Video projector
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US$25,000
Q004-R1
-
Qualia 005
46" LCD television
August 2004
US$10,000
KDX46Q005
-
Qualia 006
70" SXRD rear-projection television
September 2004
US$15,000
KDS-70Q006
KDS-70XBR100
Qualia 007
SACD player and amplifier
June 2003
US$6,700
Q007-SCD
-
Qualia 010
Headphones
April 2004
US$2,400
Q010-MDR1
Qualia 015
36" CRT television
June 2003
US$11,000
Q015-KX36
Qualia 016
Modular compact digital camera
June 2003
US$4,000
Q016-WE1 ]
-
Qualia 017
MiniDisc player
June 2004
US$1,700
Q017-MD1
MZ-E10
-
In-ear headphones
June 2004
US$200
MDR-EXQ1
MDR-EX71
References
^ "Sony Qualia 006 SXRD RPTV". Sound & Vision. 2005-07-11. Retrieved 2023-08-02.
^ "QUALIA 010 (Headphones) / Gallery / Sony Design / Sony". Sony Design. Retrieved 2023-08-02.
^ "Sony QUALIA 016 - the smallest yet". DPReview. Retrieved 2023-08-02.
^ "Sony Qualia 017". MiniDisc Wiki. 2021-05-05. Retrieved 2023-08-02.
^ "Sony Qualia, RIP: 2004 - 2005". Sep 21, 2005. www.engadget.com
vteSonyHistoryFounders
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Sony timer | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Qualia (Sony)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Products"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sony Qualia 006 SXRD RPTV\". Sound & Vision. 2005-07-11. Retrieved 2023-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soundandvision.com/content/sony-qualia-006-sxrd-rptv","url_text":"\"Sony Qualia 006 SXRD RPTV\""}]},{"reference":"\"QUALIA 010 (Headphones) / Gallery / Sony Design / Sony\". Sony Design. Retrieved 2023-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/design/gallery/QUALIA010/","url_text":"\"QUALIA 010 (Headphones) / Gallery / Sony Design / Sony\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sony QUALIA 016 - the smallest yet\". DPReview. Retrieved 2023-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dpreview.com/articles/3874601375/sonyqualia016","url_text":"\"Sony QUALIA 016 - the smallest yet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sony Qualia 017\". MiniDisc Wiki. 2021-05-05. Retrieved 2023-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minidisc.wiki/equipment/sony/portable/q017-md1","url_text":"\"Sony Qualia 017\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.soundandvision.com/content/sony-qualia-006-sxrd-rptv","external_links_name":"\"Sony Qualia 006 SXRD RPTV\""},{"Link":"https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/design/gallery/QUALIA010/","external_links_name":"\"QUALIA 010 (Headphones) / Gallery / Sony Design / Sony\""},{"Link":"https://www.dpreview.com/articles/3874601375/sonyqualia016","external_links_name":"\"Sony QUALIA 016 - the smallest yet\""},{"Link":"https://www.minidisc.wiki/equipment/sony/portable/q017-md1","external_links_name":"\"Sony Qualia 017\""},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2005/09/21/sony-qualia-rip-2004-2005/","external_links_name":"[1]"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Wirths | Eduard Wirths | ["1 Early life","2 Nazi party membership","3 Auschwitz (1942–1945)","3.1 Prisoner experimentation","3.2 Selection of prisoners","4 Capture and suicide","5 Summary of SS Career","6 SS ranks and awards","7 See also","8 References"] | German Nazi physician (1909–1945)
Eduard WirthsBorn(1909-09-04)4 September 1909Geroldshausen, German EmpireDied20 September 1945(1945-09-20) (aged 36)Staumühle, Allied-occupied GermanyAllegianceNazi GermanyService/branchSchutzstaffelYears of service1933–1945RankSS-ObersturmbannführerCommands heldFormal responsibility of medical staff at Auschwitz; human medical experimentation performed on prisoners at AuschwitzAwardsWar Merit Cross 1st Class With SwordsGerman Social Welfare Decoration 2nd ClassSpouse(s)Gertrud PetavyChildren4
Eduard Wirths (4 September 1909 – 20 September 1945) was the chief SS doctor (SS-Standortarzt) at the Auschwitz concentration camp from September 1942 to January 1945. Thus, Wirths had formal responsibility for everything undertaken by the nearly twenty SS doctors (including Josef Mengele, Horst Schumann and Carl Clauberg) who worked in the medical sections of Auschwitz between 1942 and 1945.
Early life
Eduard Wirths was born in Geroldshausen near Würzburg, Bavaria into a Catholic family with democratic Socialist leanings. His father served as a medical corpsman in the First World War and according to Robert Jay Lifton had emerged from the war "...in a depressed state with pacifist leanings, which were undoubtedly expressed in his (as one son put it) 'making doctors of us all...'" Wirth's younger brother, Helmut, became a notable gynecologist (who later went to Auschwitz to visit his brother to participate in cancer experiments but said that he left after only a few days on his brother Eduard's advice, due to a disagreement and because of his revulsion of the place). According to Lifton "...Among the boys it was Eduard who came most under the father’s influence in becoming meticulous, obedient, and unusually conscientious and reliable — traits that continued into his adult life. He never smoked or drank and was described as compassionate and "soft" in his responses to others..." The Wirths family was not known to be anti-semitic or sympathetic to radical nationalist politics.
Nazi party membership
Eduard Wirths, however, became an ardent Nazi while studying medicine at the University of Würzburg (1930–35). He joined the Nazi Party and the SA in June 1933 and applied for admission into the SS in 1934. He entered the Waffen SS in 1939, saw action in Norway and the Russian Front and was classified as medically unfit for combat duty in the spring of 1942 after a heart-attack. Wirths then chose to undertake special training for Department leaders in Dachau Concentration Camp and served as chief SS psychiatrist in Neuengamme concentration camp during July 1942. Coincidentally, in 1942, Josef Mengele was also wounded at the Russian Front, pronounced medically unfit for combat, and promoted to the rank of SS-Hauptsturmführer before being assigned to Auschwitz.
Auschwitz (1942–1945)
Wirths was promoted to SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain) and appointed as chief camp physician at Auschwitz in September, 1942. He was appointed on the basis of his reputation as a competent doctor and committed Nazi who would be capable of stopping the typhus epidemics that had increasingly affected SS personnel at Auschwitz.
At Auschwitz, Wirths was known to be protective of prisoner doctors and other prisoners doing medical work, to have improved conditions on the medical blocks and was remembered favourably by most prisoner doctors and other inmates who had contact with him. At the same time, Wirths in recommending Josef Mengele for promotion in August 1944, was able to speak of Mengele's "open, honest, firm … absolutely dependable" character and "magnificent" intellectual and physical talents; of the "discretion, perseverance, and energy with which he has fulfilled every task … and … shown himself equal to every situation"; of his "valuable contribution to anthropological science by making use of the scientific materials available to him"; of his "absolute ideological firmness" and "faultless conduct an SS officer"; and personal qualities as "free, unrestrained, persuasive, and lively" discourse that rendered him "especially dear to his comrades".
Rudolf Höss, the commandant of Auschwitz between 1940 and December 1943, is said to have held Wirths in particularly high regard. He is said to have remarked of Wirths that "During my 10 years of service in concentration-camp affairs, I have never encountered a better one."
In 1943 the impact on inmates of Wirths' actions at Auschwitz resulted in his receiving a Christmas card from Langbein, a political prisoner who worked with him, which contained the message “In the past year you have saved here the lives of 93,000 people. We do not have the right to tell you our wishes. But we wish for ourselves that you stay here in the coming year.” It was signed: “One speaking for the prisoners of Auschwitz.” The figure of 93,000 was the difference in mortality rate among prisoners from typhus in the year prior to Wirths' arrival.
Prisoner experimentation
Wirths was involved in ordering medical experimentation, particularly in gynecological and typhus-related experimental tests. Wirths's primary research concerned pre-cancerous growths of the cervix. Wirths was also interested in the sterilization of women, by removing their ovaries through surgery or radiation. It is generally acknowledged that he himself never directly participated in such experiments but delegated their conduct to subordinates. The victims of these experiments were Jewish women who had been imprisoned in Block 10 of the main camp in Auschwitz. E.W.J. Pearce, an Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Truman Medical Center has made the following observation regarding Wirths' medical experiments: ". . . Wirths, without consent, photographed the cervices of women prisoners, then amputated the pictured cervices, and sent both photographs and specimens for study to Dr. Hinselmann of Berlin". Hinselmann was the physician who developed colposcopy.
Selection of prisoners
Importantly, Wirths also asserted medical control of prisoner selections at the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp, which, prior to spring 1943, had been conducted by the camp commander and his subordinates. Wirths insisted upon taking his own personal turn in performing selections, which he could have deferred to physician subordinates. Witness testimony given at the Trial of Adolf Eichmann provided a useful insight into how the SS approached the issue of how to record the deaths of Auschwitz prisoners (this did not include those who had been immediately selected for gassing – their admission was simply not recorded in the death registers). Those who died while imprisoned at Auschwitz were always recorded as having died from natural causes and never from being executed or murdered.
Wirths was promoted to SS-Sturmbannführer (major) in September 1944. Following the evacuation of Auschwitz in January 1945 he was transferred, along with many other former Auschwitz personnel, to the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp in Thuringia. Wirths again held the post of chief camp physician until Mittelbau-Dora's evacuation in April 1945.
Capture and suicide
Wirths was captured by the Allies at the end of the war and held in custody by British forces. Later, on 20 September 1945, knowing that he would face trial for war crimes, Wirths committed suicide by hanging.
In 2014 Wirths' son Peter donated his father's photo albums to the USHMM - these contain photos of the Wirths family at the Solahütte, Wirths with Rudolf Höss, pictures of the old village of Birkenau before it was destroyed and pictures of the building of the SS hospital at Auschwitz.
Summary of SS Career
Robert Jay Lifton has said that
. . . Wirths was significantly immersed in Nazi ideology in three crucial spheres: the claim of revitalizing the German race and Volk; the biomedical path to that revitalization via purification of genes and race; and the focus on the Jews as a threat to this renewal, to the immediate and long-term "health" of the Germanic race. While Wirths did not absolutize these convictions in the manner of Mengele — they were in him combined with a strong current of medical humanism — his commitment to the Nazi cause was probably no less strong . . .
Perhaps illustrative of Wirths' commitment to medical 'leadership' was his tendency while at Auschwitz to drive about in a car flying a Red Cross flag as well as his enthusiasm for acting as a marriage counselor and personal adviser to other SS personnel. According to Helgard Kramer, Wirths
. . . first seized on a career as a military doctor and officer in the German elite troops of the SS, because he desperately wanted to become a member of the upper class; eventually to provide his future wife with a "decent marriage". To reach that goal he had to become a "tough man"...
SS ranks and awards
Ranks
September 1942, Promotion to SS-Hauptsturmführer
September 1944 Promotion to SS-Sturmbannführer
Final rank in the SS: SS-Obersturmbannführer
Awards during SS career
War Merit Cross 1st Class With Swords
Iron Cross 2nd Class 1939
DRL-Sports Badge in Bronze
German Sosial Wellfare Medal 2nd Class
Eastern Front Winter Medal
See also
Hans Münch
List of people who died by suicide by hanging
References
^ Lifton: p. 385
^ Lifton: p. 400
^ Lifton, p. 385
^ Baumslag, Naomi (2011). Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, And Typhus. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 73. ISBN 978-0615251721.
^ from "Beurteilung des SS Hauptsturmführers (R) Dr. Josef Mengele," 19 August 1949 (Berlin Document Center: Mengele
^ Lifton: p. 386
^ Lifton: p. 389
^ Lang, Hans-Joachim (2011). Die Frauen von Block 10. Medizinische Experimente in Auschwitz (in German). Hamburg, Germany: Hoffman Und Camp. pp. 144–167. ISBN 978-3455502220.
^ Baggish, Michael S. (15 September 2018). Colposcopy of the Cervix, Vagina, and Vulva: A Comprehensive Textbook. Mosby. ISBN 9780323018593 – via Google Books.
^ The Trial of Adolf Eichmann, Session 70 (Part 2 of 6)
^ Eichmann trial – The District Court Sessions Archived 2005-09-06 at the Wayback Machine at www.nizkor.org
^ "Memorial and Museum: Auschwitz-Birkenau". Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
^ "Eduard Wirths collection - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum".
^ Lifton, p. 412
Hermann Langbein, (2004) People in Auschwitz. North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill & London in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Robert J. Lifton, (1986) THE NAZI DOCTORS: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic Books.
University of Linz: SS-DOCTOR DR. EDUARD WIRTHS
Dr. E.W.J. Pearce, (1996) "Antigone: An Exercise in Medical Ethics" in History and Philosophy of Medicine Newsletter published by the University of Kansas Medical Centre.
Transcript (in German) of the documentary Film (1975) "Dr. Eduard Wirths – Standortarzt von Auschwitz" by Dutch film makers Roland Orthel and others.
Webster University, Nazi Doctors & Other Perpetrators of Nazi Crimes at www.webster.edu
Holocaust at www.shoa.de
Shoa.de - Eduard Wirths (1909-1945) at www.shoa.de
Helgard Kramer, "The ‘Doubled Self’ of SS Doctors at Auschwitz Revisited" Paper presented at the 25th Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology (ISPP) in Berlin, July 16–19, 2002.
Healing-Killing Conflict: Eduard Wirths
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Josef Mengele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Mengele"},{"link_name":"Horst Schumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Schumann"},{"link_name":"Carl Clauberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Clauberg"}],"text":"Eduard Wirths (4 September 1909 – 20 September 1945) was the chief SS doctor (SS-Standortarzt) at the Auschwitz concentration camp from September 1942 to January 1945. Thus, Wirths had formal responsibility for everything undertaken by the nearly twenty SS doctors (including Josef Mengele, Horst Schumann and Carl Clauberg) who worked in the medical sections of Auschwitz between 1942 and 1945.","title":"Eduard Wirths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geroldshausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geroldshausen"},{"link_name":"Würzburg, Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg,_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Robert Jay Lifton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jay_Lifton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Eduard Wirths was born in Geroldshausen near Würzburg, Bavaria into a Catholic family with democratic Socialist leanings. His father served as a medical corpsman in the First World War and according to Robert Jay Lifton had emerged from the war \"...in a depressed state with pacifist leanings, which were undoubtedly expressed in his (as one son put it) 'making doctors of us all...'\" [1] Wirth's younger brother, Helmut, became a notable gynecologist (who later went to Auschwitz to visit his brother to participate in cancer experiments but said that he left after only a few days on his brother Eduard's advice, due to a disagreement and because of his revulsion of the place[2]). According to Lifton \"...Among the boys it was Eduard who came most under the father’s influence in becoming meticulous, obedient, and unusually conscientious and reliable — traits that continued into his adult life. He never smoked or drank and was described as compassionate and \"soft\" in his responses to others...\"[3] The Wirths family was not known to be anti-semitic or sympathetic to radical nationalist politics.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"University of Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"SA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmabteilung"},{"link_name":"Waffen SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen_SS"},{"link_name":"Neuengamme concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Josef Mengele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Mengele"}],"text":"Eduard Wirths, however, became an ardent Nazi while studying medicine at the University of Würzburg (1930–35). He joined the Nazi Party and the SA in June 1933 and applied for admission into the SS in 1934. He entered the Waffen SS in 1939, saw action in Norway and the Russian Front and was classified as medically unfit for combat duty in the spring of 1942 after a heart-attack. Wirths then chose to undertake special training for Department leaders in Dachau Concentration Camp and served as chief SS psychiatrist in Neuengamme concentration camp during July 1942. Coincidentally, in 1942, Josef Mengele was also wounded at the Russian Front, pronounced medically unfit for combat, and promoted to the rank of SS-Hauptsturmführer before being assigned to Auschwitz.","title":"Nazi party membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hauptsturmführer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptsturmf%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"typhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Höss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Langbein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Langbein"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Wirths was promoted to SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain) and appointed as chief camp physician[4] at Auschwitz in September, 1942. He was appointed on the basis of his reputation as a competent doctor and committed Nazi who would be capable of stopping the typhus epidemics that had increasingly affected SS personnel at Auschwitz.At Auschwitz, Wirths was known to be protective of prisoner doctors and other prisoners doing medical work, to have improved conditions on the medical blocks and was remembered favourably by most prisoner doctors and other inmates who had contact with him. At the same time, Wirths in recommending Josef Mengele for promotion in August 1944, was able to speak of Mengele's \"open, honest, firm … [and] absolutely dependable\" character and \"magnificent\" intellectual and physical talents; of the \"discretion, perseverance, and energy with which he has fulfilled every task … and … shown himself equal to every situation\"; of his \"valuable contribution to anthropological science by making use of the scientific materials available to him\"; of his \"absolute ideological firmness\" and \"faultless conduct [as] an SS officer\"; and personal qualities as \"free, unrestrained, persuasive, and lively\" discourse that rendered him \"especially dear to his comrades\".[5]Rudolf Höss, the commandant of Auschwitz between 1940 and December 1943, is said to have held Wirths in particularly high regard. He is said to have remarked of Wirths that \"During my 10 years of service in concentration-camp affairs, I have never encountered a better one.\"[6]In 1943 the impact on inmates of Wirths' actions at Auschwitz resulted in his receiving a Christmas card from Langbein, a political prisoner who worked with him, which contained the message “In the past year you have saved here the lives of 93,000 people. We do not have the right to tell you our wishes. But we wish for ourselves that you stay here in the coming year.” It was signed: “One speaking for the prisoners of Auschwitz.” The figure of 93,000 was the difference in mortality rate among prisoners from typhus in the year prior to Wirths' arrival.[7]","title":"Auschwitz (1942–1945)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cervix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervix"},{"link_name":"Block 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Obstetrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetrics"},{"link_name":"Truman Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"amputated the pictured cervices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_Mutilation"},{"link_name":"colposcopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colposcopy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Prisoner experimentation","text":"Wirths was involved in ordering medical experimentation, particularly in gynecological and typhus-related experimental tests. Wirths's primary research concerned pre-cancerous growths of the cervix. Wirths was also interested in the sterilization of women, by removing their ovaries through surgery or radiation. It is generally acknowledged that he himself never directly participated in such experiments but delegated their conduct to subordinates. The victims of these experiments were Jewish women who had been imprisoned in Block 10 of the main camp in Auschwitz.[8] E.W.J. Pearce, an Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Truman Medical Center has made the following observation regarding Wirths' medical experiments: \". . . Wirths, without consent, photographed the cervices of women prisoners, then amputated the pictured cervices, and sent both photographs and specimens for study to Dr. Hinselmann of Berlin\". Hinselmann was the physician who developed colposcopy.[9]","title":"Auschwitz (1942–1945)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birkenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau"},{"link_name":"Adolf Eichmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sturmbannführer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmbannf%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"Mittelbau-Dora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora"},{"link_name":"Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia"}],"sub_title":"Selection of prisoners","text":"Importantly, Wirths also asserted medical control of prisoner selections at the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp, which, prior to spring 1943, had been conducted by the camp commander and his subordinates. Wirths insisted upon taking his own personal turn in performing selections, which he could have deferred to physician subordinates. Witness testimony given at the Trial of Adolf Eichmann provided a useful insight into how the SS approached the issue of how to record the deaths of Auschwitz prisoners (this did not include those who had been immediately selected for gassing – their admission was simply not recorded in the death registers). Those who died while imprisoned at Auschwitz were always recorded as having died from natural causes and never from being executed or murdered.[10][11]Wirths was promoted to SS-Sturmbannführer (major) in September 1944. Following the evacuation of Auschwitz in January 1945 he was transferred, along with many other former Auschwitz personnel, to the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp in Thuringia. Wirths again held the post of chief camp physician until Mittelbau-Dora's evacuation in April 1945.","title":"Auschwitz (1942–1945)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"war crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime"},{"link_name":"suicide by hanging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_by_hanging"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"USHMM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USHMM"},{"link_name":"Solahütte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solah%C3%BCtte"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Wirths was captured by the Allies at the end of the war and held in custody by British forces. Later, on 20 September 1945, knowing that he would face trial for war crimes, Wirths committed suicide by hanging.[12]In 2014 Wirths' son Peter donated his father's photo albums to the USHMM - these contain photos of the Wirths family at the Solahütte, Wirths with Rudolf Höss, pictures of the old village of Birkenau before it was destroyed and pictures of the building of the SS hospital at Auschwitz. [13]","title":"Capture and suicide"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Robert Jay Lifton has said that. . . Wirths was significantly immersed in Nazi ideology in three crucial spheres: the claim of revitalizing the German race and Volk; the biomedical path to that revitalization via purification of genes and race; and the focus on the Jews as a threat to this renewal, to the immediate and long-term \"health\" of the Germanic race. While Wirths did not absolutize these convictions in the manner of Mengele — they were in him combined with a strong current of medical humanism — his commitment to the Nazi cause was probably no less strong . . .[14]Perhaps illustrative of Wirths' commitment to medical 'leadership' was his tendency while at Auschwitz to drive about in a car flying a Red Cross flag as well as his enthusiasm for acting as a marriage counselor and personal adviser to other SS personnel. According to Helgard Kramer, Wirths. . . first seized on a career as a military doctor and officer in the German elite troops of the SS, because he desperately wanted to become a member of the upper class; eventually to provide his future wife with a \"decent marriage\". To reach that goal he had to become a \"tough man\"... [citation needed]","title":"Summary of SS Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RanksSeptember 1942, Promotion to SS-Hauptsturmführer\nSeptember 1944 Promotion to SS-Sturmbannführer\nFinal rank in the SS: SS-ObersturmbannführerAwards during SS careerWar Merit Cross 1st Class With Swords\nIron Cross 2nd Class 1939\nDRL-Sports Badge in Bronze\nGerman Sosial Wellfare Medal 2nd Class\nEastern Front Winter Medal","title":"SS ranks and awards"}] | [] | [{"title":"Hans Münch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_M%C3%BCnch"},{"title":"List of people who died by suicide by hanging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_died_by_hanging#suicide_by_hanging"}] | [{"reference":"Baumslag, Naomi (2011). Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, And Typhus. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 73. ISBN 978-0615251721.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Greenwood Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615251721","url_text":"978-0615251721"}]},{"reference":"Lang, Hans-Joachim (2011). Die Frauen von Block 10. Medizinische Experimente in Auschwitz (in German). Hamburg, Germany: Hoffman Und Camp. pp. 144–167. ISBN 978-3455502220.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3455502220","url_text":"978-3455502220"}]},{"reference":"Baggish, Michael S. (15 September 2018). Colposcopy of the Cervix, Vagina, and Vulva: A Comprehensive Textbook. Mosby. ISBN 9780323018593 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rB0yxE2WhWIC&q=colposcopy+Wirths+hinselmann&pg=PA3","url_text":"Colposcopy of the Cervix, Vagina, and Vulva: A Comprehensive Textbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323018593","url_text":"9780323018593"}]},{"reference":"\"Memorial and Museum: Auschwitz-Birkenau\". Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090226001235/http://en.auschwitz.org.pl/m/index.php?option=com_ponygallery&func=detail&id=1457&Itemid=3","url_text":"\"Memorial and Museum: Auschwitz-Birkenau\""},{"url":"http://en.auschwitz.org.pl/m/index.php?option=com_ponygallery&Itemid=3&func=detail&id=1457","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Eduard Wirths collection - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum\".","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn78466#?rsc=197079&cv=16&c=0&m=0&s=0&xywh=328%2C441%2C775%2C508","url_text":"\"Eduard Wirths collection - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rB0yxE2WhWIC&q=colposcopy+Wirths+hinselmann&pg=PA3","external_links_name":"Colposcopy of the Cervix, Vagina, and Vulva: A Comprehensive Textbook"},{"Link":"http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/e/eichmann-adolf/transcripts/Sessions/Session-070-02.html","external_links_name":"Eichmann trial – The District Court Sessions"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050906235005/http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/e/eichmann-adolf/transcripts/Sessions/Session-070-02.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090226001235/http://en.auschwitz.org.pl/m/index.php?option=com_ponygallery&func=detail&id=1457&Itemid=3","external_links_name":"\"Memorial and Museum: Auschwitz-Birkenau\""},{"Link":"http://en.auschwitz.org.pl/m/index.php?option=com_ponygallery&Itemid=3&func=detail&id=1457","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn78466#?rsc=197079&cv=16&c=0&m=0&s=0&xywh=328%2C441%2C775%2C508","external_links_name":"\"Eduard Wirths collection - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.wsg-hist.uni-linz.ac.at/Auschwitz/HTML/Wirths.html","external_links_name":"SS-DOCTOR DR. EDUARD WIRTHS"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081210005450/http://www.kumc.edu/history/pubs/winter97.html#5","external_links_name":"Dr. E.W.J. Pearce, (1996) \"Antigone: An Exercise in Medical Ethics\" in History and Philosophy of Medicine Newsletter published by the University of Kansas Medical Centre."},{"Link":"http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~ifs/kongress_kramer/diskussion/transkript.pdf","external_links_name":"Transcript (in German) of the documentary Film (1975) \"Dr. Eduard Wirths – Standortarzt von Auschwitz\" by Dutch film makers Roland Orthel and others."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140206191508/http://www2.webster.edu/~woolflm/nazidocsandothers.html","external_links_name":"Nazi Doctors & Other Perpetrators of Nazi Crimes"},{"Link":"http://www.shoa.de/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=422","external_links_name":"Holocaust"},{"Link":"http://www.shoa.de/content/view/422/85/","external_links_name":"Shoa.de - Eduard Wirths (1909-1945)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070711032945/http://web.fu-berlin.de/soziologie/kongress_kramer/diskussion/kramer.pdf","external_links_name":"Helgard Kramer, \"The ‘Doubled Self’ of SS Doctors at Auschwitz Revisited\""},{"Link":"http://phdn.org/archives/www.mazal.org/Lifton/LiftonT384.htm","external_links_name":"Healing-Killing Conflict: Eduard Wirths"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1622003/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000048383160","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/20752823","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtgXXH9jXqvYmcbgH86Kd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/129105562","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987010996423205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2005082895","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p292027575","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd129105562.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/155007556","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
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Banking
Financial services
FoundedMarch 2016; 8 years ago (2016-03)FounderAndreas BittnerMarko WenthinHeadquartersBerlin, GermanyArea servedEuropeKey peopleCarsten Höltkemeyer (CEO)Chloé Mayenobe (COO)Jörg Diewald (CCO)Ansgar Finken (CRO)Lee Johnstone (CFO)Joerg Howein (CPO)ServicesBanking-as-a-Service,
KYC,
Cards,
Digital Asset,
LendingRevenue$130.900.000 (2022)Number of employees900+Websitehttps://solarisgroup.com/
Solaris SE (until November 2022 as Solarisbank AG) is a credit institution licensed in Germany, with headquarters in Berlin and branches in London, Paris, Milan, Madrid and Vilnius.
The company's business is the operation of digital banking (bank accounts, debit and credit cards, consumer loans, e.g. buy-now-pay-later) and other financial services (e-money, payment transactions), as well as the custody and trading of cryptocurrencies in the B2B sector.
Background
Overview
Solaris SE was established in 2015 as a part of Finleap, a fintech company builder based in Berlin, Germany, with Andreas Bittner and Marko Wenthin as its founders. Solaris was officially launched in March 2016, after receiving its banking license.
In October 2016, the company entered into a strategic partnership with MasterCard in order to develop novel banking modules.
In February 2017, Solaris raised €26.3 million in its series A funding round from Yabeo Capital, Arvato Financial Solutions, Finleap, Unicredit and the Japan-based SBI group. The company also brought in Dr. Roland Folz as CEO.
In March 2017, Solaris is said to have brought over 20 companies onto its banking platform and it is reported to have passported its banking license to six European countries.
In March 2018, Solaris raised $70 million in Series B funding from Arvato Financial Solutions, SBI Group, BBVA, Visa, Lakestar and ABN AMRO's Digital Impact Fund.
In June 2020, Solaris raised €60 million in Series C funding led by HV Holtzbrinck Ventures with participation from Vulcan Capital, Samsung Catalyst Fund and Storm Ventures.
Technology
Solaris provides a white label banking platform, which is said to allow its users, mostly digital companies and financial services startups, to access various banking service modules, which then can be integrated into their processes, websites or mobile applications.
Special audit
In January 2022, the Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin) of Germany ordered a special audit because of organizational deficiencies identified during a bank supervisory audit from 2020. The independent external auditors are supposed to verify whether Solaris has implemented the respective measures which were agreed with BaFin as a result of the Art. 44 KWG standard audit. Folz publicly welcomed this action, claiming that the company held no secrets.
Finom is one of the neobanks which uses Solaris' services as well as its bank code.
Awards and recognition
Solaris SE was one of the finalists for the "Most Disruptive Innovation" Award at the 2016 Global Banking Awards, held in Spain.
References
^ a b c d Dolan, Shelagh. "The top banking-as-a-service platform providers & banks using BaaS technology". Business Insider. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
^ a b c d "SolarisBank raises $28 million to expand its European fintech platform". VentureBeat. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
^ "Finanz-Start-up: Aus Solarisbank wird Solaris: Berliner Fintech benennt sich um". www.handelsblatt.com (in German). Retrieved 31 July 2023.
^ Dohms, Heinz-Roger (13 November 2020). "Fintech: Solarisbank bereitet offenbar die große Europa-Expansion ein". Finanz-Szene.de (in German). Retrieved 31 July 2023.
^ Ninon Renaud (13 May 2016). "La banque en kit prend corps avec solarisBank". Les Echos.fr (in French). Retrieved 4 September 2022.- O'Hear, Steve (13 June 2016). "German fintech company builder FinLeap raises €21M at €121M valuation". TechCrunch. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
^ Caspar Tobias Schlenk (21 November 2016). "Es tut extrem weh, zu guten Geschäften Nein zu sagen". Gründerszene (in German). Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ "SolarisBank, a bank for digital and fintech startups, gets banking license". Finextra Research. 14 March 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
^ O'Hear, Steve (14 March 2016). "FinLeap's solarisBank to offer Banking-as-a-Platform so startups can ride fintech gravy train". TechCrunch. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ Antony Peyton (11 October 2016). "MasterCard and SolarisBank partner for digital banking push". Banking Technology. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2022.- "SolarisBank partners MasterCard to develop new banking modules". The Paypers. 12 October 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ a b "German Fintech Partners with Japan". finews.asia. 14 March 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ "solarisBank Raises €26.3M in Series A Financing". FinSMEs. 15 March 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
^ Steve O'Hear (8 March 2018). "Banking platform solarisBank closes €56.6M Series B from BBVA, Visa, Lakestar, and others". TechCrunch. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ "solarisBank, Europe's leading Banking-as-a-Service platform, raises EUR 60 million in series C round to further accelerate growth" (Press release). Solarisbank. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ "Solarisbank raises $28 million with sights set on Asian market". Business Insider. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
^ Mike Dautner (21 March 2016). "SolarisBank Receives Banking License". Payment Week. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ "Solaris may only accept new customers with BaFin's permission". thepaypers.com. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
^ Dennis Schwarz; Felix Holtermann (28 January 2022). "Solarisbank wächst rasant, BaFin schickt Sonderprüfer". Handelsblatt (in German). Retrieved 4 September 2022.- "BaFin sorgt sich um Solaris Bank und schickt Sonderprüfer". Business Insider (in German). 29 January 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ Lindsay James (27 October 2016). "The winners of the 2016 Global Banking Awards are announced". Technology Record. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
External links
Official website
Banks portal
This German bank or insurance-related article is a stub. 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Retrieved 4 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012192811/http://www.bankingtech.com/606552/mastercard-and-solarisbank-partner-for-digital-banking-push/","url_text":"\"MasterCard and SolarisBank partner for digital banking push\""},{"url":"http://www.bankingtech.com/606552/mastercard-and-solarisbank-partner-for-digital-banking-push/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SolarisBank partners MasterCard to develop new banking modules\". The Paypers. 12 October 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thepaypers.com/online-mobile-banking/solarisbank-partners-mastercard-to-develop-new-banking-modules/766493-12","url_text":"\"SolarisBank partners MasterCard to develop new banking modules\""}]},{"reference":"\"German Fintech Partners with Japan\". finews.asia. 14 March 2017. 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Retrieved 4 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/07/banking-platform-solarisbank-closes-e56-6m-series-b-from-bbva-visa-lakestar-and-others/","url_text":"\"Banking platform solarisBank closes €56.6M Series B from BBVA, Visa, Lakestar, and others\""}]},{"reference":"\"solarisBank, Europe's leading Banking-as-a-Service platform, raises EUR 60 million in series C round to further accelerate growth\" (Press release). Solarisbank. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.solarisgroup.com/189970-solarisbank-europe-s-leading-banking-as-a-service-platform-raises-eur-60-million-in-series-c-round-to-further-accelerate-growth","url_text":"\"solarisBank, Europe's leading Banking-as-a-Service platform, raises EUR 60 million in series C round to further accelerate growth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Solarisbank raises $28 million with sights set on Asian market\". Business Insider. Retrieved 18 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessinsider.com/solarisbank-raises-28-million-with-sights-set-on-asian-market-2017-3","url_text":"\"Solarisbank raises $28 million with sights set on Asian market\""}]},{"reference":"Mike Dautner (21 March 2016). \"SolarisBank Receives Banking License\". Payment Week. Retrieved 4 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://paymentweek.com/2016-3-21-solarisbank-receives-banking-license-9973/","url_text":"\"SolarisBank Receives Banking License\""}]},{"reference":"\"Solaris may only accept new customers with BaFin's permission\". thepaypers.com. Retrieved 22 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thepaypers.com/online-mobile-banking/solaris-may-only-accept-new-customers-with-bafins-permission--1259947","url_text":"\"Solaris may only accept new customers with BaFin's permission\""}]},{"reference":"Dennis Schwarz; Felix Holtermann (28 January 2022). \"Solarisbank wächst rasant, BaFin schickt Sonderprüfer\". 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Retrieved 4 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.technologyrecord.com/Article/the-winners-of-the-2016-global-banking-awards-are-announced-56467#.We3BPWiCxPZ","url_text":"\"The winners of the 2016 Global Banking Awards are announced\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://solarisgroup.com/","external_links_name":"https://solarisgroup.com/"},{"Link":"https://www.businessinsider.com/banking-as-a-service-platform-providers","external_links_name":"\"The top banking-as-a-service platform providers & banks using BaaS technology\""},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2017/03/14/solarisbank-raises-28-million-to-expand-its-european-fintech-platform/","external_links_name":"\"SolarisBank raises $28 million to expand its European fintech platform\""},{"Link":"https://www.handelsblatt.com/finanzen/banken-versicherungen/banken/finanz-start-up-aus-solarisbank-wird-solaris-berliner-fintech-benennt-sich-um/28548928.html","external_links_name":"\"Finanz-Start-up: Aus Solarisbank wird Solaris: Berliner Fintech 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Partners with Japan\""},{"Link":"http://www.finsmes.com/2017/03/solarisbank-raises-e26-3m-in-series-a-financing.html","external_links_name":"\"solarisBank Raises €26.3M in Series A Financing\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/07/banking-platform-solarisbank-closes-e56-6m-series-b-from-bbva-visa-lakestar-and-others/","external_links_name":"\"Banking platform solarisBank closes €56.6M Series B from BBVA, Visa, Lakestar, and others\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.solarisgroup.com/189970-solarisbank-europe-s-leading-banking-as-a-service-platform-raises-eur-60-million-in-series-c-round-to-further-accelerate-growth","external_links_name":"\"solarisBank, Europe's leading Banking-as-a-Service platform, raises EUR 60 million in series C round to further accelerate growth\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessinsider.com/solarisbank-raises-28-million-with-sights-set-on-asian-market-2017-3","external_links_name":"\"Solarisbank raises $28 million with sights set on Asian market\""},{"Link":"https://paymentweek.com/2016-3-21-solarisbank-receives-banking-license-9973/","external_links_name":"\"SolarisBank Receives Banking License\""},{"Link":"https://thepaypers.com/online-mobile-banking/solaris-may-only-accept-new-customers-with-bafins-permission--1259947","external_links_name":"\"Solaris may only accept new customers with BaFin's permission\""},{"Link":"https://www.handelsblatt.com/finanzen/banken-versicherungen/banken/neobank-solarisbank-waechst-rasant-bafin-schickt-sonderpruefer/28017262.html","external_links_name":"\"Solarisbank wächst rasant, BaFin schickt Sonderprüfer\""},{"Link":"https://www.businessinsider.de/wirtschaft/die-bafin-sorgt-sich-um-die-solarisbank-und-schickt-einen-sonderpruefer","external_links_name":"\"BaFin sorgt sich um Solaris Bank und schickt Sonderprüfer\""},{"Link":"http://www.technologyrecord.com/Article/the-winners-of-the-2016-global-banking-awards-are-announced-56467#.We3BPWiCxPZ","external_links_name":"\"The winners of the 2016 Global Banking Awards are announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.solarisbank.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solaris_(credit_institution)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_virtuel_de_la_connaissance_sur_l%27Europe | Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe | ["1 Parts","2 See also","3 External links"] | Research organisation maintaining a digital library on European integration
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Digital Research in European StudiesSanem CastlePurposeEuropean integration studies Digital humanitiesLocationSanem, LuxembourgCoordinates49°32′35.4″N 5°55′35.0″E / 49.543167°N 5.926389°E / 49.543167; 5.926389Websitewww.cvce.eu/en
The Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe (French for "Virtual Centre for Knowledge on Europe "; abbreviated CVCE) is an interdisciplinary research and documentation centre dedicated to European integration studies. It develops a digital library of multimedia resources related to European unification efforts since World War II, including the development of related international bodies such as the European Union. The library is available in English and French, though some documents are available in other languages.
The CVCE is based in Sanem Castle in Luxembourg, and is supported by the Ministry of Culture, Higher Education and Research. It is a public corporation founded by law on 7 August 2002, and forms part of the University of Luxembourg.
The digital library was formerly named the European NAvigator (ENA).
The large multimedia knowledge base includes original texts (treaties, etc.), video and audio clips, press articles, photos, interactive maps, cartoons and tables.
Parts
'Historical Events' contains material on all the events that have contributed to the European integration process;
'European Organizations' looks at the operation of all the institutions of the European Union (e.g. European Parliament, European Commission) and the various other European institutions;
'Special Files' are devoted to specific subjects;
'Interviews' contains exclusive interviews with people who have played a part in the European integration process (Jacques Santer, Otto von Habsburg, etc.);
'Research& Teaching' provides resources for teachers to enable their pupils to learn about European integration.
See also
European Union portalLuxembourg portalEducation portal
European Integration
European Library
Europeana
History of the European Union
External links
Official website
Digital Humanities LAB at CVCE – Blog
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
This article about an international organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a digital library is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"European integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Sanem Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanem_Castle"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"University of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Luxembourg"}],"text":"The Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe (French for \"Virtual Centre for Knowledge on Europe \"; abbreviated CVCE) is an interdisciplinary research and documentation centre dedicated to European integration studies. It develops a digital library of multimedia resources related to European unification efforts since World War II, including the development of related international bodies such as the European Union. The library is available in English and French, though some documents are available in other languages.The CVCE is based in Sanem Castle in Luxembourg, and is supported by the Ministry of Culture, Higher Education and Research. It is a public corporation founded by law on 7 August 2002, and forms part of the University of Luxembourg.The digital library was formerly named the European NAvigator (ENA).The large multimedia knowledge base includes original texts (treaties, etc.), video and audio clips, press articles, photos, interactive maps, cartoons and tables.","title":"Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"Jacques Santer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Santer"},{"link_name":"European integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration"}],"text":"'Historical Events' contains material on all the events that have contributed to the European integration process;\n'European Organizations' looks at the operation of all the institutions of the European Union (e.g. European Parliament, European Commission) and the various other European institutions;\n'Special Files' are devoted to specific subjects;\n'Interviews' contains exclusive interviews with people who have played a part in the European integration process (Jacques Santer, Otto von Habsburg, etc.);\n'Research& Teaching' provides resources for teachers to enable their pupils to learn about European integration.","title":"Parts"}] | [] | [{"title":"European Union portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:European_Union"},{"title":"Luxembourg portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Luxembourg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png"},{"title":"Education portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Education"},{"title":"European Integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Integration"},{"title":"European Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Library"},{"title":"Europeana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeana"},{"title":"History of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Centre+Virtuel+de+la+Connaissance+sur+l%27Europe%22","external_links_name":"\"Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Centre+Virtuel+de+la+Connaissance+sur+l%27Europe%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Centre+Virtuel+de+la+Connaissance+sur+l%27Europe%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Centre+Virtuel+de+la+Connaissance+sur+l%27Europe%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Centre+Virtuel+de+la+Connaissance+sur+l%27Europe%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Centre+Virtuel+de+la+Connaissance+sur+l%27Europe%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Centre_Virtuel_de_la_Connaissance_sur_l%27Europe¶ms=49_32_35.4_N_5_55_35.0_E_","external_links_name":"49°32′35.4″N 5°55′35.0″E / 49.543167°N 5.926389°E / 49.543167; 5.926389"},{"Link":"https://www.cvce.eu/en","external_links_name":"www.cvce.eu/en"},{"Link":"https://www.cvce.eu/en","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://cvcedhlab.hypotheses.org/","external_links_name":"Digital Humanities LAB at CVCE – Blog"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000109428220","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/136508987","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/10127603-5","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2007081663","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centre_Virtuel_de_la_Connaissance_sur_l%27Europe&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centre_Virtuel_de_la_Connaissance_sur_l%27Europe&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Merritt_Ruth | Claire Merritt Ruth | ["1 Biography","2 References"] | Second wife of Babe Ruth
Claire Ruth at the unveiling of a memorial plaque in honor of her husband, Babe Ruth, at Baltimore's old Memorial Stadium (1955)
Claire Merritt Hodgson Ruth (born Clara Mae Merritt; September 11, 1900 – October 25, 1976) was a native of Athens, Georgia, United States, who is most famous for having been the second wife of Babe Ruth.
Biography
Hodgson's first husband, Frank Hodgson, died February 16, 1921, leaving her with a daughter, Julia. She met Ruth in 1923. Ruth was still married to Helen Woodford, his first wife, at this time. Woodford died in a house fire in January 1929, and Ruth and Hodgson married that April 17, staying together until Ruth's death in 1948.
In later years, she indicated her responsibility, in part, for the poor relationship between her husband and teammate Lou Gehrig. According to her, Gehrig's mother indicated that the Ruths' adopted daughter, Dorothy, was not as well dressed as Claire's biological daughter, Julia; when Ruth was informed of this, he angrily demanded that Gehrig never speak to him off the ballfield again. Ruth and Gehrig did not make up until the day of Gehrig's famous "I'm the luckiest man on the face of this earth" speech in 1939. Later, Ruth admitted that she had overreacted, apologetically accepting full responsibility for the rift between the two players which, however, had numerous other causes besides the one indicated by Hodgson.
Claire and Babe Ruth in 1937, two years after his retirement from baseball.
The grave of Claire Ruth
Ruth lived to see two of Ruth's most famous records broken: his single season record of 60 home runs, superseded by Roger Maris in 1961; and his career record of 714 home runs, which was broken by Hank Aaron in 1974. In her later years, she sometimes attended games that Aaron was playing, and was supportive of Aaron's effort. Ruth was quoted as saying: "The Babe loved baseball so very much; I know he was pulling for Hank Aaron to break his record."
Ruth was portrayed by Claire Trevor in the 1948 film The Babe Ruth Story, by Lisa Zane in the 1991 TV movie Babe Ruth, by Kelly McGillis in the 1992 film The Babe, and by Renée Taylor in 61*.
Ruth is buried next to her husband at Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Hawthorne, New York. The inscription on the headstone lists her birth year as 1900, instead of 1897.
References
Biography portal
^ "Family Search", Familysearch.org, 1900 US Census, Retrieved on 2012-02-08
^ "Claire Ruth, Widow of Baseball Great" The New York Times. October 26, 1976. hosted at deadballera.com. Accessed August 13, 2012.
^ Adomites, Paul and Saul Wisnia. "Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig". howstuffworks.com. Retrieved on August 13, 2012.
^ Lowitt, Bruce (December 25, 1999). "Oh, Henry! Aaron swings past Ruth". St. Petersburg Times. Accessed August 13, 2012.
vteBabe RuthMain
Career achievements
Babe Ruth's called shot
Curse of the Bambino
Death and funeral
Babe RuthNamesakes
Babe Ruth Award
Babe Ruth Home Run Award
Babe Ruth League
Culturaldepictions
Headin' Home (1920 film)
Babe Comes Home (1927 film)
The Babe Ruth Story (1948 film)
Babe Ruth Bows Out
"Line-Up for Yesterday"
Babe Ruth (1991 film)
The Babe (1992 film)
The Year Babe Ruth Hit 104 Home Runs
Memorials
Monument at Yankee Stadium
Babe's Dream (statue)
Homes
Babe Ruth Birthplace and Museum
Home Plate Farm
People
Helen Woodford Ruth (first wife)
Claire Merritt Ruth (second wife)
Dorothy Ruth Pirone (daughter)
Julia Ruth Stevens (daughter)
Christy Walsh (agent)
Johnny Sylvester
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claire_Ruth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Babe Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth"},{"link_name":"Memorial Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Stadium_(Baltimore)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Athens, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Babe Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth"}],"text":"Claire Ruth at the unveiling of a memorial plaque in honor of her husband, Babe Ruth, at Baltimore's old Memorial Stadium (1955)Claire Merritt Hodgson Ruth (born Clara Mae Merritt; September 11, 1900[1] – October 25, 1976) was a native of Athens, Georgia, United States, who is most famous for having been the second wife of Babe Ruth.","title":"Claire Merritt Ruth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Ruth_Stevens"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Helen Woodford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Woodford_Ruth"},{"link_name":"Lou Gehrig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Gehrig"},{"link_name":"Dorothy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Ruth"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Babe_Ruth_1937_CROPPED.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claire_Ruth_grave.JPG"},{"link_name":"Roger Maris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Maris"},{"link_name":"Hank Aaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Aaron"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Claire Trevor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Trevor"},{"link_name":"The Babe Ruth Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Babe_Ruth_Story"},{"link_name":"Lisa Zane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Zane"},{"link_name":"Kelly McGillis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_McGillis"},{"link_name":"The Babe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Babe"},{"link_name":"Renée Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Taylor"},{"link_name":"61*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/61*"},{"link_name":"Gate of Heaven Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_of_Heaven_Cemetery"}],"text":"Hodgson's first husband, Frank Hodgson, died February 16, 1921, leaving her with a daughter, Julia.[2] She met Ruth in 1923. Ruth was still married to Helen Woodford, his first wife, at this time. Woodford died in a house fire in January 1929, and Ruth and Hodgson married that April 17, staying together until Ruth's death in 1948.In later years, she indicated her responsibility, in part, for the poor relationship between her husband and teammate Lou Gehrig. According to her, Gehrig's mother indicated that the Ruths' adopted daughter, Dorothy, was not as well dressed as Claire's biological daughter, Julia; when Ruth was informed of this, he angrily demanded that Gehrig never speak to him off the ballfield again. Ruth and Gehrig did not make up until the day of Gehrig's famous \"I'm the luckiest man on the face of this earth\" speech in 1939. Later, Ruth admitted that she had overreacted, apologetically accepting full responsibility for the rift between the two players which, however, had numerous other causes besides the one indicated by Hodgson.[3]Claire and Babe Ruth in 1937, two years after his retirement from baseball.The grave of Claire RuthRuth lived to see two of Ruth's most famous records broken: his single season record of 60 home runs, superseded by Roger Maris in 1961; and his career record of 714 home runs, which was broken by Hank Aaron in 1974. In her later years, she sometimes attended games that Aaron was playing, and was supportive of Aaron's effort. Ruth was quoted as saying: \"The Babe loved baseball so very much; I know he was pulling for Hank Aaron to break his record.\"[4]Ruth was portrayed by Claire Trevor in the 1948 film The Babe Ruth Story, by Lisa Zane in the 1991 TV movie Babe Ruth, by Kelly McGillis in the 1992 film The Babe, and by Renée Taylor in 61*.Ruth is buried next to her husband at Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Hawthorne, New York. The inscription on the headstone lists her birth year as 1900, instead of 1897.","title":"Biography"}] | [{"image_text":"Claire Ruth at the unveiling of a memorial plaque in honor of her husband, Babe Ruth, at Baltimore's old Memorial Stadium (1955)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/10/Claire_Ruth.jpg/220px-Claire_Ruth.jpg"},{"image_text":"Claire and Babe Ruth in 1937, two years after his retirement from baseball.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Babe_Ruth_1937_CROPPED.jpg/220px-Babe_Ruth_1937_CROPPED.jpg"},{"image_text":"The grave of Claire Ruth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Claire_Ruth_grave.JPG/220px-Claire_Ruth_grave.JPG"},{"image_text":"Babe Ruth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Babe_Ruth_cropped.jpg/100px-Babe_Ruth_cropped.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.familysearch.org/search/records/index#count=20&query=%2Bgivenname%3Aclaire%7E%20%2Bsurname%3AMerritt%7E&collection_id=1325221&birth_place1=9%2CGeorgia","external_links_name":"\"Family Search\""},{"Link":"http://www.thedeadballera.com/Obits/Siblings/Ruth.Claire.Obit.html","external_links_name":"\"Claire Ruth, Widow of Baseball Great\""},{"Link":"http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/babe-ruth31.htm","external_links_name":"\"Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig\""},{"Link":"http://www.sptimes.com/News/122599/Sports/Oh__Henry_Aaron_swing.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Oh, Henry! Aaron swings past Ruth\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odakyu_8000_series | Odakyu 8000 series | ["1 Formation","1.1 6-car sets","1.2 4-car sets","2 Interior","3 History","3.1 Transfer to Seibu Railway","4 Accidents and incidents","5 References"] | Electric multiple unit of Odakyu Electric Railway
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Odakyu 8000 series6-car set 8263 in November 2021In service1983 – PresentManufacturerNippon Sharyo, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Tokyu Car CorporationConstructed1982–1987Entered service22 March 1983Refurbished2002–2013Scrapped2020–Number built160 vehicles (32 sets)Number in service148 vehicles (30 sets)Number scrapped12 vehiclesFormation4 or 6 cars per trainsetFleet numbers8051–8066, 8251–8266Operators
Odakyu Electric Railway
Future: Seibu Railway
DepotsKitamiLines served
OH Odakyū Odawara Line
OE Odakyū Enoshima Line
OT Odakyū Tama Line
Future: Seibu Kokubunji Line
SpecificationsCar body constructionSteelCar length20,000 mm (65 ft 7 in)Width2,900 mm (9 ft 6 in)Height4,145 mm (13 ft 7 in)Doors4 pairs per sideMaximum speed
Service: 100 km/h (62.1 mph)
Design: 100 km/h (62.1 mph)
Traction system
As built: GTO chopper
Retrofitted: Variable frequency (IGBT)
Power output140 kW x4 per motored car (field chopper sets)190 kW x4 per motored car (VVVF sets)Acceleration3 km/(h⋅s) (1.9 mph/s) (field chopper sets)3.3 km/(h⋅s) (2.1 mph/s) (VVVF sets)Deceleration3.5 km/(h⋅s) (2.2 mph/s) (field chopper sets)4 km/(h⋅s) (2.5 mph/s) (VVVF sets)Electric system(s)1,500 V DCCurrent collector(s)Overhead linesBogiesFS516 (powered cars)FS016 (non-powered cars)Braking system(s)Regenerative brakingSafety system(s)OM-ATS, D-ATS-PMultiple working4000I/5000I/9000/1000/3000 seriesTrack gauge1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)
The Odakyu 8000 series (小田急8000形, Odakyū 8000-gata) is a commuter electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the private railway operator Odakyu Electric Railway in Japan since 1983.
Formation
Trains are formed as 6- and 4-car sets as shown below, with car 1/7 facing the Odawara, Fujisawa or Karakida end and car 6/10 facing the Shinjuku or Katase-Enoshima end. Trains are mostly used in 6+4 car formations.
6-car sets
Car No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Designation
Tc2
M3
T1
M2
M1
Tc1
Numbering
8550
8500
8450
8300
8200
8250
Capacity
144
162
144
Weight (t)
31.2
39.8
33.3
40.3
39.3
31.7
The M3 and M2 cars each have two single-arm pantographs.
4-car sets
Car No.
7
8
9
10
Designation
Tc2
M2
M1
Tc1
Numbering
8150
8100
8000
8050
Capacity
144
162
144
Weight (t)
31.3
40.5
39.2
34.1
The M1 and M2 cars each have one single-arm pantograph.
Interior
Passenger accommodation consists of seven-person bench seating situated between the doors with blue upholstery, with smaller bench seats that hold up to four at the car ends. Trains refurbished in 2007 have an interior that is similar to that of the 4000 series. Some cars have a jump seat that folds up to provide space for commuters using wheelchairs.
Interior of an unrefurbished 8000 series car
Interior of a refurbished 8000 series car, December 2020
Jump seat in car 8263
History
Built from 1982, the 8000 series was designed to help the Odakyu Electric Railway deal with the increasing number of passengers they had to carry from suburbs into the Tokyo region. The 8000 series was the last Odakyu trainset to use their distinctive ivory body with blue accents; all future Odakyu commuter trains would use unpainted stainless steel bodies with the same blue accents.
Starting from 2002, the 8000 series would undergo a program of refurbishment. Improvements include replacement of LED screens, new variable-frequency drive systems and replacement of the lozenge-style pantographs to single-arm pantographs among others.
Set 8255, one of the last two remaining field chopper sets, was withdrawn from service in August 2020. It was carried out of Sagami-Ōno depot to a scrapping facility on 27 October 2020.
OER set 8253 in 1987
Unrefurbished driving cab
Refurbished driving cab
Transfer to Seibu Railway
On 26 September 2023, it was announced that Odakyu Railway would be transferring over a number of 8000 series trainsets to the Seibu Railway along with some Tokyu 9000 series trainsets from Tokyu Railway. The transfer is set to take place over five years from 2024 to 2029. Seibu announced that 8000 series sets will be used on the Kokubunji Line. It later announced on 10 May 2024 that one 8000 series set would be transferred to the company and enter service on the Kokubunji Line in 2024 as part of its FY2024 capital investment plan. The first set to be transferred to Seibu Railway, 6-car set 8261, was transported from Shin-Matsuda to Seibu's Kotesashi Depot via Kawasaki freight Station on 19 and 20 May 2024.
Accidents and incidents
On 12 August 2013 at about 6:35pm JST, 8000 series set 8261 (operated with set 8058) was struck by lightning. No passengers were hurt as the train was equipped with lightning arresters; however, as a result of the strike, the train was left stalled for about twenty minutes and needed repairs.
On 19 June 2019, set 8264 (operated with set 8064) was severely damaged in a collision with a car stuck at a level crossing between Hon-Atsugi and Aikōishida. Set 8264 was scrapped on 1 April the following year.
8261, the set involved in the lightning-strike incident, in 2012
References
^ 小田急電鉄のひみつ (in Japanese). Japan: PHP Institute, Inc. 26 January 2012. p. 34. ISBN 978-4-569-80244-2.
^ 鉄道ピクトリアルNo.829 . The Railway Pictorial (in Japanese). No. 829. Japan: Denkisya Kenkyukai Co., Ltd. January 2010. pp. 310–311.
^ a b "小田急電鉄8000形".
^ a b 鉄道ピクトリアルNo.414 . The Railway Pictorial (in Japanese). No. 414. Japan: Denkisya Kenkyukai Co., Ltd. March 1983. p. 42.
^ 8000形更新車諸元表 . Rolling Stock & Technology (in Japanese). No. 98. Japan: Rail & Tech Publishing. December 2008. pp. 18, 49.
^ 小田急電鉄の車両 (in Japanese). Japan: JTB Publishing, Inc. 2002. p. 75. ISBN 978-4533044694.
^ "【小田急】8000形8255×6(8255F)廃車陸送".
^ "西武，東急9000系と小田急8000形を「サステナ車両」として譲受" . Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
^ Kinoshita, Kenji (26 September 2023). "西武鉄道「サステナ車両」東急電鉄9000系＆小田急電鉄8000形を譲受" . Mynavi Corporation (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
^ "小田急8000形、いよいよ新天地・西武鉄道へ！ 今年度は1本 改修のち国分寺線に導入". Traffic News (in Japanese). Japan: Mediavague Co., ltd. 10 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
^ "小田急8000形が甲種輸送される" . Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. 19 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
^ "小田急の車両が西武線に来た！異色の「サステナ車両」第1編成 国分寺線で運行へ". Traffic News (in Japanese). Japan: Mediavague Co., ltd. 20 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
^ "小田急8000形8261Fが、昨年8月に発生した落雷故障の修理を終えて運用復帰！".
^ "事故・トラブルの発生状況と再発防止" . Odakyu Electric Railway. June 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
^ "2009（平成21）年以降の鉄道人身事故一覧＠ウイキ" .
^ 小田急線の電車に落雷、衝撃の瞬間 . JNN News (in Japanese). Japan: Yahoo! Japan. 19 August 2013. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
^ "小田急線が乗用車と衝突、脱線 ２０日始発から運転再開：朝日新聞デジタル". 朝日新聞デジタル (in Japanese). 19 June 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Odakyu 8000 series.
vte Odakyu trainsetsRomancecarIn service
30000 series "EXE/EXEα"
60000 series "MSE"
70000 series "GSE"
Withdrawn
3000 series "SE"
3100 series "NSE"
7000 series "LSE"
10000 series "HiSE"
20000 series "RSE"
50000 series "VSE"
CommuterIn service
8000 series
1000 series
2000 series
3000 series
4000 series (II)
5000 series (II)
Withdrawn
2600 series
4000 series (I)
5000 series (I)
9000 series | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electric multiple unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"Odakyu Electric Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odakyu_Electric_Railway"}],"text":"The Odakyu 8000 series (小田急8000形, Odakyū 8000-gata) is a commuter electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the private railway operator Odakyu Electric Railway in Japan since 1983.","title":"Odakyu 8000 series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Odawara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawara_Station"},{"link_name":"Fujisawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujisawa_Station"},{"link_name":"Karakida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakida_Station"},{"link_name":"Shinjuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Station"},{"link_name":"Katase-Enoshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katase-Enoshima_Station"}],"text":"Trains are formed as 6- and 4-car sets as shown below, with car 1/7 facing the Odawara, Fujisawa or Karakida end and car 6/10 facing the Shinjuku or Katase-Enoshima end. Trains are mostly used in 6+4 car formations.","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"6-car sets","text":"The M3 and M2 cars each have two single-arm pantographs.","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"4-car sets","text":"The M1 and M2 cars each have one single-arm pantograph.","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"4000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odakyu_4000_series"},{"link_name":"jump seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_seat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inside_of_OER_8000.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Odakyu-8000-inside.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OER_8263_reception_seat_close.jpg"}],"text":"Passenger accommodation consists of seven-person bench seating situated between the doors with blue upholstery, with smaller bench seats that hold up to four at the car ends. Trains refurbished in 2007 have an interior that is similar to that of the 4000 series. Some cars have a jump seat that folds up to provide space for commuters using wheelchairs.Interior of an unrefurbished 8000 series car\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior of a refurbished 8000 series car, December 2020\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJump seat in car 8263","title":"Interior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jtb-6"},{"link_name":"variable-frequency drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-frequency_drive"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OER_8253F_Flower_Train_1987.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OER_8060_cab.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OER_8263_cab.jpg"}],"text":"Built from 1982, the 8000 series was designed to help the Odakyu Electric Railway deal with the increasing number of passengers they had to carry from suburbs into the Tokyo region.[6] The 8000 series was the last Odakyu trainset to use their distinctive ivory body with blue accents; all future Odakyu commuter trains would use unpainted stainless steel bodies with the same blue accents.Starting from 2002, the 8000 series would undergo a program of refurbishment. Improvements include replacement of LED screens, new variable-frequency drive systems and replacement of the lozenge-style pantographs to single-arm pantographs among others.Set 8255, one of the last two remaining field chopper sets, was withdrawn from service in August 2020. It was carried out of Sagami-Ōno depot to a scrapping facility on 27 October 2020.[7]OER set 8253 in 1987\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUnrefurbished driving cab\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRefurbished driving cab","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seibu Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seibu_Railway"},{"link_name":"Tokyu 9000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyu_9000_series"},{"link_name":"Kokubunji Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seibu_Kokubunji_Line"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Transfer to Seibu Railway","text":"On 26 September 2023, it was announced that Odakyu Railway would be transferring over a number of 8000 series trainsets to the Seibu Railway along with some Tokyu 9000 series trainsets from Tokyu Railway. The transfer is set to take place over five years from 2024 to 2029. Seibu announced that 8000 series sets will be used on the Kokubunji Line.[8][9] It later announced on 10 May 2024 that one 8000 series set would be transferred to the company and enter service on the Kokubunji Line in 2024 as part of its FY2024 capital investment plan.[10] The first set to be transferred to Seibu Railway, 6-car set 8261, was transported from Shin-Matsuda to Seibu's Kotesashi Depot via Kawasaki freight Station on 19 and 20 May 2024.[11][12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning"},{"link_name":"lightning arresters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_arrester"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strike-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OER_8561_Kaisei7cross_20120228.jpg"}],"text":"On 12 August 2013 at about 6:35pm JST,[13][14] 8000 series set 8261 (operated with set 8058[15]) was struck by lightning. No passengers were hurt as the train was equipped with lightning arresters; however, as a result of the strike, the train was left stalled for about twenty minutes[16] and needed repairs.On 19 June 2019, set 8264 (operated with set 8064) was severely damaged in a collision with a car stuck at a level crossing between Hon-Atsugi and Aikōishida.[17] Set 8264 was scrapped on 1 April the following year.8261, the set involved in the lightning-strike incident, in 2012","title":"Accidents and incidents"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"小田急電鉄のひみつ [Secrets of the Odakyu Electric Railway] (in Japanese). Japan: PHP Institute, Inc. 26 January 2012. p. 34. ISBN 978-4-569-80244-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-569-80244-2","url_text":"978-4-569-80244-2"}]},{"reference":"鉄道ピクトリアルNo.829 [The Railway Pictorial No. 829]. The Railway Pictorial (in Japanese). No. 829. 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Retrieved 26 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230926072538/https://railf.jp/news/2023/09/26/150000.html","url_text":"\"西武，東急9000系と小田急8000形を「サステナ車両」として譲受\""},{"url":"https://railf.jp/news/2023/09/26/150000.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kinoshita, Kenji (26 September 2023). \"西武鉄道「サステナ車両」東急電鉄9000系＆小田急電鉄8000形を譲受\" [Acquisition of Tokyu 9000 Series and Odakyu 8000 Series Cars by Tokyu Railways]. Mynavi Corporation (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230926131332/https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20230926-2779347/","url_text":"\"西武鉄道「サステナ車両」東急電鉄9000系＆小田急電鉄8000形を譲受\""},{"url":"https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20230926-2779347/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"小田急8000形、いよいよ新天地・西武鉄道へ！ 今年度は1本 改修のち国分寺線に導入\". Traffic News (in Japanese). Japan: Mediavague Co., ltd. 10 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://trafficnews.jp/post/132603","url_text":"\"小田急8000形、いよいよ新天地・西武鉄道へ！ 今年度は1本 改修のち国分寺線に導入\""}]},{"reference":"\"小田急8000形が甲種輸送される\" [Odakyu 8000 series is transported as Class A]. Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. 19 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://railf.jp/news/2024/05/19/170500.html","url_text":"\"小田急8000形が甲種輸送される\""}]},{"reference":"\"小田急の車両が西武線に来た！異色の「サステナ車両」第1編成 国分寺線で運行へ\". Traffic News (in Japanese). Japan: Mediavague Co., ltd. 20 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://trafficnews.jp/post/132776","url_text":"\"小田急の車両が西武線に来た！異色の「サステナ車両」第1編成 国分寺線で運行へ\""}]},{"reference":"\"小田急8000形8261Fが、昨年8月に発生した落雷故障の修理を終えて運用復帰！\".","urls":[{"url":"https://ameblo.jp/keioivorycolor6000/entry-11748643440.html","url_text":"\"小田急8000形8261Fが、昨年8月に発生した落雷故障の修理を終えて運用復帰！\""}]},{"reference":"\"事故・トラブルの発生状況と再発防止\" [Troubling occurrences and prevention of such situations]. Odakyu Electric Railway. June 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.odakyu.jp/csr/safety_report/2014/6/","url_text":"\"事故・トラブルの発生状況と再発防止\""}]},{"reference":"\"2009（平成21）年以降の鉄道人身事故一覧＠ウイキ\" [List of railway accidents resulting in injury or death after 2009].","urls":[{"url":"https://w.atwiki.jp/riseiai/pages/210.html","url_text":"\"2009（平成21）年以降の鉄道人身事故一覧＠ウイキ\""}]},{"reference":"小田急線の電車に落雷、衝撃の瞬間 [Train on the Odakyu Line struck by lightning, almost a disaster]. JNN News (in Japanese). Japan: Yahoo! Japan. 19 August 2013. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110423033325/http://www.aizutetsudo.jp/info/?p=794","url_text":"小田急線の電車に落雷、衝撃の瞬間"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Japan","url_text":"Yahoo! Japan"},{"url":"http://www.aizutetsudo.jp/info/?p=794","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"小田急線が乗用車と衝突、脱線 ２０日始発から運転再開：朝日新聞デジタル\". 朝日新聞デジタル (in Japanese). 19 June 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASM6M5487M6MULOB00W.html","url_text":"\"小田急線が乗用車と衝突、脱線 ２０日始発から運転再開：朝日新聞デジタル\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Odakyu+8000+series%22","external_links_name":"\"Odakyu 8000 series\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Odakyu+8000+series%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Odakyu+8000+series%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Odakyu+8000+series%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Odakyu+8000+series%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Odakyu+8000+series%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://bikke.o.oo7.jp/tetsu/odakyu/odc08000.htm","external_links_name":"\"小田急電鉄8000形\""},{"Link":"https://2nd-train.net/topics/article/30086/","external_links_name":"\"【小田急】8000形8255×6(8255F)廃車陸送\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230926072538/https://railf.jp/news/2023/09/26/150000.html","external_links_name":"\"西武，東急9000系と小田急8000形を「サステナ車両」として譲受\""},{"Link":"https://railf.jp/news/2023/09/26/150000.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230926131332/https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20230926-2779347/","external_links_name":"\"西武鉄道「サステナ車両」東急電鉄9000系＆小田急電鉄8000形を譲受\""},{"Link":"https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20230926-2779347/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://trafficnews.jp/post/132603","external_links_name":"\"小田急8000形、いよいよ新天地・西武鉄道へ！ 今年度は1本 改修のち国分寺線に導入\""},{"Link":"https://railf.jp/news/2024/05/19/170500.html","external_links_name":"\"小田急8000形が甲種輸送される\""},{"Link":"https://trafficnews.jp/post/132776","external_links_name":"\"小田急の車両が西武線に来た！異色の「サステナ車両」第1編成 国分寺線で運行へ\""},{"Link":"https://ameblo.jp/keioivorycolor6000/entry-11748643440.html","external_links_name":"\"小田急8000形8261Fが、昨年8月に発生した落雷故障の修理を終えて運用復帰！\""},{"Link":"http://www.odakyu.jp/csr/safety_report/2014/6/","external_links_name":"\"事故・トラブルの発生状況と再発防止\""},{"Link":"https://w.atwiki.jp/riseiai/pages/210.html","external_links_name":"\"2009（平成21）年以降の鉄道人身事故一覧＠ウイキ\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110423033325/http://www.aizutetsudo.jp/info/?p=794","external_links_name":"小田急線の電車に落雷、衝撃の瞬間"},{"Link":"http://www.aizutetsudo.jp/info/?p=794","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASM6M5487M6MULOB00W.html","external_links_name":"\"小田急線が乗用車と衝突、脱線 ２０日始発から運転再開：朝日新聞デジタル\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive | Beit Jinn offensive | ["1 Background","2 The offensive","2.1 Capture of Tal Bardiyah","2.2 Battle for the hills","2.3 Rebel surrender","3 References"] | Military operation
Beit Jinn offensivePart of the Rif Dimashq Governorate campaign of the Syrian Civil WarSituation in Beit Jinn as of 22 December Syrian Government control Free Syrian Army and Tahrir al-Sham controlDate28 November 2017 – 2 January 2018(1 month and 5 days)LocationSyria
Beit Jinn/Mazraat Beit Jinn/Maghar al-Mir, Rif Dimashq GovernorateResult
Syrian government victory
Syrian military captures Tal Bardiyah, rebel forces surrender Beit Jinn and leave to Idlib.
Syrian Army forces regain control of Beit Jinn and the whole Western Ghouta area.Belligerents
Syrian Arab RepublicAllied militias: Hezbollah al-Imam al-Hussein Brigade (Iraqi Shia militia)
Itihad Quwat Jabal al-Sheikh (Union of Mount Hermon Forces)
Free Syrian Army
Ahrar al-Sham
Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union Tahrir al-Sham Commanders and leaders
Adnan Badur †(7th Division head of artillery) Hayder al-Juburi(Quwat Dir' al-Watan) Mohammed al-Hajj(National Shield) Basim Ahmad al-Khatib † Abu Mahdi †
Ayman Sami al-Taani † Abu Saad Al-Maldifi †Units involved
Syrian Army
4th Armoured Division
42nd Armoured Brigade
Embedded al-Imam al-Hussein Brigade forces, including the "Death Battalion"
7th Mechanized Division
National Defence Forces and other local militias
Hermon Regiment
Quwat Dir' al-Watan
Druze militias
National Shield of the Patriotic Forces
Golan Regiment's Fist Battalion
Quneitra Hawks Brigade forces from Khan Arnabah
Omar bin al-Khattab Brigade al-Ezz BrigadeCasualties and losses
95-117 killed
UnknownvteSyrian civil war
Timeline
January–April 2011
May–August 2011
September–December 2011
January–April 2012
May–August 2012
September–December 2012
January–April 2013
May–December 2013
January–July 2014
August–December 2014
January–July 2015
August–December 2015
January–April 2016
May–August 2016
September–December 2016
January–April 2017
May–August 2017
September–December 2017
January–April 2018
May–August 2018
September–December 2018
January–April 2019
May–August 2019
September–December 2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Background and causes
Casualties
Cities
map
Terrorism
Massacres
vteCivil uprising in Syria (March–August 2011)
Daraa
Baniyas
Homs (May–August 2011)
Talkalakh
Rastan and Talbiseh
1st Jisr ash-Shughur
1st Jabal al-Zawiya
Hama
Latakia
vteStart of insurgency (Sept. 2011 – April 2012)
Homs (2011–14)
Homs offensive
1st Idlib Gov.
Syrian–Turkish border
Jabal al-Zawiya
1st Idlib City
Saraqeb
1st Rastan
Hama Gov.
Shayrat & Tiyas ambush
Daraa Gov.
1st Rif Dimashq
1st Zabadani
Douma
Deir ez-Zor (2011–2014)
Hatla
Aleppo Gov.
Azaz
2nd Rastan
1st al-Qusayr
2nd Idlib Gov.
Taftanaz
vteUN ceasefire; Rebel advances (May 2012 – Dec. 2013)
3rd Rastan
Houla
Northern Homs
Al-Haffah
Al-Qubeir
Al-Tremseh
3rd Idlib Gov.
1st Damascus
Bombing
Aleppo
Anadan
Menagh Air Base
Base 46
Khan al-Assal
1st Aleppo offensive
2nd Aleppo offensive
Syrian Kurdistan and Kurdish–Islamist conflict
Hasaka campaign
Ras al-Ayn
al-Yaarubiyah
Tell Hamis and Tell Brak
Tell Abyad
Nubl & Al-Zahraa
2nd Rif Dimashq (1st Darayya)
Abu al-Duhur Airbase
Quneitra Gov.
3rd Rif Dimashq
1st Yarmouk camp
2nd Darayya
Darayya & Muadamiyat
Aqrab
1st Hama offensive
Halfaya
1st Safira
Shadadeh
2nd Damascus
1st Raqqa campaign (1st Raqqa)
1st Daraa offensive
4th Rif Dimashq
Jdaidet al-Fadl
Tadamon
Ghouta
Al-Qusayr offensive
2nd al-Qusayr
Eastern Ghouta
2nd Hama offensive
Bayda and Baniyas
1st Latakia offensive
Ma'loula
Sadad
5th Rif Dimashq
1st Qalamoun
Adra
vteRise of the Islamic State (Jan. – Sept. 2014)
Inter-rebel conflict
Northern Aleppo
Markada
1st Deir ez-Zor offensive
al-Otaiba ambush
Maan
Hosn
Morek
2nd Daraa offensive
2nd Latakia offensive
4th Idlib Gov.
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1st Shaer gas field
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vteU.S.-led intervention, Rebel & ISIL advances (Sept. 2014 – Sept. 2015)
U.S.-led intervention
Homs school bombing
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An-26 crash
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Kuweires offensive
vteRussian intervention (Sept. 2015 – March 2016)
Russian intervention
3rd Quneitra
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vteAleppo escalation and Euphrates Shield (March 2016 – February 2017)
8th Aleppo offensive
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vteCollapse of the Islamic State in Syria (Feb. – Nov. 2017)
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vteRebels in retreat and Operation Olive Branch(Nov. 2017 – Sep. 2018)
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vteFirst Idlib offensive, Operation Peace Spring, & Second Idlib offensive (April 2019 – March 2020)
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vteForeign involvement in the Syrian civil warForeign intervention on behalf of Syrian Arab Republic
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vteRif Dimashq campaign(Syrian civil war)
1st Rif Dimashq
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Beit Jinn
1st Southern Damascus
10th Rif Dimashq
Douma
2nd Southern Damascus
2nd Eastern Qalamoun
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The Beit Jinn offensive was a military operation by the Syrian Arab Army against opposition groups in the Western Ghouta area, starting on 28 November 2017.
Background
See also: Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016) and Wadi Barada offensive (2016–17)
After successes of the Syrian Army in capturing Khan al-Shih and Wadi Barada valley pockets, and reconciliation agreements in Madaya and Zabadani, Beit Jinn remained the last holdout of opposition forces in Western Ghouta. The area is to the north of a de-escalation zone in southern Syria agreed in July between Russia and the United States.
The offensive
Capture of Tal Bardiyah
On 28 November, government forces captured the eastern side of the strategic Bardiyah mountain chain in the besieged Beit Jinn pocket, southwest of Damascus and near the Golan Heights, which is controlled by rebel fighters. Subsequently, there were competing claims between pro-government and pro-opposition sources on whether the rebels recaptured most of the positions they had lost or not. The mountain was fully captured by the Army two days later.
Helicopter strikes were halted in the area until the end of the offensive.
Battle for the hills
In the morning of 11 December, at 9:30 am, the Syrian army began operations in Western Ghouta to ensure fire control over Beit Jinn. Members of the 42nd Armoured Brigade of the 4th Armoured Division, the Syrian Arab Army, launched fierce artillery attacks on rebel positions. Heavy fighting began in Maghar Al-Mir, triggering attacks from several shots of shelling with IRAM missiles. During the fighting, the military captured two hills near Tal Bardiyah. The next day, the Syrian army begun the process of isolating rebel-held Maghar Al-Mir and managed to capture two more hilltops.
On 14 December, led by the 42nd Armoured Brigade, the Syrian Arab Army launched a major offensive against rebels on the tallest hilltop in the area, Tal Al-Bayda. They managed to successfully capture the area, after rebels pulled back to the west. The Syrian Army's next goal was to divide the rebel pocket in half.
The following day, the Syrian Army continued its main offensive, managing to impose total control over Tal al-Ahmar, after losing the hilltop two days earlier during a rebel counter-attack. By taking over positions around Tal al-Ahmara, the Syrian Army asserted fire-control over the roadway that connects the towns of Beit Saber and Maghar al-Mir. By 16 December, the pocket was nearly cut in half after more government advances through the hills.
As of 17 December, the Army was within 500 meters of Maghar al-Mir on its eastern side. Between 18 and 19 December, after capturing parts of a new hill, the rebel pocket was divided by artillery fire. By 21 December, Beit Jinn was completely isolated.
Rebel surrender
On 22 December, the Army captured a farm area south of Mazaraat Beit Jinn. Two days later, pro-government forces started the third phase of their offensive. SAA, Hezbollah and Iranian-backed Shia and Druze militias encircled Maghar Al-Mir and advanced towards Beit Jinn, assisted by heavy aerial strikes.
On 25 December, after pro-government forces captured more areas, negotiations started for the rebels to surrender. The next day, pro-government forces gave an ultimatum to the rebels – either surrender or face military defeat. The rebels were given 72 hours to surrender and either go to the rebel-held Idlib province or stay and reach a settlement. The evacuation began on 29 December, with rebels leaving for rebel-held Idlib province and rebel-held parts of Daraa province. The first buses arrived at their destination the next day with around 230 fighters and family members.
As the rebels retreated from the Beit Jinn area, the Army started taking over their former positions. Thus, on 2 January 2018, the military took control of the so-called ‘Red Hills’ following the rebel's withdrawal. The rebels used the hilltop chain to shell and conduct raids against a nearby government-held town. In early January, the Syrian army and its allies made advances in 3 villages of Beit Jinn. By the end of the day, the military took full control of the Beit Jinn area and their offensive concluded.
On 20 March 2018, it was reported that the last of the rebels left the Beit Jinn area the previous week, leaving the Syrian Arab Army in full control of the area, including the hilltops overlooking the town.
References
^ a b c Suleiman Al-Khalidi Syrian, Iranian backed forces advance in border area near Israel, Reuters, 25 December
^ a b Al-Khalidi, Suleiman. "Syrian army and Iranian proxies demand surrender of rebels near Israel border". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (2 January 2018). "Beit Jann: Myths and Reality". Syria Comment. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
^ "SW. Damascus: facing assault by government forces, Union of Mt Hermon Forces announces destruction of 2 tanks and one Shilka with ATGMs. - Map of Syrian Civil War - Syria news today - syria.liveuamap.com". Map of Syrian Civil War - Syria news today - syria.liveuamap.com.
^ a b "Clashes continue southwest of Rif Dimashq between the factions and Hayyaat Tahrir al-Sham against the regime forces". SOHR.
^ a b c ""فوج الجولان" و"صقور القنيطرة" صراع خلفه "جمعية البستان"؟" . Almodon. 22 December 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
^ "Syrian Army rocket scores deadly hit killing entire group of jihadists including top commander". 20 December 2017. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
^ "Syrian Army kills Maldivi rebel commander in west Damascus". 25 December 2017. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ "Elite Syrian troops sent to crush Al-Qaeda pocket near Israeli border once and for all". 19 October 2017. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
^ a b c d e "Jihadists in desperation mode as Syrian Army troops capture more ground near Golan Heights". 16 December 2017. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
^ Waters, Gregory (3 October 2018). "Fifteen Months of Death: Pro-Government Casualties of the Syrian Civil War". bellingcat. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
^ "Syrian rebels near Israel border ordered to surrender by regime forces". The Times of Israel.
^ "Syrian Army Establishes Control over Eastern Chain of Bardaia Hill in Damascus Countryside". Al-Manar. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
^ "Graphic pictures: Nusra corpses pile up as Syrian Army hones in on strategic town in west Damascus". Al-Masdar. 29 November 2017. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ "Breaking: Syrian Army achieves major breakthrough near Golan Heights". Al-Masdar. 30 November 2017. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ "Helicopters continue shelling the southwestern countryside of Rif Dimashq and the regime forces managed to advance in hills in the area and rebel attacks the factions to restore areas they lost". SOHR.
^ "Preparations take place in the southwestern Rif Dimashq to start transporting the fighters, their families and those who reject the agreement towards the Syrian North and South". SOHR. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
^ "Jihadists hold on for dear life as Syrian Army advances near occupied Golan Heights: map". AMN - Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز. 2017-12-11. Archived from the original on 2017-12-21. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
^ "Syrian Army scores big advance near occupied Golan Heights". AMN - Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز. 2017-12-11. Archived from the original on 2017-12-16. Retrieved 2017-12-11.
^ "The regime forces continue targeting areas southwest of Rif Dimashq".
^ "Jihadist rebels on last legs in Beit Jinn as Israel watches from the Golan Heights". AMN - Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز. 2017-12-12. Archived from the original on 2017-12-21. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
^ "Fighting continues in the southwestern Rif Dimashq with exchange of targeting and shelling".
^ "Jihadist rebels on last legs in Beit Jinn as Israel watches from the Golan Heights". AMN - Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز. 2017-12-14. Archived from the original on 2017-12-21. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
^ "Jihadist rebels in serious trouble near the Golan Heights as SAA troops capture more ground". AMN - Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز. 2017-12-15. Archived from the original on 2017-12-21. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
^ "Latest battle update from the Golan Heights region: map". Al-Masdar. 16 December 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
^ "The regime forces continue their violent attack near the Lebanese border and close to the border with the occupied Golan and minimize the factions' scope of control in the area".
^ "Video: Al Qaeda in West Damascus pocket on brink of being squashed". AMN - Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز. 2017-12-17. Archived from the original on 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
^ "The regime forces make a new advancement south of Rif Dimashq and advancement to control more areas".
^ "Syrian Army makes potential last push to capture jihadist pocket near Golan Heights". Al-Masdar. 19 December 2017. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
^ "After a violent military campaign and hundreds of shells, the regime forces and their allies divide the besieged circle near the occupied Syrian Golan". SOHR.
^ a b Syrian regime closes in on village near Israeli Golan, Jeruslam Post, 26 December 2017
^ معارك ريف دمشق الجنوبي الغربي تتواصل بين قوات النظام والفصائل وتحرير الشام لتحقيق الأول تقدماً جديداً, SOHR, 22 December 2017
^ "Map update: Syrian Army reaches gates of key town in Damascus slaughtering militant ranks along the way". Al-Masdar News. 22 December 2017. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
^ Breaking: Syrian Army kicks off 3rd phase of Beit Jinn offensive Archived 2018-01-02 at the Wayback Machine, Al-Masdar
^ "Syrian, Iranian backed forces advance in border area near Israel". Reuters. 25 December 2017.
^ "Syrian troops capture new areas near Israeli-occupied Golan Heights". CTV News. 25 December 2017.
^ "Syrian rebels depart enclave in south as army gains in north". Reuters. 29 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
^ "The buses of Beit Jinn deal arrive in their destinations in the Syrian North and South few hours after they launched from the last place where they were located in the western Rif Dimashq". SOHR. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
^ AP, Assad regains control as Syrian rebels abandon area bordering Golan Heights, Times of Israel 30 December 2017
^ Breaking: Syrian Army takes control of key hill chain in west Damascus amid jihadist withdrawal Archived 2019-05-16 at the Wayback Machine, Al-Masdar
^ "Beit Jinn, Syria – between Israel's dilemma and Iran's opportunity". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
^ Syrian Army restores control over entire West Ghouta after six years of war Archived 2018-06-20 at the Wayback Machine, Al-Masdar
^ "Syrian Army in full control of Beit Jinn area after last militants leave". Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
vteSyrian civil warOverviewsMain overviews
Syria
Rojava
Syrian civil war
Timeline
Background and causes
Syrian peace process
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Kurdish Area in Syria
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Agreements and dialogues
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TimelineBackground
1963 coup
1966 coup
Corrective Movement
Islamist uprising
Latakia protests
Damascus Spring
Qamishli riots
Syrian occupation of Lebanon
Damascus Declaration
Human rights in Syria
2010s in Syria political history
2011Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec
Syrian Revolution
Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb
Siege of Daraa
Siege of Baniyas
May Talkalakh siege
Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh
June Jisr ash-Shughur operation
Siege of Hama
Siege of Homs
Jabal al-Zawiya operation
Siege of Latakia
Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)
Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)
Battle of Zabadani
Battle of Douma
Daraa Governorate clashes
Battle of Rastan
Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush
Idlib Governorate clashes
December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres
2012Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec
January al-Midan bombing
Battle of Rastan
First Battle of Idlib
Battle of al-Qusayr
Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)
Battle of Taftanaz
May Battle of Rastan
Houla massacre
Battle of al-Haffah
Al-Qubeir massacre
Battle of Tremseh
Battle of Damascus
18 July 2012 Damascus bombing
Battle of Aleppo
Battle of Anadan
Siege of Base 46
Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)
Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)
Darayya massacre
Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz
Battle of Maarrat al-Numan
First siege of Wadi Deif
Battle of Harem
Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)
Battle of Darayya
Aqrab massacre
Hama offensive
Halfaya massacre
Battle of Darayya
Quneitra Governorate clashes
Talbiseh bakery massacre
2013Jan–AprMay–Dec
Battle of Safira
Battle of Shadadeh
Damascus offensive
Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)
Battle of Raqqa (Mar)
Daraa offensive
Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)
Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl
Ghouta chemical attack
Al-Qusayr offensive
Battle of al-Qusayr
Bayda and Baniyas massacres
Hama offensive
Hatla massacre
Khan al-Assal chemical attack
Khan al-Assal massacre
Adra massacre
Battle of Ras al-Ayn
Battle of Tell Abyad
Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)
Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)
Battle of al-Yaarubiyah
Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)
2014Jan–JulAug–Dec
First Inter-rebel conflict
Battle of Markada
Deir ez-Zor offensive
Battle of Morek
Daraa offensive (Feb–May)
Maan massacre
Al-Otaiba ambush
Idlib offensive
Battle of Hosn
Latakia Offensive
Battle of Al-Malihah
Kafr Zita chemical attack
Second siege of Wadi Deif
Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)
Battle of Arsal
First Battle of the Shaer gas field
Eastern Syria offensive
Battle of Tabqa Airbase
Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)
Hama Offensive
Quneitra offensive
Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)
Siege of Kobanî
Homs school bombing
Daraa offensive (Oct)
Al-Safira offensive
Idlib Raid
Second Inter-Rebel Conflict
Second Battle of the Shaer gas field
Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)
2015Jan–JulAug–Dec
Air Force An-26 crash
Daraa Offensive (Jan)
Southern Syria Offensive
Eastern al-Hasakah offensive
Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)
Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)
Battle of Bosra
Idlib Offensive
Second Battle of Idlib
Battle of Nasib Border Crossing
Battle of Yarmouk Camp
Western al-Hasakah offensive
Palmyra offensive (May)
Qamishli bombings
Tell Abyad offensive
Kobanî massacre
Quneitra offensive (Jun)
Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)
Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)
Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)
Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)
Al-Hawl offensive
Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)
East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)
2015–2016 Latakia offensive
Tishrin Dam offensive
Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown
2016Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec
Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)
January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)
Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)
Al-Shaddadi offensive
February Homs bombings
February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
Khanasir offensive
Battle of Tel Abyad
Battle of Maarrat al-Numan
Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)
Palmyra offensive (Mar)
East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)
Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)
Northern Raqqa offensive (May)
May Jableh & Tartous bombings
Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)
Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)
Manbij offensive
Tokhar massacre
Southern Aleppo campaign
Battle of al-Rai (Aug)
Operation Euphrates Shield
Aleppo summer campaign
Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)
5 September bombings
September Deir ez-Zor air raid
September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack
Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)
Dabiq offensive
Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)
Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)
Raqqa campaign
Battle of al-Bab
Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)
Palmyra offensive (Dec)
2017Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec
Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)
January Azaz bombing
Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)
Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)
Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)
Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)
Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)
Qaboun offensive
Palmyra offensive
East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)
March Damascus bombings
Al-Jinah airstrike
Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)
Battle of Tabqa
Khan Shaykhun chemical attack
Shayrat missile strike
Aleppo bombing
April Turkish airstrikes
East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)
Desert campaign (May–Jul)
Maskanah Plains offensive
East Hama offensive
Battle of Raqqa
Daraa offensive (Jun)
Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)
Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)
Quneitra offensive (Jun)
Idlib clashes (Jul)
Central campaign
Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)
Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)
Hama offensive (Sep)
Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)
Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate
Battle of Harasta
Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)
Euphrates Crossing offensive
Mayadin offensive
Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)
Abu Kamal offensive
Beit Jinn offensive
2018Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec
Operation Olive Branch
Battle of Khasham
Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)
Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)
Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict
Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)
Douma chemical attack
Missile strikes (Apr)
Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)
Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)
Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)
Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)
Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)
As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)
Southern offensive
As-Suwayda attacks
As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)
Qamishli clashes (Sep)
Missile strikes (Sep)
Northern border clashes
2019Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec
Idlib inter-rebel conflict
Manbij bombing
Battle of Baghuz Fawqani
ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor
Dêrik prison escape attempt
Tell Rifaat clashes
Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)
June bombings
Hass refugee camp bombing
Missile strikes (Aug)
Turkish offensive into northeast
Barisha raid
November bombings
Israeli missile strikes (Nov)
Qah missile strike
Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)
US airstrikes
2020Jan–Dec
COVID-19 pandemic
Afrin bombing
Idlib Governorate clashes
Kafr-Takharim airstrike
Ayn Issa clashes
Deir ez-Zor ambush
2021Jan–Dec
Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah
Missile strikes (Jan)
US airstrike (Feb)
Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
US airstrike (Jun)
Daraa clashes
Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict
2022Jan–Dec
Battle of al-Hasakah
Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes
Jabal al-Bishrī clashes
Jarqli airstrikes
Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)
Operation Claw-Sword
Northwest clashes (Dec)
2023Jan-Dec
Al-Sukhnah attack
Damascus airstrike
Hama attack
Northern border clashes
SpilloverIsrael and Golan Heights:
March 2017 incident
February 2018 incident
May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents
Iraq:
Akashat ambush
Operation al-Shabah
April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike
Jordanian border incidents
April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike
Lebanon:
Lebanese border clashes
Battle of Sidon
Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut
North Lebanon clashes
Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)
Turkey:
December 2011 Turkish border clash
2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown
2012 Turkish border clashes
2013 Reyhanlı car bombings
January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria
Assassination of Andrei Karlov
Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident
2020 Balyun airstrikes
Operation Spring Shield
Elsewhere:
Deir ez-Zor missile strike (Iran)
BelligerentsSyriaPolitics of Syria
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region
Syrian Social Nationalist Party
Arab Socialist Movement
Syrian Communist Party
Military and militias
Syrian Armed Forces
Syrian Resistance
PFLP-GC
al-Quds Brigade
Palestine Liberation Army
Foreign support
Hezbollah involvement
Iranian involvement
Liwa Fatemiyoun
Russian involvement
medical facility targeting
military intervention
Wagner Group
Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
Popular Mobilization Forces
OppositionInterim government
National Coalition
Local Coordination Committees
Syrian National Council
Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution
National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
Syrian Revolution General Commission
Syrian Support Group
Adopt a Revolution
Syrian Patriotic Group
Opposition militias
Syrian National Army
Free Syrian Army
National Front for Liberation
Army of Glory
Authenticity and Development Front
Army of Free Tribes
Revolutionary Commando Army
Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
Grey Wolves
Foreign support
American-led intervention
Jordanian intervention
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Turkey
Autonomous Administrationof North and East SyriaDFNS Government
Democratic Union Party
Kurdish National Council
Smaller political parties
SDF militias
People's Protection Units
Women's Protection Units
Anti-Terror Units
Al-Sanadid Forces
Army of Revolutionaries
SDF military councils
Syriac Military Council
Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa
Northern Democratic Brigade
Support
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
Kurdistan Workers' Party
International Freedom Battalion
Sinjar Resistance Units
Êzîdxan Women's Units
IslamistsIslamic State
Military activity of ISIL
Dokumacılar
Khalid ibn al-Walid Army
Liwa al-Aqsa
Group of the One and Only
Liwa Dawud
al-Qaeda and allies
Tahrir al-Sham
Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria
Caucasus Emirate
Ajnad al-Kavkaz
Junud al-Makhdi
Malhama Tactical
Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan
People
Ammar Abdulhamid
Ali al-Abdallah
Adnan al-Aroor
al-Assad family
Bashar
Maher
Rifaat
Rami Makhlouf
Hafez Makhlouf
Riad al-Asaad
Anwar al-Bunni
Fahd Jassem al-Freij
Suheil al-Hassan
Haitham al-Maleh
Moaz al-Khatib
Kamal al-Labwani
Hamza al-Khateeb
Tal al-Mallohi
Fida al-Sayed
Riad al-Turk
Khaled Khoja
Ammar al-Qurabi
Suheir Atassi
Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni
Aref Dalila
Farid Ghadry
Burhan Ghalioun
Razan Ghazzawi
Ghassan Hitto
Salim Idris
Randa Kassis
Abdul Halim Khaddam
Michel Kilo
Bassma Kodmani
Ali Habib Mahmud
Ali Mahmoud Othman
Ibrahim Qashoush
Dawoud Rajiha
Yassin al-Haj Saleh
Bouthaina Shaaban
Abdulbaset Sieda
Riad Seif
Fadwa Souleimane
Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid
Yaser Tabbara
Razan Zaitouneh
Rami Jarrah
Abdurrahman Mustafa
Fadlallah al-Haji
RelatedElections
2011 local elections
2012 parliamentary election
2014 presidential election
2015 Northern local elections
2016 parliamentary election
2017 Northern local elections
2017 Northern regional elections
2018 local elections
2020 parliamentary election
2021 presidential election
Issues
Casualties
Cities and towns
Chemical weapons
Damaged heritage sites
Foreign involvement
Human rights violations
Humanitarian aid
International demonstrations and protests
International reactions
Massacres
Refugees
Sectarianism and minorities
Status of the Golan Heights
Spillover in Lebanon
Syrian government reactions
Peace process
Arab League monitors
Friends of Syria Group
Kofi Annan peace plan
UN supervision mission
Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan
U.S.–Russia peace proposals
39th G8 summit
UN Security Council Resolution 2118
Geneva II conference
2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement
Vienna talks
2016 Geneva talks
Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)
First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
Syrian Constitutional Committee
War crimes trials
Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany
Related topics
Exclusive mandate
Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference
International recognition of the Syrian National Council
Syria Files
Syrian detainee report
Syrian media coverage
2015 European migrant crisis
Syrian civil war in popular culture
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missile strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Laylat_al-Qadr"},{"link_name":"Iran–Israel conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"2012 Hezbollah involvement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Foreign rebel fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Turkish involvement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Turkey–Islamic State conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict"},{"link_name":"Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Suleyman_Shah#Events_during_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Euphrates Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield"},{"link_name":"2017 airstrikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Idlib Governorate operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Afrin operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch"},{"link_name":"2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria"},{"link_name":"Israel's role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%27s_role_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"U.S.-led Intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"List of attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_attacks_on_Syria_during_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"2014 rescue operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_American_rescue_mission_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"May 2015 raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2015_U.S._special_forces_raid_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"2017 missile strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike"},{"link_name":"Qatari involvement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Jordanian intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Operation Martyr Muath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Muath"},{"link_name":"Lebanon's role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon%27s_role_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Saudi involvement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"April 2018 missile strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria"},{"link_name":"Dutch involvement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"German intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State"},{"link_name":"French intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Chammal"},{"link_name":"Australian intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Okra"},{"link_name":"UK intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shader"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Rif_Dimashq_Campaign"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Rif_Dimashq_Campaign"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Rif_Dimashq_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Rif Dimashq campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_Governorate_campaign"},{"link_name":"Syrian civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"1st Rif Dimashq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011%E2%80%93March_2012)"},{"link_name":"1st Zabadani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)"},{"link_name":"1st Douma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Douma"},{"link_name":"1st Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)"},{"link_name":"MID bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing"},{"link_name":"2nd Rif Dimashq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)"},{"link_name":"1st Darayya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darayya_massacre"},{"link_name":"3rd Rif Dimashq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)"},{"link_name":"2nd Darayya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)"},{"link_name":"Darayya & Muadamiyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Darayya_and_Muadamiyat"},{"link_name":"1st Yarmouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(December_2012)"},{"link_name":"2nd Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_offensive_(2013)"},{"link_name":"4th Rif Dimashq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Ghouta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Eastern_Ghouta"},{"link_name":"Jdaidet al-Fadl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl"},{"link_name":"Ghouta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack"},{"link_name":"Ma'loula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maaloula"},{"link_name":"5th Rif Dimashq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)"},{"link_name":"1st Qalamoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Qalamoun_(2013%E2%80%932014)"},{"link_name":"Adra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adra_massacre"},{"link_name":"Al-Otaiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Otaiba_ambush"},{"link_name":"Al-Malihah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah"},{"link_name":"2nd Qalamoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)"},{"link_name":"Arsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)"},{"link_name":"6th Rif Dimashq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2014)"},{"link_name":"2nd Yarmouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)"},{"link_name":"3rd Qalamoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(May%E2%80%93June_2015)"},{"link_name":"2nd Zabadani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2015)"},{"link_name":"2nd Douma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douma_massacre_(2015)"},{"link_name":"7th Rif Dimashq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)"},{"link_name":"Sayyidah Zaynab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks"},{"link_name":"Al-Dumayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Dumayr_offensive_(April_2016)"},{"link_name":"8th Rif Dimashq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)"},{"link_name":"1st East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)"},{"link_name":"9th Rif Dimashq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June%E2%80%93October_2016)"},{"link_name":"1st Eastern Qalamoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)"},{"link_name":"Khan al-Shih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)"},{"link_name":"Wadi Barada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%932017)"},{"link_name":"1st Syrian Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)"},{"link_name":"Qaboun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)"},{"link_name":"2nd East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)"},{"link_name":"2nd Syrian Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)"},{"link_name":"Jobar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive"},{"link_name":"4th Qalamoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)"},{"link_name":"Harasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Harasta_(2017%E2%80%932018)"},{"link_name":"Beit Jinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"1st Southern Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2018)"},{"link_name":"10th Rif Dimashq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)"},{"link_name":"Douma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack"},{"link_name":"2nd Southern Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)"},{"link_name":"2nd Eastern Qalamoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)"},{"link_name":"3rd Southern Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)"},{"link_name":"Syrian Arab Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army"},{"link_name":"Ghouta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghouta"}],"text":"Beit Jinn offensivePart of the Rif Dimashq Governorate campaign of the Syrian Civil WarSituation in Beit Jinn as of 22 December Syrian Government control Free Syrian Army and Tahrir al-Sham controlDate28 November 2017 – 2 January 2018(1 month and 5 days)LocationSyria\nBeit Jinn/Mazraat Beit Jinn/Maghar al-Mir, Rif Dimashq GovernorateResult\nSyrian government victory\n\nSyrian military captures Tal Bardiyah, rebel forces surrender Beit Jinn and leave to Idlib.\nSyrian Army forces regain control of Beit Jinn and the whole Western Ghouta area.Belligerents\n Syrian Arab RepublicAllied militias: Hezbollah[1][2] al-Imam al-Hussein Brigade (Iraqi Shia militia)[3]\n Itihad Quwat Jabal al-Sheikh (Union of Mount Hermon Forces) [4][1]\n\n Free Syrian Army\n Ahrar al-Sham\n Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union Tahrir al-Sham [5]Commanders and leaders\n Adnan Badur †[3](7th Division head of artillery) Hayder al-Juburi[3](Quwat Dir' al-Watan) Mohammed al-Hajj[6](National Shield) Basim Ahmad al-Khatib †[3] Abu Mahdi †[6]\n Ayman Sami al-Taani †[7] Abu Saad Al-Maldifi †[8]Units involved\n Syrian Army\n\n 4th Armoured Division[9]\n42nd Armoured Brigade[10]\nEmbedded al-Imam al-Hussein Brigade forces, including the \"Death Battalion\"[3]\n7th Mechanized Division[10]\n National Defence Forces and other local militias[10]\n\nHermon Regiment[10][3]\nQuwat Dir' al-Watan[3]\nDruze militias[3]\nNational Shield of the Patriotic Forces[6]\nGolan Regiment's Fist Battalion\nQuneitra Hawks Brigade forces from Khan Arnabah\n Omar bin al-Khattab Brigade[3] al-Ezz Brigade[3]Casualties and losses\n95-117 killed[11]\nUnknownvteSyrian civil war\nTimeline\nJanuary–April 2011\nMay–August 2011\nSeptember–December 2011\nJanuary–April 2012\nMay–August 2012\nSeptember–December 2012\nJanuary–April 2013\nMay–December 2013\nJanuary–July 2014\nAugust–December 2014\nJanuary–July 2015\nAugust–December 2015\nJanuary–April 2016\nMay–August 2016\nSeptember–December 2016\nJanuary–April 2017\nMay–August 2017\nSeptember–December 2017\nJanuary–April 2018\nMay–August 2018\nSeptember–December 2018\nJanuary–April 2019\nMay–August 2019\nSeptember–December 2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\n\nBackground and causes\nCasualties\nCities\nmap\nTerrorism\nMassacres\nvteCivil uprising in Syria (March–August 2011)\nDaraa\nBaniyas\nHoms (May–August 2011)\nTalkalakh\nRastan and Talbiseh\n1st Jisr ash-Shughur\n1st Jabal al-Zawiya\nHama\nLatakia\nvteStart of insurgency (Sept. 2011 – April 2012)\nHoms (2011–14)\nHoms offensive\n1st Idlib Gov.\nSyrian–Turkish border\nJabal al-Zawiya\n1st Idlib City\nSaraqeb\n1st Rastan\nHama Gov.\nShayrat & Tiyas ambush\nDaraa Gov.\n1st Rif Dimashq\n1st Zabadani\nDouma\nDeir ez-Zor (2011–2014)\nHatla\nAleppo Gov.\nAzaz\n2nd Rastan\n1st al-Qusayr\n2nd Idlib Gov.\nTaftanaz\nvteUN ceasefire; Rebel advances (May 2012 – Dec. 2013)\n3rd Rastan\nHoula\nNorthern Homs\nAl-Haffah\nAl-Qubeir\nAl-Tremseh\n3rd Idlib Gov.\n1st Damascus\nBombing\nAleppo\nAnadan\nMenagh Air Base\nBase 46\nKhan al-Assal\n1st Aleppo offensive\n2nd Aleppo offensive\nSyrian Kurdistan and Kurdish–Islamist conflict\nHasaka campaign\nRas al-Ayn\nal-Yaarubiyah\nTell Hamis and Tell Brak\nTell Abyad\nNubl & Al-Zahraa\n2nd Rif Dimashq (1st Darayya)\nAbu al-Duhur Airbase\nQuneitra Gov.\n3rd Rif Dimashq\n1st Yarmouk camp\n2nd Darayya\nDarayya & Muadamiyat\nAqrab\n1st Hama offensive\nHalfaya\n1st Safira\nShadadeh\n2nd Damascus\n1st Raqqa campaign (1st Raqqa)\n1st Daraa offensive\n4th Rif Dimashq\nJdaidet al-Fadl\nTadamon\nGhouta\nAl-Qusayr offensive\n2nd al-Qusayr\nEastern Ghouta\n2nd Hama offensive\nBayda and Baniyas\n1st Latakia offensive\nMa'loula\nSadad\n5th Rif Dimashq\n1st Qalamoun\nAdra\nvteRise of the Islamic State (Jan. – Sept. 2014)\nInter-rebel conflict\nNorthern Aleppo\nMarkada\n1st Deir ez-Zor offensive\nal-Otaiba ambush\nMaan\nHosn\nMorek\n2nd Daraa offensive\n2nd Latakia offensive\n4th Idlib Gov.\nAl-Malihah\n2nd Wadi Deif\n2nd Qalamoun\nArsal\nDeir ez-Zor (2014–2017)\n1st Shaer gas field\n1st Eastern Syria\nTabqa Airbase\n3rd Hama offensive\n6th Rif Dimashq\n1st Quneitra\nKobanî\nvteU.S.-led intervention, Rebel & ISIL advances (Sept. 2014 – Sept. 2015)\nU.S.-led intervention\nHoms school bombing\n3rd Daraa offensive\n2nd Safira\n2014 Idlib city raid\nNusra–FSA conflict\n2nd Shaer gas field\n1st Al-Shaykh Maskin\n2nd Deir ez-Zor offensive\n3rd Aleppo offensive\nAn-26 crash\n4th Daraa offensive\nSouthern Syria\nEastern al-Hasakah offensive\n1st Sarrin\nHama/Homs offensive\nBosra\n5th Idlib Gov\n2nd Idlib city\nAl-Fu'ah-Kafriya\nNasib\n2nd Yarmouk camp\n1st Northwestern Syria\n3rd Qalamoun\n1st Palmyra\nWestern al-Hasakah offensive\n1st Al-Hasakah city\nTell Abyad\nDaraa/As-Suwayda\n2nd Quneitra\n2nd Sarrin\n5th Daraa\n2nd Al-Hasakah city\n2nd Kobanî\n4th Aleppo offensive\n2nd Zabadani\n2nd Palmyra\nAl-Ghab\n1st al-Qaryatayn\nDouma market\n7th Rif Dimashq\nKuweires offensive\nvteRussian intervention (Sept. 2015 – March 2016)\nRussian intervention\n3rd Quneitra\n2nd Northwestern Syria\n3rd Latakia offensive\nSu-24 shootdown\n5th Aleppo offensive\nal-Hawl\nHoms offensive\n6th Aleppo offensive\n4th Hama offensive\nTell Tamer\nTishrin Dam\n2nd Al-Shaykh Maskin\nal-Qamishli bombings\nOrontes River\n3rd Deir ez-Zor offensive\n1st Sayyidah Zaynab\n7th Aleppo offensive\n1st Ithriyah-Raqqa\nAl-Shaddadi\nHoms bombings\n2nd Sayyidah Zaynab\nKhanasir\n2nd Tel Abyad\nAl-Tanf\n2nd Al-Qaryatayn\n3rd Palmyra\n2nd Maarat al-Nu'man\nvteAleppo escalation and Euphrates Shield (March 2016 – February 2017)\n8th Aleppo offensive\n6th Daraa\n9th–11th Aleppo offensives\nAl-Dumayr\n1st East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict\n1st Qamishli\nAleppo bombings\n8th Rif Dimashq\n3rd Shaer gas field\nNorthern Raqqa\nJableh & Tartus\nManbij\nTokhar\n2nd Ithriyah-Raqqa\n9th Rif Dimashq\n12th–14th Aleppo offensives\n12th\n13th\n14th\n4th Latakia offensive\n1st Abu Kamal\n3rd Qamishli\nAtmeh\nal-Rai\n3rd Al-Hasakah City\nOperation Euphrates Shield\nNorthern al-Bab\nDabiq\nal-Bab\n5th Hama offensive\n1st Western al-Bab\n1st Eastern Qalamoun\nSeptember bombings\n4th Quneitra\nDeir ez-Zor airstrike\nAleppo aid convoy attack\n15th Aleppo offensive\nKhan al-Shih\n1st Idlib inter-rebel conflict\n2nd Western al-Bab\n16th Aleppo offensive\n2nd Raqqa campaign\n17th Aleppo offensive\n4th Palmyra\nWadi Barada\n1st Syrian Desert\nAzaz bombings\n5th Palmyra\n4th Deir ez-Zor offensive\n18th Aleppo offensive\n2nd Idlib inter-rebel conflict\n7th Daraa\nQaboun\n8th Daraa\nvteCollapse of the Islamic State in Syria (Feb. – Nov. 2017)\nEastern Homs offensive\nal-Jina mosque\n6th Hama offensive\nTabqa\nKhan Shaykhun\nUS Shayrat strike\nAleppo bus bombing\nApril 2017 Turkish airstrikes\n2nd East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict\n2nd Syrian Desert\nMaskanah\nEast Hama\n2nd Raqqa\n9th Daraa\nSouthern Raqqa\nIranian Deir ez-Zor strike\nJa'din\nJobar\n5th Quneitra\nCentral Syria\n3rd Idlib inter-rebel conflict\n4th Qalamoun\nDeir ez-Zor (2017–2019)\n2nd Eastern Syria\nDeir ez-Zor city\nEuphrates Crossing\nMayadin\n2nd Abu Kamal\n7th Hama offensive\nvteRebels in retreat and Operation Olive Branch(Nov. 2017 – Sep. 2018)\n3rd Northwestern Syria\nEastern Syria insurgency\nAtarib\nHarasta\nBeit Jinn\n3rd Syrian Desert\n5th Deir ez-Zor offensive\n1st Southern Damascus\nOlive Branch\nAfrin\nSDF insurgency\nKhasham\nFeb 2018 Israel–Syria incident\n10th Rif Dimashq (Douma)\n4th Idlib inter-rebel conflict\n2nd Southern Damascus\nU.S.-led missile strikes\nNorthern Homs\n2nd Eastern Qalamoun\n3rd Southern Damascus\nDeir ez-Zor SAA-SDF clashes\nHouse of Cards\n1st As-Suwayda\n2nd Southern Syria\n2nd As-Suwayda\n3rd As-Suwayda\n2nd Qamishli\nvteIdlib demilitarization(Sep. 2018 – April 2019)\nIdlib demilitarization\n5th Idlib inter-rebel conflict\nSep. 2018 missile strikes\nIranian Eastern Euphrates strike\nNorthern border clashes\nDaraa insurgency\nManbij bombing\nBaghuz Fawqani\nU.S. airstrike\nvteFirst Idlib offensive, Operation Peace Spring, & Second Idlib offensive (April 2019 – March 2020)\n4th Northwestern\nTell Rifaat\nRaqqa & Azaz\nHass\n2nd Israeli missile strikes\nPeace Spring (2nd Ras al-Ayn)\nKayla Mueller\nNorthern bombings\n3rd Israeli missile strikes\nQah\n5th Northwestern\nBalyun\nSpring Shield\n2nd U.S. missile strikes\n10th Daraa\nvteIdlib ceasefire (March 2020 – present)\n6th Idlib inter-rebel conflict\nAyn Issa\nQamishli & Al-Hasakah\n4th Israeli missile strikes\n3rd Qamishli\n11th Daraa\n7th Idlib inter-rebel conflict\n3rd Al-Hasakah city\n1st Aleppo inter-rebel conflict\nJabal al-Bishrī\n2nd Aleppo inter-rebel conflict\nClaw-Sword\nNorthwestern clashes\n3rd U.S. missile strikes\n2nd Northern clashes\nDeir ez-Zor (2023)\n3rd Northern clashes\nHoms drone strike\nIsrael–Hezbollah conflict (Iranian consulate airstrike)\nFebruary 2024 airstrikes\nvteSyrian War spillover and international incidents\nLebanon spillover\nLebanese–Syrian border\nSidon\nIranian embassy bombing\nNorth Lebanon clashes\n\nSyrian–Turkish border incidents\nTurkish F4 shootdown\nReyhanlı bombings\nTurkish occupation of northern Syria\nKurdish riots\n\nJordanian–Syrian border incidents\n\nIsraeli–Syrian ceasefire line\nFebruary 2018 incident\nMay 2018 incident\n\nIraqi–Syrian border incidents\nAkashat\nal-Shabah\nWestern Nineveh\nWestern Iraq\n\nSpillover in Iran\n2017 Tehran attacks\n2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike\n2024 Iranian airstrikes in Syria\n\nSpillover in Turkey\nRussian Su-24 shootdown\nAndrei Karlov\nBalyun airstrikes\nKafr Takharim airstrikes\n\nIran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict\n\n\nSpillover in Europe\nvteForeign involvement in the Syrian civil warForeign intervention on behalf of Syrian Arab Republic\nRussian involvement\n2015 military intervention\nIranian intervention\n2017 missile strike\nIran–Israel conflict\n2012 Hezbollah involvement\nForeign intervention in behalf of Syrian rebels\n\nForeign rebel fighters\nTurkish involvement\nTurkey–Islamic State conflict\nTomb of Suleyman Shah relocation\nEuphrates Shield\n2017 airstrikes\nIdlib Governorate operation\nAfrin operation\n2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria\nIsrael's role\nU.S.-led intervention against ISIL\n\nU.S.-led Intervention\nTimeline\nList of attacks\n2014 rescue operation\nMay 2015 raid\n2017 missile strikes\nQatari involvement\nJordanian intervention\nOperation Martyr Muath\nLebanon's role\nSaudi involvement\nApril 2018 missile strikes\nDutch involvement\nGerman intervention\nFrench intervention\nAustralian intervention\nUK interventionvteRif Dimashq campaign(Syrian civil war)\n1st Rif Dimashq\n1st Zabadani\n1st Douma\n1st Damascus\nMID bombing\n2nd Rif Dimashq\n1st Darayya\n3rd Rif Dimashq\n2nd Darayya\nDarayya & Muadamiyat\n1st Yarmouk\n2nd Damascus\n4th Rif Dimashq\nEastern Ghouta\nJdaidet al-Fadl\nGhouta\nMa'loula\n5th Rif Dimashq\n1st Qalamoun\nAdra\nAl-Otaiba\nAl-Malihah\n2nd Qalamoun\nArsal\n6th Rif Dimashq\n2nd Yarmouk\n3rd Qalamoun\n2nd Zabadani\n2nd Douma\n7th Rif Dimashq\nSayyidah Zaynab\nAl-Dumayr\n8th Rif Dimashq\n1st East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict\n9th Rif Dimashq\n1st Eastern Qalamoun\nKhan al-Shih\nWadi Barada\n1st Syrian Desert\nQaboun\n2nd East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict\n2nd Syrian Desert\nJobar\n4th Qalamoun\nHarasta\nBeit Jinn\n1st Southern Damascus\n10th Rif Dimashq\nDouma\n2nd Southern Damascus\n2nd Eastern Qalamoun\n3rd Southern DamascusThe Beit Jinn offensive was a military operation by the Syrian Arab Army against opposition groups in the Western Ghouta area, starting on 28 November 2017.","title":"Beit Jinn offensive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)"},{"link_name":"Wadi Barada offensive (2016–17)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%9317)"},{"link_name":"Khan al-Shih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_al-Shih"},{"link_name":"Wadi Barada valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barada"},{"link_name":"Madaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaya,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Zabadani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabadani"},{"link_name":"Beit Jinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Jinn"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syrian_Iranian-1"}],"text":"See also: Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016) and Wadi Barada offensive (2016–17)After successes of the Syrian Army in capturing Khan al-Shih and Wadi Barada valley pockets, and reconciliation agreements in Madaya and Zabadani, Beit Jinn remained the last holdout of opposition forces in Western Ghouta.[12] The area is to the north of a de-escalation zone in southern Syria agreed in July between Russia and the United States.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"The offensive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beit Jinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Jinn"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-syriahr79565-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Capture of Tal Bardiyah","text":"On 28 November, government forces captured the eastern side of the strategic Bardiyah mountain chain in the besieged Beit Jinn pocket, southwest of Damascus and near the Golan Heights, which is controlled by rebel fighters.[13] Subsequently, there were competing claims between pro-government and pro-opposition sources on whether the rebels recaptured most of the positions they had lost or not.[5][14] The mountain was fully captured by the Army two days later.[15][16]Helicopter strikes were halted in the area until the end of the offensive.[17]","title":"The offensive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Maghar Al-Mir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghar_al-Mir"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Beit Saber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Saber"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-almasdarnews.com-10"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-closes_in-31"}],"sub_title":"Battle for the hills","text":"In the morning of 11 December, at 9:30 am, the Syrian army began operations in Western Ghouta to ensure fire control over Beit Jinn. Members of the 42nd Armoured Brigade of the 4th Armoured Division, the Syrian Arab Army, launched fierce artillery attacks on rebel positions. Heavy fighting began in Maghar Al-Mir, triggering attacks from several shots of shelling with IRAM missiles.[18][19] During the fighting, the military captured two hills near Tal Bardiyah.[20] The next day, the Syrian army begun the process of isolating rebel-held Maghar Al-Mir[21] and managed to capture two more hilltops.[22]On 14 December, led by the 42nd Armoured Brigade, the Syrian Arab Army launched a major offensive against rebels on the tallest hilltop in the area, Tal Al-Bayda. They managed to successfully capture the area, after rebels pulled back to the west. The Syrian Army's next goal was to divide the rebel pocket in half.[23]The following day, the Syrian Army continued its main offensive, managing to impose total control over Tal al-Ahmar, after losing the hilltop two days earlier during a rebel counter-attack. By taking over positions around Tal al-Ahmara, the Syrian Army asserted fire-control over the roadway that connects the towns of Beit Saber and Maghar al-Mir.[24] By 16 December, the pocket was nearly cut in half after more government advances through the hills.[25][26][10]As of 17 December, the Army was within 500 meters of Maghar al-Mir on its eastern side.[27] Between 18 and 19 December, after capturing parts of a new hill,[28][29] the rebel pocket was divided by artillery fire.[30] By 21 December, Beit Jinn was completely isolated.[31]","title":"The offensive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Hezbollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-closes_in-31"},{"link_name":"Idlib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranian_proxies-2"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Rebel surrender","text":"On 22 December, the Army captured a farm area south of Mazaraat Beit Jinn.[32][33] Two days later, pro-government forces started the third phase of their offensive.[34] SAA, Hezbollah and Iranian-backed Shia and Druze militias encircled Maghar Al-Mir and advanced towards Beit Jinn, assisted by heavy aerial strikes.[35]On 25 December, after pro-government forces captured more areas, negotiations started for the rebels to surrender.[36][31] The next day, pro-government forces gave an ultimatum to the rebels – either surrender or face military defeat. The rebels were given 72 hours to surrender and either go to the rebel-held Idlib province or stay and reach a settlement.[2] The evacuation began on 29 December, with rebels leaving for rebel-held Idlib province and rebel-held parts of Daraa province.[37] The first buses arrived at their destination the next day with around 230 fighters and family members.[38][39]As the rebels retreated from the Beit Jinn area, the Army started taking over their former positions. Thus, on 2 January 2018, the military took control of the so-called ‘Red Hills’ following the rebel's withdrawal. The rebels used the hilltop chain to shell and conduct raids against a nearby government-held town.[40] In early January, the Syrian army and its allies made advances in 3 villages of Beit Jinn.[41] By the end of the day, the military took full control of the Beit Jinn area and their offensive concluded.[42]On 20 March 2018, it was reported that the last of the rebels left the Beit Jinn area the previous week, leaving the Syrian Arab Army in full control of the area, including the hilltops overlooking the town.[43]","title":"The offensive"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Al-Khalidi, Suleiman. \"Syrian army and Iranian proxies demand surrender of rebels near Israel border\". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171227235717/https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKBN1EK1G4","url_text":"\"Syrian army and Iranian proxies demand surrender of rebels near Israel border\""},{"url":"https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKBN1EK1G4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (2 January 2018). \"Beit Jann: Myths and Reality\". Syria Comment. Retrieved 11 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/beit-jann-myths-and-reality/","url_text":"\"Beit Jann: Myths and Reality\""}]},{"reference":"\"SW. Damascus: facing assault by government forces, Union of Mt Hermon Forces announces destruction of 2 tanks and one Shilka with ATGMs. - Map of Syrian Civil War - Syria news today - syria.liveuamap.com\". Map of Syrian Civil War - Syria news today - syria.liveuamap.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://syria.liveuamap.com/en/2017/18-october-sw-damascus-facing-assault-by-government-forces","url_text":"\"SW. Damascus: facing assault by government forces, Union of Mt Hermon Forces announces destruction of 2 tanks and one Shilka with ATGMs. - Map of Syrian Civil War - Syria news today - syria.liveuamap.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clashes continue southwest of Rif Dimashq between the factions and Hayyaat Tahrir al-Sham against the regime forces\". SOHR.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=79565","url_text":"\"Clashes continue southwest of Rif Dimashq between the factions and Hayyaat Tahrir al-Sham against the regime forces\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"فوج الجولان\" و\"صقور القنيطرة\" صراع خلفه \"جمعية البستان\"؟\" [\"The Golan Regiment\" and \"Hawks of Quneitra\" conflict behind the \"Bustan Society\"]. Almodon. 22 December 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.almodon.com/arabworld/2017/12/22/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B5%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B0","url_text":"\"\"فوج الجولان\" و\"صقور القنيطرة\" صراع خلفه \"جمعية البستان\"؟\""}]},{"reference":"\"Syrian Army rocket scores deadly hit killing entire group of jihadists including top commander\". 20 December 2017. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180707183808/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-rocket-scores-deadly-hit-killing-entire-group-jihadists-including-top-commander/","url_text":"\"Syrian Army rocket scores deadly hit killing entire group of jihadists including top commander\""},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-rocket-scores-deadly-hit-killing-entire-group-jihadists-including-top-commander/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Syrian Army kills Maldivi rebel commander in west Damascus\". 25 December 2017. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180207183042/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-kills-maldivi-rebel-commander-west-damascus/","url_text":"\"Syrian Army kills Maldivi rebel commander in west Damascus\""},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-kills-maldivi-rebel-commander-west-damascus/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Elite Syrian troops sent to crush Al-Qaeda pocket near Israeli border once and for all\". 19 October 2017. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171025151304/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/elite-syrian-troops-sent-crush-al-qaeda-pocket-near-israeli-border/","url_text":"\"Elite Syrian troops sent to crush Al-Qaeda pocket near Israeli border once and for all\""},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/elite-syrian-troops-sent-crush-al-qaeda-pocket-near-israeli-border/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jihadists in desperation mode as Syrian Army troops capture more ground near Golan Heights\". 16 December 2017. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180717221018/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadists-desperation-mode-syrian-army-troops-capture-ground-near-golan-heights/","url_text":"\"Jihadists in desperation mode as Syrian Army troops capture more ground near Golan Heights\""},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadists-desperation-mode-syrian-army-troops-capture-ground-near-golan-heights/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Waters, Gregory (3 October 2018). \"Fifteen Months of Death: Pro-Government Casualties of the Syrian Civil War\". bellingcat. Retrieved 4 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2018/10/03/fifteen-months-death-pro-government-casualties-syrian-civil-war/","url_text":"\"Fifteen Months of Death: Pro-Government Casualties of the Syrian Civil War\""}]},{"reference":"\"Syrian rebels near Israel border ordered to surrender by regime forces\". The Times of Israel.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/syrian-rebels-near-israel-border-ordered-to-surrender-by-regime-forces/","url_text":"\"Syrian rebels near Israel border ordered to surrender by regime forces\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel","url_text":"The Times of Israel"}]},{"reference":"\"Syrian Army Establishes Control over Eastern Chain of Bardaia Hill in Damascus Countryside\". Al-Manar. Retrieved 1 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.almanar.com.lb/394953","url_text":"\"Syrian Army Establishes Control over Eastern Chain of Bardaia Hill in Damascus Countryside\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Manar","url_text":"Al-Manar"}]},{"reference":"\"Graphic pictures: Nusra corpses pile up as Syrian Army hones in on strategic town in west Damascus\". Al-Masdar. 29 November 2017. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180312111506/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/graphic-pictures-nusra-corpses-pile-syrian-army-hones-strategic-town-west-damascus/","url_text":"\"Graphic pictures: Nusra corpses pile up as Syrian Army hones in on strategic town in west Damascus\""},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/graphic-pictures-nusra-corpses-pile-syrian-army-hones-strategic-town-west-damascus/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Breaking: Syrian Army achieves major breakthrough near Golan Heights\". Al-Masdar. 30 November 2017. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171227054519/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-syrian-army-achieves-major-breakthrough-near-golan-heights/","url_text":"\"Breaking: Syrian Army achieves major breakthrough near Golan Heights\""},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-syrian-army-achieves-major-breakthrough-near-golan-heights/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Helicopters continue shelling the southwestern countryside of Rif Dimashq and the regime forces managed to advance in hills in the area and rebel attacks the factions to restore areas they lost\". SOHR.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=79686","url_text":"\"Helicopters continue shelling the southwestern countryside of Rif Dimashq and the regime forces managed to advance in hills in the area and rebel attacks the factions to restore areas they lost\""}]},{"reference":"\"Preparations take place in the southwestern Rif Dimashq to start transporting the fighters, their families and those who reject the agreement towards the Syrian North and South\". SOHR. Retrieved 1 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=81655","url_text":"\"Preparations take place in the southwestern Rif Dimashq to start transporting the fighters, their families and those who reject the agreement towards the Syrian North and South\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jihadists hold on for dear life as Syrian Army advances near occupied Golan Heights: map\". AMN - Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز. 2017-12-11. Archived from the original on 2017-12-21. Retrieved 2017-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171221190730/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadists-hold-dear-life-syrian-army-advances-near-occupied-golan-heights-map/","url_text":"\"Jihadists hold on for dear life as Syrian Army advances near occupied Golan Heights: map\""},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadists-hold-dear-life-syrian-army-advances-near-occupied-golan-heights-map/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Syrian Army scores big advance near occupied Golan Heights\". AMN - Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز. 2017-12-11. Archived from the original on 2017-12-16. Retrieved 2017-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171216220033/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-scores-big-advance-near-occupied-golan-heights/","url_text":"\"Syrian Army scores big advance near occupied Golan Heights\""},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-scores-big-advance-near-occupied-golan-heights/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The regime forces continue targeting areas southwest of Rif Dimashq\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=80339","url_text":"\"The regime forces continue targeting areas southwest of Rif Dimashq\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jihadist rebels on last legs in Beit Jinn as Israel watches from the Golan Heights\". AMN - Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز. 2017-12-12. Archived from the original on 2017-12-21. Retrieved 2017-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171221143444/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadist-rebels-last-legs-beit-jinn-israel-watches-golan-heights/","url_text":"\"Jihadist rebels on last legs in Beit Jinn as Israel watches from the Golan Heights\""},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadist-rebels-last-legs-beit-jinn-israel-watches-golan-heights/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fighting continues in the southwestern Rif Dimashq with exchange of targeting and shelling\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=80368","url_text":"\"Fighting continues in the southwestern Rif Dimashq with exchange of targeting and shelling\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jihadist rebels on last legs in Beit Jinn as Israel watches from the Golan Heights\". AMN - Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز. 2017-12-14. Archived from the original on 2017-12-21. Retrieved 2017-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171221145917/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-syrian-army-captures-ground-near-occupied-golan-heights/","url_text":"\"Jihadist rebels on last legs in Beit Jinn as Israel watches from the Golan Heights\""},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-syrian-army-captures-ground-near-occupied-golan-heights/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jihadist rebels in serious trouble near the Golan Heights as SAA troops capture more ground\". AMN - Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز. 2017-12-15. Archived from the original on 2017-12-21. Retrieved 2017-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171221190718/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadist-rebels-serious-trouble-near-golan-heights-saa-troops-capture-ground/","url_text":"\"Jihadist rebels in serious trouble near the Golan Heights as SAA troops capture more ground\""},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadist-rebels-serious-trouble-near-golan-heights-saa-troops-capture-ground/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Latest battle update from the Golan Heights region: map\". Al-Masdar. 16 December 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171221190831/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/latest-battle-update-golan-heights-region-map/","url_text":"\"Latest battle update from the Golan Heights region: map\""},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/latest-battle-update-golan-heights-region-map/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The regime forces continue their violent attack near the Lebanese border and close to the border with the occupied Golan and minimize the factions' scope of control in the area\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=80707","url_text":"\"The regime forces continue their violent attack near the Lebanese border and close to the border with the occupied Golan and minimize the factions' scope of control in the area\""}]},{"reference":"\"Video: Al Qaeda in West Damascus pocket on brink of being squashed\". AMN - Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز. 2017-12-17. Archived from the original on 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2017-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051518/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/al-qaeda-west-damascus-pocket-brink-squashed/","url_text":"\"Video: Al Qaeda in West Damascus pocket on brink of being squashed\""},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/al-qaeda-west-damascus-pocket-brink-squashed/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The regime forces make a new advancement south of Rif Dimashq and advancement to control more areas\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=80897","url_text":"\"The regime forces make a new advancement south of Rif Dimashq and advancement to control more areas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Syrian Army makes potential last push to capture jihadist pocket near Golan Heights\". Al-Masdar. 19 December 2017. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171228012458/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-makes-potential-last-push-capture-jihadist-pocket-near-golan-heights/","url_text":"\"Syrian Army makes potential last push to capture jihadist pocket near Golan Heights\""},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-makes-potential-last-push-capture-jihadist-pocket-near-golan-heights/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"After a violent military campaign and hundreds of shells, the regime forces and their allies divide the besieged circle near the occupied Syrian Golan\". SOHR.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=80959","url_text":"\"After a violent military campaign and hundreds of shells, the regime forces and their allies divide the besieged circle near the occupied Syrian Golan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Map update: Syrian Army reaches gates of key town in Damascus slaughtering militant ranks along the way\". Al-Masdar News. 22 December 2017. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171227235336/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/map-update-syrian-army-reaches-gates-key-town-damascus-slaughtering-militant-ranks-along-way/","url_text":"\"Map update: Syrian Army reaches gates of key town in Damascus slaughtering militant ranks along the way\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Masdar_News","url_text":"Al-Masdar News"},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/map-update-syrian-army-reaches-gates-key-town-damascus-slaughtering-militant-ranks-along-way/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Syrian, Iranian backed forces advance in border area near Israel\". 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Retrieved 6 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/opinion/beit-jinn-syria-between-israels-dilemma-and-irans-opportunity-532982","url_text":"\"Beit Jinn, Syria – between Israel's dilemma and Iran's opportunity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Syrian Army in full control of Beit Jinn area after last militants leave\". Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bentley_(historian) | Michael Bentley (historian) | ["1 Early life and career","2 Critical reaction","3 Personal life","4 Works","5 References","6 Further reading"] | English historian (born 1948)
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Michael BentleyFRHistSBornMichael John Bentley (1948-08-12) 12 August 1948 (age 75)Rotherham, EnglandSpouses
Jane Fisher
(m. 1970; div. 1994)
Sarah Foot (m. 2002)Academic backgroundAlma materUniversity of SheffieldSt John's College, CambridgeInfluencesMaurice CowlingAcademic workDisciplineHistorySub-disciplineLate-modern British political historySchool or traditionPeterhouse schoolInstitutionsUniversity of SheffieldUniversity of St AndrewsSt Hugh's College, Oxford
Michael John Bentley FRHistS (born 12 August 1948) is an English historian of British politics in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He is Emeritus Professor of Modern History at the University of St Andrews and is currently Senior Research Fellow in History at St Hugh's College, Oxford. He is the biographer of the historian Herbert Butterfield, a former Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge.
Early life and career
Bentley was born in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, in 1948, the son of Peter and Jessie Bentley. He attended the University of Sheffield, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history in 1969, before proceeding to postgraduate study at St John's College, Cambridge.
From 1977 to 1995 Bentley taught history at Sheffield. He then moved to the University of St Andrews, where he was appointed Professor of Modern History; he is now Emeritus. As of 2021, he is Senior Research Fellow and Stipendiary Lecturer in History at St Hugh's College, Oxford. In 2011 he was made a fellow of the Royal Historical Society.
Critical reaction
Boyd Hilton has called Bentley's Politics Without Democracy 1815–1914 "a wonderfully 'inside' account of life at the top", whilst K. Theodore Hoppen claims the book "provides an interesting (if allusive) study of attitudes".
Personal life
Bentley is married to the historian Sarah Foot.
Works
The Liberal Mind, 1914–1929 (1977)
High and Low Politics in Modern Britain: Ten Studies (edited, with John Stevenson; 1983).
Politics Without Democracy, 1815–1914 (1984, 1996)
The Climax of Liberal Politics (1987)
Companion to Historiography (1997)
Modern Historiography: An Introduction (1998)
Lord Salisbury's World (2001)
Modernizing England's Past: English Historiography in the Age of Modernism, 1870–1970 (The Wiles Lectures) (2006)
The Life and Thought of Herbert Butterfield: History, Science and God (2011)
References
^ Reba Soffer (2008). History, Historians, and Conservatism in Britain and America: The Great War to Thatcher and Reagan. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-19-920811-1.
^ a b 'BENTLEY, Michael (John) 1948-'. encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
^ a b "Michael John Bentley". University of St Andrews - Research at St Andrews. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
^ 'Professor Michael Bentley'. St Hugh's College, Oxford. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
^ Haslam, Jonathan (15 July 2011). "The Life and Thought of Herbert Butterfield by Michael Bentley – review". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
^ 'Professor Michael Bentley'. St Hugh's College, Oxford. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
^ Boyd Hilton, A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People? England. 1783–1846 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006), p. 705.
^ K. Theodore Hoppen, The Mid-Victorian Generation. 1846–1886 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), p. 726.
^ "Foot, Rev. Canon Prof. Sarah Rosamund Irvine, (born 23 Feb. 1961), Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History, University of Oxford, since 2007". Who's Who 2020. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
Further reading
Middleton, Alex. "'High Politics' and Its Intellectual Contexts." Parliamentary History 40.1 (2021): 168–191. online
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This article about an English historian or genealogist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRHistS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encylopedia-2"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"Emeritus Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeritus_Professor"},{"link_name":"University of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrews-3"},{"link_name":"St Hugh's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Hugh%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Herbert Butterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield"},{"link_name":"Peterhouse, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterhouse,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Michael John Bentley FRHistS (born 12 August 1948)[2] is an English historian of British politics in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He is Emeritus Professor of Modern History at the University of St Andrews[3] and is currently Senior Research Fellow in History at St Hugh's College, Oxford.[4] He is the biographer of the historian Herbert Butterfield, a former Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge.[5]","title":"Michael Bentley (historian)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotherham, South Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham,_South_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"University of Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encylopedia-2"},{"link_name":"St Hugh's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Hugh%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Royal Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrews-3"}],"text":"Bentley was born in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, in 1948, the son of Peter and Jessie Bentley. He attended the University of Sheffield, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history in 1969, before proceeding to postgraduate study at St John's College, Cambridge.[2]From 1977 to 1995 Bentley taught history at Sheffield. He then moved to the University of St Andrews, where he was appointed Professor of Modern History; he is now Emeritus. As of 2021, he is Senior Research Fellow and Stipendiary Lecturer in History at St Hugh's College, Oxford.[6] In 2011 he was made a fellow of the Royal Historical Society.[3]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boyd Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd_Hilton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Boyd Hilton has called Bentley's Politics Without Democracy 1815–1914 \"a wonderfully 'inside' account of life at the top\",[7] whilst K. Theodore Hoppen claims the book \"provides an interesting (if allusive) study of attitudes\".[8]","title":"Critical reaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarah Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Foot"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Bentley is married to the historian Sarah Foot.[9]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Liberal Mind, 1914–1929 (1977)\nHigh and Low Politics in Modern Britain: Ten Studies (edited, with John Stevenson; 1983).\nPolitics Without Democracy, 1815–1914 (1984, 1996)\nThe Climax of Liberal Politics (1987)\nCompanion to Historiography (1997)\nModern Historiography: An Introduction (1998)\nLord Salisbury's World (2001)\nModernizing England's Past: English Historiography in the Age of Modernism, 1870–1970 (The Wiles Lectures) (2006)\nThe Life and Thought of Herbert Butterfield: History, Science and God (2011)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:OnhD9PAozoEJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=1,27&scillfp=16924925857931944890&oi=lle"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6828587#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000121032931"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/97668530"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhd7YhWfdXRpcwFrKjDMP"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX934282"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12036417b"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12036417b"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514370106706"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/132490412"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258541905171"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14474382"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n82220604"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2012703876&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070593213"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810624087905606"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/028551079"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gibbon.jpg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Bentley_(historian)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:England-historian-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:England-historian-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:England-historian-stub"}],"text":"Middleton, Alex. \"'High Politics' and Its Intellectual Contexts.\" Parliamentary History 40.1 (2021): 168–191. onlineAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nCatalonia\nGermany\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nNetherlands\nPoland\nOther\nIdRefThis article about an English historian or genealogist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Reba Soffer (2008). History, Historians, and Conservatism in Britain and America: The Great War to Thatcher and Reagan. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-19-920811-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reba_Soffer","url_text":"Reba Soffer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920811-1","url_text":"978-0-19-920811-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael John Bentley\". University of St Andrews - Research at St Andrews. Retrieved 7 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://risweb.st-andrews.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/michael-john-bentley%28d0aba7ce-6d3d-4bc8-b408-310fa86c1912%29.html","url_text":"\"Michael John Bentley\""}]},{"reference":"Haslam, Jonathan (15 July 2011). \"The Life and Thought of Herbert Butterfield by Michael Bentley – review\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/15/life-herbert-butterfield-michael-bentley-review","url_text":"\"The Life and Thought of Herbert Butterfield by Michael Bentley – review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"Foot, Rev. Canon Prof. Sarah Rosamund Irvine, (born 23 Feb. 1961), Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History, University of Oxford, since 2007\". Who's Who 2020. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U245083","url_text":"\"Foot, Rev. Canon Prof. Sarah Rosamund Irvine, (born 23 Feb. 1961), Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History, University of Oxford, since 2007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_2020","url_text":"Who's Who 2020"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Michael+Bentley%22+historian","external_links_name":"\"Michael Bentley\" historian"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Michael+Bentley%22+historian+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Michael+Bentley%22+historian&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Michael+Bentley%22+historian+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Michael+Bentley%22+historian","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Michael+Bentley%22+historian&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/bentley-michael-john-1948","external_links_name":"'BENTLEY, Michael (John) 1948-'"},{"Link":"https://risweb.st-andrews.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/michael-john-bentley%28d0aba7ce-6d3d-4bc8-b408-310fa86c1912%29.html","external_links_name":"\"Michael John Bentley\""},{"Link":"https://www.st-hughs.ox.ac.uk/people/professor-michael-bentley/","external_links_name":"'Professor Michael Bentley'"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/15/life-herbert-butterfield-michael-bentley-review","external_links_name":"\"The Life and Thought of Herbert Butterfield by Michael Bentley – review\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://www.st-hughs.ox.ac.uk/people/professor-michael-bentley/","external_links_name":"'Professor Michael Bentley'"},{"Link":"http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U245083","external_links_name":"\"Foot, Rev. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Competent_(AFDM-6) | USS Competent (AFDM-6) | ["1 Construction and career","2 Awards","3 References","4 External links"] | AFDM-3-class dry dock of the United States Navy
For other ships with the same name, see USS Competent.
USS AFDM-6 and USS Higbee
History
United States
NameCompetent
NamesakeCompetent
BuilderEverett Pacific Shipbuilding Co.
Acquired1 June 1944
CommissionedJune 1944
DecommissionedAugust 1997
ReclassifiedAFDM-6, 1945
Stricken21 August 1997
HomeportPearl Harbor
Identification
Callsign: NBHD
Hull number: YFD-62
Honors andawardsSee Awards
FateTransferred to PT Arpeni Pratama
StatusOperational in Batam, Riau Islands
General characteristics
Class and typeAFDM-3-class floating drydock
Displacement8,000 t (7,874 long tons)
Length552 ft 10 in (168.50 m)
Beam124 ft 0 in (37.80 m)
Draft7–15 ft (2.1–4.6 m)
Installed power1,600 hp (1,193 kW)
Speed22.9 knots (42.4 km/h; 26.4 mph)
Complement4 officers, 146 enlisted
USS Competent (AFDM-6), (former YFD-62), was an AFDM-3-class floating dry dock built in 1943 and operated by the United States Navy.
Construction and career
YFD-62 Auxiliary floating drydock was built at the Everett Pacific Shipbuilding Shipyard, in Everett, Washington in 1944. She was commissioned in June 1944.
In 1945, the dry dock was re-designated as AFDM-6.
In 1968, USS Wandank (ATA-204) performed island survey duties in the Western Carolinas and subsequently helped to search for AFDM-6 which had broken loose from her civilian tow vessel.
USS Carpenter (DD-825) while steaming towards Subic Bay that day, the crew discovered several leaks in the ship's hull. Moving immediately into dry dock AFDM-6 at Subic Bay, the rusted plating was repaired by work crews and Carpenter returned to Yankee Station on 5 November 1971. In 1972, the USS Higbee (DDR-806) was dry docked after being the first ship to be bombed during the Vietnam War. From 14 to 22 August 1975, USS Bronstein (FF-1037) returned to Subic Bay to have a hole in her shaft repaired while on the blocks in AFDM-6. In 1979, she as given the name Competent.
On 16 February 1981, USS Barbel (SS-580) moved into Competent at Pearl Harbor for a two-week drydock period. On 16 January 1984, USS Aspro (SSN-648) entered the floating drydock Competent for a restricted availability. USS Los Angeles (SSN-688) was dry docked from 9 May until 1 July 1986. From 20 May until 24 June 1987, the USS Bremerton (SSN-698) underwent dry docking inside Competent. On 1 March 1988, Los Angeles was again dry docked for Selected Restricted Availability and undocked on 11 May.
Bremerton started the year 1995 in drydock aboard the Competent. She was decommissioned in August 1997 and later stricken from the Naval Register on 21 August. The dry dock was donated to a private company to be used in Kalaeloa. LAter sold to PT Arpeni Pratama Ocean Line to be operated in Batam, Indonesia.
Awards
American Campaign Medal
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
World War II Victory Medal
National Defense Service Medal
Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation
Navy Battle "E" Ribbon (6 awards)
References
^ "Competent (AFDM-6)". Naval Vessel Register. 6 October 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
^ a b c d e f "Auxiliary Floating Dry Dock (ARD)". www.navsource.org. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
^ "Wandank II (ATA-204)". NHHC. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
^ "Carpenter (DD-825)". NHHC. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
^ U.S. Navy All Hands magazine. October 1972. p. 30.
^ "Bronstein II (FF-1037)". NHHC. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
^ "Barbel II (SS-580)". NHHC. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
^ "Aspro II (SSN-648)". NHHC. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
^ "ANNUAL COMMAND HISTORY" (PDF). Commanding Officer, USS LOS ANGELES (SSN 688): Encl (2). 1986.
^ "COMMAND HISTORY (OPNAV5750-1)" (PDF). Commanding Officer, USS BREMERTON (SSN 698): Encl (2). 1987.
^ "ANNUAL COMMAND HISTORY" (PDF). Commanding Officer, USS LOS ANGELES (SSN 688): Encl (3). 1988.
^ "COMMAND HISTORY (OPNAV 5750-1)" (PDF). Commanding Officer, USS BREMERTON (SSN 698): Encl (3).
External links
NavSource: AFDM-6
Naval Vessel Register: Competent (AFDM-6) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Competent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Competent"},{"link_name":"AFDM-3-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFDM-3-class_medium_auxiliary_floating_dry_dock"},{"link_name":"floating dry dock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_dry_dock"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Competent.USS Competent (AFDM-6), (former YFD-62), was an AFDM-3-class floating dry dock built in 1943 and operated by the United States Navy.[1]","title":"USS Competent (AFDM-6)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Auxiliary floating drydock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_floating_drydock"},{"link_name":"Everett Pacific Shipbuilding Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett-Pacific_Shipbuilding_%26_Dry_Dock_Company"},{"link_name":"Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioned_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"USS Wandank (ATA-204)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wandank_(ATA-204)"},{"link_name":"Western Carolinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolinas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"USS Carpenter (DD-825)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Subic Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic_Bay"},{"link_name":"Subic Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Base_Subic_Bay"},{"link_name":"Yankee Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"USS Higbee (DDR-806)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Higbee"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"USS Bronstein (FF-1037)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Bronstein_(FF-1037)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"USS Barbel (SS-580)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Barbel_(SS-580)"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"USS Aspro (SSN-648)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Aspro_(SSN-648)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"USS Los Angeles (SSN-688)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Los_Angeles_(SSN-688)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"USS Bremerton (SSN-698)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Bremerton_(SSN-698)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Naval Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Directory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Kalaeloa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaeloa,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Batam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batam"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"YFD-62 Auxiliary floating drydock was built at the Everett Pacific Shipbuilding Shipyard, in Everett, Washington in 1944. She was commissioned in June 1944.[2]In 1945, the dry dock was re-designated as AFDM-6.[2]In 1968, USS Wandank (ATA-204) performed island survey duties in the Western Carolinas and subsequently helped to search for AFDM-6 which had broken loose from her civilian tow vessel.[3]USS Carpenter (DD-825) while steaming towards Subic Bay that day, the crew discovered several leaks in the ship's hull. Moving immediately into dry dock AFDM-6 at Subic Bay, the rusted plating was repaired by work crews and Carpenter returned to Yankee Station on 5 November 1971.[4] In 1972, the USS Higbee (DDR-806) was dry docked after being the first ship to be bombed during the Vietnam War.[5] From 14 to 22 August 1975, USS Bronstein (FF-1037) returned to Subic Bay to have a hole in her shaft repaired while on the blocks in AFDM-6.[6] In 1979, she as given the name Competent.[2]On 16 February 1981, USS Barbel (SS-580) moved into Competent at Pearl Harbor for a two-week drydock period.[7] On 16 January 1984, USS Aspro (SSN-648) entered the floating drydock Competent for a restricted availability.[8] USS Los Angeles (SSN-688) was dry docked from 9 May until 1 July 1986.[9] From 20 May until 24 June 1987, the USS Bremerton (SSN-698) underwent dry docking inside Competent.[10] On 1 March 1988, Los Angeles was again dry docked for Selected Restricted Availability and undocked on 11 May.[11]Bremerton started the year 1995 in drydock aboard the Competent.[12] She was decommissioned in August 1997 and later stricken from the Naval Register on 21 August.[2] The dry dock was donated to a private company to be used in Kalaeloa.[2] LAter sold to PT Arpeni Pratama Ocean Line to be operated in Batam, Indonesia.[2]","title":"Construction and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal"},{"link_name":"Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal"},{"link_name":"World War II Victory Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal"},{"link_name":"National Defense Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritorious_Unit_Commendation"},{"link_name":"Navy Battle \"E\" Ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_E_Ribbon"}],"text":"American Campaign Medal\nAsiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal\nWorld War II Victory Medal\nNational Defense Service Medal\nNavy Meritorious Unit Commendation\nNavy Battle \"E\" Ribbon (6 awards)","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Competent (AFDM-6)\". Naval Vessel Register. 6 October 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nvr.navy.mil/SHIPDETAILS/SHIPSDETAIL_AFDM_6.HTML","url_text":"\"Competent (AFDM-6)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Auxiliary Floating Dry Dock (ARD)\". www.navsource.org. Retrieved 8 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/28/2806.htm","url_text":"\"Auxiliary Floating Dry Dock (ARD)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wandank II (ATA-204)\". NHHC. Retrieved 8 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/w/wandank-ii.html","url_text":"\"Wandank II (ATA-204)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carpenter (DD-825)\". NHHC. Retrieved 8 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/c/carpenter.html","url_text":"\"Carpenter (DD-825)\""}]},{"reference":"U.S. Navy All Hands magazine. October 1972. p. 30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navy.mil/ah_online/department_arch.html","url_text":"U.S. Navy All Hands magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Bronstein II (FF-1037)\". NHHC. Retrieved 8 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/bronstein-ii.html","url_text":"\"Bronstein II (FF-1037)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barbel II (SS-580)\". NHHC. Retrieved 8 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/barbel-ii.html","url_text":"\"Barbel II (SS-580)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aspro II (SSN-648)\". NHHC. Retrieved 8 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/aspro-ii.html","url_text":"\"Aspro II (SSN-648)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ANNUAL COMMAND HISTORY\" (PDF). 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Commanding Officer, USS LOS ANGELES (SSN 688): Encl (3). 1988.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/ship-command-operation-reports/l/los-angeles-ssn-688-iv/1988.pdf","url_text":"\"ANNUAL COMMAND HISTORY\""}]},{"reference":"\"COMMAND HISTORY (OPNAV 5750-1)\" (PDF). Commanding Officer, USS BREMERTON (SSN 698): Encl (3).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/ship-command-operation-reports/b/bremerton-ssn-698-ii/pdf/1995.pdf","url_text":"\"COMMAND HISTORY (OPNAV 5750-1)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nvr.navy.mil/SHIPDETAILS/SHIPSDETAIL_AFDM_6.HTML","external_links_name":"\"Competent (AFDM-6)\""},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/28/2806.htm","external_links_name":"\"Auxiliary Floating Dry Dock (ARD)\""},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/w/wandank-ii.html","external_links_name":"\"Wandank II (ATA-204)\""},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/c/carpenter.html","external_links_name":"\"Carpenter (DD-825)\""},{"Link":"http://www.navy.mil/ah_online/department_arch.html","external_links_name":"U.S. Navy All Hands magazine"},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/bronstein-ii.html","external_links_name":"\"Bronstein II (FF-1037)\""},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/barbel-ii.html","external_links_name":"\"Barbel II (SS-580)\""},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/aspro-ii.html","external_links_name":"\"Aspro II (SSN-648)\""},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/ship-command-operation-reports/l/los-angeles-ssn-688-iv/1986.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ANNUAL COMMAND HISTORY\""},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/ship-command-operation-reports/b/bremerton-ssn-698-ii/pdf/1987.pdf","external_links_name":"\"COMMAND HISTORY (OPNAV5750-1)\""},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/ship-command-operation-reports/l/los-angeles-ssn-688-iv/1988.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ANNUAL COMMAND HISTORY\""},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/ship-command-operation-reports/b/bremerton-ssn-698-ii/pdf/1995.pdf","external_links_name":"\"COMMAND HISTORY (OPNAV 5750-1)\""},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/28/2806.htm","external_links_name":"NavSource: AFDM-6"},{"Link":"https://www.nvr.navy.mil/SHIPDETAILS/SHIPSDETAIL_AFDM_6.HTML","external_links_name":"Naval Vessel Register: Competent (AFDM-6)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Tillinghast_Sisson | Henry Tillinghast Sisson | ["1 Early life","2 Civil War service","3 Post-war life","4 Death and burial","5 References","6 External links"] | American politician
Henry Tillinghast SissonLieutenant governor of Rhode IslandIn office1875–1877GovernorHenry LippittPreceded byCharles C. Van ZandtSucceeded byAlbert Howard
Personal detailsBorn(1831-08-20)August 20, 1831DiedOctober 19, 1910(1910-10-19) (aged 79)Little Compton, Rhode Island, USResting placeUnion Cemetery, Little ComptonPolitical partyRepublicanSpouse(s)Nettie Walworth; Emily Josephine BrownellResidenceLittle Compton, Rhode Island
Henry Tillinghast Sisson (August 20, 1831 – October 19, 1910) was a colonel in the Union Army during the American Civil War, a lieutenant governor of Rhode Island from 1875 to 1877 serving under Governor Henry Lippitt, and inventor and manufacturer of a binder for papers.
Early life
He was a lifelong resident of Little Compton, Rhode Island, and inherited a stone mansion at Sakonnet Point. The mansion was originally built by his father for use as a hotel and recently has been known as the Stone House Inn.
In 1859 Sisson secured patent no. 18904 and in 1859 (reissued 1866) patent no. 23506 for the design of portfolios that used springs and strings to temporarily secure papers in a binder.
Civil War service
Sisson was commissioned as a lieutenant and paymaster for the 1st Rhode Island Detached Militia (aka. 1st Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry Regiment) in May 1861 and served until the regiment was mustered out in August 1861. He participated in the Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861 under General Ambrose Burnside.
In April 1862 he was commissioned as major of the 3rd Rhode Island Heavy Artillery and commanded three companies (B, F and K) of that regiment at the Battle of Secessionville, South Carolina.
On November 5, 1862 he was promoted to colonel and given command of the 5th Rhode Island Infantry which became the 5th Rhode Island Heavy Artillery on May 27, 1863. Colonel Sisson was mustered out of service, along with his regiment, on June 26, 1865.
Post-war life
In 1864, he married Nettie Walworth in New Bern, North Carolina; she died in 1868. He then married Emily Josephine Brownell in 1870; they had four children.
He was elected as a Republican to the office of Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island in 1874 and served from 1875 until 1877.
Death and burial
Sisson's grave
He died at his mansion in Little Compton on October 19, 1910. He was buried in a plot in Union Cemetery, across the street from the historic Commons Cemetery in Little Compton, Rhode Island.
About 1919, a life size statue of Colonel Sisson was unveiled in the cemetery by then Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidge. The bronze statue was designed by Rhode Island sculptor Henri Schonhardt.
American Civil War portal
References
^ a b c d Wilbour, Benjamin Frank (1967). Little Compton Families. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 607. ISBN 9780806347035. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
^ "Artist Biographies: Henri Schonhardt 1875-1953". Bert Gallery. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry Tillinghast Sisson.
"Henry T. Sisson". Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
US patent 23506, H.T. Sisson, "Temporary Binder", issued 1859-04-05
"Henry Tillinghast Sisson's Civil War Pages". Archived from the original on 2011-07-11.
Political offices
Preceded byCharles C. Van Zandt
Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island 1875–1877
Succeeded byAlbert C. Howard
This Rhode Island–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article related to the United States Army is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a person of the American Civil War is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"lieutenant governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governors_of_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Henry Lippitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lippitt"}],"text":"Henry Tillinghast Sisson (August 20, 1831 – October 19, 1910) was a colonel in the Union Army during the American Civil War, a lieutenant governor of Rhode Island from 1875 to 1877 serving under Governor Henry Lippitt, and inventor and manufacturer of a binder for papers.","title":"Henry Tillinghast Sisson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sakonnet Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sakonnet_Point&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"patent no. 18904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US18904"},{"link_name":"patent no. 23506","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US23506"}],"text":"He was a lifelong resident of Little Compton, Rhode Island, and inherited a stone mansion at Sakonnet Point. 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Colonel Sisson was mustered out of service, along with his regiment, on June 26, 1865.","title":"Civil War service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LCF-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LCF-1"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"}],"text":"In 1864, he married Nettie Walworth in New Bern, North Carolina; she died in 1868.[1] He then married Emily Josephine Brownell in 1870; they had four children.[1]He was elected as a Republican to the office of Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island in 1874 and served from 1875 until 1877.","title":"Post-war life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Tillinghast_Sisson_grave_and_statue-full.jpg"},{"link_name":"Commons Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Compton_Common_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Little Compton, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Compton,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LCF-1"},{"link_name":"Calvin Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LCF-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BertGallery-2"},{"link_name":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"}],"text":"Sisson's graveHe died at his mansion in Little Compton on October 19, 1910. He was buried in a plot in Union Cemetery, across the street from the historic Commons Cemetery in Little Compton, Rhode Island.[1]About 1919, a life size statue of Colonel Sisson was unveiled in the cemetery by then Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidge.[1] The bronze statue was designed by Rhode Island sculptor Henri Schonhardt.[2]American Civil War portal","title":"Death and burial"}] | [{"image_text":"Sisson's grave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Henry_Tillinghast_Sisson_grave_and_statue-full.jpg/150px-Henry_Tillinghast_Sisson_grave_and_statue-full.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Wilbour, Benjamin Frank (1967). Little Compton Families. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 607. ISBN 9780806347035. 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Archived from the original on 2011-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711162942/http://www.henrytsisson.com/index.html","url_text":"\"Henry Tillinghast Sisson's Civil War Pages\""},{"url":"http://www.henrytsisson.com/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US18904","external_links_name":"patent no. 18904"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US23506","external_links_name":"patent no. 23506"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A5T3atymDIoC&q=henry+tillinghast+sisson+statue+little+compton&pg=PA607","external_links_name":"Little Compton Families"},{"Link":"http://www.bertgallery.com/gallerycollection/bios/schonhardt.php","external_links_name":"\"Artist Biographies: Henri Schonhardt 1875-1953\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134551/http://www.civilwar.nps.gov/cwss/soldiers.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Henry T. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CE_J%C3%BApiter | CE Júpiter | ["1 Season to season","2 Current squad","3 Famous players","4 References","5 External links"] | This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Football clubJúpiterFull nameClub Esportiu JúpiterFounded1909GroundLa Verneda, Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainCapacity6,000PresidentJoan RiónHead coachJuanjo GarcíaLeague1ª Cat.2018–1910thWebsiteClub website
Home colours
Away colours
Current season
Club Esportiu Júpiter is a Spanish football team based in Barcelona in the district of Sant Martí, in the autonomous community of Catalonia. Founded in 1909, it plays in the Tercera División – Group 5, holding home games at Camp Municipal La Verneda, with a capacity of 6,000 seats.Roman DC
Season to season
Season
Tier
Division
Place
Copa del Rey
1929/30
3
3ª
4th
1930/31
3
3ª
4th
1931/32
3
3ª
6th
1932/33
3
3ª
5th
1933/34
3
3ª
2nd
1934/35
2
2ª
7th
3rd Round
1935/36
2
2ª
7th
1st Round
1940/41
4
1ª Reg.
5th
1941/42
4
1ª Reg.
6th
1942/43
5
1ª Reg. B
5th
1943/44
4
1ª Reg.
1st
1944/45
3
3ª
5th
1945/46
3
3ª
2nd
1946/47
3
3ª
2nd
1947/48
3
3ª
3rd
1948/49
3
3ª
11th
1949/50
3
3ª
13th
1950/51
3
3ª
15th
1951/52
4
1ª Reg.
12th
1952/53
4
1ª Reg.
11th
Season
Tier
Division
Place
Copa del Rey
1953/54
4
1ª Reg.
6th
1954/55
3
3ª
11th
1955/56
3
3ª
11th
1956/57
3
3ª
22nd
1957/58
3
3ª
17th
1958/59
4
1ª Reg.
1st
1959/60
3
3ª
7th
1960/61
3
3ª
8th
1961/62
3
3ª
14th
1962/63
4
1ª Reg.
2nd
1963/64
4
1ª Reg.
3rd
1964/65
4
1ª Reg.
1st
1965/66
3
3ª
17th
1966/67
3
3ª
14th
1967/68
4
1ª Reg.
5th
1968/69
4
Reg. Pref.
3rd
1969/70
4
Reg. Pref.
1st
1970/71
3
3ª
18th
1971/72
4
Reg. Pref.
2nd
1972/73
3
3ª
17th
Season
Tier
Division
Place
Copa del Rey
1973/74
4
Reg. Pref.
12th
1974/75
4
Reg. Pref.
11th
1975/76
4
Reg. Pref.
2nd
1976/77
4
Reg. Pref.
5th
1977/78
4
3ª
12th
1978/79
4
3ª
14th
1979/80
4
3ª
8th
1980/81
4
3ª
6th
1981/82
4
3ª
5th
1982/83
4
3ª
15th
1983/84
4
3ª
10th
1984/85
4
3ª
6th
1985/86
4
3ª
11th
1986/87
4
3ª
6th
1987/88
3
2ªB
20th
1988/89
4
3ª
16th
1989/90
4
3ª
14th
1990/91
4
3ª
12th
1991/92
4
3ª
3rd
1992/93
4
3ª
4th
Season
Tier
Division
Place
Copa del Rey
1993/94
4
3ª
11th
1994/95
4
3ª
10th
1995/96
4
3ª
16th
1996/97
4
3ª
14th
1997/98
4
3ª
20th
1998/99
5
1ª Cat.
5th
1999/00
5
1ª Cat.
2nd
2000/01
4
3ª
16th
2001/02
4
3ª
19th
2002/03
5
1ª Cat.
5th
2003/04
5
1ª Cat.
13th
2004/05
5
1ª Cat.
6th
2005/06
5
1ª Cat.
18th
2006/07
6
Pref. Terr.
9th
2007/08
6
Pref. Terr.
16th
2008/09
7
1ª Terr.
5th
2009/10
7
1ª Terr.
1st
2010/11
6
Pref. Terr.
3rd
2011/12
5
1ª Cat.
2nd
2012/13
4
3ª
18th
Season
Tier
Division
Place
Copa del Rey
2013/14
5
1ª Cat.
7th
2014/15
5
1ª Cat.
1st
2015/16
4
3ª
9th
2016/17
4
3ª
19th
2017/18
5
1ª Cat.
12th
2018/19
5
1ª Cat.
10th
2019/20
5
1ª Cat.
8th
2020/21
5
1ª Cat.
8th
2 seasons in Segunda División
1 season in Segunda División B
46 seasons in Tercera División
Current squad
As of 1 February 2016
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
—
GK
ESP
Jesús Unzué
—
GK
ESP
Víctor Colchero
—
DF
ESP
Adrià Escribano
—
DF
ESP
Sergi Pérez
—
DF
ESP
Jonathan Reina
—
DF
ESP
Ignasi Grifé
—
DF
ESP
Marc Ahufinger
—
DF
ESP
Marc González
—
MF
MAR
Anas El Morabet
—
MF
FRA
Mika
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
—
MF
ESP
Joan Vives
—
MF
ESP
Álex Prat
—
MF
ESP
Xavi Santolalla
—
MF
ESP
Gueri
—
MF
ESP
Eric López
—
MF
ESP
Quim Solano
—
MF
ESP
Josu
—
FW
FRA
Kuku
—
FW
ESP
Pau Darbra
—
FW
ESP
Mechi
Famous players
Crisant Bosch
José Parra
Joaquim Rifé
References
^ http://www.cejupiter.cat/noticies/noticies-primer-equip/163-equip-2019-20
External links
Official website (in Catalan) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Sant Martí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_(district)"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Tercera División – Group 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n"}],"text":"Football clubClub Esportiu Júpiter is a Spanish football team based in Barcelona in the district of Sant Martí, in the autonomous community of Catalonia. Founded in 1909, it plays in the Tercera División – Group 5, holding home games at Camp Municipal La Verneda, with a capacity of 6,000 seats.Roman DC","title":"CE Júpiter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Segunda División B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B"},{"link_name":"Tercera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n"}],"text":"2 seasons in Segunda División\n1 season in Segunda División B\n46 seasons in Tercera División","title":"Season to season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"As of 1 February 2016[1]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Crisant Bosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisant_Bosch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"José Parra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Parra_Mart%C3%ADnez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Joaquim Rifé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim_Rif%C3%A9"}],"text":"Crisant Bosch\n José Parra\n Joaquim Rifé","title":"Famous players"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=CE_J%C3%BApiter&defaults=y","external_links_name":"reFill"},{"Link":"https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=CE_J%C3%BApiter","external_links_name":"Citation bot"},{"Link":"http://www.cejupiter.cat/","external_links_name":"Club website"},{"Link":"http://www.cejupiter.cat/noticies/noticies-primer-equip/163-equip-2019-20","external_links_name":"http://www.cejupiter.cat/noticies/noticies-primer-equip/163-equip-2019-20"},{"Link":"http://www.cejupiter.cat/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurabh_Chaudhary | Saurabh Chaudhary | ["1 Early life","2 Olympic journey","2.1 2018","2.2 2019","2.3 2020","2.4 2021","3 International career","3.1 Youth Olympic Games","3.2 World Championship","3.3 Asian Games","4 World Cup","4.1 10 Meter Air Pistol","4.2 Mixed Team","5 Honours","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Indian sport shooter
Saurabh ChaudharyChaudhary in 2018Personal informationFull nameSaurabh ChaudharyNationalityIndianCitizenshipIndianBorn (2002-05-12) 12 May 2002 (age 22)Kalina, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaHeight5 ft 8 in (173 cm)Weight60 kg (132 lb)Life partnerSingleSportCountryIndiaSportShootingEventAP60 APMIXClubVeer Sahamal Rifle ClubTeamBinauli (Baghpat)Coached byAmit Sheoran
Medal record
Men's shooting
Representing India
Event
1st
2nd
3rd
Olympic Games
-
–
–
Youth Olympic Games
1
–
–
World Championships
1
1
1
World Cup
8
3
2
Asian Games
1
–
–
Asian Championships
–
2
–
Junior World Cup
3
–
–
Total
14
6
3
ISSF World Shooting Championships
2018 Changwon
10m air pistol junior
2018 Changwon
10m air team mens
2018 Changwon
Mixed Team 10m air pistol Junior
ISSF World Cup
2021 New Delhi
10m air pistol men's team
2021 Osijek
10m air pistol men
2021 Osijek
10m air pistol mixed team
2021 New Delhi
10m air pistol mixed team
2021 New Delhi
10m air pistol
2019 New Delhi
10m air pistol
2019 Munich
10m air pistol
2019 Rio de Janeiro
10m air pistol
2019 New Delhi
Mixed Team 10m air pistol
2019 Beijing
Mixed Team 10m air pistol
2019 Munich
Mixed Team 10m air pistol
2019 Rio de Janeiro
Mixed Team 10m air pistol
2022 Cairo
10m air pistol men
2019 Putian
Mixed Team 10m air pistol
Asian Shooting Championships
2019 Doha
10-meter air pistol
2019 Doha
10m air pistol mixed team
Asian Games
2018 Palembang
10 m air pistol
Youth Olympic Games
2018 Buenos Aires
10 m air pistol
ISSF Junior World Cup
2018 Suhl
10m air pistol
2018 Suhl
Mixed team 10m air pistol
2018 Suhl
10m air pistol team junior
Updated on 13 November 2018
Saurabh Chaudhary (born 12 May 2002) is an Indian sport shooter. He won the gold medal at the 2018 Asian Games in 10 m Air Pistol. He was the youngest Indian gold medalist at the Asian Games. He had earlier won gold medals and set a new junior world record in the ISSF Junior World Cup in Suhl, Germany. He is the only Indian shooter to win a gold medal in ISSF World Championship, ISSF World Cup, Youth Olympic Games, Asian Games and Asian Air Gun Championship. He broke his own world record with a score of 245.5 and claimed gold in Junior Men 10m Air Pistol at 2018 World Championship in Changwon, Korea.
Early life
He was born in Kalina village, in district Meerut of western Uttar Pradesh (India). He comes from a family of farmers living in Yamuna and Gangatic plains of western UP. His father is Jagmohan Singh Siwach. He took up shooting at 13 and practised daily, traveling 15 km each way on buses to his club run by Aryangateways Sports Foundation. His coach Amit Sheoran identified his talent and groomed him from grassroot level.
Olympic journey
From Tin-Shed Academy to Tokyo Olympics. Just months before event Saurabh Chaudhary was effected by COVID-19. But, sensational shooter Chaudhary fired his way into the finals of the men's 10m air pistol event by topping the qualifications at 1st position with 586/600 with a mind-blowing performance in the Tokyo Olympics here on Saturday. Coach Amit Sheoran hard work at Aryangateways Sports Foundation for Saurabh proved itself in Olympics. Unfortunately in finals medal slipped off even after the entry at first position.
At the age of 16 years, he won Gold n 10m air pistol at the Youth Olympic Games in Buenos Aires. And shot 244.2 to finish on top ahead of South Korea's Sung Yunho (236.7) and Switzerland's Solari Jason (215.6), who bagged silver and bronze respectively.
2018
Chaudhary became the youngest Indian shooter to win a gold medal at the Asian Games. He participated in the Youth Olympic Games 2018 in Argentina and won gold. He won three golds in the Asian Airgun Championship in 2018:the 10m air pistol competition, the team competition and in the mixed team 10m pistol.
2019
In February he won the gold medal at ISSF World Cup in Delhi.
In April, he participated in Mixed Team 10m pistol with Manu Bhaker and won gold at ISSF World Cup in Beijing.
In May he won gold and broke the world and junior records in 10m pistol ISSF World Cup in Munich.
2020
In January 2020, he won 63rd gold at the 63rd National Shooting Championship.in men's 10 metre air pistol.
2021
In the men's 10 metre air pistol event of the Tokyo Olympics he managed to reach the final finishing in 7th place.
International career
Youth Olympic Games
Year
Championship
Venue
Event
Rank
Score
2018
Youth Olympic Games
Buenos Aires
10m air pistol
Score:580,Final:244.2
World Championship
Year
Championships
Venue
Event
Rank
Note
2017
World Junior Championships
Suhl
10m air pistol
4th
Score:578,Final:198.0
2018
World Junior Championships
Changwon
10m air pistol
score:581,Final:245.5
Changwon
Mixed team 10m air pistol
score:761,Final:407.3
Asian Games
Year
Championship
Venue
Event
Rank
Score
2018
2018 Asian Games
Palembang
10m air pistol
score:586,Final:240.7
World Cup
10 Meter Air Pistol
Year
Championships
Venue
Event
Rank
Score
2021
ISSF World Cup
New Delhi
10m air pistol
2nd
Score:587,Final:243.2
2019 ISSF World Cup
ISSF World Cup
New Delhi
10m air pistol
1st
Score:587,Final:245.0WR
Munich
10m air pistol
1st
score:586,Final:246.3WR Jr. Sr.
Rio de Janeiro
10m air pistol
3rd
score:584,Final:221.9
2019
ISSF World Cup Final
Putian
10m air pistol
6th
Score:581,Final:159.8
2018
Junior World Cup
Suhl
10m air pistol
1st
Score:583,Final:243.7
Mixed Team
AGSF Founder Amit Sheoran as a coach of Shooting started from hot TIN-SHED and reached till Olympics 2020 Tokyo with Saurabh Chaudhary & Deepender SinghThe Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi greeted Saurabh Chaudhary as Gold Medalist youth Olympian, in Delhi on October 21, 2018.AGSF igniting Para Shooting with Gold Medal in Bangkok world cup 2017 by Deepender SinghThe Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Kiren Rijiju (Minister) presenting the Arjuna Award, 2020 to Saurabh Chaudhary the shooter of Aryangateways Sports Foundation at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on August 29, 2020.
Year
Championships
Venue
Event
Rank
Score
2021
ISSF World Cup
New Delhi
Mixed team 10m air pistol
Score:384,Final:16
2019 ISSF World Cup
ISSF World Cup
New Delhi
Mixed team 10m air pistol
Score:767,Final:478.9
Beijing
Mixed team 10m air pistol
Score:482,Final16
Munich
Mixed team 10m air pistol
score:591,Final:17
Rio de Janeiro
Mixed team 10m air pistol
Score:-,Final:17
2019
ISSF World Cup Final
Putian
Mixed team 10m air pistol
score:389,Final:13
2018
Junior World Cup
Suhl
Mixed team 10m air pistol
Score:767,Final:478.9
Honours
The Times of India TOISA Shooter of the Year: 2021
See also
National Rifle Association of India (NRAI)
International Shooting Sports Federation (ISSF)
Sports Authoruity of India (SAI)
Uttar Pradesh State Rifle Association (UPSRA)
References
^ "Athletes Saurabh Chaudhary". asiangames2018.id. Asian Games 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
^ "Record Player: Saurabh Chaudhary becomes India's youngest Asian Games individual gold medallist". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
^ "Asian Games 2018: Who is Saurabh Chaudhary?". indianexpress.com. Indian Express. 21 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
^ "Asian Games 2018: Saurabh Chaudhary clinches gold, Abhishek Verma bronze in 10m Air Pistol shooting". hindustantimes.com. Hindustan Times. 21 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
^ "ISSF Junior World Cup: Saurabh Chaudhary sets junior world record, wins gold". indianexpress.com. Indian Express. 26 June 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
^ "Saurabh Chaudhary shoots down junior record for gold at ISSF World Championships". indiatimes.com. Times of India. 6 September 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
^ "Home". Aryan Gateways. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
^ "Amit Sheoran", Wikipedia, 14 September 2020, retrieved 4 February 2021
^ "Aryan Gateways". aryangateways.com. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
^ Sabi Hussain (22 April 2021). "Having beaten Covid, Olympic hope Saurabh Chaudhary returns to shooting with renewed vigour | More sports News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
^ Saurabh Chaudhary, Indian Shooting's Brightest Star at Tokyo Olympics | The Quint, retrieved 6 August 2022
^ Sportstar, Team (24 July 2021). "Saurabh Chaudhary qualifies for 10m air pistol final at Tokyo Olympics, Abhishek Verma misses out". sportstar.thehindu.com. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
^ ehapurnews (17 August 2022). "शूटिंग प्रतियोगिता में शूटरों ने दिखाया दम, जीता गोल्ड". Latest Hapur News, Pilkhuwa News, Simbhaoli हिन्दी समाचार & U.P india in hindi. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
^ ehapurnews (13 August 2022). "चार दिवसीय फर्स्ट आर्यन शूटिंग चैंपियनशिप का उद्घाटन". Latest Hapur News, Pilkhuwa News, Simbhaoli हिन्दी समाचार & U.P india in hindi. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
^ "Tokyo Olympics: Saurabh Chaudhary finishes seventh in 10m pistol final after shining in qualifications | Tokyo Olympics News - Times of India". The Times of India. PTI. 24 July 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
^ "Youth Olympics: 16-year-old shooter Saurabh Chaudhary bags gold". India Today. 10 October 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
^ "Shooting World Cup: Saurabh Chaudhary breaks World Record to win 10m air pistol gold, secures Olympic quota – Times of India". timesofindia.com.
^ "Shooting World Cup: Saurabh Chaudhary breaks World Record to win 10m air pistol gold, secures Olympic quota – Times of India". timesofindia.com.
^ "ISSF World Cup, Munich 2019: Result 10m Air Pistol Men". www.issf-sports.org. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
^ Srinivasan, Kamesh. "Saurabh Chaudhary wins gold in National Shooting Championship". Sportstar. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
^ "TOISA 2021: Neeraj Chopra headlines the list of winners". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. New Delhi: The Times of India. 14 October 2021. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
External links
Saurabh Chaudhary at the International Shooting Sport Federation
Saurabh Chaudhary at Olympedia
Saurabh Chaudhary at Olympics.com
Saurabh Chaudhary at the Jakarta-Palembang 2018 Asian Games (archived)
Sharma, Sourabh (1 April 2019). "17 वर्षीय किसान का बेटा जिसने बड़ा सपना देखा और उसे जीता: सौरभ चौधरी 0". Khel Khiladi. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
Aryangateways Sports Foundation (AGSF) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sport shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_sports"},{"link_name":"2018 Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"10 m Air Pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2018_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Suhl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhl"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Saurabh Chaudhary (born 12 May 2002) is an Indian sport shooter. He won the gold medal at the 2018 Asian Games in 10 m Air Pistol. 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Asian Games 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.asiangames2018.id/athletes/athlete/CHAUDHARY-Saurabh-3029947/","url_text":"\"Athletes Saurabh Chaudhary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Games_2018","url_text":"Asian Games 2018"}]},{"reference":"\"Record Player: Saurabh Chaudhary becomes India's youngest Asian Games individual gold medallist\". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 8 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/asian-games/news/2018/aug/22/record-player-saurabh-chaudhary-becomes-indias-youngest-asian-games-individual-gold-medallist-1860975.html","url_text":"\"Record Player: Saurabh Chaudhary becomes India's youngest Asian Games individual gold medallist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Asian Games 2018: Who is Saurabh Chaudhary?\". indianexpress.com. Indian Express. 21 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/asian-games/who-is-saurabh-chaudhary-asian-games-2018-gold-medal-5317213/","url_text":"\"Asian Games 2018: Who is Saurabh Chaudhary?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Asian Games 2018: Saurabh Chaudhary clinches gold, Abhishek Verma bronze in 10m Air Pistol shooting\". hindustantimes.com. Hindustan Times. 21 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/asian-games-2018/asian-games-2018-saurabh-chaudhary-abhishek-verma-qualify-for-10m-air-pistol-final/story-Egsd0OMnX5WjnbFnqQ7MhN.html","url_text":"\"Asian Games 2018: Saurabh Chaudhary clinches gold, Abhishek Verma bronze in 10m Air Pistol shooting\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISSF Junior World Cup: Saurabh Chaudhary sets junior world record, wins gold\". indianexpress.com. Indian Express. 26 June 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/issf-junior-world-cup-saurabh-chaudhary-sets-junior-world-record-wins-gold-5234595/","url_text":"\"ISSF Junior World Cup: Saurabh Chaudhary sets junior world record, wins gold\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saurabh Chaudhary shoots down junior record for gold at ISSF World Championships\". indiatimes.com. Times of India. 6 September 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/sensational-saurabh-smashes-junior-record-for-gold-at-world-championships/articleshow/65696353.cms","url_text":"\"Saurabh Chaudhary shoots down junior record for gold at ISSF World Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Aryan Gateways. Retrieved 4 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aryangateways.org/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amit Sheoran\", Wikipedia, 14 September 2020, retrieved 4 February 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amit_Sheoran&oldid=978331883","url_text":"\"Amit Sheoran\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aryan Gateways\". aryangateways.com. Retrieved 6 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://aryangateways.com/","url_text":"\"Aryan Gateways\""}]},{"reference":"Sabi Hussain (22 April 2021). \"Having beaten Covid, Olympic hope Saurabh Chaudhary returns to shooting with renewed vigour | More sports News - Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/having-beaten-covid-olympic-hope-saurabh-chaudhary-returns-to-shooting-with-renewed-vigour/articleshow/82191158.cms","url_text":"\"Having beaten Covid, Olympic hope Saurabh Chaudhary returns to shooting with renewed vigour | More sports News - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"Saurabh Chaudhary, Indian Shooting's Brightest Star at Tokyo Olympics | The Quint, retrieved 6 August 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEzqgIcc8D8","url_text":"Saurabh Chaudhary, Indian Shooting's Brightest Star at Tokyo Olympics | The Quint"}]},{"reference":"Sportstar, Team (24 July 2021). \"Saurabh Chaudhary qualifies for 10m air pistol final at Tokyo Olympics, Abhishek Verma misses out\". sportstar.thehindu.com. Retrieved 6 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/tokyo-olympics/saurabh-chaudhary-qualify-for-10m-air-pistol-final-shooting-abhishek-verma-tokyo-olympics/article35503697.ece","url_text":"\"Saurabh Chaudhary qualifies for 10m air pistol final at Tokyo Olympics, Abhishek Verma misses out\""}]},{"reference":"ehapurnews (17 August 2022). \"शूटिंग प्रतियोगिता में शूटरों ने दिखाया दम, जीता गोल्ड\". Latest Hapur News, Pilkhuwa News, Simbhaoli हिन्दी समाचार & U.P india in hindi. Retrieved 21 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ehapurnews.com/shooters-showed-their-mettle-in-the-shooting-competition-won-gold/","url_text":"\"शूटिंग प्रतियोगिता में शूटरों ने दिखाया दम, जीता गोल्ड\""}]},{"reference":"ehapurnews (13 August 2022). \"चार दिवसीय फर्स्ट आर्यन शूटिंग चैंपियनशिप का उद्घाटन\". Latest Hapur News, Pilkhuwa News, Simbhaoli हिन्दी समाचार & U.P india in hindi. Retrieved 21 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ehapurnews.com/four-day-first-aryan-shooting-championship-inaugurated/","url_text":"\"चार दिवसीय फर्स्ट आर्यन शूटिंग चैंपियनशिप का उद्घाटन\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tokyo Olympics: Saurabh Chaudhary finishes seventh in 10m pistol final after shining in qualifications | Tokyo Olympics News - Times of India\". The Times of India. PTI. 24 July 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/tokyo-olympics-saurabh-chaudhary-finishes-seventh-in-10m-pistol-final-after-shining-in-qualifications/articleshow/84703172.cms","url_text":"\"Tokyo Olympics: Saurabh Chaudhary finishes seventh in 10m pistol final after shining in qualifications | Tokyo Olympics News - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Youth Olympics: 16-year-old shooter Saurabh Chaudhary bags gold\". India Today. 10 October 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/saurabh-chaudhary-youth-olympics-shooting-1360316-2018-10-10","url_text":"\"Youth Olympics: 16-year-old shooter Saurabh Chaudhary bags gold\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shooting World Cup: Saurabh Chaudhary breaks World Record to win 10m air pistol gold, secures Olympic quota – Times of India\". timesofindia.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/shooting-world-cup-saurabh-chaudhary-breaks-world-record-to-win-10m-air-pistol-gold-secures-olympic-quota/articleshow/68137367.cms","url_text":"\"Shooting World Cup: Saurabh Chaudhary breaks World Record to win 10m air pistol gold, secures Olympic quota – Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shooting World Cup: Saurabh Chaudhary breaks World Record to win 10m air pistol gold, secures Olympic quota – Times of India\". timesofindia.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/shooting-world-cup-saurabh-chaudhary-breaks-world-record-to-win-10m-air-pistol-gold-secures-olympic-quota/articleshow/68137367.cms","url_text":"\"Shooting World Cup: Saurabh Chaudhary breaks World Record to win 10m air pistol gold, secures Olympic quota – Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISSF World Cup, Munich 2019: Result 10m Air Pistol Men\". www.issf-sports.org. Retrieved 5 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.issf-sports.org/competitions/results/detail.ashx?cshipid=2545&resultkey=3b3b303b415036303b313b463b493b313b303b30","url_text":"\"ISSF World Cup, Munich 2019: Result 10m Air Pistol Men\""}]},{"reference":"Srinivasan, Kamesh. \"Saurabh Chaudhary wins gold in National Shooting Championship\". Sportstar. Retrieved 6 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportstar.thehindu.com/shooting/saurabh-chaudhary-gold-10-metre-air-pistol-national-shooting-championship-sarabjot-singh-final/article30479501.ece","url_text":"\"Saurabh Chaudhary wins gold in National Shooting Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"TOISA 2021: Neeraj Chopra headlines the list of winners\". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. New Delhi: The Times of India. 14 October 2021. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/Fapuq","url_text":"\"TOISA 2021: Neeraj Chopra headlines the list of winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toisa-2021-neeraj-chopra-headlines-the-list-of-winners/articleshow/94847901.cms","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sharma, Sourabh (1 April 2019). \"17 वर्षीय किसान का बेटा जिसने बड़ा सपना देखा और उसे जीता: सौरभ चौधरी 0\". Khel Khiladi. Retrieved 21 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.khelkhiladi.in/saurabh-chaudhary-an-indian-sport-shooter-son-of-a-farmer-dare-to-dream-big/","url_text":"\"17 वर्षीय किसान का बेटा जिसने बड़ा सपना देखा और उसे जीता: सौरभ चौधरी 0\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://upstaterifle.com/","external_links_name":"Uttar Pradesh State Rifle Association"},{"Link":"https://en.asiangames2018.id/athletes/athlete/CHAUDHARY-Saurabh-3029947/","external_links_name":"\"Athletes Saurabh Chaudhary\""},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/asian-games/news/2018/aug/22/record-player-saurabh-chaudhary-becomes-indias-youngest-asian-games-individual-gold-medallist-1860975.html","external_links_name":"\"Record Player: Saurabh Chaudhary becomes India's youngest Asian Games individual gold medallist\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/asian-games/who-is-saurabh-chaudhary-asian-games-2018-gold-medal-5317213/","external_links_name":"\"Asian Games 2018: Who is Saurabh Chaudhary?\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/asian-games-2018/asian-games-2018-saurabh-chaudhary-abhishek-verma-qualify-for-10m-air-pistol-final/story-Egsd0OMnX5WjnbFnqQ7MhN.html","external_links_name":"\"Asian Games 2018: Saurabh Chaudhary clinches gold, Abhishek Verma bronze in 10m Air Pistol shooting\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/issf-junior-world-cup-saurabh-chaudhary-sets-junior-world-record-wins-gold-5234595/","external_links_name":"\"ISSF Junior World Cup: Saurabh Chaudhary sets junior world record, wins gold\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/sensational-saurabh-smashes-junior-record-for-gold-at-world-championships/articleshow/65696353.cms","external_links_name":"\"Saurabh Chaudhary shoots down junior record for gold at ISSF World Championships\""},{"Link":"http://www.aryangateways.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amit_Sheoran&oldid=978331883","external_links_name":"\"Amit Sheoran\""},{"Link":"https://aryangateways.com/","external_links_name":"\"Aryan Gateways\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/having-beaten-covid-olympic-hope-saurabh-chaudhary-returns-to-shooting-with-renewed-vigour/articleshow/82191158.cms","external_links_name":"\"Having beaten Covid, Olympic hope Saurabh Chaudhary returns to shooting with renewed vigour | More sports News - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bergen_Church | Old Bergen Church | ["1 History","2 Notable burials","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 40°43′37″N 74°4′10″W / 40.72694°N 74.06944°W / 40.72694; -74.06944Historic church in New Jersey, United States
United States historic placeOld Bergen ChurchU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesNew Jersey Register of Historic Places
Old Bergen Church in 2020Show map of Hudson County, New JerseyShow map of New JerseyShow map of the United StatesLocationBergen and Highland Avenue, Jersey City, New JerseyCoordinates40°43′37″N 74°4′10″W / 40.72694°N 74.06944°W / 40.72694; -74.06944Area0.5 acres (0.20 ha)Built1841ArchitectWilliam H. Kirk and Company, Clark and Van NestArchitectural styleGreek RevivalNRHP reference No.73001103NJRHP No.1520Significant datesAdded to NRHPAugust 14, 1973Designated NJRHPJune 13, 1973
The Old Bergen Church is a historic church congregation in Jersey City, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. Established in 1660 in what was then the Dutch colony of New Netherland, it is the oldest continuous religious congregation in what is today the State of New Jersey. The congregation is jointly affiliated with the Reformed Church in America and the Presbyterian Church (USA).
The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 14, 1973. The original church building was constructed in 1680 and the current edifice was built in 1841.
History
The congregation was formed in the Dutch colonial village of Bergen in 1660, located across the Hudson River from the town of New Amsterdam in what is today Lower Manhattan. The first services were held in a log schoolhouse. In 1680 an octagonal, sandstone church was built by William Day. The church was located on Vroom Street, between Bergen and Tuers Avenues. The congregation outgrew the original church and a second church was erected in 1773. This church was also made of sandstone and was located at the corner of Bergen Avenue and Vroom Street. The third and current church was built in 1841 by William H. Kirk and Company and Clark and Van Nest.
Notable burials
The Old Bergen Church Cemetery and the Speer Cemetery are affiliated with the church.
Jane Tuers (1745–1834) – American Revolutionary War patriot.
Gallery
Front of the Old Bergen Church in 1938.
Original church from 1680.
See also
New Jersey portal
Bergen, New Netherland
Bergen Square
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hudson County, New Jersey
Oldest churches in the United States
Van Wagenen House
Newkirk House
List of cemeteries in Hudson County, New Jersey
Voorleser
References
^ "National Register of Historic Places Listings". Retrieved 2010-02-25.
^ "New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places - Hudson County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection – Historic Preservation Office. July 7, 2009. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2010. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
^ "Old Bergen Church". oldbergenchurch.com. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
^ "Jersey City Past and Present | New Jersey City University". www.njcu.edu. Retrieved November 28, 2008.
^ a b http://oldbergenchurch.org/history.html Archived 2009-08-03 at the Wayback Machine Accessed January 4, 2009.
^ "Jersey City History – Old Bergen – Chapter XXXV". www.cityofjerseycity.org. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
^ Sarapin, Janice Kohl (1994), Old Burial Grounds of New Jersey: A Guide, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 0813521114
External links
Media related to Old Bergen Church (Jersey City, New Jersey) at Wikimedia Commons
Old Bergen Church – Official Website
{{Find a Grave cemetery}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.
List of burials
View of Old Bergen Church via Google Street View
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See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Hudson County, New Jersey and List of National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jersey City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Hudson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Netherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Netherland"},{"link_name":"Reformed Church in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Church (USA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Historic church in New Jersey, United StatesUnited States historic placeThe Old Bergen Church is a historic church congregation in Jersey City, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. Established in 1660 in what was then the Dutch colony of New Netherland, it is the oldest continuous religious congregation in what is today the State of New Jersey. The congregation is jointly affiliated with the Reformed Church in America and the Presbyterian Church (USA).[3]\nThe church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 14, 1973. The original church building was constructed in 1680 and the current edifice was built in 1841.[4]","title":"Old Bergen Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen,_New_Netherland"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"New Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Lower Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Old_Bergen_Church_History-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Old_Bergen_Church_History-5"}],"text":"The congregation was formed in the Dutch colonial village of Bergen in 1660, located across the Hudson River from the town of New Amsterdam in what is today Lower Manhattan.[5] The first services were held in a log schoolhouse.[6] In 1680 an octagonal, sandstone church was built by William Day. The church was located on Vroom Street, between Bergen and Tuers Avenues. The congregation outgrew the original church and a second church was erected in 1773. This church was also made of sandstone and was located at the corner of Bergen Avenue and Vroom Street. The third and current church was built in 1841 by William H. Kirk and Company and Clark and Van Nest.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Speer Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speer_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jane Tuers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Tuers"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"}],"text":"The Old Bergen Church Cemetery and the Speer Cemetery are affiliated with the church.[7]Jane Tuers (1745–1834) – American Revolutionary War patriot.","title":"Notable burials"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Bergen_Church_1938.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dutchreformedchurchbergen1680.png"}],"text":"Front of the Old Bergen Church in 1938.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOriginal church from 1680.","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | [{"title":"New Jersey portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_Jersey"},{"title":"Bergen, New Netherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen,_New_Netherland"},{"title":"Bergen Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_Square"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Hudson County, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hudson_County,_New_Jersey"},{"title":"Oldest churches in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldest_churches_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Van Wagenen House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Wagenen_House"},{"title":"Newkirk House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newkirk_House"},{"title":"List of cemeteries in Hudson County, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Hudson_County,_New_Jersey"},{"title":"Voorleser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voorleser"}] | [{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places Listings\". Retrieved 2010-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregsearchresult.do?fullresult=true&recordid=44","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Listings\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places - Hudson County\" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection – Historic Preservation Office. July 7, 2009. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2010. Retrieved February 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100705114811/http://www.state.nj.us/dep/hpo/1identify/lists/hudson.pdf","url_text":"\"New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places - Hudson County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_Environmental_Protection","url_text":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection"},{"url":"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/hpo/1identify/lists/hudson.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Old Bergen Church\". oldbergenchurch.com. Retrieved January 4, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://oldbergenchurch.com/","url_text":"\"Old Bergen Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jersey City Past and Present | New Jersey City University\". www.njcu.edu. Retrieved November 28, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.njcu.edu/programs/jchistory/Pages/O_Pages/Old_Bergen_Church.htm","url_text":"\"Jersey City Past and Present | New Jersey City University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jersey City History – Old Bergen – Chapter XXXV\". www.cityofjerseycity.org. Retrieved January 4, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cityofjerseycity.org/oldberg/chapter35.shtml","url_text":"\"Jersey City History – Old Bergen – Chapter XXXV\""}]},{"reference":"Sarapin, Janice Kohl (1994), Old Burial Grounds of New Jersey: A Guide, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 0813521114","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uDfIJt5RFWgC&q=Old+burial+grounds+of+New+Jersey:+a+guide","url_text":"Old Burial Grounds of New Jersey: A Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813521114","url_text":"0813521114"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Old_Bergen_Church¶ms=40_43_37_N_74_4_10_W_type:landmark_region:US-NJ","external_links_name":"40°43′37″N 74°4′10″W / 40.72694°N 74.06944°W / 40.72694; -74.06944"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Old_Bergen_Church¶ms=40_43_37_N_74_4_10_W_type:landmark_region:US-NJ","external_links_name":"40°43′37″N 74°4′10″W / 40.72694°N 74.06944°W / 40.72694; -74.06944"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/73001103","external_links_name":"73001103"},{"Link":"http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregsearchresult.do?fullresult=true&recordid=44","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Listings\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100705114811/http://www.state.nj.us/dep/hpo/1identify/lists/hudson.pdf","external_links_name":"\"New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places - Hudson County\""},{"Link":"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/hpo/1identify/lists/hudson.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://oldbergenchurch.com/","external_links_name":"\"Old Bergen Church\""},{"Link":"http://www.njcu.edu/programs/jchistory/Pages/O_Pages/Old_Bergen_Church.htm","external_links_name":"\"Jersey City Past and Present | New Jersey City University\""},{"Link":"http://oldbergenchurch.org/history.html","external_links_name":"http://oldbergenchurch.org/history.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090803105343/http://oldbergenchurch.org/history.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cityofjerseycity.org/oldberg/chapter35.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Jersey City History – Old Bergen – Chapter XXXV\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uDfIJt5RFWgC&q=Old+burial+grounds+of+New+Jersey:+a+guide","external_links_name":"Old Burial Grounds of New Jersey: A Guide"},{"Link":"http://www.oldbergenchurch.com/","external_links_name":"Old Bergen Church"},{"Link":"http://www.hudsoncountynjgenealogy.org/databases/db-ob-deaths.html","external_links_name":"List of burials"},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=bergen+and+highland+ave+jersey+city&sll=40.825063,-74.099715&sspn=0.007924,0.013797&g=12+Meadow+Rd,+Rutherford,+Bergen,+New+Jersey+07070&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Bergen+Ave+%26+Highland+Ave,+Jersey+City,+Hudson,+New+Jersey+07306&ll=40.726877,-74.067324&spn=0.001968,0.003449&t=h&z=18&layer=c&cbll=40.72696,-74.067292&panoid=GEWXVURwN1EqCJd5vqaXEQ&cbp=12,291.65,,0,-19.35","external_links_name":"View of Old Bergen Church"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Santosh_Trophy | 2018–19 Santosh Trophy | ["1 Qualifiers","2 Group stage","2.1 Group A","2.2 Group B","3 Knockout stage","3.1 Bracket","3.2 Semi-finals","3.3 Final","4 Goalscorers","5 References","6 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "2018–19 Santosh Trophy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Football tournament season
2018–19 Santosh TrophyTournament detailsCountryIndiaVenue(s)Ludhiana, PunjabDatesQualifiers: 2–16 February 2019Main: 8–21 April 2019TeamsQualifiers: 35Main: 10Final positionsChampionsServices (6th title)Runner-upPunjabTournament statisticsMatches played23Goals scored78 (3.39 per match)Top goal scorer(s)Ayush Adhikari (Delhi) Arif Shaikh (Maharashtra) (6 Goals)All statistics correct as of 21 April 2019.← 2017–182021–22 2019–20 →
The 2018–19 Santosh Trophy was the 73rd edition of the Santosh Trophy, the premier competition in India for teams representing their regional and state football associations.
Kerala were the defending champions, having defeated West Bengal in the final during the 2017–18 season, but both teams failed to qualify for the main round.
Qualifiers
Main article: 2018–19 Santosh Trophy qualification
Following Ten teams have qualified :
Assam
Delhi
Goa
Karnataka
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Odisha
Punjab
Services
Sikkim
Group stage
Group A
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Services
4
3
1
0
10
2
+8
10
Advance to Semi-finals
2
Goa
4
3
1
0
9
5
+4
10
3
Delhi
4
2
0
2
6
7
−1
6
4
Meghalaya
4
1
0
3
4
10
−6
3
5
Odisha
4
0
0
4
4
9
−5
0
Source: soccerwayRules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
Goa v Services
8 April 2019 Goa 1–1 Services Ludhiana8:30 AM IST
Lalawmpuia Ralte 51'
Lallawmkima PC 54'
Stadium: Guru Nanak StadiumAttendance: 100Referee: Ashwin
Delhi v Meghalaya
8 April 2019 Delhi 1–0 Meghalaya Ludhiana4:00 PM IST
Adhikari 18'
Stadium: Guru Nanak Stadium
Meghalaya v Odisha
10 April 2019 Meghalaya 3–2 Odisha Ludhiana8:30 AM IST
Raikutshisha Buam 40', 73' Enester Malngiang 45+2'
Chandra Muduli 7' Prasanta Srihari 54'
Stadium: Guru Nanak Stadium
Delhi v Services
10 April 2019 Delhi 1–2 Services Ludhiana4:00 PM IST
Adhikari 28'
8' Bikash Thapa 68' (pen.) Suresh Meitei
Stadium: Guru Nanak Stadium
Delhi v Goa
12 April 2019 Delhi 2–4 Goa Ludhiana8:30 AM IST
Adhikari 78' (pen.), 87' (pen.)
Chaitan Komarpant 31' Glan Martins 54' Lalawmpuia Ralte 68' Stendly Fernandes 90+4'
Stadium: Guru Nanak Stadium
Odisha v Services
12 April 2019 Odisha 0–2 Services Ludhiana4:00 PM IST
72' (pen.) Suresh Meitei 87' Harikrishna
Stadium: Guru Nanak Stadium
Meghalaya v Services
14 April 2019 Meghalaya 0–5 Services Ludhiana8:30 AM IST
28', 44', 45+1' Lallawmkima PC 73' Sabir Khan 80'Sushil Shah
Stadium: Guru Nanak Stadium
Goa v Odisha
14 April 2019 Goa 2–1 Odisha Ludhiana4:00 PM IST
Jessel Carneiro 14' Sarineo Fernandes 17'
Arbin Lakra 54'
Stadium: Guru Nanak Stadium
Delhi v Odisha
16 April 2019 Delhi 2–1 Odisha Ludhiana8:30 AM IST
Adhikari 25', 66' (pen.)
10' Chandra Muduli
Stadium: Guru Nanak Stadium
Goa v Meghalaya
16 April 2019 Goa 2–1 Meghalaya Ludhiana4:00 PM IST
Chaitan Komarpant 40' Victorino Fernandes 58'
30' (pen.) Donborlang Nongkynrih
Stadium: Guru Nanak Stadium
Group B
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Punjab
4
3
0
1
8
5
+3
9
Advance to Semi-finals
2
Karnataka
4
2
1
1
12
7
+5
7
3
Maharashtra
4
2
1
1
11
6
+5
7
4
Assam
4
2
0
2
7
10
−3
6
5
Sikkim
4
0
0
4
1
11
−10
0
Source: soccerwayRules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
Assam v Punjab
9 April 2019 Assam 0–2 Punjab Ludhiana8:30 AM IST
46' (o.g.) Subhakshan Rabha 87' Rajbir Singh
Stadium: Guru Nanak Stadium
Karnataka v Maharashtra
9 April 2019 Karnataka 2–2 Maharashtra Ludhiana4:00 PM IST
Manvir Singh 30' M Nikhil Raj 90+1'
18' Rohan Harish Shukla 56' Sanket Salokhe
Stadium: Guru Nanak Stadium
Karnataka v Sikkim
11 April 2019 Karnataka 2–0 Sikkim Ludhiana8:30 AM IST
Gunashekar Vignesh 66' Namgyal Bhutia 84'
Stadium: Guru Nanak Stadium
Assam v Maharashtra
11 April 2019 Assam 3–2 Maharashtra Ludhiana4:00 PM IST
Bishnu Bordoloi 12' Milan Basumatary 78' Akrang Narzary 90+4'
54', 76' Arif Shaikh
Stadium: Guru Nanak Stadium
Sikkim v Assam
13 April 2019 Sikkim 1–3 Assam Ludhiana8:30 AM IST
Sonam Zangpo Bhutia 33' (pen.)
3' Milan Basumatary 85' Sirandeep Moran 90+2' Bishnu Bordoloi
Stadium: Guru Nanak Stadium
Punjab v Maharashtra
13 April 2019 Punjab 1–2 Maharashtra Ludhiana4:00 PM IST
Sukhpreet Singh 39'
78' (pen.), 90+4' Arif Shaikh
Stadium: Guru Nanak Stadium
Karnataka v Assam
15 April 2019 Karnataka 5–1 Assam Ludhiana8:30 AM IST
Biswa Kr Darjee 16' Naorem Roshan Singh 18', 23' Gunashekar Vignesh 25' Mahesh Selva 31'
37' Bishnu Bordoloi
Stadium: Guru Nanak Stadium
Punjab v Sikkim
15 April 2019 Punjab 1–0 Sikkim Ludhiana4:00 PM IST
Taranjit Singh 20'
Stadium: Guru Nanak Stadium
Maharashtra v Sikkim
17 April 2019 Maharashtra 5–0 Sikkim Ludhiana8:30 AM IST
Aman Gaikwad 15' Vinodkumar Chandrakishor Pandey 26' Leander Dharmai 45' Arif Shaikh 52', 54'
Stadium: Guru Nanak Stadium
Karnataka v Punjab
17 April 2019 Karnataka 3–4 Punjab Ludhiana4:00 PM IST
Magnesh Silva 13' Johan Peter 33' Nikhil Raj 60'
Sukhpreet Singh 16' Vikrant Singh 31', 43' Amandeep Singh 73'
Stadium: Guru Nanak Stadium
Knockout stage
Bracket
Semi-finalsFinal 19 April 2019 Services 1(4) 21 April 2019 Karnataka 1(3)
Services 1 19 April 2019 Punjab 0
Punjab2 Goa 1
Semi-finals
19 April 201915:45 IST
Services1–1 (a.e.t.)Karnataka
Lallawmkima PC 7'
Nikhil Raj 84'
Penalties
4–3
Guru Nanak Stadium, LudhianaAttendance: 500Referee: Williams Joy Koshy
19 April 201908:30 IST
Punjab2–1Goa
Jaspreet Singh 13' Harjinder Singh 90+1'
Report
89' Ronaldo Oliveira
Guru Nanak Stadium, LudhianaAttendance: 500Referee: M Sugandar
Final
Main article: 2019 Santosh Trophy Final
21 April 201915:30 IST
Services1–0Punjab
Bikash Thapa 61'
Report
Guru Nanak Stadium, LudhianaAttendance: 3,262Referee: Harish Kundu
Goalscorers
6 goals
Ayush Adhikari (Delhi)
Arif Shaikh (Maharashtra)
5 goals
Lallawkima PC (Services)
3 goals
Bishnu Bordoloi (Assam)
M Nikhil Raj (Karnataka)
2 goals
Raikut Shisha Buam (Meghalaya)
Milan Basumatary (Assam)
Lalawmpuia Ralte (Goa)
Chaitan Komarpant (Goa)
Suresh Meitei (Services)
Gunashekar Vignesh (Karnataka)
Mahesh Selva (Karnataka)
Naorem Roshan Singh (Karnataka)
Chandra Muduli (Odisha)
Sukhpreet Singh (Punjab)
Vikrant Singh (Punjab)
Bikash Thapa (Services)
1 Goal
Glan Martins (Goa)
Stendly Fernandes (Goa)
Jessel Carneiro (Goa)
Sarineo Fernandes (Goa)
Victorino Fernandes (Goa)
Ronaldo Oliveira (Goa)
Prasanta Srihari (Odisha)
Arvin Lakra (Odisha)
Enestar Malngiang (Meghalaya)
Donborlang Nongkynrih (Meghalaya)
Manvir Singh (Karnataka)
Namgyal Bhutia (Karnataka)
Biswa Kr Darjee (Karnataka)
Johan Peter (Karnataka)
Rohan Shukla (Maharashtra)
Sanket Salokhe (Maharashtra)
Aman Gaikwad (Maharashtra)
Vinodkumar Chandrakishor Pandey (Maharashtra)
Lenader Dharmai (Maharashtra)
Rajbir Singh (Punjab)
Taranjit Singh (Punjab)
Amandeep Singh (Punjab)
Jaspreet Singh (Punjab)
Harjinder Singh (Punjab)
Harikrishna (Services)
Sabir Khan (Services)
Sushil Shah (Services)
Bikash Thapa (Services)
Akrang Narzary (Assam)
Sirandeep Moran (Assam)
Sonam Zangpo Bhutia (Sikkim)
References
^ "Santosh Trophy 2018 Final: Kerala beat Bengal 4-2 on penalties to secure sixth title". Goal.com. 8 February 2019.
External links
Santosh Trophy on the All India Football Federation website Archived 2019-01-12 at the Wayback Machine.
vteSantosh TrophySeasons
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2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
Qualifiers
1999–00
2008–09
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2021–22
Group stage
2021–22
2022–23
Finals
2017
2018
2019
Teams
Andaman and Nicobar
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chandigarh
Chhattisgarh
Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu
Delhi
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Ladakh
Lakshadweep
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Odisha
Pondicherry
Punjab
Railways
Rajasthan
Services
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Telangana
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
vte2018–19 in Indian footballNational teamsMen
Senior
2018 SAFF Championship
2019 AFC Asian Cup
U23
2020 AFC U-23 Championship qualification
U17 (2018 AFC U-16 Championship)
Women
Senior (2019 SAFF Women's Championship)
U18 (2018 SAFF U-18 Women's Championship)
U15 (2018 SAFF U-15 Women's Championship)
League competitionsFirst division
I-League
Indian Super League
Playoffs
Final
Second division
I-League 2nd Division
State leagues
Assam
Goa
Karnataka (Bengaluru)
Kerala
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Maharashtra (Mumbai)
Odisha (Men's
Women's)
Punjab
Sikkim
Uttarakhand
West Bengal (Kolkata)
Women
Indian Women's League
Final round
Youth
Elite League
Cup competitionsMen
Super Cup
Final
Santosh Trophy (State)
Qualifiers
Final
Women
Women's Championship (State)
Club seasonsI-League
Aizawl
East Bengal
Minerva Punjab
Mohun Bagan
Gokulam Kerala
Indian Super League
ATK
Bengaluru
Chennaiyin
Delhi Dynamos
Goa
Jamshedpur
Kerala Blasters
Mumbai City
NorthEast United
Pune City | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santosh Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santosh_Trophy"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_football_team"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal_football_team"},{"link_name":"2017–18 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Santosh_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Football tournament seasonThe 2018–19 Santosh Trophy was the 73rd edition of the Santosh Trophy, the premier competition in India for teams representing their regional and state football associations.Kerala were the defending champions, having defeated West Bengal in the final during the 2017–18 season,[1] but both teams failed to qualify for the main round.","title":"2018–19 Santosh Trophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_football_team"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_football_team"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_football_team"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_football_team"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_football_team"},{"link_name":"Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya_football_team"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha_football_team"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_football_team"},{"link_name":"Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim_football_team"}],"text":"Following Ten teams have qualified :Assam\nDelhi\nGoa\nKarnataka\nMaharashtra\nMeghalaya\nOdisha\nPunjab\nServices\nSikkim","title":"Qualifiers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soccerway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.soccerway.com/national/india/santhosh-trophy/2019/final-group/group-a/g12514/"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_football_team"},{"link_name":"Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_football_team"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_football_team"},{"link_name":"Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Lalawmpuia Ralte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalawmpuia_Ralte"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_football_team"},{"link_name":"Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya_football_team"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_football_team"},{"link_name":"Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Adhikari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayush_Adhikari"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya_football_team"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha_football_team"},{"link_name":"Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya_football_team"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_football_team"},{"link_name":"Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_football_team"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_football_team"},{"link_name":"Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Adhikari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayush_Adhikari"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Suresh Meitei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suresh_Meitei"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_football_team"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_football_team"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_football_team"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Adhikari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayush_Adhikari"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Glan Martins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glan_Martins"},{"link_name":"Lalawmpuia Ralte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalawmpuia_Ralte"},{"link_name":"Stendly Fernandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendly_Fernandes"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha_football_team"},{"link_name":"Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_football_team"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha_football_team"},{"link_name":"Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Suresh Meitei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suresh_Meitei"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya_football_team"},{"link_name":"Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_football_team"},{"link_name":"Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya_football_team"},{"link_name":"Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_football_team"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha_football_team"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_football_team"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Jessel Carneiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessel_Carneiro"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_football_team"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha_football_team"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_football_team"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Adhikari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayush_Adhikari"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_football_team"},{"link_name":"Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya_football_team"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_football_team"},{"link_name":"Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Victorino Fernandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorino_Fernandes"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"}],"sub_title":"Group A","text":"Source: soccerwayRules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lotsGoa v Services\n8 April 2019 Goa 1–1 Services Ludhiana8:30 AM IST\nLalawmpuia Ralte 51'\n\nLallawmkima PC 54'\nStadium: Guru Nanak StadiumAttendance: 100Referee: AshwinDelhi v Meghalaya\n8 April 2019 Delhi 1–0 Meghalaya Ludhiana4:00 PM IST\nAdhikari 18'\n\n\nStadium: Guru Nanak StadiumMeghalaya v Odisha\n10 April 2019 Meghalaya 3–2 Odisha Ludhiana8:30 AM IST\nRaikutshisha Buam 40', 73' Enester Malngiang 45+2'\n\nChandra Muduli 7' Prasanta Srihari 54'\nStadium: Guru Nanak StadiumDelhi v Services\n10 April 2019 Delhi 1–2 Services Ludhiana4:00 PM IST\nAdhikari 28'\n\n 8' Bikash Thapa 68' (pen.) Suresh Meitei\nStadium: Guru Nanak StadiumDelhi v Goa\n12 April 2019 Delhi 2–4 Goa Ludhiana8:30 AM IST\nAdhikari 78' (pen.), 87' (pen.)\n\nChaitan Komarpant 31' Glan Martins 54' Lalawmpuia Ralte 68' Stendly Fernandes 90+4'\nStadium: Guru Nanak StadiumOdisha v Services\n12 April 2019 Odisha 0–2 Services Ludhiana4:00 PM IST\n\n\n 72' (pen.) Suresh Meitei 87' Harikrishna\nStadium: Guru Nanak StadiumMeghalaya v Services\n14 April 2019 Meghalaya 0–5 Services Ludhiana8:30 AM IST\n\n\n 28', 44', 45+1' Lallawmkima PC 73' Sabir Khan 80'Sushil Shah\nStadium: Guru Nanak StadiumGoa v Odisha\n14 April 2019 Goa 2–1 Odisha Ludhiana4:00 PM IST\nJessel Carneiro 14' Sarineo Fernandes 17'\n\nArbin Lakra 54'\nStadium: Guru Nanak StadiumDelhi v Odisha\n16 April 2019 Delhi 2–1 Odisha Ludhiana8:30 AM IST\nAdhikari 25', 66' (pen.)\n\n 10' Chandra Muduli\nStadium: Guru Nanak StadiumGoa v Meghalaya\n16 April 2019 Goa 2–1 Meghalaya Ludhiana4:00 PM IST\nChaitan Komarpant 40' Victorino Fernandes 58'\n\n 30' (pen.) Donborlang Nongkynrih\nStadium: Guru Nanak Stadium","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soccerway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.soccerway.com/national/india/santhosh-trophy/2019/final-group/group-b/g12515/"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_football_team"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_football_team"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_football_team"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"o.g.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Own_goal#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_football_team"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_football_team"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_football_team"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim_football_team"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Gunashekar Vignesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunashekar_Vignesh"},{"link_name":"Namgyal Bhutia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namgyal_Bhutia"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_football_team"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_football_team"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_football_team"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Milan Basumatary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Basumatary"},{"link_name":"Arif Shaikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arif_Shaikh"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim_football_team"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim_football_team"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Milan Basumatary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Basumatary"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_football_team"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_football_team"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_football_team"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Arif Shaikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arif_Shaikh"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_football_team"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_football_team"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_football_team"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Naorem Roshan Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naorem_Roshan_Singh"},{"link_name":"Gunashekar Vignesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunashekar_Vignesh"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim_football_team"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim_football_team"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Arif Shaikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arif_Shaikh"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_football_team"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_football_team"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_football_team"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"}],"sub_title":"Group B","text":"Source: soccerwayRules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lotsAssam v Punjab\n9 April 2019 Assam 0–2 Punjab Ludhiana8:30 AM IST\n\n\n 46' (o.g.) Subhakshan Rabha 87' Rajbir Singh\nStadium: Guru Nanak StadiumKarnataka v Maharashtra\n9 April 2019 Karnataka 2–2 Maharashtra Ludhiana4:00 PM IST\nManvir Singh 30' M Nikhil Raj 90+1'\n\n 18' Rohan Harish Shukla 56' Sanket Salokhe\nStadium: Guru Nanak StadiumKarnataka v Sikkim\n11 April 2019 Karnataka 2–0 Sikkim Ludhiana8:30 AM IST\nGunashekar Vignesh 66' Namgyal Bhutia 84'\n\n\nStadium: Guru Nanak StadiumAssam v Maharashtra\n11 April 2019 Assam 3–2 Maharashtra Ludhiana4:00 PM IST\nBishnu Bordoloi 12' Milan Basumatary 78' Akrang Narzary 90+4'\n\n 54', 76' Arif Shaikh\nStadium: Guru Nanak StadiumSikkim v Assam\n13 April 2019 Sikkim 1–3 Assam Ludhiana8:30 AM IST\nSonam Zangpo Bhutia 33' (pen.)\n\n 3' Milan Basumatary 85' Sirandeep Moran 90+2' Bishnu Bordoloi\nStadium: Guru Nanak StadiumPunjab v Maharashtra\n13 April 2019 Punjab 1–2 Maharashtra Ludhiana4:00 PM IST\nSukhpreet Singh 39'\n\n 78' (pen.), 90+4' Arif Shaikh\nStadium: Guru Nanak StadiumKarnataka v Assam\n15 April 2019 Karnataka 5–1 Assam Ludhiana8:30 AM IST\nBiswa Kr Darjee 16' Naorem Roshan Singh 18', 23' Gunashekar Vignesh 25' Mahesh Selva 31'\n\n 37' Bishnu Bordoloi\nStadium: Guru Nanak StadiumPunjab v Sikkim\n15 April 2019 Punjab 1–0 Sikkim Ludhiana4:00 PM IST\nTaranjit Singh 20'\n\n\nStadium: Guru Nanak StadiumMaharashtra v Sikkim\n17 April 2019 Maharashtra 5–0 Sikkim Ludhiana8:30 AM IST\nAman Gaikwad 15' Vinodkumar Chandrakishor Pandey 26' Leander Dharmai 45' Arif Shaikh 52', 54'\n\n\nStadium: Guru Nanak StadiumKarnataka v Punjab\n17 April 2019 Karnataka 3–4 Punjab Ludhiana4:00 PM IST\nMagnesh Silva 13' Johan Peter 33' Nikhil Raj 60'\n\nSukhpreet Singh 16' Vikrant Singh 31', 43' Amandeep Singh 73'\nStadium: Guru Nanak Stadium","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bracket","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_football_team"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_football_team"},{"link_name":"Penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_football_team"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9592"},{"link_name":"Ronaldo Oliveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronaldo_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"}],"sub_title":"Semi-finals","text":"19 April 201915:45 IST\nServices1–1 (a.e.t.)Karnataka\nLallawmkima PC 7'\n\nNikhil Raj 84'\nPenalties\n\n4–3\n\nGuru Nanak Stadium, LudhianaAttendance: 500Referee: Williams Joy Koshy19 April 201908:30 IST\nPunjab2–1Goa\nJaspreet Singh 13' Harjinder Singh 90+1'\nReport\n 89' Ronaldo Oliveira\nGuru Nanak Stadium, LudhianaAttendance: 500Referee: M Sugandar","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_football_team"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9599"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"21 April 201915:30 IST\nServices1–0Punjab\nBikash Thapa 61'\nReport\n\nGuru Nanak Stadium, LudhianaAttendance: 3,262Referee: Harish Kundu","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ayush Adhikari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayush_Adhikari"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_football_team"},{"link_name":"Arif Shaikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arif_Shaikh"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_football_team"},{"link_name":"Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_football_team"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_football_team"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_football_team"},{"link_name":"Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya_football_team"},{"link_name":"Milan Basumatary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Basumatary"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_football_team"},{"link_name":"Lalawmpuia 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Carneiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessel_Carneiro"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_football_team"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_football_team"},{"link_name":"Victorino Fernandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorino_Fernandes"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ronaldo Oliveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronaldo_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_football_team"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha_football_team"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha_football_team"},{"link_name":"Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya_football_team"},{"link_name":"Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya_football_team"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_football_team"},{"link_name":"Namgyal Bhutia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namgyal_Bhutia"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_football_team"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_football_team"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_football_team"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_football_team"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_football_team"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_football_team"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_football_team"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_football_team"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_football_team"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_football_team"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_football_team"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_football_team"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_football_team"},{"link_name":"Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_football_team"},{"link_name":"Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_football_team"},{"link_name":"Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_football_team"},{"link_name":"Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_football_team"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_football_team"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim_football_team"}],"text":"6 goalsAyush Adhikari (Delhi)\nArif Shaikh (Maharashtra)5 goalsLallawkima PC (Services)3 goalsBishnu Bordoloi (Assam)\nM Nikhil Raj (Karnataka)2 goalsRaikut Shisha Buam (Meghalaya)\nMilan Basumatary (Assam)\nLalawmpuia Ralte (Goa)\nChaitan Komarpant (Goa)\nSuresh Meitei (Services)\nGunashekar Vignesh (Karnataka)\nMahesh Selva (Karnataka)\nNaorem Roshan Singh (Karnataka)\nChandra Muduli (Odisha)\nSukhpreet Singh (Punjab)\nVikrant Singh (Punjab)\nBikash Thapa (Services)1 GoalGlan Martins (Goa)\nStendly Fernandes (Goa)\nJessel Carneiro (Goa)\nSarineo Fernandes (Goa)\nVictorino Fernandes (Goa)\nRonaldo Oliveira (Goa)\nPrasanta Srihari (Odisha)\nArvin Lakra (Odisha)\nEnestar Malngiang (Meghalaya)\nDonborlang Nongkynrih (Meghalaya)\nManvir Singh (Karnataka)\nNamgyal Bhutia (Karnataka)\nBiswa Kr Darjee (Karnataka)\nJohan Peter (Karnataka)\nRohan Shukla (Maharashtra)\nSanket Salokhe (Maharashtra)\nAman Gaikwad (Maharashtra)\nVinodkumar Chandrakishor Pandey (Maharashtra)\nLenader Dharmai (Maharashtra)\nRajbir Singh (Punjab)\nTaranjit Singh (Punjab)\nAmandeep Singh (Punjab)\nJaspreet Singh (Punjab)\nHarjinder Singh (Punjab)\nHarikrishna (Services)\nSabir Khan (Services)\nSushil Shah (Services)\nBikash Thapa (Services)\nAkrang Narzary (Assam)\nSirandeep Moran (Assam)\nSonam Zangpo Bhutia (Sikkim)","title":"Goalscorers"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Santosh Trophy 2018 Final: Kerala beat Bengal 4-2 on penalties to secure sixth title\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coffey_(historian) | John Coffey (historian) | ["1 Recent publications","2 References"] | British historian
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John Coffey is a British historian who works on religion, politics and ideas in the Protestant Atlantic world, c. 1600-1850. He studied History at Cambridge and completed a PhD under the supervision of Mark Goldie at Churchill College, Cambridge, where he held a Junior Research Fellowship, before taking up a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellowship at University College London. He has taught the University of Leicester. since 1999, serving as Head of History from 2013 to 2016. He has written monographs on Samuel Rutherford and John Goodwin and was an editor on the critical edition of Richard Baxter's Reliquiae Baxterianae. His Persecution and Toleration in Protestant England, 1558–1689 is the first overview work on the topic since W. K. Jordan's four-volume work The Development of Religious Toleration in England (1932–1940).
Recent publications
Politics, Religion and the British Revolutions: The Mind of Samuel Rutherford, Cambridge University Press, 1997
Persecution and Toleration in Protestant England, 1558–1689, Longman, 2000
John Goodwin and the Puritan Revolution, Boydell and Brewer, 2006
The Cambridge Companion to Puritanism, ed. John Coffey and Paul C-H. Lim, Cambridge University Press, 2008
Seeing Things their Way: Intellectual History and the Return of Religion, ed. Alister Chapman, John Coffey and Brad Gregory, University of Notre Dame Press, 2009
Exodus and Liberation: Deliverance Politics from John Calvin to Martin Luther King Jr., Oxford University Press 2014
Heart Religion: Evangelical Piety in Britain and Ireland, 1690-1850, ed. John Coffey, Oxford University Press, 2016
Politics, Religion and Ideas in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century Britain, ed. Justin Champion, John Coffey, Tim Harris and John Marshall, Boydell, 2019
The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, vol. I: The Post-Reformation Era, c.1559-1689, ed. John Coffey, Oxford University Press, 2020
Reliquiae Baxterianae, ed. N. H. Keeble, John Coffey, Tim Cooper, and Tom Charlton, 5 vols, Oxford University Press, 2020
References
^ "Professor John Coffey". Retrieved 13 August 2013.
^ "John Coffey | People | University of Leicester". le.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
Authority control databases International
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Other
IdRef
This article about an English historian or genealogist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Goldie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Goldie"},{"link_name":"Churchill College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Junior Research Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Research_Fellowships"},{"link_name":"British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"University of Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leicester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Samuel Rutherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Rutherford"},{"link_name":"John Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goodwin_(preacher)"},{"link_name":"Richard Baxter's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Baxter"},{"link_name":"W. K. 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Jordan's four-volume work The Development of Religious Toleration in England (1932–1940).[2]","title":"John Coffey (historian)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Politics, Religion and the British Revolutions: The Mind of Samuel Rutherford, Cambridge University Press, 1997\nPersecution and Toleration in Protestant England, 1558–1689, Longman, 2000\nJohn Goodwin and the Puritan Revolution, Boydell and Brewer, 2006\nThe Cambridge Companion to Puritanism, ed. John Coffey and Paul C-H. Lim, Cambridge University Press, 2008\nSeeing Things their Way: Intellectual History and the Return of Religion, ed. Alister Chapman, John Coffey and Brad Gregory, University of Notre Dame Press, 2009\nExodus and Liberation: Deliverance Politics from John Calvin to Martin Luther King Jr., Oxford University Press 2014\nHeart Religion: Evangelical Piety in Britain and Ireland, 1690-1850, ed. John Coffey, Oxford University Press, 2016\nPolitics, Religion and Ideas in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century Britain, ed. Justin Champion, John Coffey, Tim Harris and John Marshall, Boydell, 2019\nThe Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, vol. I: The Post-Reformation Era, c.1559-1689, ed. John Coffey, Oxford University Press, 2020\nReliquiae Baxterianae, ed. N. H. Keeble, John Coffey, Tim Cooper, and Tom Charlton, 5 vols, Oxford University Press, 2020","title":"Recent publications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Professor John Coffey\". Retrieved 13 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/history/people/jcoffey","url_text":"\"Professor John Coffey\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Coffey | People | University of Leicester\". le.ac.uk. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_disciplines_and_sub-disciplines | Outline of academic disciplines | ["1 Humanities","1.1 Performing arts","1.2 Visual arts","1.3 History","1.4 Languages and literature","1.5 Law","1.6 Philosophy","1.7 Religious studies","1.8 Divinity","1.9 Theology","2 Social science","2.1 Anthropology","2.2 Archaeology","2.3 Futurology (also known as future studies or prospective studies)","2.4 Economics","2.5 Geography","2.6 Linguistics","2.7 Political science","2.8 Psychology","2.9 Sociology","3 Natural science","3.1 Biology","3.2 Chemistry","3.3 Earth science","3.4 Astronomy","3.5 Physics","4 Formal science","4.1 Computer science","4.2 Mathematics","4.2.1 Pure mathematics","4.2.2 Applied mathematics","5 Applied science","5.1 Agriculture","5.2 Architecture and design","5.3 Business","5.4 Education","5.5 Engineering and technology","5.5.1 Chemical engineering","5.5.2 Civil engineering","5.5.3 Educational technology","5.5.4 Electrical engineering","5.5.5 Materials science","5.5.6 Mechanical engineering","5.5.7 Systems science","5.6 Environmental studies and forestry","5.7 Family and consumer science","5.8 Human physical performance and recreation","5.9 Journalism, media studies and communication","5.10 Law","5.11 Library and museum studies","5.12 Medicine and health","5.13 Military sciences","5.14 Public administration","5.15 Public policy","5.16 Social work","5.17 Transportation","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"] | Academic fields of study or professions
Collage of images representing different academic disciplines
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Interdisciplinary
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Pragmatism
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Critical realism
Subtle realism
Methodology
Action research
Art methodology
Critical theory
Grounded theory
Hermeneutics
Historiography
Narrative inquiry
Phenomenology
Pragmatism
Scientific method
Methods
Analysis
Case study
Content analysis
Descriptive statistics
Discourse analysis
Ethnography
Autoethnography
Experiment
Field experiment
Social experiment
Quasi-experiment
Field research
Historical method
Inferential statistics
Interviews
Mapping
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Phenomenography
Secondary research
Bibliometrics
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Philosophy portalvte
An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of knowledge, taught and researched as part of higher education. A scholar's discipline is commonly defined by the university faculties and learned societies to which they belong and the academic journals in which they publish research.
Disciplines vary between well-established ones that exist in almost all universities and have well-defined rosters of journals and conferences, and nascent ones supported by only a few universities and publications. A discipline may have branches, and these are often called sub-disciplines.
The following outline provides an overview of and topical guide to academic disciplines. In each case an entry at the highest level of the hierarchy (e.g., Humanities) is a group of broadly similar disciplines; an entry at the next highest level (e.g., Music) is a discipline having some degree of autonomy and being the basic identity felt by its scholars; and lower levels of the hierarchy are sub-disciplines not normally having any role in the structure of the university's governance.
Humanities
Main articles: Humanities and Outline of the humanities
Performing arts
Main article: Outline of performing arts
Music (outline)
Accompanying
Chamber music
Church music
Conducting
Choral conducting
Orchestral conducting
Wind ensemble conducting
Early music
Jazz studies (outline)
Musical composition
Music education
Music history
Musicology
Historical musicology
Systematic musicology
Ethnomusicology
Music theory
Orchestral studies
Organology
Organ and historical keyboards
Piano
Strings, harp, oud, and guitar (outline)
Singing
Woodwinds, brass, and percussion
Recording
Dance (outline)
Choreography
Dance notation
Ethnochoreology
History of dance
Television (outline)
Television studies
Theatre (outline)
Acting
Directing
Dramaturgy
History of theatre
Musical theatre
Playwrighting
Puppetry
Scenography
Stage design
Ventriloquism
Film (outline)
Animation
Film criticism
Filmmaking
Film theory
Live action
Visual arts
Main article: Outline of the visual arts
Applied arts
Animation
Art director
Calligraphy
Culinary Arts
Outline of cuisines
Decorative arts
Digital art
Mixed media
Printmaking
Studio art
Graphic design
Architecture (Outline of architecture)
Interior architecture
Landscape architecture
Landscape design
Landscape planning
Architectural analytics
Historic preservation
Interior design (interior architecture)
Technical drawing
Fashion
Fine arts
Graphic arts
Drawing (outline)
Painting (outline)
Photography (outline)
Sculpture (outline)
History
Main article: Outline of history
Also regarded as a Social science
African history
American history
Ancient history
Ancient Egypt
Carthage
Ancient Greek history (outline)
Ancient Roman history (outline)
Assyrian Civilization
Bronze Age Civilizations
Biblical history
History of the Indus Valley Civilization
Preclassic Maya
History of Mesopotamia
The Stone Age
History of the Yangtze civilization
History of the Yellow River civilization
Art History
Asian history
Chinese history
Indian history (outline)
Indonesian history
Iranian history
Australian history
Cultural history
Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church
Economic history
Environmental history
European history
Intellectual history
Jewish history
Latin American history
Modern history
Philosophical history
Ancient philosophy
Contemporary philosophy
Medieval philosophy
Humanism (outline)
Scholasticism
Modern philosophy
Political history
History of political thought
Pre-Columbian era history
Prehistory
Public history
Russian history
Scientific history
Technological history
World history
Languages and literature
Main article: Outline of literature
Linguistics listed in Social science
Comics studies
Comparative literature
Creative writing
Poetry
Prose
Non-fiction
Fiction (outline)
English literature
History of literature
Ancient literature
Medieval literature
Post-colonial literature
Post-modern literature
Literary theory
Critical theory (outline)
Literary criticism
Poetics
World literature
American literature
African-American literature
Southern literature
British literature
Canadian literature
Indian English literature
Irish literature
New Zealand literature
Scottish literature
South African literature
Welsh literature
Law
Main article: Outline of law
Also regarded as a Social science
Also listed in Applied science
Administrative law
Canon law
Civil law
Admiralty law
Animal law/Animal rights
Civil procedure
Common law
Contract law
Corporations
Environmental law
Family law
Federal law
International law
Public international law
Supranational law
Labor law
Property law
Tax law
Tort law (outline)
Comparative law
Competition law
Constitutional law
Criminal law
Criminal justice (outline)
Criminal procedure
Forensic science (outline)
Police science
Islamic law
Jewish law (outline)
Jurisprudence (Philosophy of Law)
Legal management (academic discipline)
Commercial law
Corporate law
Procedural law
Substantive law
Philosophy
Main article: Outline of philosophy
Also regarded as the separate, an entry at the highest level of the hierarchy
Aesthetics (outline)
Applied philosophy
Philosophy of economics
Philosophy of education
Philosophy of engineering
Philosophy of history
Philosophy of language
Philosophy of law
Philosophy of mathematics
Philosophy of music
Philosophy of psychology
Philosophy of religion
Philosophy of physical sciences
Philosophy of biology
Philosophy of chemistry
Philosophy of physics
Philosophy of social science
Philosophy of technology
Systems philosophy
Political Philosophy
Epistemology (outline)
Justification
Reasoning errors
Ethics (outline)
Applied ethics
Animal rights
Bioethics
Environmental ethics
Meta-ethics
Moral psychology, Descriptive ethics, Value theory
Normative ethics
Virtue ethics
Logic (outline)
Mathematical logic
Philosophical logic
Meta-philosophy
Metaphysics (outline)
Philosophy of Action
Determinism and Free will
Ontology
Philosophy of mind
Philosophy of pain
Philosophy of artificial intelligence
Philosophy of perception
Philosophy of space and time
Teleology
Theism and Atheism
Philosophical traditions and schools
African philosophy
Analytic philosophy
Aristotelianism
Continental philosophy
Eastern philosophy
Feminist philosophy
Islamic philosophy
Platonism
Social philosophy and political philosophy
Anarchism (outline)
Feminist philosophy
Libertarianism (outline)
Marxism
Religious studies
Also regarded as a social science
History of Religion
Anthropology of Religion
Sociology of Religion
Psychology of Religion
Phenomenology of Religion
Divinity
Main article: Divinity (academic discipline)
Canon law
Church history
Field ministry
Pastoral counseling
Pastoral theology
Religious education techniques
Homiletics
Liturgy
Sacred music
Missiology
Hermeneutics
Scriptural study and languages
Biblical Hebrew
Biblical studies/Sacred Scripture
Vedic Study
New Testament Greek
Latin
Old Church Slavonic
Theology (outline)
Dogmatic theology
Ecclesiology
Sacramental theology
Systematic theology
Christian ethics
Hindu ethics
Moral theology
Historical theology
Theology
Main article: Outline of theology
Biblical studies
Biblical Hebrew, Koine Greek, Aramaic
Buddhist theology
Pali Studies
Christian theology
Anglican theology
Baptist theology
Catholic theology
Eastern Orthodox theology
Protestant theology
Hindu theology
Sanskrit Studies
Dravidian Studies
Jewish theology
Muslim theology
Arabic Studies
Social science
Main articles: Social science and Outline of social science
Anthropology
Main article: Outline of anthropology
Biological anthropology
Linguistic anthropology
Cultural anthropology
Social anthropology
Palaeoanthropology
Archaeology
Main article: Outline of archaeology
Biocultural anthropology
Evolutionary anthropology
Feminist archaeology
Forensic anthropology
Maritime archaeology
Futurology (also known as future studies or prospective studies)
Main articles: Outline of futures studies and Futures studies
Cashless Society
Climate
Economics
Main article: Outline of economics
Agricultural economics
Anarchist economics
Applied economics
Behavioural economics
Bioeconomics
Complexity economics
Computational economics
Consumer economics
Development economics
Ecological economics
Econometrics
Economic geography
Economic sociology
Economic systems
Education economics
Energy economics
Entrepreneurial economics
Environmental economics
Evolutionary economics
Experimental economics
Feminist economics
Financial econometrics
Financial economics
Green economics
Growth economics
Human development theory
Industrial organization
Information economics
Institutional economics
International economics
Islamic economics
Labor economics
Health economics
Law and economics
Macroeconomics
Managerial economics
Marxian economics
Mathematical economics
Microeconomics
Monetary economics
Neuroeconomics
Participatory economics
Political economy
Public economics
Public finance
Real estate economics
Resource economics
Social choice theory
Socialist economics
Socioeconomics
Transport economics
Welfare economics
Geography
Main article: Outline of geography
Physical geography (is also listed in Earth Science)
Atmology
Biogeography
Climatology
Coastal geography
Emergency management
Environmental geography
Geobiology
Geochemistry
Geology
Geomatics
Geomorphology
Geophysics
Glaciology
Hydrology
Landscape ecology
Lithology
Meteorology
Mineralogy
Oceanography
Palaeogeography
Palaeontology
Petrology
Quaternary science
Soil geography
Human geography
Behavioural geography
Cognitive geography
Cultural geography
Development geography
Economic geography
Health geography
Historical geography
Language geography
Mathematical geography
Marketing geography
Military geography
Political geography
Population geography
Religion geography
Social geography
Strategic geography
Time geography
Tourism geography
Transport geography
Urban geography
Integrated geography
Cartography
Celestial cartography
Planetary cartography
Topography
Linguistics
Main article: Outline of linguistics
Also regarded as a formal science
Applied linguistics
Composition studies
Computational linguistics
Discourse analysis
English studies
Etymology
Grammar
Grammatology
Historical linguistics
History of linguistics
Interlinguistics
Lexicology
Linguistic typology
Morphology (linguistics)
Natural language processing
Philology
Phonetics
Phonology
Pragmatics
Psycholinguistics
Rhetoric
Semantics
Semiotics (outline)
Sociolinguistics
Syntax
Usage
Word usage
Political science
Main articles: Politics and Outline of political science
American politics
Canadian politics
Civics
Health politics
Biopolitics
Comparative politics
European studies
Geopolitics (Political geography)
International relations
International organizations
Nationalism studies
Peace and conflict studies
Policy studies
Political behavior
Political culture
Political economy
Political history
Political philosophy
Public administration
Public law
Psephology
Social choice theory
Singapore politics
Psychology
Main articles: Outline of psychology and List of psychology disciplines
Abnormal psychology
Applied psychology
Biological psychology
Clinical neuropsychology
Clinical psychology
Cognitive psychology
Community psychology
Comparative psychology
Conservation psychology
Consumer psychology
Counseling psychology
Criminal psychology
Cultural psychology
Asian psychology
Black psychology
Developmental psychology
Differential psychology
Ecological psychology
Educational psychology
Environmental psychology
Evolutionary psychology
Experimental psychology
Group psychology
Family psychology
Feminine psychology
Forensic developmental psychology
Forensic psychology
Health psychology
Humanistic psychology
Indigenous psychology
Legal psychology
Mathematical psychology
Media psychology
Medical psychology
Military psychology
Moral psychology and Descriptive ethics
Music psychology
Neuropsychology
Occupational health psychology
Occupational psychology
Organizational psychology (a.k.a., Industrial Psychology)
Parapsychology (outline)
Pediatric psychology
Pedology (children study)
Personality psychology
Phenomenology
Political psychology
Positive psychology
Psychoanalysis
Psychobiology
Psychology of religion
Psychometrics
Psychopathology
Child psychopathology
Psychophysics
Quantitative psychology
Rehabilitation psychology
School psychology
Social psychology
Sport psychology
Traffic psychology
Transpersonal psychology
Sociology
Main article: Outline of sociology
Analytical sociology
Applied sociology
Leisure studies
Political sociology
Public sociology
Social engineering
Architectural sociology
Area studies
African studies
American studies
Appalachian studies
Canadian studies
Latin American studies
Asian studies
Central Asian studies
East Asian studies
Filipinology
Iranian studies
Japanese studies
Korean studies
Sinology (outline)
South Asian studies
Bengal studies
Dravidology
Pakistan studies
Sindhology
Southeast Asian studies
Thai studies
Australian studies
European studies
Celtic studies
German studies
Sociology in Poland
Scandinavian studies
Slavic studies
Middle Eastern studies
Arab studies
Assyriology
Egyptology
Jewish studies
Behavioral sociology
Collective behavior
Social movements
Community informatics
Social network analysis
Comparative sociology
Conflict theory
Criminology/Criminal justice (outline)
Critical management studies
Critical sociology
Cultural sociology
Cultural studies/ethnic studies
Africana studies
Cross-cultural studies
Culturology
Deaf studies
Ethnology
Utopian studies
Whiteness studies
Demography/Population
Digital sociology
Dramaturgical sociology
Economic sociology
Educational sociology
Empirical sociology
Environmental sociology
Evolutionary sociology
Feminist sociology
Figurational sociology
Futures studies (outline)
Gender studies
Men's studies
Women's studies
Queer studies
Historical sociology
Human ecology
Humanistic sociology
Industrial sociology
Interactionism
Interpretive sociology
Ethnomethodology
Phenomenology
Social constructionism
Symbolic interactionism
Jealousy sociology
Macrosociology
Marxist sociology
Mathematical sociology
Medical sociology
Mesosociology
Microsociology
Military sociology
Natural resource sociology
Organizational theory
Organizational studies
Phenomenological sociology
Policy sociology
Postcolonialism
Psychoanalytic sociology
Science studies/Science and technology studies
Sexology
Heterosexism
Human sexual behavior
Human sexuality (outline)
Queer studies/Queer theory
Sex education
Social capital
Social change
Social conflict theory
Social control
Pure sociology
Social economy
Social philosophy
Social policy
Social psychology
Social stratification
Social theory
Social transformation
Computational sociology
Economic sociology/Socioeconomics
Economic development
Social development
Sociobiology
Sociocybernetics
Sociolinguistics
Sociology of aging
Sociology of agriculture
Sociology of art
Sociology of autism
Sociology of childhood
Sociology of conflict
Sociology of culture
Sociology of cyberspace
Sociology of development
Sociology of deviance
Sociology of disaster
Sociology of education
Sociology of emotions
Sociology of fatherhood
Sociology of finance
Sociology of food
Sociology of gender
Sociology of generations
Sociology of globalization
Sociology of government
Sociology of health and illness
Sociology of human consciousness
Sociology of immigration
Sociology of knowledge
Sociology of language
Sociology of law
Sociology of leisure
Sociology of literature
Sociology of markets
Sociology of marriage
Sociology of motherhood
Sociology of music
Sociology of natural resources
Sociology of organizations
Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict
Sociology of punishment
Sociology of race and ethnic relations
Sociology of religion
Sociology of risk
Sociology of science
Sociology of scientific knowledge
Sociology of social change
Sociology of social movements
Sociology of space
Sociology of sport
Sociology of technology
Sociology of terrorism
Sociology of the body
Sociology of the family
Sociology of the history of science
Sociology of the Internet
Sociology of work
Sociomusicology
Structural sociology
Theoretical sociology
Urban studies or Urban sociology/Rural sociology
Victimology
Visual sociology
Natural science
Main articles: Science, Outline of science, Natural science, and Outline of natural science
Biology
Main article: Outline of biologySee also: List of life sciences
Aerobiology
Anatomy
Comparative anatomy
Human anatomy (outline)
Biochemistry (outline)
Bioinformatics
Biophysics (outline)
Biotechnology (outline)
Botany (outline)
Ethnobotany
Phycology
Cell biology (outline)
Chronobiology
Computational biology
Cryobiology
Developmental biology
Embryology
Teratology
Ecology (outline)
Agroecology
Ethnoecology
Human ecology
Landscape ecology
Endocrinology
Epigenetics
Ethnobiology
Anthrozoology
Evolutionary biology
Genetics (outline)
Behavioural genetics
Molecular genetics
Population genetics
Histology
Human biology
Immunology (outline)
Limnology
Linnaean taxonomy
Marine biology
Mathematical biology
Microbiology
Bacteriology
Protistology
Molecular biology
Mycology
Neuroscience (outline)
Behavioral neuroscience
Nutrition (outline)
Paleobiology
Paleontology
Parasitology
Pathology
Anatomical pathology
Clinical pathology
Dermatopathology
Forensic pathology
Hematopathology
Histopathology
Molecular pathology
Surgical pathology
Physiology
Human physiology
Exercise physiology
Structural Biology
Systematics (Taxonomy)
Systems biology
Virology
Molecular virology
Xenobiology
Zoology (outline)
Animal communications
Apiology
Arachnology
Arthropodology
Batrachology
Bryozoology
Carcinology
Cetology
Cnidariology
Entomology
Forensic entomology
Ethnozoology
Ethology
Helminthology
Herpetology
Ichthyology (outline)
Invertebrate zoology
Mammalogy
Cynology
Felinology
Malacology
Conchology
Limacology
Teuthology
Myriapodology
Myrmecology (outline)
Nematology
Neuroethology
Oology
Ornithology (outline)
Planktology
Primatology
Zootomy
Zoosemiotics
Chemistry
Main article: Outline of chemistry
See also: Pure chemistry
Agrochemistry
Analytical chemistry
Astrochemistry
Atmospheric chemistry
Biochemistry (outline)
Chemical biology
Chemical engineering (outline)
Cheminformatics
Computational chemistry
Cosmochemistry
Electrochemistry
Environmental chemistry
Femtochemistry
Flavor
Flow chemistry
Geochemistry
Green chemistry
Histochemistry
Hydrogenation
Immunochemistry
Inorganic chemistry
Marine chemistry
Mathematical chemistry
Mechanochemistry
Medicinal chemistry
Molecular biology
Molecular mechanics
Nanotechnology
Natural product chemistry
Neurochemistry
Oenology
Organic chemistry (outline)
Organometallic chemistry
Petrochemistry
Pharmacology
Photochemistry
Physical chemistry
Physical organic chemistry
Phytochemistry
Polymer chemistry
Quantum chemistry
Radiochemistry
Solid-state chemistry
Sonochemistry
Supramolecular chemistry
Surface chemistry
Synthetic chemistry
Theoretical chemistry
Thermochemistry
Earth science
Main article: Outline of earth science
See also: Branches of earth sciences
Chronology
Edaphology
Environmental chemistry
Environmental science
Gemology
Geochemistry
Geodesy
Physical geography (outline)
Atmospheric science / Meteorology (outline)
Biogeography / Phytogeography
Climatology / Paleoclimatology / Palaeogeography
Coastal geography / Oceanography
Edaphology / Pedology or Soil science
Geobiology
Geology (outline) (Geomorphology, Mineralogy, Petrology, Sedimentology, Speleology, Tectonics, Volcanology)
Geostatistics
Glaciology
Hydrology (outline)/ Limnology / Hydrogeology
Landscape ecology
Quaternary science
Geophysics (outline)
Paleontology
Paleobiology
Paleoecology
Astronomy
Main article: Outline of astronomy
Astrobiology
Observational astronomy
Gamma ray astronomy
Infrared astronomy
Microwave astronomy
Optical astronomy
Radio astronomy
UV astronomy
X-ray astronomy
Astrophysics
Gravitational astronomy
Black holes
Cosmology
Physical cosmology
Interstellar medium
Numerical simulations
Astrophysical plasma
Galaxy formation and evolution
High-energy astrophysics
Hydrodynamics
Magnetohydrodynamics
Star formation
Stellar astrophysics
Helioseismology
Stellar evolution
Stellar nucleosynthesis
Planetary science
Physics
Main article: Outline of physics
Acoustics
Aerodynamics
Applied physics
Astrophysics
Atmospheric physics
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
Biophysics (outline)
Computational physics
Condensed matter physics
Cryogenics
Electricity
Electromagnetism
Elementary particle physics
Experimental physics
Fluid dynamics
Geophysics (outline)
Mathematical physics
Mechanics
Medical physics
Molecular physics
Newtonian dynamics
Nuclear physics
Optics
Plasma physics
Quantum physics
Solid mechanics
Solid state physics
Statistical mechanics
Theoretical physics
Thermal physics
Thermodynamics
Formal science
Main articles: Formal science and Outline of formal science
Computer science
Main articles: Computer science and Outline of computer science
See also: ACM Computing Classification System
Also a branch of electrical engineering
Logic in computer science
Formal methods (Formal verification)
Logic programming
Multi-valued logic
Fuzzy logic
Programming language semantics
Type theory
Algorithms
Computational geometry
Distributed algorithms
Parallel algorithms
Randomized algorithms
Artificial intelligence (outline)
Cognitive science
Automated reasoning
Computer vision (outline)
Machine learning
Artificial neural networks
Natural language processing (Computational linguistics)
Expert systems
Robotics (outline)
Data science
Data structures
Computer architecture
Computer graphics
Image processing
Scientific visualization
Computer communications (networks)
Cloud computing
Information theory
Internet, World Wide Web
Ubiquitous computing
Wireless computing (Mobile computing)
Computer security and reliability
Cryptography
Fault-tolerant computing
Computing in mathematics, natural sciences, engineering, and medicine
Algebraic (symbolic) computation
Computational biology (bioinformatics)
Computational chemistry
Computational mathematics
Computational neuroscience
Computational number theory
Computational physics
Computer-aided engineering
Computational fluid dynamics
Finite element analysis
Numerical analysis
Scientific computing (Computational science)
Computing in social sciences, arts, humanities, and professions
Community informatics
Computational economics
Computational finance
Computational sociology
Digital humanities (Humanities computing)
History of computer hardware
History of computer science (outline)
Humanistic informatics
Databases (outline)
Distributed databases
Object databases
Relational databases
Data management
Data mining
Information architecture
Information management
Information retrieval
Knowledge management
Multimedia, hypermedia
Sound and music computing
Distributed computing
Grid computing
Human-computer interaction
Operating systems
Parallel computing
High-performance computing
Programming languages
Compilers
Programming paradigms
Concurrent programming
Functional programming
Imperative programming
Logic programming
Object-oriented programming
Program semantics
Type theory
Quantum computing
Software engineering
Formal methods (Formal verification)
Theory of computation
Automata theory (Formal languages)
Computability theory
Computational complexity theory
Concurrency theory
VLSI design
Mathematics
Main articles: Mathematics, Outline of mathematics, and Mathematics Subject Classification
Pure mathematics
Mathematical logic and Foundations of mathematics
Intuitionistic logic
Modal logic
Model theory
Proof theory
Recursion theory
Set theory
Arithmetic
Algebra (outline)
Associative algebra
Category theory
Topos theory
Differential algebra
Field theory
Group theory
Group representation
Homological algebra
K-theory
Lattice theory (Order theory)
Lie algebra
Linear algebra (Vector space)
Multilinear algebra
Non-associative algebra
Representation theory
Ring theory
Commutative algebra
Noncommutative algebra
Universal algebra
Analysis
Complex analysis
Functional analysis
Operator theory
Harmonic analysis
Fourier analysis
Non-standard analysis
Ordinary differential equations
p-adic analysis
Partial differential equations
Real analysis
Calculus (outline)
Probability theory
Ergodic theory
Measure theory
Integral geometry
Stochastic process
Geometry (outline) and Topology
Affine geometry
Algebraic geometry
Algebraic topology
Convex geometry
Differential topology
Discrete geometry
Finite geometry
Galois geometry
General topology
Geometric topology
Integral geometry
Noncommutative geometry
Non-Euclidean geometry
Projective geometry
Number theory
Algebraic number theory
Analytic number theory
Arithmetic combinatorics
Geometric number theory
Applied mathematics
Approximation theory
Combinatorics (outline)
Coding theory
Cryptography
Dynamical systems
Chaos theory
Fractal geometry
Game theory
Graph theory
Information theory
Mathematical physics
Quantum field theory
Quantum gravity
String theory
Quantum mechanics
Statistical mechanics
Numerical analysis
Operations research
Assignment problem
Decision analysis
Dynamic programming
Inventory theory
Linear programming
Mathematical optimization
Optimal maintenance
Real options analysis
Scheduling
Stochastic processes
Systems analysis
Statistics (outline)
Actuarial science
Demography
Econometrics
Mathematical statistics
Data visualization
Theory of computation
Computational complexity theory
Applied science
Main articles: Applied science and Outline of applied science
Agriculture
Main articles: Agriculture, Outline of agriculture, and Agricultural science
Aeroponics
Agroecology
Agrology
Agronomy
Animal husbandry (Animal science)
Beekeeping (Apiculture)
Anthroponics
Agricultural economics
Agricultural engineering
Biological systems engineering
Food engineering
Aquaculture
Aquaponics
Enology
Entomology
Fogponics
Food science
Culinary arts
Forestry
Horticulture
Hydrology (outline)
Hydroponics
Pedology
Plant science (outline)
Pomology
Pest control
Purification
Viticulture
Architecture and design
Main articles: Architecture, Outline of architecture, Design, Outline of design, and Applied arts
Architecture (outline)
Interior architecture
Landscape architecture
Architectural analytics
Historic preservation
Interior design (interior architecture)
Landscape architecture (landscape planning)
Landscape design
Urban planning (urban design)
Visual communication
Graphic design
Type design
Technical drawing
Industrial design (product design)
Ergonomics (outline)
Toy and amusement design
User experience design
Interaction design
Information architecture
User interface design
User experience evaluation
Decorative arts
Fashion design
Textile design
Business
Main articles: Business, Outline of business, and Business education
Accounting
Accounting research
Accounting scholarship
Business administration
Business analysis
Business ethics
Business law
Business management
E-Business
Entrepreneurship
Finance (outline)
Industrial and labor relations
Collective bargaining
Human resources
Organizational studies
Labor economics
Labor history
Information systems (Business informatics)
Management information systems
Health informatics
Information technology (outline)
International trade
Management (outline)
Marketing (outline)
Operations management
Purchasing
Risk management and insurance
Systems science
Education
Main articles: Education and Outline of education
Comparative education
Critical pedagogy
Curriculum and instruction
Alternative education
Early childhood education
Elementary education
Secondary education
Higher education
Mastery learning
Cooperative learning
Agricultural education
Art education
Bilingual education
Chemistry education
Counselor education
Language education
Legal education
Mathematics education
Medical education
Military education and training
Music education
Nursing education
Outdoor education
Peace education
Physical education/Sports coaching
Physics education
Reading education
Religious education
Science education
Special education
Sex education
Sociology of education
Technology education
Vocational education
Educational leadership
Educational philosophy
Educational psychology
Educational technology
Distance education
Engineering and technology
Main articles: Engineering and Outline of engineering
See also: List of engineering branchesSee also: Technology and Outline of technology
Chemical engineering
Bioengineering
Biochemical engineering
Biomolecular engineering
Catalysis
Materials engineering
Molecular engineering
Nanotechnology
Polymer engineering
Process design
Petroleum engineering
Nuclear engineering
Food engineering
Process engineering
Reaction engineering
Thermodynamics
Transport phenomena
Civil engineering
Coastal engineering
Earthquake engineering
Ecological engineering
Environmental engineering
Geotechnical engineering
Engineering geology
Hydraulic engineering
Mining engineering
Transportation engineering
Highway engineering
Structural engineering
Architectural engineering
Structural mechanics
Surveying
Educational technology
Instructional design
Distance education
Instructional simulation
Human performance technology
Knowledge management
Electrical engineering
Applied physics
Computer engineering (outline)
Computer science
Control systems engineering
Control theory
Electronic engineering
Instrumentation engineering
Engineering physics
Photonics
Information theory
Mechatronics
Power engineering
Quantum computing
Robotics (outline)
Semiconductors
Telecommunications engineering
Materials science
Biomaterials
Ceramic engineering
Crystallography
Nanomaterials
Photonics
Physical Metallurgy
Polymer engineering
Polymer science
Semiconductors
Mechanical engineering
Aerospace engineering
Aeronautics
Astronautics
Acoustical engineering
Automotive engineering
Biomedical engineering
Biomechanical engineering
Neural engineering
Continuum mechanics
Fluid mechanics
Heat transfer
Industrial engineering
Manufacturing engineering
Marine engineering
Mass transfer
Mechatronics
Nanoengineering
Ocean engineering
Optical engineering
Robotics
Thermodynamics
Systems science
Chaos theory
Complex systems
Conceptual systems
Control theory
Affect control theory
Control engineering
Control systems
Dynamical systems
Perceptual control theory
Cybernetics
Biocybernetics
Engineering cybernetics
Management cybernetics
Medical cybernetics
New Cybernetics
Second-order cybernetics
Sociocybernetics
Network science
Operations research
Systems biology
Computational systems biology
Synthetic biology
Systems immunology
Systems neuroscience
System dynamics
Social dynamics
Systems ecology
Ecosystem ecology
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Main articles: Journalism, Media studies, Communication, Communication studies, and Outline of communication
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See also
Main article: Branches of science
Academia (outline)
Academic genealogy
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Interdisciplinarity
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Classification of Instructional Programs
Joint Academic Coding System
List of fields of doctoral studies in the United States
List of academic fields
International Academic Association for the Enhancement of Learning in Higher Education
References
^ Khaled Nabil, Al-Momani (25 August 2020). "Characteristics of Design as an Academic and Creative Discipline". Kne Social Sciences. Ural Federal University: 294–298. doi:10.18502/kss.v4i11.7560. S2CID 221710217.
^ Bravo, Rafael Ángel (4 March 2016). "Vigencia de la Bauhaus en la formación académica de los diseñadores gráficos" (in Spanish). Francisco José de Caldas District University. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022.
^ "Graphic Design". College of the Sequoias. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
Further reading
Abbott, Andrew (2001). Chaos of Disciplines. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-00101-2.
Oleson, Alexandra; Voss, John (1979). The Organization of knowledge in modern America, 1860–1920. ISBN 0-8018-2108-8.
US Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences. Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP). National Center for Education Statistics.
External links
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP 2000): Developed by the U.S. Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics to provide a taxonomic scheme that will support the accurate tracking, assessment, and reporting of fields of study and program completions activity.
Complete JACS (Joint Academic Classification of Subjects) from Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) in the United Kingdom
Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification (ANZSRC 2008) (web-page Archived 2010-12-12 at the Wayback Machine) Chapter 3 and Appendix 1: Fields of research classification.
Fields of Knowledge, a zoomable map allowing the academic disciplines and sub-disciplines in this article be visualised.
Sandoz, R. (ed.), Interactive Historical Atlas of the Disciplines, University of Geneva
vteWikipedia outlinesGeneral reference
Culture and the arts
Geography and places
Health and fitness
History and events
Mathematics and logic
Natural and physical sciences
People and self
Philosophy and thinking
Religion and belief systems
Society and social sciences
Technology and applied sciences | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Academic_disciplines_(collage).jpg"},{"link_name":"academic discipline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_discipline"},{"link_name":"field of study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_study"},{"link_name":"knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge"},{"link_name":"taught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"researched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research"},{"link_name":"higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"university faculties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_(division)"},{"link_name":"learned societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_society"},{"link_name":"academic journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal"},{"link_name":"research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_(list)"}],"text":"Collage of images representing different academic disciplinesAn academic discipline or field of study is a branch of knowledge, taught and researched as part of higher education. 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action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_action"}],"sub_title":"Performing arts","text":"Music (outline)\nAccompanying\nChamber music\nChurch music\nConducting\nChoral conducting\nOrchestral conducting\nWind ensemble conducting\nEarly music\nJazz studies (outline)\nMusical composition\nMusic education\nMusic history\nMusicology\nHistorical musicology\nSystematic musicology\nEthnomusicology\nMusic theory\nOrchestral studies\nOrganology\nOrgan and historical keyboards\nPiano\nStrings, harp, oud, and guitar (outline)\nSinging\nWoodwinds, brass, and percussion\nRecording\nDance (outline)\nChoreography\nDance notation\nEthnochoreology\nHistory of dance\nTelevision (outline)\nTelevision studies\nTheatre (outline)\nActing\nDirecting\nDramaturgy\nHistory of theatre\nMusical theatre\nPlaywrighting\nPuppetry\nScenography\nStage design\nVentriloquism\nFilm (outline)\nAnimation\nFilm criticism\nFilmmaking\nFilm theory\nLive action","title":"Humanities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Applied arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_arts"},{"link_name":"Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation"},{"link_name":"Art director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Calligraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy"},{"link_name":"Culinary Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culinary_Arts"},{"link_name":"Outline of cuisines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cuisines"},{"link_name":"Decorative arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorative_arts"},{"link_name":"Digital art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_art"},{"link_name":"Mixed media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_media"},{"link_name":"Printmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printmaking"},{"link_name":"Studio art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_art"},{"link_name":"Graphic 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arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_arts"},{"link_name":"Drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_drawing_and_drawings"},{"link_name":"Painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_painting"},{"link_name":"Photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_photography"},{"link_name":"Sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_sculpture"}],"sub_title":"Visual arts","text":"Applied arts\nAnimation\nArt director\nCalligraphy\nCulinary Arts\nOutline of cuisines\nDecorative arts\nDigital art\nMixed media\nPrintmaking\nStudio art\nGraphic design[1][2][3]\nArchitecture (Outline of architecture)\nInterior architecture\nLandscape architecture\nLandscape design\nLandscape planning\nArchitectural analytics\nHistoric preservation\nInterior design (interior architecture)\nTechnical drawing\nFashion\nFine arts\nGraphic arts\nDrawing (outline)\nPainting (outline)\nPhotography (outline)\nSculpture (outline)","title":"Humanities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Social science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science"},{"link_name":"African history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_history"},{"link_name":"American history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_history"},{"link_name":"Ancient history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece#General_history_of_ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Ancient Roman history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Biblical history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible"},{"link_name":"History of the Indus Valley Civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation"},{"link_name":"Preclassic Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preclassic_Maya"},{"link_name":"History of Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"The Stone Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stone_Age"},{"link_name":"History of the Yangtze civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_civilization"},{"link_name":"History of the Yellow River civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization"},{"link_name":"Art History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_History"},{"link_name":"Asian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Asia"},{"link_name":"Chinese history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China"},{"link_name":"Indian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_India"},{"link_name":"Indonesian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Iranian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Australian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Cultural history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_history"},{"link_name":"Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Economic history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_world"},{"link_name":"Environmental history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_history"},{"link_name":"European history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Intellectual history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_history"},{"link_name":"Jewish history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_history"},{"link_name":"Latin American history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Modern history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_history"},{"link_name":"Philosophical history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Ancient philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Contemporary philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Medieval philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Humanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_humanism"},{"link_name":"Scholasticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism"},{"link_name":"Modern philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Political history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history"},{"link_name":"History of political thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_political_thought"},{"link_name":"Pre-Columbian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era"},{"link_name":"Prehistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory"},{"link_name":"Public history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_history"},{"link_name":"Russian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Scientific history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science"},{"link_name":"Technological history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"World history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_history_(field)"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"Also regarded as a Social scienceAfrican history\nAmerican history\nAncient history\nAncient Egypt\nCarthage\nAncient Greek history (outline)\nAncient Roman history (outline)\nAssyrian Civilization\nBronze Age Civilizations\nBiblical history\nHistory of the Indus Valley Civilization\nPreclassic Maya\nHistory of Mesopotamia\nThe Stone Age\nHistory of the Yangtze civilization\nHistory of the Yellow River civilization\nArt History\nAsian history\nChinese history\nIndian history (outline)\nIndonesian history\nIranian history\nAustralian history\nCultural history\nEcclesiastical history of the Catholic Church\nEconomic history\nEnvironmental history\nEuropean history\nIntellectual history\nJewish history\nLatin American history\nModern history\nPhilosophical history\nAncient philosophy\nContemporary philosophy\nMedieval philosophy\nHumanism (outline)\nScholasticism\nModern philosophy\nPolitical history\nHistory of political thought\nPre-Columbian era history\nPrehistory\nPublic history\nRussian history\nScientific history\nTechnological history\nWorld history","title":"Humanities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"},{"link_name":"Comics studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics_studies"},{"link_name":"Comparative literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_literature"},{"link_name":"Creative writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_writing"},{"link_name":"Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry"},{"link_name":"Prose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose"},{"link_name":"Non-fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-fiction"},{"link_name":"Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_fiction"},{"link_name":"English literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature"},{"link_name":"History of literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_literature"},{"link_name":"Ancient literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_literature"},{"link_name":"Medieval literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_literature"},{"link_name":"Post-colonial literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-colonial_literature"},{"link_name":"Post-modern literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-modern_literature"},{"link_name":"Literary theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_theory"},{"link_name":"Critical theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theory"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_critical_theory"},{"link_name":"Literary criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_criticism"},{"link_name":"Poetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetics"},{"link_name":"World literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_literature"},{"link_name":"American literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_literature"},{"link_name":"African-American literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_literature"},{"link_name":"Southern literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_literature"},{"link_name":"British literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_literature"},{"link_name":"Canadian literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_literature"},{"link_name":"Indian English literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_English_literature"},{"link_name":"Irish literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_literature"},{"link_name":"New Zealand literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_literature"},{"link_name":"Scottish literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_literature"},{"link_name":"South African literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_literature"},{"link_name":"Welsh literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_literature"}],"sub_title":"Languages and literature","text":"Linguistics listed in Social scienceComics studies\nComparative literature\nCreative writing\nPoetry\nProse\nNon-fiction\nFiction (outline)\nEnglish literature\nHistory of literature\nAncient literature\nMedieval literature\nPost-colonial literature\nPost-modern literature\nLiterary theory\nCritical theory (outline)\nLiterary criticism\nPoetics\nWorld literature\nAmerican literature\nAfrican-American literature\nSouthern literature\nBritish literature\nCanadian literature\nIndian English literature\nIrish literature\nNew Zealand literature\nScottish literature\nSouth African literature\nWelsh literature","title":"Humanities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Social science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science"},{"link_name":"listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Law_2"},{"link_name":"Administrative law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law"},{"link_name":"Canon law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law"},{"link_name":"Civil law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)"},{"link_name":"Admiralty law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_law"},{"link_name":"Animal law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_law"},{"link_name":"Animal rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights"},{"link_name":"Civil procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure"},{"link_name":"Common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law"},{"link_name":"Contract law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_law"},{"link_name":"Corporations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporations"},{"link_name":"Environmental law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law"},{"link_name":"Family law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_law"},{"link_name":"Federal law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_law"},{"link_name":"International law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law"},{"link_name":"Public international law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law"},{"link_name":"Supranational law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranational_law"},{"link_name":"Labor law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_law"},{"link_name":"Property law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law"},{"link_name":"Tax law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law"},{"link_name":"Tort law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_law"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_tort_law"},{"link_name":"Comparative law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_law"},{"link_name":"Competition law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law"},{"link_name":"Constitutional law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law"},{"link_name":"Criminal law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law"},{"link_name":"Criminal justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_criminal_justice"},{"link_name":"Criminal procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure"},{"link_name":"Forensic science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_science"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forensic_science"},{"link_name":"Police science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_science"},{"link_name":"Islamic law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"Jewish law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_law"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Jewish_law"},{"link_name":"Jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"Legal management (academic discipline)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_management_(academic_discipline)"},{"link_name":"Commercial law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_law"},{"link_name":"Corporate law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law"},{"link_name":"Procedural law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_law"},{"link_name":"Substantive law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantive_law"}],"sub_title":"Law","text":"Also regarded as a Social scienceAlso listed in Applied scienceAdministrative law\nCanon law\nCivil law\nAdmiralty law\nAnimal law/Animal rights\nCivil procedure\nCommon law\nContract law\nCorporations\nEnvironmental law\nFamily law\nFederal law\nInternational law\nPublic international law\nSupranational law\nLabor law\nProperty law\nTax law\nTort law (outline)\nComparative law\nCompetition law\nConstitutional law\nCriminal law\nCriminal justice (outline)\nCriminal procedure\nForensic science (outline)\nPolice science\nIslamic law\nJewish law (outline)\nJurisprudence (Philosophy of Law)\nLegal management (academic discipline)\nCommercial law\nCorporate law\nProcedural law\nSubstantive law","title":"Humanities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aesthetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics"},{"link_name":"Applied philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy#Applied_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_engineering"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_history"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_language"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_law"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_music"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of physical sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of social science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology"},{"link_name":"Systems philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Epistemology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology"},{"link_name":"Justification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_justification"},{"link_name":"Reasoning errors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies#Informal_fallacies"},{"link_name":"Ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ethics"},{"link_name":"Applied ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_ethics"},{"link_name":"Animal rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights"},{"link_name":"Bioethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethics"},{"link_name":"Environmental ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_ethics"},{"link_name":"Meta-ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-ethics"},{"link_name":"Moral psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_psychology"},{"link_name":"Descriptive ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_ethics"},{"link_name":"Value theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_theory"},{"link_name":"Normative ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normative_ethics"},{"link_name":"Virtue ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_ethics"},{"link_name":"Logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_logic"},{"link_name":"Mathematical logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"Philosophical logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_logic"},{"link_name":"Meta-philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-philosophy"},{"link_name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_metaphysics"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"Determinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism"},{"link_name":"Free will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will"},{"link_name":"Ontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of space and time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time"},{"link_name":"Teleology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleology"},{"link_name":"Theism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theism"},{"link_name":"Atheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism"},{"link_name":"Philosophical traditions and schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_movement"},{"link_name":"African philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Analytic philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Aristotelianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelianism"},{"link_name":"Continental philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Eastern philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Feminist philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Islamic philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Platonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonism"},{"link_name":"Social philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_philosophy"},{"link_name":"political philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Anarchism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism"},{"link_name":"Feminist philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Libertarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism"},{"link_name":"Marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"}],"sub_title":"Philosophy","text":"Also regarded as the separate, an entry at the highest level of the hierarchyAesthetics (outline)\nApplied philosophy\nPhilosophy of economics\nPhilosophy of education\nPhilosophy of engineering\nPhilosophy of history\nPhilosophy of language\nPhilosophy of law\nPhilosophy of mathematics\nPhilosophy of music\nPhilosophy of psychology\nPhilosophy of religion\nPhilosophy of physical sciences\nPhilosophy of biology\nPhilosophy of chemistry\nPhilosophy of physics\nPhilosophy of social science\nPhilosophy of technology\nSystems philosophy\nPolitical Philosophy\nEpistemology (outline)\nJustification\nReasoning errors\nEthics (outline)\nApplied ethics\nAnimal rights\nBioethics\nEnvironmental ethics\nMeta-ethics\nMoral psychology, Descriptive ethics, Value theory\nNormative ethics\nVirtue ethics\nLogic (outline)\nMathematical logic\nPhilosophical logic\nMeta-philosophy\nMetaphysics (outline)\nPhilosophy of Action\nDeterminism and Free will\nOntology\nPhilosophy of mind\nPhilosophy of pain\nPhilosophy of artificial intelligence\nPhilosophy of perception\nPhilosophy of space and time\nTeleology\nTheism and Atheism\nPhilosophical traditions and schools\nAfrican philosophy\nAnalytic philosophy\nAristotelianism\nContinental philosophy\nEastern philosophy\nFeminist philosophy\nIslamic philosophy\nPlatonism\nSocial philosophy and political philosophy\nAnarchism (outline)\nFeminist philosophy\nLibertarianism (outline)\nMarxism","title":"Humanities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science"},{"link_name":"History of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Religion"},{"link_name":"Anthropology of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_Religion"},{"link_name":"Psychology of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_of_Religion"},{"link_name":"Phenomenology of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_of_Religion"}],"sub_title":"Religious studies","text":"Also regarded as a social scienceHistory of Religion\nAnthropology of Religion\nSociology of Religion\nPsychology of Religion\nPhenomenology of Religion","title":"Humanities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canon law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law"},{"link_name":"Church history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Pastoral counseling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral_counseling"},{"link_name":"Pastoral theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral_theology"},{"link_name":"Religious education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_education"},{"link_name":"Homiletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homiletics"},{"link_name":"Liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy"},{"link_name":"Sacred music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_music"},{"link_name":"Missiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missiology"},{"link_name":"Hermeneutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutics"},{"link_name":"Biblical Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Biblical studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_studies"},{"link_name":"Sacred Scripture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Scripture"},{"link_name":"Vedic Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedic_Study&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Testament Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Old Church Slavonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic"},{"link_name":"Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_theology"},{"link_name":"Dogmatic theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogmatic_theology"},{"link_name":"Ecclesiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiology"},{"link_name":"Sacramental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament"},{"link_name":"Systematic theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_theology"},{"link_name":"Christian ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_ethics"},{"link_name":"Hindu ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_ethics"},{"link_name":"Moral theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_theology"},{"link_name":"Historical theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_theology"}],"sub_title":"Divinity","text":"Canon law\nChurch history\nField ministry\nPastoral counseling\nPastoral theology\nReligious education techniques\nHomiletics\nLiturgy\nSacred music\nMissiology\nHermeneutics\nScriptural study and languages\nBiblical Hebrew\nBiblical studies/Sacred Scripture\nVedic Study\nNew Testament Greek\nLatin\nOld Church Slavonic\nTheology (outline)\nDogmatic theology\nEcclesiology\nSacramental theology\nSystematic theology\nChristian ethics\nHindu ethics\nMoral theology\nHistorical theology","title":"Humanities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biblical studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_studies"},{"link_name":"Biblical Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Koine Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic"},{"link_name":"Buddhist theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Pali Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_language"},{"link_name":"Christian theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_theology"},{"link_name":"Anglican theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_theology"},{"link_name":"Baptist theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_theology"},{"link_name":"Catholic theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_theology"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology"},{"link_name":"Protestant theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_theology"},{"link_name":"Hindu theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_theology"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language"},{"link_name":"Dravidian Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_studies"},{"link_name":"Jewish theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_theology"},{"link_name":"Muslim theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_theology"},{"link_name":"Arabic Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"}],"sub_title":"Theology","text":"Biblical studies\nBiblical Hebrew, Koine Greek, Aramaic\nBuddhist theology\nPali Studies\nChristian theology\nAnglican theology\nBaptist theology\nCatholic theology\nEastern Orthodox theology\nProtestant theology\nHindu theology\nSanskrit Studies\nDravidian Studies\nJewish theology\nMuslim theology\nArabic Studies","title":"Humanities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Social science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biological anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropology"},{"link_name":"Linguistic anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_anthropology"},{"link_name":"Cultural anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropology"},{"link_name":"Social anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropology"},{"link_name":"Palaeoanthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeoanthropology"}],"sub_title":"Anthropology","text":"Biological anthropology\nLinguistic anthropology\nCultural anthropology\nSocial anthropology\nPalaeoanthropology","title":"Social science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biocultural anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocultural_anthropology"},{"link_name":"Evolutionary anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology"},{"link_name":"Feminist archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_archaeology"},{"link_name":"Forensic anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_anthropology"},{"link_name":"Maritime archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_archaeology"}],"sub_title":"Archaeology","text":"Biocultural anthropology\nEvolutionary anthropology\nFeminist archaeology\nForensic anthropology\nMaritime archaeology","title":"Social science"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Futurology (also known as future studies or prospective studies)","text":"Cashless Society\nClimate","title":"Social science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agricultural economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_economics"},{"link_name":"Anarchist economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist_economics"},{"link_name":"Applied economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_economics"},{"link_name":"Behavioural economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioural_economics"},{"link_name":"Bioeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioeconomics_(biophysical)"},{"link_name":"Complexity economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity_economics"},{"link_name":"Computational economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_economics"},{"link_name":"Consumer economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_economics"},{"link_name":"Development economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_economics"},{"link_name":"Ecological economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_economics"},{"link_name":"Econometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrics"},{"link_name":"Economic geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_geography"},{"link_name":"Economic sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sociology"},{"link_name":"Economic systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_systems"},{"link_name":"Education economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_economics"},{"link_name":"Energy economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_economics"},{"link_name":"Entrepreneurial economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneurial_economics"},{"link_name":"Environmental economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_economics"},{"link_name":"Evolutionary economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_economics"},{"link_name":"Experimental economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_economics"},{"link_name":"Feminist economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_economics"},{"link_name":"Financial econometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_econometrics"},{"link_name":"Financial economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_economics"},{"link_name":"Green economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_economics"},{"link_name":"Growth economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growth"},{"link_name":"Human development theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_development_theory"},{"link_name":"Industrial organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_organization"},{"link_name":"Information economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_economics"},{"link_name":"Institutional economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_economics"},{"link_name":"International economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_economics"},{"link_name":"Islamic economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_economics"},{"link_name":"Labor economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_economics"},{"link_name":"Health economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_economics"},{"link_name":"Law and economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_economics"},{"link_name":"Macroeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomics"},{"link_name":"Managerial economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managerial_economics"},{"link_name":"Marxian economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxian_economics"},{"link_name":"Mathematical economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_economics"},{"link_name":"Microeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microeconomics"},{"link_name":"Monetary economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_economics"},{"link_name":"Neuroeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroeconomics"},{"link_name":"Participatory economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_economics"},{"link_name":"Political economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy"},{"link_name":"Public economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_economics"},{"link_name":"Public finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_finance"},{"link_name":"Real estate economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_economics"},{"link_name":"Resource economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_economics"},{"link_name":"Social choice theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_choice_theory"},{"link_name":"Socialist economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_economics"},{"link_name":"Socioeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomics"},{"link_name":"Transport economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_economics"},{"link_name":"Welfare economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_economics"}],"sub_title":"Economics","text":"Agricultural economics\nAnarchist economics\nApplied economics\nBehavioural economics\nBioeconomics\nComplexity economics\nComputational economics\nConsumer economics\nDevelopment economics\nEcological economics\nEconometrics\nEconomic geography\nEconomic sociology\nEconomic systems\nEducation economics\nEnergy economics\nEntrepreneurial economics\nEnvironmental economics\nEvolutionary economics\nExperimental economics\nFeminist economics\nFinancial econometrics\nFinancial economics\nGreen economics\nGrowth economics\nHuman development theory\nIndustrial organization\nInformation economics\nInstitutional economics\nInternational economics\nIslamic economics\nLabor economics\nHealth economics\nLaw and economics\nMacroeconomics\nManagerial economics\nMarxian economics\nMathematical economics\nMicroeconomics\nMonetary economics\nNeuroeconomics\nParticipatory economics\nPolitical economy\nPublic economics\nPublic finance\nReal estate economics\nResource economics\nSocial choice theory\nSocialist economics\nSocioeconomics\nTransport economics\nWelfare economics","title":"Social science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Physical geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography"},{"link_name":"Earth Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Science"},{"link_name":"Atmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapour#In_Earth's_atmosphere"},{"link_name":"Biogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography"},{"link_name":"Climatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatology"},{"link_name":"Coastal geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_geography"},{"link_name":"Emergency management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_management"},{"link_name":"Environmental geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_geography"},{"link_name":"Geobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geobiology"},{"link_name":"Geochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemistry"},{"link_name":"Geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"Geomatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomatics"},{"link_name":"Geomorphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology"},{"link_name":"Geophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysics"},{"link_name":"Glaciology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciology"},{"link_name":"Hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology"},{"link_name":"Landscape ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_ecology"},{"link_name":"Lithology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithology"},{"link_name":"Meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology"},{"link_name":"Mineralogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogy"},{"link_name":"Oceanography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography"},{"link_name":"Palaeogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeogeography"},{"link_name":"Palaeontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeontology"},{"link_name":"Petrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrology"},{"link_name":"Quaternary science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_science"},{"link_name":"Soil geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedology"},{"link_name":"Human geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_geography"},{"link_name":"Behavioural geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioural_geography"},{"link_name":"Cognitive geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_geography"},{"link_name":"Cultural geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_geography"},{"link_name":"Development geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_geography"},{"link_name":"Economic geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_geography"},{"link_name":"Health geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_geography"},{"link_name":"Historical geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_geography"},{"link_name":"Language geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_geography"},{"link_name":"Mathematical geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_geography"},{"link_name":"Marketing geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_geography"},{"link_name":"Military geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_geography"},{"link_name":"Political geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_geography"},{"link_name":"Population geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_geography"},{"link_name":"Religion geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_geography"},{"link_name":"Social geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_geography"},{"link_name":"Strategic geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_geography"},{"link_name":"Time geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_geography"},{"link_name":"Tourism geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_geography"},{"link_name":"Transport geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_geography"},{"link_name":"Urban geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_geography"},{"link_name":"Integrated geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_geography"},{"link_name":"Cartography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography"},{"link_name":"Celestial cartography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_cartography"},{"link_name":"Planetary cartography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_cartography"},{"link_name":"Topography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography"}],"sub_title":"Geography","text":"Physical geography (is also listed in Earth Science)\nAtmology\nBiogeography\nClimatology\nCoastal geography\nEmergency management\nEnvironmental geography\nGeobiology\nGeochemistry\nGeology\nGeomatics\nGeomorphology\nGeophysics\nGlaciology\nHydrology\nLandscape ecology\nLithology\nMeteorology\nMineralogy\nOceanography\nPalaeogeography\nPalaeontology\nPetrology\nQuaternary science\nSoil geography\nHuman geography\nBehavioural geography\nCognitive geography\nCultural geography\nDevelopment geography\nEconomic geography\nHealth geography\nHistorical geography\nLanguage geography\nMathematical geography\nMarketing geography\nMilitary geography\nPolitical geography\nPopulation geography\nReligion geography\nSocial geography\nStrategic geography\nTime geography\nTourism geography\nTransport geography\nUrban geography\nIntegrated geography\nCartography\nCelestial cartography\nPlanetary cartography\nTopography","title":"Social science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"formal science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_science"},{"link_name":"Applied linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_linguistics"},{"link_name":"Composition studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_studies"},{"link_name":"Computational linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_linguistics"},{"link_name":"Discourse analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_analysis"},{"link_name":"English studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_studies"},{"link_name":"Etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology"},{"link_name":"Grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar"},{"link_name":"Grammatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatology"},{"link_name":"Historical linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguistics"},{"link_name":"History of linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_linguistics"},{"link_name":"Interlinguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlinguistics"},{"link_name":"Lexicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicology"},{"link_name":"Linguistic typology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology"},{"link_name":"Morphology (linguistics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"Natural language processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing"},{"link_name":"Philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology"},{"link_name":"Phonetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetics"},{"link_name":"Phonology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology"},{"link_name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics"},{"link_name":"Psycholinguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycholinguistics"},{"link_name":"Rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric"},{"link_name":"Semantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics"},{"link_name":"Semiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_semiotics"},{"link_name":"Sociolinguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguistics"},{"link_name":"Syntax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax"},{"link_name":"Usage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage"},{"link_name":"Word usage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_usage"}],"sub_title":"Linguistics","text":"Also regarded as a formal scienceApplied linguistics\nComposition studies\nComputational linguistics\nDiscourse analysis\nEnglish studies\nEtymology\nGrammar\nGrammatology\nHistorical linguistics\nHistory of linguistics\nInterlinguistics\nLexicology\nLinguistic typology\nMorphology (linguistics)\nNatural language processing\nPhilology\nPhonetics\nPhonology\nPragmatics\nPsycholinguistics\nRhetoric\nSemantics\nSemiotics (outline)\nSociolinguistics\nSyntax\nUsage\nWord usage","title":"Social science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Canadian politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Civics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civics"},{"link_name":"Health politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_politics"},{"link_name":"Biopolitics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolitics"},{"link_name":"Comparative politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_politics"},{"link_name":"European studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_studies"},{"link_name":"Geopolitics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics"},{"link_name":"Political geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_geography"},{"link_name":"International relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations"},{"link_name":"International organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organization"},{"link_name":"Nationalism studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism_studies"},{"link_name":"Peace and conflict studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies"},{"link_name":"Policy studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_studies"},{"link_name":"Political behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior"},{"link_name":"Political culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_culture"},{"link_name":"Political economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy"},{"link_name":"Political history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history"},{"link_name":"Political philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Public administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration"},{"link_name":"Public law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law"},{"link_name":"Psephology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psephology"},{"link_name":"Social choice theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_choice_theory"},{"link_name":"Singapore politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_politics"}],"sub_title":"Political science","text":"American politics\nCanadian politics\nCivics\nHealth politics\nBiopolitics\nComparative politics\nEuropean studies\nGeopolitics (Political geography)\nInternational relations\nInternational organizations\nNationalism studies\nPeace and conflict studies\nPolicy studies\nPolitical behavior\nPolitical culture\nPolitical economy\nPolitical history\nPolitical philosophy\nPublic administration\nPublic law\nPsephology\nSocial choice theory\nSingapore politics","title":"Social science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abnormal psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormal_psychology"},{"link_name":"Applied psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_psychology"},{"link_name":"Biological psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_psychology"},{"link_name":"Clinical neuropsychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_neuropsychology"},{"link_name":"Clinical psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_psychology"},{"link_name":"Cognitive psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychology"},{"link_name":"Community psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_psychology"},{"link_name":"Comparative psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_psychology"},{"link_name":"Conservation psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_psychology"},{"link_name":"Consumer psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_psychology"},{"link_name":"Counseling psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counseling_psychology"},{"link_name":"Criminal psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_psychology"},{"link_name":"Cultural psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_psychology"},{"link_name":"Asian psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_psychology"},{"link_name":"Black psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_psychology"},{"link_name":"Developmental psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology"},{"link_name":"Differential psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_psychology"},{"link_name":"Ecological psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_psychology"},{"link_name":"Educational psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_psychology"},{"link_name":"Environmental psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_psychology"},{"link_name":"Evolutionary psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology"},{"link_name":"Experimental psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_psychology"},{"link_name":"Group psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_dynamics"},{"link_name":"Family psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Family_Psychology"},{"link_name":"Feminine psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminine_psychology"},{"link_name":"Forensic developmental psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_developmental_psychology"},{"link_name":"Forensic psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_psychology"},{"link_name":"Health psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_psychology"},{"link_name":"Humanistic psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_psychology"},{"link_name":"Indigenous psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_psychology"},{"link_name":"Legal psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_psychology"},{"link_name":"Mathematical psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_psychology"},{"link_name":"Media psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_psychology"},{"link_name":"Medical psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_psychology"},{"link_name":"Military psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_psychology"},{"link_name":"Moral psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_psychology"},{"link_name":"Descriptive ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_ethics"},{"link_name":"Music psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_psychology"},{"link_name":"Neuropsychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychology"},{"link_name":"Occupational health psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology"},{"link_name":"Occupational psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_psychology"},{"link_name":"Organizational psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology"},{"link_name":"Industrial Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Psychology"},{"link_name":"Parapsychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapsychology"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_parapsychology"},{"link_name":"Pediatric psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatric_psychology"},{"link_name":"Pedology (children study)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedology_(children_study)"},{"link_name":"Personality psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychology"},{"link_name":"Phenomenology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"Political psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_psychology"},{"link_name":"Positive psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_psychology"},{"link_name":"Psychoanalysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysis"},{"link_name":"Psychobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychobiology"},{"link_name":"Psychology of religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Psychometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometrics"},{"link_name":"Psychopathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathology"},{"link_name":"Child psychopathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_psychopathology"},{"link_name":"Psychophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychophysics"},{"link_name":"Quantitative psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_psychology"},{"link_name":"Rehabilitation psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_Psychology_(journal)"},{"link_name":"School psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_psychology"},{"link_name":"Social psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology"},{"link_name":"Sport psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_psychology"},{"link_name":"Traffic psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_psychology"},{"link_name":"Transpersonal psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology"}],"sub_title":"Psychology","text":"Abnormal psychology\nApplied psychology\nBiological psychology\nClinical neuropsychology\nClinical psychology\nCognitive psychology\nCommunity psychology\nComparative psychology\nConservation psychology\nConsumer psychology\nCounseling psychology\nCriminal psychology\nCultural psychology\nAsian psychology\nBlack psychology\nDevelopmental psychology\nDifferential psychology\nEcological psychology\nEducational psychology\nEnvironmental psychology\nEvolutionary psychology\nExperimental psychology\nGroup psychology\nFamily psychology\nFeminine psychology\nForensic developmental psychology\nForensic psychology\nHealth psychology\nHumanistic psychology\nIndigenous psychology\nLegal psychology\nMathematical psychology\nMedia psychology\nMedical psychology\nMilitary psychology\nMoral psychology and Descriptive ethics\nMusic psychology\nNeuropsychology\nOccupational health psychology\nOccupational psychology\nOrganizational psychology (a.k.a., Industrial Psychology)\nParapsychology (outline)\nPediatric psychology\nPedology (children study)\nPersonality psychology\nPhenomenology\nPolitical psychology\nPositive psychology\nPsychoanalysis\nPsychobiology\nPsychology of religion\nPsychometrics\nPsychopathology\nChild psychopathology\nPsychophysics\nQuantitative psychology\nRehabilitation psychology\nSchool psychology\nSocial psychology\nSport psychology\nTraffic psychology\nTranspersonal psychology","title":"Social science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Analytical sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_sociology"},{"link_name":"Applied sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_sociology"},{"link_name":"Leisure studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisure_studies"},{"link_name":"Political sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sociology"},{"link_name":"Public sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sociology"},{"link_name":"Social engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)"},{"link_name":"Architectural sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_sociology"},{"link_name":"Area studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_studies"},{"link_name":"African studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_studies"},{"link_name":"American studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies"},{"link_name":"Appalachian 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studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_studies"},{"link_name":"Sinology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinology"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_sinology"},{"link_name":"South Asian studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_studies"},{"link_name":"Bengal studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_studies"},{"link_name":"Dravidology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidology"},{"link_name":"Pakistan studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_studies"},{"link_name":"Sindhology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhology"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asian studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asian_studies"},{"link_name":"Thai studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_studies"},{"link_name":"Australian studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_studies"},{"link_name":"European studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_studies"},{"link_name":"Celtic studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_studies"},{"link_name":"German studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_studies"},{"link_name":"Sociology in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_studies"},{"link_name":"Slavic studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_studies"},{"link_name":"Middle Eastern studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies"},{"link_name":"Arab studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_studies"},{"link_name":"Assyriology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriology"},{"link_name":"Egyptology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptology"},{"link_name":"Jewish studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_studies"},{"link_name":"Behavioral sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_behavior"},{"link_name":"Collective behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_behavior"},{"link_name":"Social movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movements"},{"link_name":"Community informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_informatics"},{"link_name":"Social network analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_analysis"},{"link_name":"Comparative sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_sociology"},{"link_name":"Conflict theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theories"},{"link_name":"Criminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminology"},{"link_name":"Criminal justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_criminal_justice"},{"link_name":"Critical management studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_management_studies"},{"link_name":"Critical sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_sociology"},{"link_name":"Cultural sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_sociology"},{"link_name":"Cultural studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_studies"},{"link_name":"ethnic studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_studies"},{"link_name":"Africana studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africana_studies"},{"link_name":"Cross-cultural studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_studies"},{"link_name":"Culturology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturology"},{"link_name":"Deaf studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf_studies"},{"link_name":"Ethnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnology"},{"link_name":"Utopian studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopian_studies"},{"link_name":"Whiteness studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteness_studies"},{"link_name":"Demography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography"},{"link_name":"Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"Digital sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_sociology"},{"link_name":"Dramaturgical sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgical_sociology"},{"link_name":"Economic sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sociology"},{"link_name":"Educational sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_sociology"},{"link_name":"Empirical sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_sociology"},{"link_name":"Environmental sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sociology"},{"link_name":"Evolutionary sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_sociology"},{"link_name":"Feminist sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_sociology"},{"link_name":"Figurational sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figurational_Sociology"},{"link_name":"Futures studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_studies"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_futures_studies"},{"link_name":"Gender studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_studies"},{"link_name":"Men's studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_studies"},{"link_name":"Women's studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_studies"},{"link_name":"Queer studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_studies"},{"link_name":"Historical sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_sociology"},{"link_name":"Human ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_ecology"},{"link_name":"Humanistic sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_sociology"},{"link_name":"Industrial sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_sociology"},{"link_name":"Interactionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactionism"},{"link_name":"Interpretive sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretive_sociology"},{"link_name":"Ethnomethodology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnomethodology"},{"link_name":"Phenomenology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"Social constructionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_constructionism"},{"link_name":"Symbolic interactionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism"},{"link_name":"Jealousy sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jealousy_sociology"},{"link_name":"Macrosociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrosociology"},{"link_name":"Marxist sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_sociology"},{"link_name":"Mathematical sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_sociology"},{"link_name":"Medical sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_sociology"},{"link_name":"Mesosociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosociology"},{"link_name":"Microsociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsociology"},{"link_name":"Military sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_sociology"},{"link_name":"Natural resource sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource_sociology"},{"link_name":"Organizational theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_theory"},{"link_name":"Organizational studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_studies"},{"link_name":"Phenomenological sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenological_sociology"},{"link_name":"Policy sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_sociology"},{"link_name":"Postcolonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcolonialism"},{"link_name":"Psychoanalytic sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_sociology"},{"link_name":"Science studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_studies"},{"link_name":"Science and technology studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies"},{"link_name":"Sexology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexology"},{"link_name":"Heterosexism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosexism"},{"link_name":"Human sexual behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexual_activity"},{"link_name":"Human sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexuality"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human_sexuality"},{"link_name":"Queer studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_studies"},{"link_name":"Queer theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_theory"},{"link_name":"Sex education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_education"},{"link_name":"Social capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_capital"},{"link_name":"Social change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_change"},{"link_name":"Social conflict theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_conflict_theory"},{"link_name":"Social control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_control"},{"link_name":"Pure sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_sociology"},{"link_name":"Social economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_economy"},{"link_name":"Social philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Social policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy"},{"link_name":"Social psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology"},{"link_name":"Social stratification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stratification"},{"link_name":"Social theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_theory"},{"link_name":"Social transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_transformation"},{"link_name":"Computational sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_sociology"},{"link_name":"Economic sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sociology"},{"link_name":"Socioeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomics"},{"link_name":"Economic development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development"},{"link_name":"Social development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_development_theory"},{"link_name":"Sociobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociobiology"},{"link_name":"Sociocybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocybernetics"},{"link_name":"Sociolinguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguistics"},{"link_name":"Sociology of aging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerontology#Social_gerontology"},{"link_name":"Sociology of agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_sociology"},{"link_name":"Sociology of art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_art"},{"link_name":"Sociology of autism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism"},{"link_name":"Sociology of childhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family#Sociology_of_childhood"},{"link_name":"Sociology of conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_conflict"},{"link_name":"Sociology of culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_culture"},{"link_name":"Sociology of cyberspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet"},{"link_name":"Sociology of development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_theory"},{"link_name":"Sociology of deviance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"Sociology of disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_disaster"},{"link_name":"Sociology of education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_education"},{"link_name":"Sociology of emotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions"},{"link_name":"Sociology of fatherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family#Sociology_of_fatherhood"},{"link_name":"Sociology of finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_studies_of_finance"},{"link_name":"Sociology of food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_food"},{"link_name":"Sociology of gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_gender"},{"link_name":"Sociology of generations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_generations"},{"link_name":"Sociology of globalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-systems_theory"},{"link_name":"Sociology of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sociology"},{"link_name":"Sociology of health and illness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness"},{"link_name":"Sociology of human consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness"},{"link_name":"Sociology of immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_immigration"},{"link_name":"Sociology of knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge"},{"link_name":"Sociology of language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_language"},{"link_name":"Sociology of law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_law"},{"link_name":"Sociology of leisure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_leisure"},{"link_name":"Sociology of literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_literature"},{"link_name":"Sociology of markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sociology"},{"link_name":"Sociology of marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family#Sociology_of_marriage"},{"link_name":"Sociology of motherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family#Sociology_of_motherhood"},{"link_name":"Sociology of music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociomusicology"},{"link_name":"Sociology of natural resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource_management"},{"link_name":"Sociology of organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_behavior"},{"link_name":"Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_peace,_war,_and_social_conflict"},{"link_name":"Sociology of punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_punishment"},{"link_name":"Sociology of race and ethnic relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations"},{"link_name":"Sociology of religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Sociology of risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk"},{"link_name":"Sociology of science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge"},{"link_name":"Sociology of scientific knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge"},{"link_name":"Sociology of social change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_change"},{"link_name":"Sociology of social movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement"},{"link_name":"Sociology of space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_space"},{"link_name":"Sociology of sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_sport"},{"link_name":"Sociology of technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science,_technology_and_society"},{"link_name":"Sociology of terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism"},{"link_name":"Sociology of the body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body"},{"link_name":"Sociology of the family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family"},{"link_name":"Sociology of the history of science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science"},{"link_name":"Sociology of the Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet"},{"link_name":"Sociology of work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_sociology"},{"link_name":"Sociomusicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociomusicology"},{"link_name":"Structural sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_sociology"},{"link_name":"Theoretical sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_sociology"},{"link_name":"Urban studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_studies"},{"link_name":"Urban sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sociology"},{"link_name":"Rural sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_sociology"},{"link_name":"Victimology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victimology"},{"link_name":"Visual sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_sociology"}],"sub_title":"Sociology","text":"Analytical sociology\nApplied sociology\nLeisure studies\nPolitical sociology\nPublic sociology\nSocial engineering\nArchitectural sociology\nArea studies\nAfrican studies\nAmerican studies\nAppalachian studies\nCanadian studies\nLatin American studies\nAsian studies\nCentral Asian studies\nEast Asian studies\nFilipinology\nIranian studies\nJapanese studies\nKorean studies\nSinology (outline)\nSouth Asian studies\nBengal studies\nDravidology\nPakistan studies\nSindhology\nSoutheast Asian studies\nThai studies\nAustralian studies\nEuropean studies\nCeltic studies\nGerman studies\nSociology in Poland\nScandinavian studies\nSlavic studies\nMiddle Eastern studies\nArab studies\nAssyriology\nEgyptology\nJewish studies\nBehavioral sociology\nCollective behavior\nSocial movements\nCommunity informatics\nSocial network analysis\nComparative sociology\nConflict theory\nCriminology/Criminal justice (outline)\nCritical management studies\nCritical sociology\nCultural sociology\nCultural studies/ethnic studies\nAfricana studies\nCross-cultural studies\nCulturology\nDeaf studies\nEthnology\nUtopian studies\nWhiteness studies\nDemography/Population\nDigital sociology\nDramaturgical sociology\nEconomic sociology\nEducational sociology\nEmpirical sociology\nEnvironmental sociology\nEvolutionary sociology\nFeminist sociology\nFigurational sociology\nFutures studies (outline)\nGender studies\nMen's studies\nWomen's studies\nQueer studies\nHistorical sociology\nHuman ecology\nHumanistic sociology\nIndustrial sociology\nInteractionism\nInterpretive sociology\nEthnomethodology\nPhenomenology\nSocial constructionism\nSymbolic interactionism\nJealousy sociology\nMacrosociology\nMarxist sociology\nMathematical sociology\nMedical sociology\nMesosociology\nMicrosociology\nMilitary sociology\nNatural resource sociology\nOrganizational theory\nOrganizational studies\nPhenomenological sociology\nPolicy sociology\nPostcolonialism\nPsychoanalytic sociology\nScience studies/Science and technology studies\nSexology\nHeterosexism\nHuman sexual behavior\nHuman sexuality (outline)\nQueer studies/Queer theory\nSex education\nSocial capital\nSocial change\nSocial conflict theory\nSocial control\nPure sociology\nSocial economy\nSocial philosophy\nSocial policy\nSocial psychology\nSocial stratification\nSocial theory\nSocial transformation\nComputational sociology\nEconomic sociology/Socioeconomics\nEconomic development\nSocial development\nSociobiology\nSociocybernetics\nSociolinguistics\nSociology of aging\nSociology of agriculture\nSociology of art\nSociology of autism\nSociology of childhood\nSociology of conflict\nSociology of culture\nSociology of cyberspace\nSociology of development\nSociology of deviance\nSociology of disaster\nSociology of education\nSociology of emotions\nSociology of fatherhood\nSociology of finance\nSociology of food\nSociology of gender\nSociology of generations\nSociology of globalization\nSociology of government\nSociology of health and illness\nSociology of human consciousness\nSociology of immigration\nSociology of knowledge\nSociology of language\nSociology of law\nSociology of leisure\nSociology of literature\nSociology of markets\nSociology of marriage\nSociology of motherhood\nSociology of music\nSociology of natural resources\nSociology of organizations\nSociology of peace, war, and social conflict\nSociology of punishment\nSociology of race and ethnic relations\nSociology of religion\nSociology of risk\nSociology of science\nSociology of scientific knowledge\nSociology of social change\nSociology of social movements\nSociology of space\nSociology of sport\nSociology of technology\nSociology of terrorism\nSociology of the body\nSociology of the family\nSociology of the history of science\nSociology of the Internet\nSociology of work\nSociomusicology\nStructural sociology\nTheoretical sociology\nUrban studies or Urban sociology/Rural sociology\nVictimology\nVisual sociology","title":"Social science"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Natural science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of life sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_life_sciences"},{"link_name":"Aerobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobiology"},{"link_name":"Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy"},{"link_name":"Comparative anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_anatomy"},{"link_name":"Human anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_anatomy"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human_anatomy"},{"link_name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biochemistry"},{"link_name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics"},{"link_name":"Biophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysics"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biophysics"},{"link_name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biotechnology"},{"link_name":"Botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_botany"},{"link_name":"Ethnobotany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnobotany"},{"link_name":"Phycology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycology"},{"link_name":"Cell biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biology"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cell_biology"},{"link_name":"Chronobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronobiology"},{"link_name":"Computational biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_biology"},{"link_name":"Cryobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryobiology"},{"link_name":"Developmental biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biology"},{"link_name":"Embryology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryology"},{"link_name":"Teratology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratology"},{"link_name":"Ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ecology"},{"link_name":"Agroecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecology"},{"link_name":"Ethnoecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoecology"},{"link_name":"Human ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_ecology"},{"link_name":"Landscape ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_ecology"},{"link_name":"Endocrinology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrinology"},{"link_name":"Epigenetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics"},{"link_name":"Ethnobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnobiology"},{"link_name":"Anthrozoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrozoology"},{"link_name":"Evolutionary biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biology"},{"link_name":"Genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_genetics"},{"link_name":"Behavioural genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioural_genetics"},{"link_name":"Molecular genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics"},{"link_name":"Population genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_genetics"},{"link_name":"Histology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histology"},{"link_name":"Human biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_biology"},{"link_name":"Immunology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_immunology"},{"link_name":"Limnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnology"},{"link_name":"Linnaean taxonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy"},{"link_name":"Marine biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biology"},{"link_name":"Mathematical biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_biology"},{"link_name":"Microbiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology"},{"link_name":"Bacteriology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriology"},{"link_name":"Protistology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protistology"},{"link_name":"Molecular biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"},{"link_name":"Mycology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycology"},{"link_name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_neuroscience"},{"link_name":"Behavioral neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience"},{"link_name":"Nutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_nutrition"},{"link_name":"Paleobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiology"},{"link_name":"Paleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology"},{"link_name":"Parasitology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitology"},{"link_name":"Pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology"},{"link_name":"Anatomical pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_pathology"},{"link_name":"Clinical pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_pathology"},{"link_name":"Dermatopathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatopathology"},{"link_name":"Forensic pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_pathology"},{"link_name":"Hematopathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopathology"},{"link_name":"Histopathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histopathology"},{"link_name":"Molecular pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_pathology"},{"link_name":"Surgical pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_pathology"},{"link_name":"Physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology"},{"link_name":"Human physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_physiology"},{"link_name":"Exercise physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_physiology"},{"link_name":"Structural Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_Biology"},{"link_name":"Systematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematics"},{"link_name":"Taxonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)"},{"link_name":"Systems biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_biology"},{"link_name":"Virology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virology"},{"link_name":"Molecular virology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_virology"},{"link_name":"Xenobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenobiology"},{"link_name":"Zoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_zoology"},{"link_name":"Animal communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_communication"},{"link_name":"Apiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiology"},{"link_name":"Arachnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachnology"},{"link_name":"Arthropodology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropodology"},{"link_name":"Batrachology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachology"},{"link_name":"Bryozoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryozoology"},{"link_name":"Carcinology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinology"},{"link_name":"Cetology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetology"},{"link_name":"Cnidariology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidariology"},{"link_name":"Entomology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomology"},{"link_name":"Forensic entomology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_entomology"},{"link_name":"Ethnozoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnozoology"},{"link_name":"Ethology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethology"},{"link_name":"Helminthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminthology"},{"link_name":"Herpetology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpetology"},{"link_name":"Ichthyology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyology"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_fish"},{"link_name":"Invertebrate zoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate_zoology"},{"link_name":"Mammalogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalogy"},{"link_name":"Cynology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynology"},{"link_name":"Felinology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felinology"},{"link_name":"Malacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacology"},{"link_name":"Conchology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchology"},{"link_name":"Limacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limacology"},{"link_name":"Teuthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teuthology"},{"link_name":"Myriapodology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriapodology"},{"link_name":"Myrmecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmecology"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ants"},{"link_name":"Nematology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematology"},{"link_name":"Neuroethology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroethology"},{"link_name":"Oology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oology"},{"link_name":"Ornithology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithology"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_birds"},{"link_name":"Planktology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planktology"},{"link_name":"Primatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primatology"},{"link_name":"Zootomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zootomy"},{"link_name":"Zoosemiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoosemiotics"}],"sub_title":"Biology","text":"See also: List of life sciencesAerobiology\nAnatomy\nComparative anatomy\nHuman anatomy (outline)\nBiochemistry (outline)\nBioinformatics\nBiophysics (outline)\nBiotechnology (outline)\nBotany (outline)\nEthnobotany\nPhycology\nCell biology (outline)\nChronobiology\nComputational biology\nCryobiology\nDevelopmental biology\nEmbryology\nTeratology\nEcology (outline)\nAgroecology\nEthnoecology\nHuman ecology\nLandscape ecology\nEndocrinology\nEpigenetics\nEthnobiology\nAnthrozoology\nEvolutionary biology\nGenetics (outline)\nBehavioural genetics\nMolecular genetics\nPopulation genetics\nHistology\nHuman biology\nImmunology (outline)\nLimnology\nLinnaean taxonomy\nMarine biology\nMathematical biology\nMicrobiology\nBacteriology\nProtistology\nMolecular biology\nMycology\nNeuroscience (outline)\nBehavioral neuroscience\nNutrition (outline)\nPaleobiology\nPaleontology\nParasitology\nPathology\nAnatomical pathology\nClinical pathology\nDermatopathology\nForensic pathology\nHematopathology\nHistopathology\nMolecular pathology\nSurgical pathology\nPhysiology\nHuman physiology\nExercise physiology\nStructural Biology\nSystematics (Taxonomy)\nSystems biology\nVirology\nMolecular virology\nXenobiology\nZoology (outline)\nAnimal communications\nApiology\nArachnology\nArthropodology\nBatrachology\nBryozoology\nCarcinology\nCetology\nCnidariology\nEntomology\nForensic entomology\nEthnozoology\nEthology\nHelminthology\nHerpetology\nIchthyology (outline)\nInvertebrate zoology\nMammalogy\nCynology\nFelinology\nMalacology\nConchology\nLimacology\nTeuthology\nMyriapodology\nMyrmecology (outline)\nNematology\nNeuroethology\nOology\nOrnithology (outline)\nPlanktology\nPrimatology\nZootomy\nZoosemiotics","title":"Natural science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pure chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Agrochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrochemistry"},{"link_name":"Analytical chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Astrochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrochemistry"},{"link_name":"Atmospheric chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biochemistry"},{"link_name":"Chemical biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_biology"},{"link_name":"Chemical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_chemical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Cheminformatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheminformatics"},{"link_name":"Computational chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Cosmochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmochemistry"},{"link_name":"Electrochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemistry"},{"link_name":"Environmental chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Femtochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtochemistry"},{"link_name":"Flavor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavour_(taste)"},{"link_name":"Flow chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Geochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemistry"},{"link_name":"Green chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Histochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histochemistry"},{"link_name":"Hydrogenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenation"},{"link_name":"Immunochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunochemistry"},{"link_name":"Inorganic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Marine chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Mathematical chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Mechanochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanochemistry"},{"link_name":"Medicinal chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Molecular biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"},{"link_name":"Molecular mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology"},{"link_name":"Natural product chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_product_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Neurochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurochemistry"},{"link_name":"Oenology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenology"},{"link_name":"Organic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_organic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Organometallic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Petrochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemistry"},{"link_name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology"},{"link_name":"Photochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photochemistry"},{"link_name":"Physical chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Physical organic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Phytochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochemistry"},{"link_name":"Polymer chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Quantum chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Radiochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiochemistry"},{"link_name":"Solid-state chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Sonochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonochemistry"},{"link_name":"Supramolecular chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supramolecular_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Surface chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Synthetic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Theoretical chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Thermochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermochemistry"}],"sub_title":"Chemistry","text":"See also: Pure chemistryAgrochemistry\nAnalytical chemistry\nAstrochemistry\nAtmospheric chemistry\nBiochemistry (outline)\nChemical biology\nChemical engineering (outline)\nCheminformatics\nComputational chemistry\nCosmochemistry\nElectrochemistry\nEnvironmental chemistry\nFemtochemistry\nFlavor\nFlow chemistry\nGeochemistry\nGreen chemistry\nHistochemistry\nHydrogenation\nImmunochemistry\nInorganic chemistry\nMarine chemistry\nMathematical chemistry\nMechanochemistry\nMedicinal chemistry\nMolecular biology\nMolecular mechanics\nNanotechnology\nNatural product chemistry\nNeurochemistry\nOenology\nOrganic chemistry (outline)\nOrganometallic chemistry\nPetrochemistry\nPharmacology\nPhotochemistry\nPhysical chemistry\nPhysical organic chemistry\nPhytochemistry\nPolymer chemistry\nQuantum chemistry\nRadiochemistry\nSolid-state chemistry\nSonochemistry\nSupramolecular chemistry\nSurface chemistry\nSynthetic chemistry\nTheoretical chemistry\nThermochemistry","title":"Natural science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Branches of earth sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_science#Partial_list_of_the_major_earth_science_topics"},{"link_name":"Chronology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology"},{"link_name":"Edaphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edaphology"},{"link_name":"Environmental chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Environmental science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_science"},{"link_name":"Gemology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemology"},{"link_name":"Geochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemistry"},{"link_name":"Geodesy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesy"},{"link_name":"Physical geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography#Physical_geography"},{"link_name":"Atmospheric science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_science"},{"link_name":"Meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_meteorology"},{"link_name":"Biogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography"},{"link_name":"Phytogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytogeography"},{"link_name":"Climatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatology"},{"link_name":"Paleoclimatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimatology"},{"link_name":"Palaeogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeogeography"},{"link_name":"Coastal geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_geography"},{"link_name":"Oceanography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography"},{"link_name":"Edaphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edaphology"},{"link_name":"Pedology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedology"},{"link_name":"Soil science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_science"},{"link_name":"Geobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geobiology"},{"link_name":"Geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geology"},{"link_name":"Geomorphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology"},{"link_name":"Mineralogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogy"},{"link_name":"Petrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrology"},{"link_name":"Sedimentology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentology"},{"link_name":"Speleology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speleology"},{"link_name":"Tectonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonics"},{"link_name":"Volcanology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanology"},{"link_name":"Geostatistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostatistics"},{"link_name":"Glaciology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciology"},{"link_name":"Hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_hydrology"},{"link_name":"Limnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnology"},{"link_name":"Hydrogeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeology"},{"link_name":"Landscape ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_ecology"},{"link_name":"Quaternary science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_science"},{"link_name":"Geophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysics"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geophysics"},{"link_name":"Paleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology"},{"link_name":"Paleobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiology"},{"link_name":"Paleoecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoecology"}],"sub_title":"Earth science","text":"See also: Branches of earth sciencesChronology\nEdaphology\nEnvironmental chemistry\nEnvironmental science\nGemology\nGeochemistry\nGeodesy\nPhysical geography (outline)\nAtmospheric science / Meteorology (outline)\nBiogeography / Phytogeography\nClimatology / Paleoclimatology / Palaeogeography\nCoastal geography / Oceanography\nEdaphology / Pedology or Soil science\nGeobiology\nGeology (outline) (Geomorphology, Mineralogy, Petrology, Sedimentology, Speleology, Tectonics, Volcanology)\nGeostatistics\nGlaciology\nHydrology (outline)/ Limnology / Hydrogeology\nLandscape ecology\nQuaternary science\nGeophysics (outline)\nPaleontology\nPaleobiology\nPaleoecology","title":"Natural science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Astrobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiology"},{"link_name":"Observational astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_astronomy"},{"link_name":"Gamma ray astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray_astronomy"},{"link_name":"Infrared astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_astronomy"},{"link_name":"Microwave astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmic_microwave_background_astronomy"},{"link_name":"Optical astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_astronomy"},{"link_name":"Radio astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomy"},{"link_name":"UV astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV_astronomy"},{"link_name":"X-ray astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_astronomy"},{"link_name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics"},{"link_name":"Gravitational astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity"},{"link_name":"Black holes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole"},{"link_name":"Cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology"},{"link_name":"Physical cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_cosmology"},{"link_name":"Interstellar medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_medium"},{"link_name":"Numerical simulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_numerical_simulation"},{"link_name":"Astrophysical plasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical_plasma"},{"link_name":"Galaxy formation and evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution"},{"link_name":"High-energy astrophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-energy_astronomy"},{"link_name":"Hydrodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamics"},{"link_name":"Magnetohydrodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamics"},{"link_name":"Star formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_formation"},{"link_name":"Stellar astrophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star"},{"link_name":"Helioseismology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helioseismology"},{"link_name":"Stellar evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_evolution"},{"link_name":"Stellar nucleosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis"},{"link_name":"Planetary science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_science"}],"sub_title":"Astronomy","text":"Astrobiology\nObservational astronomy\nGamma ray astronomy\nInfrared astronomy\nMicrowave astronomy\nOptical astronomy\nRadio astronomy\nUV astronomy\nX-ray astronomy\nAstrophysics\nGravitational astronomy\nBlack holes\nCosmology\nPhysical cosmology\nInterstellar medium\nNumerical simulations\nAstrophysical plasma\nGalaxy formation and evolution\nHigh-energy astrophysics\nHydrodynamics\nMagnetohydrodynamics\nStar formation\nStellar astrophysics\nHelioseismology\nStellar evolution\nStellar nucleosynthesis\nPlanetary science","title":"Natural science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acoustics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics"},{"link_name":"Aerodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamics"},{"link_name":"Applied physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_physics"},{"link_name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics"},{"link_name":"Atmospheric physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_physics"},{"link_name":"Atomic, molecular, and optical physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic,_molecular,_and_optical_physics"},{"link_name":"Biophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysics"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biophysics"},{"link_name":"Computational physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_physics"},{"link_name":"Condensed matter physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics"},{"link_name":"Cryogenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenics"},{"link_name":"Electricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity"},{"link_name":"Electromagnetism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism"},{"link_name":"Elementary particle physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle_physics"},{"link_name":"Experimental physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_physics"},{"link_name":"Fluid dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamics"},{"link_name":"Geophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysics"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geophysics"},{"link_name":"Mathematical physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_physics"},{"link_name":"Mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics"},{"link_name":"Medical physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_physics"},{"link_name":"Molecular physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_physics"},{"link_name":"Newtonian dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion"},{"link_name":"Nuclear physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics"},{"link_name":"Optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics"},{"link_name":"Plasma physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_physics"},{"link_name":"Quantum physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_physics"},{"link_name":"Solid mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Solid state physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_state_physics"},{"link_name":"Statistical mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Theoretical physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics"},{"link_name":"Thermal physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_physics"},{"link_name":"Thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics"}],"sub_title":"Physics","text":"Acoustics\nAerodynamics\nApplied physics\nAstrophysics\nAtmospheric physics\nAtomic, molecular, and optical physics\nBiophysics (outline)\nComputational physics\nCondensed matter physics\nCryogenics\nElectricity\nElectromagnetism\nElementary particle physics\nExperimental physics\nFluid dynamics\nGeophysics (outline)\nMathematical physics\nMechanics\nMedical physics\nMolecular physics\nNewtonian dynamics\nNuclear physics\nOptics\nPlasma physics\nQuantum physics\nSolid mechanics\nSolid state physics\nStatistical mechanics\nTheoretical physics\nThermal physics\nThermodynamics","title":"Natural science"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Formal science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ACM Computing Classification System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACM_Computing_Classification_System"},{"link_name":"electrical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Logic in computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science"},{"link_name":"Formal methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_methods"},{"link_name":"Formal verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_verification"},{"link_name":"Logic programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming"},{"link_name":"Multi-valued logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-valued_logic"},{"link_name":"Fuzzy logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logic"},{"link_name":"Programming language semantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_of_programming_languages"},{"link_name":"Type theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_theory"},{"link_name":"Algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm"},{"link_name":"Computational geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_geometry"},{"link_name":"Distributed algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_algorithms"},{"link_name":"Parallel algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_algorithms"},{"link_name":"Randomized algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_algorithms"},{"link_name":"Artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Cognitive science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_science"},{"link_name":"Automated reasoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_reasoning"},{"link_name":"Computer vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_vision"},{"link_name":"Machine learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning"},{"link_name":"Artificial neural networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network"},{"link_name":"Natural language processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing"},{"link_name":"Computational linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_linguistics"},{"link_name":"Expert systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_system"},{"link_name":"Robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_robotics"},{"link_name":"Data science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science"},{"link_name":"Data structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structures"},{"link_name":"Computer architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture"},{"link_name":"Computer graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"Image processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processing"},{"link_name":"Scientific visualization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_visualization"},{"link_name":"Computer communications (networks)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networking"},{"link_name":"Cloud computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing"},{"link_name":"Information theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"World Wide Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web"},{"link_name":"Ubiquitous computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing"},{"link_name":"Wireless computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_computing"},{"link_name":"Mobile computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_computing"},{"link_name":"Computer security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security"},{"link_name":"reliability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_availability"},{"link_name":"Cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography"},{"link_name":"Fault-tolerant computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault-tolerant_system"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"natural sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"Algebraic (symbolic) computation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_computation"},{"link_name":"Computational biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_biology"},{"link_name":"Computational chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Computational mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_mathematics"},{"link_name":"Computational neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_neuroscience"},{"link_name":"Computational number theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_number_theory"},{"link_name":"Computational physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_physics"},{"link_name":"Computer-aided engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_engineering"},{"link_name":"Computational fluid dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics"},{"link_name":"Finite element analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_element_analysis"},{"link_name":"Numerical analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysis"},{"link_name":"Scientific computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_computing"},{"link_name":"social sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science"},{"link_name":"arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts"},{"link_name":"humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"professions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession"},{"link_name":"Community informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_informatics"},{"link_name":"Computational economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_economics"},{"link_name":"Computational finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_finance"},{"link_name":"Computational sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_sociology"},{"link_name":"Digital humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_humanities"},{"link_name":"History of computer hardware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware"},{"link_name":"History of computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computer_science"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_science#History_of_computer_science"},{"link_name":"Humanistic informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_informatics"},{"link_name":"Databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_databases"},{"link_name":"Distributed databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_database"},{"link_name":"Object databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_database"},{"link_name":"Relational databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database"},{"link_name":"Data management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_management"},{"link_name":"Data mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining"},{"link_name":"Information architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_architecture"},{"link_name":"Information management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_management"},{"link_name":"Information retrieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval"},{"link_name":"Knowledge management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management"},{"link_name":"Multimedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia"},{"link_name":"hypermedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermedia"},{"link_name":"Sound and music computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_and_music_computing"},{"link_name":"Distributed computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing"},{"link_name":"Grid computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_computing"},{"link_name":"Human-computer interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-computer_interaction"},{"link_name":"Operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systems"},{"link_name":"Parallel computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing"},{"link_name":"High-performance computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_computing"},{"link_name":"Programming languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages"},{"link_name":"Compilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilers"},{"link_name":"Programming paradigms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigms"},{"link_name":"Concurrent programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_programming_language"},{"link_name":"Functional programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming"},{"link_name":"Imperative programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming"},{"link_name":"Logic programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming"},{"link_name":"Object-oriented programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming"},{"link_name":"Program semantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_semantics"},{"link_name":"Type theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_theory"},{"link_name":"Quantum computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing"},{"link_name":"Software engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering"},{"link_name":"Formal methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_methods"},{"link_name":"Formal verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_verification"},{"link_name":"Theory of computation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_computation"},{"link_name":"Automata theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automata_theory"},{"link_name":"Formal languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_languages"},{"link_name":"Computability theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computability_theory_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"Computational complexity theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory"},{"link_name":"Concurrency theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)#Theory"},{"link_name":"VLSI design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very-large-scale_integration"}],"sub_title":"Computer science","text":"See also: ACM Computing Classification SystemAlso a branch of electrical engineeringLogic in computer science\nFormal methods (Formal verification)\nLogic programming\nMulti-valued logic\nFuzzy logic\nProgramming language semantics\nType theory\nAlgorithms\nComputational geometry\nDistributed algorithms\nParallel algorithms\nRandomized algorithms\nArtificial intelligence (outline)\nCognitive science\nAutomated reasoning\nComputer vision (outline)\nMachine learning\nArtificial neural networks\nNatural language processing (Computational linguistics)\nExpert systems\nRobotics (outline)\nData science\nData structures\nComputer architecture\nComputer graphics\nImage processing\nScientific visualization\nComputer communications (networks)\nCloud computing\nInformation theory\nInternet, World Wide Web\nUbiquitous computing\nWireless computing (Mobile computing)\nComputer security and reliability\nCryptography\nFault-tolerant computing\nComputing in mathematics, natural sciences, engineering, and medicine\nAlgebraic (symbolic) computation\nComputational biology (bioinformatics)\nComputational chemistry\nComputational mathematics\nComputational neuroscience\nComputational number theory\nComputational physics\nComputer-aided engineering\nComputational fluid dynamics\nFinite element analysis\nNumerical analysis\nScientific computing (Computational science)\nComputing in social sciences, arts, humanities, and professions\nCommunity informatics\nComputational economics\nComputational finance\nComputational sociology\nDigital humanities (Humanities computing)\nHistory of computer hardware\nHistory of computer science (outline)\nHumanistic informatics\nDatabases (outline)\nDistributed databases\nObject databases\nRelational databases\nData management\nData mining\nInformation architecture\nInformation management\nInformation retrieval\nKnowledge management\nMultimedia, hypermedia\nSound and music computing\nDistributed computing\nGrid computing\nHuman-computer interaction\nOperating systems\nParallel computing\nHigh-performance computing\nProgramming languages\nCompilers\nProgramming paradigms\nConcurrent programming\nFunctional programming\nImperative programming\nLogic programming\nObject-oriented programming\nProgram semantics\nType theory\nQuantum computing\nSoftware engineering\nFormal methods (Formal verification)\nTheory of computation\nAutomata theory (Formal languages)\nComputability theory\nComputational complexity theory\nConcurrency theory\nVLSI design","title":"Formal science"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mathematics","title":"Formal science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mathematical logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"Foundations of mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_mathematics"},{"link_name":"Intuitionistic logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitionistic_logic"},{"link_name":"Modal logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_logic"},{"link_name":"Model theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_theory"},{"link_name":"Proof theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_theory"},{"link_name":"Recursion theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion_theory"},{"link_name":"Set theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory"},{"link_name":"Arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic"},{"link_name":"Algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_algebra"},{"link_name":"Associative algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_algebra"},{"link_name":"Category theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_theory"},{"link_name":"Topos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topos"},{"link_name":"Differential algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_algebra"},{"link_name":"Field theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_theory_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Group theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_theory"},{"link_name":"Group representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_representation"},{"link_name":"Homological algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homological_algebra"},{"link_name":"K-theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-theory"},{"link_name":"Lattice theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_theory"},{"link_name":"Order theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_theory"},{"link_name":"Lie algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra"},{"link_name":"Linear algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_algebra"},{"link_name":"Vector space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space"},{"link_name":"Multilinear algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilinear_algebra"},{"link_name":"Non-associative algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-associative_algebra"},{"link_name":"Representation theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory"},{"link_name":"Ring theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_theory"},{"link_name":"Commutative algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_algebra"},{"link_name":"Noncommutative algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncommutative_algebra"},{"link_name":"Universal algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_algebra"},{"link_name":"Analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysis"},{"link_name":"Complex analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_analysis"},{"link_name":"Functional analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_analysis"},{"link_name":"Operator theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_theory"},{"link_name":"Harmonic analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_analysis"},{"link_name":"Fourier analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_analysis"},{"link_name":"Non-standard analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-standard_analysis"},{"link_name":"Ordinary differential equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_differential_equations"},{"link_name":"p-adic analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-adic_analysis"},{"link_name":"Partial differential equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_differential_equations"},{"link_name":"Real analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_analysis"},{"link_name":"Calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_calculus"},{"link_name":"Probability theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory"},{"link_name":"Ergodic theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergodic_theory"},{"link_name":"Measure theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_theory"},{"link_name":"Integral geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_geometry"},{"link_name":"Stochastic process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_process"},{"link_name":"Geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geometry"},{"link_name":"Topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"link_name":"Affine geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_geometry"},{"link_name":"Algebraic geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_geometry"},{"link_name":"Algebraic topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_topology"},{"link_name":"Convex geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_geometry"},{"link_name":"Differential topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_topology"},{"link_name":"Discrete geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_geometry"},{"link_name":"Finite geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_geometry"},{"link_name":"Galois geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galois_geometry"},{"link_name":"General topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_topology"},{"link_name":"Geometric topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_topology"},{"link_name":"Integral geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_geometry"},{"link_name":"Noncommutative geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncommutative_geometry"},{"link_name":"Non-Euclidean geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry"},{"link_name":"Projective geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_geometry"},{"link_name":"Number theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_theory"},{"link_name":"Algebraic number theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_number_theory"},{"link_name":"Analytic number theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_number_theory"},{"link_name":"Arithmetic combinatorics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_combinatorics"},{"link_name":"Geometric number theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_number_theory"}],"sub_title":"Mathematics - Pure mathematics","text":"Mathematical logic and Foundations of mathematics\nIntuitionistic logic\nModal logic\nModel theory\nProof theory\nRecursion theory\nSet theory\nArithmetic\nAlgebra (outline)\nAssociative algebra\nCategory theory\nTopos theory\nDifferential algebra\nField theory\nGroup theory\nGroup representation\nHomological algebra\nK-theory\nLattice theory (Order theory)\nLie algebra\nLinear algebra (Vector space)\nMultilinear algebra\nNon-associative algebra\nRepresentation theory\nRing theory\nCommutative algebra\nNoncommutative algebra\nUniversal algebra\nAnalysis\nComplex analysis\nFunctional analysis\nOperator theory\nHarmonic analysis\nFourier analysis\nNon-standard analysis\nOrdinary differential equations\np-adic analysis\nPartial differential equations\nReal analysis\nCalculus (outline)\nProbability theory\nErgodic theory\nMeasure theory\nIntegral geometry\nStochastic process\nGeometry (outline) and Topology\nAffine geometry\nAlgebraic geometry\nAlgebraic topology\nConvex geometry\nDifferential topology\nDiscrete geometry\nFinite geometry\nGalois geometry\nGeneral topology\nGeometric topology\nIntegral geometry\nNoncommutative geometry\nNon-Euclidean geometry\nProjective geometry\nNumber theory\nAlgebraic number theory\nAnalytic number theory\nArithmetic combinatorics\nGeometric number theory","title":"Formal science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Approximation theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximation_theory"},{"link_name":"Combinatorics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorics"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_combinatorics"},{"link_name":"Coding theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding_theory"},{"link_name":"Cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography"},{"link_name":"Dynamical systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_systems"},{"link_name":"Chaos theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory"},{"link_name":"Fractal geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_geometry"},{"link_name":"Game theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"Graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory"},{"link_name":"Information theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory"},{"link_name":"Mathematical physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_physics"},{"link_name":"Quantum field theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory"},{"link_name":"Quantum gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gravity"},{"link_name":"String theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory"},{"link_name":"Quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Statistical mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Numerical analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysis"},{"link_name":"Operations research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_research"},{"link_name":"Assignment problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignment_problem"},{"link_name":"Decision analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_analysis"},{"link_name":"Dynamic programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_programming"},{"link_name":"Inventory theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventory_theory"},{"link_name":"Linear programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_programming"},{"link_name":"Mathematical optimization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization"},{"link_name":"Optimal maintenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_maintenance"},{"link_name":"Real options analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_options_analysis"},{"link_name":"Scheduling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_shop_scheduling"},{"link_name":"Stochastic processes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_processes"},{"link_name":"Systems analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_analysis"},{"link_name":"Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_statistics"},{"link_name":"Actuarial science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuarial_science"},{"link_name":"Demography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography"},{"link_name":"Econometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrics"},{"link_name":"Mathematical statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_statistics"},{"link_name":"Data visualization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_visualization"},{"link_name":"Theory of computation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_computation"},{"link_name":"Computational complexity theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory"}],"sub_title":"Mathematics - Applied mathematics","text":"Approximation theory\nCombinatorics (outline)\nCoding theory\nCryptography\nDynamical systems\nChaos theory\nFractal geometry\nGame theory\nGraph theory\nInformation theory\nMathematical physics\nQuantum field theory\nQuantum gravity\nString theory\nQuantum mechanics\nStatistical mechanics\nNumerical analysis\nOperations research\nAssignment problem\nDecision analysis\nDynamic programming\nInventory theory\nLinear programming\nMathematical optimization\nOptimal maintenance\nReal options analysis\nScheduling\nStochastic processes\nSystems analysis\nStatistics (outline)\nActuarial science\nDemography\nEconometrics\nMathematical statistics\nData visualization\nTheory of computation\nComputational complexity theory","title":"Formal science"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Applied science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aeroponics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroponics"},{"link_name":"Agroecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecology"},{"link_name":"Agrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrology"},{"link_name":"Agronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomy"},{"link_name":"Animal husbandry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry"},{"link_name":"Animal science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_science"},{"link_name":"Beekeeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping"},{"link_name":"Apiculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiculture"},{"link_name":"Anthroponics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthroponics"},{"link_name":"Agricultural economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_economics"},{"link_name":"Agricultural engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_engineering"},{"link_name":"Biological systems engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_systems_engineering"},{"link_name":"Food engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_engineering"},{"link_name":"Aquaculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture"},{"link_name":"Aquaponics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics"},{"link_name":"Enology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enology"},{"link_name":"Entomology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomology"},{"link_name":"Fogponics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogponics"},{"link_name":"Food science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_science"},{"link_name":"Culinary arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culinary_arts"},{"link_name":"Forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry"},{"link_name":"Horticulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture"},{"link_name":"Hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_hydrology"},{"link_name":"Hydroponics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics"},{"link_name":"Pedology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedology"},{"link_name":"Plant science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_science"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_botany"},{"link_name":"Pomology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomology"},{"link_name":"Pest control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_control"},{"link_name":"Purification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification"},{"link_name":"Viticulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture"}],"sub_title":"Agriculture","text":"Aeroponics\nAgroecology\nAgrology\nAgronomy\nAnimal husbandry (Animal science)\nBeekeeping (Apiculture)\nAnthroponics\nAgricultural economics\nAgricultural engineering\nBiological systems engineering\nFood engineering\nAquaculture\nAquaponics\nEnology\nEntomology\nFogponics\nFood science\nCulinary arts\nForestry\nHorticulture\nHydrology (outline)\nHydroponics\nPedology\nPlant science (outline)\nPomology\nPest control\nPurification\nViticulture","title":"Applied science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_architecture"},{"link_name":"Interior architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_architecture"},{"link_name":"Landscape architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architecture"},{"link_name":"Architectural analytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_analytics"},{"link_name":"Historic preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_preservation"},{"link_name":"Interior design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_design"},{"link_name":"interior architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_architecture"},{"link_name":"Landscape architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architecture"},{"link_name":"landscape planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_planning"},{"link_name":"Landscape design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_design"},{"link_name":"Urban planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning"},{"link_name":"urban design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_design"},{"link_name":"Visual communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_communication"},{"link_name":"Graphic design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_design"},{"link_name":"Type design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_design"},{"link_name":"Technical drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_drawing"},{"link_name":"Industrial design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design"},{"link_name":"product design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_design"},{"link_name":"Ergonomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ergonomics"},{"link_name":"Toy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy"},{"link_name":"User experience design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_experience_design"},{"link_name":"Interaction design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_design"},{"link_name":"Information architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_architecture"},{"link_name":"User interface design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface_design"},{"link_name":"User experience evaluation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_experience_evaluation"},{"link_name":"Decorative arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorative_arts"},{"link_name":"Fashion design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_design"},{"link_name":"Textile design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_design"}],"sub_title":"Architecture and design","text":"Architecture (outline)\nInterior architecture\nLandscape architecture\nArchitectural analytics\nHistoric preservation\nInterior design (interior architecture)\nLandscape architecture (landscape planning)\nLandscape design\nUrban planning (urban design)\nVisual communication\nGraphic design\nType design\nTechnical drawing\nIndustrial design (product design)\nErgonomics (outline)\nToy and amusement design\nUser experience design\nInteraction design\nInformation architecture\nUser interface design\nUser experience evaluation\nDecorative arts\nFashion design\nTextile design","title":"Applied science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting"},{"link_name":"Accounting research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_research"},{"link_name":"Accounting scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_scholarship"},{"link_name":"Business administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_administration"},{"link_name":"Business analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_analysis"},{"link_name":"Business ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ethics"},{"link_name":"Business law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_law"},{"link_name":"Business management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_management"},{"link_name":"E-Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Business"},{"link_name":"Entrepreneurship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneurship"},{"link_name":"Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_finance"},{"link_name":"Industrial and labor relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_relations"},{"link_name":"Collective bargaining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaining"},{"link_name":"Human resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resources"},{"link_name":"Organizational studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_studies"},{"link_name":"Labor economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_economics"},{"link_name":"Labor history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_history_(discipline)"},{"link_name":"Information systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systems"},{"link_name":"Business informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_informatics"},{"link_name":"Management information systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_systems"},{"link_name":"Health informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_informatics"},{"link_name":"Information technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_information_technology"},{"link_name":"International trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade"},{"link_name":"Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_business_management"},{"link_name":"Marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_marketing"},{"link_name":"Operations management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_management"},{"link_name":"Purchasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing"},{"link_name":"Risk management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_management"},{"link_name":"insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance"},{"link_name":"Systems science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_science"}],"sub_title":"Business","text":"Accounting\nAccounting research\nAccounting scholarship\nBusiness administration\nBusiness analysis\nBusiness ethics\nBusiness law\nBusiness management\nE-Business\nEntrepreneurship\nFinance (outline)\nIndustrial and labor relations\nCollective bargaining\nHuman resources\nOrganizational studies\nLabor economics\nLabor history\nInformation systems (Business informatics)\nManagement information systems\nHealth informatics\nInformation technology (outline)\nInternational trade\nManagement (outline)\nMarketing (outline)\nOperations management\nPurchasing\nRisk management and insurance\nSystems science","title":"Applied science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comparative education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_education"},{"link_name":"Critical pedagogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_pedagogy"},{"link_name":"Curriculum and instruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_and_instruction"},{"link_name":"Alternative education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_education"},{"link_name":"Early childhood education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_childhood_education"},{"link_name":"Elementary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_education"},{"link_name":"Secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education"},{"link_name":"Higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"Mastery learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastery_learning"},{"link_name":"Cooperative learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_learning"},{"link_name":"Agricultural education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_education"},{"link_name":"Art education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_education"},{"link_name":"Bilingual education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingual_education"},{"link_name":"Chemistry education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry_education"},{"link_name":"Counselor education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counselor_education"},{"link_name":"Language education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_education"},{"link_name":"Legal education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_education"},{"link_name":"Mathematics education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_education"},{"link_name":"Medical education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_education"},{"link_name":"Military education and training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_education_and_training"},{"link_name":"Music education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_education"},{"link_name":"Nursing education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_education"},{"link_name":"Outdoor education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_education"},{"link_name":"Peace education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_education"},{"link_name":"Physical education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_education"},{"link_name":"Sports coaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Physics education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_education"},{"link_name":"Reading education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_education"},{"link_name":"Religious education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_education"},{"link_name":"Science education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_education"},{"link_name":"Special education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_education"},{"link_name":"Sex education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_education"},{"link_name":"Sociology of education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_education"},{"link_name":"Technology education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_education"},{"link_name":"Vocational education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education"},{"link_name":"Educational leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_leadership"},{"link_name":"Educational philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Educational psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_psychology"},{"link_name":"Educational technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_technology"},{"link_name":"Distance education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_education"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Comparative education\nCritical pedagogy\nCurriculum and instruction\nAlternative education\nEarly childhood education\nElementary education\nSecondary education\nHigher education\nMastery learning\nCooperative learning\nAgricultural education\nArt education\nBilingual education\nChemistry education\nCounselor education\nLanguage education\nLegal education\nMathematics education\nMedical education\nMilitary education and training\nMusic education\nNursing education\nOutdoor education\nPeace education\nPhysical education/Sports coaching\nPhysics education\nReading education\nReligious education\nScience education\nSpecial education\nSex education\nSociology of education\nTechnology education\nVocational education\nEducational leadership\nEducational philosophy\nEducational psychology\nEducational technology\nDistance education","title":"Applied science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of engineering branches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_engineering_branches"},{"link_name":"Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"Outline of technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_technology"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_academic_disciplines&action=edit§ion=38"},{"link_name":"Bioengineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioengineering"},{"link_name":"Biochemical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Biomolecular engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecular_engineering"},{"link_name":"Catalysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis"},{"link_name":"Materials engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_engineering"},{"link_name":"Molecular engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_engineering"},{"link_name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology"},{"link_name":"Polymer engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_engineering"},{"link_name":"Process design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_design"},{"link_name":"Petroleum engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_engineering"},{"link_name":"Nuclear engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_engineering"},{"link_name":"Food engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_engineering"},{"link_name":"Process engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_engineering"},{"link_name":"Reaction engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_engineering"},{"link_name":"Thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"Transport phenomena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_phenomena"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_academic_disciplines&action=edit§ion=39"},{"link_name":"Coastal engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_engineering"},{"link_name":"Earthquake engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_engineering"},{"link_name":"Ecological engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_engineering"},{"link_name":"Environmental engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering"},{"link_name":"Geotechnical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Engineering geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_geology"},{"link_name":"Hydraulic engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering"},{"link_name":"Mining engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_engineering"},{"link_name":"Transportation engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_engineering"},{"link_name":"Highway engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_engineering"},{"link_name":"Structural engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering"},{"link_name":"Architectural engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_engineering"},{"link_name":"Structural mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Surveying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_academic_disciplines&action=edit§ion=40"},{"link_name":"Instructional design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructional_design"},{"link_name":"Distance education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_education"},{"link_name":"Instructional simulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructional_simulation"},{"link_name":"Human performance technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_performance_technology"},{"link_name":"Knowledge management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_academic_disciplines&action=edit§ion=41"},{"link_name":"Applied physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_physics"},{"link_name":"Computer engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineering"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_engineering"},{"link_name":"Computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"Control systems engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_engineering"},{"link_name":"Control theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory"},{"link_name":"Electronic engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_engineering"},{"link_name":"Instrumentation engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentation_engineering"},{"link_name":"Engineering physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_physics"},{"link_name":"Photonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonics"},{"link_name":"Information theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory"},{"link_name":"Mechatronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechatronics"},{"link_name":"Power engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_engineering"},{"link_name":"Quantum computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing"},{"link_name":"Robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_robotics"},{"link_name":"Semiconductors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"Telecommunications engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_engineering"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_academic_disciplines&action=edit§ion=42"},{"link_name":"Biomaterials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomaterials"},{"link_name":"Ceramic engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_engineering"},{"link_name":"Crystallography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography"},{"link_name":"Nanomaterials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterials"},{"link_name":"Photonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonics"},{"link_name":"Physical Metallurgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy"},{"link_name":"Polymer engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_engineering"},{"link_name":"Polymer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_science"},{"link_name":"Semiconductors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_academic_disciplines&action=edit§ion=43"},{"link_name":"Aerospace engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering"},{"link_name":"Aeronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautics"},{"link_name":"Astronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautics"},{"link_name":"Acoustical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Automotive engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_engineering"},{"link_name":"Biomedical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Biomechanical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Neural engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_engineering"},{"link_name":"Continuum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Fluid mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Heat transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer"},{"link_name":"Industrial engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering"},{"link_name":"Manufacturing engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_engineering"},{"link_name":"Marine engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_propulsion"},{"link_name":"Mass transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_transfer"},{"link_name":"Mechatronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechatronics"},{"link_name":"Nanoengineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoengineering"},{"link_name":"Ocean engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_construction"},{"link_name":"Optical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"Thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_academic_disciplines&action=edit§ion=44"},{"link_name":"Chaos theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory"},{"link_name":"Complex systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_systems"},{"link_name":"Conceptual systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_systems"},{"link_name":"Control theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory"},{"link_name":"Affect control theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_control_theory"},{"link_name":"Control engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_engineering"},{"link_name":"Control systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systems"},{"link_name":"Dynamical systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_systems"},{"link_name":"Perceptual control theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptual_control_theory"},{"link_name":"Cybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics"},{"link_name":"Biocybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocybernetics"},{"link_name":"Engineering cybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_cybernetics"},{"link_name":"Management cybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_cybernetics"},{"link_name":"Medical cybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cybernetics"},{"link_name":"New Cybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Cybernetics"},{"link_name":"Second-order cybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-order_cybernetics"},{"link_name":"Sociocybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocybernetics"},{"link_name":"Network science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_science"},{"link_name":"Operations research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_research"},{"link_name":"Systems biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_biology"},{"link_name":"Computational systems biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_systems_biology"},{"link_name":"Synthetic biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_biology"},{"link_name":"Systems immunology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_immunology"},{"link_name":"Systems neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_neuroscience"},{"link_name":"System dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_dynamics"},{"link_name":"Social dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_dynamics"},{"link_name":"Systems ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_ecology"},{"link_name":"Ecosystem ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_ecology"},{"link_name":"Systems engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering"},{"link_name":"Biological systems engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_systems_engineering"},{"link_name":"Earth systems engineering and management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_systems_engineering_and_management"},{"link_name":"Enterprise systems engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_systems_engineering"},{"link_name":"Systems analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_analysis"},{"link_name":"Systems psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_psychology"},{"link_name":"Ergonomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics"},{"link_name":"Family systems theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_systems_theory"},{"link_name":"Systemic therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_therapy"},{"link_name":"Systems theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory"},{"link_name":"Biochemical systems theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_systems_theory"},{"link_name":"Ecological systems theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_systems_theory"},{"link_name":"Developmental systems theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_systems_theory"},{"link_name":"General systems theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_systems_theory"},{"link_name":"Living systems theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_systems_theory"},{"link_name":"LTI system theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTI_system_theory"},{"link_name":"Mathematical system theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_system_theory"},{"link_name":"Sociotechnical systems theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociotechnical_systems_theory"},{"link_name":"World-systems theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-systems_theory"},{"link_name":"Systems theory in anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology"}],"sub_title":"Engineering and technology","text":"See also: List of engineering branchesSee also: Technology and Outline of technologyChemical engineering[edit]\nBioengineering\nBiochemical engineering\nBiomolecular engineering\nCatalysis\nMaterials engineering\nMolecular engineering\nNanotechnology\nPolymer engineering\nProcess design\nPetroleum engineering\nNuclear engineering\nFood engineering\nProcess engineering\nReaction engineering\nThermodynamics\nTransport phenomena\nCivil engineering[edit]\nCoastal engineering\nEarthquake engineering\nEcological engineering\nEnvironmental engineering\nGeotechnical engineering\nEngineering geology\nHydraulic engineering\nMining engineering\nTransportation engineering\nHighway engineering\nStructural engineering\nArchitectural engineering\nStructural mechanics\nSurveying\nEducational technology[edit]\nInstructional design\nDistance education\nInstructional simulation\nHuman performance technology\nKnowledge management\nElectrical engineering[edit]\nApplied physics\nComputer engineering (outline)\nComputer science\nControl systems engineering\nControl theory\nElectronic engineering\nInstrumentation engineering\nEngineering physics\nPhotonics\nInformation theory\nMechatronics\nPower engineering\nQuantum computing\nRobotics (outline)\nSemiconductors\nTelecommunications engineering\nMaterials science[edit]\nBiomaterials\nCeramic engineering\nCrystallography\nNanomaterials\nPhotonics\nPhysical Metallurgy\nPolymer engineering\nPolymer science\nSemiconductors\nMechanical engineering[edit]\nAerospace engineering\nAeronautics\nAstronautics\nAcoustical engineering\nAutomotive engineering\nBiomedical engineering\nBiomechanical engineering\nNeural engineering\nContinuum mechanics\nFluid mechanics\nHeat transfer\nIndustrial engineering\nManufacturing engineering\nMarine engineering\nMass transfer\nMechatronics\nNanoengineering\nOcean engineering\nOptical engineering\nRobotics\nThermodynamics\nSystems science[edit]\nChaos theory\nComplex systems\nConceptual systems\nControl theory\nAffect control theory\nControl engineering\nControl systems\nDynamical systems\nPerceptual control theory\nCybernetics\nBiocybernetics\nEngineering cybernetics\nManagement cybernetics\nMedical cybernetics\nNew Cybernetics\nSecond-order cybernetics\nSociocybernetics\nNetwork science\nOperations research\nSystems biology\nComputational systems biology\nSynthetic biology\nSystems immunology\nSystems neuroscience\nSystem dynamics\nSocial dynamics\nSystems ecology\nEcosystem ecology\nSystems engineering\nBiological systems engineering\nEarth systems engineering and management\nEnterprise systems engineering\nSystems analysis\nSystems psychology\nErgonomics\nFamily systems theory\nSystemic therapy\nSystems theory\nBiochemical systems theory\nEcological systems theory\nDevelopmental systems theory\nGeneral systems theory\nLiving systems theory\nLTI system theory\nMathematical system theory\nSociotechnical systems theory\nWorld-systems theory\nSystems theory in anthropology","title":"Applied science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Environmental management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_management"},{"link_name":"Coastal management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_management"},{"link_name":"Fisheries management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_management"},{"link_name":"Land management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_management"},{"link_name":"Natural resource management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource_management"},{"link_name":"Waste management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management"},{"link_name":"Wildlife management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_management"},{"link_name":"Environmental policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy"},{"link_name":"Wildlife observation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_observation"},{"link_name":"Recreation ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreation_ecology"},{"link_name":"Silviculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silviculture"},{"link_name":"Sustainability studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_studies"},{"link_name":"Sustainable development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development"},{"link_name":"Toxicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicology"},{"link_name":"Ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"}],"sub_title":"Environmental studies and forestry","text":"Environmental management\nCoastal management\nFisheries management\nLand management\nNatural resource management\nWaste management\nWildlife management\nEnvironmental policy\nWildlife observation\nRecreation ecology\nSilviculture\nSustainability studies\nSustainable development\nToxicology\nEcology","title":"Applied science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Consumer education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_education"},{"link_name":"Housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing"},{"link_name":"Interior design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_design"},{"link_name":"Nutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_nutrition"},{"link_name":"Foodservice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodservice"},{"link_name":"Textiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile"}],"sub_title":"Family and consumer science","text":"Consumer education\nHousing\nInterior design\nNutrition (outline)\nFoodservice management\nTextiles","title":"Applied science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biomechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics"},{"link_name":"Sports biomechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_biomechanics"},{"link_name":"Sports coaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Escapology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escapology"},{"link_name":"Ergonomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics"},{"link_name":"Physical fitness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness"},{"link_name":"Aerobics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobics"},{"link_name":"Personal trainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_trainer"},{"link_name":"Personal fitness training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_fitness_training"},{"link_name":"Game design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_design"},{"link_name":"Exercise physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_physiology"},{"link_name":"Kinesiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiology"},{"link_name":"Exercise physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_physiology"},{"link_name":"Performance science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_science"},{"link_name":"Leisure studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisure_studies"},{"link_name":"Navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation"},{"link_name":"Outdoor activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_activity"},{"link_name":"Physical activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_activity"},{"link_name":"Physical education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_education"},{"link_name":"Pedagogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedagogy"},{"link_name":"Sociology of sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_sport"},{"link_name":"Sexology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexology"},{"link_name":"Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports"},{"link_name":"exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise"},{"link_name":"Sports journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_journalism"},{"link_name":"sportscasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportscasting"},{"link_name":"Sport management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_management"},{"link_name":"Athletic director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Administration"},{"link_name":"Sport psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_psychology"},{"link_name":"Sports medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_medicine"},{"link_name":"Athletic training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_training"},{"link_name":"Survival skills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_skills"},{"link_name":"Batoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batoning"},{"link_name":"Bushcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushcraft"},{"link_name":"Scoutcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoutcraft"},{"link_name":"Woodcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcraft"},{"link_name":"Toy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy"}],"sub_title":"Human physical performance and recreation","text":"Biomechanics / Sports biomechanics\nSports coaching\nEscapology\nErgonomics\nPhysical fitness\nAerobics\nPersonal trainer / Personal fitness training\nGame design\nExercise physiology\nKinesiology / Exercise physiology / Performance science\nLeisure studies\nNavigation\nOutdoor activity\nPhysical activity\nPhysical education / Pedagogy\nSociology of sport\nSexology\nSports / exercise\nSports journalism / sportscasting\nSport management\nAthletic director\nSport psychology\nSports medicine\nAthletic training\nSurvival skills\nBatoning\nBushcraft\nScoutcraft\nWoodcraft\nToy and amusement design","title":"Applied science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_journalism"},{"link_name":"Broadcast journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_journalism"},{"link_name":"Digital journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_journalism"},{"link_name":"Literary journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_nonfiction"},{"link_name":"New media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_media"},{"link_name":"Print journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism"},{"link_name":"Sports journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_journalism"},{"link_name":"sportscasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_of_sports_events"},{"link_name":"Media studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_studies"},{"link_name":"Mass media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media"},{"link_name":"Newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine"},{"link_name":"Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_radio"},{"link_name":"Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_television_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Television studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_studies"},{"link_name":"Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_film"},{"link_name":"Film studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_studies"},{"link_name":"Game studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_studies"},{"link_name":"Fan studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_studies"},{"link_name":"Narratology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narratology"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Internet"},{"link_name":"Communication studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_studies"},{"link_name":"Advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"link_name":"Animal communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_communication"},{"link_name":"Communication design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_design"},{"link_name":"Conspiracy theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Digital media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media"},{"link_name":"Electronic media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_media"},{"link_name":"Environmental communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_communication"},{"link_name":"Hoax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoax"},{"link_name":"Information theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory"},{"link_name":"Intercultural communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication"},{"link_name":"Marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_marketing"},{"link_name":"Mass communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_communication"},{"link_name":"Nonverbal communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication"},{"link_name":"Organizational communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_communication"},{"link_name":"Popular culture studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture_studies"},{"link_name":"Propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda"},{"link_name":"Public relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations"},{"link_name":"Speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech"},{"link_name":"Technical writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_writing"},{"link_name":"Translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation"}],"sub_title":"Journalism, media studies and communication","text":"Journalism (outline)\nBroadcast journalism\nDigital journalism\nLiterary journalism\nNew media journalism\nPrint journalism\nSports journalism / sportscasting\nMedia studies (Mass media)\nNewspaper\nMagazine\nRadio (outline)\nTelevision (outline)\nTelevision studies\nFilm (outline)\nFilm studies\nGame studies\nFan studies\nNarratology\nInternet (outline)\nCommunication studies\nAdvertising\nAnimal communication\nCommunication design\nConspiracy theory\nDigital media\nElectronic media\nEnvironmental communication\nHoax\nInformation theory\nIntercultural communication\nMarketing (outline)\nMass communication\nNonverbal communication\nOrganizational communication\nPopular culture studies\nPropaganda\nPublic relations (outline)\nSpeech communication\nTechnical writing\nTranslation","title":"Applied science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Law"},{"link_name":"Legal management (academic discipline)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_management_(academic_discipline)"},{"link_name":"Corporate law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law"},{"link_name":"Mercantile law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantile_law"},{"link_name":"Business law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_law"},{"link_name":"Administrative law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law"},{"link_name":"Canon law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law"},{"link_name":"Comparative law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_law"},{"link_name":"Constitutional law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law"},{"link_name":"Competition law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law"},{"link_name":"Criminal law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law"},{"link_name":"Criminal procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure"},{"link_name":"Criminal justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_criminal_justice"},{"link_name":"Police science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_science"},{"link_name":"Forensic science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_science"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forensic_science"},{"link_name":"Islamic law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"Jewish law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_law"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Jewish_law"},{"link_name":"Jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Civil law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)"},{"link_name":"Admiralty law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_law"},{"link_name":"Animal law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_law"},{"link_name":"Animal rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights"},{"link_name":"Common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law"},{"link_name":"Corporations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporations"},{"link_name":"Civil procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure"},{"link_name":"Contract law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_law"},{"link_name":"Environmental law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law"},{"link_name":"Family law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_law"},{"link_name":"Federal law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_law"},{"link_name":"International law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law"},{"link_name":"Public international law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law"},{"link_name":"Supranational law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranational_law"},{"link_name":"Labor law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_law"},{"link_name":"Paralegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralegal"},{"link_name":"Property law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law"},{"link_name":"Tax law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law"},{"link_name":"Tort law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_law"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_tort_law"},{"link_name":"Law enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_law_enforcement"},{"link_name":"Procedural law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_law"},{"link_name":"Substantive law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantive_law"}],"sub_title":"Law","text":"Also regarded as a social scienceAlso listed in HumanitiesLegal management (academic discipline)\nCorporate law\nMercantile law\nBusiness law\nAdministrative law\nCanon law\nComparative law\nConstitutional law\nCompetition law\nCriminal law\nCriminal procedure\nCriminal justice (outline)\nPolice science\nForensic science (outline)\nIslamic law\nJewish law (outline)\nJurisprudence (Philosophy of Law)\nCivil law\nAdmiralty law\nAnimal law/Animal rights\nCommon law\nCorporations\nCivil procedure\nContract law\nEnvironmental law\nFamily law\nFederal law\nInternational law\nPublic international law\nSupranational law\nLabor law\nParalegal studies\nProperty law\nTax law\nTort law (outline)\nLaw enforcement (outline)\nProcedural law\nSubstantive law","title":"Applied science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Outline of management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_management"},{"link_name":"Archival science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archival_science"},{"link_name":"Archivist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivist"},{"link_name":"Bibliographic databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliographic_databases"},{"link_name":"Bibliometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliometrics"},{"link_name":"Bookmobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookmobile"},{"link_name":"Cataloging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataloging"},{"link_name":"Citation analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_analysis"},{"link_name":"Categorization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization"},{"link_name":"Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification"},{"link_name":"Library classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_classification"},{"link_name":"Taxonomic classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomic_classification"},{"link_name":"Scientific classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_classification"},{"link_name":"Statistical classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_classification"},{"link_name":"Security classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_classification"},{"link_name":"Film classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_classification"},{"link_name":"Collections care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collections_care"},{"link_name":"Collection management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian#Librarian_roles_and_duties"},{"link_name":"Collection Management Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collection_Management_Policy"},{"link_name":"Conservation science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_science_(cultural_heritage)"},{"link_name":"Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_heritage"},{"link_name":"Curator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curator"},{"link_name":"Data storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_storage"},{"link_name":"Database management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management"},{"link_name":"Data modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_modeling"},{"link_name":"Digital preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_preservation"},{"link_name":"Dissemination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissemination"},{"link_name":"Film preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_preservation"},{"link_name":"Five laws of library science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_laws_of_library_science"},{"link_name":"Historic preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_preservation"},{"link_name":"History of library science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_science#History"},{"link_name":"Human-computer interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-computer_interaction"},{"link_name":"Indexer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliographic_index"},{"link_name":"Informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics"},{"link_name":"Information architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_architecture"},{"link_name":"Information broker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_broker"},{"link_name":"Information literacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy"},{"link_name":"Information retrieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval"},{"link_name":"Information science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_science"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_information_science"},{"link_name":"Information systems and technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systems_and_technology"},{"link_name":"Integrated library system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_library_system"},{"link_name":"Interlibrary loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlibrary_loan"},{"link_name":"Knowledge engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_engineering"},{"link_name":"Knowledge management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management"},{"link_name":"Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library"},{"link_name":"Library binding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_binding"},{"link_name":"Library circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_circulation"},{"link_name":"Library instruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_instruction"},{"link_name":"Library portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_portal"},{"link_name":"Library technical services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_technical_services"},{"link_name":"Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management"},{"link_name":"Mass deacidification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_deacidification"},{"link_name":"Museology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museology"},{"link_name":"Museum education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_education"},{"link_name":"Museum administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_administration"},{"link_name":"Object conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_conservation"},{"link_name":"Preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_preservation"},{"link_name":"Prospect research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_research"},{"link_name":"Readers' advisory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readers%27_advisory"},{"link_name":"Records management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_management"},{"link_name":"Reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference"},{"link_name":"Reference desk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_desk"},{"link_name":"Reference management software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_management_software"},{"link_name":"Registrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_(museum)"},{"link_name":"Research methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_methods"},{"link_name":"Slow fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_fire"},{"link_name":"Special library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_library"},{"link_name":"Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"}],"sub_title":"Library and museum studies","text":"See also: Outline of managementArchival science\nArchivist\nBibliographic databases\nBibliometrics\nBookmobile\nCataloging\nCitation analysis\nCategorization\nClassification\nLibrary classification\nTaxonomic classification\nScientific classification\nStatistical classification\nSecurity classification\nFilm classification\nCollections care\nCollection management\nCollection Management Policy\nConservation science\nConservation and restoration of cultural heritage\nCurator\nData storage\nDatabase management\nData modeling\nDigital preservation\nDissemination\nFilm preservation\nFive laws of library science\nHistoric preservation\nHistory of library science\nHuman-computer interaction\nIndexer\nInformatics\nInformation architecture\nInformation broker\nInformation literacy\nInformation retrieval\nInformation science (outline)\nInformation systems and technology\nIntegrated library system\nInterlibrary loan\nKnowledge engineering\nKnowledge management\nLibrary\nLibrary binding\nLibrary circulation\nLibrary instruction\nLibrary portal\nLibrary technical services\nManagement\nMass deacidification\nMuseology\nMuseum education\nMuseum administration\nObject conservation\nPreservation\nProspect research\nReaders' advisory\nRecords management\nReference\nReference desk\nReference management software\nRegistrar\nResearch methods\nSlow fire\nSpecial library\nStatistics","title":"Applied science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Outline of medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_medicine"},{"link_name":"Branches of medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branches_of_medicine"},{"link_name":"Alternative medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine"},{"link_name":"Audiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiology"},{"link_name":"Clinical laboratory sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_laboratory_sciences"},{"link_name":"Clinical pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_pathology"},{"link_name":"Laboratory medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_medicine"},{"link_name":"Clinical biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_biochemistry"},{"link_name":"Cytogenetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytogenetics"},{"link_name":"Cytohematology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytohematology"},{"link_name":"Cytology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biology"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cell_biology"},{"link_name":"Haemostasiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemostasiology"},{"link_name":"Histology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histology"},{"link_name":"Clinical immunology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_immunology"},{"link_name":"Clinical microbiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_microbiology"},{"link_name":"Molecular genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics"},{"link_name":"Parasitology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitology"},{"link_name":"Clinical physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_physiology"},{"link_name":"Dentistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_dentistry_and_oral_health"},{"link_name":"Dental hygiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_hygienist"},{"link_name":"epidemiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology"},{"link_name":"Dental surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_surgery"},{"link_name":"Endodontics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endodontics"},{"link_name":"Implantology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_implant"},{"link_name":"Oral and maxillofacial surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery"},{"link_name":"Orthodontics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodontics"},{"link_name":"Periodontics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodontics"},{"link_name":"Prosthodontics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthodontics"},{"link_name":"Dermatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatology"},{"link_name":"Emergency medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medicine"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_emergency_medicine"},{"link_name":"Epidemiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology"},{"link_name":"Geriatrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geriatrics"},{"link_name":"Gynaecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynaecology"},{"link_name":"Health informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_informatics"},{"link_name":"Clinical informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_informatics"},{"link_name":"Hematology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematology"},{"link_name":"Holistic medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_medicine"},{"link_name":"Infectious disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_disease"},{"link_name":"Intensive care medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine"},{"link_name":"Internal medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_medicine"},{"link_name":"Cardiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology"},{"link_name":"Cardiac electrophysiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_electrophysiology"},{"link_name":"Endocrinology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrinology"},{"link_name":"Gastroenterology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterology"},{"link_name":"Hepatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatology"},{"link_name":"Nephrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrology"},{"link_name":"Neurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology"},{"link_name":"Oncology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncology"},{"link_name":"Pulmonology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonology"},{"link_name":"Rheumatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatology"},{"link_name":"Medical toxicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_toxicology"},{"link_name":"Music therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_therapy"},{"link_name":"Nursing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing"},{"link_name":"Nutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_nutrition"},{"link_name":"dietetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietetics"},{"link_name":"Obstetrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetrics"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_obstetrics"},{"link_name":"Occupational hygiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hygiene"},{"link_name":"Occupational therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_therapy"},{"link_name":"Occupational toxicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_toxicology"},{"link_name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmology"},{"link_name":"Neuro-ophthalmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-ophthalmology"},{"link_name":"Optometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optometry"},{"link_name":"Otolaryngology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otolaryngology"},{"link_name":"Pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology"},{"link_name":"Pediatrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrics"},{"link_name":"Pharmaceutical sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_sciences"},{"link_name":"Pharmaceutical chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Pharmaceutical toxicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicology"},{"link_name":"Pharmaceutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutics"},{"link_name":"Pharmacocybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacocybernetics"},{"link_name":"Pharmacodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacodynamics"},{"link_name":"Pharmacogenomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacogenomics"},{"link_name":"Pharmacognosy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacognosy"},{"link_name":"Pharmacokinetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetics"},{"link_name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology"},{"link_name":"Pharmacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy"},{"link_name":"Physical fitness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness"},{"link_name":"aerobics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobics"},{"link_name":"Kinesiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiology"},{"link_name":"Personal fitness training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_fitness_training"},{"link_name":"Physical therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_therapy"},{"link_name":"Physiotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiotherapy"},{"link_name":"Podiatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podiatry"},{"link_name":"Preventive medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_healthcare"},{"link_name":"Primary care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_care"},{"link_name":"General practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_medical_services"},{"link_name":"Psychiatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_psychiatry"},{"link_name":"Forensic psychiatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_psychiatry"},{"link_name":"Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_psychology"},{"link_name":"Public health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health"},{"link_name":"Radiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology"},{"link_name":"Recreational therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_therapy"},{"link_name":"Rehabilitation medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation"},{"link_name":"Respiratory therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_therapy"},{"link_name":"Sleep medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_medicine"},{"link_name":"Speech–language pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech%E2%80%93language_pathology"},{"link_name":"Sports medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_medicine"},{"link_name":"Surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"Bariatric surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariatric_surgery"},{"link_name":"Cardiothoracic surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery"},{"link_name":"Neurosurgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosurgery"},{"link_name":"Orthoptics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoptics"},{"link_name":"Orthopedic surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery"},{"link_name":"Plastic surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_surgery"},{"link_name":"Trauma surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_surgery"},{"link_name":"Traumatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatology"},{"link_name":"Traditional medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine"},{"link_name":"Urology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urology"},{"link_name":"Andrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrology"},{"link_name":"Veterinary medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_medicine"}],"sub_title":"Medicine and health","text":"See also: Outline of medicine and Branches of medicineAlternative medicine\nAudiology\nClinical laboratory sciences/Clinical pathology/Laboratory medicine\nClinical biochemistry\nCytogenetics\nCytohematology\nCytology (outline)\nHaemostasiology\nHistology\nClinical immunology\nClinical microbiology\nMolecular genetics\nParasitology\nClinical physiology\nDentistry (outline)\nDental hygiene and epidemiology\nDental surgery\nEndodontics\nImplantology\nOral and maxillofacial surgery\nOrthodontics\nPeriodontics\nProsthodontics\nDermatology\nEmergency medicine (outline)\nEpidemiology\nGeriatrics\nGynaecology\nHealth informatics/Clinical informatics\nHematology\nHolistic medicine\nInfectious disease\nIntensive care medicine\nInternal medicine\nCardiology\nCardiac electrophysiology\nEndocrinology\nGastroenterology\nHepatology\nNephrology\nNeurology\nOncology\nPulmonology\nRheumatology\nMedical toxicology\nMusic therapy\nNursing\nNutrition (outline) and dietetics\nObstetrics (outline)\nOccupational hygiene\nOccupational therapy\nOccupational toxicology\nOphthalmology\nNeuro-ophthalmology\nOptometry\nOtolaryngology\nPathology\nPediatrics\nPharmaceutical sciences\nPharmaceutical chemistry\nPharmaceutical toxicology\nPharmaceutics\nPharmacocybernetics\nPharmacodynamics\nPharmacogenomics\nPharmacognosy\nPharmacokinetics\nPharmacology\nPharmacy\nPhysical fitness\nGroup Fitness / aerobics\nKinesiology / Exercise science / Human performance\nPersonal fitness training\nPhysical therapy\nPhysiotherapy\nPodiatry\nPreventive medicine\nPrimary care\nGeneral practice\nPsychiatry (outline)\nForensic psychiatry\nPsychology (outline)\nPublic health\nRadiology\nRecreational therapy\nRehabilitation medicine\nRespiratory therapy\nSleep medicine\nSpeech–language pathology\nSports medicine\nSurgery\nBariatric surgery\nCardiothoracic surgery\nNeurosurgery\nOrthoptics\nOrthopedic surgery\nPlastic surgery\nTrauma surgery\nTraumatology\nTraditional medicine\nUrology\nAndrology\nVeterinary medicine","title":"Applied science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amphibious warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_warfare"},{"link_name":"Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"Battlespace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlespace"},{"link_name":"Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_warfare"},{"link_name":"Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_warfare"},{"link_name":"Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_warfare"},{"link_name":"Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfare"},{"link_name":"Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_warfare"},{"link_name":"Campaigning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_campaign"},{"link_name":"Military engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineering"},{"link_name":"Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine"},{"link_name":"Espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"link_name":"Game theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"Grand strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_strategy"},{"link_name":"Containment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containment"},{"link_name":"Limited war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_war"},{"link_name":"Military science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_science"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_military_science_and_technology"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_war"},{"link_name":"Strategic studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_studies"},{"link_name":"Total war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_war"},{"link_name":"War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_war"},{"link_name":"Leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership"},{"link_name":"Logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_logistics"},{"link_name":"Materiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiel"},{"link_name":"Supply chain management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_supply_chain_management"},{"link_name":"Military operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_operation"},{"link_name":"Military history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history"},{"link_name":"Prehistoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare"},{"link_name":"Ancient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_warfare"},{"link_name":"Medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_warfare"},{"link_name":"Early modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_warfare"},{"link_name":"Industrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_warfare"},{"link_name":"Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_warfare"},{"link_name":"Fourth-generation warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare"},{"link_name":"Military intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Military law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_law"},{"link_name":"Military medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_medicine"},{"link_name":"Naval science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_science"},{"link_name":"Naval engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_engineering"},{"link_name":"Naval tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_tactics"},{"link_name":"Naval architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_architecture"},{"link_name":"Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_organization"},{"link_name":"Command and control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_control"},{"link_name":"Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine"},{"link_name":"Education and training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_education_and_training"},{"link_name":"Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineering"},{"link_name":"Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Ranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_rank"},{"link_name":"Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_(military)"},{"link_name":"Technology and equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_technology"},{"link_name":"Military exercises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_exercises"},{"link_name":"Military simulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_simulation"},{"link_name":"Military sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_sports"},{"link_name":"Strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy"},{"link_name":"Attrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attrition_warfare"},{"link_name":"Deception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_deception"},{"link_name":"Defensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_defence"},{"link_name":"Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_(military)"},{"link_name":"Counter-offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-offensive"},{"link_name":"Maneuver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maneuver_warfare"},{"link_name":"Goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)"},{"link_name":"Naval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_strategy"},{"link_name":"Tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics"},{"link_name":"Aerial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring"},{"link_name":"Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle"},{"link_name":"Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry_tactics"},{"link_name":"Charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_(warfare)"},{"link_name":"Counter-attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-attack"},{"link_name":"Counter-insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-insurgency"},{"link_name":"Counter-intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-intelligence"},{"link_name":"Counter-terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-terrorism"},{"link_name":"Foxhole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position"},{"link_name":"Endemic warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_warfare"},{"link_name":"Guerrilla warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"Infiltration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_tactics"},{"link_name":"Irregular warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular_warfare"},{"link_name":"Morale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morale"},{"link_name":"Naval tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_tactics"},{"link_name":"Siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege"},{"link_name":"Surgical strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_strike"},{"link_name":"Tactical objective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_objective"},{"link_name":"Trench warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare"},{"link_name":"Military weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon"},{"link_name":"Armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare"},{"link_name":"Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"Biological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfare"},{"link_name":"Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"},{"link_name":"Conventional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_warfare"},{"link_name":"Chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_warfare"},{"link_name":"Cyber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberweapon"},{"link_name":"Economic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_warfare"},{"link_name":"Electronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare"},{"link_name":"Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"Nuclear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warfare"},{"link_name":"Psychological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_warfare"},{"link_name":"Unconventional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconventional_warfare"},{"link_name":"Arms control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_control"},{"link_name":"Arms race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_race"},{"link_name":"Assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"},{"link_name":"Asymmetric warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare"},{"link_name":"Civil defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_defense"},{"link_name":"Clandestine operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clandestine_operation"},{"link_name":"Collateral damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_damage"},{"link_name":"Cold war (general term)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)"},{"link_name":"Combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat"},{"link_name":"Covert operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_operation"},{"link_name":"Cyberwarfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberwarfare"},{"link_name":"Defense industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_industry"},{"link_name":"Disarmament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disarmament"},{"link_name":"Intelligence agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_agency"},{"link_name":"Laws of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_war"},{"link_name":"Mercenary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenary"},{"link_name":"Military campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_campaign"},{"link_name":"Military operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_operation"},{"link_name":"Mock combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_combat"},{"link_name":"Network-centric warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network-centric_warfare"},{"link_name":"Paramilitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary"},{"link_name":"Principles of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_war"},{"link_name":"Private defense agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_defense_agency"},{"link_name":"Private military company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_military_company"},{"link_name":"Proxy war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_war"},{"link_name":"Religious war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_war"},{"link_name":"Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security"},{"link_name":"Special forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_forces"},{"link_name":"Special operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_operations"},{"link_name":"Theater (warfare)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_(warfare)"},{"link_name":"Theft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft"},{"link_name":"Undercover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercover_operation"},{"link_name":"War crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime"},{"link_name":"Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrior"}],"sub_title":"Military sciences","text":"Amphibious warfare\nArtillery\nBattlespace\nAir\nInformation\nLand\nSea\nSpace\nCampaigning\nMilitary engineering\nDoctrine\nEspionage\nGame theory\nGrand strategy\nContainment\nLimited war\nMilitary science (outline)\nPhilosophy of war\nStrategic studies\nTotal war\nWar (outline)\nLeadership\nLogistics\nMateriel\nSupply chain management\nMilitary operation\nMilitary history\nPrehistoric\nAncient\nMedieval\nEarly modern\nIndustrial\nModern\nFourth-generation warfare\nMilitary intelligence\nMilitary law\nMilitary medicine\nNaval science\nNaval engineering\nNaval tactics\nNaval architecture\nOrganization\nCommand and control\nDoctrine\nEducation and training\nEngineers\nIntelligence\nRanks\nStaff\nTechnology and equipment\nMilitary exercises\nMilitary simulation\nMilitary sports\nStrategy\nAttrition\nDeception\nDefensive\nOffensive\nCounter-offensive\nManeuver\nGoal\nNaval\nTactics\nAerial\nBattle\nCavalry\nCharge\nCounter-attack\nCounter-insurgency\nCounter-intelligence\nCounter-terrorism\nFoxhole\nEndemic warfare\nGuerrilla warfare\nInfiltration\nIrregular warfare\nMorale\nNaval tactics\nSiege\nSurgical strike\nTactical objective\nTrench warfare\nMilitary weapons\nArmor\nArtillery\nBiological\nCavalry\nConventional\nChemical\nCyber\nEconomic\nElectronic\nInfantry\nNuclear\nPsychological\nUnconventional\nOther Military\nArms control\nArms race\nAssassination\nAsymmetric warfare\nCivil defense\nClandestine operation\nCollateral damage\nCold war (general term)\nCombat\nCovert operation\nCyberwarfare\nDefense industry\nDisarmament\nIntelligence agency\nLaws of war\nMercenary\nMilitary campaign\nMilitary operation\nMock combat\nNetwork-centric warfare\nParamilitary\nPrinciples of war\nPrivate defense agency\nPrivate military company\nProxy war\nReligious war\nSecurity\nSpecial forces\nSpecial operations\nTheater (warfare)\nTheft\nUndercover\nWar crimes\nWarrior","title":"Applied science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service"},{"link_name":"Corrections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrections"},{"link_name":"Conservation biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_biology"},{"link_name":"Criminal justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_criminal_justice"},{"link_name":"Disaster research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_research"},{"link_name":"Disaster response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_response"},{"link_name":"Emergency management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_management"},{"link_name":"Emergency services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_services"},{"link_name":"Fire safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_safety"},{"link_name":"fire protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_protection"},{"link_name":"Fire ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_ecology"},{"link_name":"Governmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government"},{"link_name":"International affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations"},{"link_name":"Law enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement"},{"link_name":"Peace and conflict studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies"},{"link_name":"Police science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_science"},{"link_name":"Policy studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_studies"},{"link_name":"Policy analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_analysis"},{"link_name":"Public administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration"},{"link_name":"Nonprofit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit"},{"link_name":"Non-governmental organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"Public policy doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine"},{"link_name":"Public policy school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy_school"},{"link_name":"Regulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation"},{"link_name":"Public safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_safety"},{"link_name":"Public service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service"}],"sub_title":"Public administration","text":"Civil service\nCorrections\nConservation biology\nCriminal justice (outline)\nDisaster research\nDisaster response\nEmergency management\nEmergency services\nFire safety (Structural fire protection)\nFire ecology (Wildland fire management)\nGovernmental affairs\nInternational affairs\nLaw enforcement\nPeace and conflict studies\nPolice science\nPolicy studies\nPolicy analysis\nPublic administration\nNonprofit administration\nNon-governmental organization (NGO) administration\nPublic policy doctrine\nPublic policy school\nRegulation\nPublic safety\nPublic service","title":"Applied science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agricultural policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_policy"},{"link_name":"Commercial policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_policy"},{"link_name":"Cultural policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_policy"},{"link_name":"Domestic policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_policy"},{"link_name":"Drug policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy"},{"link_name":"Drug policy reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_reform"},{"link_name":"Economic policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy"},{"link_name":"Fiscal policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_policy"},{"link_name":"Incomes policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incomes_policy"},{"link_name":"Industrial policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_policy"},{"link_name":"Investment policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_policy"},{"link_name":"Monetary policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_policy"},{"link_name":"Tax policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_policy"},{"link_name":"Education policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_policy"},{"link_name":"Energy policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy"},{"link_name":"Nuclear energy policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy"},{"link_name":"Renewable energy policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_policy"},{"link_name":"Environmental policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy"},{"link_name":"Food policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_policy"},{"link_name":"Foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy"},{"link_name":"Governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance"},{"link_name":"Health policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_policy"},{"link_name":"Pharmaceutical policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_policy"},{"link_name":"Vaccination policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_policy"},{"link_name":"Housing policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_policy"},{"link_name":"Immigration policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_policy"},{"link_name":"Knowledge policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_policy"},{"link_name":"Language policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy"},{"link_name":"Military policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_policy"},{"link_name":"Science policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_policy"},{"link_name":"Climate change policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_policy"},{"link_name":"Stem cell research policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_research_policy"},{"link_name":"Space policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy"},{"link_name":"Technology policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_policy"},{"link_name":"Security policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_policy"},{"link_name":"Social policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy"},{"link_name":"Public policy by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_policy_topics_by_country"}],"sub_title":"Public policy","text":"Agricultural policy\nCommercial policy\nCultural policy\nDomestic policy\nDrug policy\nDrug policy reform\nEconomic policy\nFiscal policy\nIncomes policy\nIndustrial policy\nInvestment policy\nMonetary policy\nTax policy\nEducation policy\nEnergy policy\nNuclear energy policy\nRenewable energy policy\nEnvironmental policy\nFood policy\nForeign policy\nGovernance\nHealth policy\nPharmaceutical policy\nVaccination policy\nHousing policy\nImmigration policy\nKnowledge policy\nLanguage policy\nMilitary policy\nScience policy\nClimate change policy\nStem cell research policy\nSpace policy\nTechnology policy\nSecurity policy\nSocial policy\nPublic policy by country","title":"Applied science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Child welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_welfare"},{"link_name":"Community practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_practice"},{"link_name":"Community organizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_organizing"},{"link_name":"Social policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy"},{"link_name":"Human Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Services"},{"link_name":"Corrections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrections"},{"link_name":"Gerontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerontology"},{"link_name":"Medical social work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_social_work"},{"link_name":"Mental health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health"},{"link_name":"School social work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_social_worker"}],"sub_title":"Social work","text":"Child welfare\nCommunity practice\nCommunity organizing\nSocial policy\nHuman Services\nCorrections\nGerontology\nMedical social work\nMental health\nSchool social work","title":"Applied science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highway safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_safety"},{"link_name":"Infographics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infographics"},{"link_name":"Intermodal transportation studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_passenger_transport"},{"link_name":"Logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics"},{"link_name":"Marine transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_transportation"},{"link_name":"Port management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_management"},{"link_name":"Seafaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafaring"},{"link_name":"Operations research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_research"},{"link_name":"Mass transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_transit"},{"link_name":"Travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel"},{"link_name":"Vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicles"}],"sub_title":"Transportation","text":"Highway safety\nInfographics\nIntermodal transportation studies\nLogistics\nMarine transportation\nPort management\nSeafaring\nOperations research\nMass transit\nTravel\nVehicles","title":"Applied science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chaos of Disciplines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/chaosofdisciplin0023abbo"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-226-00101-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-00101-2"},{"link_name":"The Organization of knowledge in modern America, 1860–1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/organizationofkn00tes1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8018-2108-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-2108-8"},{"link_name":"Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/default.aspx?y=55"}],"text":"Abbott, Andrew (2001). Chaos of Disciplines. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-00101-2.\nOleson, Alexandra; Voss, John (1979). The Organization of knowledge in modern America, 1860–1920. ISBN 0-8018-2108-8.\nUS Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences. Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP). National Center for Education Statistics.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Collage of images representing different academic disciplines","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Academic_disciplines_%28collage%29.jpg/220px-Academic_disciplines_%28collage%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Academia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia"},{"title":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_academia"},{"title":"Academic genealogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_genealogy"},{"title":"Curriculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum"},{"title":"Interdisciplinarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdisciplinarity"},{"title":"Transdisciplinarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdisciplinarity"},{"title":"Professions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession"},{"title":"Classification of Instructional Programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_Instructional_Programs"},{"title":"Joint Academic Coding System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Academic_Coding_System"},{"title":"List of fields of doctoral studies in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fields_of_doctoral_studies_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of academic fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_fields"},{"title":"International Academic Association for the Enhancement of Learning in Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academic_Association_for_the_Enhancement_of_Learning_in_Higher_Education"}] | [{"reference":"Khaled Nabil, Al-Momani (25 August 2020). \"Characteristics of Design as an Academic and Creative Discipline\". Kne Social Sciences. Ural Federal University: 294–298. doi:10.18502/kss.v4i11.7560. S2CID 221710217.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18502%2Fkss.v4i11.7560","url_text":"\"Characteristics of Design as an Academic and Creative Discipline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18502%2Fkss.v4i11.7560","url_text":"10.18502/kss.v4i11.7560"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221710217","url_text":"221710217"}]},{"reference":"Bravo, Rafael Ángel (4 March 2016). \"Vigencia de la Bauhaus en la formación académica de los diseñadores gráficos\" [Currency of the Bauhaus in the academic training of graphic designers] (in Spanish). Francisco José de Caldas District University. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220312145640/https://revistas.udistrital.edu.co/index.php/c14/article/view/10133","url_text":"\"Vigencia de la Bauhaus en la formación académica de los diseñadores gráficos\""},{"url":"https://revistas.udistrital.edu.co/index.php/c14/article/view/10133","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Graphic Design\". College of the Sequoias. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210922013152/https://catalog.cos.edu/areas-study/graphic-design/","url_text":"\"Graphic Design\""},{"url":"https://catalog.cos.edu/areas-study/graphic-design/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Abbott, Andrew (2001). Chaos of Disciplines. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-00101-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chaosofdisciplin0023abbo","url_text":"Chaos of Disciplines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-00101-2","url_text":"978-0-226-00101-2"}]},{"reference":"Oleson, Alexandra; Voss, John (1979). The Organization of knowledge in modern America, 1860–1920. ISBN 0-8018-2108-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/organizationofkn00tes1","url_text":"The Organization of knowledge in modern America, 1860–1920"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-2108-8","url_text":"0-8018-2108-8"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.18502%2Fkss.v4i11.7560","external_links_name":"\"Characteristics of Design as an Academic and Creative Discipline\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.18502%2Fkss.v4i11.7560","external_links_name":"10.18502/kss.v4i11.7560"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221710217","external_links_name":"221710217"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220312145640/https://revistas.udistrital.edu.co/index.php/c14/article/view/10133","external_links_name":"\"Vigencia de la Bauhaus en la formación académica de los diseñadores gráficos\""},{"Link":"https://revistas.udistrital.edu.co/index.php/c14/article/view/10133","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210922013152/https://catalog.cos.edu/areas-study/graphic-design/","external_links_name":"\"Graphic Design\""},{"Link":"https://catalog.cos.edu/areas-study/graphic-design/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/chaosofdisciplin0023abbo","external_links_name":"Chaos of Disciplines"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/organizationofkn00tes1","external_links_name":"The Organization of knowledge in modern America, 1860–1920"},{"Link":"http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/default.aspx?y=55","external_links_name":"Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP)"},{"Link":"http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/cip2000/","external_links_name":"Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP 2000)"},{"Link":"http://www.hesa.ac.uk/jacs/completeclassification.htm","external_links_name":"Complete JACS"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090913104221/http://www.arc.gov.au/pdf/ANZSRC_FOR_codes.pdf","external_links_name":"(ANZSRC 2008)"},{"Link":"http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/1297.0Contents12008?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1297.0&issue=2008&num=&view=","external_links_name":"web-page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101212234536/http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/1297.0Contents12008?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1297.0&issue=2008&num=&view=","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thingsmadethinkable.com/item/fields_of_knowledge.php","external_links_name":"Fields of Knowledge"},{"Link":"http://atlas-disciplines.unige.ch/","external_links_name":"Sandoz, R. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucapristis | Pucapristis | ["1 Biogeography","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading"] | Genus of cartilaginous fishes
PucapristisTemporal range: Maastrichtian70–66 Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
↓
Teeth
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Chondrichthyes
Subclass:
Elasmobranchii
Superorder:
Batoidea
Order:
Rajiformes
Family:
†Sclerorhynchidae
Genus:
†PucapristisSchaeffer, 1963
Species:
†P. branisi
Binomial name
†Pucapristis branisiSchaeffer, 1963
Pucapristis is a prehistoric genus of sclerorhynchid ray whose fossils first appear in the fossil record in rocks dating from the Maastrichtian stage. The genus was described in 1963 by Schaeffer. Fossils of Pucapristis have not been found in any subsequent strata. Incidentally, the Maastrichtian is the final portion of the Cretaceous Period and its endpoint marks the advent of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. This major geological transition is famous for being the mass extinction that wiped out the dinosaurs.
Biogeography
To date, Pucapristis fossils have been found only in the Maastrichtian deposits of central South America. The El Molino Formation of Bolivia produces Pucapristis tooth fossils in abundance. These Bolivian specimens have been recovered near the cities of Potosi and Sucre The Yacoraite Formation of Salta Province in northwestern Argentina is another locality from which Pucapristis remains can be excavated.
See also
Paleontology portal
Flora and fauna of the Maastrichtian stage
List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes)
References
^ Pucapristis at Fossilworks.org
Further reading
M. Gayet, L. G. Marshall, T. Sempere, F. J. Meunier, H. Capetta and J. Rage. 2001. Middle Maastrichtian vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, dinosaurs and other reptiles, mammals) from Pajcha Pata (Bolivia). Biostratigraphic, palaeoecologic and palaeobiogeographic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 169(1–2):39–68
Taxon identifiersPucapristis branisi
Wikidata: Q15709158
GBIF: 8606091
Open Tree of Life: 6139346
Paleobiology Database: 154442
Pucapristis
Wikidata: Q21078896
GBIF: 4824868
IRMNG: 1029503
Open Tree of Life: 3595419
Paleobiology Database: 34705
This article about prehistoric Rajiformes is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sclerorhynchid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerorhynchidae"},{"link_name":"Maastrichtian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastrichtian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous_Period"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event"},{"link_name":"mass extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_extinction"},{"link_name":"dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur"}],"text":"Pucapristis is a prehistoric genus of sclerorhynchid ray whose fossils first appear in the fossil record in rocks dating from the Maastrichtian stage. The genus was described in 1963 by Schaeffer.[1] Fossils of Pucapristis have not been found in any subsequent strata. Incidentally, the Maastrichtian is the final portion of the Cretaceous Period and its endpoint marks the advent of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. This major geological transition is famous for being the mass extinction that wiped out the dinosaurs.","title":"Pucapristis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"El Molino Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Molino_Formation"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Potosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potos%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Sucre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre"},{"link_name":"Yacoraite Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacoraite_Formation"},{"link_name":"Salta Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salta_Province"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"}],"text":"To date, Pucapristis fossils have been found only in the Maastrichtian deposits of central South America. The El Molino Formation of Bolivia produces Pucapristis tooth fossils in abundance. These Bolivian specimens have been recovered near the cities of Potosi and Sucre The Yacoraite Formation of Salta Province in northwestern Argentina is another locality from which Pucapristis remains can be excavated.","title":"Biogeography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q15709158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15709158"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"8606091","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/8606091"},{"link_name":"Open Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"6139346","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=6139346"},{"link_name":"Paleobiology Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiology_Database"},{"link_name":"154442","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=154442"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q21078896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21078896"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"4824868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/4824868"},{"link_name":"IRMNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera"},{"link_name":"1029503","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1029503"},{"link_name":"Open Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"3595419","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3595419"},{"link_name":"Paleobiology Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiology_Database"},{"link_name":"34705","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=34705"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyclobatis.jpg"},{"link_name":"prehistoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric"},{"link_name":"Rajiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiformes"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pucapristis&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Paleo-rajiformes-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Paleo-rajiformes-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paleo-rajiformes-stub"}],"text":"M. Gayet, L. G. Marshall, T. Sempere, F. J. Meunier, H. Capetta and J. Rage. 2001. Middle Maastrichtian vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, dinosaurs and other reptiles, mammals) from Pajcha Pata (Bolivia). Biostratigraphic, palaeoecologic and palaeobiogeographic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 169(1–2):39–68Taxon identifiersPucapristis branisi\nWikidata: Q15709158\nGBIF: 8606091\nOpen Tree of Life: 6139346\nPaleobiology Database: 154442\nPucapristis\nWikidata: Q21078896\nGBIF: 4824868\nIRMNG: 1029503\nOpen Tree of Life: 3595419\nPaleobiology Database: 34705This article about prehistoric Rajiformes is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Paleontology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Paleontology"},{"title":"Flora and fauna of the Maastrichtian stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_the_Maastrichtian_stage"},{"title":"List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_cartilaginous_fish_(Chondrichthyes)"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=34705","external_links_name":"Pucapristis"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/8606091","external_links_name":"8606091"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=6139346","external_links_name":"6139346"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=154442","external_links_name":"154442"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4824868","external_links_name":"4824868"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1029503","external_links_name":"1029503"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3595419","external_links_name":"3595419"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=34705","external_links_name":"34705"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pucapristis&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Revolutionary_Youth_Federation | Revolutionary Youth Federation of Turkey | ["1 Development after 1971","2 References"] | Marxist-Leninist organization in Turkey
Revolutionary YouthDevrimci GençlikFounded1965 as Federation of Debate Clubs 1969 as Revolutionary YouthIdeologyCommunismMarxism-LeninismNewspaperDev Genç
The Revolutionary Youth Federation of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Devrimci Gençlik Federasyonu), often known simply as Revolutionary Youth (Turkish: Devrimci Gençlik, DEV-GENÇ) was a Marxist-Leninist organization founded in 1965 in Turkey and banned in 1971 after the 1971 Turkish coup d'état, continuing for some time as an underground organization. It was founded in 1965 as the Federation of Debate Clubs and renamed in 1969.
Dev-Genç members set U.S. Ambassador Robert Komer's car on fire in 1969 while he was visiting an Ankara university campus. Dev-Genç members participated in the protests against the United States Sixth Fleet anchoring in Turkey (June 1967 to February 1969) and also played an active role in the workers' actions on 15–16 June 1970.
Members included were Ulaş Bardakçı, Mahir Çayan, Cihan Alptekin and Necmettin Büyükkaya.
CIA agent Aldrich Ames was able to unveil the identity of a large number of members.
Following the 1971 coup, 226 alleged members of Dev-Genç were tried at Ankara Military Court No. 1, 154 alleged members were tried at Istanbul Military Court No. 2 and 34 alleged members were tried at Diyarbakır Military Court.
Development after 1971
There were a number of initiatives to continue the tradition of the Revolutionary Youth movement of the late 1960s. After the amnesty of 1974 many members of the illegal People's Liberation Party-Front of Turkey (THKP-C) were released from prison. They first gathered in students' associations such as İYÖD and AYÖD (short for Istanbul and Ankara Students' Association). On 1 November 1975 the first edition of the journal “Emperyalizme ve Oligarşiye Karşı Devrimci Gençlik” (Revolutionary Youth against Imperialism and Oligarchy) was issued. Its editor-in-chief was Taner Akçam. In 1976 the journal was renamed as Dev-Genç.
On 9 August 1976 the Federation of Revolutionary Youth Associations in Turkey (TDGDF) was founded. They had difficulties in getting their statute approved by the government. Therefore, another formation called "Tüm Dev-Genç" and abbreviated DGDF was founded in Ankara on 7 June 1978 by 26 representatives of Dev-Genç. The DGDF mainly followed the ideas of Devrimci Yol.
Many of the victims of the 1977 Taksim Square massacre were Dev-Genç members; Dev-Genç had brought around 50,000 people to Taksim Square. Bülent Uluer, the then Secretary General of TDGDF said on 2 May 1977: "Most victims were among us. About 15 of our friends died. This was a plan of the CIA, but not the beginning nor the end. To solve these incidents, one has to look at it from a different angle."
The Federation of Revolutionary Youth Association that had branches in 60 to 70 towns in Turkey was suppressed after the 1980 coup. The name of groups under this name has turned up in various circumstances. One incident, in Turkey known as the "case of the gang with pens" (tr: kalemli çete) was taken up by Amnesty International in concern for them being prisoners of conscience and victims of torture. It refers to student campaigners who in 1996 had been conducting a peaceful campaign for changes to the education system had been subjected to torture in police custody and sentenced to up to 18 years' imprisonment on charges of membership of an illegal organization.
References
^ Alex de Jong (11 March 2015). "Stalinist caterpillar into libertarian butterfly? - The evolving ideology of the PKK". International Viewpoint. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
^ Özkan, Ali Kemal (2006). Turkey's Kurds: a theoretical analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 0415366879.
^ a b See the undated article Dev-Genç (Devrimci Gençlik Federasyonu, retrieved 30 September 2014
^ a b See the undated article DEV–SOL'un Ortaya Çıkışı Gelişimi Ayrılıklar ve Çatışmalar, retrieved 30 September 2014
^ a b See the German study of the Swiss Refugee Organization SFH of 1997: Türkei-Turquie, here the chapter Dev-Genç, retrieved 30 September 2014
^ Mavioglu, Ertugrul; Sanyer, Ruhi (1 May 2007). "30 yıl sonra kanlı 1 Mayıs (3)". Radikal (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
^ See the documents of Amnesty International Student campaigners tortured and imprisoned, September 1997; AI Index: EUR 44/54/97 and Court of Appeal overturns prison sentences against student prisoners of conscience, AI Index EUR 44/14/98 of 19 March 1998, retrieved 30 September 2014
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Marxist-Leninist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist-Leninism"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1971 Turkish coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Robert Komer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Komer"},{"link_name":"United States Sixth Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Sixth_Fleet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orgutler-3"},{"link_name":"Ulaş Bardakçı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ula%C5%9F_Bardak%C3%A7%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Mahir Çayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahir_%C3%87ayan"},{"link_name":"Cihan Alptekin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cihan_Alptekin"},{"link_name":"Necmettin Büyükkaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necmettin_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkkaya"},{"link_name":"Aldrich Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldrich_Ames"},{"link_name":"1971 coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orgutler-3"}],"text":"The Revolutionary Youth Federation of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Devrimci Gençlik Federasyonu), often known simply as Revolutionary Youth (Turkish: Devrimci Gençlik, DEV-GENÇ) was a Marxist-Leninist organization founded in 1965 in Turkey[1] and banned in 1971 after the 1971 Turkish coup d'état, continuing for some time as an underground organization. It was founded in 1965 as the Federation of Debate Clubs and renamed in 1969.[2]Dev-Genç members set U.S. Ambassador Robert Komer's car on fire in 1969 while he was visiting an Ankara university campus. Dev-Genç members participated in the protests against the United States Sixth Fleet anchoring in Turkey (June 1967 to February 1969) and also played an active role in the workers' actions on 15–16 June 1970.[3]Members included were Ulaş Bardakçı, Mahir Çayan, Cihan Alptekin and Necmettin Büyükkaya.CIA agent Aldrich Ames was able to unveil the identity of a large number of members.Following the 1971 coup, 226 alleged members of Dev-Genç were tried at Ankara Military Court No. 1, 154 alleged members were tried at Istanbul Military Court No. 2 and 34 alleged members were tried at Diyarbakır Military Court.[3]","title":"Revolutionary Youth Federation of Turkey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People's Liberation Party-Front of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Party-Front_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nesra-4"},{"link_name":"Taner Akçam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfh-5"},{"link_name":"Devrimci Yol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devrimci_Yol"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nesra-4"},{"link_name":"Taksim Square massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksim_Square_massacre"},{"link_name":"Taksim Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksim_Square"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radikal0501-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfh-5"},{"link_name":"1980 coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"prisoners of conscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience"},{"link_name":"torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"There were a number of initiatives to continue the tradition of the Revolutionary Youth movement of the late 1960s. 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The DGDF mainly followed the ideas of Devrimci Yol.[4]Many of the victims of the 1977 Taksim Square massacre were Dev-Genç members; Dev-Genç had brought around 50,000 people to Taksim Square. Bülent Uluer, the then Secretary General of TDGDF said on 2 May 1977: \"Most victims were among us. About 15 of our friends died. This was a plan of the CIA, but not the beginning nor the end. To solve these incidents, one has to look at it from a different angle.\"[6]The Federation of Revolutionary Youth Association that had branches in 60 to 70 towns in Turkey[5] was suppressed after the 1980 coup. The name of groups under this name has turned up in various circumstances. One incident, in Turkey known as the \"case of the gang with pens\" (tr: kalemli çete) was taken up by Amnesty International in concern for them being prisoners of conscience and victims of torture. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Le_Calvados | SS Le Calvados | ["1 References","2 Links"] | SS Le Calvados was a French cargo ship used as a troopship in World War I.
Le Calvados was built in 1890 at the Cockerill Yards in Hoboken, Antwerp, Belgium, for the French Compagnie Générale Transatlantique.
After the outbreak of World War I, the French Army requisitioned her for use in transporting troops. On 4 November 1915, the Imperial German Navy submarine SM U-38 torpedoed her in the Mediterranean Sea between Marseille, France, and Oran, French Algeria, 22 nautical miles (41 km) northwest of Cape Ivy, Arzew, French Algeria. Of the 800 people on board, 740 were killed.
55 survivors were rescued by the British SS Lady Plymouth, only 24h after the sinking.
References
^ "Le Calvados". Uboat.net. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
^ "The Cornell Daily Sun 15 November 1915 — The Cornell Daily Sun". cdsun.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
^ "German submarines in the Gibraltar Straits". The Times. No. 41006. London. 8 November 1915. col A, p. 8.
Links
Account by one of the survivors, Capitain Georges Barré Archived 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
Wrecksite
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in November 1915Shipwrecks
4 Nov: Le Calvados
5 Nov: HMS Tara
6 Nov: HMS E20, Clan Macalister
7 Nov: France, SMS Undine
8 Nov: Ancona, Wacousta
9 Nov: Californian, Masséna
10 Nov: Bosnia
15 Nov: Wandra
17 Nov: HMHS Anglia
21 Nov: Endurance
29 Nov: SM UC-13
Other incidents
4 Nov: SM UC-8
7 Nov: HMS Albemarle
1914 1915 1916 October 1915 December 1915
This article about a specific military ship or boat of France is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hoboken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoboken,_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Compagnie Générale Transatlantique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_Transatlantique"},{"link_name":"French Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Army"},{"link_name":"Imperial German Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"SM U-38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-38"},{"link_name":"torpedoed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Oran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran"},{"link_name":"French Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Arzew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzew"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times081115a-3"}],"text":"Le Calvados was built in 1890 at the Cockerill Yards in Hoboken, Antwerp, Belgium, for the French Compagnie Générale Transatlantique.After the outbreak of World War I, the French Army requisitioned her for use in transporting troops. On 4 November 1915, the Imperial German Navy submarine SM U-38 torpedoed her in the Mediterranean Sea between Marseille, France, and Oran, French Algeria, 22 nautical miles (41 km) northwest of Cape Ivy, Arzew, French Algeria. Of the 800 people on board, 740 were killed.[1] [2]\n55 survivors were rescued by the British SS Lady Plymouth, only 24h after the sinking.[3]","title":"SS Le Calvados"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Account by one of the survivors, Capitain Georges Barré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pages14-18.mesdiscussions.net/pages1418/Forum-Pages-d-Histoire-aviation-marine/marine-1914-1918/transatlantique-compagnie-calvados-sujet_1477_1.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151222082311/http://pages14-18.mesdiscussions.net/pages1418/Forum-Pages-d-Histoire-aviation-marine/marine-1914-1918/transatlantique-compagnie-calvados-sujet_1477_1.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Wrecksite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?154553"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:November_1915_shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:November_1915_shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:November_1915_shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"Shipwrecks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_November_1915"},{"link_name":"Le Calvados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"HMS Tara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSS_Hibernia_(1899)"},{"link_name":"HMS E20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_E20"},{"link_name":"Clan Macalister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Clan_Macalister_(1903)"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_France_(1896)"},{"link_name":"SMS Undine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Undine"},{"link_name":"Ancona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Ancona"},{"link_name":"Wacousta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Wacousta"},{"link_name":"Californian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Californian"},{"link_name":"Masséna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Bosnia_(1898)"},{"link_name":"Wandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSS_Wandra_(1907)"},{"link_name":"HMHS Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMHS_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Endurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)"},{"link_name":"SM UC-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UC-13"},{"link_name":"SM UC-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UC-8"},{"link_name":"HMS Albemarle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Albemarle_(1901)"},{"link_name":"1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1914"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1914"},{"link_name":"1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1915"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1916"},{"link_name":"1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1916"},{"link_name":"October 1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_October_1915"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_October_1915"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_December_1915"},{"link_name":"December 1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_December_1915"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richelieu-outlines.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Le_Calvados&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:France-mil-ship-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:France-mil-ship-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:France-mil-ship-stub"}],"text":"Account by one of the survivors, Capitain Georges Barré Archived 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine\nWrecksitevteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in November 1915Shipwrecks\n4 Nov: Le Calvados\n5 Nov: HMS Tara\n6 Nov: HMS E20, Clan Macalister\n7 Nov: France, SMS Undine\n8 Nov: Ancona, Wacousta\n9 Nov: Californian, Masséna\n10 Nov: Bosnia\n15 Nov: Wandra\n17 Nov: HMHS Anglia\n21 Nov: Endurance\n29 Nov: SM UC-13\nOther incidents\n4 Nov: SM UC-8\n7 Nov: HMS Albemarle\n1914 1915 1916 October 1915 December 1915This article about a specific military ship or boat of France is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Links"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Le Calvados\". Uboat.net. Retrieved 31 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/7380.html","url_text":"\"Le Calvados\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Cornell Daily Sun 15 November 1915 — The Cornell Daily Sun\". cdsun.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2016-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://cdsun.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cornell?a=d&d=CDS19151115.2.74","url_text":"\"The Cornell Daily Sun 15 November 1915 — The Cornell Daily Sun\""}]},{"reference":"\"German submarines in the Gibraltar Straits\". The Times. No. 41006. London. 8 November 1915. col A, p. 8.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/7380.html","external_links_name":"\"Le Calvados\""},{"Link":"http://cdsun.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cornell?a=d&d=CDS19151115.2.74","external_links_name":"\"The Cornell Daily Sun 15 November 1915 — The Cornell Daily Sun\""},{"Link":"http://pages14-18.mesdiscussions.net/pages1418/Forum-Pages-d-Histoire-aviation-marine/marine-1914-1918/transatlantique-compagnie-calvados-sujet_1477_1.htm","external_links_name":"Account by one of the survivors, Capitain Georges Barré"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222082311/http://pages14-18.mesdiscussions.net/pages1418/Forum-Pages-d-Histoire-aviation-marine/marine-1914-1918/transatlantique-compagnie-calvados-sujet_1477_1.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?154553","external_links_name":"Wrecksite"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Le_Calvados&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_Deaf_Club | Live at the Deaf Club | ["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"] | 2004 live album by Dead KennedysLive at the Deaf ClubLive album by Dead KennedysReleasedJanuary 27, 2004RecordedMarch 3, 1979GenreHardcore punkLength39:29LabelManifestoProducerEast Bay RayDead Kennedys chronology
Mutiny on the Bay(2001)
Live at the Deaf Club(2004)
Milking the Sacred Cow(2007)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic
Live at the Deaf Club is a live album released by the Dead Kennedys in 2004 and had a limited edition re-release 2013 in the UK on Let Them Eat Vinyl. The actual performance took place at the San Francisco Deaf Club on March 3, 1979.
The performance was unique in that this was the last time their rhythm guitarist 6025 performed with them. It also includes original drummer Ted, later replaced in February 1981 by D.H. Peligro. Also, the song "Gaslight" and their covers of "Back in the U.S.S.R." and "Have I the Right" are not found on any other DK album (The Deaf Club recordings of "Short Songs" and "Straight A's" are featured on the compilation album Give Me Convenience Or Give Me Death and the hard-to-find Can You Hear Me? Music From The Deaf Club along with "Police Truck"). "Back in Rhodesia" is an early version of "When Ya Get Drafted" with a different chorus than the final version. "Kill the Poor" is also a "disco" version minus the introduction.
The album has drawn criticism from former lead singer Jello Biafra, who lost control of the Dead Kennedys name after being found guilty of civil fraud and malice for withholding full royalties from his bandmates for several years. However, several critics have given the album good reviews, for example PopMatters and Punknews.org.
Track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Introduction by DJ Johnnie Walker"Johnnie Walker0:202."Kill the Poor" (disco version)Jello Biafra, East Bay Ray3:573."Back in Rhodesia" (early version of "When Ya Get Drafted")Biafra1:314."The Man with the Dogs"Biafra3:225."Gaslight"60252:406."California über alles"Biafra, John Greenway1:037."Ill in the Head"Biafra, 60253:258."Straight A's"Biafra, 60252:139."Short Songs"60250:3110."Holiday in Cambodia"Dead Kennedys4:3311."Police Truck"Biafra, Ray2:5412."Forward to Death"60251:5313."Have I the Right?"Alan Blaikley, Ken Howard2:1614."Back in the U.S.S.R."Lennon–McCartney2:3115."Viva Las Vegas"Doc Pomus, Mort Shuman3:31
Personnel
Jello Biafra – lead vocals
East Bay Ray – lead guitar, producer
6025 – rhythm guitar
Klaus Flouride – bass, backing vocals
Ted – drums
Sue Brisk – photography
Jim Alcivar – engineer
Justin Phelps – mixer
John Cuniberti – mastering
References
^ Zupp, Adrian (January 27, 2004). "Allmusic review". Allmusic.com. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
^ "Jello Biafra drops Kennedys suit". Los Angeles Times. July 14, 2004.
^ Kalet, Hank. "Dead Kennedys: Live at the Deaf Club – PopMatters". PopMatters. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
^ "Dead Kennedys - Live at the Deaf Club (2004) - Punknews.org". Punknews.org. May 25, 2004. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
vteDead Kennedys
East Bay Ray
Ron "Skip" Greer
Klaus Flouride
6025
Jello Biafra
Brandon Cruz
D. H. Peligro
Dave Scheff
Ted
Jeff Penalty
Steve "Boomstick" Wilson
Studio albums
Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables
Plastic Surgery Disasters
Frankenchrist
Bedtime for Democracy
Live albums
Mutiny on the Bay
Live at the Deaf Club
Extended plays
In God We Trust, Inc.
Compilations
Give Me Convenience or Give Me Death
Milking the Sacred Cow
Singles
"California Über Alles"
"Holiday in Cambodia" / "Police Truck"
"Kill the Poor"
"Too Drunk to Fuck"
"Nazi Punks Fuck Off"
"Bleed for Me"
"Halloween"
Videos
Dead Kennedys: DMPO's On Broadway
The Early Years Live
In God We Trust, Inc.: The Lost Tapes
Other songs
"I Kill Children"
"I Fought the Law"
"Viva Las Vegas"
Related articles
Discography
Alternative Tentacles
Manifesto Records
Penis Landscape
Virus 100
What Were We Fighting for?
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"live album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_album"},{"link_name":"Dead Kennedys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Kennedys"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Deaf Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf_Club"},{"link_name":"rhythm guitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_guitarist"},{"link_name":"6025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Cadona"},{"link_name":"Ted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_(musician)"},{"link_name":"D.H. 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The actual performance took place at the San Francisco Deaf Club on March 3, 1979.The performance was unique in that this was the last time their rhythm guitarist 6025 performed with them. It also includes original drummer Ted, later replaced in February 1981 by D.H. Peligro. Also, the song \"Gaslight\" and their covers of \"Back in the U.S.S.R.\" and \"Have I the Right\" are not found on any other DK album (The Deaf Club recordings of \"Short Songs\" and \"Straight A's\" are featured on the compilation album Give Me Convenience Or Give Me Death and the hard-to-find Can You Hear Me? Music From The Deaf Club along with \"Police Truck\"). \"Back in Rhodesia\" is an early version of \"When Ya Get Drafted\" with a different chorus than the final version. \"Kill the Poor\" is also a \"disco\" version minus the introduction.The album has drawn criticism from former lead singer Jello Biafra, who lost control of the Dead Kennedys name after being found guilty of civil fraud and malice for withholding full royalties from his bandmates for several years.[2] However, several critics have given the album good reviews, for example PopMatters[3] and Punknews.org.[4]","title":"Live at the Deaf Club"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnnie Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnnie_Walker_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Kill the Poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_the_Poor"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"Jello Biafra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jello_Biafra"},{"link_name":"East Bay Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_Ray"},{"link_name":"6025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Cadona"},{"link_name":"California über alles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_%C3%BCber_alles"},{"link_name":"Holiday in Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Police Truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Truck"},{"link_name":"Have I the Right?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_I_the_Right%3F"},{"link_name":"Alan Blaikley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Blaikley"},{"link_name":"Ken Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Howard_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Back in the U.S.S.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_in_the_U.S.S.R."},{"link_name":"Lennon–McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennon%E2%80%93McCartney"},{"link_name":"Viva Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva_Las_Vegas_(song)"},{"link_name":"Doc Pomus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Pomus"},{"link_name":"Mort Shuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_Shuman"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Introduction by DJ Johnnie Walker\"Johnnie Walker0:202.\"Kill the Poor\" (disco version)Jello Biafra, East Bay Ray3:573.\"Back in Rhodesia\" (early version of \"When Ya Get Drafted\")Biafra1:314.\"The Man with the Dogs\"Biafra3:225.\"Gaslight\"60252:406.\"California über alles\"Biafra, John Greenway1:037.\"Ill in the Head\"Biafra, 60253:258.\"Straight A's\"Biafra, 60252:139.\"Short Songs\"60250:3110.\"Holiday in Cambodia\"Dead Kennedys4:3311.\"Police Truck\"Biafra, Ray2:5412.\"Forward to Death\"60251:5313.\"Have I the Right?\"Alan Blaikley, Ken Howard2:1614.\"Back in the U.S.S.R.\"Lennon–McCartney2:3115.\"Viva Las Vegas\"Doc Pomus, Mort Shuman3:31","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jello Biafra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jello_Biafra"},{"link_name":"East Bay Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_Ray"},{"link_name":"6025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Cadona"},{"link_name":"Klaus Flouride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Flouride"},{"link_name":"Ted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_(musician)"},{"link_name":"John Cuniberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cuniberti"}],"text":"Jello Biafra – lead vocals\nEast Bay Ray – lead guitar, producer\n6025 – rhythm guitar\nKlaus Flouride – bass, backing vocals\nTed – drums\nSue Brisk – photography\nJim Alcivar – engineer\nJustin Phelps – mixer\nJohn Cuniberti – mastering","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Zupp, Adrian (January 27, 2004). \"Allmusic review\". 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Retrieved August 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.punknews.org/reviews.php?op=albumreview&id=2961","url_text":"\"Dead Kennedys - Live at the Deaf Club (2004) - Punknews.org\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r678986","external_links_name":"\"Allmusic review\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jul-14-et-quick14.1-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Jello Biafra drops Kennedys suit\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110518035714/http://popmatters.com/music/reviews/d/deadkennedys-liveatdeaf.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Dead Kennedys: Live at the Deaf Club – PopMatters\""},{"Link":"https://popmatters.com/music/reviews/d/deadkennedys-liveatdeaf.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.punknews.org/reviews.php?op=albumreview&id=2961","external_links_name":"\"Dead Kennedys - Live at the Deaf Club (2004) - Punknews.org\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/ef745efe-6a1c-334d-a86f-608a749262b1","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Americana | New Americana | ["1 Composition","2 Critical reception","3 Music video","3.1 Synopsis","4 Live performances","5 Charts","6 Certifications","7 Release history","8 References"] | 2015 single by Halsey
"New Americana"Single by Halseyfrom the album Badlands ReleasedJuly 10, 2015Recorded2014 (vocals)Genre
Alternative pop
electronic pop
Length3:03Label
Astralwerks
Capitol
Songwriter(s)
Ashley Frangipane
Larzz Principato
Kalkutta
James Mtume
Producer(s)LidoHalsey singles chronology
"Ghost" (2014)
"New Americana" (2015)
"Colors" (2016)
Music video"New Americana" on YouTube
"New Americana" is a song by American singer and songwriter Halsey from her debut studio album, Badlands (2015). It was released on July 10, 2015 through Astralwerks as the album's second single. It was written by Halsey, Larzz Principato, and Kalkutta, while production was handled by Lido. Described as an alternative pop and electronic pop song, "New Americana" describes the normalization of aspects of counterculture in the United States, including recreational marijuana use and same-sex marriage. The original version of the song was first released on March 31, 2014 via Halsey's official SoundCloud account for streaming and free download.
Composition
"New Americana" is a midtempo alternative pop and electronic pop song that blends electronica and pop. According to the digital sheet music published by Alfred Publishing Co., Inc., the song is composed in the key of C minor with an approximate tempo of 87 BPM and a vocal range of B♭3-C5. The track also contains an interpolation of "Juicy Fruit" by Mtume. Halsey's voice is layered on the chorus, similar to Pink Floyd's hit, "Another Brick in the Wall".
In an interview with Oyster, Halsey was asked "How do you deal with the frustration of your work being misunderstood?" They replied:
It's so frustrating when people don't understand the satire of 'New Americana'. They think it's this insane basic pop song, but that's the point. I wrote a song critiquing pop culture and I made it sound like a huge pop song. People are writing angry think pieces about how they don't appreciate me rhyming 'legal marijuana' with 'Biggie and Nirvana'. The whole point is for it to be a buzzworthy song. I'm making fun of current pop culture. Has anyone heard the bridge? I say: 'What kind of bubble gum have you been blowing lately?' In my other songs, I'd never say something like that. But the whole point of that lyric is me saying, 'What kind of bullshit have you been talking? What kind of vapid things have you been obsessed with lately?' Honestly though, the fact people miss the point of the song is driving me fucking insane.
Halsey has since deemed the track her worst song, elaborating that she got "burnt out" on it. She no longer performs the song live.
Critical reception
The song charted for one week at number 22 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 before re-entering on the chart six weeks later at number 5, and debuting on the main Hot 100 at number 97 the week following. It has been characterized by several critics, including Billboard, USA Today, and The New York Times, as a "generational anthem" for millennials. Nathan Reese of Pitchfork was unconvinced by the song's lyrics, describing the song as "plasticky" and superficial where it aimed to be inspirational. He concluded reviewing the chorus, finding it "calculated, defiant, and, ultimately, hollow". In June 2017, long after the release of the song, Halsey named it as her worst song released to date. She claimed she was tired of having to always revisit the song.
Music video
On September 25, 2015, the official video premiered on MTV, and was posted on Halsey's Vevo and YouTube accounts shortly after. The video's dystopian setting has been compared to that of The Hunger Games series. The music video featured a single version of "New Americana" in which included different background vocals, a short instrumental before the bridge, and different mixing.
Synopsis
The video opens with an intro of mountain scenery recorded in VHS style with a voice-over of Halsey stating "We were a community. They made me their leader even when I never asked to be. But the lightning in their eyes heralded me to whatever they needed me to become. We were hopeful we would win because nothing could scare us. We feared no city and we feared no man." As the song begins to play, Halsey is then showed joining and being captive with a group of Americans doing unexceptional things. They are then barged in by troops who line them up and take Halsey as hostage since she is presumably the leader of the Americans. She is then dragged to a village where she is tied up to a bonfire. While being poured over with gasoline, Halsey pleads for help but no one responds until immediately before being lit up, when she is then rescued by the Americans. After escaping the troops, Halsey and the Americans are then shown heading out of the forest and running away from the village. The video ends with an instrumental of "Drive" featuring Halsey lying on the ground somewhere similar to the mountains as seen on the opening of the video with a backdrop of a city covered in mist. She is seen wearing a white dystopian outfit and left with nothing but car keys and a radio which she then reaches out to and tries to unravel.
Live performances
In August 2015, Halsey performed "New Americana" at Jimmy Kimmel Live! and again in October 2015 at The Late Show with Stephen Colbert.
Charts
Chart (2015–16)
Peakposition
Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders)
84
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
57
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)
36
Canada Rock (Billboard)
31
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)
34
Ireland (IRMA)
89
Italy (FIMI)
24
New Zealand Heatseekers (RMNZ)
1
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)
28
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)
184
US Billboard Hot 100
60
US Alternative Airplay (Billboard)
18
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
27
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)
25
US Rock Airplay (Billboard)
27
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
Gold
35,000‡
Canada (Music Canada)
Platinum
80,000‡
Italy (FIMI)
Platinum
50,000‡
New Zealand (RMNZ)
Gold
7,500*
Norway (IFPI Norway)
Gold
30,000‡
Poland (ZPAV)
Gold
25,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)
Silver
200,000‡
United States (RIAA)
2× Platinum
2,000,000‡
Streaming
Sweden (GLF)
Gold
4,000,000†
* Sales figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.† Streaming-only figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
Various
March 31, 2014 (original version)
Streamingfree digital download
Self-released
United States
July 10, 2015
Digital download
Astralwerks
July 20, 2015
Modern rock radio
AstralwerksCapitol
September 21, 2015
Adult album alternative radio
September 22, 2015
Contemporary hit radio
References
^ "Halsey Name-checks Biggie and Nirvana in 'New Americana'". PopCrush. July 10, 2015.
^ "Halsey Re-Releases Promotional Single "New Americana"". CDS Music Chart. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015.
^ a b ""You can download New Americana here on soundcloud: #Balenciaga"". Twitter. March 31, 2014.
^ ""New Americana" by Halsey". EQ Music Blog. April 2014.
^ "ALBUM: Halsey-'Badlands'". CaliberTV. September 3, 2015.
^ Mic (September 21, 2015). "Halsey "New Americana" Lyrics: Hot New Artist Drops The Biggest New Anthem of 2015". Mic.
^ "Halsey "New Americana" Sheet Music". Musicnotes.com. Alfred Publishing Co., Ltd. September 9, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
^ Badlands (CD liner notes). Halsey. Astralwerks. 2015. 2547360342.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Collar, Matt. "Badlands - Halsey". AllMusic. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
^ Kazemi, Alex (August 27, 2015). "Halsey On Satire, Sexuality And Finding Solace In Music". Oyster. Archived from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
^ Katie Louise-Smith (June 19, 2017). "Halsey's Just Picked Her "Worst" Song And It's Probably One Of Your Faves". PopBuzz.
^ Martins, Chris (August 21, 2015). "Art-Pop Singer Halsey on Being Bipolar, Bisexual and an 'Inconvenient Woman'". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
^ Mansfield, Brian (September 20, 2015). "On the Verge: Halsey". USA Today. Gannett Company. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
^ Coscarelli, Joe (August 5, 2015). "Halsey, With 'Badlands,' Is Moving Fast to Share a Secret Language". The New York Times. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
^ Reese, Nathan (September 2, 2015). "Halsey: Badlands | Album Reviews". Pitchfork. Pitchfork Media. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
^ Louise-Smith, Katie (June 29, 2017). "Halsey's Just Picked Her 'Worst' Song And It's Probably One Of Your Faves". PopBuzz. Retrieved April 12, 2019.
^ Wass, Mike (September 22, 2015). "Halsey Teases 'Hunger Games'-Themed "New Americana" Video: Watch A Preview". Idolator. Spin Media. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
^ Glusac, Melina (September 30, 2015). "Music Video Review: Halsey is too Urban Outfitters in 'New Americana'". The Michigan Daily. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
^ "Halsey Performs "New Americana" on "Jimmy Kimmel Live" (Watch Now)". Headline Planet. August 26, 2015.
^ "Halsey Performs "New Americana" on "Late Show With Stephen Colbert" (Watch Now)". Headline Planet. October 10, 2015. Retrieved October 10, 2015.
^ "Halsey – New Americana" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
^ "Halsey Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
^ "Chart Search". Billboard Canada CHR/Top 40 for Halsey. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
^ "Chart Search". Billboard Canada Rock for Halsey. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Change the chart to CZ – SINGLES DIGITAL – TOP 100 and insert 201550 into search.
^ "Chart Track: Week 36, 2015". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
^ "Halsey – New Americana". Top Digital Download.
^ "NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Select SINGLES DIGITAL - TOP 100 and insert 201550 into search.
^ "CHART: CLUK Update 29.08.2015 (wk35)". zobbel.de. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
^ "Halsey Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
^ "Halsey Chart History (Alternative Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
^ "Halsey Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
^ "Halsey Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
^ "Halsey Chart History (Rock Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2017 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association.
^ "Canadian single certifications – Halsey – New Americana". Music Canada. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
^ "Italian single certifications – Halsey – New Americana" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
^ "New Zealand single certifications – Halsey – New Americana". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
^ "Norwegian single certifications – Halsey – New Americana" (in Norwegian). IFPI Norway. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
^ "Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2021 roku" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
^ "British single certifications – Halsey – New Americana". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^ "American single certifications – Halsey – New Americana". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
^ "Halsey – New Americana" (in Swedish). Grammofonleverantörernas förening. Archived from the original on April 29, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
^ "Amazon.com: New Americana: Halsey: MP3 Downloads". Amazon. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
^ "R&R :: Going For Adds :: Alternative" (Week Of: July 20, 2015). Radio & Records. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
^ "R&R :: Going For Adds :: Triple A". Radio & Records. Archived from the original (Week Of: September 21, 2015) on November 4, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
^ "Top 40/M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates ..." All Access. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
vteHalsey
Discography
Studio albums
Badlands (2015)
Hopeless Fountain Kingdom (2017)
Manic (2020)
If I Can't Have Love, I Want Power (2021)
Extended plays
Room 93 (2014)
Singles
"Ghost"
"New Americana"
"Colors"
"Castle"
"Not Afraid Anymore"
"Now or Never"
"Bad at Love"
"Alone"
"Him & I"
"Without Me"
"Nightmare"
"Graveyard"
"You Should Be Sad"
"Be Kind"
"Life's a Mess"
"I Am Not a Woman, I'm a God"
"So Good"
"Stay with Me"
"Die 4 Me"
Featured singles
"Hands"
"Closer"
"Boy with Luv"
"11 Minutes"
"Eastside"
"Earth"
"The Other Girl"
Promotional singles
"Hurricane"
"Hold Me Down"
"Eyes Closed"
"Strangers"
"Clementine"
"Finally // Beautiful Stranger"
"Suga's Interlude"
Other songs
"Gasoline"
"Sorry"
"Die for Me
"Forget Me Too"
FilmsIf I Can't Have Love, I Want Power (2021)Concerts and tours
Badlands Tour
Hopeless Fountain Kingdom Tour
Manic World Tour
Love and Power Tour
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halsey_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Badlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badlands_(Halsey_album)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Astralwerks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astralwerks"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kalkutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Kalkutta"},{"link_name":"Lido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lido_(musician)"},{"link_name":"alternative pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_pop"},{"link_name":"electronic pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_pop"},{"link_name":"counterculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture"},{"link_name":"recreational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_drug_use"},{"link_name":"marijuana use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"SoundCloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundCloud"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewAmericanaOriginalRelease-3"}],"text":"\"New Americana\" is a song by American singer and songwriter Halsey from her debut studio album, Badlands (2015).[1] It was released on July 10, 2015 through Astralwerks as the album's second single.[2] It was written by Halsey, Larzz Principato, and Kalkutta, while production was handled by Lido. Described as an alternative pop and electronic pop song, \"New Americana\" describes the normalization of aspects of counterculture in the United States, including recreational marijuana use and same-sex marriage. The original version of the song was first released on March 31, 2014 via Halsey's official SoundCloud account for streaming and free download.[3]","title":"New Americana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alternative pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_pop"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EQ-4"},{"link_name":"electronic pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_pop"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"electronica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"C minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_minor"},{"link_name":"BPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo#Beats_per_minute"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-musicnotes-7"},{"link_name":"Juicy Fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juicy_Fruit_(song)"},{"link_name":"Mtume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtume"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Another Brick in the Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_Brick_in_the_Wall"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Oyster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"satire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire"},{"link_name":"Biggie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G."},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"\"New Americana\" is a midtempo alternative pop[4] and electronic pop song[5] that blends electronica and pop.[6] According to the digital sheet music published by Alfred Publishing Co., Inc., the song is composed in the key of C minor with an approximate tempo of 87 BPM and a vocal range of B♭3-C5.[7] The track also contains an interpolation of \"Juicy Fruit\" by Mtume.[8] Halsey's voice is layered on the chorus, similar to Pink Floyd's hit, \"Another Brick in the Wall\".[9]In an interview with Oyster, Halsey was asked \"How do you deal with the frustration of your work being misunderstood?\" They replied:[10]It's so frustrating when people don't understand the satire of 'New Americana'. They think it's this insane basic pop song, but that's the point. I wrote a song critiquing pop culture and I made it sound like a huge pop song. People are writing angry think pieces about how they don't appreciate me rhyming 'legal marijuana' with 'Biggie and Nirvana'. The whole point is for it to be a buzzworthy song. I'm making fun of current pop culture. Has anyone heard the bridge? I say: 'What kind of bubble gum have you been blowing lately?' In my other songs, I'd never say something like that. But the whole point of that lyric is me saying, 'What kind of bullshit have you been talking? What kind of vapid things have you been obsessed with lately?' Honestly though, the fact people miss the point of the song is driving me fucking insane.Halsey has since deemed the track her worst song, elaborating that she got \"burnt out\" on it.[11] She no longer performs the song live.","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bubbling Under Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbling_Under_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"millennials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennials"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY-times-14"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The song charted for one week at number 22 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 before re-entering on the chart six weeks later at number 5, and debuting on the main Hot 100 at number 97 the week following. It has been characterized by several critics, including Billboard, USA Today, and The New York Times, as a \"generational anthem\" for millennials.[12][13][14] Nathan Reese of Pitchfork was unconvinced by the song's lyrics, describing the song as \"plasticky\" and superficial where it aimed to be inspirational. He concluded reviewing the chorus, finding it \"calculated, defiant, and, ultimately, hollow\".[15] In June 2017, long after the release of the song, Halsey named it as her worst song released to date. She claimed she was tired of having to always revisit the song.[16]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vevo"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"dystopian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopia"},{"link_name":"The Hunger Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunger_Games"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"On September 25, 2015, the official video premiered on MTV, and was posted on Halsey's Vevo and YouTube accounts shortly after. The video's dystopian setting has been compared to that of The Hunger Games series.[17][18] The music video featured a single version of \"New Americana\" in which included different background vocals, a short instrumental before the bridge, and different mixing.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Synopsis","text":"The video opens with an intro of mountain scenery recorded in VHS style with a voice-over of Halsey stating \"We were a community. They made me their leader even when I never asked to be. But the lightning in their eyes heralded me to whatever they needed me to become. We were hopeful we would win because nothing could scare us. We feared no city and we feared no man.\" As the song begins to play, Halsey is then showed joining and being captive with a group of Americans doing unexceptional things. They are then barged in by troops who line them up and take Halsey as hostage since she is presumably the leader of the Americans. She is then dragged to a village where she is tied up to a bonfire. While being poured over with gasoline, Halsey pleads for help but no one responds until immediately before being lit up, when she is then rescued by the Americans. After escaping the troops, Halsey and the Americans are then shown heading out of the forest and running away from the village. The video ends with an instrumental of \"Drive\" featuring Halsey lying on the ground somewhere similar to the mountains as seen on the opening of the video with a backdrop of a city covered in mist. She is seen wearing a white dystopian outfit and left with nothing but car keys and a radio which she then reaches out to and tries to unravel.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimmy Kimmel Live!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Kimmel_Live!"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The Late Show with Stephen Colbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Late_Show_with_Stephen_Colbert"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"In August 2015, Halsey performed \"New Americana\" at Jimmy Kimmel Live![19] and again in October 2015 at The Late Show with Stephen Colbert.[20]","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Halsey Name-checks Biggie and Nirvana in 'New Americana'\". PopCrush. July 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://popcrush.com/halsey-new-americana-listen/","url_text":"\"Halsey Name-checks Biggie and Nirvana in 'New Americana'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Halsey Re-Releases Promotional Single \"New Americana\"\". CDS Music Chart. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201320/http://www.cdschart.com/halsey-re-releases-promotional-single-new-americana/","url_text":"\"Halsey Re-Releases Promotional Single \"New Americana\"\""},{"url":"http://www.cdschart.com/halsey-re-releases-promotional-single-new-americana/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"You can download New Americana here on soundcloud: #Balenciaga\"\". Twitter. March 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/halsey/status/450775545375387649","url_text":"\"\"You can download New Americana here on soundcloud: #Balenciaga\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"\"New Americana\" by Halsey\". EQ Music Blog. April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://eqmusicblog.com/new-americana-by-halsey/","url_text":"\"\"New Americana\" by Halsey\""}]},{"reference":"\"ALBUM: Halsey-'Badlands'\". CaliberTV. September 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://calibertv.net/reviews/album-halsey-badlands/","url_text":"\"ALBUM: Halsey-'Badlands'\""}]},{"reference":"Mic (September 21, 2015). \"Halsey \"New Americana\" Lyrics: Hot New Artist Drops The Biggest New Anthem of 2015\". Mic.","urls":[{"url":"http://mic.com/articles/125640/halsey-new-americana-lyrics-hot-new-artist-drops-the-biggest-new-anthem-of-2015","url_text":"\"Halsey \"New Americana\" Lyrics: Hot New Artist Drops The Biggest New Anthem of 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Halsey \"New Americana\" Sheet Music\". Musicnotes.com. Alfred Publishing Co., Ltd. September 9, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0154647","url_text":"\"Halsey \"New Americana\" Sheet Music\""}]},{"reference":"Badlands (CD liner notes). Halsey. Astralwerks. 2015. 2547360342.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badlands_(Halsey_album)","url_text":"Badlands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halsey_(singer)","url_text":"Halsey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astralwerks","url_text":"Astralwerks"}]},{"reference":"Collar, Matt. \"Badlands - Halsey\". AllMusic. Retrieved October 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/badlands-mw0002860377","url_text":"\"Badlands - Halsey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Kazemi, Alex (August 27, 2015). \"Halsey On Satire, Sexuality And Finding Solace In Music\". Oyster. Archived from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160920114130/http://www.oystermag.com/halsey-on-satire-sexuality-and-finding-solace-in-music","url_text":"\"Halsey On Satire, Sexuality And Finding Solace In Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_(magazine)","url_text":"Oyster"},{"url":"http://www.oystermag.com/halsey-on-satire-sexuality-and-finding-solace-in-music","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Katie Louise-Smith (June 19, 2017). \"Halsey's Just Picked Her \"Worst\" Song And It's Probably One Of Your Faves\". PopBuzz.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.popbuzz.com/music/artists/halsey/news/worst-song-new-americana/","url_text":"\"Halsey's Just Picked Her \"Worst\" Song And It's Probably One Of Your Faves\""}]},{"reference":"Martins, Chris (August 21, 2015). \"Art-Pop Singer Halsey on Being Bipolar, Bisexual and an 'Inconvenient Woman'\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6671107/halsey-the-weeknd-drugs-badlands-billboard-feature","url_text":"\"Art-Pop Singer Halsey on Being Bipolar, Bisexual and an 'Inconvenient Woman'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"Mansfield, Brian (September 20, 2015). \"On the Verge: Halsey\". USA Today. Gannett Company. 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Retrieved October 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/20951-badlands/","url_text":"\"Halsey: Badlands | Album Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media","url_text":"Pitchfork Media"}]},{"reference":"Louise-Smith, Katie (June 29, 2017). \"Halsey's Just Picked Her 'Worst' Song And It's Probably One Of Your Faves\". PopBuzz. Retrieved April 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popbuzz.com/music/artists/halsey/news/worst-song-new-americana/","url_text":"\"Halsey's Just Picked Her 'Worst' Song And It's Probably One Of Your Faves\""}]},{"reference":"Wass, Mike (September 22, 2015). \"Halsey Teases 'Hunger Games'-Themed \"New Americana\" Video: Watch A Preview\". Idolator. Spin Media. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence_(gait) | Cadence (gait) | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Cadence in sports involving running is a measure of speed calculated as the total number of full cycles (of both a right and left foot strike) taken within a given period of time, often expressed in steps per minute or cycles per minute. It is used as a measure of athletic performance.
It is similar to cadence in cycling. In running and racewalking, increasing cadence can be beneficial.
In sports such as weightlifting or bodybuilding, cadence can refer to the speed or time taken to complete a single lift, rather than how many repetitions of a lift are completed.
See also
Gait
References
^ Berg, Jared (22 July 2004). "Running with a Higher Cadence". Archived from the original on 28 February 2008.
This multisport, triathlon, adventure racing or other endurance related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cadence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence_(cycling)"},{"link_name":"cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling"},{"link_name":"racewalking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racewalking"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"It is similar to cadence in cycling. In running and racewalking, increasing cadence can be beneficial.[1]In sports such as weightlifting or bodybuilding, cadence can refer to the speed or time taken to complete a single lift, rather than how many repetitions of a lift are completed.","title":"Cadence (gait)"}] | [] | [{"title":"Gait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gait"}] | [{"reference":"Berg, Jared (22 July 2004). \"Running with a Higher Cadence\". Archived from the original on 28 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080228162904/http://www.triendurance.com/Related.asp?PageID=14&NavID=7","url_text":"\"Running with a Higher Cadence\""},{"url":"http://www.triendurance.com/Related.asp?PageID=14&NavID=7","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080228162904/http://www.triendurance.com/Related.asp?PageID=14&NavID=7","external_links_name":"\"Running with a Higher Cadence\""},{"Link":"http://www.triendurance.com/Related.asp?PageID=14&NavID=7","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadence_(gait)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2018_European_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metre_freestyle | Swimming at the 2018 European Aquatics Championships – Women's 400 metre freestyle | ["1 Records","2 Results","2.1 Heats","2.2 Final","3 References"] | Women's 400 metre freestyle at the 2018 European Aquatics ChampionshipsVenueTollcross International Swimming CentreDates9 AugustCompetitors32 from 19 nationsWinning time4:03.35Medalists
Simona Quadarella
Italy Ajna Késely
Hungary Holly Hibbott
Great Britain← 20162020 →
2018 European Aquatics ChampionshipsSwimmingFreestyle50 mmenwomen100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 mmenwomen1500 mmenwomenBackstroke50 mmenwomen100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomenBreaststroke50 mmenwomen100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomenButterfly50 mmenwomen100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomenIndividual medley200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomenFreestyle relay4×100 mmenwomenmixed4×200 mmenwomenmixedMedley relay4×100 mmenwomenmixedDivingIndividual1 mmenwomen3 mmenwomen10 mmenwomenSynchronised3 mmenwomen10 mmenwomenMixed3 m10 mTeamteamSynchronised swimmingSoloFreeTechnicalDuetFreeTechnicalTeamFreeTechnicalMixedFreeTechnicalCombinationCombinationOpen water swimming5 kmmenwomen10 kmmenwomen25 kmmenwomenTeamteamvte
The Women's 400 metre freestyle competition of the 2018 European Aquatics Championships was held on 9 August 2018.
Records
Prior to the competition, the existing world and championship records were as follows.
Name
Nation
Time
Location
Date
World record
Katie Ledecky
United States
3:56.46
Rio de Janeiro
7 August 2016
European record
Federica Pellegrini
Italy
3:59.15
Rome
26 July 2009
Championship record
Federica Pellegrini
Italy
4:01.53
Eindhoven
24 March 2008
Results
Heats
The heats were started at 09:24.
Rank
Heat
Lane
Name
Nationality
Time
Notes
1
3
5
Ajna Késely
Hungary
4:08.77
Q
2
4
5
Holly Hibbott
Great Britain
4:09.41
Q
3
4
4
Sarah Köhler
Germany
4:09.85
Q
4
4
3
Simona Quadarella
Italy
4:09.97
Q
5
4
6
Anna Egorova
Russia
4:10.77
Q
6
4
7
Julia Hassler
Liechtenstein
4:12.03
Q
7
4
2
Diana Durães
Portugal
4:12.16
Q
8
3
3
Eleanor Faulkner
Great Britain
4:12.85
Q
9
3
6
Stefania Pirozzi
Italy
4:13.94
10
3
4
Boglárka Kapás
Hungary
4:14.23
11
4
8
Barbora Závadová
Czech Republic
4:14.54
12
4
9
Helena Bach
Denmark
4:15.71
13
2
7
Irina Krivonogova
Russia
4:16.06
14
3
7
Valentine Dumont
Belgium
4:16.75
15
2
6
Laura Jensen
Denmark
4:16.92
16
2
4
Beril Böcekler
Turkey
4:17.29
17
2
3
Monique Olivier
Luxembourg
4:18.31
18
3
8
Sara Račnik
Slovenia
4:19.17
19
3
9
Tamila Holub
Portugal
4:19.70
20
3
2
Isabel Gose
Germany
4:20.12
21
2
2
Maria Grandt
Denmark
4:21.02
22
2
8
Aleksandra Polańska
Poland
4:22.02
23
4
1
Katja Fain
Slovenia
4:22.27
24
3
1
Marlene Kahler
Austria
4:23.70
25
2
5
Camille Bouden
Belgium
4:25.26
26
4
0
Hanna Eriksson
Sweden
4:25.43
27
2
1
Arianna Valloni
San Marino
4:25.57
28
3
0
Aleksandra Knop
Poland
4:27.09
29
1
3
Daniela Georges
Poland
4:27.15
30
1
4
Fatima Alkaramova
Azerbaijan
4:27.46
31
1
5
Ieva Maļuka
Latvia
4:29.42
Final
The final was started at 17:50.
Rank
Lane
Name
Nationality
Time
Notes
6
Simona Quadarella
Italy
4:03.35
5
Ajna Késely
Hungary
4:03.57
EJ
4
Holly Hibbott
Great Britain
4:05.01
4
2
Anna Egorova
Russia
4:06.03
NR
5
3
Sarah Köhler
Germany
4:07.68
6
7
Julia Hassler
Liechtenstein
4:11.42
7
1
Diana Durães
Portugal
4:12.41
8
8
Eleanor Faulkner
Great Britain
4:15.26
References
^ Schedule
^ Start list
^ Heats results
^ Final results | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2018 European Aquatics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Women's 400 metre freestyle competition of the 2018 European Aquatics Championships was held on 9 August 2018.[1][2]","title":"Swimming at the 2018 European Aquatics Championships – Women's 400 metre freestyle"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Prior to the competition, the existing world and championship records were as follows.","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Heats","text":"The heats were started at 09:24.[3]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"The final was started at 17:50.[4]","title":"Results"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.europeanchampionships.com/sites/default/files/ec_2018_schedule.pdf","external_links_name":"Schedule"},{"Link":"http://glasgow2018.microplustiming.com/export/NU_GLASGOW2018/NU/pdf/SWMW400MFR------------HEAT--------_51A1%201.0.pdf","external_links_name":"Start list"},{"Link":"http://glasgow2018.microplustiming.com/export/NU_GLASGOW2018/NU/pdf/SWMW400MFR------------HEAT--------_74A%201.0.pdf","external_links_name":"Heats results"},{"Link":"http://glasgow2018.microplustiming.com/export/NU_GLASGOW2018/NU/pdf/SWMW400MFR------------FNL-000100--_73A1%201.0.pdf","external_links_name":"Final results"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svendborg_Friary | Svendborg Friary | ["1 History","2 Dissolution","3 After dissolution","4 Sources"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Svendborg Friary" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Svendborg Friary was a Franciscan friary in Svendborg, on the island of Funen, in the present Region of Southern Denmark, and was one of the earliest Franciscan foundations in Denmark. Like almost all Danish religious houses it was dissolved during the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century.
History
The first Franciscan establishment in Svendborg was the chapel built in 1236. This building was destroyed when the town of Svendborg was burned to the ground by King Abel of Denmark in 1247 after a short siege. Another friary was built in about 1288 as the result of a gift of land for a chapel for the Franciscans from Herr Astrad Frakke, Herr Niels Bille (the brother of Bishop Johannes Bille), Herr Niels Beger and several other local nobles. Count Gert of Holstein and his son also made gifts of properties to support the Franciscan friars in Svendborg. In 1268 Lady Gro Gunnarsdatter Vint, the extremely wealthy widow of Esbjørn Vognsen, gave away her considerable fortune to abbeys, priories and friaries throughout Denmark when she joined the Poor Clares in Roskilde. The "brothers' chapel at Svendborg" is specifically mentioned in the list of her beneficiaries.
The Gothic church was completed in 1361 and was dedicated to Saint Catherine. Svendborg was burned by the Hanseatic Fleet in 1389, after which the friary was rebuilt yet again. During the 15th century it expanded considerably, and the buildings were extended several times.
The main friary precinct of this period consisted of a rectangular enclosure containing a church, dormitory, refectory, and servants' quarters, as well as a cloister surrounding a central garden. The buildings were constructed from red brick, the most common building material at the time.
The friary had a close connection with St. George's Chapel and Hospital just outside Svendborg, the last remaining medieval leper hospital in Denmark.
One of the most controversial times for the friary was in 1500 when Queen Christina, who was at that point in direct control of Svendborg, gave the whole of Bysen Street (Bysenstræde) to the Franciscans to use as accommodation for the town's poor and sick in their care. The mayor and the town council strongly disapproved of this action, which caused a severe rift between the town and the friary.
Dissolution
During the short civil war known as the Count's Feud (Danish:Grevens Fejde), Svenborg made the mistake of siding with Count Christoffer, acting for Christian II of Denmark. When Christian III's troops took Svenborg and the rest of Fynen in 1534, they pillaged the town and its churches. With the Lutherans now firmly in control of the town and country, the priory was permanently closed, though by the end of 1530 it had been abandoned by the Franciscans. The last guardian of the priory, Hans Gaas, quickly accepted the Lutheran Ordinances and became the first Lutheran pastor of Our Lady's Church (Danish:Vor Frue Kirke) in Svendborg. The priory was taken over by the town. The friars went to other Franciscan houses outside Denmark or returned to secular life.
The friary church became a parish church for the people of Svendborg. The east wing was demolished shortly after the Reformation. The west wing of the priory was converted into a Latin school which operated until 1740. The buildings where the Latin School had been located were torn down in 1875. In 1586 the north wing of the friary was turned into a hospital founded by Lady Helvig Hardenberg. The old hospital was torn down in 1870.
After dissolution
By 1828 the former friary church had fallen into serious disrepair and the town council decided to demolish it. The buildings were blown up, the ground levelled and the site in the town centre redeveloped with houses and shops: some buildings used parts of the old friary walls as foundations. The churchyard containing thousands of common and noble graves was cleared and the most recently buried bodies transferred to a cemetery a few streets away. The altarpiece however was preserved and is now located in Thurø Church.
Recent excavations by Svendborg Museum have revealed that the later friary complex was much larger than was previously thought, and contained many structures in addition to the old rectangular layout.
Sources
Svendborg Klosterkirke (in Danish) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franciscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan"},{"link_name":"Svendborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svendborg"},{"link_name":"Funen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funen"},{"link_name":"Region of Southern Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_of_Southern_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"}],"text":"Svendborg Friary was a Franciscan friary in Svendborg, on the island of Funen, in the present Region of Southern Denmark, and was one of the earliest Franciscan foundations in Denmark. Like almost all Danish religious houses it was dissolved during the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century.","title":"Svendborg Friary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abel of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Johannes Bille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Bille&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gert of Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gert_of_Holstein&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gro Gunnarsdatter Vint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gro_Gunnarsdatter_Vint&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Esbjørn Vognsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esbj%C3%B8rn_Vognsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Poor Clares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Clares"},{"link_name":"Roskilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskilde"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Saint Catherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"leper hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leper_hospital"},{"link_name":"Queen Christina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_of_Saxony"}],"text":"The first Franciscan establishment in Svendborg was the chapel built in 1236. This building was destroyed when the town of Svendborg was burned to the ground by King Abel of Denmark in 1247 after a short siege. Another friary was built in about 1288 as the result of a gift of land for a chapel for the Franciscans from Herr Astrad Frakke, Herr Niels Bille (the brother of Bishop Johannes Bille), Herr Niels Beger and several other local nobles. Count Gert of Holstein and his son also made gifts of properties to support the Franciscan friars in Svendborg. In 1268 Lady Gro Gunnarsdatter Vint, the extremely wealthy widow of Esbjørn Vognsen, gave away her considerable fortune to abbeys, priories and friaries throughout Denmark when she joined the Poor Clares in Roskilde. The \"brothers' [friars'] chapel at Svendborg\" is specifically mentioned in the list of her beneficiaries.The Gothic church was completed in 1361 and was dedicated to Saint Catherine. Svendborg was burned by the Hanseatic Fleet in 1389, after which the friary was rebuilt yet again. During the 15th century it expanded considerably, and the buildings were extended several times.The main friary precinct of this period consisted of a rectangular enclosure containing a church, dormitory, refectory, and servants' quarters, as well as a cloister surrounding a central garden. The buildings were constructed from red brick, the most common building material at the time.The friary had a close connection with St. George's Chapel and Hospital just outside Svendborg, the last remaining medieval leper hospital in Denmark.One of the most controversial times for the friary was in 1500 when Queen Christina, who was at that point in direct control of Svendborg, gave the whole of Bysen Street (Bysenstræde) to the Franciscans to use as accommodation for the town's poor and sick in their care. The mayor and the town council strongly disapproved of this action, which caused a severe rift between the town and the friary.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Count's Feud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count%27s_Feud"},{"link_name":"Christoffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher,_Count_of_Oldenburg"},{"link_name":"Christian II of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Christian III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Ordinances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lutheran_Ordinances&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q383049#sitelinks-wikipedia"}],"text":"During the short civil war known as the Count's Feud (Danish:Grevens Fejde), Svenborg made the mistake of siding with Count Christoffer, acting for Christian II of Denmark. When Christian III's troops took Svenborg and the rest of Fynen in 1534, they pillaged the town and its churches. With the Lutherans now firmly in control of the town and country, the priory was permanently closed, though by the end of 1530 it had been abandoned by the Franciscans. The last guardian of the priory, Hans Gaas, quickly accepted the Lutheran Ordinances [Wikidata] and became the first Lutheran pastor of Our Lady's Church (Danish:Vor Frue Kirke) in Svendborg. The priory was taken over by the town. The friars went to other Franciscan houses outside Denmark or returned to secular life.The friary church became a parish church for the people of Svendborg. The east wing was demolished shortly after the Reformation. The west wing of the priory was converted into a Latin school which operated until 1740. The buildings where the Latin School had been located were torn down in 1875. In 1586 the north wing of the friary was turned into a hospital founded by Lady Helvig Hardenberg. The old hospital was torn down in 1870.","title":"Dissolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Thurø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thur%C3%B8"}],"text":"By 1828 the former friary church had fallen into serious disrepair and the town council decided to demolish it. The buildings were blown up, the ground levelled and the site in the town centre redeveloped with houses and shops: some buildings used parts of the old friary walls as foundations. The churchyard containing thousands of common and noble graves was cleared and the most recently buried bodies transferred to a cemetery a few streets away. The altarpiece however was preserved and is now located in Thurø Church.Recent excavations by Svendborg Museum have revealed that the later friary complex was much larger than was previously thought, and contained many structures in addition to the old rectangular layout.","title":"After dissolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Svendborg Klosterkirke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fynhistorie.dk/node10053"}],"text":"Svendborg Klosterkirke (in Danish)","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Svendborg+Friary%22","external_links_name":"\"Svendborg Friary\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Svendborg+Friary%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Svendborg+Friary%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Svendborg+Friary%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Svendborg+Friary%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Svendborg+Friary%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.fynhistorie.dk/node10053","external_links_name":"Svendborg Klosterkirke"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahman_Cultural_Center | Bahman Cultural Center | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 35°38′43″N 51°23′50″E / 35.64528°N 51.39722°E / 35.64528; 51.39722The Bahman Cultural Center (Bahman Farhangsara) is municipally created public space for cultural advancement in Tehran. The largest and first of its kind in the city, it was followed by the creation of 8 similar large complexes and about 50 smaller neighborhood centers. Its campus-like premises include exhibition halls, theatres, concert halls, restaurants, cafes, classrooms, a library, a gymnasium, a swimming pool, and a skating rink.
Opened in 1991 through the efforts of Gholamhossein Karbaschi and other politicians, the Bahman Cultural Center used to be a slaughterhouse in the slums of southern Tehran. The presence of the slaughterhouse created problems of pollution which spread trash, animal remains, and bad smells into the surrounding areas. This in turn caused property values to decrease, which attracted a very low-income population. Plagued by such sanitation maladies, the areas surrounding the slaughterhouse become a cesspool of crime, violence, and prostitution.
The Bahman Cultural Center has had a significant impact on the process of social change in Iran. Cultural enrichment awakened women to their rights and gave them the confidence to stand up for those rights.
The Bahman Cultural Center also enriched the lives of youth in the area. It exposed youngsters to English, computers, music, and musical instruments. It provides the youth with invaluable tools they will need in a modern and dynamic world Iran is becoming. Furthermore, another important feature of the Bahman Cultural Center was that in diminished the cultural duality between northern and southern Tehran. Northern Tehran has always been the intellectual and cultural hub of Tehran. The creation of the Bahman Cultural Center somewhat shifts that balance.
References
^ a b c Ehsani, Kaveh (Autumn 1999). "Municipal Matters: The Urbanization of Consciousness and Political Change in Tehran". Middle East Report (212): 22–27. doi:10.2307/3012909. JSTOR 3012909.
35°38′43″N 51°23′50″E / 35.64528°N 51.39722°E / 35.64528; 51.39722
vteTehran Province, IranCapital
Tehran
Countiesand citiesBaharestan County
Nasim Shahr
Golestan
Salehieh
Damavand County
Damavand
Abali
Absard
Kilan
Rudehen
Eslamshahr County
Ahmadabad-e Mostowfi
Eslamshahr
Chahardangeh
Firuzkuh County
Firuzkuh
Arjomand
Malard County
Malard
Safadasht
Pakdasht County
Pakdasht
Sharifabad
Pardis County
Pardis
Bumehen
Pishva County
Pishva
Qarchak County
Qarchak
Qods County
Qods
Ray County
Rey*
Baqershahr
Hasanabad
Kahrizak
Robat Karim County
Robat Karim
Parand
Nasirabad
Shahriar County
Shahriar
Andisheh
Baghestan
Ferdowsieh
Sabashahr
Shahedshahr
Vahidieh
Shemiranat County
Shemiran*
Fasham
Lavasan
Tajrish*
Tehran County
Tehran
Varamin County
Varamin
Javadabad
Landmarks
Azadi Tower
Bahman Cultural Center
Tabiat Bridge
Carpet Museum of Iran
Dizin
Ebn-e Babooyeh
Golestan Palace
Grand Bazaar, Tehran
Iranian Crown Jewels
Malik National Museum of Iran
Milad Tower
National Museum of Iran
Niavaran Complex
Pearl Palace
Sa'dabad Complex
Shebeli Tower
Shemshak (ski resort)
Bibi Shahr Banu Shrine
Tangeh Savashi
Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art
Toopkhaneh
Tughrul Tower
Reza Abbasi Museum
St. Thaddeus and Bartholomew Church
St. George Church
Populated places
List of cities, towns and villages in Tehran Province
^* indicates that this formerly independent city is now absorbed into Tehran. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ehsani-1"},{"link_name":"Gholamhossein Karbaschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gholamhossein_Karbaschi"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ehsani-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ehsani-1"}],"text":"The Bahman Cultural Center (Bahman Farhangsara) is municipally created public space for cultural advancement in Tehran. The largest and first of its kind in the city, it was followed by the creation of 8 similar large complexes and about 50 smaller neighborhood centers.[1] Its campus-like premises include exhibition halls, theatres, concert halls, restaurants, cafes, classrooms, a library, a gymnasium, a swimming pool, and a skating rink.Opened in 1991 through the efforts of Gholamhossein Karbaschi and other politicians, the Bahman Cultural Center used to be a slaughterhouse in the slums of southern Tehran. The presence of the slaughterhouse created problems of pollution which spread trash, animal remains, and bad smells into the surrounding areas. This in turn caused property values to decrease, which attracted a very low-income population. Plagued by such sanitation maladies, the areas surrounding the slaughterhouse become a cesspool of crime, violence, and prostitution.The Bahman Cultural Center has had a significant impact on the process of social change in Iran.[1] Cultural enrichment awakened women to their rights and gave them the confidence to stand up for those rights.The Bahman Cultural Center also enriched the lives of youth in the area. It exposed youngsters to English, computers, music, and musical instruments. It provides the youth with invaluable tools they will need in a modern and dynamic world Iran is becoming. Furthermore, another important feature of the Bahman Cultural Center was that in diminished the cultural duality between northern and southern Tehran.[1] Northern Tehran has always been the intellectual and cultural hub of Tehran. The creation of the Bahman Cultural Center somewhat shifts that balance.","title":"Bahman Cultural Center"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ehsani, Kaveh (Autumn 1999). \"Municipal Matters: The Urbanization of Consciousness and Political Change in Tehran\". Middle East Report (212): 22–27. doi:10.2307/3012909. JSTOR 3012909.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3012909","url_text":"10.2307/3012909"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012909","url_text":"3012909"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bahman_Cultural_Center¶ms=35_38_43_N_51_23_50_E_region:IR_source:kolossus-fawiki","external_links_name":"35°38′43″N 51°23′50″E / 35.64528°N 51.39722°E / 35.64528; 51.39722"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3012909","external_links_name":"10.2307/3012909"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012909","external_links_name":"3012909"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bahman_Cultural_Center¶ms=35_38_43_N_51_23_50_E_region:IR_source:kolossus-fawiki","external_links_name":"35°38′43″N 51°23′50″E / 35.64528°N 51.39722°E / 35.64528; 51.39722"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corridor_(rail_vehicle) | Gangway connection | ["1 Origins: Coaches in British and American railways","1.1 Travelling post offices","2 Locomotives (corridor tenders)","3 Open gangways in urban transit","4 Multiple units and TurboTrain (walk-through heads)","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References"] | Flexible passageway between train cars
A British Railways Mark 1 coach fitted with a gangway connection of the Pullman type
Internal view of gangways between a British Rail Class 153 and a British Rail Class 158. Notice the doors on the sides, which prevent passengers from accessing the cabs of either unit. When the gangway is not in use, they lock outwards to block off the entire cab/gangway compartment.
View along full length of a Toronto Rocket, folding seats at the right
A gangway connection (or, more loosely, a corridor connection) is a flexible connector fitted to the end of a railway coach, enabling passengers to move between coaches without danger of falling from the train.
Origins: Coaches in British and American railways
The London and North Western Railway (LNWR) was the first British railway to provide passengers with the means to move from one coach to another while the train was in motion. In 1869 the LNWR built a pair of saloons for the use of Queen Victoria; these had six-wheel underframes (the bogie coach did not appear in Britain until 1872), and the gangway was fitted to only one end of each coach. The Queen preferred to wait until the train had stopped before using the gangway.
This British locomotive has a centre buffing plate similar to that fitted to the lower portion of a Pullman-type gangway connection.
In 1887, George M. Pullman introduced his patented vestibule cars. Older railroad cars had open platforms at their ends, which were used both for joining and leaving the train, but could also be used to step from one car to the next. This practice was dangerous, and so Pullman decided to enclose the platform to produce the vestibule. For passing between cars, there was a passageway in the form of a steel-framed rectangular diaphragm mounted on a buffing plate above the centre coupler. The vestibule prevented passengers from falling out, and protected passengers from the weather when passing between cars. In the event of an accident, the design also helped prevent cars from overriding each other, reducing the risk of telescoping. Pullman's vestibule cars were first used in 1887. Among the first to use them was the Pennsylvania Railroad on the Pennsylvania Limited service to Chicago.
The Great Northern Railway introduced the Gould-design gangway connection to Great Britain in 1889, when E.F. Howlden was Carriage and Wagon Superintendent.
In March 1892, the Great Western Railway (GWR) introduced a set of gangwayed coaches on their Paddington to Birkenhead service. Built to the design of William Dean, it was the first British side-corridor train to have gangway connections between all the coaches, although they were provided not to enable passengers to move around the train, but rather to allow the guard to reach any compartment quickly. Electric bells were provided so that he could be summoned. When the guard was not so required, he kept the communicating doors locked. Passengers could still use the side-corridor within the coach to reach the toilet.
The gangway connections of the early GWR corridor coaches were offset to one side. Some coaches intended for use at the ends of trains had the gangway connection fitted at one end only. The GWR introduced restaurant cars in 1896; gangway connections were fitted, but passengers wishing to use the restaurant car were expected to board it at the start of their journey, and remain there: the connections were still not for public use.
A GWR coach fitted with a British Standard gangway connection of the "suspended" type
In May 1923, the GWR introduced some new coaches on their South Wales services; some of these coaches had British Standard gangway connections and screw couplers as used on many other GWR coaches; some had Pullman-type gangway connections and Laycock "buckeye" couplers; and there were some with one type at one end, and the other end having the other type. In 1925 the GWR started to use the "suspended" form of gangway connection instead of the "scissors" pattern. From 1938, GWR coaches which were expected to need coupling to LNER or SR coaches were fitted with gangway adaptors, to allow the dissimilar types to be connected.
From the beginning, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway used the British Standard type of gangway connector, with its "scissors" pattern as used by the GWR. Some coaches needed for LNER or SR lines were given gangway adaptors, so that they could safely couple to coaches fitted with the Pullman-type gangway.
On the formation of British Railways on 1 January 1948, operators decided to produce a new range of standard coaches, instead of perpetuating existing designs—but the new types had to be compatible with the old. Two of the pre-BR companies (the GWR and the London, Midland and Scottish Railway) favoured the British Standard gangway, whereas the other two (the London and North Eastern Railway and the Southern Railway) used the Pullman type. In the design of their new Mark 1 coaches, British Railways decided to standardise on the Pullman type in view of its resistance to telescoping.
These gangways consisted of a flat steel plate, having a large aperture for the passageway. At the bottom it was riveted to the buffing plate, whilst the top was supported on the coach end by two telescopic spring units. On the coach end was a wooden doorframe; this was connected to the faceplate by a flexible diaphragm made from plasticised asbestos. When two coaches were coupled, a curtain was used to cover the inside surfaces of the diaphragms and faceplates. The doorframe was fitted with a lockable door, of either sliding or hinged type, depending on the interior layout of that end of the coach.
Travelling post offices
A preserved LNER post office stowage tender with offset gangway connection
Coaches built for travelling post office (TPO) services normally had their gangway connections offset to one side. There were two main reasons: there was a perceived security risk should these coaches be coupled to ordinary passenger-carrying coaches, the differing gangway positions minimising the risk of intrusion; and more space was available for sorting tables, the postal workers being able to walk in a straight line between vans without disturbing the sorters.
A disadvantage was that when a van was added to a TPO train, it might need to be turned around before it could be used. After the formation of British Railways, most new Mark 1 TPO vans were provided with centre gangways, though a batch intended to work with older vans were given offset gangways. These were altered to the standard arrangement in 1973. Until then, they had been the only BR Mark 1 gangwayed coaches not to have the Pullman gangway.
Locomotives (corridor tenders)
Further information: Tender (rail)
LNER Class A1 4-6-2 with corridor tender. Circular window of passageway at upper right of tender rear.
A corridor tender is a locomotive tender with a passageway to one side, allowing crew changes on the fly.
The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) decided that from the start of their summer timetable on 1 May 1928, the Flying Scotsman service would run non-stop over the 392.7 miles (632.0 km) between London King's Cross and Edinburgh Waverley. The locomotives to be used were of that railway's class A1, and the schedule was for the journey to be completed in 8+1⁄4 hours. This was too long to allow a single crew to handle the train without a rest; means were therefore sought by which the crew could be changed at approximately the half-way point.
A preserved corridor tender. The passageway runs along the side closest to the camera; the top of the passageway may be seen at the rear (left)
The LNER's locomotive design team, headed by Nigel Gresley, produced a new design of tender that was slightly longer than the old, but built as high and wide as possible without compromising the loading gauge. A passageway was incorporated along the right-hand side, and at the rear end a Pullman type gangway connection was fitted, together with a buckeye coupler, both of which were compatible with LNER coaches. The gangway was of concertina pattern, and was pressed against the corresponding gangway on the leading coach by means of sprung pistons.
Although a normal gangway connection was used, the passageway through the tender was only 5 feet (1.52 m) high and 18 inches (0.46 m) wide, and the floor of the passage was 2 feet (0.61 m) above the bottom of the water tank, requiring two steps at both ends. The passageway was illuminated by a single circular window in the tender rear panel, placed high up and to the right of the corridor connection. Ten of these tenders were placed in service between April and September 1928, of which three were attached to new locomotives of Class A3; two were attached to existing Class A3 locomotives, and five attached to Class A1 locomotives. The design was patented by Gresley in August 1928.
In service, the relief crew travelled in the front coach of the train, and as the train approached the half-way point, they left their seats and made their way forward through the corridor tender to the locomotive cab. On their arrival, the previous crew then handed over the controls and went back to the seats in the train vacated by the relief crew.
Another corridor tender (Number 5484) was built in 1929 for use with the new Class W1 4-6-4 no. 10000; four more were built in 1935 with the first four locomotives of the new Class A4, and a final seven were built with the 1937 batch of Class A4 locomotives, making a total of 22. The original ten were reconditioned in 1936–1937 and attached to other Class A4 locomotives. In May 1948, the 1929-built corridor tender was transferred to a locomotive of Class A4, after which all 22 remained with this class until withdrawal.
Open gangways in urban transit
Interior view of the Vancouver SkyTrain Bombardier Innovia Metro 300 (Mark III)
Interior view of the MPM-10 Azur train
Open gangway on a Bombardier Flexity Outlook tram
Open gangway on an R211T
Interior of a Sydney Metro Alstom Metropolis TS set
In urban transit, open gangways are most commonly used in light rail and streetcars, where the railcars are divided into two or more sections linked by gangways. Articulated buses similarly have extensions connected with a gangway. Open gangways have also become increasingly used for heavy rail rapid transit rolling stock. It provides a way to seamlessly move between cars at any time, without passing through doors and a dangerous open area that is often against the rules. It also raises the capacity of metro cars by about 10%, a significant improvement for systems such as the New York City Subway where infrastructure and timetables are at capacity.
The NYC Subway was the first transit authority in the world to have a subway / metro system with open gangways, with the Multi-Section Articulated Cars (1925 - 1965), then operated by the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation. Until the late 2010s, cars like these were not purchased again, as they needed constant repair, and crime was increasing in NYC at the time, resulting in locked doors between subway cars. RATP was the first European authority to order open gangway cars for Paris Metro, with Bombardier MF 88 and GEC Alsthom MP 89 (as NS 93 for Santiago Metro); it was followed by Metrovalencia FGV 3900, Madrid Metro AnsaldoBreda 7000 and CAF 8000, and Rome Metro MA-300 (CAF S/300).
In North America, the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) was the second transit authority to use open gangway rolling stock, with its Toronto Rocket railcars (a variant of the Bombardier Movia line of open-gangway cars) delivered to the Toronto subway system from 2010. The Société de Transport de Montréal (STM) upgraded its fleet of subway cars with Azur (MPM-10) trains that included open gangways. Montreal Metro took delivery of the Bombardier/Alstom MPM-10 Azur trains in 2016.
The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) has ordered 20 experimental open gangway cars as part of the NYC Subway's R211 order. These began running on the C line on February 1, 2024. The order initially consists of 545 cars, of which 20 are the open gangway prototype sets. There are two designs, the first ten cars utilizing interior panels in the gangway connection, and the other ten cars using interior bellows in the gangway connection. The latter design also contains a wider walkway and handles between cars. Depending on the success of the prototype sets, the R211 order includes an option to purchase up to 437 additional open gangway cars.
While not technically an open gangway because of the use of doors, BART permits passengers to walk between cars via a more traditional gangway connection. This has been a feature since its opening in 1972.
The open gangway design has been incorporated into Alstom Metropolis, Bombardier Movia and Innovia Metro, Siemens Inspiro, and 81-760 Oka/81-765 Moskva trains which operate on a variety of subway systems around the world, such as Riyadh Metro (Inspiro, Innnovia, Metropolis); Singapore MRT (Metropolis, Movia); Delhi Metro (Movia), Barcelona Metro, Amsterdam Metro, Budapest Metro, Buenos Aires Underground, Sydney Metro (Metropolis); Vancouver SkyTrain (Innovia); London Underground (Inspiro New Tube for London, S Stock); Baku Metro (Oka, Moskva); and Tashkent Metro (Moskva).
Some trains, like U-Bahn BVG Class HK, S-Bahn DBAG Class 481, 81-740 Rusich etc. use open gangways only between car pairs or 3-car sets; recent versions of these trains, Class IK, Class 483 and 81-760 Oka/81-765 Moskva, employ full walkthrough gangway along entire train.
Multiple units and TurboTrain (walk-through heads)
JR 285 series
Dutch ICM
Danish DSB IC3
JR E351 series
British Rail Class 150
UAC TurboTrain power car
A walk-through head is a type of gangway connection that is installed in a train set that is intended to enable the passage from one train to the next when they are interconnected.
With most matched multiple-units, it is possible, as with locomotive-towed carriages, to walk from one unit to another, but a passage between adjacent cabbed ends of coupled trains is less common.
See also
Anticlimber
Buffers and chain coupler
Janney coupler
Railway coupling
SA3 coupler
Tightlock coupler
Vestibule
Vestibuled train
Notes
^ Jenkinson 1978, p. 117.
^ Jenkinson 1988, p. 10.
^ Chant 2002, p. 348.
^ Solomon 2001, p. 101.
^ Harris 1995, p. 9.
^ Harris 1985, p. 38.
^ Harris 1985, p. 23.
^ Harris 1985, p. 40.
^ Harris 1985, pp. 48, 51.
^ a b c Harris 1985, p. 24.
^ Harris 1985, p. 75.
^ Harris 1985, p. 77.
^ Essery & Jenkinson 1991, p. 7.
^ Parkin 1991, p. 7,8.
^ Parkin 1991, p. 18,26.
^ a b Parkin 1991, p. 175.
^ Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1973, pp. 75–76.
^ Nock 1945, p. 46.
^ Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1973, p. 68.
^ a b Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1973, pp. 68, 112.
^ Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1973, pp. 68–69.
^ Hughes 2001, p. 95.
^ a b Boddy et al. 1963, p. 64.
^ Boddy et al. 1984, p. 149.
^ Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1973, pp. 112–3.
^ Boddy et al. 1984, p. 156.
^ Danielle Furfaro (August 16, 2016). "Here's a glimpse at the future on NYC's subways". New York Post. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
^ "TTC unveils new subway cars". CP24. 2010-10-14. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
^ STM societyinmotion.org http://www.mouvementcollectif.org/SWF/?en/#/metro-cars
^ Siff • •, Andrew (February 1, 2024). "MTA debuts new 'open gangway' subway cars. Here's why you'll like them". NBC New York. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
^ "Governor Cuomo Unveils Design of Reimagined MTA Subway Cars and Details Ambitious Plan to Enhance Subway Stations". 2016-07-18. Archived from the original on 2016-08-05. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
References
Boddy, M.G.; Fry, E.V.; Hennigan, W.; Proud, P.; Yeadon, W.B. (July 1963). Fry, E.V. (ed.). Part 1: Preliminary Survey. Locomotives of the L.N.E.R. Potters Bar: RCTS.
Boddy, M.G.; Neve, E.; Yeadon, W.B. (April 1973). Fry, E.V. (ed.). Part 2A: Tender Engines - Classes A1 to A10. Locomotives of the L.N.E.R. Kenilworth: RCTS. ISBN 0-901115-25-8.
Boddy, M. G.; Brown, W. A.; Hennigan, W.; Hoole, Ken; Neve, E.; Yeadon, W. B. (September 1984). Fry, E. V. (ed.). Locomotives of the L.N.E.R., Part 6C: Tender Engines—Classes Q1 to Y10. Kenilworth: RCTS. ISBN 0-901115-55-X.
Chant, Christopher (2002). The History of North American Rail. Edison, NJ: Chartwell Books. ISBN 0-7858-1455-8.
Essery, Bob; Jenkinson, David (1991). The Illustrated History of LMS Standard Coaching Stock - I: General Introduction and Non-Passenger Vehicles. Yeovil: Oxford Publishing Co. ISBN 0-86093-450-0. T450.
Harris, Michael (1985) . Great Western Coaches from 1890 (3rd ed.). Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-8050-8.
Harris, Michael (1995). Great Northern Railway and East Coast Joint Stock Carriages from 1905. Headington: Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-85361-477-6. X56.
Hughes, Geoffrey (2001). Sir Nigel Gresley: The Engineer and his Family. The Oakwood Library of Railway History. Usk: Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-85361-579-9. OL118.
Jenkinson, David (1978). An Illustrated History of L.N.W.R. Coaches (including West Coast Joint Stock). Headington: Oxford Publishing Co. ISBN 0-902888-90-0.
Jenkinson, David (1988). British Railway Carriages of the 20th Century - Volume 1: The end of an era, 1901-22. London: Guild Publishing. CN 8130.
Nock, O.S. (1945). The Locomotives of Sir Nigel Gresley. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 16925.
Parkin, Keith (1991). British Railways Mark 1 Coaches. Penryn: Pendragon. ISBN 0-906899-49-4.
Solomon, Brian (2001). The Heritage of North American Steam Railroads. London: Amber Books. ISBN 1-897884-75-3. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mark_1_coach_6313_at_Bristol_Temple_Meads_2006-03-01_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"British Railways Mark 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Railways_Mark_1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gangways_in_use.jpg"},{"link_name":"British Rail Class 153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_153"},{"link_name":"British Rail Class 158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_158"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Subway8.JPG"},{"link_name":"Toronto Rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Rocket"},{"link_name":"folding seats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding_seat"}],"text":"A British Railways Mark 1 coach fitted with a gangway connection of the Pullman typeInternal view of gangways between a British Rail Class 153 and a British Rail Class 158. Notice the doors on the sides, which prevent passengers from accessing the cabs of either unit. When the gangway is not in use, they lock outwards to block off the entire cab/gangway compartment.View along full length of a Toronto Rocket, folding seats at the rightA gangway connection (or, more loosely, a corridor connection) is a flexible connector fitted to the end of a railway coach, enabling passengers to move between coaches without danger of falling from the train.","title":"Gangway connection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London and North Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"bogie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkinson1978117-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkinson198810-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GNER-91116-coupling-01.jpg"},{"link_name":"George M. 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In 1869 the LNWR built a pair of saloons for the use of Queen Victoria; these had six-wheel underframes (the bogie coach did not appear in Britain until 1872), and the gangway was fitted to only one end of each coach. The Queen preferred to wait until the train had stopped before using the gangway.[1][2]This British locomotive has a centre buffing plate similar to that fitted to the lower portion of a Pullman-type gangway connection.In 1887, George M. Pullman introduced his patented vestibule cars. Older railroad cars had open platforms at their ends, which were used both for joining and leaving the train, but could also be used to step from one car to the next. This practice was dangerous, and so Pullman decided to enclose the platform to produce the vestibule. For passing between cars, there was a passageway in the form of a steel-framed rectangular diaphragm mounted on a buffing plate above the centre coupler. The vestibule prevented passengers from falling out, and protected passengers from the weather when passing between cars. In the event of an accident, the design also helped prevent cars from overriding each other, reducing the risk of telescoping. Pullman's vestibule cars were first used in 1887. Among the first to use them was the Pennsylvania Railroad on the Pennsylvania Limited service to Chicago.[3][4]The Great Northern Railway introduced the Gould-design[clarification needed] gangway connection to Great Britain in 1889, when E.F. Howlden was Carriage and Wagon Superintendent.[5]In March 1892, the Great Western Railway (GWR) introduced a set of gangwayed coaches on their Paddington to Birkenhead service. Built to the design of William Dean, it was the first British side-corridor train to have gangway connections between all the coaches, although they were provided not to enable passengers to move around the train, but rather to allow the guard to reach any compartment quickly. Electric bells were provided so that he could be summoned. When the guard was not so required, he kept the communicating doors locked. Passengers could still use the side-corridor within the coach to reach the toilet.[6]The gangway connections of the early GWR corridor coaches were offset to one side.[7] Some coaches intended for use at the ends of trains had the gangway connection fitted at one end only.[8] The GWR introduced restaurant cars in 1896; gangway connections were fitted, but passengers wishing to use the restaurant car were expected to board it at the start of their journey, and remain there: the connections were still not for public use.[9]A GWR coach fitted with a British Standard gangway connection of the \"suspended\" typeIn May 1923, the GWR introduced some new coaches on their South Wales services; some of these coaches had British Standard gangway connections[clarification needed] and screw couplers as used on many other GWR coaches; some had Pullman-type gangway connections and Laycock \"buckeye\" couplers; and there were some with one type at one end, and the other end having the other type.[10][11] In 1925 the GWR started to use the \"suspended\" form of gangway connection instead of the \"scissors\" pattern[clarification needed].[10][12] From 1938, GWR coaches which were expected to need coupling to LNER or SR coaches were fitted with gangway adaptors, to allow the dissimilar types to be connected.[10]From the beginning, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway used the British Standard type of gangway connector, with its \"scissors\" pattern as used by the GWR. Some coaches needed for LNER or SR lines were given gangway adaptors, so that they could safely couple to coaches fitted with the Pullman-type gangway.[13]On the formation of British Railways on 1 January 1948, operators decided to produce a new range of standard coaches, instead of perpetuating existing designs—but the new types had to be compatible with the old. Two of the pre-BR companies (the GWR and the London, Midland and Scottish Railway) favoured the British Standard gangway, whereas the other two (the London and North Eastern Railway and the Southern Railway) used the Pullman type. In the design of their new Mark 1 coaches, British Railways decided to standardise on the Pullman type in view of its resistance to telescoping.[14]These gangways consisted of a flat steel plate, having a large aperture for the passageway. At the bottom it was riveted to the buffing plate, whilst the top was supported on the coach end by two telescopic spring units. On the coach end was a wooden doorframe; this was connected to the faceplate by a flexible diaphragm made from plasticised asbestos. When two coaches were coupled, a curtain was used to cover the inside surfaces of the diaphragms and faceplates. The doorframe was fitted with a lockable door, of either sliding or hinged type, depending on the interior layout of that end of the coach.[15]","title":"Origins: Coaches in British and American railways"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GreatCentralRailwayE70268E.JPG"},{"link_name":"post office stowage tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Stowage_Van"},{"link_name":"travelling post office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelling_post_office"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkin1991175-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkin1991175-16"}],"sub_title":"Travelling post offices","text":"A preserved LNER post office stowage tender with offset gangway connectionCoaches built for travelling post office (TPO) services normally had their gangway connections offset to one side. There were two main reasons: there was a perceived security risk should these coaches be coupled to ordinary passenger-carrying coaches, the differing gangway positions minimising the risk of intrusion; and more space was available for sorting tables, the postal workers being able to walk in a straight line between vans without disturbing the sorters.[16]A disadvantage was that when a van was added to a TPO train, it might need to be turned around before it could be used. After the formation of British Railways, most new Mark 1 TPO vans were provided with centre gangways, though a batch intended to work with older vans were given offset gangways. These were altered to the standard arrangement in 1973. Until then, they had been the only BR Mark 1 gangwayed coaches not to have the Pullman gangway.[16]","title":"Origins: Coaches in British and American railways"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tender (rail)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tender_(rail)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LNER_pacific_4472_Flying_Scotsman,_with_corridor_tender_(CJ_Allen,_Steel_Highway,_1928).jpg"},{"link_name":"LNER Class A1 4-6-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Gresley_Classes_A1_and_A3"},{"link_name":"tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tender_(rail)"},{"link_name":"London and North Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Flying Scotsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Scotsman_(train)"},{"link_name":"London King's Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Waverley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"class A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Gresley_Classes_A1_and_A3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoddyNeveYeadon197375%E2%80%9376-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENock194546-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoddyNeveYeadon197368-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flying_Scotsman_tender_NRM_15_March_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nigel Gresley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Gresley"},{"link_name":"loading gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loading_gauge"},{"link_name":"buckeye coupler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janney_coupler"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoddyNeveYeadon197368,_112-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoddyNeveYeadon197368,_112-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoddyNeveYeadon197368%E2%80%9369-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes200195-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoddyFryHenniganProud196364-23"},{"link_name":"Class W1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Class_W1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoddyBrownHenniganHoole1984149-24"},{"link_name":"Class A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Class_A4"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoddyFryHenniganProud196364-23"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoddyNeveYeadon1973112%E2%80%933-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoddyBrownHenniganHoole1984156-26"}],"text":"Further information: Tender (rail)LNER Class A1 4-6-2 with corridor tender. Circular window of passageway at upper right of tender rear.A corridor tender is a locomotive tender with a passageway to one side, allowing crew changes on the fly.The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) decided that from the start of their summer timetable on 1 May 1928, the Flying Scotsman service would run non-stop over the 392.7 miles (632.0 km) between London King's Cross and Edinburgh Waverley. The locomotives to be used were of that railway's class A1,[17] and the schedule was for the journey to be completed in 8+1⁄4 hours.[18] This was too long to allow a single crew to handle the train without a rest; means were therefore sought by which the crew could be changed at approximately the half-way point.[19]A preserved corridor tender. The passageway runs along the side closest to the camera; the top of the passageway may be seen at the rear (left)The LNER's locomotive design team, headed by Nigel Gresley, produced a new design of tender that was slightly longer than the old, but built as high and wide as possible without compromising the loading gauge. A passageway was incorporated along the right-hand side, and at the rear end a Pullman type gangway connection was fitted, together with a buckeye coupler, both of which were compatible with LNER coaches. The gangway was of concertina pattern, and was pressed against the corresponding gangway on the leading coach by means of sprung pistons.[20]Although a normal gangway connection was used, the passageway through the tender was only 5 feet (1.52 m) high and 18 inches (0.46 m) wide, and the floor of the passage was 2 feet (0.61 m) above the bottom of the water tank, requiring two steps at both ends. The passageway was illuminated by a single circular window in the tender rear panel, placed high up and to the right of the corridor connection.[20] Ten of these tenders were placed in service between April and September 1928, of which three were attached to new locomotives of Class A3; two were attached to existing Class A3 locomotives, and five attached to Class A1 locomotives.[21] The design was patented by Gresley in August 1928.[22]In service, the relief crew travelled in the front coach of the train, and as the train approached the half-way point, they left their seats and made their way forward through the corridor tender to the locomotive cab. On their arrival, the previous crew then handed over the controls and went back to the seats in the train vacated by the relief crew.[23]Another corridor tender (Number 5484) was built in 1929 for use with the new Class W1 4-6-4 no. 10000;[24] four more were built in 1935 with the first four locomotives of the new Class A4, and a final seven were built with the 1937 batch of Class A4 locomotives, making a total of 22. The original ten were reconditioned in 1936–1937 and attached to other Class A4 locomotives. In May 1948, the 1929-built corridor tender was transferred to a locomotive of Class A4, after which all 22 remained with this class until withdrawal.[23][25][26]","title":"Locomotives (corridor tenders)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skytrain_Mk3_interior_toward_center.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vancouver SkyTrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyTrain_(Vancouver)"},{"link_name":"Bombardier Innovia Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Innovia_Metro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:METRO-AZUR-INTERIEUR.jpg"},{"link_name":"MPM-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPM-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bombardier_Flexity_Outlook_Gangway.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bombardier Flexity Outlook tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexity_Outlook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R211T_Ride_-_52667505745.jpg"},{"link_name":"R211T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R211_(New_York_City_Subway_car)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SydneyMetro16.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sydney Metro Alstom Metropolis TS set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Metro_Alstom_Metropolis_TS_set"},{"link_name":"light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail"},{"link_name":"streetcars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcar"},{"link_name":"Articulated buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulated_bus"},{"link_name":"heavy rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_rail"},{"link_name":"rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postcanada-27"},{"link_name":"New York City Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway"},{"link_name":"Multi-Section Articulated Cars (1925 - 1965)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-type_Triplex_(New_York_City_Subway_car)"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Manhattan_Transit_Corporation"},{"link_name":"RATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RATP_Group"},{"link_name":"Paris Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Metro"},{"link_name":"MF 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MF_88"},{"link_name":"MP 89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP_89"},{"link_name":"NS 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS_93"},{"link_name":"Santiago Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Metro"},{"link_name":"Metrovalencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrovalencia"},{"link_name":"FGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocarrils_de_la_Generalitat_Valenciana"},{"link_name":"Madrid Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Metro"},{"link_name":"AnsaldoBreda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnsaldoBreda"},{"link_name":"CAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construcciones_y_Auxiliar_de_Ferrocarriles"},{"link_name":"Rome Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Metro"},{"link_name":"Toronto Transit Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Transit_Commission"},{"link_name":"Toronto Rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Rocket"},{"link_name":"Bombardier Movia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Movia"},{"link_name":"Toronto subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_subway"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Société de Transport de Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_Transport_de_Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"MPM-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPM-10"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Montreal Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Metro"},{"link_name":"MPM-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPM-10"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority"},{"link_name":"R211","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R211_(New_York_City_Subway_car)"},{"link_name":"C line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"BART","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit"},{"link_name":"Alstom Metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstom_Metropolis"},{"link_name":"Bombardier Movia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Movia"},{"link_name":"Innovia Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Innovia_Metro"},{"link_name":"Siemens Inspiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_Inspiro"},{"link_name":"81-760 Oka/81-765 Moskva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrowagonmash"},{"link_name":"Riyadh Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh_Metro"},{"link_name":"Singapore MRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"Delhi Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro"},{"link_name":"Barcelona Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona_Metro"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Metro"},{"link_name":"Budapest Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Metro"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Underground"},{"link_name":"Sydney Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Metro"},{"link_name":"Vancouver SkyTrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyTrain_(Vancouver)"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"New Tube for London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Tube_for_London"},{"link_name":"S Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground_S7_and_S8_Stock"},{"link_name":"Baku Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Metro"},{"link_name":"Tashkent Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_Metro"},{"link_name":"U-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_U-Bahn"},{"link_name":"BVG Class HK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BVG_Class_HK"},{"link_name":"S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"DBAG Class 481","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBAG_Class_481"},{"link_name":"81-740 Rusich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=81-740_Rusich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Class IK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BVG_Class_IK"},{"link_name":"Class 483","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBAG_Class_483"},{"link_name":"81-760 Oka/81-765 Moskva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrowagonmash"}],"text":"Interior view of the Vancouver SkyTrain Bombardier Innovia Metro 300 (Mark III)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior view of the MPM-10 Azur train\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOpen gangway on a Bombardier Flexity Outlook tram\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOpen gangway on an R211T\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior of a Sydney Metro Alstom Metropolis TS setIn urban transit, open gangways are most commonly used in light rail and streetcars, where the railcars are divided into two or more sections linked by gangways. Articulated buses similarly have extensions connected with a gangway. Open gangways have also become increasingly used for heavy rail rapid transit rolling stock. It provides a way to seamlessly move between cars at any time, without passing through doors and a dangerous open area that is often against the rules. It also raises the capacity of metro cars by about 10%,[27] a significant improvement for systems such as the New York City Subway where infrastructure and timetables are at capacity.The NYC Subway was the first transit authority in the world to have a subway / metro system with open gangways, with the Multi-Section Articulated Cars (1925 - 1965), then operated by the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation. Until the late 2010s, cars like these were not purchased again, as they needed constant repair, and crime was increasing in NYC at the time, resulting in locked doors between subway cars. RATP was the first European authority to order open gangway cars for Paris Metro, with Bombardier MF 88 and GEC Alsthom MP 89 (as NS 93 for Santiago Metro); it was followed by Metrovalencia FGV 3900, Madrid Metro AnsaldoBreda 7000 and CAF 8000, and Rome Metro MA-300 (CAF S/300).In North America, the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) was the second transit authority to use open gangway rolling stock, with its Toronto Rocket railcars (a variant of the Bombardier Movia line of open-gangway cars) delivered to the Toronto subway system from 2010.[28] The Société de Transport de Montréal (STM) upgraded its fleet of subway cars with Azur (MPM-10) trains that included open gangways.[29] Montreal Metro took delivery of the Bombardier/Alstom MPM-10 Azur trains in 2016.The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) has ordered 20 experimental open gangway cars as part of the NYC Subway's R211 order. These began running on the C line on February 1, 2024.[30] The order initially consists of 545 cars, of which 20 are the open gangway prototype sets. There are two designs, the first ten cars utilizing interior panels in the gangway connection, and the other ten cars using interior bellows in the gangway connection. The latter design also contains a wider walkway and handles between cars. Depending on the success of the prototype sets, the R211 order includes an option to purchase up to 437 additional open gangway cars.[31]While not technically an open gangway because of the use of doors, BART permits passengers to walk between cars via a more traditional gangway connection. This has been a feature since its opening in 1972.The open gangway design has been incorporated into Alstom Metropolis, Bombardier Movia and Innovia Metro, Siemens Inspiro, and 81-760 Oka/81-765 Moskva trains which operate on a variety of subway systems around the world, such as Riyadh Metro (Inspiro, Innnovia, Metropolis); Singapore MRT (Metropolis, Movia); Delhi Metro (Movia), Barcelona Metro, Amsterdam Metro, Budapest Metro, Buenos Aires Underground, Sydney Metro (Metropolis); Vancouver SkyTrain (Innovia); London Underground (Inspiro New Tube for London, S Stock); Baku Metro (Oka, Moskva); and Tashkent Metro (Moskva).Some trains, like U-Bahn BVG Class HK, S-Bahn DBAG Class 481, 81-740 Rusich etc. use open gangways only between car pairs or 3-car sets; recent versions of these trains, Class IK, Class 483 and 81-760 Oka/81-765 Moskva, employ full walkthrough gangway along entire train.","title":"Open gangways in urban transit"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jr_285_undocking_Okayama_20130331.jpg"},{"link_name":"285 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/285_series"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doorloopkop.jpg"},{"link_name":"ICM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS_Intercity_Materieel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSB_IC3_Fred.JPG"},{"link_name":"DSB IC3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSB_Class_MF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JREast-E351-Coupling.JPG"},{"link_name":"E351 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E351_series"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_Rail_Class_150,_150268,_Wigan_Wallgate_railway_station_(geograph_4531374).jpg"},{"link_name":"British Rail Class 150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_150"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Aircraft_Turbotrain_at_New_Haven_Union_Station,_July_1969.jpg"},{"link_name":"UAC TurboTrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAC_TurboTrain"}],"text":"JR 285 series\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDutch ICM\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDanish DSB IC3\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJR E351 series\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBritish Rail Class 150\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUAC TurboTrain power carA walk-through head is a type of gangway connection that is installed in a train set that is intended to enable the passage from one train to the next when they are interconnected.With most matched multiple-units, it is possible, as with locomotive-towed carriages, to walk from one unit to another, but a passage between adjacent cabbed ends of coupled trains is less common.","title":"Multiple units and TurboTrain (walk-through heads)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkinson1978117_1-0"},{"link_name":"Jenkinson 1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJenkinson1978"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkinson198810_2-0"},{"link_name":"Jenkinson 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJenkinson1988"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChant2002348_3-0"},{"link_name":"Chant 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChant2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon2001101_4-0"},{"link_name":"Solomon 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSolomon2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris19959_5-0"},{"link_name":"Harris 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHarris1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris198538_6-0"},{"link_name":"Harris 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHarris1985"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris198523_7-0"},{"link_name":"Harris 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHarris1985"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris198540_8-0"},{"link_name":"Harris 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHarris1985"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris198548,_51_9-0"},{"link_name":"Harris 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHarris1985"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris198524_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris198524_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris198524_10-2"},{"link_name":"Harris 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHarris1985"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris198575_11-0"},{"link_name":"Harris 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHarris1985"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris198577_12-0"},{"link_name":"Harris 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHarris1985"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsseryJenkinson19917_13-0"},{"link_name":"Essery & Jenkinson 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEsseryJenkinson1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkin19917,8_14-0"},{"link_name":"Parkin 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFParkin1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkin199118,26_15-0"},{"link_name":"Parkin 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFParkin1991"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkin1991175_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkin1991175_16-1"},{"link_name":"Parkin 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFParkin1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoddyNeveYeadon197375%E2%80%9376_17-0"},{"link_name":"Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBoddyNeveYeadon1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENock194546_18-0"},{"link_name":"Nock 1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNock1945"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoddyNeveYeadon197368_19-0"},{"link_name":"Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBoddyNeveYeadon1973"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoddyNeveYeadon197368,_112_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoddyNeveYeadon197368,_112_20-1"},{"link_name":"Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBoddyNeveYeadon1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoddyNeveYeadon197368%E2%80%9369_21-0"},{"link_name":"Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBoddyNeveYeadon1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes200195_22-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2001"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoddyFryHenniganProud196364_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoddyFryHenniganProud196364_23-1"},{"link_name":"Boddy et al. 1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBoddyFryHenniganProud1963"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoddyBrownHenniganHoole1984149_24-0"},{"link_name":"Boddy et al. 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBoddyBrownHenniganHoole1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoddyNeveYeadon1973112%E2%80%933_25-0"},{"link_name":"Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBoddyNeveYeadon1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoddyBrownHenniganHoole1984156_26-0"},{"link_name":"Boddy et al. 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBoddyBrownHenniganHoole1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-postcanada_27-0"},{"link_name":"\"Here's a glimpse at the future on NYC's subways\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nypost.com/2016/08/16/heres-a-glimpse-at-the-future-on-nycs-subways/"},{"link_name":"New York Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"TTC unveils new subway cars\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cp24.com/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20101014/101014_ttc/20101014/?hub=CP24Home"},{"link_name":"CP24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"http://www.mouvementcollectif.org/SWF/?en/#/metro-cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mouvementcollectif.org/SWF/?en/#/metro-cars"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"MTA debuts new 'open gangway' subway cars. Here's why you'll like them\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/new-nyc-subway-cars-mta-manhattan/5095650/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"Governor Cuomo Unveils Design of Reimagined MTA Subway Cars and Details Ambitious Plan to Enhance Subway Stations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160805044915/http://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-unveils-design-reimagined-mta-subway-cars-and-details-ambitious-plan-enhance"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-unveils-design-reimagined-mta-subway-cars-and-details-ambitious-plan-enhance"}],"text":"^ Jenkinson 1978, p. 117.\n\n^ Jenkinson 1988, p. 10.\n\n^ Chant 2002, p. 348.\n\n^ Solomon 2001, p. 101.\n\n^ Harris 1995, p. 9.\n\n^ Harris 1985, p. 38.\n\n^ Harris 1985, p. 23.\n\n^ Harris 1985, p. 40.\n\n^ Harris 1985, pp. 48, 51.\n\n^ a b c Harris 1985, p. 24.\n\n^ Harris 1985, p. 75.\n\n^ Harris 1985, p. 77.\n\n^ Essery & Jenkinson 1991, p. 7.\n\n^ Parkin 1991, p. 7,8.\n\n^ Parkin 1991, p. 18,26.\n\n^ a b Parkin 1991, p. 175.\n\n^ Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1973, pp. 75–76.\n\n^ Nock 1945, p. 46.\n\n^ Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1973, p. 68.\n\n^ a b Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1973, pp. 68, 112.\n\n^ Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1973, pp. 68–69.\n\n^ Hughes 2001, p. 95.\n\n^ a b Boddy et al. 1963, p. 64.\n\n^ Boddy et al. 1984, p. 149.\n\n^ Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1973, pp. 112–3.\n\n^ Boddy et al. 1984, p. 156.\n\n^ Danielle Furfaro (August 16, 2016). \"Here's a glimpse at the future on NYC's subways\". New York Post. Retrieved August 16, 2016.\n\n^ \"TTC unveils new subway cars\". CP24. 2010-10-14. Retrieved 2012-12-05.\n\n^ STM societyinmotion.org http://www.mouvementcollectif.org/SWF/?en/#/metro-cars\n\n^ Siff • •, Andrew (February 1, 2024). \"MTA debuts new 'open gangway' subway cars. Here's why you'll like them\". NBC New York. Retrieved February 1, 2024.\n\n^ \"Governor Cuomo Unveils Design of Reimagined MTA Subway Cars and Details Ambitious Plan to Enhance Subway Stations\". 2016-07-18. Archived from the original on 2016-08-05. Retrieved 2016-07-19.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"A British Railways Mark 1 coach fitted with a gangway connection of the Pullman type","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mark_1_coach_6313_at_Bristol_Temple_Meads_2006-03-01_03.jpg/170px-Mark_1_coach_6313_at_Bristol_Temple_Meads_2006-03-01_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Internal view of gangways between a British Rail Class 153 and a British Rail Class 158. Notice the doors on the sides, which prevent passengers from accessing the cabs of either unit. When the gangway is not in use, they lock outwards to block off the entire cab/gangway compartment.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gangways_in_use.jpg/220px-Gangways_in_use.jpg"},{"image_text":"View along full length of a Toronto Rocket, folding seats at the right","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Subway8.JPG/220px-Subway8.JPG"},{"image_text":"This British locomotive has a centre buffing plate similar to that fitted to the lower portion of a Pullman-type gangway connection.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/GNER-91116-coupling-01.jpg/220px-GNER-91116-coupling-01.jpg"},{"image_text":"A GWR coach fitted with a British Standard gangway connection of the \"suspended\" type","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/GWR_coach_D124_BTK_1614.jpg/220px-GWR_coach_D124_BTK_1614.jpg"},{"image_text":"A preserved LNER post office stowage tender with offset gangway connection","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/GreatCentralRailwayE70268E.JPG/220px-GreatCentralRailwayE70268E.JPG"},{"image_text":"LNER Class A1 4-6-2 with corridor tender. Circular window of passageway at upper right of tender rear.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/LNER_pacific_4472_Flying_Scotsman%2C_with_corridor_tender_%28CJ_Allen%2C_Steel_Highway%2C_1928%29.jpg/220px-LNER_pacific_4472_Flying_Scotsman%2C_with_corridor_tender_%28CJ_Allen%2C_Steel_Highway%2C_1928%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A preserved corridor tender. The passageway runs along the side closest to the camera; the top of the passageway may be seen at the rear (left)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flying_Scotsman_tender_NRM_15_March_2009.jpg/220px-Flying_Scotsman_tender_NRM_15_March_2009.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Anticlimber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticlimber"},{"title":"Buffers and chain coupler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffers_and_chain_coupler"},{"title":"Janney coupler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janney_coupler"},{"title":"Railway coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_coupling"},{"title":"SA3 coupler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA3_coupler"},{"title":"Tightlock coupler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tightlock_coupler"},{"title":"Vestibule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)#Railroad_use"},{"title":"Vestibuled train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibuled_train"}] | [{"reference":"Danielle Furfaro (August 16, 2016). \"Here's a glimpse at the future on NYC's subways\". New York Post. Retrieved August 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2016/08/16/heres-a-glimpse-at-the-future-on-nycs-subways/","url_text":"\"Here's a glimpse at the future on NYC's subways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post","url_text":"New York Post"}]},{"reference":"\"TTC unveils new subway cars\". CP24. 2010-10-14. Retrieved 2012-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cp24.com/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20101014/101014_ttc/20101014/?hub=CP24Home","url_text":"\"TTC unveils new subway cars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP24","url_text":"CP24"}]},{"reference":"Siff • •, Andrew (February 1, 2024). \"MTA debuts new 'open gangway' subway cars. Here's why you'll like them\". NBC New York. Retrieved February 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/new-nyc-subway-cars-mta-manhattan/5095650/","url_text":"\"MTA debuts new 'open gangway' subway cars. Here's why you'll like them\""}]},{"reference":"\"Governor Cuomo Unveils Design of Reimagined MTA Subway Cars and Details Ambitious Plan to Enhance Subway Stations\". 2016-07-18. Archived from the original on 2016-08-05. Retrieved 2016-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805044915/http://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-unveils-design-reimagined-mta-subway-cars-and-details-ambitious-plan-enhance","url_text":"\"Governor Cuomo Unveils Design of Reimagined MTA Subway Cars and Details Ambitious Plan to Enhance Subway Stations\""},{"url":"https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-unveils-design-reimagined-mta-subway-cars-and-details-ambitious-plan-enhance","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Boddy, M.G.; Fry, E.V.; Hennigan, W.; Proud, P.; Yeadon, W.B. (July 1963). Fry, E.V. (ed.). Part 1: Preliminary Survey. Locomotives of the L.N.E.R. Potters Bar: RCTS.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Correspondence_and_Travel_Society","url_text":"RCTS"}]},{"reference":"Boddy, M.G.; Neve, E.; Yeadon, W.B. (April 1973). Fry, E.V. (ed.). Part 2A: Tender Engines - Classes A1 to A10. Locomotives of the L.N.E.R. Kenilworth: RCTS. ISBN 0-901115-25-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Correspondence_and_Travel_Society","url_text":"RCTS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901115-25-8","url_text":"0-901115-25-8"}]},{"reference":"Boddy, M. G.; Brown, W. A.; Hennigan, W.; Hoole, Ken; Neve, E.; Yeadon, W. B. (September 1984). Fry, E. V. (ed.). Locomotives of the L.N.E.R., Part 6C: Tender Engines—Classes Q1 to Y10. Kenilworth: RCTS. ISBN 0-901115-55-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Hoole","url_text":"Hoole, Ken"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Yeadon","url_text":"Yeadon, W. B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Correspondence_and_Travel_Society","url_text":"RCTS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901115-55-X","url_text":"0-901115-55-X"}]},{"reference":"Chant, Christopher (2002). The History of North American Rail. Edison, NJ: Chartwell Books. ISBN 0-7858-1455-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7858-1455-8","url_text":"0-7858-1455-8"}]},{"reference":"Essery, Bob; Jenkinson, David (1991). The Illustrated History of LMS Standard Coaching Stock - I: General Introduction and Non-Passenger Vehicles. Yeovil: Oxford Publishing Co. ISBN 0-86093-450-0. T450.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Essery","url_text":"Essery, Bob"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jenkinson","url_text":"Jenkinson, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86093-450-0","url_text":"0-86093-450-0"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Michael (1985) [1966]. Great Western Coaches from 1890 (3rd ed.). Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-8050-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_%26_Charles","url_text":"David & Charles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-8050-8","url_text":"0-7153-8050-8"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Michael (1995). Great Northern Railway and East Coast Joint Stock Carriages from 1905. Headington: Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-85361-477-6. X56.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85361-477-6","url_text":"0-85361-477-6"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Geoffrey (2001). Sir Nigel Gresley: The Engineer and his Family. The Oakwood Library of Railway History. Usk: Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-85361-579-9. OL118.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85361-579-9","url_text":"0-85361-579-9"}]},{"reference":"Jenkinson, David (1978). An Illustrated History of L.N.W.R. Coaches (including West Coast Joint Stock). Headington: Oxford Publishing Co. ISBN 0-902888-90-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jenkinson","url_text":"Jenkinson, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902888-90-0","url_text":"0-902888-90-0"}]},{"reference":"Jenkinson, David (1988). British Railway Carriages of the 20th Century - Volume 1: The end of an era, 1901-22. London: Guild Publishing. CN 8130.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jenkinson","url_text":"Jenkinson, David"}]},{"reference":"Nock, O.S. (1945). The Locomotives of Sir Nigel Gresley. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 16925.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._S._Nock","url_text":"Nock, O.S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longman","url_text":"Longmans, Green & Co"}]},{"reference":"Parkin, Keith (1991). British Railways Mark 1 Coaches. Penryn: Pendragon. ISBN 0-906899-49-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906899-49-4","url_text":"0-906899-49-4"}]},{"reference":"Solomon, Brian (2001). The Heritage of North American Steam Railroads. London: Amber Books. ISBN 1-897884-75-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-897884-75-3","url_text":"1-897884-75-3"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://nypost.com/2016/08/16/heres-a-glimpse-at-the-future-on-nycs-subways/","external_links_name":"\"Here's a glimpse at the future on NYC's subways\""},{"Link":"http://www.cp24.com/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20101014/101014_ttc/20101014/?hub=CP24Home","external_links_name":"\"TTC unveils new subway cars\""},{"Link":"http://www.mouvementcollectif.org/SWF/?en/#/metro-cars","external_links_name":"http://www.mouvementcollectif.org/SWF/?en/#/metro-cars"},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/new-nyc-subway-cars-mta-manhattan/5095650/","external_links_name":"\"MTA debuts new 'open gangway' subway cars. Here's why you'll like them\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805044915/http://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-unveils-design-reimagined-mta-subway-cars-and-details-ambitious-plan-enhance","external_links_name":"\"Governor Cuomo Unveils Design of Reimagined MTA Subway Cars and Details Ambitious Plan to Enhance Subway Stations\""},{"Link":"https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-unveils-design-reimagined-mta-subway-cars-and-details-ambitious-plan-enhance","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopeptide_bond | Isopeptide bond | ["1 Function","1.1 Biosignaling","1.2 Biostructural","2 Applications","3 See also","4 References"] | Type of chemical bond between 2 amino acids
Isopeptide bond between lysine and aspartate/asparagine
An isopeptide bond is a type of amide bond formed between a carboxyl group of one amino acid and an amino group of another. An isopeptide bond is the linkage between the side chain amino or carboxyl group of one amino acid to the α-carboxyl, α-amino group, or the side chain of another amino acid. In a typical peptide bond, also known as eupeptide bond, the amide bond always forms between the α-carboxyl group of one amino acid and the α-amino group of the second amino acid. Isopeptide bonds are rarer than regular peptide bonds. Isopeptide bonds lead to branching in the primary sequence of a protein. Proteins formed from normal peptide bonds typically have a linear primary sequence.
Amide bonds, and thus isopeptide bonds, are stabilized by resonance (electron delocalization) between the carbonyl oxygen, the carbonyl carbon, and the nitrogen atom. The bond strength of an isopeptide bond is similar to that of a peptide due to the similar bonding type. The bond strength of a peptide bond is 2.3-3.6 kcal/mol.
Amino acids such as lysine, glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid, and asparagine can form isopeptide bonds because they all contain an amino or carboxyl group on their side chain. For example, the formation of an isopeptide bond between the sidechains of lysine and glutamine is as follows:
Gln−(C=O)NH2 + Lys-NH3+ → Gln−(C=O)NH−Lys + NH4+
The ε-amino group of lysine can also react with the α-carboxyl group of any other amino acid as in the following reaction:
Ile-(C=O)O- + Lys-NH3+ → Ile-(C=O)NH-Lys + H2O
Isopeptide bond formation can be enzyme-catalyzed or occur spontaneously. The reaction between lysine and glutamine, as shown above, is catalyzed by a transglutaminase. Another example of enzyme-catalyzed isopeptide bond formation is the formation of the glutathione molecule. Glutathione, a tripeptide, contains a normal peptide bond (between cysteine and glycine) and an isopeptide bond (between glutamate and cysteine). The formation of the isopeptide bond between the γ-carboxyl group of glutamate and the α-amino group of cysteine is catalyzed by the enzyme γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase. The isopeptide bond is formed instead of a eupeptide bond because intracellular peptidases are unable to recognize this linkage and therefore do not hydrolyze the bond. An isopeptide bond can form spontaneously as observed in the maturation of the bacteriophage HK97 capsid. In this case, the ε-amino group of lysine autocatalytically reacts with the side chain carboxamide group of asparagine. Spontaneous isopeptide bond formation between lysine and asparagine also occurs in Gram-positive bacterial pili.
Function
Enzyme-generated isopeptide bonds have two main biological purposes: signaling and structure.
Biosignaling influences protein function, chromatin condensation, and protein-half life. The biostructural roles of isopeptide bonds include blood clotting (for wound healing), extracellular matrix upkeep, the apoptosis pathway, modifying micro-tubules, and forming pathogenic pili in bacteria. Isopeptide bonds contribute to the pathogenicity of Vibrio cholerae because the actin cross-linking domain (ACD) forms an intermolecular bond between the γ-carboxyl group of glutamate and the ε-amino group of lysine in actin. This process stops actin polymerization in the host cell.
Biosignaling
For isopeptide bonds linking one protein to another for the purpose of signal transduction, the literature is dominated by ubiquitin and other similar proteins. Ubiquitin and its related proteins (SUMO, Atg8, Atg12, etc.) all tend to follow relatively the same protein ligation pathway.
The process of protein ligation by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins has three main steps. In the initial step, the specific activating protein (E1 or E1-like protein) activates Ubiquitin by adenylating it with ATP. Then the adenylated Ubiquitin can be transferred to a conserved cysteine using a thioester bond which is between the carboxyl group of the C-terminal glycine of the ubiquitin and the sulfur of the E1 cysteine. The activating E1 enzyme then binds with and transfers the Ubiquitin to the next tier, the E2 enzyme which accepts the protein and once again forms a thioester with a conserved bond. The E2 acts to certain degree as an intermediary which then binds to E3 enzyme ligase for the final tier, which leads to the eventual transfer of the ubiquitin or ubiquitin related protein to a lysine site on the targeted protein, or more commonly for ubiquitin, onto ubiquitin itself to form chains of said protein.
However, in final tier, there is also a divergence, in that depending on the type of E3 ligase, it may not actually be causing the conjugation. As there are the E3 ligases containing HECT domains, in which they continue this ‘transfer chain’ by accepting once again the ubiquitin via another conserved cysteine and then targeting it and transferring it to the desired target. Yet in case of RING finger domain containing that use coordination bonds with Zinc ions to stabilize their structures, they act more to direct the reaction. By that, it's meant that once the RING finger E3 ligase binds with the E2 containing the ubiquitin, it simply acts as a targeting device which directs the E2 to directly ligate the target protein at the lysine site.
Though in this case ubiquitin does represent other proteins related to it well, each protein obviously will have its own nuisances such as SUMO, which tends to be RING finger domain ligases, where the E3 simply acts as the targeting device to direct the ligation by the E2, and not actually performing the reaction itself such as the Ubiquitin E3-HECT ligases. Thus while the internal mechanisms differ such as how proteins participate in the transfer chain, the general chemical aspects such as using thioesters and specific ligases for targeting remain the same.
Biostructural
The enzymatic chemistry involved in the formation of isopeptides for structural purposes is different from the case of ubiquitin and ubiquitin related proteins. In that, instead of sequential steps involving multiple enzymes to activate, conjugate and target the substrate. The catalysis is performed by one enzyme and the only precursor step, if there is one, is generally cleavage to activate it from a zymogen. However, the uniformity that exists in the ubiquitin’s case is not so here, as there are numerous different enzymes all performing the reaction of forming the isopeptide bond.
The first case is that of the sortases, an enzyme family that is spread throughout numerous gram positive bacteria. It has been shown to be an important pathogenicity and virulence factor. The general reaction performed by sortases involves using its own brand of the ‘catalytic triad’: i.e. using histidine, arginine, and cysteine for the reactive mechanism. His and Arg act to help create the reactive environment, and Cys once again acts as the reaction center by using a thioester help hold a carboxyl group until the amine of a Lysine can perform a nucleophilic attack to transfer the protein and form the isopeptide bond. An ion that can sometimes play an important although indirect role in the enzymatic reaction is calcium, which is bound by sortase. It plays an important role in holding the structure of the enzyme in the optimal conformation for catalysis. However, there are cases where calcium has been shown to be non-essential for catalysis to take place.
Another aspect that distinguishes sortases in general is that they have a very specific targeting for their substrate, as sortases have generally two functions, the first is the fusing of proteins to the cell wall of the bacteria and the second is the polymerization of pilin. For the process of localization of proteins to the cell wall there is three-fold requirement that the protein contain a hydrophobic domain, a positively charged tail region, and final specific sequence used for recognition. The best studied of these signals is the LPXTG, which acts as the point of cleavage, where the sortase attacks in between Thr and Gly, conjugating to the Thr carboxyl group. Then the thioester is resolved by the transfer of the peptide to a primary amine, and this generally has a very high specificity, which is seen in the example of B. cereus where the sortase D enzyme helps to polymerize the BcpA protein via two recognition signals, the LPXTG as the cleavage and thioester forming point, and the YPKN site which acts as the recognition signal as where the isopeptide will form. While the particulars may vary between bacteria, the fundamentals of sortase enzymatic chemistry remain the same.
The next case is that of Transglutaminases (TGases), which act mainly within eukaryotes for fusing together different proteins for a variety of reasons such as a wound healing or attaching proteins to lipid membranes. The TGases themselves also contain their own ‘catalytic triad’ with Histidine, Aspartate, and Cysteine. The roles of these residues are analogous or the same as the previously described Sortases, in that His and Asp play a supporting role in interacting with the target residue, while the Cys forms a thioester with a carboxyl group for a later nucleophilic attack by a primary amine, in this case due to interest that of Lysine. Though the similarities to sortase catalytically start to end there, as the enzyme and the family is dependent on calcium, which plays a crucial structural role in holding a tight conformation of the enzyme. The TGases, also have a very different substrate specificity in that they target specifically the middle Gln, in the sequence ‘Gln-Gln-Val’. The general substrate specificity, i.e. the specific protein is due to the general structure of different TGases which targets them to the substrate.
The specificity has been noted in TGases such that different TGases will react with different Gln’s on the same protein, signifying that the enzymes have a very specific initial targeting. It has also been shown to have some specificity as to which target Lysine it transfers the protein to, as in the case of Factor XIII, where the adjacent residue to the Lys decides whether the reaction will occur. Thus while the TGases may initially seem like a eukaryotic sortase, they stand on their own as separate set of enzymes.
Another case of an isopeptide linking enzyme for structural purposes is the actin cross-linking domain (ACD) of the MARTX toxin protein generated by V. cholerae. While it has been shown that the ACD when performing the catalysis uses magnesium and ATP for the formation of the cross-links the specifics of the mechanism are uncertain. Though an interesting aspect of the cross-link formed in this case, is that it uses a non-terminal Glu to ligate to a non-terminal Lys, which seems to be rare in the process of forming an isopeptide bond. Though the chemistry of ACD is still to be resolved, it shows that isopeptide bond formation is not dependent simply on Asp/Asn for non-terminal isopeptide linkages between proteins.
The final case to be looked is the curious case of the post translational modifications of microtubilin (MT). MT contains a wide array of post translational modifications; however the two of most regarded interest are polyglutamylation and polyglycylation. Both modifications are similar in the sense they are repeating stretches of the same amino acid fused to the side chain carboxyl group of glutamate at the c-terminal region of the MT. The enzymatic mechanisms are not fully fleshed out as not much is known about the polyglycating enzyme. In the case of polyglutamylation the exact mechanism is also unknown, but it does seem to be ATP-dependent. Though again there is a lack of clarity in regard to the enzymatic chemistry, there is still valuable insight in the formation of isopeptide bonds using the R-group carboxyl of Glu in conjunction with the N-terminal amino of the modifying peptides.
Applications
Spontaneous isopeptide bond formation has been exploited in the development a peptide tag called SpyTag. SpyTag can spontaneously and irreversibly react with its binding partner (a protein termed SpyCatcher) through a covalent isopeptide bond. This molecular tool may have applications for in vivo protein targeting, fluorescent microscopy, and irreversible attachment for a protein microarray. Following this, other Tag/Catcher systems were developed such as SnoopTag/SnoopCatcher and SdyTag/SdyCatcher that complement SpyTag/SpyCatcher.
See also
Organic Chemistry
Biochemistry
Protein tags
SpyCatcher
References
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^ Martin RB (December 1998). "Free energies and equilibria of peptide bond hydrolysis and formation". Biopolymers. 45 (5): 351–353. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0282(19980415)45:5<351::AID-BIP3>3.0.CO;2-K.
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^ Tan L, Li M, Turnbough CL (July 2011). Adhya S (ed.). "An unusual mechanism of isopeptide bond formation attaches the collagenlike glycoprotein BclA to the exosporium of Bacillus anthracis". mBio. 2 (3): e00084–e00011. doi:10.1128/mBio.00084-11. PMC 3104494. PMID 21628501.
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^ Kang HJ, Coulibaly F, Clow F, Proft T, Baker EN (December 2007). "Stabilizing isopeptide bonds revealed in gram-positive bacterial pilus structure". Science. 318 (5856): 1625–1628. Bibcode:2007Sci...318.1625K. doi:10.1126/science.1145806. PMID 18063798. S2CID 5627277.
^ a b c d e Kerscher O, Felberbaum R, Hochstrasser M (2006-11-01). "Modification of proteins by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 22 (1): 159–180. doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093503. PMID 16753028.
^ Turner BM (November 2002). "Cellular memory and the histone code". Cell. 111 (3): 285–291. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)01080-2. PMID 12419240. S2CID 11787517.
^ Gill G (September 2004). "SUMO and ubiquitin in the nucleus: different functions, similar mechanisms?". Genes & Development. 18 (17): 2046–2059. doi:10.1101/gad.1214604. PMID 15342487.
^ Ariëns RA, Lai TS, Weisel JW, Greenberg CS, Grant PJ (August 2002). "Role of factor XIII in fibrin clot formation and effects of genetic polymorphisms". Blood. 100 (3): 743–54. doi:10.1182/blood.v100.3.743. PMID 12130481.
^ a b Griffin M, Casadio R, Bergamini CM (December 2002). "Transglutaminases: nature's biological glues". The Biochemical Journal. 368 (Pt 2): 377–396. doi:10.1042/bj20021234. PMC 1223021. PMID 12366374.
^ Westermann S, Weber K (December 2003). "Post-translational modifications regulate microtubule function". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 4 (12): 938–947. doi:10.1038/nrm1260. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-EF93-5. PMID 14685172. S2CID 6933970.
^ Marraffini LA, Dedent AC, Schneewind O (March 2006). "Sortases and the art of anchoring proteins to the envelopes of gram-positive bacteria". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 70 (1): 192–221. doi:10.1128/MMBR.70.1.192-221.2006. PMC 1393253. PMID 16524923.
^ a b Kudryashov DS, Durer ZA, Ytterberg AJ, Sawaya MR, Pashkov I, Prochazkova K, et al. (November 2008). "Connecting actin monomers by iso-peptide bond is a toxicity mechanism of the Vibrio cholerae MARTX toxin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (47): 18537–18542. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10518537K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0808082105. PMC 2587553. PMID 19015515.
^ a b c Kerscher O, Felberbaum R, Hochstrasser M (2006). "Modification of proteins by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 22: 159–180. doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093503. PMID 16753028.
^ a b Gill G (September 2004). "SUMO and ubiquitin in the nucleus: different functions, similar mechanisms?". Genes & Development. 18 (17): 2046–2059. doi:10.1101/gad.1214604. PMID 15342487.
^ Jackson PK, Eldridge AG, Freed E, Furstenthal L, Hsu JY, Kaiser BK, Reimann JD (October 2000). "The lore of the RINGs: substrate recognition and catalysis by ubiquitin ligases". Trends in Cell Biology. 10 (10): 429–439. doi:10.1016/S0962-8924(00)01834-1. PMID 10998601.
^ Grabbe C, Dikic I (April 2009). "Functional roles of ubiquitin-like domain (ULD) and ubiquitin-binding domain (UBD) containing proteins". Chemical Reviews. 109 (4): 1481–1494. doi:10.1021/cr800413p. PMID 19253967.
^ a b Clancy KW, Melvin JA, McCafferty DG (30 June 2010). "Sortase transpeptidases: insights into mechanism, substrate specificity, and inhibition". Biopolymers. 94 (4): 385–396. doi:10.1002/bip.21472. PMC 4648256. PMID 20593474.
^ Marraffini LA, Dedent AC, Schneewind O (March 2006). "Sortases and the art of anchoring proteins to the envelopes of gram-positive bacteria". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 70 (1): 192–221. doi:10.1128/MMBR.70.1.192-221.2006. PMC 1393253. PMID 16524923.
^ Budzik JM, Marraffini LA, Souda P, Whitelegge JP, Faull KF, Schneewind O (July 2008). "Amide bonds assemble pili on the surface of bacilli". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (29): 10215–10220. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10510215B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803565105. PMC 2481347. PMID 18621716.
^ Ahvazi B, Steinert PM (August 2003). "A model for the reaction mechanism of the transglutaminase 3 enzyme". Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 35 (4): 228–242. doi:10.1038/emm.2003.31. PMID 14508061.
^ a b Ariëns RA, Lai TS, Weisel JW, Greenberg CS, Grant PJ (August 2002). "Role of factor XIII in fibrin clot formation and effects of genetic polymorphisms". Blood. 100 (3): 743–754. doi:10.1182/blood.v100.3.743. PMID 12130481.
^ Ahvazi B, Steinert PM (August 2003). "A model for the reaction mechanism of the transglutaminase 3 enzyme". Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 35 (4): 228–242. doi:10.1038/emm.2003.31. PMID 14508061.
^ Griffin M, Casadio R, Bergamini CM (December 2002). "Transglutaminases: nature's biological glues". The Biochemical Journal. 368 (Pt 2): 377–396. doi:10.1042/BJ20021234. PMC 1223021. PMID 12366374.
^ Kudryashov DS, Durer ZA, Ytterberg AJ, Sawaya MR, Pashkov I, Prochazkova K, et al. (November 2008). "Connecting actin monomers by iso-peptide bond is a toxicity mechanism of the Vibrio cholerae MARTX toxin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (47): 18537–18542. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10518537K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0808082105. PMC 2587553. PMID 19015515.
^ Westermann S, Weber K (December 2003). "Post-translational modifications regulate microtubule function". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 4 (12): 938–947. doi:10.1038/nrm1260. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-EF93-5. PMID 14685172. S2CID 6933970.
^ Zakeri B, Fierer JO, Celik E, Chittock EC, Schwarz-Linek U, Moy VT, Howarth M (March 2012). "Peptide tag forming a rapid covalent bond to a protein, through engineering a bacterial adhesin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (12): E690–E697. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109E.690Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.1115485109. PMC 3311370. PMID 22366317.
^ Veggiani G, Nakamura T, Brenner MD, Gayet RV, Yan J, Robinson CV, Howarth M (February 2016). "Programmable polyproteams built using twin peptide superglues". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (5): 1202–1207. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1202V. doi:10.1073/pnas.1519214113. PMC 4747704. PMID 26787909.
^ Tan LL, Hoon SS, Wong FT (26 October 2016). "Kinetic Controlled Tag-Catcher Interactions for Directed Covalent Protein Assembly". PLOS ONE. 11 (10): e0165074. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1165074T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165074. PMC 5082641. PMID 27783674.
vteProtein primary structure and posttranslational modificationsGeneral
Peptide bond
Protein biosynthesis
Proteolysis
Racemization
N–O acyl shift
N terminus
Acetylation
Carbamylation
Formylation
Glycation
Methylation
Myristoylation (Gly)
C terminus
Amidation
Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)
O-methylation
Detyrosination
Single specific AAsSerine/Threonine
Phosphorylation
Dephosphorylation
Glycosylation
O-GlcNAc
ADP-ribosylation
Tyrosine
Phosphorylation
Dephosphorylation
ADP-ribosylation
Sulfation
Porphyrin ring linkage
Adenylylation
Flavin linkage
Topaquinone (TPQ) formation
Detyrosination
Cysteine
Palmitoylation
Prenylation
Aspartate
Succinimide formation
ADP-ribosylation
Glutamate
Carboxylation
ADP-ribosylation
Methylation
Polyglutamylation
Polyglycylation
Asparagine
Deamidation
Glycosylation
Glutamine
Transglutamination
Lysine
Methylation
Acetylation
Acylation
Adenylylation
Hydroxylation
Ubiquitination
Sumoylation
ADP-ribosylation
Deamination
Oxidative deamination to aldehyde
O-glycosylation
Imine formation
Glycation
Carbamylation
Succinylation
Lactylation
Propionylation
Butyrylation
Arginine
Citrullination
Methylation
ADP-ribosylation
Proline
Hydroxylation
Histidine
Diphthamide formation
Adenylylation
Tryptophan
C-mannosylation
Crosslinks between two AAsCysteine–Cysteine
Disulfide bond
ADP-ribosylation
Methionine–Hydroxylysine
Sulfilimine bond
Lysine–Tyrosine
Lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ) formation
Tryptophan–Tryptophan
Tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) formation
Crosslinks between three AAsSerine–Tyrosine–Glycine
p-Hydroxybenzylidene-imidazolinone (HBI) formation (chromophore)
Histidine–Tyrosine–Glycine
4-(p-hydroxybenzylidene)-5-imidazolinone (HBI) formation (chromophore)
Alanine–Serine–Glycine
Methylidene-imidazolone (MIO) formation
Crosslinks between four AAsAllysine–Allysine–Allysine–Lysine
Desmosine | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isopeptide_bond.svg"},{"link_name":"amide bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amide_bond"},{"link_name":"carboxyl group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxyl_group"},{"link_name":"amino acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid"},{"link_name":"amino group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_group"},{"link_name":"peptide bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_bond"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"primary sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sequence"},{"link_name":"linear primary sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecular_structure"},{"link_name":"resonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"electron delocalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delocalized_electron"},{"link_name":"carbonyl oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl_group"},{"link_name":"carbonyl carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl_group"},{"link_name":"nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"link_name":"bond strength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_energy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"lysine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysine"},{"link_name":"glutamic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid"},{"link_name":"glutamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine"},{"link_name":"aspartic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartic_acid"},{"link_name":"asparagine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagine"},{"link_name":"enzyme-catalyzed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"spontaneously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_reaction"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"transglutaminase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transglutaminase"},{"link_name":"glutathione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione"},{"link_name":"tripeptide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripeptide"},{"link_name":"cysteine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteine"},{"link_name":"glycine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine"},{"link_name":"synthetase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligase"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"peptidases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"hydrolyze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis"},{"link_name":"bacteriophage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"},{"link_name":"capsid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsid"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"autocatalytically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocatalysis"},{"link_name":"carboxamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxamide"},{"link_name":"asparagine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Gram-positive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria"},{"link_name":"pili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Isopeptide bond between lysine and aspartate/asparagineAn isopeptide bond is a type of amide bond formed between a carboxyl group of one amino acid and an amino group of another. An isopeptide bond is the linkage between the side chain amino or carboxyl group of one amino acid to the α-carboxyl, α-amino group, or the side chain of another amino acid. In a typical peptide bond, also known as eupeptide bond, the amide bond always forms between the α-carboxyl group of one amino acid and the α-amino group of the second amino acid. Isopeptide bonds are rarer than regular peptide bonds.[1] Isopeptide bonds lead to branching in the primary sequence of a protein. Proteins formed from normal peptide bonds typically have a linear primary sequence.Amide bonds, and thus isopeptide bonds, are stabilized by resonance (electron delocalization) between the carbonyl oxygen, the carbonyl carbon, and the nitrogen atom. The bond strength of an isopeptide bond is similar to that of a peptide due to the similar bonding type. The bond strength of a peptide bond is 2.3-3.6 kcal/mol.[2]Amino acids such as lysine, glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid, and asparagine can form isopeptide bonds because they all contain an amino or carboxyl group on their side chain. For example, the formation of an isopeptide bond between the sidechains of lysine and glutamine is as follows:Gln−(C=O)NH2 + Lys-NH3+ → Gln−(C=O)NH−Lys + NH4+The ε-amino group of lysine can also react with the α-carboxyl group of any other amino acid as in the following reaction:Ile-(C=O)O- + Lys-NH3+ → Ile-(C=O)NH-Lys + H2OIsopeptide bond formation can be enzyme-catalyzed[3] or occur spontaneously.[4] The reaction between lysine and glutamine, as shown above, is catalyzed by a transglutaminase. Another example of enzyme-catalyzed isopeptide bond formation is the formation of the glutathione molecule. Glutathione, a tripeptide, contains a normal peptide bond (between cysteine and glycine) and an isopeptide bond (between glutamate and cysteine). The formation of the isopeptide bond between the γ-carboxyl group of glutamate and the α-amino group of cysteine is catalyzed by the enzyme γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase.[3] The isopeptide bond is formed instead of a eupeptide bond because intracellular peptidases[3] are unable to recognize this linkage and therefore do not hydrolyze the bond. An isopeptide bond can form spontaneously as observed in the maturation of the bacteriophage HK97 capsid.[5] In this case, the ε-amino group of lysine autocatalytically reacts with the side chain carboxamide group of asparagine.[5] Spontaneous isopeptide bond formation between lysine and asparagine also occurs in Gram-positive bacterial pili.[6]","title":"Isopeptide bond"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"signaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosignal"},{"link_name":"structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"blood clotting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12130481-10"},{"link_name":"extracellular matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrix"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"apoptosis pathway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"micro-tubules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"pathogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"pathogenicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen"},{"link_name":"Vibrio cholerae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae"},{"link_name":"glutamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid"},{"link_name":"actin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-14"},{"link_name":"polymerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerization"},{"link_name":"host cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-14"}],"text":"Enzyme-generated isopeptide bonds have two main biological purposes: signaling and structure.Biosignaling influences protein function,[7] chromatin condensation,[8] and protein-half life.[9] The biostructural roles of isopeptide bonds include blood clotting[10] (for wound healing), extracellular matrix upkeep,[11] the apoptosis pathway,[11] modifying micro-tubules,[12] and forming pathogenic pili[13] in bacteria. Isopeptide bonds contribute to the pathogenicity of Vibrio cholerae because the actin cross-linking domain (ACD) forms an intermolecular bond between the γ-carboxyl group of glutamate and the ε-amino group of lysine in actin.[14] This process stops actin polymerization in the host cell.[14]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ubiquitin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin"},{"link_name":"SUMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUMO_protein"},{"link_name":"Atg8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATG8"},{"link_name":"Atg12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATG12"},{"link_name":"protein ligation pathway.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligation_(molecular_biology)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"ATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"C-terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-terminus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kerscher_2006_159%E2%80%9380-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gill_2046%E2%80%9359-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kerscher_2006_159%E2%80%9380-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kerscher_2006_159%E2%80%9380-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gill_2046%E2%80%9359-16"}],"sub_title":"Biosignaling","text":"For isopeptide bonds linking one protein to another for the purpose of signal transduction, the literature is dominated by ubiquitin and other similar proteins. Ubiquitin and its related proteins (SUMO, Atg8, Atg12, etc.) all tend to follow relatively the same protein ligation pathway.[7]The process of protein ligation by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins has three main steps.[7] In the initial step, the specific activating protein (E1 or E1-like protein) activates Ubiquitin by adenylating it with ATP.[7] Then the adenylated Ubiquitin can be transferred to a conserved cysteine using a thioester bond which is between the carboxyl group of the C-terminal glycine of the ubiquitin and the sulfur of the E1 cysteine.[7][15][16] The activating E1 enzyme then binds with and transfers the Ubiquitin to the next tier, the E2 enzyme which accepts the protein and once again forms a thioester with a conserved bond. The E2 acts to certain degree as an intermediary which then binds to E3 enzyme ligase for the final tier, which leads to the eventual transfer of the ubiquitin or ubiquitin related protein to a lysine site on the targeted protein, or more commonly for ubiquitin, onto ubiquitin itself to form chains of said protein.[15]However, in final tier, there is also a divergence, in that depending on the type of E3 ligase, it may not actually be causing the conjugation. As there are the E3 ligases containing HECT domains, in which they continue this ‘transfer chain’ by accepting once again the ubiquitin via another conserved cysteine and then targeting it and transferring it to the desired target. Yet in case of RING finger domain containing that use coordination bonds with Zinc ions to stabilize their structures, they act more to direct the reaction. By that, it's meant that once the RING finger E3 ligase binds with the E2 containing the ubiquitin, it simply acts as a targeting device which directs the E2 to directly ligate the target protein at the lysine site.[15][17]Though in this case ubiquitin does represent other proteins related to it well, each protein obviously will have its own nuisances such as SUMO, which tends to be RING finger domain ligases, where the E3 simply acts as the targeting device to direct the ligation by the E2, and not actually performing the reaction itself such as the Ubiquitin E3-HECT ligases.[16] Thus while the internal mechanisms differ such as how proteins participate in the transfer chain, the general chemical aspects such as using thioesters and specific ligases for targeting remain the same.","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clancy_385%E2%80%93396-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clancy_385%E2%80%93396-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ari%C3%ABns_743%E2%80%9354-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ari%C3%ABns_743%E2%80%9354-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kudryashov_18537%E2%80%9342-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Biostructural","text":"The enzymatic chemistry involved in the formation of isopeptides for structural purposes is different from the case of ubiquitin and ubiquitin related proteins. In that, instead of sequential steps involving multiple enzymes to activate, conjugate and target the substrate.[18] The catalysis is performed by one enzyme and the only precursor step, if there is one, is generally cleavage to activate it from a zymogen. However, the uniformity that exists in the ubiquitin’s case is not so here, as there are numerous different enzymes all performing the reaction of forming the isopeptide bond.The first case is that of the sortases, an enzyme family that is spread throughout numerous gram positive bacteria. It has been shown to be an important pathogenicity and virulence factor. The general reaction performed by sortases involves using its own brand of the ‘catalytic triad’: i.e. using histidine, arginine, and cysteine for the reactive mechanism. His and Arg act to help create the reactive environment, and Cys once again acts as the reaction center by using a thioester help hold a carboxyl group until the amine of a Lysine can perform a nucleophilic attack to transfer the protein and form the isopeptide bond. An ion that can sometimes play an important although indirect role in the enzymatic reaction is calcium, which is bound by sortase. It plays an important role in holding the structure of the enzyme in the optimal conformation for catalysis. However, there are cases where calcium has been shown to be non-essential for catalysis to take place.[19]Another aspect that distinguishes sortases in general is that they have a very specific targeting for their substrate, as sortases have generally two functions, the first is the fusing of proteins to the cell wall of the bacteria and the second is the polymerization of pilin. For the process of localization of proteins to the cell wall there is three-fold requirement that the protein contain a hydrophobic domain, a positively charged tail region, and final specific sequence used for recognition.[20] The best studied of these signals is the LPXTG, which acts as the point of cleavage, where the sortase attacks in between Thr and Gly, conjugating to the Thr carboxyl group.[19] Then the thioester is resolved by the transfer of the peptide to a primary amine, and this generally has a very high specificity, which is seen in the example of B. cereus where the sortase D enzyme helps to polymerize the BcpA protein via two recognition signals, the LPXTG as the cleavage and thioester forming point, and the YPKN site which acts as the recognition signal as where the isopeptide will form.[21] While the particulars may vary between bacteria, the fundamentals of sortase enzymatic chemistry remain the same.The next case is that of Transglutaminases (TGases), which act mainly within eukaryotes for fusing together different proteins for a variety of reasons such as a wound healing or attaching proteins to lipid membranes.[22][23] The TGases themselves also contain their own ‘catalytic triad’ with Histidine, Aspartate, and Cysteine. The roles of these residues are analogous or the same as the previously described Sortases, in that His and Asp play a supporting role in interacting with the target residue, while the Cys forms a thioester with a carboxyl group for a later nucleophilic attack by a primary amine, in this case due to interest that of Lysine. Though the similarities to sortase catalytically start to end there, as the enzyme and the family is dependent on calcium, which plays a crucial structural role in holding a tight conformation of the enzyme. The TGases, also have a very different substrate specificity in that they target specifically the middle Gln, in the sequence ‘Gln-Gln-Val’. The general substrate specificity, i.e. the specific protein is due to the general structure of different TGases which targets them to the substrate.[24]The specificity has been noted in TGases such that different TGases will react with different Gln’s on the same protein, signifying that the enzymes have a very specific initial targeting.[25] It has also been shown to have some specificity as to which target Lysine it transfers the protein to, as in the case of Factor XIII, where the adjacent residue to the Lys decides whether the reaction will occur.[23] Thus while the TGases may initially seem like a eukaryotic sortase, they stand on their own as separate set of enzymes.Another case of an isopeptide linking enzyme for structural purposes is the actin cross-linking domain (ACD) of the MARTX toxin protein generated by V. cholerae. While it has been shown that the ACD when performing the catalysis uses magnesium and ATP for the formation of the cross-links the specifics of the mechanism are uncertain. Though an interesting aspect of the cross-link formed in this case, is that it uses a non-terminal Glu to ligate to a non-terminal Lys, which seems to be rare in the process of forming an isopeptide bond.[26] Though the chemistry of ACD is still to be resolved, it shows that isopeptide bond formation is not dependent simply on Asp/Asn for non-terminal isopeptide linkages between proteins.The final case to be looked is the curious case of the post translational modifications of microtubilin (MT). MT contains a wide array of post translational modifications; however the two of most regarded interest are polyglutamylation and polyglycylation. Both modifications are similar in the sense they are repeating stretches of the same amino acid fused to the side chain carboxyl group of glutamate at the c-terminal region of the MT. The enzymatic mechanisms are not fully fleshed out as not much is known about the polyglycating enzyme. In the case of polyglutamylation the exact mechanism is also unknown, but it does seem to be ATP-dependent.[27] Though again there is a lack of clarity in regard to the enzymatic chemistry, there is still valuable insight in the formation of isopeptide bonds using the R-group carboxyl of Glu in conjunction with the N-terminal amino of the modifying peptides.","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SpyTag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpyCatcher"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-28"},{"link_name":"protein microarray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_microarray"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Spontaneous isopeptide bond formation has been exploited in the development a peptide tag called SpyTag. SpyTag can spontaneously and irreversibly react with its binding partner (a protein termed SpyCatcher) through a covalent isopeptide bond.[28] This molecular tool may have applications for in vivo protein targeting, fluorescent microscopy, and irreversible attachment for a protein microarray. Following this, other Tag/Catcher systems were developed such as SnoopTag/SnoopCatcher[29] and SdyTag/SdyCatcher[30] that complement SpyTag/SpyCatcher.","title":"Applications"}] | [{"image_text":"Isopeptide bond between lysine and aspartate/asparagine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Isopeptide_bond.svg/251px-Isopeptide_bond.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Organic Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry"},{"title":"Biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry"},{"title":"Protein tags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_tags"},{"title":"SpyCatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpyCatcher"}] | [{"reference":"\"Isopeptide bond - Definition and Examples\". Biology Online Dictionary. 2019-10-07. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sone_Station_(Osaka) | Sone Station (Osaka) | ["1 Lines","2 Layout","2.1 Platforms","3 Adjacent stations","4 History","5 Passenger statistics","6 Surrounding area","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 34°46′18.39″N 135°28′03.15″E / 34.7717750°N 135.4675417°E / 34.7717750; 135.4675417Railway station in Toyonaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
Sone Station曽根駅Sone Station east exit, 2007General informationLocation3-chōme-1 Sonehigashinochō, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka-fu 561-0802Coordinates34°46′18.39″N 135°28′03.15″E / 34.7717750°N 135.4675417°E / 34.7717750; 135.4675417Operated by Hankyu Railway.Line(s)■ Hankyu Takarazuka LineDistance8.7 km (5.4 mi) from Osaka-umedaPlatforms2 island platformsTracks5ConstructionAccessibleYesOther informationStatusStaffedStation codeHK-44WebsiteOfficial websiteHistoryOpenedMay 30, 1912 (1912-05-30)PassengersFY201924,131 daily
LocationSone StationLocation within Osaka PrefectureShow map of Osaka PrefectureSone StationSone Station (Japan)Show map of Japan
Sone Station (曽根駅, Sone-eki, station number: HK-44) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Toyonaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the private transportation company Hankyu Railway.
Lines
Sone Station is served by the Hankyu Takarazuka Line, and is located 8.7 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Osaka-umeda.
Layout
The station consists of two elevated island platforms with the station facilities underneath. The platform itself is curved and has a slight incline. The effective length of the platform corresponds to 10-car trains. The ticket gates and concourse are on the 2nd floor, and the platform is on the 3rd floor of the station building. A storage track is located between through tracks in the north of the platforms connecting Tracks 2, 3 and 4.
Platforms
1
■ Takarazuka Line
for Takarazuka, Kawanishi-noseguchi, Ishibashi handai-mae and Minoo
2
■ Takarazuka Line
for Osaka-umeda
Adjacent stations
«
Service
»
Hankyu Railway Takarazuka Line (HK-44)
Hattori-tenjin (HK-43)
Local
Okamachi (HK-45)
Jūsō (HK-03)
Semi-Express (Osaka-umeda-bound only)
Okamachi (HK-45)
Express: Does not stop at this station
Commuter Limited Express (Osaka-umeda-bound only): Does not stop at this station
Limited Express (Nissei Express): Does not stop at this station
History
Sone Station opened on 30 May 1912. Since the 1970s there have been plans to build a line to Itami Airport from Sone, which would allow through service between the airport and Umeda. Although Hankyu shelved the plans in the 1980s due to capacity constraints, the plans were reportedly revived in 2017 and remain under consideration as of 2018. The Itami Airport terminal is approx. 4 km from Sone.
Station numbering was introduced to all Hankyu stations on 21 December 2013 with this station being designated as station number HK-44.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 24,131 passengers daily
Surrounding area
Toyonaka City Cultural Arts Center - Former Toyonaka Civic Hall
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
^ 阪急電鉄、伊丹空港への乗り入れを検討か 大阪・梅田と直通 - ライブドアニュース. ライブドアニュース (in Japanese). Retrieved 28 September 2018.
^ 「40年で黒字」が難しい、阪急・大阪空港線 どうすれば実現できるか (1/4). ITmedia ビジネスオンライン (in Japanese). Retrieved 27 September 2018.
^ 大阪府統計年鑑（令和2年）
External links
Media related to Sone Station (Osaka) at Wikimedia Commons
Sone Station (in Japanese)
vteStations of the Hankyu Takarazuka Line
Osaka-umeda
Nakatsu
Jūsō
Mikuni
Shōnai
Hattori-tenjin
Sone
Okamachi
Toyonaka
Hotarugaike
Ishibashi handai-mae (>>Minoo Line)
Ikeda
Kawanishi-Noseguchi (>>Nose Railway to Nissei-Chūō)
Hibarigaoka-Hanayashiki
Yamamoto
Nakayama-kannon
Mefu-Jinja
Kiyoshikōjin
Takarazuka | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Toyonaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyonaka,_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Osaka Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Hankyu Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu_Railway"}],"text":"Railway station in Toyonaka, Osaka Prefecture, JapanSone Station (曽根駅, Sone-eki, station number: HK-44) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Toyonaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the private transportation company Hankyu Railway.","title":"Sone Station (Osaka)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hankyu Takarazuka Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu_Takarazuka_Line"},{"link_name":"terminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_station"},{"link_name":"Osaka-umeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umeda_Station"}],"text":"Sone Station is served by the Hankyu Takarazuka Line, and is located 8.7 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Osaka-umeda.","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"island platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platform"}],"text":"The station consists of two elevated island platforms with the station facilities underneath. The platform itself is curved and has a slight incline. The effective length of the platform corresponds to 10-car trains. The ticket gates and concourse are on the 2nd floor, and the platform is on the 3rd floor of the station building. A storage track is located between through tracks in the north of the platforms connecting Tracks 2, 3 and 4.","title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Platforms","title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Adjacent stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Itami Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itami_Airport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Sone Station opened on 30 May 1912. Since the 1970s there have been plans to build a line to Itami Airport from Sone, which would allow through service between the airport and Umeda. Although Hankyu shelved the plans in the 1980s due to capacity constraints, the plans were reportedly revived in 2017 and remain under consideration as of 2018. The Itami Airport terminal is approx. 4 km from Sone.[1][2]Station numbering was introduced to all Hankyu stations on 21 December 2013 with this station being designated as station number HK-44.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 24,131 passengers daily[3]","title":"Passenger statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Toyonaka City Cultural Arts Center - Former Toyonaka Civic Hall","title":"Surrounding area"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of railway stations in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Japan"}] | [{"reference":"阪急電鉄、伊丹空港への乗り入れを検討か 大阪・梅田と直通 - ライブドアニュース. ライブドアニュース (in Japanese). Retrieved 28 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/13557394/","url_text":"阪急電鉄、伊丹空港への乗り入れを検討か 大阪・梅田と直通 - ライブドアニュース"}]},{"reference":"「40年で黒字」が難しい、阪急・大阪空港線 どうすれば実現できるか (1/4). ITmedia ビジネスオンライン (in Japanese). Retrieved 27 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itmedia.co.jp/business/articles/1804/20/news050.html","url_text":"「40年で黒字」が難しい、阪急・大阪空港線 どうすれば実現できるか (1/4)"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sone_Station_(Osaka)¶ms=34_46_18.39_N_135_28_03.15_E_region:JP_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"34°46′18.39″N 135°28′03.15″E / 34.7717750°N 135.4675417°E / 34.7717750; 135.4675417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sone_Station_(Osaka)¶ms=34_46_18.39_N_135_28_03.15_E_region:JP_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"34°46′18.39″N 135°28′03.15″E / 34.7717750°N 135.4675417°E / 34.7717750; 135.4675417"},{"Link":"https://www.hankyu.co.jp/station/sone.html","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/13557394/","external_links_name":"阪急電鉄、伊丹空港への乗り入れを検討か 大阪・梅田と直通 - ライブドアニュース"},{"Link":"http://www.itmedia.co.jp/business/articles/1804/20/news050.html","external_links_name":"「40年で黒字」が難しい、阪急・大阪空港線 どうすれば実現できるか (1/4)"},{"Link":"http://www.pref.osaka.lg.jp/attach/3355/00387493/n2020-09-01~31.pdf","external_links_name":"大阪府統計年鑑（令和2年）"},{"Link":"https://www.hankyu.co.jp/station/sone.html","external_links_name":"Sone Station"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army_Belfast_Brigade | Irish National Liberation Army Belfast Brigade | ["1 Formation","2 Activity and actions","3 See also","4 Sources","5 References"] | Irish republican and socialist paramilitary in Belfast 1974-1998
INLA Belfast BrigadeThe Irish National Liberation Army brigades bannerActiveDecember 1974 – August 1998AllegianceIrish National Liberation ArmyIrish Republican Socialist PartyIrish Republican Socialist MovementSize250–300 between 1974–1998, about 30–50 at any one timeHeadquarters HQDivis Flats, Belfast, Northern IrelandNickname(s)ErpsMotto(s)Saoirse Go Deo (Freedom Forever)Main actions
Divis Flats bombing 1982
1994 Shankill Road killings
1997 Northern Ireland riots
CommandersNotablecommandersRonnie BuntingGerard SteensonHugh TorneyGino GallagherTom McCartanPaul "Bonanza" McCann (Staff Officer)Kevin HollandMilitary unit
The Irish National Liberation Army Belfast Brigade was the main brigade area of the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA). The other Brigade areas were in Derry which was split between two battalions, the first in Derry City, and the second battalion in south County Londonderry and County Armagh which was also split into two battalions, a south Armagh and a north Armagh battalion, with smaller units in Newry, east and west County Tyrone and south County Fermanagh.
Formation
The Irish National Liberation Army Belfast Brigade or simply INLA Belfast Brigade was a unit of the Irish Republican and Socialist Paramilitary organization the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) that was based in Belfast.
Along with the INLA's Derry and Armagh brigades the Belfast INLA was one of the most active in the organization during its 24 year paramilitary campaign.
It was formed in 1975, a few months after the Irish National Liberation Army and the groups political wing the Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP) were themselves formed in Dublin in 1974 by the groups' leader Seamus Costello and his supporters. The INLA and IRSP were formed when Volunteers in the Official IRA (OIRA) left that group as they were frustrated with the progress it was making and the OIRA's 1972 ceasefire. In a 1975 interview for the IRSP's first edition of their newspaper called The Starry Plough, Seamus Costello claimed that in Belfast 200 members had left the Official Republican movement to join the new IRSP movement.
Activity and actions
The INLA Belfast Brigade's first actions were feuding with the Official IRA. Dissenters had left the group early in 1974 led by Paul Tinnelly (who formed the short-lived Tinnelly Brigade) and the OIRA moved quickly to crush that group and met little resistance.
The OIRA hoped to do the same with the newly formed INLA which used the cover name People's Liberation Army (PLA) in its first few months. The OIRA met more stronger resistance from the INLA than they did with any other dissenters, this was mainly due to the support Costello had & how highly regarded he was among his followers & the size of the INLA. Most of the OIRA/INLA feud was played out in Belfast. Six people were killed in the feud and several others were injured, mainly from the OIRA. The highest-profile victim of the feud was Official IRA Belfast Brigade OC Billy McMillen who was rumored to have been killed by Gerard Steenson and Brendan McNamee (a former Provisional IRA volunteer) at Dunlewy Street near the Falls Road. INLA Volunteers also tried to kill an Official IRA member and a veteran Republican Sean Garland. He was seriously injured in an INLA attack in Dublin on 13 March 1975 by Volunteers from the INLA Belfast Brigade. The attacks on McMillen and Garland were not sanctioned by the INLA Army Council and INLA Chief of Staff Seamus Costello was reportedly furious when he heard the news of the attacks. The Belfast Brigade staff believed that since it was the one directly under attack from the OIRA that it should decide when and whom to attack, not the INLA leadership which was based in Dublin and not under threat from the feud. McNamee who helped kill McMillen was himself shot dead soon after by the OIRA in Suffolk, Belfast. The feud between the OIRA and INLA ended soon after this killing when a truce was agreed upon.
The INLA would be involved in two more feuds during its 24-year armed campaign, against the IPLO in 1986/87 and an internal feud in 1996, both of these feuds were also mainly played out in Belfast as well.
IRSP/INLA Plot in Milltown Cemetery, West Belfast,
The brigade's first action against a member of the British security forces occurred on the 9 August 1975 when Belfast INLA units injured two soldiers from the British Army: the first attack in Ballymurphy a sniper shot a soldier in the neck and the second along the Lower Falls a soldier suffered a serious head injury. There was an attack on soldiers in Divis Flats as well but the unit claimed no hits. It wasn't until a year later that the brigade killed a member of the British Army in the Turf Lodge area of Belfast, when a sniper shot dead private Andrew Crocker who was shot in the neck and died the next day.
In September 1976 however the INLA was accused of a double sectarian murder when Volunteers from the Belfast brigade shot dead two Protestant civilians at their home in Ormonde Park, Finaghy. The INLA claimed it was a case of mistaken identity.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the INLA developed into a modestly large urban guerrilla organisation in Northern Ireland, operating primarily from the Divis Flats complex in west Belfast, which, as a result, became colloquially known as "the planet of the Irps" (a reference to the IRSP and the film Planet of the Apes). The brigade went through a number of leaders in its first year but its first full-time Officer commanding (OC) was Ronnie Bunting whose father was Ulster Loyalist politician and British Army Major Ronald Bunting who was a follower of Ian Paisley. The Belfast INLA was the most active operational area of the INLA, and their capabilities were enhanced after obtaining a number of AK47s from the Middle East via a connection with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1978. which were first used by the Belfast INLA in August 1978, injuring a number of British soldiers.
After Bunting was shot dead along with an IRSP member by the UDA in 1980, Gerard Steenson became OC of the INLA in Belfast. Steenson became the brigades Operations Officer in 1980 & was OC from 1981 - 1983. Around the same time period Jimmy Brown (Irish republican) became the brigades Intelligence officer (I/O), Thomas "Ta" Power, Hugh Torney Martin "Rook" O'Prey & future supergrass Harry Kirkpatrick was also highly active in the brigade during the early 1980s. This was the most active period in the INLA's history. Both Steenson & Brown would later go on to form the IPLO & attack their former comrades in the INLA.
In September 1982 an INLA unit detonated a bomb in Divis Flats aimed at killing British soldiers but instead killed two young local boys aged 14 & 12 and a British soldier. This bombing prompted an angry response from residents of the Divis Flats, and about 200 women held a protest march at the IRSP's offices on the Falls Road. Eleven days after the Divis Flats bombing an INLA unit carried out another bomb attack against the British Army in west Belfast, this time killing a British soldier with a booby-trapped bomb attached to a security gate. After this attack the INLA warned that it would increase its bombing attacks on British security forces.
Also during the period as Steenson being Operations Officer the INLA for the first time in its history began targeting known members of Loyalist paramilitary groups. In March 1981 UDA member and Belfast city councillor Sammy Millar, a member of the Ulster Democratic Party (the UDA's political wing) was shot in his home on the Shankill Road, by a unit of the Belfast INLA, the attack left Millar with serious injuries. In October of the same year an INLA unit assassinated William McCullough a leading member of the UDA's West Belfast Brigade shooting him dead inside his Shankill Road home on Denmark Street. Three months later in January 1982 the INLA killed another prominent loyalist in Belfast, John McKeague, founder & former leader of the UVF-linked paramilitary group the Red Hand Commando, he was shot dead at his shop on Albertbridge Road, in east Belfast by an INLA gunman.
Steenson was arrested and convicted along with several other members of the INLA in Belfast during the Supergrass trials of the 1980s. Tom McCartan a close friend of then INLA Chief of Staff Dominic McGlinchey (who had been arrested by Gardaí in the Republic following a lengthy and widely publicised manhunt) became OC of the Belfast INLA. It was during this period while McCartan was OC that the Belfast INLA moved into extortion and racketeering, damaging what popular support they had in the city.
On 15 June 1984 Paul "Bonanza" McCann, one of the INLA's most active members in Belfast, a Staff Officer and an opponent of Tom McCartan's leadership, was surrounded by an RUC unit in a Lenadoon flat in west Belfast along with three other INLA volunteers, one of whom was future INLA leader Gino Gallagher. McCann was armed with an AK47 that he stole from an OIRA arms dump. Three of the INLA volunteers, including Gallagher gave themselves up, as three RUC officers tried to enter the flat McCann hit them with a burst of automatic fire, badly injuring two & killing a third RUC man Michael Todd (22), McCann was also dead hit by a ricocheting bullet from his AK47. The INLA paid tribute to McCann saying he was "one of the finest soldiers ever to fight for national liberation & socialism". McCann was the brother of Sinn Fein councillor Francis McCann. At Paul "Bonanza" McCann's funeral, his coffin was carried by then Sinn Fein President Gerry Adams. & INLA unit (2 men & a woman) fired a volley of shots over his coffin.
The INLA Belfast lost direction in the mid '80s and a feud with the newly created Irish People's Liberation Organisation (IPLO) weakened the group further. The IPLO was formed by former INLA members Gerard Steenson and the new group's leader Jimmy Brown. Hugh Torney became OC of the INLA in Belfast during the feud, narrowly surviving an ambush ordered by Steenson in which senior INLA men John O'Reilly and Thomas 'Ta' Power were killed. A few months later Torney was responsible for an ambush in Belfast which resulted in the death of Steenson along with another IPLO member.
During the late 1980s to the early 1990s, the INLA barely existed as a coherent paramilitary force. It wasn't until the early-mid 90s that the Belfast INLA began carrying out paramilitary attacks again. It is believed Gino Gallagher was in charge of the brigade staff during this period. In 1992 the INLA shot and seriously wounded several Protestant civilians in Belfast, usually claiming afterwards they were loyalists. In January 1993 the brigade shot and seriously injured leading UVF member John "Bunter" Graham at his house on the Shankill Road. Later that same month the brigade shot dead a Protestant civilian in what the INLA claimed was a case of mistaken identity. Throughout 1992 and 1993 the INLA was responsible for sporadic gun attacks on British security forces in Belfast, injuring an RUC officer in August 1993 after INLA members opened fire from a hijacked vehicle at Grosvenor Road RUC station. In June 1993 the INLA shot dead a former RUC officer in a hotel in Belfast. On at least two occasions the INLA also tried to kill off-duty members of the Royal Irish Regiment, although the RUC denied one man left with serious injuries after an attack at his home in Dunmurray was a member of the regiment. In September and October 1993 as loyalist paramilitary attacks on the nationalist community intensified the INLA made several attempts to assassinate senior members of the UDA, including Johnny Adair; three INLA gunmen were intercepted and arrested by the RUC near his home in the Shankill area of Belfast.
In February 1994 the INLA shot dead a Protestant doorman Jack Smyth, at the entrance to Bob Cratchits Bar, Lisburn Road, Belfast. The INLA claimed he was linked to the UDA/UFF, but this was denied. In April 1994 the INLA shot dead a member of the UDA, Gerald Evans, at his fishing tackle shop in Glengormley, County Antrim. Six days later the INLA shot dead a civilian, Thomas Douglas, outside his workplace, Northern Ireland Electricity Headquarters, Stranmillis Road, Belfast. The INLA claimed he was a high-ranking loyalist but CAIN lists Douglas as a civilian. The INLA's deadliest attack of the 1990s was the 1994 Shankill Road Killings when Volunteers shot dead three UVF members on the Shankill road including leading UVF man Trevor King. It was alleged that Gino Gallagher carried out the ambush on the orders of Hugh Torney.
Another internal INLA feud broke out in 1996. Both Hugh Torney and Gino Gallagher claimed to be the legitimate leaders of the INLA. The Torney faction was known as INLA-GHQ and the Gallagher faction as the INLA Army Council. During 1996 the feud claimed the lives of six people, including a nine-year-old girl who was shot by mistake by the Army Council faction in north Belfast.
The first victim in the feud was Gino Gallagher who was shot dead in a Social Security Office on the Falls Road in January. The last victim was Hugh Torney shot dead in Lurgan on the 3 September 1996, this killing brought the feud to an end and the Torney GHQ faction disbanded on the 9 September 1996.
Around this time the INLA adopted a "no first strike" policy. This meant in theory that the INLA would not attack anybody unless they were attacked first in which case the INLA would hit back to defend itself from a threat. It claimed it was now only involved in a defensive campaign and to defend Nationalists from loyalist attacks.
In 1997 the INLA Belfast Brigade became active once again. In May of that year, they shot dead an off-duty RUC officer Darren Bradshaw as he drank in a gay bar in Belfast's Docks area. During the large-scale rioting in Nationalist areas of Northern Ireland following the 1997 Drumcree march an INLA unit opened fire on British soldiers on patrol in Ardoyne, north Belfast. On 25 September 1997 two INLA units one in south Belfast and the other in west Belfast threw grenades at RUC stations, both of the devices failed to explode.
On 27 December 1997 in one of the INLA's most infamous actions, INLA Belfast man Christopher "Crip" McWilliams shot dead Billy Wright the leader of the loyalist paramilitary the Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) inside the Maze prison while Wright was being transferred to another part of the prison in a van.
In January 1998 the INLA Belfast Brigade shot dead UDA leader Jim Guiney in his carpet shop in Dunmurry. The INLA said the killing was in revenge for the recent killings of Irish Nationalists killed by loyalists. In April the INLA shot dead one of their own Volunteers and father of five Mark McNeill. It is not clear why the killing occurred but it was speculated that the killing was a "grudge killing" or that it might have been a drug related killing. In its last action before they called a ceasefire the INLA Belfast Brigade on 13 July 1998 left two incendiary devices in the Ballynafeigh Orange Hall in which the British security services carried out controlled explosions on the suspect devices. A month later on 24 August 1998 the INLA announced a ceasefire.
See also
Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade
Official IRA Belfast Brigade
UDA West Belfast Brigade
Sources
Jack Holland (writer), Henry McDonald (writer) (1994) INLA – Deadly Divisions
Aaron Edwards - UVF: Behind The Mask - Foreword by Martin Dillon
References
^ Jack Holland & Henry Mcdonad - INLA: Deadly Divisions
^ Jack Holland & Henry Mcdonad - INLA: Deadly Divisions p.65
^ Jack Holland & Henry McDonald - INLA: Deadly Divisions (1994) pg.256
^ Jack Holland & Henry McDonald - INLA: Deadly Divisions (1994) pg.80,121
^ Jack Holland & Henry McDonald - INLA: Deadly Divisions (1994) pg.76-80
^ Jack Holland & Henry Mcdonad - INLA: Deadly Divisions p.62
^ "Perspectives on the future of Republican Socialism in Ireland" (PDF). irsp.ie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2017.
^ "The Starry Plough, Vol. 1, No. 1". Irish Republican Socialist Party. 17 July 1975.
^ Jack Holland & Henry McDonald - INLA: Deadly Divisions pg.68
^ McDonald, Henry; Holland, Jack (1994). INLA: Deadly Divisions (1994) (Paperback, 1st ed.). Torc. pp. 27, 37. ISBN 189814205X.
^ Jack Holland & Henry McDonald - INLA: Deadly Divisions pg.52, 68
^ "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ Jack Holland & Henry McDonald - INLA: Deadly Divisions pg.82
^ Jack Holland & Henry McDonald - INLA: Deadly Divisions pg.82, pg.359
^ "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1976". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers' Party, Brian Hanley and Scott Millar, Penguin Books, ISBN 1-84488-120-2 p. 290
^ Jack Holland & Henry McDonald - INLA: Deadly Divisions pg.130,360
^ Beresford, David (16 October 1980). "Leading Republicans Killed in Belfast". The Guardian. London. p. 1.
^ Jack Holland & Henry McDonald - INLA: Deadly Divisions (Updated edition) pg.259
^ "Left Archive: Socialist Republican, Quarterly Publication of the Socialist Republican Collective, Vol. 1 Issue 1 (Irish Peoples Liberation Organisation, IPLO), c. 1988". 3 September 2012.
^ "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1982". cain.ulster.ac.uk.
^ "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulster.ac.uk.
^ Jack Holland & Henry McDonald - INLA: Deadly Divisions (Updated edition) pg.259, 260
^ "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulster.ac.uk.
^ Jack Holland & Henry McDonald - INLA: Deadly Divisions (Updated edition) pg.261
^ Holland, Jack; McDonald, Henry. INLA: Deadly Divisions (Paperback ed.). Torc. pp. 361–362. ISBN 189814205X. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
^ https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dyndeaths.pl? querytype=date&day=15&month=06&year=1984
^ Irish News, 19 June 1984
^ Jack Holland & Henry McDonald, INLA: Deadly Divisions (1994) pg.256,363
^ "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths".
^ Fortnight Magazine, Issue 306, p. 28-29. Fortnight Publications, 1992.
^ Sunday Tribune, 4 October 1992.
^ https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch92.htm#101292 CAIN: A Chronology of the Conflict - 1992 - Thursday 10 December 1992: The Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) carried out a gun attack and wounded a man who worked for Belfast City Council.
^ Sunday Life 27 December 1992.
^ Liverpool Echo, 24 August 1993.
^ Irish Independent, 21 July 1993.
^ Irish Independent, 22 October 1993.
^ Malcolm Sutton's Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland: 1993. Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN).
^ Malcolm Sutton's Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland: 1994. Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN).
^ Cusack, Jim. "Killing of young Belfast girl is typical of the INLA's wanton brutality". The Irish Times. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1996".
^ Breen, Susanne. "Gallagher murder 'an unbelievably clean killing'". The Irish Times. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1996".
^ "Torney's death ends present INLA feud". The Irish Times. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ "INLA adopts policy of "no first strike"". The Irish Times. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ Breen, Suzanne. "Loyalists will pay ultimate price for attacks on nationalists, warns INLA". The Irish Times. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ "RUC man killed by INLA | An Phoblacht". www.anphoblacht.com. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ "CAIN: Peter Heathwood Collection of Television Programmes - Search Page". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ "Grenades fail to explode at RUC stations". The Irish Times. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ "Protestant Gunned Down In Ulster Jail". The New York Times. Reuters. 28 December 1997. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1997". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ Hoge, Warren (20 January 1998). "Gerry Adams, Meeting Blair, Objects to New Ulster Blueprint". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths".
^ "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1998". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ Judge, Theresa. "Funeral in Belfast of shot taxi-driver". The Irish Times. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ Judge, Theresa. "Orangemen pass peacefully down Ormeau". The Irish Times. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1998". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ "CAIN: Events: Peace: Ceasefire Statement issued by the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), Saturday 22 August 1998". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
vteINLA and the IRSPGeneral
The Troubles
Official Sinn Féin
Official IRA
Irish Republican Socialist Movement
The Starry Plough
Marxism–Leninism
Blanket protest
Dirty protest
HM Prison Maze
Anti H-Block
1981 Irish hunger strike
July 1997 riots
Northern Ireland peace process
Good Friday Agreement
Organized crime
INLA Belfast Brigade
Attacks
Central Bar bombing
Assassination of Airey Neave
1982 Divis Flats bombing
Droppin Well bombing
Darkley killings (denied)
1994 Shankill Road killings
Newtownhamilton bombing
Personalities
Jimmy Brown
Ronnie Bunting
Patrick Campbell
Seamus Costello
Miriam Daly
Mickey Devine
Bernadette Devlin
Gino Gallagher
Raymond Gilmour
Tony Gregory
Dessie Grew
Seamus Grew
Stephen King
Harry Kirkpatrick
Kevin Lynch
Dominic McGlinchey
Christopher "Crip" McWilliams
Colm Murphy
Patsy O'Hara
Dessie O'Hare
Martin "Rook" O'Prey
Michael Plunkett
Thomas "Ta" Power
Mary Reid
Gerard Steenson
Hugh Torney
Sammy Ward
Johnnie White
Associates
Irish Republican Socialist Committees of North America
Derivatives
Independent Socialist Party
Irish People's Liberation Organisation
Republican Socialist Collective
Prominent killings
Billy McMillen
Henry Byrne
John Morley
William McCullough
John McKeague
Patrick Joseph Morrissey
Trevor King
Billy Wright | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish National Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Derry City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry"},{"link_name":"County Londonderry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Londonderry"},{"link_name":"County Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Armagh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Newry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newry"},{"link_name":"County Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"County Fermanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Fermanagh"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Military unitThe Irish National Liberation Army Belfast Brigade was the main brigade area of the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA). The other Brigade areas were in Derry which was split between two battalions, the first in Derry City, and the second battalion in south County Londonderry and County Armagh which was also split into two battalions, a south Armagh and a north Armagh battalion,[5] with smaller units in Newry, east and west County Tyrone and south County Fermanagh.[6]","title":"Irish National Liberation Army Belfast Brigade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_republicanism"},{"link_name":"Socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist"},{"link_name":"Paramilitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary"},{"link_name":"Irish National Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"24 year paramilitary campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_National_Liberation_Army_actions"},{"link_name":"Irish National Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Seamus Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Costello"},{"link_name":"Official IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_IRA"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Starry Plough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Starry_Plough_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Irish National Liberation Army Belfast Brigade or simply INLA Belfast Brigade was a unit of the Irish Republican and Socialist Paramilitary organization the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) that was based in Belfast. \nAlong with the INLA's Derry and Armagh brigades the Belfast INLA was one of the most active in the organization during its 24 year paramilitary campaign.\nIt was formed in 1975, a few months after the Irish National Liberation Army and the groups political wing the Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP) were themselves formed in Dublin in 1974 by the groups' leader Seamus Costello and his supporters. The INLA and IRSP were formed when Volunteers in the Official IRA (OIRA) left that group as they were frustrated with the progress it was making and the OIRA's 1972 ceasefire.[7] In a 1975 interview for the IRSP's first edition of their newspaper called The Starry Plough, Seamus Costello claimed that in Belfast 200 members had left the Official Republican movement to join the new IRSP movement.[8]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Official IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_IRA"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Official IRA Belfast Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_IRA_Belfast_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Billy McMillen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_McMillen"},{"link_name":"Gerard Steenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Steenson"},{"link_name":"Provisional IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_IRA"},{"link_name":"Falls Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_Road,_Belfast"},{"link_name":"Sean Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Garland"},{"link_name":"Seamus Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Costello"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Suffolk, Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk,_Belfast"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INLA_milltown1.jpg"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Ballymurphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymurphy,_Belfast"},{"link_name":"Lower Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_Road,_Belfast"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Turf Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turf_Lodge"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"urban guerrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_guerrilla"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Divis Flats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divis_Flats"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Planet of the Apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(1968_film)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Officer commanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_commanding"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Bunting"},{"link_name":"Ulster Loyalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_loyalism"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Ronald Bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Bunting"},{"link_name":"Ian Paisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Paisley"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Palestine Liberation Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-19"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Brown (Irish republican)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Brown_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"Thomas \"Ta\" Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_%22Ta%22_Power"},{"link_name":"Hugh Torney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Torney_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"Martin \"Rook\" O'Prey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_%22Rook%22_O%27Prey"},{"link_name":"supergrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergrass_(informer)"},{"link_name":"Harry Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Kirkpatrick"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"detonated a bomb in Divis Flats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divis_Flats_bombing_1982"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Ulster Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"William McCullough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McCullough_(loyalist)"},{"link_name":"West Belfast Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDA_West_Belfast_Brigade"},{"link_name":"John McKeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McKeague"},{"link_name":"Red Hand Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hand_Commando"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Supergrass trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergrass_(informant)"},{"link_name":"Dominic McGlinchey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_McGlinchy"},{"link_name":"Gino Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Sinn Fein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_Fein"},{"link_name":"Gerry Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Adams"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"volley of shots over his coffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-volley_salute"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Irish People's Liberation Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_People%27s_Liberation_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Brown_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"Hugh Torney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Torney_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"Thomas 'Ta' Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_%27Ta%27_Power"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Gino Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"John \"Bunter\" Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_%22Bunter%22_Graham"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Royal Irish Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Regiment_(1992)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Johnny Adair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Adair"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Glengormley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glengormley"},{"link_name":"1994 Shankill Road Killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Shankill_Road_Killings"},{"link_name":"Trevor King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_King"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Falls Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_Road,_Belfast"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Lurgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurgan"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"large-scale rioting in Nationalist areas of Northern Ireland following the 1997 Drumcree march","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Northern_Ireland_riots"},{"link_name":"Ardoyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardoyne"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Christopher \"Crip\" McWilliams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_%22Crip%22_McWilliams"},{"link_name":"Billy Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Wright_(loyalist)"},{"link_name":"Loyalist Volunteer Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_Volunteer_Force"},{"link_name":"Maze prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Maze"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Dunmurry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmurry"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Ballynafeigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballynafeigh"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"The INLA Belfast Brigade's first actions were feuding with the Official IRA. Dissenters had left the group early in 1974 led by Paul Tinnelly (who formed the short-lived Tinnelly Brigade) and the OIRA moved quickly to crush that group and met little resistance.[9]The OIRA hoped to do the same with the newly formed INLA which used the cover name People's Liberation Army (PLA) in its first few months. The OIRA met more stronger resistance from the INLA than they did with any other dissenters, this was mainly due to the support Costello had & how highly regarded he was among his followers & the size of the INLA.[10] Most of the OIRA/INLA feud was played out in Belfast. Six people were killed in the feud and several others were injured, mainly from the OIRA. The highest-profile victim of the feud was Official IRA Belfast Brigade OC Billy McMillen who was rumored to have been killed by Gerard Steenson and Brendan McNamee (a former Provisional IRA volunteer) at Dunlewy Street near the Falls Road. INLA Volunteers also tried to kill an Official IRA member and a veteran Republican Sean Garland. He was seriously injured in an INLA attack in Dublin on 13 March 1975 by Volunteers from the INLA Belfast Brigade. The attacks on McMillen and Garland were not sanctioned by the INLA Army Council and INLA Chief of Staff Seamus Costello was reportedly furious when he heard the news of the attacks. The Belfast Brigade staff believed that since it was the one directly under attack from the OIRA that it should decide when and whom to attack, not the INLA leadership which was based in Dublin and not under threat from the feud.[11] McNamee who helped kill McMillen was himself shot dead soon after by the OIRA in Suffolk, Belfast.[12] The feud between the OIRA and INLA ended soon after this killing when a truce was agreed upon.\nThe INLA would be involved in two more feuds during its 24-year armed campaign, against the IPLO in 1986/87 and an internal feud in 1996, both of these feuds were also mainly played out in Belfast as well.IRSP/INLA Plot in Milltown Cemetery, West Belfast,The brigade's first action against a member of the British security forces occurred on the 9 August 1975 when Belfast INLA units injured two soldiers from the British Army: the first attack in Ballymurphy a sniper shot a soldier in the neck and the second along the Lower Falls a soldier suffered a serious head injury. There was an attack on soldiers in Divis Flats as well but the unit claimed no hits.[13] It wasn't until a year later that the brigade killed a member of the British Army in the Turf Lodge area of Belfast, when a sniper shot dead private Andrew Crocker who was shot in the neck and died the next day.[14][15]\nIn September 1976 however the INLA was accused of a double sectarian murder when Volunteers from the Belfast brigade shot dead two Protestant civilians at their home in Ormonde Park, Finaghy. The INLA claimed it was a case of mistaken identity.[16]In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the INLA developed into a modestly large urban guerrilla organisation in Northern Ireland, operating primarily from the Divis Flats complex in west Belfast, which, as a result, became colloquially known as \"the planet of the Irps\" (a reference to the IRSP and the film Planet of the Apes).[17] The brigade went through a number of leaders in its first year but its first full-time Officer commanding (OC) was Ronnie Bunting whose father was Ulster Loyalist politician and British Army Major Ronald Bunting who was a follower of Ian Paisley. The Belfast INLA was the most active operational area of the INLA, and their capabilities were enhanced after obtaining a number of AK47s from the Middle East via a connection with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1978. which were first used by the Belfast INLA in August 1978, injuring a number of British soldiers.[18]\nAfter Bunting was shot dead along with an IRSP member by the UDA in 1980,[19] Gerard Steenson became OC of the INLA in Belfast. Steenson became the brigades Operations Officer in 1980 & was OC from 1981 - 1983. Around the same time period Jimmy Brown (Irish republican) became the brigades Intelligence officer (I/O), Thomas \"Ta\" Power, Hugh Torney Martin \"Rook\" O'Prey & future supergrass Harry Kirkpatrick was also highly active in the brigade during the early 1980s.[20] This was the most active period in the INLA's history.[21] Both Steenson & Brown would later go on to form the IPLO & attack their former comrades in the INLA.\nIn September 1982 an INLA unit detonated a bomb in Divis Flats aimed at killing British soldiers but instead killed two young local boys aged 14 & 12 and a British soldier.[22][23] This bombing prompted an angry response from residents of the Divis Flats, and about 200 women held a protest march at the IRSP's offices on the Falls Road.[24] Eleven days after the Divis Flats bombing an INLA unit carried out another bomb attack against the British Army in west Belfast, this time killing a British soldier with a booby-trapped bomb attached to a security gate.[25] After this attack the INLA warned that it would increase its bombing attacks on British security forces.[26]Also during the period as Steenson being Operations Officer the INLA for the first time in its history began targeting known members of Loyalist paramilitary groups. In March 1981 UDA member and Belfast city councillor Sammy Millar, a member of the Ulster Democratic Party (the UDA's political wing) was shot in his home on the Shankill Road, by a unit of the Belfast INLA, the attack left Millar with serious injuries. In October of the same year an INLA unit assassinated William McCullough a leading member of the UDA's West Belfast Brigade shooting him dead inside his Shankill Road home on Denmark Street. Three months later in January 1982 the INLA killed another prominent loyalist in Belfast, John McKeague, founder & former leader of the UVF-linked paramilitary group the Red Hand Commando, he was shot dead at his shop on Albertbridge Road, in east Belfast by an INLA gunman.[27]Steenson was arrested and convicted along with several other members of the INLA in Belfast during the Supergrass trials of the 1980s. Tom McCartan a close friend of then INLA Chief of Staff Dominic McGlinchey (who had been arrested by Gardaí in the Republic following a lengthy and widely publicised manhunt) became OC of the Belfast INLA. It was during this period while McCartan was OC that the Belfast INLA moved into extortion and racketeering, damaging what popular support they had in the city.On 15 June 1984 Paul \"Bonanza\" McCann, one of the INLA's most active members in Belfast, a Staff Officer and an opponent of Tom McCartan's leadership, was surrounded by an RUC unit in a Lenadoon flat in west Belfast along with three other INLA volunteers, one of whom was future INLA leader Gino Gallagher. McCann was armed with an AK47 that he stole from an OIRA arms dump. Three of the INLA volunteers, including Gallagher gave themselves up, as three RUC officers tried to enter the flat McCann hit them with a burst of automatic fire, badly injuring two & killing a third RUC man Michael Todd (22), McCann was also dead hit by a ricocheting bullet from his AK47.[28] The INLA paid tribute to McCann saying he was \"one of the finest soldiers ever to fight for national liberation & socialism\".[29] McCann was the brother of Sinn Fein councillor Francis McCann. At Paul \"Bonanza\" McCann's funeral, his coffin was carried by then Sinn Fein President Gerry Adams.[30] & INLA unit (2 men & a woman) fired a volley of shots over his coffin.[citation needed]The INLA Belfast lost direction in the mid '80s and a feud with the newly created Irish People's Liberation Organisation (IPLO) weakened the group further. The IPLO was formed by former INLA members Gerard Steenson and the new group's leader Jimmy Brown. Hugh Torney became OC of the INLA in Belfast during the feud, narrowly surviving an ambush ordered by Steenson in which senior INLA men John O'Reilly and Thomas 'Ta' Power were killed. A few months later Torney was responsible for an ambush in Belfast which resulted in the death of Steenson along with another IPLO member.[31]During the late 1980s to the early 1990s, the INLA barely existed as a coherent paramilitary force. It wasn't until the early-mid 90s that the Belfast INLA began carrying out paramilitary attacks again. It is believed Gino Gallagher was in charge of the brigade staff during this period. In 1992 the INLA shot and seriously wounded several Protestant civilians in Belfast, usually claiming afterwards they were loyalists.[32][33][34] In January 1993 the brigade shot and seriously injured leading UVF member John \"Bunter\" Graham at his house on the Shankill Road. Later that same month the brigade shot dead a Protestant civilian in what the INLA claimed was a case of mistaken identity. Throughout 1992 and 1993 the INLA was responsible for sporadic gun attacks on British security forces in Belfast,[35] injuring an RUC officer in August 1993 after INLA members opened fire from a hijacked vehicle at Grosvenor Road RUC station.[36] In June 1993 the INLA shot dead a former RUC officer in a hotel in Belfast. On at least two occasions the INLA also tried to kill off-duty members of the Royal Irish Regiment, although the RUC denied one man left with serious injuries after an attack at his home in Dunmurray was a member of the regiment.[37] In September and October 1993 as loyalist paramilitary attacks on the nationalist community intensified the INLA made several attempts to assassinate senior members of the UDA, including Johnny Adair; three INLA gunmen were intercepted and arrested by the RUC near his home in the Shankill area of Belfast.[38][39]In February 1994 the INLA shot dead a Protestant doorman Jack Smyth, at the entrance to Bob Cratchits Bar, Lisburn Road, Belfast. The INLA claimed he was linked to the UDA/UFF, but this was denied. In April 1994 the INLA shot dead a member of the UDA, Gerald Evans, at his fishing tackle shop in Glengormley, County Antrim. Six days later the INLA shot dead a civilian, Thomas Douglas, outside his workplace, Northern Ireland Electricity Headquarters, Stranmillis Road, Belfast. The INLA claimed he was a high-ranking loyalist but CAIN lists Douglas as a civilian. The INLA's deadliest attack of the 1990s was the 1994 Shankill Road Killings when Volunteers shot dead three UVF members on the Shankill road including leading UVF man Trevor King. It was alleged that Gino Gallagher carried out the ambush on the orders of Hugh Torney.[40]Another internal INLA feud broke out in 1996. Both Hugh Torney and Gino Gallagher claimed to be the legitimate leaders of the INLA. The Torney faction was known as INLA-GHQ and the Gallagher faction as the INLA Army Council. During 1996 the feud claimed the lives of six people, including a nine-year-old girl who was shot by mistake by the Army Council faction in north Belfast.[41]\nThe first victim in the feud was Gino Gallagher who was shot dead in a Social Security Office on the Falls Road in January.[42][43] The last victim was Hugh Torney shot dead in Lurgan on the 3 September 1996, this killing brought the feud to an end and the Torney GHQ faction disbanded on the 9 September 1996.[44][45]Around this time the INLA adopted a \"no first strike\" policy. This meant in theory that the INLA would not attack anybody unless they were attacked first in which case the INLA would hit back to defend itself from a threat. It claimed it was now only involved in a defensive campaign and to defend Nationalists from loyalist attacks.[46][47]In 1997 the INLA Belfast Brigade became active once again. In May of that year, they shot dead an off-duty RUC officer Darren Bradshaw as he drank in a gay bar in Belfast's Docks area.[48] During the large-scale rioting in Nationalist areas of Northern Ireland following the 1997 Drumcree march an INLA unit opened fire on British soldiers on patrol in Ardoyne, north Belfast.[49] On 25 September 1997 two INLA units one in south Belfast and the other in west Belfast threw grenades at RUC stations, both of the devices failed to explode.[50]\nOn 27 December 1997 in one of the INLA's most infamous actions, INLA Belfast man Christopher \"Crip\" McWilliams shot dead Billy Wright the leader of the loyalist paramilitary the Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) inside the Maze prison while Wright was being transferred to another part of the prison in a van.[51][52]\nIn January 1998 the INLA Belfast Brigade shot dead UDA leader Jim Guiney in his carpet shop in Dunmurry. The INLA said the killing was in revenge for the recent killings of Irish Nationalists killed by loyalists.[53][54] In April the INLA shot dead one of their own Volunteers and father of five Mark McNeill. It is not clear why the killing occurred but it was speculated that the killing was a \"grudge killing\" or that it might have been a drug related killing.[55][56] In its last action before they called a ceasefire the INLA Belfast Brigade on 13 July 1998 left two incendiary devices in the Ballynafeigh Orange Hall in which the British security services carried out controlled explosions on the suspect devices.[57] A month later on 24 August 1998 the INLA announced a ceasefire.[58][59]","title":"Activity and actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Holland (writer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Holland_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Henry McDonald (writer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_McDonald_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Martin Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Dillon"}],"text":"Jack Holland (writer), Henry McDonald (writer) (1994) INLA – Deadly Divisions\nAaron Edwards - UVF: Behind The Mask - Foreword by Martin Dillon","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"IRSP/INLA Plot in Milltown Cemetery, West Belfast,","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/INLA_milltown1.jpg/200px-INLA_milltown1.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_IRA_Belfast_Brigade"},{"title":"Official IRA Belfast Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_IRA_Belfast_Brigade"},{"title":"UDA West Belfast Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDA_West_Belfast_Brigade"}] | [{"reference":"\"Perspectives on the future of Republican Socialism in Ireland\" (PDF). irsp.ie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202000852/http://www.irsp.ie/programme/PerspectivesDocument.pdf","url_text":"\"Perspectives on the future of Republican Socialism in Ireland\""},{"url":"http://www.irsp.ie/programme/PerspectivesDocument.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Starry Plough, Vol. 1, No. 1\". Irish Republican Socialist Party. 17 July 1975.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leftarchive.ie/document/1596/","url_text":"\"The Starry Plough, Vol. 1, No. 1\""}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Henry; Holland, Jack (1994). INLA: Deadly Divisions (1994) (Paperback, 1st ed.). Torc. pp. 27, 37. ISBN 189814205X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/189814205X","url_text":"189814205X"}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dyndeaths.pl?querytype=date&day=5&month=06&year=1975","url_text":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1976.html","url_text":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1976\". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch76.htm#25976","url_text":"\"CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1976\""}]},{"reference":"Beresford, David (16 October 1980). \"Leading Republicans Killed in Belfast\". The Guardian. London. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beresford_(journalist)","url_text":"Beresford, David"},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/259587493/?terms=Ronnie%2BBunting","url_text":"\"Leading Republicans Killed in Belfast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Left Archive: Socialist Republican, Quarterly Publication of the Socialist Republican Collective, Vol. 1 Issue 1 (Irish Peoples Liberation Organisation, IPLO), c. 1988\". 3 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://cedarlounge.wordpress.com/2012/09/03/left-archive-socialist-republican-quarterly-publication-of-the-socialist-republican-collective-vol-1-issue-1-irish-peoples-liberation-organisation-iplo-c-1988/","url_text":"\"Left Archive: Socialist Republican, Quarterly Publication of the Socialist Republican Collective, Vol. 1 Issue 1 (Irish Peoples Liberation Organisation, IPLO), c. 1988\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1982\". cain.ulster.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch82.htm#16982","url_text":"\"CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1982\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\". cain.ulster.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dyndeaths.pl?querytype=date&day=16&month=09&year=1982","url_text":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\". cain.ulster.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1982.html","url_text":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"Holland, Jack; McDonald, Henry. INLA: Deadly Divisions (Paperback ed.). Torc. pp. 361–362. ISBN 189814205X. Retrieved 20 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/INLA-Deadly-divisions-Jack-Holland/dp/189814205X","url_text":"INLA: Deadly Divisions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/189814205X","url_text":"189814205X"}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\".","urls":[{"url":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dyndeaths.pl?querytype=date&day=15&month=03&year=1987","url_text":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"Cusack, Jim. \"Killing of young Belfast girl is typical of the INLA's wanton brutality\". The Irish Times. 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Retrieved 1 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/2047","url_text":"\"RUC man killed by INLA | An Phoblacht\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Peter Heathwood Collection of Television Programmes - Search Page\". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/heathwood/static/1997.html","url_text":"\"CAIN: Peter Heathwood Collection of Television Programmes - Search Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grenades fail to explode at RUC stations\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 1 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/grenades-fail-to-explode-at-ruc-stations-1.109965","url_text":"\"Grenades fail to explode at RUC stations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Protestant Gunned Down In Ulster Jail\". The New York Times. Reuters. 28 December 1997. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/28/world/protestant-gunned-down-in-ulster-jail.html","url_text":"\"Protestant Gunned Down In Ulster Jail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1997\". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch97.htm#271297","url_text":"\"CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1997\""}]},{"reference":"Hoge, Warren (20 January 1998). \"Gerry Adams, Meeting Blair, Objects to New Ulster Blueprint\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. 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Search Page\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/grenades-fail-to-explode-at-ruc-stations-1.109965","external_links_name":"\"Grenades fail to explode at RUC stations\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/28/world/protestant-gunned-down-in-ulster-jail.html","external_links_name":"\"Protestant Gunned Down In Ulster Jail\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch97.htm#271297","external_links_name":"\"CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1997\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/20/world/gerry-adams-meeting-blair-objects-to-new-ulster-blueprint.html","external_links_name":"\"Gerry Adams, Meeting Blair, Objects to New Ulster Blueprint\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dyndeaths.pl?querytype=date&day=19&month=01&year=1998","external_links_name":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\""},{"Link":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch98.htm#17498","external_links_name":"\"CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1998\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/funeral-in-belfast-of-shot-taxi-driver-1.144725","external_links_name":"\"Funeral in Belfast of shot taxi-driver\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/orangemen-pass-peacefully-down-ormeau-1.173020","external_links_name":"\"Orangemen pass peacefully down Ormeau\""},{"Link":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch98.htm#22898","external_links_name":"\"CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1998\""},{"Link":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/peace/docs/inla22898.htm","external_links_name":"\"CAIN: Events: Peace: Ceasefire Statement issued by the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), Saturday 22 August 1998\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_Architecture | Reference architecture | ["1 Examples","2 See also","3 References"] | A reference architecture in the field of software architecture or enterprise architecture provides a template solution for an architecture for a particular domain. It also provides a common vocabulary with which to discuss implementations, often with the aim to stress commonality. A software reference architecture is a software architecture where the structures and respective elements and relations provide templates for concrete architectures in a particular domain or in a family of software systems.
An implementation of a reference architecture is called a framework or an application platform.
A reference architecture often consists of a list of functions and some indication of their interfaces (or APIs) and interactions with each other and with functions located outside of the scope of the reference architecture.
Reference architectures can be defined at different levels of abstraction. A highly abstract one might show different pieces of equipment on a communications network, each providing different functions. A lower level one might demonstrate the interactions of procedures (or methods) within a computer program defined to perform a very specific task.
A reference architecture provides a template, often based on the generalization of a set of solutions. These solutions may have been generalized and structured for the depiction of one or more architecture structures based on the harvesting of a set of patterns that have been observed in a number of successful implementations. Further it shows how to compose these parts together into a solution. Reference Architectures will be instantiated for a particular domain or for specific projects.
Adopting a reference architecture within an organization accelerates delivery through the re-use of an effective solution and provides a basis for governance to ensure the consistency and applicability of technology use within an organization. In the field of software architecture, many empirical studies have shown the following common benefits and drawbacks from adopting a software reference architecture within organizations: (a) improvement of the interoperability of the software systems by establishing a standard solution and common mechanisms for information exchange; (b) reduction of the development costs of software projects through the reuse of common assets; (c) improvement of the communication inside the organization because stakeholders share the same architectural mindset; and, (d) influencing the learning curve of developers due to the need of learning its features.
Examples
The Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) architecture is a layered reference architecture which provides a template solution for many enterprise systems developed in Java. Examples of implementing frameworks include Glassfish and Wildfly.
The IBM Insurance Application Architecture is a reference architecture for the Insurance domain.
AUTOSAR is a component-based reference architecture for safety-critical and automotive software Automative Open System Architecture.
Eclipse Microprofile as a reference architecture for Java-based microservices systems Eclipse Microprofile.
Eulynx is a reference architecture for railway signalling systems.
The Health Enterprise Reference Architecture (HERA), currently under development by The Open Group, is a reference architecture for the health care domain
See also
Business reference model
Enterprise architecture framework
Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology (GERAM)
Reference model
References
^
Clements, Paul; Felix Bachmann; Len Bass; David Garlan; James Ivers; Reed Little; Paulo Merson; Robert Nord; Judith Stafford (2010). Documenting Software Architectures: Views and Beyond, Second Edition. Boston: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-55268-6.
^ Martinez-Fernandez, Silverio; Medeiros Dos Santos, Paulo Sergio; Ayala, Claudia P.; Franch, Xavier; Travassos, Guilherme H. (2015). "Aggregating Empirical Evidence about the Benefits and Drawbacks of Software Reference Architectures". 2015 ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM). pp. 1–10. doi:10.1109/ESEM.2015.7321184. hdl:2117/80457. ISBN 978-1-4673-7899-4. S2CID 8252919.
^ The IBM Insurance Application Architecture
^ Healthcare Enterprise Reference Architecture (HERA)
This software-engineering-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_framework"},{"link_name":"application platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_platform"},{"link_name":"functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subroutine"},{"link_name":"interfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_interface"},{"link_name":"APIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API"},{"link_name":"communications network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_network"},{"link_name":"procedures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedure_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"interoperability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability"},{"link_name":"information exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_exchange"},{"link_name":"software projects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_project"},{"link_name":"learning curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_curve"},{"link_name":"developers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"An implementation of a reference architecture is called a framework or an application platform.A reference architecture often consists of a list of functions and some indication of their interfaces (or APIs) and interactions with each other and with functions located outside of the scope of the reference architecture.Reference architectures can be defined at different levels of abstraction. A highly abstract one might show different pieces of equipment on a communications network, each providing different functions. A lower level one might demonstrate the interactions of procedures (or methods) within a computer program defined to perform a very specific task.A reference architecture provides a template, often based on the generalization of a set of solutions. These solutions may have been generalized and structured for the depiction of one or more architecture structures based on the harvesting of a set of patterns that have been observed in a number of successful implementations. Further it shows how to compose these parts together into a solution. Reference Architectures will be instantiated for a particular domain or for specific projects.Adopting a reference architecture within an organization accelerates delivery through the re-use of an effective solution and provides a basis for governance to ensure the consistency and applicability of technology use within an organization. In the field of software architecture, many empirical studies have shown the following common benefits and drawbacks from adopting a software reference architecture within organizations: (a) improvement of the interoperability of the software systems by establishing a standard solution and common mechanisms for information exchange; (b) reduction of the development costs of software projects through the reuse of common assets; (c) improvement of the communication inside the organization because stakeholders share the same architectural mindset; and, (d) influencing the learning curve of developers due to the need of learning its features.[2]","title":"Reference architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Java Platform, Enterprise Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Platform,_Enterprise_Edition"},{"link_name":"Java EE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_EE"},{"link_name":"Glassfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlassFish"},{"link_name":"Wildfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"AUTOSAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUTOSAR"},{"link_name":"component-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering"},{"link_name":"Automative Open System Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.autosar.org/"},{"link_name":"Eclipse Microprofile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eclipse_Microprofile&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eclipse Microprofile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//projects.eclipse.org/projects/technology.microprofile"},{"link_name":"Eulynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulynx"},{"link_name":"The Open Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Group"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) architecture is a layered reference architecture which provides a template solution for many enterprise systems developed in Java. Examples of implementing frameworks include Glassfish and Wildfly.\nThe IBM Insurance Application Architecture[3] is a reference architecture for the Insurance domain.\nAUTOSAR is a component-based reference architecture for safety-critical and automotive software Automative Open System Architecture.\nEclipse Microprofile as a reference architecture for Java-based microservices systems Eclipse Microprofile.\nEulynx is a reference architecture for railway signalling systems.\nThe Health Enterprise Reference Architecture (HERA), currently under development by The Open Group, is a reference architecture for the health care domain[4]","title":"Examples"}] | [] | [{"title":"Business reference model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_reference_model"},{"title":"Enterprise architecture framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_architecture_framework"},{"title":"Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalised_Enterprise_Reference_Architecture_and_Methodology"},{"title":"Reference model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_model"}] | [{"reference":"Clements, Paul; Felix Bachmann; Len Bass; David Garlan; James Ivers; Reed Little; Paulo Merson; Robert Nord; Judith Stafford (2010). Documenting Software Architectures: Views and Beyond, Second Edition. Boston: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-55268-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Bass","url_text":"Len Bass"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-55268-6","url_text":"978-0-321-55268-6"}]},{"reference":"Martinez-Fernandez, Silverio; Medeiros Dos Santos, Paulo Sergio; Ayala, Claudia P.; Franch, Xavier; Travassos, Guilherme H. (2015). \"Aggregating Empirical Evidence about the Benefits and Drawbacks of Software Reference Architectures\". 2015 ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM). pp. 1–10. doi:10.1109/ESEM.2015.7321184. hdl:2117/80457. ISBN 978-1-4673-7899-4. S2CID 8252919.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FESEM.2015.7321184","url_text":"10.1109/ESEM.2015.7321184"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2117%2F80457","url_text":"2117/80457"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-7899-4","url_text":"978-1-4673-7899-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8252919","url_text":"8252919"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.autosar.org/","external_links_name":"Automative Open System Architecture"},{"Link":"https://projects.eclipse.org/projects/technology.microprofile","external_links_name":"Eclipse Microprofile"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FESEM.2015.7321184","external_links_name":"10.1109/ESEM.2015.7321184"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2117%2F80457","external_links_name":"2117/80457"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8252919","external_links_name":"8252919"},{"Link":"ftp://ftp.www.ibm.com/software/data/mdm/brochure/industrymodel_insurance.pdf","external_links_name":"The IBM Insurance Application Architecture"},{"Link":"https://publications.opengroup.org/s182","external_links_name":"Healthcare Enterprise Reference Architecture (HERA)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference_architecture&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukket_avdeling | Lukket avdeling | ["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"] | 1972 film
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lukket avdeling" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Lukket avdelingDirected byArnljot BergProduced byHarald OhrvikStarringRoy BjørnstadCinematographyKnut GløersenMusic byFreddy LindquistRelease date
1972 (1972)
Running time92 minutesCountryNorwayLanguageNorwegian
Lukket avdeling is a 1972 Norwegian drama film directed by Arnljot Berg. It was entered into the 22nd Berlin International Film Festival.
Cast
Roy Bjørnstad - Vestfold
Carsten Byhring - Vålerenga
Vegard Hall - Gamlingen
Erik Hivju - Harry
Arne Lindtner Næss - Den tause
Per Tofte - Playboy
Carsten Winger - Hamlet
Gard Øyen - Guttungen
Eva von Hanno - Pleiersken
Ole-Jørgen Nilsen - Paul Paulus
Per Theodor Haugen - Overlegen
Eilif Armand - Den tilknappede
Willie Hoel - En pasientvenn
Aud Schønemann - Kona til Vålerenga
Freddy Lindquist - Musikeren
References
External links
Lukket avdeling at IMDb
This article related to Norwegian film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This 1970s drama film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Arnljot Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnljot_Berg"},{"link_name":"22nd Berlin International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_Berlin_International_Film_Festival"}],"text":"Lukket avdeling is a 1972 Norwegian drama film directed by Arnljot Berg. It was entered into the 22nd Berlin International Film Festival.","title":"Lukket avdeling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roy Bjørnstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Bj%C3%B8rnstad"},{"link_name":"Carsten Byhring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carsten_Byhring"},{"link_name":"Vegard Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegard_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erik Hivju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Hivju"},{"link_name":"Arne Lindtner Næss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne_Lindtner_N%C3%A6ss"},{"link_name":"Per Tofte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Per_Tofte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carsten Winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carsten_Winger"},{"link_name":"Gard Øyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gard_%C3%98yen"},{"link_name":"Eva von Hanno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eva_von_Hanno&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ole-Jørgen Nilsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole-J%C3%B8rgen_Nilsen"},{"link_name":"Per Theodor Haugen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Theodor_Haugen"},{"link_name":"Eilif Armand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilif_Armand"},{"link_name":"Willie Hoel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Hoel"},{"link_name":"Aud Schønemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aud_Sch%C3%B8nemann"},{"link_name":"Freddy Lindquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freddy_Lindquist&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Roy Bjørnstad - Vestfold\nCarsten Byhring - Vålerenga\nVegard Hall - Gamlingen\nErik Hivju - Harry\nArne Lindtner Næss - Den tause\nPer Tofte - Playboy\nCarsten Winger - Hamlet\nGard Øyen - Guttungen\nEva von Hanno - Pleiersken\nOle-Jørgen Nilsen - Paul Paulus\nPer Theodor Haugen - Overlegen\nEilif Armand - Den tilknappede\nWillie Hoel - En pasientvenn\nAud Schønemann - Kona til Vålerenga\nFreddy Lindquist - Musikeren","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lukket+avdeling%22","external_links_name":"\"Lukket avdeling\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lukket+avdeling%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lukket+avdeling%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lukket+avdeling%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lukket+avdeling%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lukket+avdeling%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0214894/","external_links_name":"Lukket avdeling"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lukket_avdeling&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lukket_avdeling&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INEOS_Styrolution | INEOS Styrolution | ["1 Headquarters and sites","2 Product portfolio","3 Corporate history","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
INEOS StyrolutionCompany typeSubcompany of INEOSIndustryChemicalsNumber of locationsFrankfurt am Main, Germany (global and European headquarters), Aurora, Illinois, United States (regional headquarters Americas), Singapore (regional headquarters Asia-Pacific)Key peopleKevin McQuade (Chairman), Steve Harrington (CEO), John van Oorschot (CFO), Rob Buntinx (President, EMEA), Greg Fordyce (President, Americas), Jui Seng Tay (President APAC), Pierre Minguet (President Operations)ProductsStyrenicsRevenue€6.6 billion (sales 2022)Number of employees3,100 (2022)Websitewww.ineos-styrolution.com
INEOS Styrolution is a global styrenics supplier and is headquartered in Germany. It is a subcompany of INEOS and provides styrenics applications for many everyday products across a broad range of industries, including automotive, electronics, household, construction, healthcare, packaging and toys/sports/leisure.
Headquarters and sites
Styrolution employs around 3,100 people. The global and European headquarters is situated in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, regional headquarters are located in Aurora, Illinois (United States) and Singapore. Styrolution operates 16 manufacturing sites across nine countries: Germany (Ludwigshafen, Schwarzheide, Cologne), Belgium (Antwerp), China (Foshan, Ningbo), France (Wingles), Korea (Ulsan, Yeosu), Thailand (Map Ta Phut), the United States (Channahon, Decatur, Texas City, Bayport), Canada (Sarnia) and Mexico (Altamira).
Product portfolio
Styrolution offers various styrenics commodity and specialty product types, i.e. styrene monomer (SM), polystyrene (PS), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), styrene-butadiene block copolymers (SBC), other styrene-based copolymers (SAN, AMSAN, ASA, MABS), and copolymer blends.
Styrenics are thermoplastics.
Styrene monomer (SM) is an intermediate product. It is a colorless liquid that polymerizes easily.
Polystyrene (PS) is a thermoplastic resin that is used in many applications, such as disposable packaging, electronic devices, large appliances (for example in refrigeration liners) and household goods.
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is a thermoplastic resin, used primarily in colored products that need to be heat and impact-resistant, such as vacuum cleaners or power tools. It is also commonly found in vehicles, mobile phone housings and recreational goods.
Styrene-butadiene block copolymer (SBC) is a thermoplastic resin that is transparent and impact-resistant. It is used to provide a high optical appearance and is mostly found in food and display packaging.
Styrene-based copolymers (SAN, AMSAN, ASA, MABS) and blends (ABS/PA, ASA/PA, ASA/PC) are thermoplastic resins that are mainly used in various technical applications, such as vehicles, garden equipment, tools, appliances, consumer electronics, communications devices and computers.
Broad range of sustainable ECO products, either based on recycling or on renewable feedstock. ECO products cover all above product families.
Corporate history
Styrolution was founded in October 2011 as a 50-50 joint venture between BASF and INEOS. It has more than 85 years of experience in the styrenics industry.
April 8, 2011: The formation of the joint venture is approved by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) without any remedies.
May 12, 2011: Styrolution places a 480 million Euro bond due 2016 on the capital market.
May 27, 2011: BASF and INEOS sign a joint venture contract, which regulates the formation of the joint venture company Styrolution.
June 1, 2011: The EU Commission approves the formation of the joint venture Styrolution. It gives its approval subject to the requirement that the parties sell an ABS production site in Tarragona, Spain. This site accounted for less than 3% of Styrolution’s pro forma EBITDA before exceptionals for the year 2010.
October 1, 2011: Styrolution officially starts operating as an independent company, following the approval of the relevant antitrust authorities.
November 30, 2011: BASF and INEOS sign a letter of intent for a joint venture combining their key styrenics assets.
June 30, 2014: Joint statement that INEOS takes over the 50% stake of BASF SE for a purchase price of €1.1bn.
November 17, 2014: Styrolution becomes wholly owned by INEOS.
January 18, 2016: To embrace its place in the INEOS family of companies, Styrolution announces that it has changed its company name to INEOS Styrolution.
February 1, 2022: It was announced that INEOS Styrolution had concluded a joint agreement for Ensinger to acquire its StyLight thermoplastic composite materials business.
July 2022: ABS joint venture announced with SINOPEC as part of a $7bn deal between Ineos and SINOPEC
November 2023: Inauguration of 600,000 tonnes world-scale ABS plant in Ningbo, China
See also
Novodur
References
^ "INEOS Styrolution Locations". www.ineos-styrolution.com. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
^ "INEOS Styrolution Company". www.ineos-styrolution.com. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
^ "Latest Packaging Industry News & Design Updates - Packaging News".
^ "Chem Ideas :: Vincent Valk :: Chemical Week".
^ Interpack: com: EU Commission approves formation of joint venture Styrolution, June 13, 2011 Archived May 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine* Styrolution.com: Corporate website international
^ "BASF steigt für 1,1 Milliarden Euro aus Kunststoff-Firma Styrolution aus".
^ "Ludwigshafen: BASF verkauft Styrolution-Anteil für 1,1 Milliarden Euro - Newsticker überregional". www.mannheimer-morgen.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-02-27.
^ "Styrolution Portal".
^ "Styrolution Portal". www.ineos-styrolution.com. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
^ "Ensinger acquires StyLight from INEOS Styrolution". Interplas Insights. 2022-02-01. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
External links
Chemanager-online.com: Dedicated to Styrenics, October 14, 2011
ICIS.com: EPCA '11: Styrolution to be a global leader in SM, PS, October 4, 2011
INEOS Styrolution website
INEOS website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"styrenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"INEOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INEOS"},{"link_name":"industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_(economics)"}],"text":"INEOS Styrolution is a global styrenics supplier and is headquartered in Germany. It is a subcompany of INEOS and provides styrenics applications for many everyday products across a broad range of industries, including automotive, electronics, household, construction, healthcare, packaging and toys/sports/leisure.","title":"INEOS Styrolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frankfurt am Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main"},{"link_name":"Aurora, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ludwigshafen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwigshafen"},{"link_name":"Schwarzheide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzheide"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Foshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foshan"},{"link_name":"Ningbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningbo"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Wingles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingles"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Ulsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsan"},{"link_name":"Yeosu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeosu"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Map Ta Phut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_Ta_Phut"},{"link_name":"Channahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channahon"},{"link_name":"Texas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Sarnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnia"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Altamira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamira,_Mexico"}],"text":"Styrolution employs around 3,100 people. The global and European headquarters is situated in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, regional headquarters are located in Aurora, Illinois (United States) and Singapore.[1] Styrolution operates 16 manufacturing sites across nine countries:[2] Germany (Ludwigshafen, Schwarzheide, Cologne), Belgium (Antwerp), China (Foshan, Ningbo), France (Wingles), Korea (Ulsan, Yeosu), Thailand (Map Ta Phut), the United States (Channahon, Decatur, Texas City, Bayport), Canada (Sarnia) and Mexico (Altamira).","title":"Headquarters and sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"styrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene"},{"link_name":"monomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomer"},{"link_name":"polystyrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene"},{"link_name":"acrylonitrile butadiene styrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene"},{"link_name":"SAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene-acrylonitrile_resin"},{"link_name":"thermoplastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastics"},{"link_name":"Styrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene"},{"link_name":"monomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomer"},{"link_name":"polymerizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerize"},{"link_name":"Polystyrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene"},{"link_name":"Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene"},{"link_name":"copolymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copolymer"},{"link_name":"resins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin"}],"text":"Styrolution offers various styrenics commodity and specialty product types, i.e. styrene monomer (SM), polystyrene (PS), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), styrene-butadiene block copolymers (SBC), other styrene-based copolymers (SAN, AMSAN, ASA, MABS), and copolymer blends.\nStyrenics are thermoplastics.Styrene monomer (SM) is an intermediate product. It is a colorless liquid that polymerizes easily.Polystyrene (PS) is a thermoplastic resin that is used in many applications, such as disposable packaging, electronic devices, large appliances (for example in refrigeration liners) and household goods.Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is a thermoplastic resin, used primarily in colored products that need to be heat and impact-resistant, such as vacuum cleaners or power tools. It is also commonly found in vehicles, mobile phone housings and recreational goods.Styrene-butadiene block copolymer (SBC) is a thermoplastic resin that is transparent and impact-resistant. It is used to provide a high optical appearance and is mostly found in food and display packaging.Styrene-based copolymers (SAN, AMSAN, ASA, MABS) and blends (ABS/PA, ASA/PA, ASA/PC) are thermoplastic resins that are mainly used in various technical applications, such as vehicles, garden equipment, tools, appliances, consumer electronics, communications devices and computers.Broad range of sustainable ECO products, either based on recycling or on renewable feedstock. ECO products cover all above product families.","title":"Product portfolio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BASF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASF"},{"link_name":"Federal Trade Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"EU Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Commission"},{"link_name":"Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarragona"},{"link_name":"EBITDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBITDA"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"letter of intent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_intent"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ensinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensinger_(company)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Styrolution was founded in October 2011 as a 50-50 joint venture between BASF and INEOS. It has more than 85 years of experience in the styrenics industry.April 8, 2011: The formation of the joint venture is approved by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) without any remedies.[3]May 12, 2011: Styrolution places a 480 million Euro bond due 2016 on the capital market.[4]May 27, 2011: BASF and INEOS sign a joint venture contract, which regulates the formation of the joint venture company Styrolution.June 1, 2011: The EU Commission approves the formation of the joint venture Styrolution. It gives its approval subject to the requirement that the parties sell an ABS production site in Tarragona, Spain. This site accounted for less than 3% of Styrolution’s pro forma EBITDA before exceptionals for the year 2010.[5]October 1, 2011: Styrolution officially starts operating as an independent company, following the approval of the relevant antitrust authorities.November 30, 2011: BASF and INEOS sign a letter of intent for a joint venture combining their key styrenics assets.June 30, 2014: Joint statement that INEOS takes over the 50% stake of BASF SE for a purchase price of €1.1bn.[6][7]November 17, 2014: Styrolution becomes wholly owned by INEOS.January 18, 2016: To embrace its place in the INEOS family of companies, Styrolution announces that it has changed its company name to INEOS Styrolution.[8][9]February 1, 2022: It was announced that INEOS Styrolution had concluded a joint agreement for Ensinger to acquire its StyLight thermoplastic composite materials business.[10]July 2022: ABS joint venture announced with SINOPEC as part of a $7bn deal between Ineos and SINOPECNovember 2023: Inauguration of 600,000 tonnes world-scale ABS plant in Ningbo, China","title":"Corporate history"}] | [] | [{"title":"Novodur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novodur"}] | [{"reference":"\"INEOS Styrolution Locations\". www.ineos-styrolution.com. Retrieved 2023-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ineos-styrolution.com/portal/de_DE/locations","url_text":"\"INEOS Styrolution Locations\""}]},{"reference":"\"INEOS Styrolution Company\". www.ineos-styrolution.com. Retrieved 2023-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ineos-styrolution.com/portal/de_DE/about-us","url_text":"\"INEOS Styrolution Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"Latest Packaging Industry News & Design Updates - Packaging News\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.packagingnews.co.uk/news/basf-and-ineos-win-eu-approval-for-e6-4bn-plastics-joint-venture/","url_text":"\"Latest Packaging Industry News & Design Updates - Packaging News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chem Ideas :: Vincent Valk :: Chemical Week\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chemweek.com/chem_ideas/Vincent-Valk/38378.html","url_text":"\"Chem Ideas :: Vincent Valk :: Chemical Week\""}]},{"reference":"\"BASF steigt für 1,1 Milliarden Euro aus Kunststoff-Firma Styrolution aus\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzz.ch/wirtschaft/newsticker/basf-steigt-fuer-11-milliarden-euro-aus-kunststoff-firma-styrolution-aus-ld.1134306?reduced=true","url_text":"\"BASF steigt für 1,1 Milliarden Euro aus Kunststoff-Firma Styrolution aus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ludwigshafen: BASF verkauft Styrolution-Anteil für 1,1 Milliarden Euro - Newsticker überregional\". www.mannheimer-morgen.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mannheimer-morgen.de/politik/newsticker-dpa_ticker,-ludwigshafen-basf-verkauft-styrolution-anteil-fuer-11-milliarden-euro-_tickerid,35109.html","url_text":"\"Ludwigshafen: BASF verkauft Styrolution-Anteil für 1,1 Milliarden Euro - Newsticker überregional\""}]},{"reference":"\"Styrolution Portal\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ineos-styrolution.com/de_DE/news/ineos_styrolution_name_change","url_text":"\"Styrolution Portal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Styrolution Portal\". www.ineos-styrolution.com. Retrieved 2023-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ineos-styrolution.com/de_DE/news/ineos_styrolution_name_change","url_text":"\"Styrolution Portal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ensinger acquires StyLight from INEOS Styrolution\". Interplas Insights. 2022-02-01. Retrieved 2022-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://interplasinsights.com/api/content/2113b71a-8351-11ec-99d9-12f1225286c6/","url_text":"\"Ensinger acquires StyLight from INEOS Styrolution\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ineos-styrolution.com/","external_links_name":"www.ineos-styrolution.com"},{"Link":"http://www.ineos-styrolution.com/portal/de_DE/locations","external_links_name":"\"INEOS Styrolution Locations\""},{"Link":"https://www.ineos-styrolution.com/portal/de_DE/about-us","external_links_name":"\"INEOS Styrolution Company\""},{"Link":"http://www.packagingnews.co.uk/news/basf-and-ineos-win-eu-approval-for-e6-4bn-plastics-joint-venture/","external_links_name":"\"Latest Packaging Industry News & Design Updates - Packaging News\""},{"Link":"http://www.chemweek.com/chem_ideas/Vincent-Valk/38378.html","external_links_name":"\"Chem Ideas :: Vincent Valk :: Chemical Week\""},{"Link":"http://www.interpack.com/cipp/md_interpack/custom/pub/content,oid,16520/lang,2/ticket,g_u_e_s_t/~/EU_Commission_approves_formation_of_joint_venture_Styrolution.html","external_links_name":"Interpack: com: EU Commission approves formation of joint venture Styrolution, June 13, 2011"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120515024752/http://www.interpack.com/cipp/md_interpack/custom/pub/content%2Coid%2C16520/lang%2C2/ticket%2Cg_u_e_s_t/~/EU_Commission_approves_formation_of_joint_venture_Styrolution.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.styrolution.com/","external_links_name":"Styrolution.com: Corporate website international"},{"Link":"https://www.nzz.ch/wirtschaft/newsticker/basf-steigt-fuer-11-milliarden-euro-aus-kunststoff-firma-styrolution-aus-ld.1134306?reduced=true","external_links_name":"\"BASF steigt für 1,1 Milliarden Euro aus Kunststoff-Firma Styrolution aus\""},{"Link":"https://www.mannheimer-morgen.de/politik/newsticker-dpa_ticker,-ludwigshafen-basf-verkauft-styrolution-anteil-fuer-11-milliarden-euro-_tickerid,35109.html","external_links_name":"\"Ludwigshafen: BASF verkauft Styrolution-Anteil für 1,1 Milliarden Euro - Newsticker überregional\""},{"Link":"https://www.ineos-styrolution.com/de_DE/news/ineos_styrolution_name_change","external_links_name":"\"Styrolution Portal\""},{"Link":"http://www.ineos-styrolution.com/de_DE/news/ineos_styrolution_name_change","external_links_name":"\"Styrolution Portal\""},{"Link":"https://interplasinsights.com/api/content/2113b71a-8351-11ec-99d9-12f1225286c6/","external_links_name":"\"Ensinger acquires StyLight from INEOS Styrolution\""},{"Link":"http://www.chemanager-online.com/en/news-opinions/interviews/dedicated-styrenics","external_links_name":"Chemanager-online.com: Dedicated to Styrenics, October 14, 2011"},{"Link":"http://www.icis.com/Articles/2011/10/04/9497257/epca-11-styrolution-to-be-global-leader-in-sm-ps-chief-exec.html","external_links_name":"ICIS.com: EPCA '11: Styrolution to be a global leader in SM, PS, October 4, 2011"},{"Link":"http://www.ineos-styrolution.com/","external_links_name":"INEOS Styrolution website"},{"Link":"http://www.ineos.com/","external_links_name":"INEOS website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burro_Cienega | Burro Cienega | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 32°18′28″N 108°37′23″W / 32.30778°N 108.62306°W / 32.30778; -108.62306Stream in New Mexico
Burro Cienega is a stream that arises at an elevation of 5990 feet, at 32°28′48″N 108°27′05″W / 32.48000°N 108.45139°W / 32.48000; -108.45139, in the Big Burro Mountains in Grant County, New Mexico. Its mouth is at 4196 feet at a playa about 5.5 miles southeast of Lordsburg in Hidalgo County, New Mexico.
History
Ojo Ynez, a spring, and watering place on the old road from Janos, Chihuahua, to the Santa Rita copper mines was located in the valley of the Burro Cienega two miles upstream from where the road crossed the stream just northeast of Soldiers Farewell Hill. It was subsequently a watering place on Cooke's Wagon Road and the route of the San Antonio–San Diego Mail Line, 10 miles southwest of Ojo de Vaca (Cow Spring) and 2 miles northeast of the later Soldier's Farewell Stage Station on the route of the Butterfield Overland Mail.
See also
List of rivers of New Mexico
References
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Burro Cienaga
^ Table of distances from Texas Almanac, 1859, Book, ca. 1859; digital images, (http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth123765/ accessed November 12, 2013), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, http://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Texas State Historical Association, Denton, Texas
^ List of Stations from New York Times, October 14 1858, Itinerary of the Route
32°18′28″N 108°37′23″W / 32.30778°N 108.62306°W / 32.30778; -108.62306
This article related to a river in New Mexico is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream"},{"link_name":"32°28′48″N 108°27′05″W / 32.48000°N 108.45139°W / 32.48000; -108.45139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Burro_Cienega¶ms=32_28_48_N_108_27_05_W_"},{"link_name":"Big Burro Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Burro_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Grant County, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"playa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_lake"},{"link_name":"Lordsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordsburg,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Hidalgo County, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Stream in New MexicoBurro Cienega is a stream that arises at an elevation of 5990 feet, at 32°28′48″N 108°27′05″W / 32.48000°N 108.45139°W / 32.48000; -108.45139, in the Big Burro Mountains in Grant County, New Mexico. Its mouth is at 4196 feet at a playa about 5.5 miles southeast of Lordsburg in Hidalgo County, New Mexico.[1]","title":"Burro Cienega"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)"},{"link_name":"Janos, Chihuahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janos,_Chihuahua"},{"link_name":"Santa Rita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rita,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"copper mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_mine"},{"link_name":"Soldiers Farewell Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldiers_Farewell_Hill"},{"link_name":"Cooke's Wagon Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooke%27s_Wagon_Road"},{"link_name":"San Antonio–San Diego Mail Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio%E2%80%93San_Diego_Mail_Line"},{"link_name":"Ojo de Vaca (Cow Spring)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow_Springs_Ranch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Soldier's Farewell Stage Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier%27s_Farewell_Stage_Station"},{"link_name":"Butterfield Overland Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfield_Overland_Mail"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Ojo Ynez, a spring, and watering place on the old road from Janos, Chihuahua, to the Santa Rita copper mines was located in the valley of the Burro Cienega two miles upstream from where the road crossed the stream just northeast of Soldiers Farewell Hill. It was subsequently a watering place on Cooke's Wagon Road and the route of the San Antonio–San Diego Mail Line, 10 miles southwest of Ojo de Vaca (Cow Spring)[2] and 2 miles northeast of the later Soldier's Farewell Stage Station on the route of the Butterfield Overland Mail.[3]","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of rivers of New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_New_Mexico"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Burro_Cienega¶ms=32_18_28_N_108_37_23_W_","external_links_name":"32°18′28″N 108°37′23″W / 32.30778°N 108.62306°W / 32.30778; -108.62306"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Burro_Cienega¶ms=32_28_48_N_108_27_05_W_","external_links_name":"32°28′48″N 108°27′05″W / 32.48000°N 108.45139°W / 32.48000; -108.45139"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/904239","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Burro Cienaga"},{"Link":"http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth123765/m1/147/","external_links_name":"Table of distances from Texas Almanac, 1859"},{"Link":"http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth123765/","external_links_name":"http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth123765/"},{"Link":"http://texashistory.unt.edu/","external_links_name":"http://texashistory.unt.edu"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1858/10/14/78877651.pdf","external_links_name":"List of Stations from New York Times, October 14 1858, Itinerary of the Route"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Burro_Cienega¶ms=32_18_28_N_108_37_23_W_","external_links_name":"32°18′28″N 108°37′23″W / 32.30778°N 108.62306°W / 32.30778; -108.62306"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burro_Cienega&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute | Pacific Justice Institute | ["1 Structure and Finances","2 Positions and Activities","3 Litigation","4 References","5 External links"] | This biographical article is written like a résumé. Please help improve it by revising it to be neutral and encyclopedic. (January 2022)
Pacific Justice InstituteFounded1997FounderBrad W. DacusTypeLegal advocacyLocationSacramento, CaliforniaPresidentBrad W. DacusWebsitewww.pacificjustice.org
The Pacific Justice Institute (PJI) is a conservative legal defense organization based in California. The group, founded by attorney Brad W. Dacus, describes itself as focusing on representation relating to "...religious freedom, parental rights, and other civil liberties." PJI was declared an anti-LGBT hate group in 2014 by the Southern Poverty Law Center due to the group's long history of anti-LGBT rhetoric through its founder. The group also represents workers opposed to their employers' vaccine mandates.
Structure and Finances
PJI is a tax-exempt non-profit organization with 501(c)(3) status under the IRS code, meaning contributions are tax deductible. It is headquartered in Sacramento and has four other office locations in California: Santa Ana, Oakland, Riverside, and San Diego. It was founded in 1997 by Brad Dacus, a graduate of the University of Texas School of Law.
Positions and Activities
PJI has been involved in legislation, has filed amicus curiae briefs in legal cases and testified in state and federal legislatures.
PJI supported Proposition 8, a 2008 California ballot initiative that defined marriage as one man and one woman. The ballot initiative was overturned by the Hollingsworth v. Perry decision in 2013.
PJI opposed the Affordable Care Act's individual mandate provision.
PJI unsuccessfully opposed SB 1172, a 2012 California law that banned conversion therapy for children under 18.
PJI opposed the School Success and Opportunity Act, a 2013 California law which allows transgender public school students to use restrooms and play on sports teams that fit their gender identity. In 2013, Media Matters for America described the Pacific Justice Institute as the "LGBT Misinformer of The Year", because it had publicized a press release containing false claims against a transgender student that were based only on the complaints of an angry parent, as part of its campaign against the law. Media Matters stated that PJI "came pretty close to conceding" the story was not true. In 2014, PJI filed suit over whether a referendum against the law qualified for the November 2014 ballot.
PJI helped a neighborhood group successfully oppose the operating permit for a medical marijuana dispensary, in the only neighborhood in San Francisco without a local dispensary.
PJI represented a church that objected to a nightclub with "adult entertainment" locating next door.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, PJI challenged public health restrictions on Church gatherings.
PJI represented a student who was suspended for distributing religious literature on public school grounds.
PJI represented people who had large Bible studies gatherings in a private home without a permit.
In 2019, PJI advocated against a California sex education law that required public schools to teach comprehensive sexual health education and HIV prevention education (while allowing parents to opt their children out).
In 2020, PJI filed a lawsuit against Washington Gov. Jay Inslee on behalf of two churches over the reopening process during the COVID-19 pandemic. Gov. Inslee relaxed the attendance restrictions after a federal appeals court sided with a church in a lawsuit in Nevada.
Litigation
Hartman v. Santa Clara County – PJI represented a doctor and a radiation therapist who objected to their employer's vaccine mandate. Both plaintiffs have religious objections to taking the shot for COVID-19.
Snatchko v. Galleria Mall – Youth pastor Matthew Snatchko was arrested at the Roseville Galleria Mall in 2007 for striking up a casual conversation with two other shoppers about faith. Although Snatchko had the shoppers' permission to broach the subject, a store employee called mall security guards, who arrested Snatchko. Criminal charges were dropped, but attorneys with PJI filed suit challenging the mall's restrictions on conversations between strangers. The trial court ruled in favor of the mall, but the Court of Appeal reversed, in a unanimous opinion, finding no legitimate basis for suppression of the youth pastor's speech.
Bible Club and R.G., a Minor by and through her Next Friend R.G. v. Placentia-Yorba Linda Unified School Dist., 573 F.Supp.2d 1291 (2008) – A federal court issued a preliminary injunction against a school district that refused to allow a high school student to start a Christian club at her school. The school only permitted "curriculum-related" groups to form on campus. The District settled after the court ruled that the club must be given equal access to meet, use school supplies, have an advisor, and a yearbook listing.
Guaytay v. San Diego County – PJI represented a couple in San Juan Capistrano, California against the city when city officials fined them $300 for holding regular Bible studies at their home, claiming the meetings violated the city's zoning laws. After PJI filed a lawsuit, the city changed its municipal code to not discriminate against religious gatherings by requiring costly use permits.
Codding v. Placer Co. Clerk –After the California Supreme Court found the ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional, but before the passage of Proposition 8, the State of California changed the words on the marriage license form from Bride and Groom to Party A and Party B. A man and a woman applied for a license and added the words Bride and Groom next to Party A and Party B. After the couple was married, the officiating minister signed and mailed marriage certificate to the county clerk, who rejected it because of the interlineation. PJI filed a lawsuit on behalf of the couple, and after the case was reported in the press, poll numbers supporting Proposition rose from 38% to 47%. The case was settled after the State of California agreed to change the wording on the license to remove Party A and Party B and allow checkboxes for options including Bride and Groom.
K.D. v. GUHSD – A high school student shared his faith in private conversations with other students, but was warned by a teacher to stop because of the separation of church and state. A teacher also warned him not to take his Bible to school, and confiscated it. The student was suspended for two days. The suspension notice stated: "Student was told to stop preaching at school. Student continued after being warned several times." The teacher also wrote on the suspension form, "Student will not bring Bible to school." Suit was brought in federal court, in the Southern District of California. The school district settled the case.
Murrieta Red-light case – There was an effort to repeal a law in Murrieta, California that mandated that all traffic lights be installed with cameras in order to catch the license plates of people who blew red-lights and the effort to repeal the law came in the form of a private petition in order to put it on the ballot for the next election. However, a lawsuit was levied against the private petition claiming that "residents don't have the authority to change traffic laws, and thus remove the cameras." PJI represented the petitioners in court. A committee funded by companies that provided the traffic cameras filed suit. On April 5, 2013, a Riverside Superior Court judge struck down the voter-approved ban.
References
^ Dacus, Brad (10 May 2019). "Brad Dacus: Setting the record straight on Pacific Justice Institute". www.theunion.com. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
^ AP, Don Thompson |. "Church singing ban strikes sour note with California pastor". Washington Post. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
^ a b Ann Southworth, 'Lawyers of the right: professionalizing the conservative coalition', Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008, p. 30
^ Balleck, Barry J. (2019-07-08). Hate Groups and Extremist Organizations in America: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-5751-5.
^ Greschler, Gabriel (March 15, 2022). "Santa Clara County doctor, radiation therapist sue over vaccine mandate". MSN. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
^ Pacific Justice Institute Homepage
^ Pacific Justice Institute Contact Page
^ a b Pacific Justice Institute Bio Page
^ "Mr. Brad William Dacus Profile | Sacramento, CA Lawyer | Martindale.com".
^ Karen Strauss et al., v. Mark B. Horton, as State Registrar of Vital Statistics, etc., et al.; Robin Tyler et al., v. State California et al.; City and County of San Francisco et al., v. Mark B. Horton, as State Registrar, etc., et al., California Supreme Court,
^ Report on the Activities of the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives During the One Hundred Tenth Congress, US Government Printing Office, January 3, 2009
^ Hearing on HR 1592 – "Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2007", U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime,
Terrorism and Homeland Security, "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-16. Retrieved 2012-08-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) April 17, 2007
^ Introduction to 2011 Digest of Legislation, California State Senate, 2011
^ Valerie Richardson, California's Jerry Brown won't defend Prop 8, The Washington Times, Sept. 3, 2010
^ Southern California Public Radio 89.3 KCC, Appeals court won't force state officials to defend Prop 8, Associated Press, Sept. 2, 2010
^ "Federal Judge Strikes Down Health Care Mandate" (Press release). Pacific Justice Institute. Dec 13, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
^ Nannette Miranda, Lawmakers debate ban on sexual orientation therapy, ABC Channel 7 News, Archived 2012-10-18 at the Wayback Machine May 30, 2012
^ Hannah Dreier, Gay Teen 'Conversion' Therapy May Be Banned In California, The Huffington Post, May 8, 2012
^ SB 1172 Senate Bill - Bill Analysis, California Senate Rules Committee, May 8, 2012
^ Egelko, Bob (2014-02-25). "Referendum challenging transgender rights law fails to make ballot". San Francisco Chronicle.
^ Brinker, Luke (2013-12-29). "LGBT Misinformer Of The Year: The Pacific Justice Institute". Media Matters for America.
^ "Foes of California transgender rights law revive ballot fight". The Monterey County Herald. Associated Press. March 25, 2014. Archived from the original on May 23, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
^ Sari Staver (2017-10-05). "Anti-gay group sinks SF pot club". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
^ "Drain City Council considers ordinance restricting 'adult entertainment'". Cottage Grove Sentinel. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
^ "Eastern Oregon church leads suit over Gov. Kate Brown stay-home executive orders". kgw.com. 8 May 2020. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
^ Williams, June (2015-06-03). "Let Student Preach, Judge Tells School". Retrieved 2020-05-12.
^ Kalb, Loretta (December 21, 2014). "Sacramento Bee". Retrieved May 12, 2020.
^ "City orders end to church meetings at home". Daily News. 2010-03-18. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
^ Corey, Sam (16 April 2019). "Pacific Justice Institute's Brad Dacus takes on law changing California sex education curriculum". www.theunion.com. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
^ Kraemer, Kristen (June 7, 2020). "Tri-Cities church sues Inslee over "unequal treatment" in phased reopening of counties". Tri-City Herald. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
^ Stormo, Allison (December 23, 2020). "COVID Rules Change for Churches in Washington". The Chronicle. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
^ "Santa Clara County doctor, radiation therapist sue over vaccine mandate". MSN. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
^ "Hartman et al v. Santa Clara County et al (4:22-cv-01591), California Northern District Court". www.pacermonitor.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
^ Bob Egelko, Top state court drops mall's free speech challenge, San Francisco Chronicle, October 21, 2010
^ Diane Macedo, Man Sues California Mall After Guard Arrests Him for Having Conversation About God, Fox News, February 10, 2010
^ Lawrence D. Jones, Calif. Court of Appeal Mulls Mall's Ban on Religious, Political Talk, The Christian Post, February 10, 2010
^ a b My-Thuan Tran, School must allow Bible club, Los Angeles Times, September 4, 2008
^ a b CBS Los Angeles, KNX 1070, San Juan Capistrano Adopts Changes to Shield Home Bible Studies, June 21, 2012
^ Christina NG, California Family Fined for Bible Study in Home, ABC News, Sept. 22, 2011
^ Fox News, California Couple Fined $300 for Holding Home Bible Studies, Sept. 21, 2011
^ LA Times, San Juan Capistrano family fined for holding Bible study in home, Sept. 21, 2011
^ The Capistrano Dispatch, Capistrano Couple Resolves Case Over Bible-Study Citation, Archived 2012-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
^ "'Bride' and 'Groom' Back in California". 2018-07-04. Archived from the original on 2018-07-04. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
^ a b Nathan Max, Student booted in Bible flap suing school district, U-T San Diego, March 31, 2011
^ a b Channel 10 News, Student Suspended For Bringing Bible To School Files Suit, March 30, 2011
^ a b Kabbany, Jennifer (June 27, 2012). "Murrieta: Commission rejects political complaint". North County Times. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
^ Kabbany, Jennifer (June 22, 2012). "Murrieta: Council takes neutral stance on lawsuit". North County Times. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
^ a b c Williams, Michael J. (June 15, 2012). "Murrieta: Legal scrap heats up over measure". North County Times. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
^ "MURRIETA: Judge strikes down red-light camera ban". Press Enterprise. 2013-04-05. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
External links
"Pacific Justice Institute Internal Revenue Service filings". ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"legal defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_defense"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-southworth-3"},{"link_name":"anti-LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_opposition"},{"link_name":"Southern Poverty Law Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center"},{"link_name":"anti-LGBT rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Pacific Justice Institute (PJI) is a conservative legal defense organization based in California.[3] The group, founded by attorney Brad W. Dacus, describes itself as focusing on representation relating to \"...religious freedom, parental rights, and other civil liberties.\" PJI was declared an anti-LGBT hate group in 2014 by the Southern Poverty Law Center due to the group's long history of anti-LGBT rhetoric through its founder.[4] The group also represents workers opposed to their employers' vaccine mandates.[5]","title":"Pacific Justice Institute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"501(c)(3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)(3)_organization"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-homepage-6"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California"},{"link_name":"Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland"},{"link_name":"Riverside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_California"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-contact-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-southworth-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dacus-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dacus-8"},{"link_name":"University of Texas School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"PJI is a tax-exempt non-profit organization with 501(c)(3) status under the IRS code, meaning contributions are tax deductible.[6] It is headquartered in Sacramento and has four other office locations in California: Santa Ana, Oakland, Riverside, and San Diego.[7] It was founded in 1997[3][8] by Brad Dacus,[8] a graduate of the University of Texas School of Law.[9]","title":"Structure and Finances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amicus curiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amicus-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-congress1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-congress2-12"},{"link_name":"Proposition 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_8_(2008)"},{"link_name":"Hollingsworth v. Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollingsworth_v._Perry"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-state-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-richardson-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scpr-15"},{"link_name":"Affordable Care Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pji-16"},{"link_name":"conversion therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_therapy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miranda-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dreier-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaybill-19"},{"link_name":"School Success and Opportunity Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Success_and_Opportunity_Act"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Media Matters for America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Matters_for_America"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Jay Inslee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Inslee"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"PJI has been involved in legislation, has filed amicus curiae briefs in legal cases[10] and testified in state and federal legislatures.[11][12]PJI supported Proposition 8, a 2008 California ballot initiative that defined marriage as one man and one woman. The ballot initiative was overturned by the Hollingsworth v. Perry decision in 2013.[13][14][15]PJI opposed the Affordable Care Act's individual mandate provision.[16]PJI unsuccessfully opposed SB 1172, a 2012 California law that banned conversion therapy for children under 18.[17][18][19]PJI opposed the School Success and Opportunity Act, a 2013 California law which allows transgender public school students to use restrooms and play on sports teams that fit their gender identity.[20] In 2013, Media Matters for America described the Pacific Justice Institute as the \"LGBT Misinformer of The Year\", because it had publicized a press release containing false claims against a transgender student that were based only on the complaints of an angry parent, as part of its campaign against the law. Media Matters stated that PJI \"came pretty close to conceding\" the story was not true.[21] In 2014, PJI filed suit over whether a referendum against the law qualified for the November 2014 ballot.[22]PJI helped a neighborhood group successfully oppose the operating permit for a medical marijuana dispensary, in the only neighborhood in San Francisco without a local dispensary.[23]PJI represented a church that objected to a nightclub with \"adult entertainment\" locating next door.[24]\nDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, PJI challenged public health restrictions on Church gatherings.[25]PJI represented a student who was suspended for distributing religious literature on public school grounds.[26][27]PJI represented people who had large Bible studies gatherings in a private home without a permit.[28]In 2019, PJI advocated against a California sex education law that required public schools to teach comprehensive sexual health education and HIV prevention education (while allowing parents to opt their children out).[29]In 2020, PJI filed a lawsuit against Washington Gov. Jay Inslee on behalf of two churches over the reopening process during the COVID-19 pandemic.[30] Gov. Inslee relaxed the attendance restrictions after a federal appeals court sided with a church in a lawsuit in Nevada.[31]","title":"Positions and Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-egelko-2-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macedo-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tran-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tran-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbs-capistrano-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ng-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foxnews-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-capistrano-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbs-capistrano-38"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-capistranodispatch-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rohr-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-max-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10news-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-max-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10news-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kannaby1-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kannaby2-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams-48"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kannaby1-46"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"Hartman v. Santa Clara County – PJI represented a doctor and a radiation therapist who objected to their employer's vaccine mandate. Both plaintiffs have religious objections to taking the shot for COVID-19.[32][33]Snatchko v. Galleria Mall – Youth pastor Matthew Snatchko was arrested at the Roseville Galleria Mall in 2007 for striking up a casual conversation with two other shoppers about faith. Although Snatchko had the shoppers' permission to broach the subject, a store employee called mall security guards, who arrested Snatchko. Criminal charges were dropped, but attorneys with PJI filed suit challenging the mall's restrictions on conversations between strangers. The trial court ruled in favor of the mall, but the Court of Appeal reversed, in a unanimous opinion, finding no legitimate basis for suppression of the youth pastor's speech.[34][35][36]Bible Club and R.G., a Minor by and through her Next Friend R.G. v. Placentia-Yorba Linda Unified School Dist., 573 F.Supp.2d 1291 (2008) – A federal court issued a preliminary injunction against a school district that refused to allow a high school student to start a Christian club at her school. The school only permitted \"curriculum-related\" groups to form on campus.[37] The District settled after the court ruled that the club must be given equal access to meet, use school supplies, have an advisor, and a yearbook listing.[37]Guaytay v. San Diego County – PJI represented a couple in San Juan Capistrano, California against the city when city officials fined them $300 for holding regular Bible studies at their home, claiming the meetings violated the city's zoning laws.[38][39][40][41] After PJI filed a lawsuit, the city changed its municipal code to not discriminate against religious gatherings by requiring costly use permits.[38][42]Codding v. Placer Co. Clerk –After the California Supreme Court found the ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional, but before the passage of Proposition 8, the State of California changed the words on the marriage license form from Bride and Groom to Party A and Party B. A man and a woman applied for a license and added the words Bride and Groom next to Party A and Party B. After the couple was married, the officiating minister signed and mailed marriage certificate to the county clerk, who rejected it because of the interlineation. PJI filed a lawsuit on behalf of the couple, and after the case was reported in the press, poll numbers supporting Proposition rose from 38% to 47%. The case was settled after the State of California agreed to change the wording on the license to remove Party A and Party B and allow checkboxes for options including Bride and Groom.[43]K.D. v. GUHSD – A high school student shared his faith in private conversations with other students, but was warned by a teacher to stop because of the separation of church and state. A teacher also warned him not to take his Bible to school, and confiscated it. The student was suspended for two days. The suspension notice stated: \"Student was told to stop preaching at school. Student continued after being warned several times.\"[44][45] The teacher also wrote on the suspension form, \"Student will not bring Bible to school.\" Suit was brought in federal court, in the Southern District of California. The school district settled the case.[44][45]Murrieta Red-light case – There was an effort to repeal a law in Murrieta, California that mandated that all traffic lights be installed with cameras in order to catch the license plates of people who blew red-lights and the effort to repeal the law came in the form of a private petition in order to put it on the ballot for the next election.[46][47][48] However, a lawsuit was levied against the private petition claiming that \"residents don't have the authority to change traffic laws, and thus remove the cameras.\"[46][48] PJI represented the petitioners in court.[48] A committee funded by companies that provided the traffic cameras filed suit. On April 5, 2013, a Riverside Superior Court judge struck down the voter-approved ban.[49]","title":"Litigation"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Dacus, Brad (10 May 2019). \"Brad Dacus: Setting the record straight on Pacific Justice Institute\". www.theunion.com. Retrieved 2020-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theunion.com/opinion/columns/brad-dacus-setting-the-record-straight-on-pacific-justice-institute/","url_text":"\"Brad Dacus: Setting the record straight on Pacific Justice Institute\""}]},{"reference":"AP, Don Thompson |. \"Church singing ban strikes sour note with California pastor\". Washington Post. Retrieved 2020-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/church-singing-ban-strikes-sour-note-with-california-pastor/2020/07/10/c79788be-c2e6-11ea-8908-68a2b9eae9e0_story.html","url_text":"\"Church singing ban strikes sour note with California pastor\""}]},{"reference":"Balleck, Barry J. (2019-07-08). Hate Groups and Extremist Organizations in America: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-5751-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lTOhDwAAQBAJ&dq=pacific+justice+institute&pg=PA269","url_text":"Hate Groups and Extremist Organizations in America: An Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5751-5","url_text":"978-1-4408-5751-5"}]},{"reference":"Greschler, Gabriel (March 15, 2022). \"Santa Clara County doctor, radiation therapist sue over vaccine mandate\". MSN. Retrieved 2022-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/crime/santa-clara-county-doctor-radiation-therapist-sue-over-vaccine-mandate/ar-AAV6rR6","url_text":"\"Santa Clara County doctor, radiation therapist sue over vaccine mandate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mr. Brad William Dacus Profile | Sacramento, CA Lawyer | Martindale.com\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.martindale.com/profile/attorneys.aspx?alid=203002&ft=5","url_text":"\"Mr. Brad William Dacus Profile | Sacramento, CA Lawyer | Martindale.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-16. Retrieved 2012-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120916165342/http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/April2007/Dacus070417.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/April2007/Dacus070417.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Federal Judge Strikes Down Health Care Mandate\" (Press release). Pacific Justice Institute. Dec 13, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://pacificjustice.org/news/federal-judge-strikes-down-health-care-mandate","url_text":"\"Federal Judge Strikes Down Health Care Mandate\""}]},{"reference":"Egelko, Bob (2014-02-25). \"Referendum challenging transgender rights law fails to make ballot\". San Francisco Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Referendum-challenging-transgender-rights-law-5263999.php","url_text":"\"Referendum challenging transgender rights law fails to make ballot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Brinker, Luke (2013-12-29). \"LGBT Misinformer Of The Year: The Pacific Justice Institute\". Media Matters for America.","urls":[{"url":"http://mediamatters.org/blog/2013/12/29/lgbt-misinformer-of-the-year-the-pacific-justic/197371","url_text":"\"LGBT Misinformer Of The Year: The Pacific Justice Institute\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Matters_for_America","url_text":"Media Matters for America"}]},{"reference":"\"Foes of California transgender rights law revive ballot fight\". The Monterey County Herald. Associated Press. March 25, 2014. Archived from the original on May 23, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140523225846/http://www.montereyherald.com/state/ci_25416980/foes-transgender-rights-law-revive-ballot-fight","url_text":"\"Foes of California transgender rights law revive ballot fight\""},{"url":"http://www.montereyherald.com/state/ci_25416980/foes-transgender-rights-law-revive-ballot-fight","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sari Staver (2017-10-05). \"Anti-gay group sinks SF pot club\". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2017-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=72985","url_text":"\"Anti-gay group sinks SF pot club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drain City Council considers ordinance restricting 'adult entertainment'\". Cottage Grove Sentinel. Retrieved 2020-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cgsentinel.com/article/drain-city-council-considers-ordinance-restricting-adult-entertainment","url_text":"\"Drain City Council considers ordinance restricting 'adult entertainment'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eastern Oregon church leads suit over Gov. Kate Brown stay-home executive orders\". kgw.com. 8 May 2020. Retrieved 2020-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kgw.com/article/news/politics/eastern-oregon-church-leads-suit-over-gov-kate-brown-stay-home-executive-orders/283-c0c16ec8-671d-4b88-ad0e-dd2b561fb2cb","url_text":"\"Eastern Oregon church leads suit over Gov. Kate Brown stay-home executive orders\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, June (2015-06-03). \"Let Student Preach, Judge Tells School\". Retrieved 2020-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.courthousenews.com/let-student-preach-judge-tells-school/","url_text":"\"Let Student Preach, Judge Tells School\""}]},{"reference":"Kalb, Loretta (December 21, 2014). \"Sacramento Bee\". Retrieved May 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/education/article4782867.html","url_text":"\"Sacramento Bee\""}]},{"reference":"\"City orders end to church meetings at home\". Daily News. 2010-03-18. Retrieved 2020-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailynews.com/20100318/city-orders-end-to-church-meetings-at-home","url_text":"\"City orders end to church meetings at home\""}]},{"reference":"Corey, Sam (16 April 2019). \"Pacific Justice Institute's Brad Dacus takes on law changing California sex education curriculum\". www.theunion.com. Retrieved 2020-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theunion.com/news/education/pacific-justice-institutes-brad-dacus-takes-on-law-changing-california-sex-education-curriculum/","url_text":"\"Pacific Justice Institute's Brad Dacus takes on law changing California sex education curriculum\""}]},{"reference":"Kraemer, Kristen (June 7, 2020). \"Tri-Cities church sues Inslee over \"unequal treatment\" in phased reopening of counties\". Tri-City Herald. Retrieved June 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tri-cityherald.com/news/coronavirus/article243336016.html","url_text":"\"Tri-Cities church sues Inslee over \"unequal treatment\" in phased reopening of counties\""}]},{"reference":"Stormo, Allison (December 23, 2020). \"COVID Rules Change for Churches in Washington\". The Chronicle. Retrieved 2021-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chronline.com/stories/covid-rules-change-for-churches-in-washington,260609","url_text":"\"COVID Rules Change for Churches in Washington\""}]},{"reference":"\"Santa Clara County doctor, radiation therapist sue over vaccine mandate\". MSN. Retrieved 2022-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/crime/santa-clara-county-doctor-radiation-therapist-sue-over-vaccine-mandate/ar-AAV6rR6","url_text":"\"Santa Clara County doctor, radiation therapist sue over vaccine mandate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hartman et al v. Santa Clara County et al (4:22-cv-01591), California Northern District Court\". www.pacermonitor.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pacermonitor.com/public/case/43913081/Hartman_et_al_v_Santa_Clara_County_et_al","url_text":"\"Hartman et al v. Santa Clara County et al (4:22-cv-01591), California Northern District Court\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Bride' and 'Groom' Back in California\". 2018-07-04. Archived from the original on 2018-07-04. Retrieved 2021-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180704153521/http://www.ncregister.com/site/article/bride_and_groom_back_in_california","url_text":"\"'Bride' and 'Groom' Back in California\""},{"url":"http://www.ncregister.com/site/article/bride_and_groom_back_in_california","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kabbany, Jennifer (June 27, 2012). \"Murrieta: Commission rejects political complaint\". North County Times. Retrieved May 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/jun/27/murrieta-commission-rejects-political-complaint/","url_text":"\"Murrieta: Commission rejects political complaint\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_County_Times","url_text":"North County Times"}]},{"reference":"Kabbany, Jennifer (June 22, 2012). \"Murrieta: Council takes neutral stance on lawsuit\". North County Times. Retrieved May 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/jun/22/murrieta-council-takes-neutral-stance-on-lawsuit/","url_text":"\"Murrieta: Council takes neutral stance on lawsuit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_County_Times","url_text":"North County Times"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Michael J. (June 15, 2012). \"Murrieta: Legal scrap heats up over measure\". North County Times. Retrieved May 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/jun/15/murrieta-legal-scrap-heats-up-over-measure/","url_text":"\"Murrieta: Legal scrap heats up over measure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_County_Times","url_text":"North County Times"}]},{"reference":"\"MURRIETA: Judge strikes down red-light camera ban\". Press Enterprise. 2013-04-05. Retrieved 2021-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pe.com/2013/04/05/murrieta-judge-strikes-down-red-light-camera-ban/","url_text":"\"MURRIETA: Judge strikes down red-light camera ban\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pacific Justice Institute Internal Revenue Service filings\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Scheuchzer | Johann Jakob Scheuchzer | ["1 Life and career","2 Published works","2.1 Scientific works","2.2 Travel works","3 Honours and awards","4 References","5 Other sources","6 External links"] | Swiss paleontologist (1672–1733)
J. J. Scheuchzer in 1731, aged 59
Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (2 August 1672 – 23 June 1733) was a Swiss physician and natural scientist born in Zürich. His most famous work was the Physica sacra in four volumes, which was a commentary on the Bible and included his view of the world, demonstrating a convergence of science and religion. It was richly illustrated with copperplate etchings and came to be called the Kupfer-Bibel or "Copper Bible".
Scheuchzer supported Biblical creation, but his support for Copernican heliocentrism forced him to print his works outside Switzerland. He also supported antecedent concepts of Neptunism and considered fossils as evidence for the Biblical deluge. A fossil from Ohningen that he identified as a human drowned by the Flood was later identified as a Miocene salamander which was named after him as Andrias scheuchzeri.
Life and career
The son of the namesake senior town physician (Archiater) of Zürich and Barbara Fäsi, daughter of the principal of the Latin school, he received his education in Zürich and, in 1692, went to the University of Altdorf near Nuremberg, being intended for the medical profession. Early in 1694, he took his degree of doctor in medicine at the University of Utrecht, and then returned to Altdorf bei Nürnberg to complete his mathematical studies. He studied astronomy under Georg Eimmart. He went back to Zürich in 1696 (following the death of the town physician Johann Jakob Wagner in 1695) and was made junior town physician (Poliater) with the promise of the professorship of mathematics which he duly obtained in 1710. From 1697 he was a secretary at the Collegium der Wohlgesinnten where he gave lectures on philosophy. He also worked as a curator of the Kunstkammer (natural history cabinet) of the city of Zürich. He corresponded widely with other scholars and published in the transactions of the Royal Society where he was elected a Fellow on November 30, 1703 seconded by John Woodward (1665–1728) with whom he shared Neptunist-like views. He married Susanna Vogel and they had nearly nine children but only a few lived to adulthood. He was promoted to the chair of physics, with the office of senior city physician (Stadtarzt), in January 1733, only a few months before his death. He died on 23 June 1733 in Zürich.
Published works
Scheuchzer wrote extensively to Nova literaria Helvetica, the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society and started his own periodicals, Beschreibung der Natur-Geschichten des Schweizerlands and Historischer und politischer Mercurius. He also published works (apart from numerous articles) were estimated at thirty-four in number. He corresponded extensively across Europe with nearly 800 correspondents. These included the theologian Hortensia von Moos, and his many students such as Antonio Picenino (and his father Giacomo Picenino) with whom he went on alpine excursions. His historical writings are mostly still in manuscript. The more important of his published writings relate either to his scientific observations (all branches) or to his journeys, in the course of which he collected materials for these scientific works.
Scientific works
Physica sacra:The creation of man – and an individual's development, from fertilization to death
In the former category is his self-published Beschreibung der Naturgeschichte des Schweitzerlandes (3 volumes, Zürich, 1706–1708), the third volume containing an account in German of his journey of 1705; a new edition of this book and, with important omissions, of his 1723 work, was issued, in 2 volumes, in 1746, by JG Sulzer, under the title of Naturgeschichte des Schweitzerlandes sammt seinen Reisen über die schweitzerischen Gebirge, and his Helvetiae historia naturalis oder Naturhistorie des Schweitzerlandes (published in 3 volumes, at Zürich, 1716–1718, and reissued in the same form in 1752, under the German title just given). The first of the three parts of the last-named work deals with the Swiss mountains (summing up all that was then known about them, and serving as a link between Simmler's work of 1574 and Gruner's of 1760), the second with the Swiss rivers, lakes and mineral baths, and the third with Swiss meteorology and geology.
In his Physica sacra he included arguments for the existence of God, suggesting that an atheist should be shown a pin-hole camera and then shown how the eye is a perfect replica of the same, demonstrating intelligent design. He also followed the contemporary tradition of interpreting fossil ammonites as proof of the Biblical deluge. He also described fossil plants in his Herbarium diluvianum (1709). He observed the solar eclipse of 1706 and the lunar eclipse of the same year in which he recorded a Perseid meteor shower.
Scheuchzer's works, as issued in 1746 and in 1752, formed (with Tschudi's Chronicum Helveticum) one of the chief sources for Schiller's drama Wilhelm Tell (1804). In 1704, Scheuchzer was elected FRS. He published many scientific notes and papers in the Philosophical Transactions for 1706–07, 1709 and 1727–28.
Travel works
In the second category are his Itinera alpina tria (made in 1702–04), which was published in London in 1708, and dedicated to the Royal Society, while the plates illustrating it were executed at the expense of various fellows of the society, including the president, Sir Isaac Newton (whose imprimatur appears on the title-page), Sir Hans Sloane, Dean Aldrich, Humfrey Wanley, etc. The text is written in Latin, as is that of the definitive work describing his travels (with which is incorporated the 1708 volume) that appeared in 1723 at Leiden, in four quarto volumes, under the title of Itinera per Helvetiae alpinas regiones facta annis 1702–11. He also wrote Helvetiae stoicheiographia (1716–1718) based on his annual alpine travels.
These journeys led Scheuchzer to almost every part of Switzerland, particularly its central and eastern districts. Apropos of his visit (1705) to the Rhône Glacier, he inserts a full account of the other Swiss glaciers, as far as they were then known, while in 1706, after mentioning certain wonders to be seen in the museum at Lucerne, he adds reports by men of good faith who had seen dragons in Switzerland. He doubts their existence, but illustrates the reports by fanciful representations of dragons, which have led some modern writers to depreciate his merits as a traveller and naturalist, for the belief in dragons was then widely spread.
In 1712 he published a map of Switzerland in four sheets (scale 1/290,000), of which the east portion (based on his personal observations) is by far the most accurate, though the map as a whole was the best map of Switzerland until the end of the 18th century. At the end of his 1723 book he gives a full list (covering 27 quarto pages) of his writings from 1694 to 1721.
Scheuchzer is also known for his paleontological work. In his Lithographia Helvetica, he described fossils as "plays of nature" or alternately as leftovers from the biblical Flood. Most famously, he claimed that a fossilized skeleton found in a Baden quarry was the remains of a human who had perished in the deluge. This claim, which seemed to verify the claims of Christian scripture, was accepted for several decades after Scheuchzer's death, until 1811, when French naturalist Georges Cuvier re-examined the specimen and showed that it was actually a large prehistoric salamander which was named in his memory as Andrias scheuchzeri.
Herbarium deluvianum
Illustration of critique of Piscium querelae et vindiciae published in Acta Eruditorum, 1709
Agrostographia, 1719
The formation of a rainbow (Physica sacra 1 - pl. 66)
Scheuchzer's frontispiece to "Museum Diluvianum", dedicated to Hans Sloane, 1716
Zürich, Zwingli-Platz (Grossmünster) : Former home of Konrad von Mure († 1280) and the house, where Johann Jakob Scheuchzer was born
Memorial plate
Honours and awards
In November 1703, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Scheuchzerhorn (3462 m) and Scheuchzerjoch in the Bernese Alps are named after Johann Jakob Scheuchzer. Scheuchzeriaceae and Scheuchzeria palustris are named in his honour.
References
^ a b c d e f g Coolidge 1911.
^ Leoni, Simona Boscani, ed. (2019). «Unglaubliche Bergwunder» Johann Jakob Scheuchzer und Graubünden. Ausgewählte Briefe 1699–1707 (in German). Instituts für Kulturforschung Graubünden. doi:10.7892/boris.140361 (inactive 2024-01-31). hdl:20.500.12657/49936. ISBN 978-3-905342-59-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
^ a b Leu, Urs B. (2015). "Swiss Mountains and English Scholars: Johann Jakob Scheuchzer's Relations to the Royal Society". Huntington Library Quarterly. 78 (2): 329–348. doi:10.1353/hlq.2015.0018. ISSN 1544-399X. S2CID 159885869.
^ Klöti, Thomas (2007), "Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob", in Hockey, Thomas; Trimble, Virginia; Williams, Thomas R.; Bracher, Katherine (eds.), The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 1019–1020, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1231, ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0, retrieved 2023-10-15
^ Acta Eruditorum. Leipzig. 1709. p. 77.
^ "Johann Jacob Scheuchzer, 1672—1733". Nature. 131 (3321): 902. 1933. doi:10.1038/131902b0. ISSN 0028-0836.
^ "Search past Fellows; Record: Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob". The Royal Society. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
Other sources
Claus Bernet (2003). "Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob (Jacob)". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 21. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 1312–1355. ISBN 3-88309-110-3.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). "Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 322.
See Franz Xaver Hoeherl, J.J. Scheuchzer, der Begründer d. phys. Geographie d. Hochgebirges (Munich, 1901), a useful pamphlet, conveniently summarizing Scheuchzer's scientific views.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Johann Jakob Scheuchzer.
Scheuchzer, Johann (1719). Agrostographia (in Latin). Zürich: Heinrich Bodmer (2.).
Digitized copy of "Bibliotheca scriptorum historiæ naturali omnium terræ regionum inservientium" via John Carter Brown Library on Internet Archive
Digitized copy of "Physica sacra" from John Carter Brown Library Volume 1 (1731) Volume 2 (1732) Volume 3 (1733) Volume 4 (1735)
Herbarium diluvianum, 1723. (in Latin)
Herbarium diluvianum (1709) - full digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library.
Specimen lithographiae Helveticae... (1702) - full digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library.
Homo diluvii testis (1726) - full digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library.
Piscium querelae et vindiciae (1708) - full digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library.
Physica Sacra (1731) - Examples of engravings.
Critical edition of part of Scheuchzer's correspondence, Project hallerNet.org, University of Bern
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He was promoted to the chair of physics, with the office of senior city physician (Stadtarzt), in January 1733, only a few months before his death.[2] He died on 23 June 1733 in Zürich.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hortensia von Moos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortensia_von_Moos"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911-1"}],"text":"Scheuchzer wrote extensively to Nova literaria Helvetica, the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society and started his own periodicals, Beschreibung der Natur-Geschichten des Schweizerlands and Historischer und politischer Mercurius. He also published works (apart from numerous articles) were estimated at thirty-four in number. He corresponded extensively across Europe with nearly 800 correspondents. These included the theologian Hortensia von Moos, and his many students such as Antonio Picenino (and his father Giacomo Picenino) with whom he went on alpine excursions.[3] His historical writings are mostly still in manuscript. The more important of his published writings relate either to his scientific observations (all branches) or to his journeys, in the course of which he collected materials for these scientific works.[1]","title":"Published works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J.J._Scheuchzer,_Physica_sacra,_tab._XXIII_Wellcome_L0007426.jpg"},{"link_name":"JG Sulzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Sulzer"},{"link_name":"Simmler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josias_Simmler"},{"link_name":"Gruner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Sigmund_Gruner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tschudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegidius_Tschudi"},{"link_name":"Schiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Tell_(play)"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911-1"}],"sub_title":"Scientific works","text":"Physica sacra:The creation of man – and an individual's development, from fertilization to deathIn the former category is his self-published Beschreibung der Naturgeschichte des Schweitzerlandes (3 volumes, Zürich, 1706–1708), the third volume containing an account in German of his journey of 1705; a new edition of this book and, with important omissions, of his 1723 work, was issued, in 2 volumes, in 1746, by JG Sulzer, under the title of Naturgeschichte des Schweitzerlandes sammt seinen Reisen über die schweitzerischen Gebirge, and his Helvetiae historia naturalis oder Naturhistorie des Schweitzerlandes (published in 3 volumes, at Zürich, 1716–1718, and reissued in the same form in 1752, under the German title just given). The first of the three parts of the last-named work deals with the Swiss mountains (summing up all that was then known about them, and serving as a link between Simmler's work of 1574 and Gruner's of 1760), the second with the Swiss rivers, lakes and mineral baths, and the third with Swiss meteorology and geology.[1]In his Physica sacra he included arguments for the existence of God, suggesting that an atheist should be shown a pin-hole camera and then shown how the eye is a perfect replica of the same, demonstrating intelligent design. He also followed the contemporary tradition of interpreting fossil ammonites as proof of the Biblical deluge.[3] He also described fossil plants in his Herbarium diluvianum (1709). He observed the solar eclipse of 1706 and the lunar eclipse of the same year in which he recorded a Perseid meteor shower.[4]Scheuchzer's works, as issued in 1746 and in 1752, formed (with Tschudi's Chronicum Helveticum) one of the chief sources for Schiller's drama Wilhelm Tell (1804). In 1704, Scheuchzer was elected FRS. He published many scientific notes and papers in the Philosophical Transactions for 1706–07, 1709 and 1727–28.[1]","title":"Published works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"Isaac Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton"},{"link_name":"imprimatur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprimatur"},{"link_name":"Hans Sloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane"},{"link_name":"Dean Aldrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Aldrich"},{"link_name":"Humfrey Wanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humfrey_Wanley"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911-1"},{"link_name":"Rhône Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Lucerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne"},{"link_name":"dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_dragon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911-1"},{"link_name":"quarto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidge1911-1"},{"link_name":"fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossils"},{"link_name":"Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deluge_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden"},{"link_name":"remains of a human who had perished in the deluge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_diluvii_testis"},{"link_name":"Georges Cuvier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cuvier"},{"link_name":"Andrias scheuchzeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrias_scheuchzeri"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scheuchzer_bot.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acta_Eruditorum_-_II_fossili,_1709_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13373207.jpg"},{"link_name":"Acta Eruditorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_Eruditorum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scheuchzer,_Johann_%E2%80%93_Agrostographia,_1719_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6926608.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rainbows_from_Scheuchzer%27s_Physica_Sacra_(1731).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scheuchzer_-_Museum_Diluvianum.png"},{"link_name":"Hans Sloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Z%C3%BCrich_-_Grossm%C3%BCnster_-_Mure_-_Scheuchzer_IMG_1286.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grossmünster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grossm%C3%BCnster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Z%C3%BCrich_-_Grossm%C3%BCnster_-_Mure_-_Scheuchzer_IMG_1285.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Travel works","text":"In the second category are his Itinera alpina tria[5] (made in 1702–04), which was published in London in 1708, and dedicated to the Royal Society, while the plates illustrating it were executed at the expense of various fellows of the society, including the president, Sir Isaac Newton (whose imprimatur appears on the title-page), Sir Hans Sloane, Dean Aldrich, Humfrey Wanley, etc. The text is written in Latin, as is that of the definitive work describing his travels (with which is incorporated the 1708 volume) that appeared in 1723 at Leiden, in four quarto volumes, under the title of Itinera per Helvetiae alpinas regiones facta annis 1702–11.[1] He also wrote Helvetiae stoicheiographia (1716–1718) based on his annual alpine travels.These journeys led Scheuchzer to almost every part of Switzerland, particularly its central and eastern districts. Apropos of his visit (1705) to the Rhône Glacier, he inserts a full account of the other Swiss glaciers, as far as they were then known, while in 1706, after mentioning certain wonders to be seen in the museum at Lucerne, he adds reports by men of good faith who had seen dragons in Switzerland. He doubts their existence, but illustrates the reports by fanciful representations of dragons, which have led some modern writers to depreciate his merits as a traveller and naturalist, for the belief in dragons was then widely spread.[1]In 1712 he published a map of Switzerland in four sheets (scale 1/290,000), of which the east portion (based on his personal observations) is by far the most accurate, though the map as a whole was the best map of Switzerland until the end of the 18th century. At the end of his 1723 book he gives a full list (covering 27 quarto pages) of his writings from 1694 to 1721.[1]Scheuchzer is also known for his paleontological work. In his Lithographia Helvetica, he described fossils as \"plays of nature\" or alternately as leftovers from the biblical Flood. Most famously, he claimed that a fossilized skeleton found in a Baden quarry was the remains of a human who had perished in the deluge. This claim, which seemed to verify the claims of Christian scripture, was accepted for several decades after Scheuchzer's death, until 1811, when French naturalist Georges Cuvier re-examined the specimen and showed that it was actually a large prehistoric salamander which was named in his memory as Andrias scheuchzeri.[6]Herbarium deluvianum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIllustration of critique of Piscium querelae et vindiciae published in Acta Eruditorum, 1709\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAgrostographia, 1719\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe formation of a rainbow (Physica sacra 1 - pl. 66)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tScheuchzer's frontispiece to \"Museum Diluvianum\", dedicated to Hans Sloane, 1716\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZürich, Zwingli-Platz (Grossmünster) : Former home of Konrad von Mure († 1280) and the house, where Johann Jakob Scheuchzer was born\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMemorial plate","title":"Published works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Scheuchzerhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheuchzerhorn"},{"link_name":"Scheuchzerjoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scheuchzerjoch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bernese Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernese_Alps"},{"link_name":"Scheuchzeriaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheuchzeriaceae"},{"link_name":"Scheuchzeria palustris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheuchzeria_palustris"}],"text":"In November 1703, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.[7] Scheuchzerhorn (3462 m) and Scheuchzerjoch in the Bernese Alps are named after Johann Jakob Scheuchzer. Scheuchzeriaceae and Scheuchzeria palustris are named in his honour.","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bbkl.de/s/s1/scheuchzer_j_j.shtml"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-88309-110-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88309-110-3"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._A._B._Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Scheuchzer,_Johann_Jakob"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"}],"text":"Claus Bernet (2003). \"Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob (Jacob)\". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 21. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 1312–1355. ISBN 3-88309-110-3.\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). \"Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 322.\nSee Franz Xaver Hoeherl, J.J. Scheuchzer, der Begründer d. phys. Geographie d. Hochgebirges (Munich, 1901), a useful pamphlet, conveniently summarizing Scheuchzer's scientific views.","title":"Other sources"}] | [{"image_text":"J. J. Scheuchzer in 1731, aged 59","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Johann_Jakob_Scheuchzer_%281731%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Johann_Jakob_Scheuchzer_%281731%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Physica sacra:The creation of man – and an individual's development, from fertilization to death","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/J.J._Scheuchzer%2C_Physica_sacra%2C_tab._XXIII_Wellcome_L0007426.jpg/170px-J.J._Scheuchzer%2C_Physica_sacra%2C_tab._XXIII_Wellcome_L0007426.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Leoni, Simona Boscani, ed. (2019). «Unglaubliche Bergwunder» Johann Jakob Scheuchzer und Graubünden. Ausgewählte Briefe 1699–1707 (in German). Instituts für Kulturforschung Graubünden. doi:10.7892/boris.140361 (inactive 2024-01-31). hdl:20.500.12657/49936. ISBN 978-3-905342-59-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/49936","url_text":"«Unglaubliche Bergwunder» Johann Jakob Scheuchzer und Graubünden. Ausgewählte Briefe 1699–1707"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7892%2Fboris.140361","url_text":"10.7892/boris.140361"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12657%2F49936","url_text":"20.500.12657/49936"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-905342-59-8","url_text":"978-3-905342-59-8"}]},{"reference":"Leu, Urs B. (2015). \"Swiss Mountains and English Scholars: Johann Jakob Scheuchzer's Relations to the Royal Society\". Huntington Library Quarterly. 78 (2): 329–348. doi:10.1353/hlq.2015.0018. ISSN 1544-399X. S2CID 159885869.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/56/article/610805","url_text":"\"Swiss Mountains and English Scholars: Johann Jakob Scheuchzer's Relations to the Royal Society\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhlq.2015.0018","url_text":"10.1353/hlq.2015.0018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1544-399X","url_text":"1544-399X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159885869","url_text":"159885869"}]},{"reference":"Klöti, Thomas (2007), \"Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob\", in Hockey, Thomas; Trimble, Virginia; Williams, Thomas R.; Bracher, Katherine (eds.), The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 1019–1020, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1231, ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0, retrieved 2023-10-15","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1231","url_text":"\"Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-30400-7_1231","url_text":"10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1231"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-31022-0","url_text":"978-0-387-31022-0"}]},{"reference":"Acta Eruditorum. Leipzig. 1709. p. 77.","urls":[{"url":"http://atena.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=13373207&search_terms=DTL49","url_text":"Acta Eruditorum"}]},{"reference":"\"Johann Jacob Scheuchzer, 1672—1733\". Nature. 131 (3321): 902. 1933. doi:10.1038/131902b0. ISSN 0028-0836.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F131902b0","url_text":"\"Johann Jacob Scheuchzer, 1672—1733\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F131902b0","url_text":"10.1038/131902b0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836","url_text":"0028-0836"}]},{"reference":"\"Search past Fellows; Record: Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob\". The Royal Society. Retrieved 9 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=NA1410&pos=1","url_text":"\"Search past Fellows; Record: Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob\""}]},{"reference":"Claus Bernet (2003). \"Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob (Jacob)\". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 21. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 1312–1355. ISBN 3-88309-110-3.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbkl.de/s/s1/scheuchzer_j_j.shtml","url_text":"Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88309-110-3","url_text":"3-88309-110-3"}]},{"reference":"Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). \"Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 322.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._A._B._Coolidge","url_text":"Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Scheuchzer,_Johann_Jakob","url_text":"Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Scheuchzer, Johann (1719). Agrostographia (in Latin). Zürich: Heinrich Bodmer (2.).","urls":[{"url":"https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=6926608","url_text":"Agrostographia"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/49936","external_links_name":"«Unglaubliche Bergwunder» Johann Jakob Scheuchzer und Graubünden. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Remy | Jerry Remy | ["1 Early life","2 Playing career","2.1 Minor leagues (1971–1974)","2.2 California Angels (1975–1977)","2.3 Boston Red Sox (1978–1984)","3 Post-playing career","3.1 Broadcaster","3.2 Restaurateur","3.3 Author","4 Charity work","5 Health","6 Legacy","7 Family","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"] | American baseball player and broadcaster (1952–2021)
Baseball player
Jerry RemyRemy with the Boston Red Sox in 1978Second basemanBorn: (1952-11-08)November 8, 1952Fall River, Massachusetts, U.S.Died: October 30, 2021(2021-10-30) (aged 68)Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.Batted: LeftThrew: RightMLB debutApril 7, 1975, for the California AngelsLast MLB appearanceMay 18, 1984, for the Boston Red SoxMLB statisticsBatting average.275Home runs7Runs batted in329
Teams
California Angels (1975–1977)
Boston Red Sox (1978–1984)
Career highlights and awards
All-Star (1978)
Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame
Gerald Peter Remy (November 8, 1952 – October 30, 2021) was an American professional baseball player and sports broadcaster. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a second baseman for ten seasons—three with the California Angels (1975–1977) and seven with the Boston Red Sox (1978–1984). After retiring from professional play, Remy was a color commentator for televised Red Sox games for 33 years until his death.
Remy began commentating with the TV channel New England Sports Network (NESN) in 1988, and later expanded to over-the-air television in 1995. A native of Somerset, Massachusetts, Remy was a popular local figure, known for his exuberance, humorous non-sequitur game commentary, and thick New England accent that endeared him with Red Sox fans. He was given the nickname "RemDawg" and was elected "President" of Red Sox Nation in 2007. Remy also owned restaurants in the Boston area, and wrote books about baseball.
Early life
Gerald Peter Remy was born in Fall River, Massachusetts, on November 8, 1952, and grew up in nearby Somerset. He attended Somerset High School and Roger Williams University in Bristol, Rhode Island. He was of French Canadian descent.
Playing career
Remy was selected by the Washington Senators in the 19th round of the 1970 MLB draft, but he did not sign. He was then selected in the 8th round of the January supplemental phase of the 1971 MLB draft (129th overall) by the California Angels, and signed with the team.
Minor leagues (1971–1974)
Remy played four seasons in the Angels' farm system: 1971 with the rookie league Magic Valley Cowboys, 1972 with the Class A Stockton Ports, 1973 with the Class A Quad City Angels (.335, 4 home runs and 36 RBI in 117 games), and 1974 with Double-A El Paso Diablos and the Triple-A Salt Lake City Angels, where he hit a combined .323 with 4 home runs and 67 RBI. Overall, Remy appeared in 421 games in Minor League Baseball, batting .275 with 12 home runs and 152 RBIs.
California Angels (1975–1977)
Remy made his major league debut with the Angels on April 7, 1975. He hit a single off of Steve Busby of the Kansas City Royals in his first at bat and was subsequently picked off. With the 1975 Angels, Remy played 147 games (145 starts) as the Angels' second baseman, batting .258 with one home run and 46 RBIs. He had 34 stolen bases, but was caught stealing a league-leading 21 times. The following year, his average rose slightly to .263, although with no home runs and 28 RBIs. In 1977, he had a career-high four home runs, along with a .252 average and 44 RBIs; he was named team captain of the Angels in June, becoming only the second captain in the team's history.
Overall, in three seasons with the Angels, Remy played in 444 games, batting .258 with five home runs, 118 RBIs, and 110 stolen bases. On December 8, 1977, he was traded to the Boston Red Sox in exchange for pitcher Don Aase and cash considerations.
Remy in 1977
Boston Red Sox (1978–1984)
Remy was the Red Sox's starting second baseman in 1978 and was selected for the MLB All-Star Game, although he did not play in the game. Overall, with the 1978 Red Sox, he batted .278 with 44 RBIs and 30 stolen bases in 148 games. He also had two home runs, the last ones of his career. In the 1978 American League East tie-breaker game against the New York Yankees, Remy was on base in the ninth inning when Carl Yastrzemski made the final out; it was the closest Remy came to the postseason in his MLB career.
Remy continued as Boston's starting second baseman for the next six seasons, although he was often hampered by injuries. In 1979, he played in 80 games and batted .297. In 1980, he batted a career-high .313 but was limited to 63 games; he also appeared in the outfield for the only time in his career, playing the ninth inning in right field during a May loss to the Cleveland Indians. In 1981, Remy played in 88 games while batting .307. On September 3–4, 1981, he accomplished the rare feat of collecting six hits in a game, going 6-for-10 in a 20-inning game against the Seattle Mariners.
In 1982, Remy appeared in a career-high 155 games while batting .280; in 1983, he batted .275 while playing in 146 games. In 1984, a knee injury limited him to 30 games for the season, during which he batted .250; he made his final start at second base on May 5, and his final MLB appearance on May 18 when he flied out as a pinch hitter. Remy was released by the Red Sox on December 10, 1985, and he retired during spring training in 1986. Overall, in seven seasons with the Red Sox, Remy played in 710 games, batting .286 with two home runs, 211 RBIs, and 98 stolen bases.
During his ten-year MLB career, Remy batted .275 with seven home runs, 329 RBIs, and 208 stolen bases in 1154 games. Defensively, he had a .981 fielding percentage. Bill James, in his Historical Abstract, rated Remy as the 100th greatest second baseman of all time as of 2001.
Post-playing career
Broadcaster
Jerry RemyRemy at the White House in 2019Years active1988–2021Sports commentary careerTeamBoston Red SoxGenreColor commentatorSportMajor League BaseballEmployerNew England Sports Network
After 1988, Remy found success in broadcasting, working for the New England Sports Network (NESN), as the regular color commentator for NESN's Red Sox broadcasts. Initially paired with Ned Martin through 1992 and Bob Kurtz from 1993–2000, from 2001 through the end of the 2015 season, he teamed with play-by-play announcer Don Orsillo; starting with the 2016 season, Remy worked with Dave O'Brien. Beginning in 1995, he also replaced former color commentator Bob Montgomery on the over-the-air Red Sox broadcasting team, paired with Sean McDonough for those broadcasts through 2004, when Orsillo took over for McDonough on the over-the-air games as well. He also ran a website, The Remy Report, which covered Boston Red Sox news and information.
Restaurateur
Remy owned a hot dog stand, RemDawg's, a nod to the nickname he held amongst Red Sox fans, located just outside Fenway Park, as well as Jerry Remy's Sports Bar & Grill in Terminal C of Logan International Airport. There were three other Bar & Grill locations: one behind Fenway Park on Boylston Street that opened March 9, 2010, which was reported closed in March 2015, and subsequently became a Tony C’s Sports Bar & Grill (named after another former Red Sox player, Tony Conigliaro); a second in the Seaport District of South Boston, which in December 2016 also became a Tony C’s Sports Bar & Grill; and a third in Remy's birthplace of Fall River that opened in October 2012, which in March 2018, The Herald News of Fall River reported would be closed.
Author
Remy wrote three books about baseball, and several children's books about Red Sox mascot Wally the Green Monster, which began as an idea based on Remy's storytelling while broadcasting Red Sox games.
Remy, Jerry (2004). Watching Baseball: Discovering the Game within the Game. with Corey Sandler. Globe Pequot. ISBN 0762730757.
Remy, Jerry (2009). Jerry Remy's Red Sox Heroes: The RemDawg's All-Time Favorite Red Sox, Great Moments, and Top Teams. with Corey Sandler. Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1599214061.
Remy, Jerry; Cafardo, Nick (2019). If These Walls Could Talk: Stories from the Boston Red Sox Dugout, Locker Room, and Press Box. Triumph Books. ISBN 978-1629375458.
Wally the Green Monster series
Remy, Jerry (2006). Hello, Wally!. Illustrated by Danny Moore. Mascot Books. ISBN 1-932888-80-2.
Remy, Jerry (2007). Wally the Green Monster and His Journey Through Red Sox Nation!. Illustrated by Danny Moore. Mascot Books. ISBN 978-1932888898.
Remy, Jerry (2008). A Season With Wally the Green Monster. Illustrated by Kevin Coffey. Mascot Books. ISBN 978-1934878071.
Remy, Jerry (2008). Coast to Coast With Wally the Green Monster. Illustrated by Justin Hilton. Mascot Books. ISBN 978-1934878088.
Remy, Jerry (2009). Wally the Green Monster and His World Tour. Illustrated by Danny Moore. Mascot Books. ISBN 978-1934878491.
In 2012, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Fenway Park, then-Red Sox second baseman Dustin Pedroia authored a sixth book in the series, Wally The Green Monster's Journey Through Time.
Charity work
Remy worked extensively with The Jimmy Fund, a charity that supports the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute. He was known to invite cancer patients in the broadcast booth, visit with patients in hospitals, and participated in their annual telethon.
Health
In November 2008, Remy had surgery to remove a "very small, low-grade cancerous area" from his lung, most likely a result of years of smoking cigarettes. During his recovery from the surgery, he suffered from an infection as well as a bout of pneumonia. Due to fatigue and depression, Remy took an indefinite leave of absence from his broadcast duties for NESN, starting April 30, 2009.
On August 12, 2009, Remy went to Fenway Park and attended Red Sox manager Terry Francona's pre-game press conference. He told both NESN and The Boston Globe that he had every intention of returning to broadcasting Red Sox games during the remainder of the 2009 season. He entered the NESN's broadcast booth during the top of the second inning during the night's game to speak with broadcasters Don Orsillo and Dennis Eckersley. It was the first time he had been in the booth since he took his leave of absence in April. In between the top and the bottom of the second inning, Remy, still in the booth, was shown on Fenway's center field scoreboard display, to which he received a standing ovation from the crowd attending the game. He revealed during the visit that he had suffered from depression following his physical problems of 2008 and that he was receiving therapy. On August 19, 2009, Remy released a statement announcing his return to commentating on August 21, 2009, against the New York Yankees. He stated that he would likely skip some road trips. He returned full-time for the 2010 baseball season. In April 2013, he announced that he had suffered a relapse that offseason when cancer was found in a different spot on his lungs during his regular six-month CT scan that January.
Remy took time off starting May 28, 2013, due to a bout of pneumonia. He returned to the booth on June 25, 2013. On August 16, 2013, he announced that he would be taking an indefinite leave of absence after his son was arrested for murder; Remy did not return to the broadcast booth until the beginning of the 2014 season. He had another leave during the 2016–17 off-season, missing most of the 2017 spring training.
On June 12, 2017, Remy announced that his lung cancer had returned. In January 2018, he announced via Twitter that he had completed treatments at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). A fourth diagnosis of cancer was announced on August 7, 2018. After undergoing treatments, Remy announced in early November 2018 that he was cancer-free.
On June 11, 2021, Remy left Fenway Park during the third inning of a game he was commentating on, due to shortness of breath, and was admitted to MGH. He was released from the hospital five days later, and returned to broadcasting on June 20. On August 4, Remy announced that he would be stepping away from NESN for lung cancer treatment. On October 5, he appeared at Fenway Park to throw out the ceremonial first pitch before the AL Wild Card Game, in what ended up being his final public appearance.
Remy died of lung cancer on October 30, 2021, nine days before his 69th birthday. A public wake was held in Waltham, Massachusetts, on November 4.
Legacy
Red Sox fans with Jerry Remy masks at Fenway Park in 2008
Patch worn by the Red Sox in memory of Remy during the 2022 season
Remy and broadcast partner Don Orsillo won four New England Emmy awards, and Remy was voted Massachusetts' favorite sports announcer in 2004 by Sports Illustrated. Remy was inducted into the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 2006, and elected honorary President of Red Sox Nation in 2007. NESN and the Red Sox celebrated Jerry Remy Day at Fenway Park on June 24, 2008, in honor of Remy's 20 years of service for the network. He was inducted into the Massachusetts Broadcasters Hall of Fame in 2017.
After his death, Joe Buck, veteran sports broadcaster, called Remy's sports broadcasting career "legendary" and called him a "force in the booth", noting "If Red Sox Nation had an emperor, the ‘RemDawg,’ it would be him." Broadcaster Sean McDonough, who of his own accord has worked with at least 160 different broadcast partners, said of his time with Remy: "nothing felt as special as the nine years I spent with Jerry".
On April 15, 2022, the date of the home opener for the season, the team issued a Tweet showing that the NESN broadcasting booth at Fenway Park was now named the Jerry Remy Booth, in his memory. The booth has also been adorned with a memorial plaque honoring Remy. The team held a ceremony to honor Remy prior to their home game of April 20, including appearances from former teammates Dennis Eckersley, Carl Yastrzemski, Rick Burleson, Dwight Evans, Fred Lynn, Jim Rice, and Bob Stanley.
Family
Remy and his wife Phoebe had three children, Jared, Jordan, and Jenna.
Jordan was selected by the Red Sox in the 49th round of the 1999 MLB draft, but he did not play professionally.
Jared worked for the Red Sox as a security guard, but was fired in 2008 after another guard told the State Police that Jared had sold him steroids. On August 16, 2013, Jared was arrested in the fatal stabbing of his girlfriend, Jennifer Martel, a charge he pleaded guilty to on May 27, 2014. Jared Remy was sentenced to life in state prison without the possibility of parole.
See also
List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders
List of Boston Red Sox broadcasters
References
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^ Remy visits TV booth during tonight's game
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^ Edes, Gordon (June 4, 1999). "Here's a homer pick: Fla. State's McDougall". The Boston Globe.
^ "Jordan Remy Leagues Statistics & History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
^ "Sox fired two in steroids case". The Boston Globe. August 2, 2009. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
^ Moskowit, Eric; John R. Ellement (August 16, 2013). "Jared Remy, son of Red Sox broadcaster Jerry Remy, under arrest for fatal stabbing in Waltham, an official says". Boston.com. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
^ Johnson, O'Ryan (August 16, 2013). "Jared Remy arrested for killing girlfriend". Boston Herald. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
Further reading
Finn, Chad (August 8, 2018). "Jerry Remy opens up about his latest cancer diagnosis". Boston.com. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet
The Remy Report Archived July 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
Jerry Remy at SABR Bio Project
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Netherlands | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"sports broadcaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_commentator"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"second baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_baseman"},{"link_name":"California Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Angels"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"color commentator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_commentator"},{"link_name":"New England Sports Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Sports_Network"},{"link_name":"over-the-air television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_television"},{"link_name":"Somerset, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"non-sequitur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_sequitur_(literary_device)"},{"link_name":"New England accent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_accent"},{"link_name":"Red Sox Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sox_Nation"}],"text":"Baseball playerGerald Peter Remy (November 8, 1952 – October 30, 2021) was an American professional baseball player and sports broadcaster. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a second baseman for ten seasons—three with the California Angels (1975–1977) and seven with the Boston Red Sox (1978–1984). After retiring from professional play, Remy was a color commentator for televised Red Sox games for 33 years until his death.Remy began commentating with the TV channel New England Sports Network (NESN) in 1988, and later expanded to over-the-air television in 1995. A native of Somerset, Massachusetts, Remy was a popular local figure, known for his exuberance, humorous non-sequitur game commentary, and thick New England accent that endeared him with Red Sox fans. He was given the nickname \"RemDawg\" and was elected \"President\" of Red Sox Nation in 2007. Remy also owned restaurants in the Boston area, and wrote books about baseball.","title":"Jerry Remy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fall River, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sl360-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Somerset High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Berkley_Regional_High_School"},{"link_name":"Roger Williams University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Williams_University"},{"link_name":"Bristol, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-3"},{"link_name":"French Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Canadian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Gerald Peter Remy was born in Fall River, Massachusetts, on November 8, 1952, and grew up in nearby Somerset.[1][2] He attended Somerset High School and Roger Williams University in Bristol, Rhode Island.[3] He was of French Canadian descent.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1961%E2%80%9371)"},{"link_name":"1970 MLB draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"1971 MLB draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"California Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Angels"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Remy was selected by the Washington Senators in the 19th round of the 1970 MLB draft, but he did not sign. He was then selected in the 8th round of the January supplemental phase of the 1971 MLB draft (129th overall) by the California Angels, and signed with the team.[5]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"farm system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_team"},{"link_name":"rookie league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rookie_League"},{"link_name":"Magic Valley Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Valley_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"Class A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Stockton Ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_Ports"},{"link_name":"Quad City Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_City_Angels"},{"link_name":"Double-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"El Paso Diablos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso_Diablos"},{"link_name":"Triple-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City_Angels"},{"link_name":"Minor League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"batting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"RBIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_batted_in"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRm-6"}],"sub_title":"Minor leagues (1971–1974)","text":"Remy played four seasons in the Angels' farm system: 1971 with the rookie league Magic Valley Cowboys, 1972 with the Class A Stockton Ports, 1973 with the Class A Quad City Angels (.335, 4 home runs and 36 RBI in 117 games), and 1974 with Double-A El Paso Diablos and the Triple-A Salt Lake City Angels, where he hit a combined .323 with 4 home runs and 67 RBI. Overall, Remy appeared in 421 games in Minor League Baseball, batting .275 with 12 home runs and 152 RBIs.[6]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Busby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Busby"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals"},{"link_name":"at bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_bat"},{"link_name":"picked off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickoff"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"1975 Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_California_Angels_season"},{"link_name":"stolen bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_base"},{"link_name":"caught stealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caught_stealing"},{"link_name":"team captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Don Aase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Aase"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jerry_Remy_1977.jpeg"}],"sub_title":"California Angels (1975–1977)","text":"Remy made his major league debut with the Angels on April 7, 1975. He hit a single off of Steve Busby of the Kansas City Royals in his first at bat and was subsequently picked off.[7] With the 1975 Angels, Remy played 147 games (145 starts) as the Angels' second baseman, batting .258 with one home run and 46 RBIs. He had 34 stolen bases, but was caught stealing a league-leading 21 times. The following year, his average rose slightly to .263, although with no home runs and 28 RBIs. In 1977, he had a career-high four home runs, along with a .252 average and 44 RBIs; he was named team captain of the Angels in June, becoming only the second captain in the team's history.[8]Overall, in three seasons with the Angels, Remy played in 444 games, batting .258 with five home runs, 118 RBIs, and 110 stolen bases. On December 8, 1977, he was traded to the Boston Red Sox in exchange for pitcher Don Aase and cash considerations.[9]Remy in 1977","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MLB All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"1978 Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Boston_Red_Sox_season"},{"link_name":"1978 American League East tie-breaker game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_American_League_East_tie-breaker_game"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_New_York_Yankees_season"},{"link_name":"Carl Yastrzemski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Yastrzemski"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"six hits in a game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_single-game_hits_leaders"},{"link_name":"Seattle Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Mariners"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"pinch hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinch_hitter"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"spring training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_training"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-3"},{"link_name":"fielding percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_percentage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-3"},{"link_name":"Bill James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_James"},{"link_name":"Historical Abstract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bill_James_Historical_Baseball_Abstract"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Boston Red Sox (1978–1984)","text":"Remy was the Red Sox's starting second baseman in 1978 and was selected for the MLB All-Star Game, although he did not play in the game.[10] Overall, with the 1978 Red Sox, he batted .278 with 44 RBIs and 30 stolen bases in 148 games. He also had two home runs, the last ones of his career. In the 1978 American League East tie-breaker game against the New York Yankees, Remy was on base in the ninth inning when Carl Yastrzemski made the final out;[11] it was the closest Remy came to the postseason in his MLB career.[3][12]Remy continued as Boston's starting second baseman for the next six seasons, although he was often hampered by injuries. In 1979, he played in 80 games and batted .297. In 1980, he batted a career-high .313 but was limited to 63 games; he also appeared in the outfield for the only time in his career, playing the ninth inning in right field during a May loss to the Cleveland Indians.[13] In 1981, Remy played in 88 games while batting .307. On September 3–4, 1981, he accomplished the rare feat of collecting six hits in a game, going 6-for-10 in a 20-inning game against the Seattle Mariners.[14]In 1982, Remy appeared in a career-high 155 games while batting .280; in 1983, he batted .275 while playing in 146 games. In 1984, a knee injury limited him to 30 games for the season, during which he batted .250; he made his final start at second base on May 5,[15] and his final MLB appearance on May 18 when he flied out as a pinch hitter.[16] Remy was released by the Red Sox on December 10, 1985, and he retired during spring training in 1986.[17] Overall, in seven seasons with the Red Sox, Remy played in 710 games, batting .286 with two home runs, 211 RBIs, and 98 stolen bases.[3]During his ten-year MLB career, Remy batted .275 with seven home runs, 329 RBIs, and 208 stolen bases in 1154 games. Defensively, he had a .981 fielding percentage.[3] Bill James, in his Historical Abstract, rated Remy as the 100th greatest second baseman of all time as of 2001.[18]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Post-playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"New England Sports Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Sports_Network"},{"link_name":"color commentator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_commentator"},{"link_name":"Ned Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Martin"},{"link_name":"Bob Kurtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kurtz_(sportscaster)"},{"link_name":"Don Orsillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Orsillo"},{"link_name":"Dave O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_O%27Brien_(sportscaster)"},{"link_name":"Bob Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Montgomery_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Sean McDonough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_McDonough"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Broadcaster","text":"After 1988, Remy found success in broadcasting, working for the New England Sports Network (NESN), as the regular color commentator for NESN's Red Sox broadcasts. Initially paired with Ned Martin through 1992 and Bob Kurtz from 1993–2000, from 2001 through the end of the 2015 season, he teamed with play-by-play announcer Don Orsillo; starting with the 2016 season, Remy worked with Dave O'Brien. Beginning in 1995, he also replaced former color commentator Bob Montgomery on the over-the-air Red Sox broadcasting team, paired with Sean McDonough for those broadcasts through 2004, when Orsillo took over for McDonough on the over-the-air games as well. He also ran a website, The Remy Report, which covered Boston Red Sox news and information.[19][20]","title":"Post-playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hot dog stand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dog_stand"},{"link_name":"Logan International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Boylston Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boylston_Street"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Tony Conigliaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Conigliaro"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"South Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"The Herald News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_News"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Restaurateur","text":"Remy owned a hot dog stand, RemDawg's, a nod to the nickname he held amongst Red Sox fans, located just outside Fenway Park, as well as Jerry Remy's Sports Bar & Grill in Terminal C of Logan International Airport.[21] There were three other Bar & Grill locations: one behind Fenway Park on Boylston Street that opened March 9, 2010, which was reported closed in March 2015,[22] and subsequently became a Tony C’s Sports Bar & Grill (named after another former Red Sox player, Tony Conigliaro);[23] a second in the Seaport District of South Boston, which in December 2016 also became a Tony C’s Sports Bar & Grill;[24] and a third in Remy's birthplace of Fall River that opened in October 2012, which in March 2018, The Herald News of Fall River reported would be closed.[25]","title":"Post-playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wally the Green Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_the_Green_Monster"},{"link_name":"Watching Baseball: Discovering the Game within the Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/watchingbaseball00remy"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0762730757","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0762730757"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1599214061","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1599214061"},{"link_name":"Cafardo, Nick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Cafardo"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1629375458","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1629375458"},{"link_name":"Hello, Wally!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mascotbooks.com/mascot-marketplace/buy-books/childrens/teams-and-schools/professional-sports/mlb/boston-red-sox/hello-wally/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-932888-80-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932888-80-2"},{"link_name":"Wally the Green Monster and His Journey Through Red Sox Nation!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/wallygreenmonste00jerr"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1932888898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1932888898"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1934878071","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1934878071"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1934878088","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1934878088"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1934878491","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1934878491"},{"link_name":"Fenway Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park"},{"link_name":"Dustin Pedroia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Pedroia"}],"sub_title":"Author","text":"Remy wrote three books about baseball, and several children's books about Red Sox mascot Wally the Green Monster, which began as an idea based on Remy's storytelling while broadcasting Red Sox games.Remy, Jerry (2004). Watching Baseball: Discovering the Game within the Game. with Corey Sandler. Globe Pequot. ISBN 0762730757.\nRemy, Jerry (2009). Jerry Remy's Red Sox Heroes: The RemDawg's All-Time Favorite Red Sox, Great Moments, and Top Teams. with Corey Sandler. Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1599214061.\nRemy, Jerry; Cafardo, Nick (2019). If These Walls Could Talk: Stories from the Boston Red Sox Dugout, Locker Room, and Press Box. Triumph Books. ISBN 978-1629375458.Wally the Green Monster seriesRemy, Jerry (2006). Hello, Wally!. Illustrated by Danny Moore. Mascot Books. ISBN 1-932888-80-2.\nRemy, Jerry (2007). Wally the Green Monster and His Journey Through Red Sox Nation!. Illustrated by Danny Moore. Mascot Books. ISBN 978-1932888898.\nRemy, Jerry (2008). A Season With Wally the Green Monster. Illustrated by Kevin Coffey. Mascot Books. ISBN 978-1934878071.\nRemy, Jerry (2008). Coast to Coast With Wally the Green Monster. Illustrated by Justin Hilton. Mascot Books. ISBN 978-1934878088.\nRemy, Jerry (2009). Wally the Green Monster and His World Tour. Illustrated by Danny Moore. Mascot Books. ISBN 978-1934878491.In 2012, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Fenway Park, then-Red Sox second baseman Dustin Pedroia authored a sixth book in the series, Wally The Green Monster's Journey Through Time.","title":"Post-playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Jimmy Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jimmy_Fund"},{"link_name":"Dana–Farber Cancer Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana%E2%80%93Farber_Cancer_Institute"},{"link_name":"telethon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telethon"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Remy worked extensively with The Jimmy Fund, a charity that supports the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute. He was known to invite cancer patients in the broadcast booth, visit with patients in hospitals, and participated in their annual telethon.[26]","title":"Charity work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cancerous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"lung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer"},{"link_name":"cigarettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarettes"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_depression"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Terry Francona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Francona"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"Don Orsillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Orsillo"},{"link_name":"Dennis Eckersley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Eckersley"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"CT scan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scan"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Remy"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"spring training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_training"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"ceremonial first pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_first_pitch"},{"link_name":"AL Wild Card Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_American_League_Wild_Card_Game"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"lung cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-43"},{"link_name":"wake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_(ceremony)"},{"link_name":"Waltham, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"In November 2008, Remy had surgery to remove a \"very small, low-grade cancerous area\" from his lung, most likely a result of years of smoking cigarettes.[27] During his recovery from the surgery, he suffered from an infection as well as a bout of pneumonia. Due to fatigue and depression, Remy took an indefinite leave of absence from his broadcast duties for NESN, starting April 30, 2009.[28]On August 12, 2009, Remy went to Fenway Park and attended Red Sox manager Terry Francona's pre-game press conference. He told both NESN and The Boston Globe that he had every intention of returning to broadcasting Red Sox games during the remainder of the 2009 season. He entered the NESN's broadcast booth during the top of the second inning during the night's game to speak with broadcasters Don Orsillo and Dennis Eckersley. It was the first time he had been in the booth since he took his leave of absence in April. In between the top and the bottom of the second inning, Remy, still in the booth, was shown on Fenway's center field scoreboard display, to which he received a standing ovation from the crowd attending the game. He revealed during the visit that he had suffered from depression following his physical problems of 2008 and that he was receiving therapy.[29] On August 19, 2009, Remy released a statement announcing his return to commentating on August 21, 2009, against the New York Yankees. He stated that he would likely skip some road trips. He returned full-time for the 2010 baseball season. In April 2013, he announced that he had suffered a relapse that offseason when cancer was found in a different spot on his lungs during his regular six-month CT scan that January.[30]Remy took time off starting May 28, 2013, due to a bout of pneumonia. He returned to the booth on June 25, 2013.[31] On August 16, 2013, he announced that he would be taking an indefinite leave of absence after his son was arrested for murder; Remy did not return to the broadcast booth until the beginning of the 2014 season.[32] He had another leave during the 2016–17 off-season, missing most of the 2017 spring training.[33]On June 12, 2017, Remy announced that his lung cancer had returned.[34] In January 2018, he announced via Twitter that he had completed treatments at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH).[35] A fourth diagnosis of cancer was announced on August 7, 2018.[36] After undergoing treatments, Remy announced in early November 2018 that he was cancer-free.[37]On June 11, 2021, Remy left Fenway Park during the third inning of a game he was commentating on, due to shortness of breath, and was admitted to MGH.[38] He was released from the hospital five days later,[39] and returned to broadcasting on June 20.[40] On August 4, Remy announced that he would be stepping away from NESN for lung cancer treatment.[41] On October 5, he appeared at Fenway Park to throw out the ceremonial first pitch before the AL Wild Card Game, in what ended up being his final public appearance.[42]Remy died of lung cancer on October 30, 2021, nine days before his 69th birthday.[43] A public wake was held in Waltham, Massachusetts, on November 4.[44]","title":"Health"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Sox_fans_with_Jerry_Remy_masks_-_Fenway_Park_-_24_June_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fenway Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BosMem02.png"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nesn-46"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Red Sox Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sox_Nation"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Fenway Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Joe Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Buck"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEEI-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Dennis Eckersley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Eckersley"},{"link_name":"Carl Yastrzemski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Yastrzemski"},{"link_name":"Rick Burleson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Burleson"},{"link_name":"Dwight Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Evans_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Fred Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Jim Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Rice"},{"link_name":"Bob Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Stanley_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"Red Sox fans with Jerry Remy masks at Fenway Park in 2008Patch worn by the Red Sox in memory of Remy during the 2022 seasonRemy and broadcast partner Don Orsillo won four New England Emmy awards,[45] and Remy was voted Massachusetts' favorite sports announcer in 2004 by Sports Illustrated.[46] Remy was inducted into the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 2006,[47] and elected honorary President of Red Sox Nation in 2007.[48] NESN and the Red Sox celebrated Jerry Remy Day at Fenway Park on June 24, 2008, in honor of Remy's 20 years of service for the network.[49] He was inducted into the Massachusetts Broadcasters Hall of Fame in 2017.[50]After his death, Joe Buck, veteran sports broadcaster, called Remy's sports broadcasting career \"legendary\" and called him a \"force in the booth\", noting \"If Red Sox Nation had an emperor, the ‘RemDawg,’ it would be him.\" Broadcaster Sean McDonough, who of his own accord has worked with at least 160 different broadcast partners, said of his time with Remy: \"nothing felt as special as the nine years I spent with Jerry\".[51]On April 15, 2022, the date of the home opener for the season, the team issued a Tweet showing that the NESN broadcasting booth at Fenway Park was now named the Jerry Remy Booth, in his memory. The booth has also been adorned with a memorial plaque honoring Remy.[52] The team held a ceremony to honor Remy prior to their home game of April 20, including appearances from former teammates Dennis Eckersley, Carl Yastrzemski, Rick Burleson, Dwight Evans, Fred Lynn, Jim Rice, and Bob Stanley.[53]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Remy"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"1999 MLB draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"State Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_State_Police"},{"link_name":"steroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroids"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"Remy and his wife Phoebe had three children, Jared, Jordan, and Jenna.[54]Jordan was selected by the Red Sox in the 49th round of the 1999 MLB draft,[55] but he did not play professionally.[56]Jared worked for the Red Sox as a security guard, but was fired in 2008 after another guard told the State Police that Jared had sold him steroids.[57] On August 16, 2013, Jared was arrested in the fatal stabbing of his girlfriend, Jennifer Martel, a charge he pleaded guilty to on May 27, 2014. Jared Remy was sentenced to life in state prison without the possibility of parole.[58][59]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Jerry Remy opens up about his latest cancer diagnosis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.boston.com/sports/media/2018/08/08/jerry-remy-cancer-diagnosis-update"},{"link_name":"Boston.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston.com"}],"text":"Finn, Chad (August 8, 2018). \"Jerry Remy opens up about his latest cancer diagnosis\". Boston.com. Retrieved August 8, 2018.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Remy in 1977","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Jerry_Remy_1977.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Red Sox fans with Jerry Remy masks at Fenway Park in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Red_Sox_fans_with_Jerry_Remy_masks_-_Fenway_Park_-_24_June_2008.jpg/220px-Red_Sox_fans_with_Jerry_Remy_masks_-_Fenway_Park_-_24_June_2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"Patch worn by the Red Sox in memory of Remy during the 2022 season","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/BosMem02.png/150px-BosMem02.png"}] | [{"title":"List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_single-game_hits_leaders"},{"title":"List of Boston Red Sox broadcasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Boston_Red_Sox_broadcasters"}] | [{"reference":"Remy, Jerry (2004). Watching Baseball: Discovering the Game within the Game. with Corey Sandler. Globe Pequot. ISBN 0762730757.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/watchingbaseball00remy","url_text":"Watching Baseball: Discovering the Game within the Game"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0762730757","url_text":"0762730757"}]},{"reference":"Remy, Jerry (2009). Jerry Remy's Red Sox Heroes: The RemDawg's All-Time Favorite Red Sox, Great Moments, and Top Teams. with Corey Sandler. Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1599214061.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1599214061","url_text":"978-1599214061"}]},{"reference":"Remy, Jerry; Cafardo, Nick (2019). If These Walls Could Talk: Stories from the Boston Red Sox Dugout, Locker Room, and Press Box. Triumph Books. ISBN 978-1629375458.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Cafardo","url_text":"Cafardo, Nick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1629375458","url_text":"978-1629375458"}]},{"reference":"Remy, Jerry (2006). Hello, Wally!. Illustrated by Danny Moore. Mascot Books. ISBN 1-932888-80-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://mascotbooks.com/mascot-marketplace/buy-books/childrens/teams-and-schools/professional-sports/mlb/boston-red-sox/hello-wally/","url_text":"Hello, Wally!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932888-80-2","url_text":"1-932888-80-2"}]},{"reference":"Remy, Jerry (2007). Wally the Green Monster and His Journey Through Red Sox Nation!. Illustrated by Danny Moore. Mascot Books. ISBN 978-1932888898.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wallygreenmonste00jerr","url_text":"Wally the Green Monster and His Journey Through Red Sox Nation!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1932888898","url_text":"978-1932888898"}]},{"reference":"Remy, Jerry (2008). A Season With Wally the Green Monster. Illustrated by Kevin Coffey. Mascot Books. ISBN 978-1934878071.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1934878071","url_text":"978-1934878071"}]},{"reference":"Remy, Jerry (2008). Coast to Coast With Wally the Green Monster. Illustrated by Justin Hilton. Mascot Books. ISBN 978-1934878088.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1934878088","url_text":"978-1934878088"}]},{"reference":"Remy, Jerry (2009). Wally the Green Monster and His World Tour. Illustrated by Danny Moore. Mascot Books. ISBN 978-1934878491.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1934878491","url_text":"978-1934878491"}]},{"reference":"Alice, Lynette (May 15, 2009). \"Jerry Remy\". Sporting Life 360. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102417/http://www.sportinglife360.com/index.php/biography-jerry-remy-44009/","url_text":"\"Jerry Remy\""},{"url":"http://www.sportinglife360.com/index.php/biography-jerry-remy-44009/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Richard (October 31, 2021). \"Jerry Remy, Red Sox Player and Longtime Commentator, Dies at 68\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/31/sports/baseball/jerry-remy-dead.html","url_text":"\"Jerry Remy, Red Sox Player and Longtime Commentator, Dies at 68\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Jerry Remy Statistics and History\". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved October 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/r/remyje01.shtml","url_text":"\"Jerry Remy Statistics and History\""}]},{"reference":"\"The other side of Jerry Remy\". Boston Globe. Retrieved June 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/2009/04/19/the-other-side-jerry-remy/JmAlA7uVvk6jdZH1mODRtL/story.html","url_text":"\"The other side of Jerry Remy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Angels sign Allietta, Remy\". The Boston Globe. January 26, 1971. p. 27. Retrieved August 7, 2018 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22599537/angels_sign_allietta_remy/","url_text":"\"Angels sign Allietta, Remy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"\"Jerry Remy Minor League Statistics and History\". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved October 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=remy--001ger","url_text":"\"Jerry Remy Minor League Statistics and History\""}]},{"reference":"\"California Angels 3, Kansas City Royals 2\". Retrosheet. April 7, 1975. Retrieved August 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1975/B04070CAL1975.htm","url_text":"\"California Angels 3, Kansas City Royals 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrosheet","url_text":"Retrosheet"}]},{"reference":"Newhan, Ross (June 29, 1977). \"Angels Have a New Leader—He's 24\". Los Angeles Times. p. 61. Retrieved August 7, 2018 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22601709/angels_have_a_new_leaderhes_24/","url_text":"\"Angels Have a New Leader—He's 24\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Transactions\". The Boston Globe. December 9, 1977. p. 46. Retrieved August 7, 2018 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22598199/transactions/","url_text":"\"Transactions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"\"National League 7, American League 3\". Retrosheet. July 11, 1978. Retrieved August 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1978/B07110NLS1978.htm","url_text":"\"National League 7, American League 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrosheet","url_text":"Retrosheet"}]},{"reference":"\"New York Yankees 5, Boston Red Sox 4\". Retrosheet. October 2, 1978. Retrieved August 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1978/B10020BOS1978.htm","url_text":"\"New York Yankees 5, Boston Red Sox 4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrosheet","url_text":"Retrosheet"}]},{"reference":"\"Boston Red Sox Team History & Encyclopedia\". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved October 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/BOS/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Boston Red Sox Team History & Encyclopedia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cleveland Indians 3, Boston Red Sox 1\". Retrosheet. May 18, 1980. Retrieved August 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1980/B05180CLE1980.htm","url_text":"\"Cleveland Indians 3, Boston Red Sox 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrosheet","url_text":"Retrosheet"}]},{"reference":"\"Seattle Mariners 8, Boston Red Sox 7\". Retrosheet. September 3, 1981. Retrieved August 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1981/B09030BOS1981.htm","url_text":"\"Seattle Mariners 8, Boston Red Sox 7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrosheet","url_text":"Retrosheet"}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago White Sox 8, Boston Red Sox 5\". Retrosheet. May 5, 1984. Retrieved August 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1984/B05050BOS1984.htm","url_text":"\"Chicago White Sox 8, Boston Red Sox 5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrosheet","url_text":"Retrosheet"}]},{"reference":"\"Minnesota Twins 8, Boston Red Sox 3\". Retrosheet. May 18, 1984. Retrieved August 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1984/B05180MIN1984.htm","url_text":"\"Minnesota Twins 8, Boston Red Sox 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrosheet","url_text":"Retrosheet"}]},{"reference":"Remy, Jerry. \"Jerry's Page\". Archived from the original on July 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090726091917/http://remy.trufan.com/jerryspage","url_text":"\"Jerry's Page\""},{"url":"http://remy.trufan.com/jerryspage","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"James, Bill (May 11, 2010). The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract. Simon and Schuster. p. 537. ISBN 9781439106938.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3uSbqUm8hSAC&pg=PA537","url_text":"The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439106938","url_text":"9781439106938"}]},{"reference":"\"The Remy Report - For all things Red Sox and Remy\". Archived from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved June 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190616141911/https://www.theremyreport.com/","url_text":"\"The Remy Report - For all things Red Sox and Remy\""},{"url":"https://www.theremyreport.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Remy Report : Case Study\". Crystalvision. Retrieved November 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cvwp.com/case_remy_report.cfm","url_text":"\"Remy Report : Case Study\""}]},{"reference":"\"Restaurants\". massport.com. Retrieved August 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.massport.com/logan-airport/dining-shopping/restaurants/","url_text":"\"Restaurants\""}]},{"reference":"Stewart, David (March 3, 2015). \"Reports: Jerry Remy's Restaurant in Fenway Shuts Down\". Boston.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boston.com/culture/restaurants/2015/03/03/reports-jerry-remys-restaurant-in-fenway-shuts-down","url_text":"\"Reports: Jerry Remy's Restaurant in Fenway Shuts Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston.com","url_text":"Boston.com"}]},{"reference":"Hatic, Dana (April 22, 2016). \"Jerry Remy's Closes in Fenway and Tony C's Takes Over\". boston.eater.com. Retrieved August 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://boston.eater.com/2016/4/22/11487228/jerry-remys-closed-fenway-tony-cs-takes-over","url_text":"\"Jerry Remy's Closes in Fenway and Tony C's Takes Over\""}]},{"reference":"Hatic, Dana (December 5, 2016). \"Tony C's Takes Over Another Jerry Remy's, This Time in Seaport\". boston.eater.com. Retrieved August 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://boston.eater.com/2016/12/5/13842668/tony-cs-jerry-remys-seaport","url_text":"\"Tony C's Takes Over Another Jerry Remy's, This Time in Seaport\""}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Kevin P. \"Fall River Jerry Remy's closing, will be replaced by Barrett's Waterfront\". The Herald News, Fall River, MA. Retrieved April 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldnews.com/news/20180301/fall-river-jerry-remys-closing-will-be-replaced-by-barretts-waterfront","url_text":"\"Fall River Jerry Remy's closing, will be replaced by Barrett's Waterfront\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Jimmy Fund remembers Jerry Remy\". November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.jimmyfund.org/2021/11/the-jimmy-fund-remembers-jerry-remy/","url_text":"\"The Jimmy Fund remembers Jerry Remy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Message from Remy\". May 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/extras/extra_bases/2009/05/message_from_re.html","url_text":"\"Message from Remy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jerry Remy is facing another battle with cancer\". Boston.com. August 7, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boston.com/sports/media/2018/08/07/jerry-remy-cancer-battle","url_text":"\"Jerry Remy is facing another battle with cancer\""}]},{"reference":"LoGiurato, Brett (January 27, 2014). \"Jerry Remy to return to Red Sox broadcast booth\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved November 1, 2021. Longtime Boston Red Sox announcer Jerry Remy, who took a leave of absence last August after his son Jared was arrested and charged with murder, told reporters Monday that he will return to the broadcast booth this season.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/si-wire/2014/01/28/jerry-remy-return-leave-absence-red-sox-announcer","url_text":"\"Jerry Remy to return to Red Sox broadcast booth\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Christopher (March 9, 2017). \"NESN's Jerry Remy arrives at spring training after cancer relapse\". masslive.com. Retrieved November 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.masslive.com/redsox/2017/03/jerry_remy_boston_red_sox_nesn_1.html","url_text":"\"NESN's Jerry Remy arrives at spring training after cancer relapse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Sox analyst Remy tweets cancer relapse\". ESPN.com. June 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/19617335","url_text":"\"Red Sox analyst Remy tweets cancer relapse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Sox analyst Jerry Remy finishes cancer treatment\". ESPN. January 16, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/22123586/jerry-remy-boston-red-sox-television-analyst-says-cancer-treatment-over","url_text":"\"Red Sox analyst Jerry Remy finishes cancer treatment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"\"Red Sox broadcaster Jerry Remy again diagnosed with cancer\". ESPN. August 7, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/24312244/boston-red-sox-broadcaster-jerry-remy-again-diagnosed-cancer","url_text":"\"Red Sox broadcaster Jerry Remy again diagnosed with cancer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"\"Jerry Remy announces he's cancer-free\". The Boston Globe. November 10, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2018 – via Boston.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boston.com/sports/boston-red-sox/2018/11/10/jerry-remy-announces-hes-cancer-free","url_text":"\"Jerry Remy announces he's cancer-free\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston.com","url_text":"Boston.com"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Christopher (June 12, 2021). \"Jerry Remy leaves Boston Red Sox NESN broadcast Friday because of shortness of breath, 'resting comfortably' at Mass. General\". MassLive.com. Retrieved June 14, 2021 – via MSN.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/mlb/jerry-remy-leaves-boston-red-sox-nesn-broadcast-friday-because-of-shortness-of-breath-e2-80-98resting-comfortably-e2-80-99-at-mass-general/ar-AAKYVuj","url_text":"\"Jerry Remy leaves Boston Red Sox NESN broadcast Friday because of shortness of breath, 'resting comfortably' at Mass. General\""}]},{"reference":"Finn, Chad (June 16, 2021). \"Jerry Remy resting at home after being released from hospital\". Boston.com. Retrieved June 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boston.com/sports/boston-red-sox/2021/06/16/jerry-remy-resting-at-home-after-being-released-from-hospital/","url_text":"\"Jerry Remy resting at home after being released from hospital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston.com","url_text":"Boston.com"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Christopher (June 20, 2021). \"Jerry Remy to return to Boston Red Sox NESN broadcast Sunday for series finale vs. Royals\". MassLive.com. Retrieved June 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.masslive.com/redsox/2021/06/jerry-remy-to-return-to-boston-red-sox-nesn-broadcast-sunday-for-series-finale-vs-royals.html","url_text":"\"Jerry Remy to return to Boston Red Sox NESN broadcast Sunday for series finale vs. Royals\""}]},{"reference":"Randall, Dakota (August 4, 2021). \"Jerry Remy Steps Away From NESN Red Sox Booth For Cancer Treatment\". NESN.com. Retrieved August 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nesn.com/2021/08/jerry-remy-cancer-nesn-red-sox-broadcast/","url_text":"\"Jerry Remy Steps Away From NESN Red Sox Booth For Cancer Treatment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jerry Remy Throws Ceremonial First Pitch Before Red Sox-Yankees Wild Card Game\". CBS Boston. October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2021 – via MSN.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/mlb/jerry-remy-throws-ceremonial-first-pitch-before-red-sox-yankees-wild-card-game/ar-AAPaOfc","url_text":"\"Jerry Remy Throws Ceremonial First Pitch Before Red Sox-Yankees Wild Card Game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Boston","url_text":"CBS Boston"}]},{"reference":"\"Longtime Boston Red Sox broadcaster, former player Jerry Remy dies of cancer\". WCVB. October 31, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wcvb.com/article/jerry-remy-obituary-red-sox-hall-of-famer/37857224","url_text":"\"Longtime Boston Red Sox broadcaster, former player Jerry Remy dies of cancer\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Travis; Brinker, Andrew (November 4, 2021). \"Mourners attend public wake for Red Sox Hall of Famer and longtime broadcaster Jerry Remy\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved November 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/11/04/metro/mourners-attend-public-wake-red-sox-hall-famer-longtime-broadcaster-jerry-remy/","url_text":"\"Mourners attend public wake for Red Sox Hall of Famer and longtime broadcaster Jerry Remy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"\"Remy, NESN extend contract\". ESPNBoston.com. July 21, 2010. Retrieved October 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/blog/boston/red-sox/post/_/id/4539/remy-nesn-extend-contract","url_text":"\"Remy, NESN extend contract\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jerry Remy to Return to the NESN Broadcast Booth on Friday, Aug. 21\". August 19, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nesn.com/2009/08/jerry-remy-to-return-to-the-nesn-broadcast-booth-on-friday-aug-21/","url_text":"\"Jerry Remy to Return to the NESN Broadcast Booth on Friday, Aug. 21\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Sox Hall of Fame\". MLB.com. Retrieved August 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/bos/history/feature_hall_of_fame.jsp","url_text":"\"Red Sox Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com","url_text":"MLB.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Red Sox - Mr. President\". Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester, New York. October 4, 2007. p. 6. Retrieved August 9, 2018 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22635321/red_sox_mr_president/","url_text":"\"Red Sox - Mr. President\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrat_and_Chronicle","url_text":"Democrat and Chronicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York","url_text":"Rochester, New York"}]},{"reference":"Lefort, David (June 24, 2008). \"Jerry Remy night at Fenway\". Boston.com. Retrieved August 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boston.com/sports/extra-bases/2008/06/24/jerry_remy_nigh","url_text":"\"Jerry Remy night at Fenway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston.com","url_text":"Boston.com"}]},{"reference":"Peery, Lexi (June 15, 2017). \"Broadcasters to be inducted into Hall of Fame\". The Boston Globe.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/2017/06/15/broadcasters-inducted-into-hall-fame/93pDaB3KbbpGO8Crt2tOTM/story.html?event=event12","url_text":"\"Broadcasters to be inducted into Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"Reimer, Alex (November 1, 2021). \"Joe Buck delivered a touching eulogy about Jerry Remy during the World Series\". WEEI. Retrieved November 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.audacy.com/weei/sports/red-sox/joe-buck-gave-eulogy-about-jerry-remy-during-world-series","url_text":"\"Joe Buck delivered a touching eulogy about Jerry Remy during the World Series\""}]},{"reference":"@NESN (April 15, 2022). \"Forever and always the Jerry Remy Booth ♥️\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/NESN/status/1515002519600214022","url_text":"\"Forever and always the Jerry Remy Booth ♥️\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"McWilliams, Julian (April 20, 2022). \"'He was a joy to be around.' Six months after Jerry Remy's passing, the Red Sox honored his life Wednesday\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/04/20/sports/he-was-joy-be-around-six-months-after-jerry-remys-passing-red-sox-honored-his-life-wednesday/","url_text":"\"'He was a joy to be around.' Six months after Jerry Remy's passing, the Red Sox honored his life Wednesday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"\"The Other Side of RemDog\". The Boston Globe. April 19, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/2009/04/19/the-other-side-jerry-remy/JmAlA7uVvk6jdZH1mODRtL/story.html","url_text":"\"The Other Side of RemDog\""}]},{"reference":"Edes, Gordon (June 4, 1999). \"Here's a homer pick: Fla. State's McDougall\". The Boston Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Jordan Remy Leagues Statistics & History\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved October 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=remy--000jor","url_text":"\"Jordan Remy Leagues Statistics & History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Sox fired two in steroids case\". The Boston Globe. August 2, 2009. Retrieved August 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2009/08/02/sox_fired_two_in_steroids_case/","url_text":"\"Sox fired two in steroids case\""}]},{"reference":"Moskowit, Eric; John R. Ellement (August 16, 2013). \"Jared Remy, son of Red Sox broadcaster Jerry Remy, under arrest for fatal stabbing in Waltham, an official says\". Boston.com. Retrieved August 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/metrodesk/2013/08/16/officials-investigate-fatal-stabbing-waltham-one-person-custody/JIZ9yd9NNs9W4TunYMLXGL/story.html","url_text":"\"Jared Remy, son of Red Sox broadcaster Jerry Remy, under arrest for fatal stabbing in Waltham, an official says\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, O'Ryan (August 16, 2013). \"Jared Remy arrested for killing girlfriend\". Boston Herald. Retrieved August 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/local_coverage/2013/08/jared_remy_arrested_for_killing_girlfriend","url_text":"\"Jared Remy arrested for killing girlfriend\""}]},{"reference":"Finn, Chad (August 8, 2018). \"Jerry Remy opens up about his latest cancer diagnosis\". Boston.com. Retrieved August 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boston.com/sports/media/2018/08/08/jerry-remy-cancer-diagnosis-update","url_text":"\"Jerry Remy opens up about his latest cancer diagnosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston.com","url_text":"Boston.com"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/watchingbaseball00remy","external_links_name":"Watching Baseball: Discovering the Game within the Game"},{"Link":"https://mascotbooks.com/mascot-marketplace/buy-books/childrens/teams-and-schools/professional-sports/mlb/boston-red-sox/hello-wally/","external_links_name":"Hello, Wally!"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/wallygreenmonste00jerr","external_links_name":"Wally the Green Monster and His Journey Through Red Sox Nation!"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102417/http://www.sportinglife360.com/index.php/biography-jerry-remy-44009/","external_links_name":"\"Jerry Remy\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportinglife360.com/index.php/biography-jerry-remy-44009/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/31/sports/baseball/jerry-remy-dead.html","external_links_name":"\"Jerry Remy, Red Sox Player and Longtime Commentator, Dies at 68\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/r/remyje01.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Jerry Remy Statistics and History\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/2009/04/19/the-other-side-jerry-remy/JmAlA7uVvk6jdZH1mODRtL/story.html","external_links_name":"\"The other side of Jerry Remy\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22599537/angels_sign_allietta_remy/","external_links_name":"\"Angels sign Allietta, Remy\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=remy--001ger","external_links_name":"\"Jerry Remy Minor League Statistics and History\""},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1975/B04070CAL1975.htm","external_links_name":"\"California Angels 3, Kansas City Royals 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22601709/angels_have_a_new_leaderhes_24/","external_links_name":"\"Angels Have a New Leader—He's 24\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22598199/transactions/","external_links_name":"\"Transactions\""},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1978/B07110NLS1978.htm","external_links_name":"\"National League 7, American League 3\""},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1978/B10020BOS1978.htm","external_links_name":"\"New York Yankees 5, Boston Red Sox 4\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/BOS/index.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Boston Red Sox Team History & Encyclopedia\""},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1980/B05180CLE1980.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cleveland Indians 3, Boston Red Sox 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1981/B09030BOS1981.htm","external_links_name":"\"Seattle Mariners 8, Boston Red Sox 7\""},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1984/B05050BOS1984.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chicago White Sox 8, Boston Red Sox 5\""},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1984/B05180MIN1984.htm","external_links_name":"\"Minnesota Twins 8, Boston Red Sox 3\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090726091917/http://remy.trufan.com/jerryspage","external_links_name":"\"Jerry's Page\""},{"Link":"http://remy.trufan.com/jerryspage","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3uSbqUm8hSAC&pg=PA537","external_links_name":"The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190616141911/https://www.theremyreport.com/","external_links_name":"\"The Remy Report - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_and_Boyd | Oliver and Boyd | ["1 History","2 Book series","3 References","4 External links"] | British publishing firm
Oliver and BoydStatusDefunctFounded1807 or 1808FounderThomas Oliver and George BoydCountry of originUnited KingdomHeadquarters locationEdinburghPublication typesEducational, scientific and medical books
Oliver and Boyd was a British publishing and printing firm that traded from 1807 or 1808 until 1990. The firm has been described as a "stalwart in Scottish publishing".
History
Building on Tweeddale Court
The grave of Thomas Oliver, Grange Cemetery
Oliver and Boyd was founded in Edinburgh by two partners: Thomas Oliver (1776–1853) and George Boyd (died 1843). The exact foundation year is not known but is believed to have been either 1807 or 1808.
The firm operated from the 1820s until the 1970s at the same address in Tweeddale Court, near the Royal Mile in Edinburgh (the old "Oliver and Boyd" sign remains above the front door of the Tweeddale Court building to this day). It was one of the "auld" firms to survive in the area after the crash of 1825–26.
By the 1830s, the firm was not only publishing but also printing and bookbinding under the same roof at Tweeddale Court, an innovative practice for Edinburgh in that period. By 1836, the firm carried out printing there on a "massive scale". Prior to Oliver & Boyd, printing and publishing in Scotland had been a cottage industry with the printing done on wooden presses and it was only in 1800 that the iron press had been invented.
In the years 1811–1841, Oliver and Boyd issued a number of catalogues for the firm's juvenile books "selling from a halfpenny upwards" and also printed and published "abridged histories in fancy covers and songbooks".
When Thomas Oliver retired and George Boyd died in 1843, the firm remained under family control with George's nephew Thomas Jamieson Boyd being appointed as managing partner in 1843 and then acting as senior partner from 1869 to 1894. In this period the firm gained a reputation in the fields of education and medical textbook publishing and had a strong presence in the British colonial markets. When Benjamin Disraeli visited the firm in 1885 he found the firm did 'everything but making paper'. They were printers, publishers and binders.
In 1896, Oliver and Boyd was taken over by three "well-established" Edinburgh booksellers, George and James Thin and John Grant.
During the 20th century, the firm maintained its reputation as "educational and general publishers of high standing".
In 1962, the firm was acquired by the Financial Times group and, later, Longmans acquired its publishing operations. In 1984, a public library known as the Scottish Poetry Library was set up in what had previously been a storage area of Oliver and Boyd's Tweeddale Court offices. Oliver and Boyd ceased operations in 1990.
Book series
Biography and Criticism Series
Edinburgh Cabinet Library
Modern Writers Series
Oliver & Boyd Quest Library
Signpost Library
University Mathematical Texts
The Wide Range Readers
Writers and Critics
References
^ a b c d e British Museum: Term Details - Oliver & Boyd (Biographical details), britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
^ a b c d e David Finkelstein, "Publishing 1830-80", in: Bill Bell, ed., The Edinburgh History of the Book in Scotland, Volume 3: Ambition and Industry 1800–1880, Edinburgh University Press, p. 97. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
^ a b Thomas Oliver (1775-1853) Archived 2016-08-12 at the Wayback Machine, gaedin.co.uk. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
^ a b c James Mitchell, Oliver & Boyd, nls.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
^ a b Tweeddale Court Archived 2018-02-13 at the Wayback Machine, cityofliterature.com. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
^ Edinburgh’s Publishing Heritage Archived 2018-10-10 at the Wayback Machine, cityofliterature.com. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
^ a b c Print room at Oliver & Boyd Archived 2015-10-26 at the Wayback Machine, flickr.com. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
^ "Boyd, Thomas Jamieson (DNB12)" Archived 2016-04-06 at the Wayback Machine, wikisource.org. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
^ A. Weedon, Victorian Publishing: The Economics of Book Production for a Mass Market 1836-1916, London: Routledge, 2016 pp.111-139.
^ W. McDowall, Caesar's Gallic War: First Book: With Vocabulary and Notes, Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1892, "Educational Books" listing (24 page publisher's advertisement). Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ A. Weedon, Victorian Publishing: The Economics of Book Production for a Mass Market 1836-1916, London: Routledge, 2016. p.180.
^ Lord Robbins, "The Financial Times Limited: Broadened Scope of Company's Activities", The Observer, 2 June 1963, p. 5.
^ A brief history of the Scottish Poetry Society, scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
^ "Oliver & Boyd" + "Quest Library", worldcat.org. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
^ "Oliver & Boyd" + "Signpost Library", worldcat.org. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
^ Wide Range Readers, schoolreading70sbooks.weebly.com. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
^ Writers and Critics (Oliver & Boyd) - Book Series List, publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
External links
Archives of Oliver & Boyd at National Library of Scotland
Books published by Oliver & Boyd on Wayback Machine
Oliver (Thomas) & Boyd (George) at Scottish Book Trade Index
Authority control databases
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The exact foundation year is not known but is believed to have been either 1807 or 1808.[4]The firm operated from the 1820s until the 1970s at the same address in Tweeddale Court,[5] near the Royal Mile in Edinburgh[4] (the old \"Oliver and Boyd\" sign remains above the front door of the Tweeddale Court building to this day).[5] It was one of the \"auld\" firms to survive in the area after the crash of 1825–26.[2]By the 1830s, the firm was not only publishing but also printing and bookbinding under the same roof at Tweeddale Court, an innovative practice for Edinburgh in that period.[4] By 1836, the firm carried out printing there on a \"massive scale\". Prior to Oliver & Boyd, printing and publishing in Scotland had been a cottage industry with the printing done on wooden presses and it was only in 1800 that the iron press had been invented.[6][7]In the years 1811–1841, Oliver and Boyd issued a number of catalogues for the firm's juvenile books \"selling from a halfpenny upwards\"[3] and also printed and published \"abridged histories in fancy covers and songbooks\".[1]When Thomas Oliver retired and George Boyd died in 1843, the firm remained under family control with George's nephew Thomas Jamieson Boyd[8] being appointed as managing partner in 1843 and then acting as senior partner from 1869 to 1894.[2] In this period the firm gained a reputation in the fields of education [9][10] and medical textbook publishing and had a strong presence in the British colonial markets.[1][2] When Benjamin Disraeli visited the firm in 1885 he found the firm did 'everything but making paper'. They were printers, publishers and binders.[11]In 1896, Oliver and Boyd was taken over by three \"well-established\"[2] Edinburgh booksellers, George and James Thin and John Grant.[7][1]During the 20th century, the firm maintained its reputation as \"educational and general publishers of high standing\".[12]In 1962, the firm was acquired by the Financial Times group and, later, Longmans acquired its publishing operations.[7][1] In 1984, a public library known as the Scottish Poetry Library was set up in what had previously been a storage area of Oliver and Boyd's Tweeddale Court offices.[13] Oliver and Boyd ceased operations in 1990.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edinburgh Cabinet Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Cabinet_Library"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Biography and Criticism Series\nEdinburgh Cabinet Library\nModern Writers Series\nOliver & Boyd Quest Library[14]\nSignpost Library[15]\nUniversity Mathematical Texts\nThe Wide Range Readers[16]\nWriters and Critics[17]","title":"Book series"}] | [{"image_text":"Building on Tweeddale Court","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tweeddale_Court_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1302590.jpg/300px-Tweeddale_Court_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1302590.jpg"},{"image_text":"The grave of Thomas Oliver, Grange Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_grave_of_Thomas_Oliver%2C_Grange_Cemetery.jpg/300px-The_grave_of_Thomas_Oliver%2C_Grange_Cemetery.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?bioId=163557","external_links_name":"British Museum: Term Details - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid90s | Mid90s | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Music","4 Release","4.1 Home media","5 Reception","5.1 Box office","5.2 Critical response","5.3 Accolades","6 References","7 External links"] | 2018 film by Jonah Hill
Mid90sTheatrical release posterDirected byJonah HillWritten by
Jonah Hill
Produced by
Scott Rudin
Eli Bush
Ken Kao
Jonah Hill
Lila Yacoub
Mikey Alfred
Starring
Sunny Suljic
Lucas Hedges
Na-Kel Smith
Olan Prenatt
Gio Galicia
Ryder McLaughlin
Alexa Demie
Katherine Waterston
CinematographyChristopher BlauveltEdited byNick HouyMusic by
Trent Reznor
Atticus Ross
Productioncompanies
A24
Waypoint Entertainment
Scott Rudin Productions
Distributed byA24Release dates
September 9, 2018 (2018-09-09) (TIFF)
October 19, 2018 (2018-10-19) (United States)
Running time85 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$1.7 millionBox office$9.3 million
Mid90s (stylized as mid90s) is a 2018 American coming-of-age comedy-drama film written and directed by Jonah Hill, in his feature directorial debut, inspired by Hill's own childhood in the mid-1990s. It stars Sunny Suljic, Lucas Hedges and Katherine Waterston, and follows a 13-year-old boy who begins spending time with a mostly older group of skateboarders while living in 1990s Los Angeles.
The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2018, and was theatrically released in the United States on October 19, 2018, by A24. It was well received by critics, who called it a "promising first outing for Hill", and praised the sense of nostalgia.
Plot
In 1996, 13-year-old Stevie lives in Palms, Los Angeles with his abusive older brother Ian and single mother Dabney. One day, Stevie bikes past Motor Avenue Skateshop, admires the boastful camaraderie of the skateboarders outside, and returns the following day. Back home, he trades with his brother for a skateboard, brings it to the shop and befriends young skater Ruben, who introduces him to the rest of the group: charismatic leader Ray, loudmouth "Fuckshit", and quiet "Fourth Grade". Although an inexperienced skater, Stevie is drawn to the group and aspires to imitate their daredevil behavior and anti-social attitudes. Stevie is nicknamed "Sunburn" by Ray during a conversation, and his acceptance into the group causes Ruben to resent him.
While attempting a skateboard trick across an open section between two rooftops, Stevie falls and suffers a head injury. Dabney becomes concerned about his turn towards recklessness and his new friends, but Stevie has already made up his mind that he is sticking with the group. Ian has a tense standoff with Fuckshit as Stevie watches, but Ian appears intimidated by the group and leaves before a fight can break out. Stevie begins smoking, drinking, and experimenting with marijuana. At a party, he has his first kiss and sexual experience with an older teenage girl named Estee, despite the clear age difference.
After Stevie comes home intoxicated, he and Ian get into a violent fight. Ian has an emotional breakdown when Stevie says that he has no friends and, following the conflict, a distressed Stevie attempts to asphyxiate himself with a cord from a SNES controller, one of several self-harm incidents. The next day, Dabney forbids Stevie from hanging out with the boys. Stevie lashes out and refuses to obey. Having alienated his mother and brother, Stevie sits alone behind the skate shop. Ray consoles Stevie, telling him that even though he thinks his life is bad, the other boys have it worse: Fourth Grade is poor to the point of not being able to afford socks, Ruben's mom is an abusive drug addict, Fuckshit's reckless partying is worsening, and Ray lost his younger brother, who was hit by a car a few years prior. Ray then takes Stevie out to skate at night, and they fall asleep outside the Santa Monica Courthouse.
The shop hosts a party in back of the store. Ray hopes to make a career in skating, and chats up two professionals as potential sponsors. Fuckshit, who is drunk and high, tries to sabotage Ray's chances by embarrassing him in front of the pros. Stevie, who has been drinking heavily, is provoked into a brawl with Ruben. Discouraged by the undisciplined behavior of his friends, Ray tells everyone to go home. However, an intoxicated Fuckshit insists on driving the group to another party. After some convincing, Ray reluctantly agrees, and the group heads off. Talking animatedly and driving inattentively, Fuckshit crashes and flips the car on its side. Stevie is knocked unconscious and is rushed to the hospital.
Stevie later awakens in a hospital bed, and sees Ian in a chair alongside him. Ian gives Stevie a container of orange juice to comfort him. Dabney enters the hospital and sees Stevie's friends, asleep in the waiting room. Moved by the fact they are there for Stevie, Dabney encourages them to visit Stevie's room. They appear willing to reconcile with each other after the previous night's events. Fourth Grade, who has been filming their adventures throughout the film, says he has something to show them. He plugs his camera into a TV to play them a skate video of their daily activities. Fourth Grade has titled the film "Mid90s".
Cast
Sunny Suljic as Stevie "Sunburn"
Na-Kel Smith as Ray
Olan Prenatt as Fuckshit
Lucas Hedges as Ian, Stevie's abusive older brother
Katherine Waterston as Dabney, Ian and Stevie's mother
Gio Galicia as Ruben
Ryder McLaughlin as Fourth Grade
Alexa Demie as Estee
Additionally, Jerrod Carmichael cameos as a security guard whom Stevie and his friends taunt. Filmmaker Harmony Korine appears briefly as a sexual partner of Dabney. Korine wrote the screenplay for the 1995 film Kids, which Hill cited as the reason for his cameo appearance. Hip-hop artist Del the Funky Homosapien and professional skateboarder Chad Muska appear as homeless man #1 and #2 respectively.
Production
On March 30, 2016, it was announced that Jonah Hill would be making his directorial debut from his own spec script, Mid90s, a film he would not appear in.
In March 2017, Lucas Hedges joined the cast. In July 2017, it was reported that Katherine Waterston had signed on and that Sunny Suljic was cast in the lead role. It was also revealed that principal production on the film had commenced. On August 1, 2017, Alexa Demie joined the cast.
Music
Main article: Mid90s (soundtrack)
Mid90s features an original score by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross, as well as recordings by Pixies, Morrissey, Herbie Hancock, ESG, the Mamas and the Papas, Souls of Mischief, Nirvana, The Pharcyde, and various 1990s hip hop music.
Release
Mid90s had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2018, and was also screened at the New York Film Festival on October 7, 2018. It was theatrically released in the United States on October 19, 2018, in limited engagements, with a wide release the following weekend. The film was released in UK and Irish cinemas on April 12, 2019.
Home media
Mid90s was released on DVD and Blu-ray on January 8, 2019.
Reception
Box office
Mid90s grossed $249,500 from four theaters in its opening weekend for an average of $62,375 per venue, good for the third best of 2018. It expanded to 1,206 theaters the following week and made $3 million, finishing 10th at the box office. In its third weekend of release the film made $1.36 million.
Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 80% based on 225 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Mid90s tells a clear-eyed yet nostalgic coming-of-age tale that might mark the start of an auspicious new career for debuting writer-director Jonah Hill." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on 45 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by PostTrak gave the film an 83% overall positive score and a 62% "definite recommend".
Owen Gleiberman of Variety called the film "a coming-of-age tale that's unvarnished enough to believe," specifying, "the fact that a star like Hill built this movie from the ground up, and did it with so much integrity and flair, lends it an undeniable hipster quotient." Writing for The Hollywood Reporter, John DeFore said, "in emotional punch and shoulda-seen-this-coming skill, it is more like Hill's Lady Bird, a gem that feels simultaneously informed by its author's adolescence and the product of a serious artist's observational distance."
Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 2 out of 4 stars and said, "Vivid in bits and pieces, Mid90s feels like a research scrapbook for a movie, not a movie. The more Hill throws you around in the name of creating a harsh, immediate impression, the more the impressions blur. Hill will make far better pictures: As an actor, it took him a few films after Superbad to discover the payoff in doing less, and less obviously. The director in him may need another project to figure that out, whatever story he tells next."
More critical reviews called attention to the film's use of homophobic and racist slurs, as well as its treatment of toxic masculinity. Sam Adams of Slate wrote, "The skaters’ dialogue is liberally spiced with homophobic and occasional racist slurs, and while anyone old enough to remember the 1990s can attest to the accuracy of their omnipresence, the movie’s inclusion of them feels like another cheap shortcut to verisimilitude." Other criticisms cited a scene of juvenile sexuality between Stevie and Estee (the character portrayed by Alexa Demie) for its uncomfortable undertones given the ages of the characters and actors.
Hill commented, "The point of the movie is that nothing's black or white. I'm not a moralist; I'm not here to tell an audience how they should feel. I think the way speak about women and gay people is really a messed-up way to go about that. And then at the end of the film, they still are there for one another. So I don't think anyone is purely good or purely bad. I hope to create complex characters that constantly are challenging what you think of them."
Accolades
Award
Category
Subject
Result
Ref.
Berlin International Film Festival
Teddy Award for Best Feature Film
Jonah Hill
Nominated
Critics' Choice Movie Award
Best Young Performer
Sunny Suljic
Nominated
Central Ohio Film Critics Association Award
Actor of the Year
Lucas Hedges
Nominated
Independent Spirit Award
Best Editing
Nick Houy
Nominated
NBR Award
Top Ten Independent Films
Won
References
^ "Mid90s". Toronto International Film Festival. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
^ "FILM TAX CREDIT – QUARTERLY REPORT CALENDAR YEAR 2019: THIRD QUARTER" (PDF). New York State: 10. September 30, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
^ "Mid90s(2018)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
^ "Mid90s (2018)". The Numbers. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Fujitani, Ryan (October 25, 2018). "Hunter Killer Is Substandard". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
^ Ahearn, Victoria (October 25, 2018). "Jonah Hill on including 'toxic masculinity' in directorial debut Mid90s". Toronto Star. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
^ Lincoln, Ross A. (March 31, 2016). "Jonah Hill To Helm 'Mid 90s' From His Spec Script In Feature Directorial Debut". Deadline. Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
^ Mazzanti, Mike (March 1, 2017). "Jonah Hill's Directorial Debut 'Mid '90s' to Reunite 'Manchester by the Sea' Stars". The Film Stage. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
^ "Katherine Waterston, Sunny Suljic to Star in Jonah Hill's Directorial Debut "Mid-90s" (Exclusive)". The Tracking Board. July 14, 2017. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
^ "Alexa Demie Set For Jonah Hill's 'Mid '90s'; Tommy Dorfman Cast In 'Fluidity'". Deadline Hollywood. August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
^ Kay, Jeremy (August 14, 2018). "Toronto unveils Contemporary World Cinema, more Galas and Special Presentations". Screen International. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
^ "Mid90s". New York Film Festival. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
^ Goldberg, Matt (July 24, 2018). "'Mid90s' Trailer: Jonah Hill's Directorial Debut Takes a NSFW Dive into L.A. Skate Culture". Collider. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
^ "Mid90s in UK and Irish cinemas on 12 April 2019". Filmoria.co.uk. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
^ Mid90s Arrives On Blu-ray, DVD & On Demand January 8
^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 21, 2018). "'Halloween' Scares Up Second-Best October Opening With $77M+; Best Debut For Blumhouse & Carpenter Canon; Great Launch For Miramax". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved October 21, 2018.
^ a b D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 28, 2018). "'Halloween' Screams $32M Second Weekend As October B.O. Moves Toward Record". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
^ Brooks, Brian (November 4, 2018). "'Boy Erased' With Robust Bow; 'A Private War' Aims OK: Specialty Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
^ "Mid90s (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
^ "Mid90s". Metacritic. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
^ Gleiberman, Owen (September 10, 2018). "Film Review: 'mid90s'". Variety. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
^ DeFore, John (September 9, 2018). "'Mid90s': Film Review - TIFF 2018". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
^ Phillips, Michael (October 27, 2018). "'Mid90s' review: Jonah Hill's LA story smells like teen spirit". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
^ Adams, Sam (October 18, 2018). "Jonah Hill's Mid90s Is a Portrait of the Artist as a Young Skater Bro". Slate. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
^ Coughlin-Bogue, Tobias (December 19, 2018). "I'm Sorry, Mid90s' Homophobia Does Not Get a Pass". Skateism. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
^ Hadadi, Roxana (October 25, 2018). "'Mid90s' Uses a Super-Uncomfortable Sex Scene to Make Its Young Protagonist Cool, Because Of Course It Does". Pajiba. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
^ Martin, Rachel (October 17, 2018). "It Wasn't Cool To Care In The 'Mid90s' — But Jonah Hill Does". NPR.org. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
^ "Mid90s (2018)". MUBI. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
^ DaMour, Henrique (January 13, 2019). "Critics' Choice Awards 2019: See the full winners list". EW.com. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
^ "Columbus Film Critics Association (2019)". IMDb. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (November 16, 2018). "2019 Spirit Award Nominations: 'We The Animals' Tops With Five, A24 Leads All Distributors, Studio Classic Labels Come Up Short". Deadline. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
^ "NATIONAL BOARD OF REVIEW ANNOUNCES 2018 AWARD WINNERS". National Board of Review. November 27, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
External links
Official website
Mid90s at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coming-of-age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming-of-age_story"},{"link_name":"comedy-drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama"},{"link_name":"Jonah Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_Hill"},{"link_name":"Sunny Suljic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Suljic"},{"link_name":"Lucas Hedges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Hedges"},{"link_name":"Katherine Waterston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Waterston"},{"link_name":"skateboarders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"A24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A24"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Mid90s (stylized as mid90s) is a 2018 American coming-of-age comedy-drama film written and directed by Jonah Hill, in his feature directorial debut, inspired by Hill's own childhood in the mid-1990s. It stars Sunny Suljic, Lucas Hedges and Katherine Waterston, and follows a 13-year-old boy who begins spending time with a mostly older group of skateboarders while living in 1990s Los Angeles.The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2018, and was theatrically released in the United States on October 19, 2018, by A24. It was well received by critics, who called it a \"promising first outing for Hill\", and praised the sense of nostalgia.[5]","title":"Mid90s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palms,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"daredevil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunt_performer"},{"link_name":"anti-social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour"},{"link_name":"marijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana"},{"link_name":"asphyxiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphyxia"},{"link_name":"SNES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"}],"text":"In 1996, 13-year-old Stevie lives in Palms, Los Angeles with his abusive older brother Ian and single mother Dabney. One day, Stevie bikes past Motor Avenue Skateshop, admires the boastful camaraderie of the skateboarders outside, and returns the following day. Back home, he trades with his brother for a skateboard, brings it to the shop and befriends young skater Ruben, who introduces him to the rest of the group: charismatic leader Ray, loudmouth \"Fuckshit\", and quiet \"Fourth Grade\". Although an inexperienced skater, Stevie is drawn to the group and aspires to imitate their daredevil behavior and anti-social attitudes. Stevie is nicknamed \"Sunburn\" by Ray during a conversation, and his acceptance into the group causes Ruben to resent him.While attempting a skateboard trick across an open section between two rooftops, Stevie falls and suffers a head injury. Dabney becomes concerned about his turn towards recklessness and his new friends, but Stevie has already made up his mind that he is sticking with the group. Ian has a tense standoff with Fuckshit as Stevie watches, but Ian appears intimidated by the group and leaves before a fight can break out. Stevie begins smoking, drinking, and experimenting with marijuana. At a party, he has his first kiss and sexual experience with an older teenage girl named Estee, despite the clear age difference.After Stevie comes home intoxicated, he and Ian get into a violent fight. Ian has an emotional breakdown when Stevie says that he has no friends and, following the conflict, a distressed Stevie attempts to asphyxiate himself with a cord from a SNES controller, one of several self-harm incidents. The next day, Dabney forbids Stevie from hanging out with the boys. Stevie lashes out and refuses to obey. Having alienated his mother and brother, Stevie sits alone behind the skate shop. Ray consoles Stevie, telling him that even though he thinks his life is bad, the other boys have it worse: Fourth Grade is poor to the point of not being able to afford socks, Ruben's mom is an abusive drug addict, Fuckshit's reckless partying is worsening, and Ray lost his younger brother, who was hit by a car a few years prior. Ray then takes Stevie out to skate at night, and they fall asleep outside the Santa Monica Courthouse.The shop hosts a party in back of the store. Ray hopes to make a career in skating, and chats up two professionals as potential sponsors. Fuckshit, who is drunk and high, tries to sabotage Ray's chances by embarrassing him in front of the pros. Stevie, who has been drinking heavily, is provoked into a brawl with Ruben. Discouraged by the undisciplined behavior of his friends, Ray tells everyone to go home. However, an intoxicated Fuckshit insists on driving the group to another party. After some convincing, Ray reluctantly agrees, and the group heads off. Talking animatedly and driving inattentively, Fuckshit crashes and flips the car on its side. Stevie is knocked unconscious and is rushed to the hospital.Stevie later awakens in a hospital bed, and sees Ian in a chair alongside him. Ian gives Stevie a container of orange juice to comfort him. Dabney enters the hospital and sees Stevie's friends, asleep in the waiting room. Moved by the fact they are there for Stevie, Dabney encourages them to visit Stevie's room. They appear willing to reconcile with each other after the previous night's events. Fourth Grade, who has been filming their adventures throughout the film, says he has something to show them. He plugs his camera into a TV to play them a skate video of their daily activities. Fourth Grade has titled the film \"Mid90s\".","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunny Suljic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Suljic"},{"link_name":"Na-Kel Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-Kel_Smith"},{"link_name":"Lucas Hedges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Hedges"},{"link_name":"Katherine Waterston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Waterston"},{"link_name":"Alexa Demie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Demie"},{"link_name":"Jerrod Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerrod_Carmichael"},{"link_name":"Harmony Korine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony_Korine"},{"link_name":"Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kids_(film)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Del the Funky Homosapien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_the_Funky_Homosapien"},{"link_name":"Chad Muska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Muska"}],"text":"Sunny Suljic as Stevie \"Sunburn\"\nNa-Kel Smith as Ray\nOlan Prenatt as Fuckshit\nLucas Hedges as Ian, Stevie's abusive older brother\nKatherine Waterston as Dabney, Ian and Stevie's mother\nGio Galicia as Ruben\nRyder McLaughlin as Fourth Grade\nAlexa Demie as EsteeAdditionally, Jerrod Carmichael cameos as a security guard whom Stevie and his friends taunt. Filmmaker Harmony Korine appears briefly as a sexual partner of Dabney. Korine wrote the screenplay for the 1995 film Kids, which Hill cited as the reason for his cameo appearance.[6] Hip-hop artist Del the Funky Homosapien and professional skateboarder Chad Muska appear as homeless man #1 and #2 respectively.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jonah Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_Hill"},{"link_name":"spec script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spec_script"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lucas Hedges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Hedges"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Katherine Waterston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Waterston"},{"link_name":"Sunny Suljic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Suljic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WaterstonSuljicCast-9"},{"link_name":"Alexa Demie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Demie"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DemieCast-10"}],"text":"On March 30, 2016, it was announced that Jonah Hill would be making his directorial debut from his own spec script, Mid90s, a film he would not appear in.[7]In March 2017, Lucas Hedges joined the cast.[8] In July 2017, it was reported that Katherine Waterston had signed on and that Sunny Suljic was cast in the lead role. It was also revealed that principal production on the film had commenced.[9] On August 1, 2017, Alexa Demie joined the cast.[10]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trent Reznor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Reznor"},{"link_name":"Atticus Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atticus_Ross"},{"link_name":"Pixies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixies_(band)"},{"link_name":"Morrissey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrissey"},{"link_name":"Herbie Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancock"},{"link_name":"ESG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESG_(band)"},{"link_name":"the Mamas and the Papas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mamas_and_the_Papas"},{"link_name":"Souls of Mischief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souls_of_Mischief"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Pharcyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pharcyde"},{"link_name":"1990s hip hop music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_in_hip_hop_music"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"Mid90s features an original score by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross, as well as recordings by Pixies, Morrissey, Herbie Hancock, ESG, the Mamas and the Papas, Souls of Mischief, Nirvana, The Pharcyde, and various 1990s hip hop music.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"New York Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filmoria-14"}],"text":"Mid90s had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2018,[11] and was also screened at the New York Film Festival on October 7, 2018.[12] It was theatrically released in the United States on October 19, 2018, in limited engagements, with a wide release the following weekend.[13] The film was released in UK and Irish cinemas on April 12, 2019.[14]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"Mid90s was released on DVD and Blu-ray on January 8, 2019.[15]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dead2-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"Mid90s grossed $249,500 from four theaters in its opening weekend for an average of $62,375 per venue, good for the third best of 2018.[16] It expanded to 1,206 theaters the following week and made $3 million, finishing 10th at the box office.[17] In its third weekend of release the film made $1.36 million.[18]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"PostTrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostTrak"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dead2-17"},{"link_name":"Owen Gleiberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Gleiberman"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"Lady Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Bird_(film)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Michael Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Phillips_(critic)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Superbad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superbad_(film)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"homophobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobia"},{"link_name":"racist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"toxic masculinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_masculinity"},{"link_name":"Slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"juvenile sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexuality"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 80% based on 225 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"Mid90s tells a clear-eyed yet nostalgic coming-of-age tale that might mark the start of an auspicious new career for debuting writer-director Jonah Hill.\"[19] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on 45 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[20] Audiences polled by PostTrak gave the film an 83% overall positive score and a 62% \"definite recommend\".[17]Owen Gleiberman of Variety called the film \"a coming-of-age tale that's unvarnished enough to believe,\" specifying, \"the fact that a star like Hill built this movie from the ground up, and did it with so much integrity and flair, lends it an undeniable hipster quotient.\"[21] Writing for The Hollywood Reporter, John DeFore said, \"in emotional punch and shoulda-seen-this-coming skill, it is more like Hill's Lady Bird, a gem that feels simultaneously informed by its author's adolescence and the product of a serious artist's observational distance.\"[22]Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 2 out of 4 stars and said, \"Vivid in bits and pieces, Mid90s feels like a research scrapbook for a movie, not a movie. The more Hill throws you around in the name of creating a harsh, immediate impression, the more the impressions blur. Hill will make far better pictures: As an actor, it took him a few films after Superbad to discover the payoff in doing less, and less obviously. The director in him may need another project to figure that out, whatever story he tells next.\"[23]More critical reviews called attention to the film's use of homophobic and racist slurs, as well as its treatment of toxic masculinity. Sam Adams of Slate wrote, \"The skaters’ dialogue is liberally spiced with homophobic and occasional racist slurs, and while anyone old enough to remember the 1990s can attest to the accuracy of their omnipresence, the movie’s inclusion of them feels like another cheap shortcut to verisimilitude.\"[24][25] Other criticisms cited a scene of juvenile sexuality between Stevie and Estee (the character portrayed by Alexa Demie) for its uncomfortable undertones given the ages of the characters and actors.[26]Hill commented, \"The point of the movie is that nothing's black or white. I'm not a moralist; I'm not here to tell an audience how they should feel. I think the way [the characters] speak about women and gay people is really a messed-up way to go about that. And then at the end of the film, they still are there for one another. So I don't think anyone is purely good or purely bad. I hope to create complex characters that constantly are challenging what you think of them.\"[27]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Mid90s\". Toronto International Film Festival. Retrieved August 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://tiff.net/tiff/mid90s","url_text":"\"Mid90s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival","url_text":"Toronto International Film Festival"}]},{"reference":"\"FILM TAX CREDIT – QUARTERLY REPORT CALENDAR YEAR 2019: THIRD QUARTER\" (PDF). New York State: 10. September 30, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://esd.ny.gov/sites/default/files/LD%20Q3%202019%20Report.pdf","url_text":"\"FILM TAX CREDIT – QUARTERLY REPORT CALENDAR YEAR 2019: THIRD QUARTER\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State","url_text":"New York State"}]},{"reference":"\"Mid90s(2018)\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt5613484/","url_text":"\"Mid90s(2018)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"\"Mid90s (2018)\". The Numbers. Retrieved October 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Mid90s-(2018)#tab=summary","url_text":"\"Mid90s (2018)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Numbers_(website)","url_text":"The Numbers"}]},{"reference":"Fujitani, Ryan (October 25, 2018). \"Hunter Killer Is Substandard\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/hunter-killer-is-substandard/","url_text":"\"Hunter Killer Is Substandard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"Ahearn, Victoria (October 25, 2018). \"Jonah Hill on including 'toxic masculinity' in directorial debut Mid90s\". Toronto Star. Retrieved June 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2018/10/24/jonah-hill-on-including-toxic-masculinity-in-directorial-debut-mid90s.html","url_text":"\"Jonah Hill on including 'toxic masculinity' in directorial debut Mid90s\""}]},{"reference":"Lincoln, Ross A. (March 31, 2016). \"Jonah Hill To Helm 'Mid 90s' From His Spec Script In Feature Directorial Debut\". Deadline. Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210906194713/https://deadline.com/2016/03/jonah-hill-sets-his-spec-script-mid-90s-as-directorial-debut-1201728992/","url_text":"\"Jonah Hill To Helm 'Mid 90s' From His Spec Script In Feature Directorial Debut\""},{"url":"https://deadline.com/2016/03/jonah-hill-sets-his-spec-script-mid-90s-as-directorial-debut-1201728992/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mazzanti, Mike (March 1, 2017). \"Jonah Hill's Directorial Debut 'Mid '90s' to Reunite 'Manchester by the Sea' Stars\". The Film Stage. Retrieved July 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://thefilmstage.com/news/jonah-hills-directorial-debut-mid-90s-to-reunite-manchester-by-the-sea-stars/","url_text":"\"Jonah Hill's Directorial Debut 'Mid '90s' to Reunite 'Manchester by the Sea' Stars\""}]},{"reference":"\"Katherine Waterston, Sunny Suljic to Star in Jonah Hill's Directorial Debut \"Mid-90s\" (Exclusive)\". The Tracking Board. July 14, 2017. Retrieved July 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tracking-board.com/katherine-waterston-sunny-suljic-in-talks-to-star-in-jonah-hills-directorial-debut-mid-90s-exclusive/","url_text":"\"Katherine Waterston, Sunny Suljic to Star in Jonah Hill's Directorial Debut \"Mid-90s\" (Exclusive)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alexa Demie Set For Jonah Hill's 'Mid '90s'; Tommy Dorfman Cast In 'Fluidity'\". Deadline Hollywood. August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2017/08/alexa-demie-jonah-hill-mid-90s-tommy-dorfman-fluidity-1202140150/","url_text":"\"Alexa Demie Set For Jonah Hill's 'Mid '90s'; Tommy Dorfman Cast In 'Fluidity'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Kay, Jeremy (August 14, 2018). \"Toronto unveils Contemporary World Cinema, more Galas and Special Presentations\". Screen International. Retrieved August 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.screendaily.com/news/toronto-unveils-contemporary-world-cinema-more-galas-and-special-presentations-/5131634.article","url_text":"\"Toronto unveils Contemporary World Cinema, more Galas and Special Presentations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_International","url_text":"Screen International"}]},{"reference":"\"Mid90s\". New York Film Festival. Retrieved October 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmlinc.org/nyff2018/films/mid90s/","url_text":"\"Mid90s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Film_Festival","url_text":"New York Film Festival"}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Matt (July 24, 2018). \"'Mid90s' Trailer: Jonah Hill's Directorial Debut Takes a NSFW Dive into L.A. Skate Culture\". Collider. Retrieved July 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/mid90s-trailer-jonah-hill/","url_text":"\"'Mid90s' Trailer: Jonah Hill's Directorial Debut Takes a NSFW Dive into L.A. Skate Culture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"}]},{"reference":"\"Mid90s in UK and Irish cinemas on 12 April 2019\". Filmoria.co.uk. Retrieved March 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmoria.co.uk/mid90s-in-cinemas-nationwide-on-12-april-2019-2","url_text":"\"Mid90s in UK and Irish cinemas on 12 April 2019\""}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 21, 2018). \"'Halloween' Scares Up Second-Best October Opening With $77M+; Best Debut For Blumhouse & Carpenter Canon; Great Launch For Miramax\". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved October 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/10/halloween-record-opening-weekend-box-office-1202485871/","url_text":"\"'Halloween' Scares Up Second-Best October Opening With $77M+; Best Debut For Blumhouse & Carpenter Canon; Great Launch For Miramax\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Business_Media","url_text":"Penske Business Media"}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 28, 2018). \"'Halloween' Screams $32M Second Weekend As October B.O. Moves Toward Record\". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved October 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/10/halloween-screaming-a-33m-second-weekend-will-slash-100m-mark-tonight-1202490458/","url_text":"\"'Halloween' Screams $32M Second Weekend As October B.O. Moves Toward Record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Business_Media","url_text":"Penske Business Media"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Brian (November 4, 2018). \"'Boy Erased' With Robust Bow; 'A Private War' Aims OK: Specialty Box Office\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/11/boy-erased-makes-its-mark-with-robust-bow-a-private-war-aims-ok-can-you-ever-forgive-me-solid-in-expansion-specialty-box-office-1202495753/","url_text":"\"'Boy Erased' With Robust Bow; 'A Private War' Aims OK: Specialty Box Office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"\"Mid90s (2018)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved October 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mid90s","url_text":"\"Mid90s (2018)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_Media","url_text":"Fandango"}]},{"reference":"\"Mid90s\". Metacritic. Retrieved August 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/mid90s","url_text":"\"Mid90s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Gleiberman, Owen (September 10, 2018). \"Film Review: 'mid90s'\". Variety. Retrieved October 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/mid90s-review-jonah-hill-1202934291/","url_text":"\"Film Review: 'mid90s'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"DeFore, John (September 9, 2018). \"'Mid90s': Film Review - TIFF 2018\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/mid90s-review-1141434","url_text":"\"'Mid90s': Film Review - TIFF 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Michael (October 27, 2018). \"'Mid90s' review: Jonah Hill's LA story smells like teen spirit\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Phillips_(critic)","url_text":"Phillips, Michael"},{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/sc-mov-mid-90s-rev-1023-story.html","url_text":"\"'Mid90s' review: Jonah Hill's LA story smells like teen spirit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Sam (October 18, 2018). \"Jonah Hill's Mid90s Is a Portrait of the Artist as a Young Skater Bro\". Slate. Retrieved March 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://slate.com/culture/2018/10/mid90s-review-jonah-hill-movie-director.html","url_text":"\"Jonah Hill's Mid90s Is a Portrait of the Artist as a Young Skater Bro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)","url_text":"Slate"}]},{"reference":"Coughlin-Bogue, Tobias (December 19, 2018). \"I'm Sorry, Mid90s' Homophobia Does Not Get a Pass\". Skateism. Retrieved March 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skateism.com/lets-not-give-mid90s-pass/","url_text":"\"I'm Sorry, Mid90s' Homophobia Does Not Get a Pass\""}]},{"reference":"Hadadi, Roxana (October 25, 2018). \"'Mid90s' Uses a Super-Uncomfortable Sex Scene to Make Its Young Protagonist Cool, Because Of Course It Does\". Pajiba. 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Retrieved February 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mubi.com/films/mid-90s/awards","url_text":"\"Mid90s (2018)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUBI","url_text":"MUBI"}]},{"reference":"DaMour, Henrique (January 13, 2019). \"Critics' Choice Awards 2019: See the full winners list\". EW.com. Retrieved February 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/awards/2019/01/13/critics-choice-awards-2019-winners-list/","url_text":"\"Critics' Choice Awards 2019: See the full winners list\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EW.com","url_text":"EW.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Columbus Film Critics Association (2019)\". IMDb. Retrieved February 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0025449/2019/1/","url_text":"\"Columbus Film Critics Association (2019)\""}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (November 16, 2018). \"2019 Spirit Award Nominations: 'We The Animals' Tops With Five, A24 Leads All Distributors, Studio Classic Labels Come Up Short\". Deadline. Retrieved February 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/11/film-independent-spirit-award-nominations-fall-2018-roma-netflix-1202503233/","url_text":"\"2019 Spirit Award Nominations: 'We The Animals' Tops With Five, A24 Leads All Distributors, Studio Classic Labels Come Up Short\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_(website)","url_text":"Deadline"}]},{"reference":"\"NATIONAL BOARD OF REVIEW ANNOUNCES 2018 AWARD WINNERS\". National Board of Review. November 27, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalboardofreview.org/2018/11/national-board-review-announces-2018-award-winners/","url_text":"\"NATIONAL BOARD OF REVIEW ANNOUNCES 2018 AWARD WINNERS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Board_of_Review","url_text":"National Board of Review"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://tiff.net/tiff/mid90s","external_links_name":"\"Mid90s\""},{"Link":"https://esd.ny.gov/sites/default/files/LD%20Q3%202019%20Report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FILM TAX CREDIT – QUARTERLY REPORT CALENDAR YEAR 2019: THIRD QUARTER\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt5613484/","external_links_name":"\"Mid90s(2018)\""},{"Link":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Mid90s-(2018)#tab=summary","external_links_name":"\"Mid90s (2018)\""},{"Link":"https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/hunter-killer-is-substandard/","external_links_name":"\"Hunter Killer Is Substandard\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2018/10/24/jonah-hill-on-including-toxic-masculinity-in-directorial-debut-mid90s.html","external_links_name":"\"Jonah Hill on including 'toxic masculinity' in directorial debut Mid90s\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210906194713/https://deadline.com/2016/03/jonah-hill-sets-his-spec-script-mid-90s-as-directorial-debut-1201728992/","external_links_name":"\"Jonah Hill To Helm 'Mid 90s' From His Spec Script In Feature Directorial Debut\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2016/03/jonah-hill-sets-his-spec-script-mid-90s-as-directorial-debut-1201728992/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://thefilmstage.com/news/jonah-hills-directorial-debut-mid-90s-to-reunite-manchester-by-the-sea-stars/","external_links_name":"\"Jonah Hill's Directorial Debut 'Mid '90s' to Reunite 'Manchester by the Sea' Stars\""},{"Link":"http://www.tracking-board.com/katherine-waterston-sunny-suljic-in-talks-to-star-in-jonah-hills-directorial-debut-mid-90s-exclusive/","external_links_name":"\"Katherine Waterston, Sunny Suljic to Star in Jonah Hill's Directorial Debut \"Mid-90s\" (Exclusive)\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2017/08/alexa-demie-jonah-hill-mid-90s-tommy-dorfman-fluidity-1202140150/","external_links_name":"\"Alexa Demie Set For Jonah Hill's 'Mid '90s'; Tommy Dorfman Cast In 'Fluidity'\""},{"Link":"https://www.screendaily.com/news/toronto-unveils-contemporary-world-cinema-more-galas-and-special-presentations-/5131634.article","external_links_name":"\"Toronto unveils Contemporary World Cinema, more Galas and Special Presentations\""},{"Link":"https://www.filmlinc.org/nyff2018/films/mid90s/","external_links_name":"\"Mid90s\""},{"Link":"https://collider.com/mid90s-trailer-jonah-hill/","external_links_name":"\"'Mid90s' Trailer: Jonah Hill's Directorial Debut Takes a NSFW Dive into L.A. Skate Culture\""},{"Link":"https://www.filmoria.co.uk/mid90s-in-cinemas-nationwide-on-12-april-2019-2","external_links_name":"\"Mid90s in UK and Irish cinemas on 12 April 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishfilmcritic.com/mid90s-arrives-on-blu-ray-dvd-on-demand-january-8/","external_links_name":"Mid90s Arrives On Blu-ray, DVD & On Demand January 8"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2018/10/halloween-record-opening-weekend-box-office-1202485871/","external_links_name":"\"'Halloween' Scares Up Second-Best October Opening With $77M+; Best Debut For Blumhouse & Carpenter Canon; Great Launch For Miramax\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2018/10/halloween-screaming-a-33m-second-weekend-will-slash-100m-mark-tonight-1202490458/","external_links_name":"\"'Halloween' Screams $32M Second Weekend As October B.O. Moves Toward Record\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2018/11/boy-erased-makes-its-mark-with-robust-bow-a-private-war-aims-ok-can-you-ever-forgive-me-solid-in-expansion-specialty-box-office-1202495753/","external_links_name":"\"'Boy Erased' With Robust Bow; 'A Private War' Aims OK: Specialty Box Office\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mid90s","external_links_name":"\"Mid90s (2018)\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/mid90s","external_links_name":"\"Mid90s\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/mid90s-review-jonah-hill-1202934291/","external_links_name":"\"Film Review: 'mid90s'\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/mid90s-review-1141434","external_links_name":"\"'Mid90s': Film Review - TIFF 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/sc-mov-mid-90s-rev-1023-story.html","external_links_name":"\"'Mid90s' review: Jonah Hill's LA story smells like teen spirit\""},{"Link":"https://slate.com/culture/2018/10/mid90s-review-jonah-hill-movie-director.html","external_links_name":"\"Jonah Hill's Mid90s Is a Portrait of the Artist as a Young Skater Bro\""},{"Link":"https://www.skateism.com/lets-not-give-mid90s-pass/","external_links_name":"\"I'm Sorry, Mid90s' Homophobia Does Not Get a Pass\""},{"Link":"https://www.pajiba.com/film_reviews/mid90s-has-a-superuncomfortable-sex-scene-and-underserved-female-characters.php","external_links_name":"\"'Mid90s' Uses a Super-Uncomfortable Sex Scene to Make Its Young Protagonist Cool, Because Of Course It Does\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2018/10/17/657921976/it-wasnt-cool-to-care-in-the-mid90s-but-jonah-hill-does","external_links_name":"\"It Wasn't Cool To Care In The 'Mid90s' — But Jonah Hill Does\""},{"Link":"https://mubi.com/films/mid-90s/awards","external_links_name":"\"Mid90s (2018)\""},{"Link":"https://ew.com/awards/2019/01/13/critics-choice-awards-2019-winners-list/","external_links_name":"\"Critics' Choice Awards 2019: See the full winners list\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0025449/2019/1/","external_links_name":"\"Columbus Film Critics Association (2019)\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2018/11/film-independent-spirit-award-nominations-fall-2018-roma-netflix-1202503233/","external_links_name":"\"2019 Spirit Award Nominations: 'We The Animals' Tops With Five, A24 Leads All Distributors, Studio Classic Labels Come Up Short\""},{"Link":"https://nationalboardofreview.org/2018/11/national-board-review-announces-2018-award-winners/","external_links_name":"\"NATIONAL BOARD OF REVIEW ANNOUNCES 2018 AWARD WINNERS\""},{"Link":"https://a24films.com/films/mid90s","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5613484/","external_links_name":"Mid90s"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heave-to | Heaving to | ["1 Hove to","2 Heaving to","3 Heaving to as a storm tactic","4 See also","5 References"] | Way of slowing a sailing vessel's forward progress
Plan view of a sloop hove to. The jib is backed to windward, the mainsail is slightly eased, and the rudder is fixed in an attempt to turn into the wind (which is coming from the top of the diagram).
In sailing, heaving to (to heave to and to be hove to) is a way of slowing a sailing vessel's forward progress, as well as fixing the helm and sail positions so that the vessel does not have to be steered. It is commonly used for a "break"; this may be to wait for the tide before proceeding, or to wait out a strong or contrary wind. For a solo or shorthanded sailor it can provide time to go below deck, to attend to issues elsewhere on the boat or to take a meal break. Heaving to can make reefing a lot easier, especially in traditional vessels with several sails.: 113 It is also used as a storm tactic.
A sailing vessel that is hove to is still, for the purposes of the collision regulations, on a defined tack. Therefore, unless other considerations dictate differently, it is helpful to heave to on the starboard tack, in order to be a "stand-on vessel", as per the regulations.: 327
The term is also used in the context of vessels under power and refers to bringing the vessel to a complete stop. For example, in waters over which the United States has jurisdiction the Coast Guard may, under 14 U.S.C. §522, demand that a boat "heave to" in order to enforce federal laws.
Hove to
A brig hove to. The fore and main courses are clewed up (to reduce the amount of load on the rig) and the main topsail is backed to take the way off the vessel.
A sailing vessel is "hove to" when it is at or nearly at rest because the driving action from one or more sails is approximately balanced by the drive from the other(s). This always involves "backing" one or more sails, so that the wind is pressing against the forward side of the cloth, rather than the aft side as it normally would for the sail to drive the vessel forwards. On a square rigged vessel with more than one mast, a number of options are available; these generally involve bracing round the square topsail on one or more masts to an aback position to counterbalance the sails that remain set in their normal position.: 225–230 On a modern two-sailed sloop, there is only the jib and the mainsail. A cutter may have more than one headsail, and a ketch, yawl or schooner may have more than one sail on a boom. In what follows, the jibs and boomed sails on such craft can either be treated as one of each, or lowered for the purposes of reduced windage, heel or complexity when heaving to for any length of time.
When a sloop is hove to, the jib is backed. This means that its windward sheet is tight holding the sail to windward. The mainsail sheet is often eased, or the mainsail reefed, to reduce forward movement, or "fore-reaching". The rudder is placed so that, should the boat make any forward movement, it will be turned into the wind, so as to prevent forward momentum building up. In a centerboard boat the centerboard will be partially raised and the tiller held down hard.
Heaving to
For a sloop sailing along normally, either of two maneuvers will render the sailboat to be hove to.
First, the jib can be literally heaved to windward, using the windward sheet and releasing the other. Then the rudder would be put across so as to turn gently towards the wind. Without the drive of the jib, and allowing time for momentum to die down, the sailboat will be unable to tack and will stop hove to. This method may be preferable when broad reaching or running before a strong wind in a heavy sea and the prospect of tacking through the wind in order to heave to may not appeal. Bearing away from the wind so that the headsail is blanketed by the mainsail can make it easier to haul in the windward sheet.
Alternatively, the vessel can simply be turned normally to tack through the wind, without freeing the jibsheet. The mainsail should self-tack onto the other side, but the jib is held aback. Finally the rudder is put the other way, as if trying to tack back again. Without the drive of the jib, she cannot do this and will stop hove to. This method is fast to implement and is recommended by sail training bodies such as the RYA as a "quick stop" reaction to a man overboard emergency, for sailing boats that have an engine available for further maneuvers to approach and pick up the casualty.
Finally, in either case, the tiller or wheel should be lashed so that the rudder cannot move again, and the mainsheet adjusted so that the boat lies with the wind ahead of the beam with minimal speed forward. Usually this involves easing the sheet slightly compared to a closehauled position, but depending on the relative sizes of the sails, the shape and configuration of the keel and rudder and the state of the wind and sea, each skipper will have to experiment. After this the boat can be left indefinitely, only keeping a lookout for other approaching vessels.
When hove to, the boat will heel, there will be some drift to leeward and some tendency to forereach, so adequate seaway must be allowed for. In rough weather, this leeway can actually leave a "slick" effect to windward, in which the waves are smaller than elsewhere. This can make a rest or meal break a little more comfortable at times.
To come out from the hove-to position and get under way again, the tiller or wheel is unlashed and the windward jibsheet is released, hauling in the normal leeward one. Bearing off the wind using the rudder will get the boat moving and then she can be maneuvered onto any desired course. It is important when choosing the tack, heaving to, and remaining hove to, in a confined space that adequate room is allowed for these maneuvers.
Heaving to as a storm tactic
Heaving to has been used by a number of yachts to survive storm conditions (winds greater than Force 10, 48–55 knots, 89–102 km/h, 55–63 mph). During the June 1994 Queen's Birthday Storm, all yachts that hove to survived the storm. This included Sabre, a 10.4 m (34 ft) steel cutter with two persons on board, which hove to in wind speeds averaging 80 knots for 6 hours with virtually no damage.
During the ill-fated 1979 Fastnet race, of 300 yachts, 158 chose to adopt storm tactics; 86 "lay ahull", whereby the yacht adopts a "beam on" attitude to the wind and waves; 46 ran before the wind under bare poles or trailing warps/sea anchors, and 26 hove to. 100 yachts suffered knock downs; 77 rolled (that is turtled) at least once. Not one of the hove to yachts were capsized (knocked down or turtled) or suffered any serious damage. The "heave to" maneuver is described in the story of the first Golden Globe yacht race of 1968.
See also
Anchor – Device used to secure a vessel to the bed of a body of water to prevent the craft from drifting
Drogue – Drag device streamed behind a vessel
Mooring – Structure for securing floating vessels
Sea anchor – Drag device used to stabilize a boat in heavy weather and reduce drift
Seakeeping – Response of a vessel to sea conditions
Seamanship – Art, knowledge and competence of operating a craft on water
References
^ a b c d Schell, Andy (21 January 2013). "Cruising Tips: Heaving-To". Sail Magazine. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
^ www.sailingusa.info/points_of_sail.htm Archived June 26, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Heavy weather conditions at sea (pictures and further explanation)". Retrieved 17 April 2015.
^ a b Cunliffe, Tom (2016). Hand, Reef and Steer: Traditional Sailing Skills for Classic Boats (second ed.). Adlard Coles. ISBN 978-1472925220.
^ a b c d e Bruce, Peter (2016). Heavy Weather Sailing (7th ed.). Bloomsbury. pp. 192–195. ISBN 9781472928207. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
^ "18 U.S. Code § 2237 - Criminal sanctions for failure to heave to, obstruction of boarding, or providing false information". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
^ Harland, John (2015). Seamanship in the age of sail : an account of shiphandling of the sailing man-o-war, 1600-1860. London. ISBN 978-1-8448-6309-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ a b c Pardey, Lin (2008). Storm Tactics Handbook, 3rd Ed., Modern methods of heaving-to for survival in extreme conditions. Arcata, California: Pardey Books. pp. 44–48. ISBN 978-1-92921-447-1.
^ a b "Heaving To - Parking your boat without anchoring". Coastal Boating.net. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
^ "Heaving to and the centerboard". The Trailorsailor. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
^ a b "How to manoeuvre under sail". How to cruise under sail - Safety and comfort for live-aboard, long-distance sailors. 23 June 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
^ Pearson, Malcolm (2007). Reeds skipper's handbook: for sail and power. London: Adlard Coles Nautical. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-7136-8338-7.
^ Pardey 2008, p. 116.
^ Bruce 2016, pp. 241–253.
^ Bruce 2016, p. 248.
^ Taylor, Kim (1996). The 1994 Pacific Storm Survey. Auckland, N.Z.: Captain Teach Press and Quarry Pub. p. 10. ISBN 1-877197-11-4. OCLC 154204736.
^ Pardey 2008, p. 97.
^ Nichols, Peter (2002). A Voyage For Madmen. London: Profile Books. p. 320. ISBN 978-1861974655.
vteSailing and manoeuvressport, racing, cruisingSailing
Center of lateral resistance (Lee helm, Weather helm)
Point of sail
Forces on sails
Hiking
Racing Rules of Sailing
Rounding up
Sail twist
Manoeuvres
Close-hauled
Heaving to
Heeling
In irons
Jibe
Reaching
Running
Reefing
Tacking
Wing on wing
Accidents
Broach
Capsizing
Chinese gybe
Death roll
Turtling
Planing | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hove-to.svg"},{"link_name":"sloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloop"},{"link_name":"jib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jib"},{"link_name":"windward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windward_and_leeward"},{"link_name":"mainsail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainsail"},{"link_name":"rudder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder"},{"link_name":"sailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sail_mag-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sailingusa-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sailtrain-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cunliffe_2016-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HWS-5"},{"link_name":"collision regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Regulations_for_Preventing_Collisions_at_Sea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cunliffe_2016-4"},{"link_name":"Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"14 U.S.C. §522","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/14/522"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Plan view of a sloop hove to. The jib is backed to windward, the mainsail is slightly eased, and the rudder is fixed in an attempt to turn into the wind (which is coming from the top of the diagram).In sailing, heaving to (to heave to and to be hove to) is a way of slowing a sailing vessel's forward progress, as well as fixing the helm and sail positions so that the vessel does not have to be steered.[1] It is commonly used for a \"break\"; this may be to wait for the tide before proceeding, or to wait out a strong or contrary wind. For a solo or shorthanded sailor it can provide time to go below deck, to attend to issues elsewhere on the boat or to take a meal break.[2][3] Heaving to can make reefing a lot easier, especially in traditional vessels with several sails.[4]: 113 It is also used as a storm tactic.[5]A sailing vessel that is hove to is still, for the purposes of the collision regulations, on a defined tack. Therefore, unless other considerations dictate differently, it is helpful to heave to on the starboard tack, in order to be a \"stand-on vessel\", as per the regulations.[4]: 327The term is also used in the context of vessels under power and refers to bringing the vessel to a complete stop. 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This method is fast to implement and is recommended by sail training bodies such as the RYA as a \"quick stop\" reaction to a man overboard emergency, for sailing boats that have an engine available for further maneuvers to approach and pick up the casualty.[12]Finally, in either case, the tiller or wheel should be lashed so that the rudder cannot move again, and the mainsheet adjusted so that the boat lies with the wind ahead of the beam with minimal speed forward. Usually this involves easing the sheet slightly compared to a closehauled position, but depending on the relative sizes of the sails, the shape and configuration of the keel and rudder and the state of the wind and sea, each skipper will have to experiment.[8][1] After this the boat can be left indefinitely, only keeping a lookout for other approaching vessels.When hove to, the boat will heel, there will be some drift to leeward and some tendency to forereach, so adequate seaway must be allowed for. In rough weather, this leeway can actually leave a \"slick\" effect to windward, in which the waves are smaller than elsewhere.[8] This can make a rest or meal break a little more comfortable at times.To come out from the hove-to position and get under way again, the tiller or wheel is unlashed and the windward jibsheet is released, hauling in the normal leeward one. Bearing off the wind using the rudder will get the boat moving and then she can be maneuvered onto any desired course.[9] It is important when choosing the tack, heaving to, and remaining hove to, in a confined space that adequate room is allowed for these maneuvers.[13]","title":"Heaving to"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Force 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_scale"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HWS-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce2016241%E2%80%93253-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce2016248-15"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HWS-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"1979 Fastnet race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Fastnet_race"},{"link_name":"lay ahull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lying_ahull"},{"link_name":"turtled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtling_(sailing)"},{"link_name":"capsized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsizing"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardey200897-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Heaving to has been used by a number of yachts to survive storm conditions (winds greater than Force 10, 48–55 knots, 89–102 km/h, 55–63 mph).[5] During the June 1994 Queen's Birthday Storm,[14] all yachts that hove to survived the storm.[15] This included Sabre, a 10.4 m (34 ft) steel cutter with two persons on board, which hove to in wind speeds averaging 80 knots for 6 hours with virtually no damage.[5][16]During the ill-fated 1979 Fastnet race, of 300 yachts, 158 chose to adopt storm tactics; 86 \"lay ahull\", whereby the yacht adopts a \"beam on\" attitude to the wind and waves; 46 ran before the wind under bare poles or trailing warps/sea anchors, and 26 hove to. 100 yachts suffered knock downs; 77 rolled (that is turtled) at least once. Not one of the hove to yachts were capsized (knocked down or turtled) or suffered any serious damage.[17] The \"heave to\" maneuver is described in the story of the first Golden Globe yacht race of 1968.[18]","title":"Heaving to as a storm tactic"}] | [{"image_text":"Plan view of a sloop hove to. The jib is backed to windward, the mainsail is slightly eased, and the rudder is fixed in an attempt to turn into the wind (which is coming from the top of the diagram).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hove-to.svg/220px-Hove-to.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A brig hove to. The fore and main courses are clewed up (to reduce the amount of load on the rig) and the main topsail is backed to take the way off the vessel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/The_opium_clipper_Lanrick.jpg/220px-The_opium_clipper_Lanrick.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor"},{"title":"Drogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogue"},{"title":"Mooring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooring"},{"title":"Sea anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_anchor"},{"title":"Seakeeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seakeeping"},{"title":"Seamanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamanship"}] | [{"reference":"Schell, Andy (21 January 2013). \"Cruising Tips: Heaving-To\". Sail Magazine. Retrieved 21 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sailmagazine.com/cruising/cruising-tips/cruising-tips-heaving-to/","url_text":"\"Cruising Tips: Heaving-To\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heavy weather conditions at sea (pictures and further explanation)\". Retrieved 17 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sailtrain.co.uk/seamanship/weather.htm","url_text":"\"Heavy weather conditions at sea (pictures and further explanation)\""}]},{"reference":"Cunliffe, Tom (2016). Hand, Reef and Steer: Traditional Sailing Skills for Classic Boats (second ed.). Adlard Coles. ISBN 978-1472925220.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cunliffe","url_text":"Cunliffe, Tom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472925220","url_text":"978-1472925220"}]},{"reference":"Bruce, Peter (2016). Heavy Weather Sailing (7th ed.). Bloomsbury. pp. 192–195. ISBN 9781472928207. Retrieved 21 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bloomsbury.com/au/heavy-weather-sailing-7th-edition-9781472928207/","url_text":"Heavy Weather Sailing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472928207","url_text":"9781472928207"}]},{"reference":"\"18 U.S. Code § 2237 - Criminal sanctions for failure to heave to, obstruction of boarding, or providing false information\". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2022-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2237","url_text":"\"18 U.S. Code § 2237 - Criminal sanctions for failure to heave to, obstruction of boarding, or providing false information\""}]},{"reference":"Harland, John (2015). Seamanship in the age of sail : an account of shiphandling of the sailing man-o-war, 1600-1860. London. ISBN 978-1-8448-6309-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8448-6309-9","url_text":"978-1-8448-6309-9"}]},{"reference":"Pardey, Lin (2008). Storm Tactics Handbook, 3rd Ed., Modern methods of heaving-to for survival in extreme conditions. Arcata, California: Pardey Books. pp. 44–48. ISBN 978-1-92921-447-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-92921-447-1","url_text":"978-1-92921-447-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Heaving To - Parking your boat without anchoring\". Coastal Boating.net. Retrieved 21 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://cruising.coastalboating.net/Seamanship/Anchoring/Heaving-to/index.html","url_text":"\"Heaving To - Parking your boat without anchoring\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heaving to and the centerboard\". The Trailorsailor. Retrieved 21 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://forum.trailersailor.com/post.php?id=984963","url_text":"\"Heaving to and the centerboard\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to manoeuvre under sail\". How to cruise under sail - Safety and comfort for live-aboard, long-distance sailors. 23 June 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://howtocruise.wordpress.com/2010/06/23/how-to-manoeuvre-under-sail/","url_text":"\"How to manoeuvre under sail\""}]},{"reference":"Pearson, Malcolm (2007). Reeds skipper's handbook: for sail and power. London: Adlard Coles Nautical. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-7136-8338-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-8338-7","url_text":"978-0-7136-8338-7"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Kim (1996). The 1994 Pacific Storm Survey. Auckland, N.Z.: Captain Teach Press and Quarry Pub. p. 10. ISBN 1-877197-11-4. OCLC 154204736.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-877197-11-4","url_text":"1-877197-11-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154204736","url_text":"154204736"}]},{"reference":"Nichols, Peter (2002). A Voyage For Madmen. London: Profile Books. p. 320. ISBN 978-1861974655.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1861974655","url_text":"978-1861974655"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/14/522","external_links_name":"14 U.S.C. §522"},{"Link":"http://www.sailmagazine.com/cruising/cruising-tips/cruising-tips-heaving-to/","external_links_name":"\"Cruising Tips: Heaving-To\""},{"Link":"http://www.sailingusa.info/points_of_sail.htm","external_links_name":"www.sailingusa.info/points_of_sail.htm"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060626180932/http://www.sailingusa.info/points_of_sail.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sailtrain.co.uk/seamanship/weather.htm","external_links_name":"\"Heavy weather conditions at sea (pictures and further explanation)\""},{"Link":"http://www.bloomsbury.com/au/heavy-weather-sailing-7th-edition-9781472928207/","external_links_name":"Heavy Weather Sailing"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2237","external_links_name":"\"18 U.S. Code § 2237 - Criminal sanctions for failure to heave to, obstruction of boarding, or providing false information\""},{"Link":"http://cruising.coastalboating.net/Seamanship/Anchoring/Heaving-to/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Heaving To - Parking your boat without anchoring\""},{"Link":"http://forum.trailersailor.com/post.php?id=984963","external_links_name":"\"Heaving to and the centerboard\""},{"Link":"https://howtocruise.wordpress.com/2010/06/23/how-to-manoeuvre-under-sail/","external_links_name":"\"How to manoeuvre under sail\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154204736","external_links_name":"154204736"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickin%27_the_Crown_Around | Kickin' the Crown Around | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"] | 1933 film
Kickin' the Crown AroundBobby Clark and Paul McCullough, in Kickin' the Crown Around (1933)Directed bySam WhiteWritten byBlake Burns Kaye (story)Ben Holmes (screenplay)Produced byLou Brock (supervising producer)StarringSee belowCinematographyCharles Edgar SchoenbaumEdited byJohn LockertRelease date
1933 (1933)
Running time19 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Kickin' the Crown Around is a 1933 American Pre-Code film featuring the comedy team Clark and McCullough and directed by Sam White.
Plot
In the mythical country of Jugo-Jaggon, the manufacture, sale, or possession of salami is prohibited by law. Despite this, the country is in the grip of a salami addiction crisis. International Agents Blackstone and Blodgett are hired by Nikki, the Prime Minister, to find out who is smuggling 4% garlic salami into the kingdom.
Blackstone and Blodgett accidentally intercept a secret message that reveals that the illegal salami is being delivered to the Wiggle Inn. Posing as waiters, they capture the smuggler Disputin at the inn and attempt to interrogate him, but he refuses to talk even after being squirted with seltzer water. Leaving Disputin tied to a chair, Blackstone and Blodgett report their progress to King Pfui, who is impressed but suggests that a fire hose might be more effective.
Little do any of them suspect that Queen Olga, with her Ladies in Waiting, is the mastermind behind the smuggling ring. When nobody is watching, she unties Disputin and takes his place in the chair.
When King Pfui is led to the captive, he is outraged to find the queen tied up, and threatens to have Blackstone's and Blodgett's heads—but they are saved when the ceiling collapses under the weight of the six tons of salami hidden there. As masses of contraband sausage rain down on the group, Blackstone declares the whole affair "just a lot of baloney".
Leni Stengel with Bobby Clark and Paul McCullough in Kickin' the Crown Around (1933)
Cast
Bobby Clark as Blackstone - The "Diplomat"
Paul McCullough as Blodgett
Ferdinand Munier as King Pfui
Leni Stengel as The Queen
Francis McDonald as Disputin
Eddie Baker as Manager - Wiggle Inn
Neal Burns as Messenger
Charles Irwin as Nikki, the Prime Minister
References
^ BFI
External links
Kickin' the Crown Around at IMDb
The short film Kickin' the Crown Around is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.
This article related to a short comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pre-Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Code"},{"link_name":"Clark and McCullough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_and_McCullough"},{"link_name":"Sam White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_White_(film_producer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Kickin' the Crown Around is a 1933 American Pre-Code film featuring the comedy team Clark and McCullough and directed by Sam White.[1]","title":"Kickin' the Crown Around"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baloney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsense"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kickin%E2%80%99_the_Crown_Around_(1933)_Bobby_Clark_%26_Paul_McCullough,_with_Leni_Stengel.jpg"}],"text":"In the mythical country of Jugo-Jaggon, the manufacture, sale, or possession of salami is prohibited by law. Despite this, the country is in the grip of a salami addiction crisis. International Agents Blackstone and Blodgett are hired by Nikki, the Prime Minister, to find out who is smuggling 4% garlic salami into the kingdom.Blackstone and Blodgett accidentally intercept a secret message that reveals that the illegal salami is being delivered to the Wiggle Inn. Posing as waiters, they capture the smuggler Disputin at the inn and attempt to interrogate him, but he refuses to talk even after being squirted with seltzer water. Leaving Disputin tied to a chair, Blackstone and Blodgett report their progress to King Pfui, who is impressed but suggests that a fire hose might be more effective.Little do any of them suspect that Queen Olga, with her Ladies in Waiting, is the mastermind behind the smuggling ring. When nobody is watching, she unties Disputin and takes his place in the chair.When King Pfui is led to the captive, he is outraged to find the queen tied up, and threatens to have Blackstone's and Blodgett's heads—but they are saved when the ceiling collapses under the weight of the six tons of salami hidden there. As masses of contraband sausage rain down on the group, Blackstone declares the whole affair \"just a lot of baloney\".Leni Stengel with Bobby Clark and Paul McCullough in Kickin' the Crown Around (1933)","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bobby Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Clark_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"Paul McCullough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCullough"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Munier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Munier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leni Stengel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leni_Stengel"},{"link_name":"Francis McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_McDonald"},{"link_name":"Eddie Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Baker_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Neal Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Burns"},{"link_name":"Charles Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Irwin_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Bobby Clark as Blackstone - The \"Diplomat\"\nPaul McCullough as Blodgett\nFerdinand Munier as King Pfui\nLeni Stengel as The Queen\nFrancis McDonald as Disputin\nEddie Baker as Manager - Wiggle Inn\nNeal Burns as Messenger\nCharles Irwin as Nikki, the Prime Minister","title":"Cast"}] | [{"image_text":"Leni Stengel with Bobby Clark and Paul McCullough in Kickin' the Crown Around (1933)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/Kickin%E2%80%99_the_Crown_Around_%281933%29_Bobby_Clark_%26_Paul_McCullough%2C_with_Leni_Stengel.jpg/220px-Kickin%E2%80%99_the_Crown_Around_%281933%29_Bobby_Clark_%26_Paul_McCullough%2C_with_Leni_Stengel.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120804124754/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b736c257d","external_links_name":"BFI"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0024212/","external_links_name":"Kickin' the Crown Around"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/KickinTheCrownAround","external_links_name":"Kickin' the Crown Around"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kickin%27_the_Crown_Around&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_Bob_Mountain | Colonel Bob Mountain | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 47°29′18″N 123°44′47″W / 47.488385175°N 123.746376756°W / 47.488385175; -123.746376756Mountain in Washington (state), United States
Colonel BobHighest pointElevation4,498 ft (1,371 m) NAVD 88Prominence160 ft (49 m)Coordinates47°29′18″N 123°44′47″W / 47.488385175°N 123.746376756°W / 47.488385175; -123.746376756GeographyLocationGrays Harbor County, Washington U.S.Parent rangeOlympic MountainsTopo mapUSGS Colonel BobClimbingFirst ascent1893 by Clark Pealer, J. N., and Robert Locke
Colonel Bob is a summit in the Colonel Bob Wilderness, on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington state. It is one of the highest points in Grays Harbor County, the highest being named Gibson Peak.
A Henry Fisher map from 1890 depicts Colonel Bob Mountain as McCallas Peak. Colonel Bob Mountain was first climbed in 1893 by Clark Pealer, J. N., and Robert Locke who named the peak for orator Robert G. Ingersoll. The climbing party left a cairn and record which was discovered in 1930.
See also
Colonel Bob Wilderness
References
^ a b "Col Bob Lookout House". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce.
^ "Colonel Bob Lookout, Washington". Peakbagger.com.
^ "North Gibson Peak". Peakbagger.com.
^ a b Majors, Harry M. (1975). Exploring Washington. Van Winkle Publishing Co. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-918664-00-6.
External links
"Col". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce.
"Colonel Bob". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
"Colonel Bob". SummitPost.org.
"Colonel Bob". Bivouac.com.
This Grays Harbor County, Washington state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colonel Bob Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_Bob_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Olympic Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Washington state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Grays Harbor County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grays_Harbor_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-majors-4"},{"link_name":"Robert G. Ingersoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-majors-4"}],"text":"Mountain in Washington (state), United StatesColonel Bob is a summit in the Colonel Bob Wilderness, on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington state. It is one of the highest points in Grays Harbor County, the highest being named Gibson Peak.[3]A Henry Fisher map from 1890 depicts Colonel Bob Mountain as McCallas Peak.[4] Colonel Bob Mountain was first climbed in 1893 by Clark Pealer, J. N., and Robert Locke who named the peak for orator Robert G. Ingersoll. The climbing party left a cairn and record which was discovered in 1930.[4]","title":"Colonel Bob Mountain"}] | [] | [{"title":"Colonel Bob Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_Bob_Wilderness"}] | [{"reference":"\"Col Bob Lookout House\". NGS Data Sheet. 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United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1517965","url_text":"\"Colonel Bob\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Colonel Bob\". SummitPost.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.summitpost.org/page/154594","url_text":"\"Colonel Bob\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colonel Bob\". Bivouac.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bivouac.com/MtnPg.asp?MtnId=28557","url_text":"\"Colonel Bob\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Colonel_Bob_Mountain¶ms=47.488385175_N_123.746376756_W_type:mountain_region:US-WA_scale:100000_source:ngs","external_links_name":"47°29′18″N 123°44′47″W / 47.488385175°N 123.746376756°W / 47.488385175; -123.746376756"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Colonel_Bob_Mountain¶ms=47.488385175_N_123.746376756_W_type:mountain_region:US-WA_scale:100000_source:ngs","external_links_name":"47°29′18″N 123°44′47″W / 47.488385175°N 123.746376756°W / 47.488385175; -123.746376756"},{"Link":"https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=SY1830","external_links_name":"\"Col Bob Lookout House\""},{"Link":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=29278","external_links_name":"\"Colonel Bob Lookout, Washington\""},{"Link":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=1058","external_links_name":"\"North Gibson Peak\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CoWrPQAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Exploring Washington"},{"Link":"https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=SY1831","external_links_name":"\"Col\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1517965","external_links_name":"\"Colonel Bob\""},{"Link":"http://www.summitpost.org/page/154594","external_links_name":"\"Colonel Bob\""},{"Link":"http://www.bivouac.com/MtnPg.asp?MtnId=28557","external_links_name":"\"Colonel Bob\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonel_Bob_Mountain&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Green_Bay_Packers_season | 1921 Green Bay Packers season | ["1 Schedule","1.1 Roster","2 Standings","3 References"] | Sports season
1921 Green Bay Packers seasonHead coachCurly LambeauHome fieldHagemeister ParkResultsRecord7–2–2 Overall3–2–1 APFALeague place7th APFA
← 1920
Packers seasons
1922 →
The 1921 Green Bay Packers season was their third season of competition and their first in the American Professional Football Association. The team finished with a 3–2–1 league record under player and coach Curly Lambeau, earning them a seventh-place finish.
After the season the Packers were removed from the league, following their acknowledgment of using Notre Dame players during the season, who played under assumed names. Green Bay would return to the NFL a year later as a "new franchise".
Schedule
The 1921 Packers team
Game
Date
Opponent
Result
1
September 25, 1921
Chicago Boosters
W 13–6
2
October 2, 1921
Rockford Olympics
W 49–0
3
October 9, 1921
Chicago Cornell-Hamburgs
W 40–0
4
October 16, 1921
Beloit Fairies
W 7–0
5
October 23, 1921
Minneapolis Marines
W 7–6
6
October 30, 1921
Rock Island Independents
L 3–13
7
November 6, 1921
Evansville Crimson Giants
W 43–6
8
November 13, 1921
Hammond Pros
W 14–7
9
November 20, 1921
at Chicago Cardinals
T 3–3
10
November 27, 1921
at Chicago Staleys
L 0–20
11
December 4, 1921
Racine Legion
T 3–3
Games in italics are against non-NFL opponents.
Roster
1921 Green Bay Packers roster
-- Buff Wagner B
-- Adolph Kliebhan B
-- Art Schmaehl FB
-- Grover Malone HB
-- Curly Lambeau TB
-- Tubby Howard HB
-- Billy DuMoe LE
-- Dave Hayes RE
-- Emmett Keefe E
-- Herman Martell E
-- Cowboy Wheeler E
-- Joe Carey LG
-- Martin Zoll LG
-- Sammy Powers G
-- Warren Smith G
-- Cub Buck RT
-- Milt Wilson RG
-- Jab Murray C
-- Fee Klaus C
-- Norm Barry K
Standings
APFA standings
viewtalkedit
W
L
T
PCT
PF
PA
STK
Chicago Staleys
9
1
1
.900
128
53
T1
Buffalo All-Americans
9
1
2
.900
211
29
L1
Akron Pros
8
3
1
.727
148
31
W1
Canton Bulldogs
5
2
3
.714
106
55
W1
Rock Island Independents
4
2
1
.667
65
30
L1
Evansville Crimson Giants
3
2
0
.600
89
46
W1
Green Bay Packers
3
2
1
.600
70
55
L1
Dayton Triangles
4
4
1
.500
96
67
L1
Chicago Cardinals
3
3
2
.500
54
53
T1
Rochester Jeffersons
2
3
0
.400
85
76
W2
Cleveland Indians
3
5
0
.375
95
58
L1
Washington Senators
1
2
0
.334
21
43
L1
Cincinnati Celts
1
3
0
.250
14
117
L2
Hammond Pros
1
3
1
.250
17
45
L2
Minneapolis Marines
1
3
0
.250
37
41
L1
Detroit Tigers
1
5
1
.167
19
109
L5
Columbus Panhandles
1
8
0
.111
47
222
W1
Tonawanda Kardex
0
1
0
.000
0
45
L1
Muncie Flyers
0
2
0
.000
0
28
L2
Louisville Brecks
0
2
0
.000
0
27
L2
New York Brickley Giants
0
2
0
.000
0
72
L2
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.
References
^ "The Taylorville Scandal" (PDF).
Sportsencyclopedia.com
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vteGreen Bay Packers
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This article relating to a Green Bay Packers season is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Professional Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Professional_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Curly Lambeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curly_Lambeau"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 1921 Green Bay Packers season was their third season of competition and their first in the American Professional Football Association. The team finished with a 3–2–1 league record under player and coach Curly Lambeau, earning them a seventh-place finish.After the season the Packers were removed from the league, following their acknowledgment of using Notre Dame players during the season, who played under assumed names. Green Bay would return to the NFL a year later as a \"new franchise\".[1]","title":"1921 Green Bay Packers season"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greenbay_packers_1921.jpg"}],"text":"The 1921 Packers teamGames in italics are against non-NFL opponents.","title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Roster","title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.","title":"Standings"}] | [{"image_text":"The 1921 Packers team","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Greenbay_packers_1921.jpg/250px-Greenbay_packers_1921.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Taylorville Scandal\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.profootballresearchers.org/coffin-corner80s/02-06-034.pdf","url_text":"\"The Taylorville Scandal\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.profootballresearchers.org/coffin-corner80s/02-06-034.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Taylorville Scandal\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nfl/gb/packers.html","external_links_name":"Sportsencyclopedia.com"},{"Link":"http://www.profootballarchives.com/1921apfagb.html","external_links_name":"1921 Green Bay Packers (APFA)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1921_Green_Bay_Packers_season&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_McCoy | Wilson McCoy | ["1 Biography","1.1 Early life and education","1.2 Marriage and family","1.3 Commercial artist","1.4 The Phantom","1.5 World traveler","1.6 Death","2 Art style","3 Letters to fans","4 McCoy's Phantom in contemporary art","5 Reprints","6 Exhibitions","7 References","8 External links"] | American illustrator and painter (1902–1961)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Wilson McCoy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Wilson McCoyBornRobert Wilson McCoyApril 6, 1902Troy, Missouri, U.S.DiedJuly 20, 1961(1961-07-20) (aged 59)Barrington, Illinois, U.S.NationalityAmericanArea(s)cartoonist, illustrator, painterNotable worksThe PhantomSpouse(s)
Dorothy Rainwater (m. 1925)
Robert Wilson McCoy (April 6, 1902 – July 20, 1961) was an American illustrator and painter, best known as the second artist on The Phantom comic strip. He always went by his middle name and signed The Phantom as Wilson McCoy, but his other artwork was signed R. Wilson McCoy.
Biography
Early life and education
Wilson McCoy was born April 6, 1902, in Troy, Missouri, the sixth of seven children born to Edward Fernand (a salesman by profession) and Theodosia Turnbull McCoy. Before the age of seven, he was determined to become an artist. His father died when he was eleven years old, leaving his mother with seven children and no money. She opened a boarding house with borrowed funds, and young Wilson got a job in a drugstore, working eight hours a day after school and twelve hours on Saturdays and Sundays for $3 a week, which went into the family treasury. After two years of high school, he went to work as an errand boy for a St Louis advertising agency, D'Arcy Advertising Co., and practiced drawing during errands. Ultimately, he was taken on the firm's art staff, and after four years, he had saved enough money to attend Washington University's art school before branching out professionally.
McCoy studied at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, the American Academy, and Washington University's School of Fine Arts (now the Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts), where he later served on the faculty.
He was a member of the National Cartoonist Society Foundation (NCSF).
Marriage and family
McCoy met Dorothy Rainwater at Washington University and married her in September 1925. His son Robert ("Bob") McCoy was born in 1927 and his daughter Carol was born on the 17th of November 1933. In 1930, the McCoy family lived at 7603 Forsyth, Clayton, Missouri, before moving to 100 N. Bemiston Avenue.
When daughter Carol was born, they lived at 6748 Crest Avenue, University City. By 1940, they had moved to 7035 Ethel Avenue, St. Louis.
In 1931, McCoy miraculously escaped death in an auto accident where a reckless driver hit his car, causing it to rest on McCoy’s chest, crushing both his lungs. He made history as the first man to survive such an injury.
One year when Robert was a teenager, a birthday gift for him was that he was the "handsome prince" in one Phantom continuity. Wilson made a very accurate drawing of Robert for the story. That strip hung in the McCoy family home for many years.
The couple had moved to Barrington, Illinois 13 years prior to Wilson's death and lived on E. County Line Road. Later, McCoy's Barrington home, located on Donlea Road in Barrington, was used as a model for the Phantom's girlfriend Diana Palmer's house in the comic strip. McCoy used the study to draw the Phantom strips. The house was on a five-acre lot, and Wilson had a full-size farm tractor to mow it.
Wilson was also a volunteer fire marshal in Barrington. His fire chief helmet from the city is still with the family today as a souvenir.
During the year 1960, Wilson McCoy and his wife frequently visited Mrs. McCoy's sister, Mrs. Terrell Croft, an artist who lived on the Austin Highway, as well as the other sister, also an artist, Mrs. Robert Falmar.
Commercial artist
His first commercial art job of creating posters for the Radio Deith Orpheum Company lasted three years, after which he spent five years designing billboards for the General Outdoor Advertising Company. He made paintings for Liberty magazine covers, calendars, prints, pin-ups, and advertisements for major companies such as Shell Oil, Tums, Dr Pepper, and U.S. Rubber.
St. Louis city directories from the 1930s show that McCoy was associated with several studios:
1930: McCoy & Quest (2313 Washington Avenue) — with Charles Francis Quest
1933: Windsor Studio (2670 Washington Blvd) — with William E. Heede, Martin C. Kaiser, Robert McRoy, Everett Hayden Parks, Elise B. Parks, Lester Harry "Tex" Willman, and Co Windsor
1936: Associated Artists of St Louis (2670 Washington Blvd) — with William H. Cramer, Ralph Wesley Guze, William E. Heede, Martin C. Kaiser, Marjorie M. Lippman, Everett Hayden Parks, Elise B. Parks, Lester Harry "Tex" Willman, John Hamilton Stevens. and Fred Adolph Toerper
1937: Advertiser’s Artists Co. (2670 Washington Blvd) — with Kenneth Cowhey, Ralph Wesley Guze, Martin C. Kaiser, Lester Harry "Tex" Willman, John Hamilton Stevens, and Benjamin Stalker Read
The Phantom
Wilson McCoy had initially shared an art studio with Ray Moore, the original Phantom artist. When Moore went to serve in the military during the Second World War, McCoy took over the responsibilities of illustrating The Phantom. McCoy started signing the strips and was fully credited as the artist from the daily story "Queen Astra Of Trondelay" (1946), although he started drawing the strip from 1941, when he first filled in for Moore.
Differing sources conflict in their accounts of the transition from Moore to McCoy. In one account, after his return from the war, Moore focused on the Sunday page only but was forced to retire in 1947. In a 1978 interview with Phantom writer Falk, he described the change this way: McCoy was Moore's assistant and good friend. When Moore was called into the military in 1941, McCoy took over and he also continued when Moore came back. From then on Moore drew on extremely rare occasions, but he was still on the pay list, and at first his signature was also on some of the series he did not draw. In yet another interview, Falk stated, "Ray only drew it for three or four years, then he went off to war as a pilot. Then Wilson McCoy, who was a friend of his, an art director of some company, took over in his absence. But he kept Ray's name on it right through the war.
Wilson McCoy at the drawing desk - 1954
McCoy's wife, Dorothy, was also an artist, and she penciled in the lettering and panel borders on her husband's strips.
In an interview with Ed Rhoades, Bob McCoy confided: "Initially, Wilson McCoy was paid $75 a week to sub for Moore, an arrangement that ticked him off" when he discovered how much more Moore was getting paid. But conditions improved, and the family moved to a prosperous Chicago suburb. Wilson McCoy built a studio. Robert regained a bedroom."
In describing his workload and schedule, McCoy explained in an interview, "King Features Syndicate, which distributes The Phantom, prefers the artists keep six weeks ahead of their weekly strips and three months ahead for Sunday material." He added: "But few artists ever reach this goal, especially if they are not also the author. Lee Falk writes the story of The Phantom as well as the story for Mandrake the Magician; girls at King Features Syndicate do the coloring for the Sunday comics."
As for help in drawing the strip, Today’s Cartoon (publication) said, Don Moore, a cartoonist and a survivor of WWII after being wounded, treated and discharged from hospital, worked as an assistant to Wilson McCoy who was drawing The Phantom. “I did the background and lettering,” Moore said. The exact date of his time on the Phantom is not known.
The Phantom had its fair share of criticism. The strip was branded as "very objectionable ... in terms of cultural, moral and emotional tone and impact" by "50 trained reviewers" rating comic strips in Parents magazine in 1949. Also in July 1949, censorship laws struck the publication of The Phantom in France. (It should also be noted that in March 1960 The Phantom was being published in 467 newspapers, with half of them being outside the U.S.)
McCoy ceased drawing the strip after he became ill in 1961. His last daily strip was dated 19 August 1961, and his last Sunday strip was dated 17 September 1961; the following Sunday strip, dated 24 September 1961, was drawn by Carmine Infantino. The strip was continued by Bill Lignante for a short while, and then by Sy Barry.
Heritage Auctions is the main auctioneer for U.S. sale of Wilson McCoy original Phantom artwork. In 2013, a 1955 original Phantom Sunday art page was auctioned by the French auction house Artcurial; and in 2016, a Wilson McCoy 1958 Phantom Sunday art page was auctioned by Sotheby's.
World traveler
Like Phantom creator Lee Falk, McCoy was a world traveler with an adventurous spirit, traveling to jungles where he visited native tribes.
He made several trips to exotic locations to make the stories look realistic. In Cairo, he was detained for unauthorized photography, and in Morocco he was robbed. On safari in Central Africa, he traveled in an unreliable vehicle, was chased by an aggressive rhino, and confronted belligerent elephants. In Central Africa he studied forest Pygmy peoples. Despite being threatened by their poisoned arrows, McCoy won over the tribe members. He sketched them as they posed and in return was welcomed and invited to beat on tom drums. This was his tour to the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) in 1961 for researching the Mbuti pygmies of the Ituri Rainforest tribe for episodes of The Phantom. The Mbuti became the inspiration for the Bandar tribe featured in the Phantom stories.
McCoy participated in four trips abroad sponsored by the National Cartoonists Society for the entertainment of military personnel. The trips were made to Europe in 1953, 1954 and 1955, plus one to Japan in 1955. In 1954, a Christmas card to his family lists the countries he visited in the spring: Germany, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Libya, French Morocco, and France, with the following caption: "I cant wait to show these to Dorothy, Carol and to Alice and Bob, Spring 1954, While drawing funny pictures to entertain overseas military personnel — The Phantom has fun. Taking pictures to entertain his good friends at home."
In a 1960 interview, McCoy explained, "I've been almost every place American soldiers have. I contribute my time and the military forces provide transportation." His travels have helped in his artwork, he said, making it easier for him to draw scenes and people in far-off lands. He claimed to be a "camera bug" and used his photographs as models for some of his work, often including in his strip people of whom he had taken pictures. Wherever he went, he studied the architecture and people's dress for possible future use.
Death
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In 1961 upon returning from the trip to the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville), McCoy stopped drawing, became ill, and was hospitalized. R. Wilson McCoy died July 19, 1961, at age 59, on a Wednesday afternoon in Wesley Memorial Hospital, Chicago, following a heart attack the previous Thursday morning.
According to later Phantom artist Sy Barry, "First of all when Wilson McCoy became ill and went into the hospital, he was too ill. He had some kind of infection that reoccurs, that he developed when he was in Africa and it seemed to return. Somehow it formed a blood clot and went to his heart and he died in the hospital." In another interview published by Hermes Press in 2019, Barry recalls "... he seemed to have an infection, a lingering dormant infection that he picked up in Africa and they had gone and treated him with antibiotics but every once in a while it would crop up a bit and affect his heart a bit little too. This time he had a heart seizure in the hospital after having been battling the disease."
He was survived by his wife Dorothy and two children, Robert Wilson Jr. (Bob) and Carol. Son Robert Wilson McCoy Jr was the proprietor of the Museum of Questionable Devices in Minneapolis and a frequent guest at talk shows such as Late Night with David Letterman. He died in 2010 at the age of 83.
A memorial service was held on the Saturday after his demise at the Barrington Methodist Church. As requested by the family, flower contributions were made to the Heart Fund or the Barrington Methodist Church. Rev. Carl G. Mettling, along with Rev. Eugene B. Nyman, were in charge of the service in the church, which was filled to near capacity. Messages and words of condolences were received by the family from all parts of the United States and many other countries.
McCoy belonged to the Barrington Natural History Society, and two days before he was stricken, had shown at the society's meeting, a film with commentary on his journey into the Congo that spring of 1961. It was his first program on the trip into the African jungle, which was made in the interest of his art.
Art style
Certain art critics have termed Wilson McCoy's artistic style as naive art. In his work on The Phantom he "started out copying Moore exactly", but after a while, he found his own distinctive style.
McCoy always drew with attention to detail, and he used photographic references for every drawing, having his family and friends pose for him and act out the different situations happening in the stories he worked on. McCoy also made for himself an elaborate wooden mannequin to use for his figure drawings in unique poses.
According to the late comics historian and collector Ethan Roberts:
"McCoy was an adherent of a different school, the school of the poster artist.... Line work is typically thicker, more definitive, bolder than found in the illustrator's school. The overall composition is simplified to have an immediate eye-catching impact on the viewer.... Depth of field is significantly reduced or lost altogether, but understanding exactly what's going on is enhanced. It's easier and faster to comprehend the action from a greater distance. Less attention and concentration is required, allowing the reader to move through the story more quickly, an advantage for the busy newspaper reader."
The Sunday page artworks are characterized by the ligne claire style of drawing similar to that of Hergé's Tintin. The original inked line art has well-defined contours and carries very little or no hatchings and shading (Zip-A-Tone mechanical textures were also not used on Sunday art), thus allowing the colorist full flexibility to use bright, bold colors.
Lee Falk said in an interview: "Many of the comic book aficionados I meet in Europe like McCoy's work. They grew up with it and it's what they are used to."
Falk was already known for the use of surrealism in Mandrake stories. McCoy incorporated certain metaphysical and surrealistic artistic elements to illustrate Phantom stories. He masterfully set the atmosphere, using "film noir" lighting, whenever required by the storyline.
Aspects of American Realism may also be perceived in McCoy's work due to the use of photographic references in his panels. In a Phantom exhibition held in Sweden, a parallel was drawn between Wilson McCoy and American artist Edward Hopper. Hopper had also worked as a commercial advertising illustrator (ref. artwork for American Locomotive Company. 1944). Both worked in the realm of narrative art and were masters of dramatic lighting (and diagonal shadows).
Letters to fans
McCoy actively interacted with his fans through letters. He set up a Phantom club in the '50s and sent out a sealed certificate of membership to fans with the following mention, "Know All Men By These Presents: That in consideration of your valued friendship this certificate of membership in the Ancient and Mysterious Order of The Phantom is hereby awarded to ______, this day of ____ with all rights and privileges, to Health, Wealth and Wisdom," signed by himself as the "Exalted Imperial Phantom Delieanator" & Dorothy — the "Witnessing and Recording Fatima." One such certificate of induction was later given to Anthony Tollin, the American comics colorist, by Bob McCoy, who filled in his name and the date of 20 Feb 1952.
In a letter to a fan written in 1949, McCoy explained that:
"I have never had the syndicate return any of my originals to me, however, will make a sketch for your collection and mail with this letter..."
In another letter to Joyce and Ken Browne, signed “Dot, Carol, Bob, Wilson, and Brownie,” February 21, 1950. McCoy wrote:
"About a year and a half ago, my wife, daughter, and I had dinner in Bangor on our way thru to Harborside where we spent about a week, and where I did some landscape painting. Main is certainly a beautiful state. By the way, I should appreciate it if you would tear out the full sheet of the paper in which the Phantom appears and mail it to me, so that I may see the size and position. Best wishes also from the McCoy family."
In the upper portion of the page McCoy added a brilliant ink sketch of the Phantom in front of his secret abode, the Skull Cave, with McCoy adding his artist signature below, "Wilson McCoy, 2/21/50," and writing an inscription in a speech balloon above: "Best wishes to Joyce and Ken Browne, from the Phantom family — Diana–Mama–Uncle Dave–Devil–Hero–Guran — and the Phantom."
In a letter written on Sept 17, 1952, to Harrell Jacob Leigeber (Alabama, USA) McCoy wrote:
"Was glad to learn that I had a friend and a Phantom reader in Birmingham. Am sending a print from a painting which I made some time ago. I did this type of work before I started drawing the strip. Barrington, Ill., is a small town about 35 miles from Chicago. I live about 2-1/2 miles from Barrington in the country. I work at home in a studio which I built near my house. Have a married son and a daughter in college. I hope the material which I am sending will be what you want. I would appreciate it if you would tear the full page (showing the Phantom strip) from your paper and mail it to me. Thanks and best wishes, Wilson McCoy."
In a letter to fellow cartoonist Clarence Allen on April 3, 1953, McCoy wrote:
Congratulations on doing a bang-up job with your new book. It is good that you have both the pro and con, contained in the same volume, since each is so convincing that if either were seen alone a reader would be inclined to believe it without dreaming that there could be another side of the story. Thanks for my copy. Sincerely, Wilson McCoy."
In 1954, sophomore students from the history section of Federal Way High School took issue with a panel in a Phantom comic strip that contained a depiction of Alexander the Great with a white beard. McCoy wrote a letter of reply and said:
You have got me backed into a corner and by superior numbers have brought me to my knees. Whenever I get into an untenable situation I call upon one of my very good friends to extricate me. Have turned your letter over to this friend for the answer."
This friend was none other than the Phantom, who sent the following message via tom drums in a drawing: "Phantom to Federal Way, McCoy is correct Alex received a scare while still a baby turning his hair (and beard) white. Best regards to all, The Phantom."
In a note to Bill Lignante on an illustrated card (of the Phantom playing a drum), McCoy wrote:
"Hey Bill, I'm out in the jungle drummin' up business for good ol' Adelphi Inn — The Phantom." Aldephi Inn which was created by Lignante had some Wilson McCoy art on a wall.
Today, McCoy's letters are considered collector's items and are sold at auctions.
McCoy's Phantom in contemporary art
Mr. Walker Faroe Islands stamp by Jan Hafstrom.
Several artists have been inspired to create works based on panels from Wilson's Phantom comic strips:
Dick Frizzell (New Zealand):
The Big Kiss, Another Big Kiss, Sleeping Woman, Who Will Save Her? (Phantom Triptych), oil on three canvas panels (2001)
A Flying Oaf, gouache on paper (2002)
Peter Kingston (Australia): Running Mr. Walker
Jan Håfström (Sweden):
Who is Mr. Walker?, public installation, Stockholm, Järnvägsparken (2014)
Mr. Walker, acrylic on board (2004)
Mr. Walker Running Black/Blue, The Outsider Mr. Walker, acrylic on panel (2007)
Mr. Walker Alone (4 works):
Walker with Moon (2008)
Walker Och Devil (2005, 2008)
Angivaren II (The Informer II) (2004)
The Explanation (2001)
Detektiven (2011)
From Walker with Love (2003)
On 24 September 2012 a McCoy-inspired Mr. Walker postage stamp, illustrated by Jan Håfström, was released in the Faroe Islands. The idea came from Niels Halm, director of the Nordic House in Tórshavn.
Dare Jennings, founder of the brands Deus Ex Machina and Mambo Graphics, cited Wilson McCoy as his favorite artist in his opening speech at the Bunker Cartoon Gallery Phantom art show in New South Wales, Australia. Jennings produced Phantom T-shirts featuring McCoy's art via the Phantom textile printers, Australia) in the early 1980s.
Reprints
McCoy's Phantom stories are occasionally published in the Australian Frew Publications Phantom comic, and the Swedish, Norwegian, and Finnish Phantom comic books, and also in hardcover editions.
In 1955, McCoy was one of 95 comic artists invited to attend the US President's breakfast hosted by the National Cartoonists Society in Washington, D.C. President Eisenhower attended the breakfast, which was organized as a fundraiser for the United States Savings Bonds program. Wilson McCoy's art was featured in President Eisenhower's Cartoon Book, published in 1956, which was a tribute to the President.
In 1975, the publishing company Biblioteca Unviversale Rizzoli of Milan released a Wilson McCoy special in the series I Giganti del Fumetto with a 5-page foreword titled, "Un fantasma che cammina da quarant anni" ("A Ghost who walks since 40 years") written by Ferruccio Alessandri.
In the year 2000, Egmont Publications from Sweden published a special edition called Wilson McCoy - de opublicerade äventyren. It includes articles about McCoy, written by Ulf Granberg, Ed Rhoades, and Pete Klaus, and also features an interview with McCoy's children Carol Dharamsey and Robert McCoy.
In 2005, the Italian publisher La Repubblica published a Wilson McCoy anthology called L'Uomo mascherato – Il mito dell'Ombra che cammina (Serie Oro 18) with an introductory essay by Luca Raffaelli.
Hermes Press published the Wilson McCoy daily continuities in their The Phantom Complete Dailies volumes 5-17 (2013–2019). The Wilson McCoy Sunday stories were published by Hermes Press in The Complete Sundays Vol. 2–Vol. 7 (2014 - 2020).
Black and white press proofs of the continuities, that originate from King Features Syndicate, are archived at Michigan State University, in the Special collections division, which is supervised by Randy Scott, the MSU Special Collections Librarian, Comic Art Bibliographer, and head curator of the MSU Comic Art Collection. King Features syndicate donated another set of proofs to Ohio State University. Wilson McCoy original art may be viewed at the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum (Ohio State University libraries).
Exhibitions
Wilson McCoy art exhibition at Gallery Champaka in Brussels
"Wilson McCoys Fantomen" at the Borås Konstmuseum in Borås, Sweden (February 2017)
"Wilson McCoy Godfather of Pop" Exhibition in Kiruna City Hall, Sweden (October – November 2017)
Wilson McCoy original Phantom art strips were exhibited at the Lee Falk exhibition at Gallery Champaka, Brussels, Belgium (October 2019)
The two exhibitions in Sweden were curated by Martin Goldbeck-Lowe.
References
^ "D'Arcy Advertising Co". 15 September 2003.
^ McCoy biographical sketch, King Features Syndicate promotional flyer (July 20, 1961).
^ "Wilson McCoy".
^ Rhoades, Ed. Friends of the Phantom #12.
^ Recollections of Doug McCoy.
^ "254 Donlea Rd, Barrington, IL 60010".
^ "Wilson McCoy - MandrakeWiki".
^ a b c d e f g "Phantom's Big Problem". San Antonio Light. San Antonio, Texas. 27 March 1960.
^ Murray, Will. "Interview with Falk 1972, 1985, 1996 — Father of Superheroes," Lee Falk Storyteller (1978), p. 330.
^ a b Nerem, Ann-Louis. "The Phantom's Father in Norway," Lee Falk Storyteller, p. 164.
^ Schuster, Hal. 1988 interview with Lee Falk, Lee Falk Storyteller, p. 219.
^ a b Short biography, WilsonMcCoy.com (fan site).
^ ,strippersguide blog
^ La loi du 16 juillet 1949 « sur les publications destinées à l’enfance et à l’adolescence » et la Commission de surveillance et de contrôle (CSC).
^ "The Limper - Identifying Carmine Infantino's Input to the Phantom". 24 September 2018.
^ McCoy entry, Lambiek's Comiclopedia.
^ "Son of the Phantom; Chased by rhinos, jailed in Cairo, and welcomed by pygmies, McCoy had daredevil adventures to rival those of his comic-strip-turned-movie hero, his son Robert McCoy remembers". Star Tribune. Minneapolis, MN. 27 June 1996.
^ "An Interview with Sy Barry". 27 January 2017.
^ WilsonMcCoy.com
^ "Obituary for Robert Wilson McCoy". Star Tribune.
^ Bob McCoy on Late Night - 6/6/87, archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved 2021-10-23
^ Madison, Bob. "Interview with Falk" Lee Falk Storyteller (1996), p. 291.
^ The Phantom Complete Newspaper Dailies Vol. 8 (Hermes Press, 2015) ISBN 978-1613450895.
^ "An Illustration for "American Locomotive" by E. Hopper, 1944". 23 August 2017.
^ "Anthony Tollin - PhantomWiki".
^ "Clarence Allen". Uncanny Adventures of Okie Cartoonists. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
^ Lee Falk Memorial Bengali Explorers Club. Scandinavian Chapter. Lee Falk, Storyteller: Creator of Mandrake the Magician and the Phantom (GML, 2011), p. 43.
^ Parker, Jermayn (2018-05-17). "VALE Bill Lignante". chroniclechamber. Retrieved 2021-10-23.
^ Artists' speeches at the Opening of The Phantom Art Show, archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved 2021-10-23
^ "I Giganti del Fumetto 6 - PhantomWiki".
^ "Wilson McCoy - de opublicerade äventyren - PhantomWiki". www.phantomwiki.org. Retrieved 2021-10-23.
^ "L'uomo mascherato – Il mito dell'Ombra che cammina - PhantomWiki". www.phantomwiki.org. Retrieved 2021-10-23.
^ "Index to Comic Art Collection: "Phantom" to "Phantom Express"".
^ "Exclusive Interview: Touring the World's Largest Library Comic Book Collection of 350,000 items @ Michigan State University with head honcho RANDY SCOTT!". 14 June 2019.
^ "The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum|McCoy, R. Wilson, 1902-1961". osucartoons.pastperfectonline.com. Retrieved 2021-10-23.
^ "Wilson McCoy links".
^ "Bilder från Wilson McCoys Fantomen – Kiruna Konstgille".
^ "Fantomen intar Kiruna stadshus - P4 Norrbotten".
^ "Exclusive Interview with Martin Thomas Dahlström - Creator of the McCoy Swedish Exhibition". 20 March 2017.
External links
Biography portal
Wilson McCoy official site
Complete list of Phantom Daily & Sunday stories drawn by Wilson McCoy
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Phantom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phantom"},{"link_name":"comic strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip"}],"text":"Robert Wilson McCoy (April 6, 1902 – July 20, 1961) was an American illustrator and painter, best known as the second artist on The Phantom comic strip. He always went by his middle name and signed The Phantom as Wilson McCoy, but his other artwork was signed R. Wilson McCoy.","title":"Wilson McCoy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"advertising agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_agency"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"School of the Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Fox_School_of_Design_%26_Visual_Arts"},{"link_name":"National Cartoonist Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cartoonists_Society"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Early life and education","text":"Wilson McCoy was born April 6, 1902, in Troy, Missouri, the sixth of seven children born to Edward Fernand (a salesman by profession) and Theodosia Turnbull McCoy. Before the age of seven, he was determined to become an artist. His father died when he was eleven years old, leaving his mother with seven children and no money. She opened a boarding house with borrowed funds, and young Wilson got a job in a drugstore, working eight hours a day after school and twelve hours on Saturdays and Sundays for $3 a week, which went into the family treasury. After two years of high school, he went to work as an errand boy for a St Louis advertising agency, D'Arcy Advertising Co.,[1] and practiced drawing during errands. Ultimately, he was taken on the firm's art staff, and after four years, he had saved enough money to attend Washington University's art school before branching out professionally.[2]McCoy studied at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, the American Academy, and Washington University's School of Fine Arts (now the Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts), where he later served on the faculty.He was a member of the National Cartoonist Society Foundation (NCSF).[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Clayton, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"University City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Barrington, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"fire marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_marshal"},{"link_name":"fire chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_chief"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Marriage and family","text":"McCoy met Dorothy Rainwater at Washington University and married her in September 1925.[citation needed] His son Robert (\"Bob\") McCoy was born in 1927 and his daughter Carol was born on the 17th of November 1933. In 1930, the McCoy family lived at 7603 Forsyth, Clayton, Missouri, before moving to 100 N. Bemiston Avenue. \nWhen daughter Carol was born, they lived at 6748 Crest Avenue, University City. By 1940, they had moved to 7035 Ethel Avenue, St. Louis.In 1931, McCoy miraculously escaped death in an auto accident where a reckless driver hit his car, causing it to rest on McCoy’s chest, crushing both his lungs. He made history as the first man to survive such an injury.[4]One year when Robert was a teenager, a birthday gift for him was that he was the \"handsome prince\" in one Phantom continuity. Wilson made a very accurate drawing of Robert for the story. That strip hung in the McCoy family home for many years.[5]The couple had moved to Barrington, Illinois 13 years prior to Wilson's death and lived on E. County Line Road. Later, McCoy's Barrington home, located on Donlea Road in Barrington,[6] was used as a model for the Phantom's girlfriend Diana Palmer's house in the comic strip. McCoy used the study to draw the Phantom strips. The house was on a five-acre lot, and Wilson had a full-size farm tractor to mow it.[citation needed]Wilson was also a volunteer fire marshal in Barrington. His fire chief helmet from the city is still with the family today as a souvenir.[citation needed]During the year 1960, Wilson McCoy and his wife frequently visited Mrs. McCoy's sister, Mrs. Terrell Croft, an artist who lived on the Austin Highway, as well as the other sister, also an artist, Mrs. Robert Falmar.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radio Deith Orpheum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Liberty magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_(general_interest_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Shell Oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_Oil"},{"link_name":"Tums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tums"},{"link_name":"Dr Pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr_Pepper"},{"link_name":"U.S. Rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Rubber"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Commercial artist","text":"His first commercial art job of creating posters for the Radio Deith Orpheum Company lasted three years, after which he spent five years designing billboards for the General Outdoor Advertising Company. He made paintings for Liberty magazine covers, calendars, prints, pin-ups, and advertisements for major companies such as Shell Oil, Tums, Dr Pepper, and U.S. Rubber.St. Louis city directories from the 1930s show that McCoy was associated with several studios:[7]1930: McCoy & Quest (2313 Washington Avenue) — with Charles Francis Quest\n1933: Windsor Studio (2670 Washington Blvd) — with William E. Heede, Martin C. Kaiser, Robert McRoy, Everett Hayden Parks, Elise B. Parks, Lester Harry \"Tex\" Willman, and Co Windsor\n1936: Associated Artists of St Louis (2670 Washington Blvd) — with William H. Cramer, Ralph Wesley Guze, William E. Heede, Martin C. Kaiser, Marjorie M. Lippman, Everett Hayden Parks, Elise B. Parks, Lester Harry \"Tex\" Willman, John Hamilton Stevens. and Fred Adolph Toerper\n1937: Advertiser’s Artists Co. (2670 Washington Blvd) — with Kenneth Cowhey, Ralph Wesley Guze, Martin C. Kaiser, Lester Harry \"Tex\" Willman, John Hamilton Stevens, and Benjamin Stalker Read","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ray Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Moore_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SanAntonioLight-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nerem-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wilson_McCoy.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fansite-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SanAntonioLight-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"King Features Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Features_Syndicate"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SanAntonioLight-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SanAntonioLight-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Parents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SanAntonioLight-8"},{"link_name":"Carmine Infantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine_Infantino"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Bill Lignante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Lignante"},{"link_name":"Sy Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sy_Barry"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Heritage Auctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Auctions"},{"link_name":"Artcurial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artcurial"},{"link_name":"Sotheby's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotheby%27s"}],"sub_title":"The Phantom","text":"Wilson McCoy had initially shared an art studio with Ray Moore, the original Phantom artist. When Moore went to serve in the military during the Second World War, McCoy took over the responsibilities of illustrating The Phantom. McCoy started signing the strips and was fully credited as the artist from the daily story \"Queen Astra Of Trondelay\" (1946), although he started drawing the strip from 1941, when he first filled in for Moore.[8]Differing sources conflict in their accounts of the transition from Moore to McCoy. In one account, after his return from the war, Moore focused on the Sunday page only but was forced to retire in 1947.[9] In a 1978 interview with Phantom writer Falk, he described the change this way: McCoy was Moore's assistant and good friend. When Moore was called into the military in 1941, McCoy took over and he also continued when Moore came back. From then on Moore drew on extremely rare occasions, but he was still on the pay list, and at first his signature was also on some of the series he did not draw.[10] In yet another interview, Falk stated, \"Ray only drew it for three or four years, then he went off to war as a pilot. Then Wilson McCoy, who was a friend of his, an art director of some company, took over in his absence. But he kept Ray's name on it right through the war.[11]Wilson McCoy at the drawing desk - 1954McCoy's wife, Dorothy, was also an artist, and she penciled in the lettering and panel borders on her husband's strips.[12][8]In an interview with Ed Rhoades, Bob McCoy confided: \"Initially, Wilson McCoy was paid $75 a week to sub for Moore, an arrangement that ticked him off\" when he discovered how much more Moore was getting paid. But conditions improved, and the family moved to a prosperous Chicago suburb. Wilson McCoy built a studio. Robert regained a bedroom.\"[citation needed]In describing his workload and schedule, McCoy explained in an interview, \"King Features Syndicate, which distributes The Phantom, prefers the artists keep six weeks ahead of their weekly strips and three months ahead for Sunday material.\"[8] He added: \"But few artists ever reach this goal, especially if they are not also the author. Lee Falk writes the story of The Phantom as well as the story for Mandrake the Magician; girls at King Features Syndicate do the coloring for the Sunday comics.\"[8]As for help in drawing the strip, Today’s Cartoon (publication) said, Don Moore, a cartoonist and a survivor of WWII after being wounded, treated and discharged from hospital, worked as an assistant to Wilson McCoy who was drawing The Phantom. “I did the background and lettering,” Moore said. The exact date of his time on the Phantom is not known. [13]The Phantom had its fair share of criticism. The strip was branded as \"very objectionable ... in terms of cultural, moral and emotional tone and impact\" by \"50 trained reviewers\" rating comic strips in Parents magazine in 1949. Also in July 1949, censorship laws struck the publication of The Phantom in France.[14] (It should also be noted that in March 1960 The Phantom was being published in 467 newspapers, with half of them being outside the U.S.)[8]McCoy ceased drawing the strip after he became ill in 1961. His last daily strip was dated 19 August 1961, and his last Sunday strip was dated 17 September 1961; the following Sunday strip, dated 24 September 1961, was drawn by Carmine Infantino.[15] The strip was continued by Bill Lignante for a short while, and then by Sy Barry.[16]Heritage Auctions is the main auctioneer for U.S. sale of Wilson McCoy original Phantom artwork. In 2013, a 1955 original Phantom Sunday art page was auctioned by the French auction house Artcurial; and in 2016, a Wilson McCoy 1958 Phantom Sunday art page was auctioned by Sotheby's.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee Falk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Falk"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Central Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Africa"},{"link_name":"Pygmy peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_peoples"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)"},{"link_name":"Mbuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbuti_people"},{"link_name":"Ituri Rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituri_Rainforest"},{"link_name":"National Cartoonists Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cartoonists_Society"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SanAntonioLight-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SanAntonioLight-8"}],"sub_title":"World traveler","text":"Like Phantom creator Lee Falk, McCoy was a world traveler with an adventurous spirit, traveling to jungles where he visited native tribes.[17]He made several trips to exotic locations to make the stories look realistic. In Cairo, he was detained for unauthorized photography, and in Morocco he was robbed. On safari in Central Africa, he traveled in an unreliable vehicle, was chased by an aggressive rhino, and confronted belligerent elephants. In Central Africa he studied forest Pygmy peoples. Despite being threatened by their poisoned arrows, McCoy won over the tribe members. He sketched them as they posed and in return was welcomed and invited to beat on tom drums. This was his tour to the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) in 1961 for researching the Mbuti pygmies of the Ituri Rainforest tribe for episodes of The Phantom. The Mbuti became the inspiration for the Bandar tribe featured in the Phantom stories.McCoy participated in four trips abroad sponsored by the National Cartoonists Society for the entertainment of military personnel. The trips were made to Europe in 1953, 1954 and 1955, plus one to Japan in 1955. In 1954, a Christmas card to his family lists the countries he visited in the spring: Germany, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Libya, French Morocco, and France, with the following caption: \"I cant wait to show these to Dorothy, Carol and to Alice and Bob, Spring 1954, While drawing funny pictures to entertain overseas military personnel — The Phantom has fun. Taking pictures to entertain his good friends at home.\"[citation needed]In a 1960 interview, McCoy explained, \"I've been almost every place American soldiers have. I contribute my time and the military forces provide transportation.\"[8] His travels have helped in his artwork, he said, making it easier for him to draw scenes and people in far-off lands. He claimed to be a \"camera bug\" and used his photographs as models for some of his work, often including in his strip people of whom he had taken pictures. Wherever he went, he studied the architecture and people's dress for possible future use.[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)"},{"link_name":"Sy Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sy_Barry"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Hermes Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_Press"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Late Night with David Letterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Night_with_David_Letterman"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"In 1961 upon returning from the trip to the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville), McCoy stopped drawing, became ill, and was hospitalized. R. Wilson McCoy died July 19, 1961, at age 59, on a Wednesday afternoon in Wesley Memorial Hospital, Chicago, following a heart attack the previous Thursday morning.According to later Phantom artist Sy Barry, \"First of all when Wilson McCoy became ill and went into the hospital, he was too ill. He had some kind of infection that reoccurs, that he developed when he was in Africa and it seemed to return. Somehow it formed a blood clot and went to his heart and he died in the hospital.\"[18] In another interview published by Hermes Press in 2019, Barry recalls \"... he seemed to have an infection, a lingering dormant infection that he picked up in Africa and they had gone and treated him with antibiotics but every once in a while it would crop up a bit and affect his heart a bit little too. This time he had a heart seizure in the hospital after having been battling the disease.\"[citation needed]He was survived by his wife Dorothy and two children, Robert Wilson Jr. (Bob) and Carol.[19] Son Robert Wilson McCoy Jr[20] was the proprietor of the Museum of Questionable Devices in Minneapolis and a frequent guest at talk shows such as Late Night with David Letterman.[21] He died in 2010 at the age of 83.A memorial service was held on the Saturday after his demise at the Barrington Methodist Church. As requested by the family, flower contributions were made to the Heart Fund or the Barrington Methodist Church. Rev. Carl G. Mettling, along with Rev. Eugene B. Nyman, were in charge of the service in the church, which was filled to near capacity. Messages and words of condolences were received by the family from all parts of the United States and many other countries.[citation needed]McCoy belonged to the Barrington Natural History Society, and two days before he was stricken, had shown at the society's meeting, a film with commentary on his journey into the Congo that spring of 1961. It was his first program on the trip into the African jungle, which was made in the interest of his art.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"naive art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive_art"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nerem-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fansite-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Depth of field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_of_field"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"ligne claire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligne_claire"},{"link_name":"Hergé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herg%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Tintin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin"},{"link_name":"Zip-A-Tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip-A-Tone"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"surrealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"film noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_noir"},{"link_name":"American Realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Realism"},{"link_name":"Edward Hopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hopper"},{"link_name":"American Locomotive Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Locomotive_Company"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"narrative art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_art"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Certain art critics[who?] have termed Wilson McCoy's artistic style as naive art.[citation needed] In his work on The Phantom he \"started out copying Moore exactly\",[22] but after a while, he found his own distinctive style.[10]McCoy always drew with attention to detail, and he used photographic references for every drawing, having his family and friends pose for him and act out the different situations happening in the stories he worked on.[12] McCoy also made for himself an elaborate wooden mannequin to use for his figure drawings in unique poses.[citation needed]According to the late comics historian and collector Ethan Roberts:\"McCoy was an adherent of a different school, the school of the poster artist.... Line work is typically thicker, more definitive, bolder than found in the illustrator's school. The overall composition is simplified to have an immediate eye-catching impact on the viewer.... Depth of field is significantly reduced or lost altogether, but understanding exactly what's going on is enhanced. It's easier and faster to comprehend the action from a greater distance. Less attention and concentration is required, allowing the reader to move through the story more quickly, an advantage for the busy newspaper reader.\"[23]The Sunday page artworks are characterized by the ligne claire style of drawing similar to that of Hergé's Tintin. The original inked line art has well-defined contours and carries very little or no hatchings and shading (Zip-A-Tone mechanical textures were also not used on Sunday art), thus allowing the colorist full flexibility to use bright, bold colors.Lee Falk said in an interview: \"Many of the comic book aficionados I meet in Europe like McCoy's work. They grew up with it and it's what they are used to.\"[citation needed]Falk was already known for the use of surrealism in Mandrake stories. McCoy incorporated certain metaphysical and surrealistic artistic elements to illustrate Phantom stories. He masterfully set the atmosphere, using \"film noir\" lighting, whenever required by the storyline.Aspects of American Realism may also be perceived in McCoy's work due to the use of photographic references in his panels. In a Phantom exhibition held in Sweden, a parallel was drawn between Wilson McCoy and American artist Edward Hopper. Hopper had also worked as a commercial advertising illustrator (ref. artwork for American Locomotive Company.[24] 1944). Both worked in the realm of narrative art and were masters of dramatic lighting (and diagonal shadows).[citation needed]","title":"Art style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"colorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorist"},{"link_name":"syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip_syndication"},{"link_name":"Bangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Harborside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harborside,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Barrington, Ill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Clarence Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clarence_Allen_(cartoonist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Federal Way High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Way_High_School"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"tom drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_drums"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"McCoy actively interacted with his fans through letters. He set up a Phantom club in the '50s and sent out a sealed certificate of membership to fans with the following mention, \"Know All Men By These Presents: That in consideration of your valued friendship this certificate of membership in the Ancient and Mysterious Order of The Phantom is hereby awarded to ______, this day of ____ with all rights and privileges, to Health, Wealth and Wisdom,\" signed by himself as the \"Exalted Imperial Phantom Delieanator\" & Dorothy — the \"Witnessing and Recording Fatima.\" One such certificate of induction was later given to Anthony Tollin,[25] the American comics colorist, by Bob McCoy, who filled in his name and the date of 20 Feb 1952.In a letter to a fan written in 1949, McCoy explained that:\"I have never had the syndicate return any of my originals to me, however, will make a sketch for your collection and mail with this letter...\"In another letter to Joyce and Ken Browne, signed “Dot, Carol, Bob, Wilson, and Brownie,” February 21, 1950. McCoy wrote:\"About a year and a half ago, my wife, daughter, and I had dinner in Bangor on our way thru to Harborside where we spent about a week, and where I did some landscape painting. Main[e] is certainly a beautiful state. By the way, I should appreciate it if you would tear out the full sheet of the paper in which the Phantom appears and mail it to me, so that I may see the size and position. Best wishes also from the McCoy family.\"In the upper portion of the page McCoy added a brilliant ink sketch of the Phantom in front of his secret abode, the Skull Cave, with McCoy adding his artist signature below, \"Wilson McCoy, 2/21/50,\" and writing an inscription in a speech balloon above: \"Best wishes to Joyce and Ken Browne, from the Phantom family — Diana–Mama–Uncle Dave–Devil–Hero–Guran — and the Phantom.\"In a letter written on Sept 17, 1952, to Harrell Jacob Leigeber (Alabama, USA) McCoy wrote:\"Was glad to learn that I had a friend and a Phantom reader in Birmingham. Am sending a print from a painting which I made some time ago. I did this type of work before I started drawing the strip. Barrington, Ill., is a small town about 35 miles from Chicago. I live about 2-1/2 miles from Barrington in the country. I work at home in a studio which I built near my house. Have a married son and a daughter in college. I hope the material which I am sending will be what you want. I would appreciate it if you would tear the full page (showing the Phantom strip) from your paper and mail it to me. Thanks and best wishes, Wilson McCoy.\"In a letter to fellow cartoonist Clarence Allen on April 3, 1953, McCoy wrote:Congratulations on doing a bang-up job with your new book. It is good that you have both the pro and con, contained in the same volume, since each is so convincing that if either were seen alone a reader would be inclined to believe it without dreaming that there could be another side of the story. Thanks for my copy. Sincerely, Wilson McCoy.\"[26]In 1954, sophomore students from the history section of Federal Way High School took issue with a panel in a Phantom comic strip that contained a depiction of Alexander the Great with a white beard. McCoy wrote a letter of reply and said:You have got me backed into a corner and by superior numbers have brought me to my knees. Whenever I get into an untenable situation I call upon one of my very good friends to extricate me. Have turned your letter over to this friend for the answer.\"This friend was none other than the Phantom, who sent the following message via tom drums in a drawing: \"Phantom to Federal Way, McCoy is correct Alex received a scare while still a baby turning his hair (and beard) white. Best regards to all, The Phantom.\"In a note to Bill Lignante on an illustrated card (of the Phantom playing a drum), McCoy wrote:\"Hey Bill, I'm out in the jungle drummin' up business for good ol' Adelphi Inn — The Phantom.\"[27] Aldephi Inn which was created by Lignante had some Wilson McCoy art on a wall.[28]Today, McCoy's letters are considered collector's items and are sold at auctions.","title":"Letters to fans"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mr_Walker_Stamp.jpg"},{"link_name":"Faroe Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"based on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriation_(art)"},{"link_name":"Dick Frizzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Frizzell"},{"link_name":"oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paint"},{"link_name":"gouache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouache"},{"link_name":"acrylic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_paint"},{"link_name":"postage stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamp"},{"link_name":"Faroe Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Nordic House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_House_in_the_Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Tórshavn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mambo Graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambo_Graphics"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Mr. Walker Faroe Islands stamp by Jan Hafstrom.Several artists have been inspired to create works based on panels from Wilson's Phantom comic strips:Dick Frizzell (New Zealand):The Big Kiss, Another Big Kiss, Sleeping Woman, Who Will Save Her? (Phantom Triptych), oil on three canvas panels (2001)\nA Flying Oaf, gouache on paper (2002)Peter Kingston (Australia): Running Mr. WalkerJan Håfström (Sweden):Who is Mr. Walker?, public installation, Stockholm, Järnvägsparken (2014)\nMr. Walker, acrylic on board (2004)\nMr. Walker Running Black/Blue, The Outsider Mr. Walker, acrylic on panel (2007)\nMr. Walker Alone (4 works):\nWalker with Moon (2008)\nWalker Och Devil (2005, 2008)\nAngivaren II (The Informer II) (2004)\nThe Explanation (2001)\nDetektiven (2011)\nFrom Walker with Love (2003)On 24 September 2012 a McCoy-inspired Mr. Walker postage stamp, illustrated by Jan Håfström, was released in the Faroe Islands. The idea came from Niels Halm, director of the Nordic House in Tórshavn.[citation needed]Dare Jennings, founder of the brands Deus Ex Machina and Mambo Graphics, cited Wilson McCoy as his favorite artist in his opening speech[29] at the Bunker Cartoon Gallery Phantom art show in New South Wales, Australia. Jennings produced Phantom T-shirts featuring McCoy's art via the Phantom textile printers, Australia) in the early 1980s.[citation needed]","title":"McCoy's Phantom in contemporary art"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frew Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frew_Publications"},{"link_name":"National Cartoonists Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cartoonists_Society"},{"link_name":"President Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"United States Savings Bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Savings_Bonds"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Egmont Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egmont_Group"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"La Repubblica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Hermes Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_Press"},{"link_name":"King Features Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Features_Syndicate"},{"link_name":"Michigan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Ireland_Cartoon_Library_%26_Museum"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University_libraries"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"McCoy's Phantom stories are occasionally published in the Australian Frew Publications Phantom comic, and the Swedish, Norwegian, and Finnish Phantom comic books, and also in hardcover editions.In 1955, McCoy was one of 95 comic artists invited to attend the US President's breakfast hosted by the National Cartoonists Society in Washington, D.C. President Eisenhower attended the breakfast, which was organized as a fundraiser for the United States Savings Bonds program. Wilson McCoy's art was featured in President Eisenhower's Cartoon Book, published in 1956, which was a tribute to the President.[citation needed]In 1975, the publishing company Biblioteca Unviversale Rizzoli of Milan released a Wilson McCoy special in the series I Giganti del Fumetto with a 5-page foreword titled, \"Un fantasma che cammina da quarant anni\" (\"A Ghost who walks since 40 years\") written by Ferruccio Alessandri.[30]In the year 2000, Egmont Publications from Sweden published a special edition called Wilson McCoy - de opublicerade äventyren. It includes articles about McCoy, written by Ulf Granberg, Ed Rhoades, and Pete Klaus, and also features an interview with McCoy's children Carol Dharamsey and Robert McCoy.[31]In 2005, the Italian publisher La Repubblica published a Wilson McCoy anthology called L'Uomo mascherato – Il mito dell'Ombra che cammina (Serie Oro 18) with an introductory essay by Luca Raffaelli.[32]Hermes Press published the Wilson McCoy daily continuities in their The Phantom Complete Dailies volumes 5-17 (2013–2019). The Wilson McCoy Sunday stories were published by Hermes Press in The Complete Sundays Vol. 2–Vol. 7 (2014 - 2020).Black and white press proofs of the continuities, that originate from King Features Syndicate, are archived at Michigan State University, in the Special collections division,[33] which is supervised by Randy Scott,[34] the MSU Special Collections Librarian, Comic Art Bibliographer, and head curator of the MSU Comic Art Collection. King Features syndicate donated another set of proofs to Ohio State University. Wilson McCoy original art may be viewed at the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum (Ohio State University libraries).[35]","title":"Reprints"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wilson_McCoy-Gallery_champaka1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Martin Goldbeck-Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Goldbeck-L%C3%B6we"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Wilson McCoy art exhibition at Gallery Champaka in Brussels\"Wilson McCoys Fantomen\" at the Borås Konstmuseum in Borås, Sweden (February 2017)[36]\n\"Wilson McCoy Godfather of Pop\" Exhibition in Kiruna City Hall, Sweden (October – November 2017)[37][38]\nWilson McCoy original Phantom art strips were exhibited at the Lee Falk exhibition at Gallery Champaka, Brussels, Belgium (October 2019)The two exhibitions in Sweden were curated by Martin Goldbeck-Lowe.[39]","title":"Exhibitions"}] | [{"image_text":"Wilson McCoy at the drawing desk - 1954","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wilson_McCoy.jpg/220px-Wilson_McCoy.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mr. Walker Faroe Islands stamp by Jan Hafstrom.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Mr_Walker_Stamp.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wilson McCoy art exhibition at Gallery Champaka in Brussels","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wilson_McCoy-Gallery_champaka1.jpg/240px-Wilson_McCoy-Gallery_champaka1.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"D'Arcy Advertising Co\". 15 September 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://adage.com/article/adage-encyclopedia/d-arcy-advertising/98612","url_text":"\"D'Arcy Advertising Co\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wilson McCoy\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalcartoonists.com/in-memoriam/wilson-mccoy/","url_text":"\"Wilson McCoy\""}]},{"reference":"\"254 Donlea Rd, Barrington, IL 60010\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.realtor.com/realestateandhomes-detail/254-Donlea-Rd_Barrington_IL_60010_M80498-60785","url_text":"\"254 Donlea Rd, Barrington, IL 60010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wilson McCoy - MandrakeWiki\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mandrakewiki.org/index.php?title=Wilson_McCoy","url_text":"\"Wilson McCoy - MandrakeWiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phantom's Big Problem\". San Antonio Light. San Antonio, Texas. 27 March 1960.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Limper - Identifying Carmine Infantino's Input to the Phantom\". 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chroniclechamber.com/post/2018/09/24/the-limper-identifying-carmine-infantinos-input-to-the-phantom","url_text":"\"The Limper - Identifying Carmine Infantino's Input to the Phantom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Son of the Phantom; Chased by rhinos, jailed in Cairo, and welcomed by pygmies, McCoy had daredevil adventures to rival those of his comic-strip-turned-movie hero, his son Robert McCoy remembers\". Star Tribune. Minneapolis, MN. 27 June 1996.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"An Interview with Sy Barry\". 27 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chroniclechamber.com/single-post/2017/01/27/An-Interview-with-Sy-Barry","url_text":"\"An Interview with Sy Barry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary for Robert Wilson McCoy\". Star Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startribune.com/obituaries/detail/12564642/","url_text":"\"Obituary for Robert Wilson McCoy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Tribune","url_text":"Star Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Bob McCoy on Late Night - 6/6/87, archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved 2021-10-23","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7bp1H_zh30I","url_text":"Bob McCoy on Late Night - 6/6/87"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/7bp1H_zh30I","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"An Illustration for \"American Locomotive\" by E. Hopper, 1944\". 23 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://linusfontrodona.com/2017/08/23/an-illustration-for-american-locomotive-by-e-hopper-1944/","url_text":"\"An Illustration for \"American Locomotive\" by E. Hopper, 1944\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anthony Tollin - PhantomWiki\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phantomwiki.org/index.php/Anthony_Tollin","url_text":"\"Anthony Tollin - PhantomWiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clarence Allen\". Uncanny Adventures of Okie Cartoonists. Retrieved July 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.okhistory.org/historycenter/cartoonists/allen.html","url_text":"\"Clarence Allen\""}]},{"reference":"Parker, Jermayn (2018-05-17). \"VALE Bill Lignante\". chroniclechamber. Retrieved 2021-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chroniclechamber.com/post/2018/05/17/vale-bill-lignante","url_text":"\"VALE Bill Lignante\""}]},{"reference":"Artists' speeches at the Opening of The Phantom Art Show, archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved 2021-10-23","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a15OI8vgJZM","url_text":"Artists' speeches at the Opening of The Phantom Art Show"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/a15OI8vgJZM","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"I Giganti del Fumetto 6 - PhantomWiki\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phantomwiki.org/I_Giganti_del_Fumetto_6","url_text":"\"I Giganti del Fumetto 6 - PhantomWiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wilson McCoy - de opublicerade äventyren - PhantomWiki\". www.phantomwiki.org. Retrieved 2021-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phantomwiki.org/Wilson_McCoy_-_de_opublicerade_%C3%A4ventyren","url_text":"\"Wilson McCoy - de opublicerade äventyren - PhantomWiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"L'uomo mascherato – Il mito dell'Ombra che cammina - PhantomWiki\". www.phantomwiki.org. Retrieved 2021-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phantomwiki.org/L'uomo_mascherato_%E2%80%93_Il_mito_dell'Ombra_che_cammina","url_text":"\"L'uomo mascherato – Il mito dell'Ombra che cammina - PhantomWiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Index to Comic Art Collection: \"Phantom\" to \"Phantom Express\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://comics.lib.msu.edu/rri/prri/phanto.htm","url_text":"\"Index to Comic Art Collection: \"Phantom\" to \"Phantom Express\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusive Interview: Touring the World's Largest Library Comic Book Collection of 350,000 items @ Michigan State University with head honcho RANDY SCOTT!\". 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://detroitbookfest.com/exclusive-interview-touring-the-worlds-largest-library-comic-book-collection-of-350000-items-michigan-state-university-with-head-honcho-randy-scott/","url_text":"\"Exclusive Interview: Touring the World's Largest Library Comic Book Collection of 350,000 items @ Michigan State University with head honcho RANDY SCOTT!\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum|McCoy, R. Wilson, 1902-1961\". osucartoons.pastperfectonline.com. Retrieved 2021-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://osucartoons.pastperfectonline.com/vocabulary?keyword=McCoy%2C+R.+Wilson%2C+1902-1961&letter=M&searchtype=creator&showsearch=true","url_text":"\"The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum|McCoy, R. Wilson, 1902-1961\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wilson McCoy links\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wilsonmccoy.com/mccoyexhibit.htm","url_text":"\"Wilson McCoy links\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bilder från Wilson McCoys Fantomen – Kiruna Konstgille\".","urls":[{"url":"https://kirunakonstgille.se/bilder-fran-wilson-mccoys-fantomen/","url_text":"\"Bilder från Wilson McCoys Fantomen – Kiruna Konstgille\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fantomen intar Kiruna stadshus - P4 Norrbotten\".","urls":[{"url":"https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6798182","url_text":"\"Fantomen intar Kiruna stadshus - P4 Norrbotten\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusive Interview with Martin Thomas Dahlström - Creator of the McCoy Swedish Exhibition\". 20 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chroniclechamber.com/post/2017/03/20/exclusive-interview-with-martin-dahlstr%C3%B6m-creator-of-the-mccoy-swedish-exhibition","url_text":"\"Exclusive Interview with Martin Thomas Dahlström - Creator of the McCoy Swedish Exhibition\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wilson+McCoy%22","external_links_name":"\"Wilson McCoy\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wilson+McCoy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wilson+McCoy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wilson+McCoy%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wilson+McCoy%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wilson+McCoy%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wilson+McCoy%22","external_links_name":"\"Wilson McCoy\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wilson+McCoy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wilson+McCoy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wilson+McCoy%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wilson+McCoy%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wilson+McCoy%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://adage.com/article/adage-encyclopedia/d-arcy-advertising/98612","external_links_name":"\"D'Arcy Advertising Co\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalcartoonists.com/in-memoriam/wilson-mccoy/","external_links_name":"\"Wilson McCoy\""},{"Link":"https://www.realtor.com/realestateandhomes-detail/254-Donlea-Rd_Barrington_IL_60010_M80498-60785","external_links_name":"\"254 Donlea Rd, Barrington, IL 60010\""},{"Link":"http://www.mandrakewiki.org/index.php?title=Wilson_McCoy","external_links_name":"\"Wilson McCoy - MandrakeWiki\""},{"Link":"http://www.wilsonmccoy.com/","external_links_name":"Short biography"},{"Link":"http://strippersguide.blogspot.com/2012/12/ink-slinger-profiles-don-moore.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.chroniclechamber.com/post/2018/09/24/the-limper-identifying-carmine-infantinos-input-to-the-phantom","external_links_name":"\"The Limper - Identifying Carmine Infantino's Input to the Phantom\""},{"Link":"http://lambiek.net/artists/m/mccoy_wilson.htm","external_links_name":"McCoy entry"},{"Link":"https://www.chroniclechamber.com/single-post/2017/01/27/An-Interview-with-Sy-Barry","external_links_name":"\"An Interview with Sy Barry\""},{"Link":"http://www.wilsonmccoy.com/","external_links_name":"WilsonMcCoy.com"},{"Link":"https://www.startribune.com/obituaries/detail/12564642/","external_links_name":"\"Obituary for Robert Wilson McCoy\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7bp1H_zh30I","external_links_name":"Bob McCoy on Late Night - 6/6/87"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/7bp1H_zh30I","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://linusfontrodona.com/2017/08/23/an-illustration-for-american-locomotive-by-e-hopper-1944/","external_links_name":"\"An Illustration for \"American Locomotive\" by E. 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Wilson, 1902-1961\""},{"Link":"http://www.wilsonmccoy.com/mccoyexhibit.htm","external_links_name":"\"Wilson McCoy links\""},{"Link":"https://kirunakonstgille.se/bilder-fran-wilson-mccoys-fantomen/","external_links_name":"\"Bilder från Wilson McCoys Fantomen – Kiruna Konstgille\""},{"Link":"https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6798182","external_links_name":"\"Fantomen intar Kiruna stadshus - P4 Norrbotten\""},{"Link":"https://www.chroniclechamber.com/post/2017/03/20/exclusive-interview-with-martin-dahlstr%C3%B6m-creator-of-the-mccoy-swedish-exhibition","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive Interview with Martin Thomas Dahlström - Creator of the McCoy Swedish Exhibition\""},{"Link":"http://www.wilsonmccoy.com/","external_links_name":"Wilson McCoy official site"},{"Link":"http://www.phantomwiki.org/Wilson_McCoy","external_links_name":"Complete list of Phantom Daily & Sunday stories drawn by Wilson McCoy"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000066466322","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/292403747","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2012022724","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trade_Certificate | National Trade Certificate | ["1 Pre-requisites","2 Qualifications","2.1 National Trade Certificate Foundation","2.2 National Trade Certificate II","3 Progression","4 See also","5 References"] | The National Trade Certificate qualifications are technical and vocational education and training (TVET) programmes of study in Mauritius, designed for early school leavers to gain life skills and job skills for entry into employment.
Pre-requisites
The entry requirements for the National Trade Certificate Foundation course are the Certificate of Primary Education, the Pre-vocational Certificate, or its equivalent, reflecting satisfactory completion of primary education in the academic or vocational stream. The Pre-vocational Certificate option is available for early school leavers who failed to successfully complete the exams required for the Certificate of Primary Education, or who are at or above age 23.
Qualifications
National Trade Certificate Foundation
The National Trade Certificate Foundation (NTC F) course is a foundation level vocational programme of study designed for early school leavers who failed to complete primary school and earn the Certificate of Primary Education in Mauritius to continue their education and eventually join the vocational stream of education.
National Trade Certificate II
The National Trade Certificate II (NTC II) course is a vocational programme that follows completion of the National Trade Certificate III course.
Progression
Successful completion of the National Trade Certificate II allows students to enter into a Higher National Diploma programme, a vocational qualification which covers the second year of Bachelor's degree, enabling re-entry into the academic stream. Students may also enter directly into employment after successful completion of the National Trade Certificate qualifications at any level.
See also
Education in Mauritius
Vocational education in Mauritius
References
vteEducation in MauritiusLevels of education
Pre-primary
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Vocational
Schooling
Pre-primary
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Vocational
Academic qualifications
Certificate of Primary Education
Form III Certificate
School Certificate
Higher School Certificate
Vocational qualifications
Pre-vocational Certificate
National Trade Certificate Foundation
National Trade Certificate II
National Trade Certificate III
Post-secondary qualifications
Academic qualifications
Professional qualifications
Vocational qualifications
Regulation
Ministry of Education and Human Resources
Ministry of Tertiary Education, Science, Research & Technology
Mauritius Qualifications Authority
National Qualifications Framework | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"National Trade Certificate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Certificate of Primary Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Primary_Education"},{"link_name":"Pre-vocational Certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-vocational_Certificate"}],"text":"The entry requirements for the National Trade Certificate Foundation course are the Certificate of Primary Education, the Pre-vocational Certificate, or its equivalent, reflecting satisfactory completion of primary education in the academic or vocational stream. The Pre-vocational Certificate option is available for early school leavers who failed to successfully complete the exams required for the Certificate of Primary Education, or who are at or above age 23.","title":"Pre-requisites"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Qualifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_education_in_Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Certificate of Primary Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Primary_Education"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"vocational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education_in_Mauritius"}],"sub_title":"National Trade Certificate Foundation","text":"The National Trade Certificate Foundation (NTC F) course is a foundation level vocational programme of study designed for early school leavers who failed to complete primary school and earn the Certificate of Primary Education in Mauritius to continue their education and eventually join the vocational stream of education.","title":"Qualifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"National Trade Certificate II","text":"The National Trade Certificate II (NTC II) course is a vocational programme that follows completion of the National Trade Certificate III course.","title":"Qualifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Higher National Diploma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_National_Diploma"},{"link_name":"Bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"}],"text":"Successful completion of the National Trade Certificate II allows students to enter into a Higher National Diploma programme, a vocational qualification which covers the second year of Bachelor's degree, enabling re-entry into the academic stream. Students may also enter directly into employment after successful completion of the National Trade Certificate qualifications at any level.","title":"Progression"}] | [] | [{"title":"Education in Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Mauritius"},{"title":"Vocational education in Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education_in_Mauritius"}] | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_River_Trail_State_Park | New River Trail State Park | ["1 Nearby state parks","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 36°53′5″N 80°51′9″W / 36.88472°N 80.85250°W / 36.88472; -80.85250State park in southwest Virginia, United States
New River Trail State ParkNew River Trail State ParkLocation of New River Trail State ParkLocationSouthwest VirginiaCoordinates36°53′5″N 80°51′9″W / 36.88472°N 80.85250°W / 36.88472; -80.85250Area1,423 acres (576 ha)Established1987Governing bodyVirginia Department of Conservation and Recreation
Volunteers worked alongside park staff to pull tires, tarps, and other debris from the New River
New River Trail State Park is a 57.7-mile (92.9 km) rail trail and state park located entirely in southwest Virginia, extending from the trail's northeastern terminus in Pulaski to its southern terminus in Galax, with a 5.5-mile (8.9 km) spur from Fries Junction on the main trail to Fries.
Designated a National Recreation Trail, the linear park follows 39 miles (63 km) of the New River, which is one of the five oldest rivers in the world.
Headquartered in Foster Falls, roughly a third of the trail distance from Pulaski, the crushed stone multi-use trail was formally created in 1986, when Norfolk Southern Railway donated its discontinued right-of-way to the state of Virginia. Volunteers began making improvements and the park opened in May 1987 with 4 miles (6.4 km) of trail, opening the entire 57 miles (92 km) for recreational use by the late 1990s.
The trail was designated a Millennium Legacy Trail in 1999, for reflecting "the spirit of the nation's states and territories." The 765-acre (310 ha) linear park adjoins historic sites including the nineteenth-century Jackson Ferry Shot Tower, the Draper Mercantile building, two turn-of-the-century hydroelectric dams, remains of the Ivanhoe Blast Furnace, the Ivanhoe Carbide Plant, the Foster Falls Blast Furnace, and the Foster Falls Orphanage, as well as numerous outdoor recreational areas, including Mount Rogers National Recreation Area, and four Department of Game and Inland Fisheries boat launches.
The trail features two tunnels, 135 feet (41 m) and 193 feet (59 m) long respectively; three major bridges (Hiwassee Bridge at 951 feet (290 m), Ivanhoe Bridge at 670 feet (200 m) and Fries Junction Bridge at 1,089 feet (332 m) in length); and almost 30 smaller bridges and trestles.
Nearby state parks
The following state parks are within 30 miles (48 km) of New River Trail State Park:
Claytor Lake State Park
Grayson Highlands State Park
New River State Park, North Carolina
Stone Mountain State Park, North Carolina
See also
Cycling infrastructure
Fall Line Trail
Greenbrier River Trail
High Bridge Trail State Park
Virginia Capital Trail
Virginia Creeper Trail
Washington & Old Dominion Trail
References
^ "Virginia's Millennium Legacy". Virginia Department of Transportation.
^ "National Millennium Trails in Virginia". Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation.
External links
Media related to New River Trail State Park at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
vteHiking trails in Virginia
Appalachian
Blue Ridge Railway
Bull Run Occoquan
Chessie Nature
Dahlgren Railroad Heritage
Difficult Run
East Coast Greenway
Great Eastern
High Bridge
Massanutten
Huckleberry
New River
Overmountain Victory
Potomac Heritage
Tuscarora
Virginia Creeper
Washington & Old Dominion
Wild Oak
vteProtected areas of VirginiaFederalNational Parks
Shenandoah
National Historical Parks,Historic Sites & Monuments
Appomattox Court House NHP
Arlington House
Booker T. Washington NM
Cedar Creek and Belle Grove NHP
Claude Moore Colonial Farm
Colonial NHP
Cumberland Gap NHP
Fort Monroe NM
George Washington Birthplace NM
Harpers Ferry NHP
Maggie L. Walker NHS
National Military Parks,Battlefields & Battlefield Parks
Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania NMP
Manassas NBP
Petersburg NB
Richmond NBP
National Cemeteries
Alexandria
Arlington
Balls Bluff
City Point
Cold Harbor
Culpeper
Danville
Fort Harrison
Fredericksburg
Glendale
Hampton
Hampton VAMC
Poplar Grove
Quantico
Richmond
Seven Pines
Staunton
Winchester
Yorktown
National Parkways
Blue Ridge Parkway
(Blue Ridge Music Center
Mabry Mill
Peaks of Otter
Rocky Knob Recreation Area)
George Washington Memorial Parkway
National Trails
Appalachian Trail
Captain John Smith Chesapeake NHT
Overmountain Victory NHT
Potomac Heritage Trail
Star-Spangled Banner NHT
NationalWildlife Refuges
Back Bay
Chincoteague
Eastern Shore of Virginia
Mason Neck
Featherstone
Fisherman Island
Glenn Martin
Great Dismal Swamp
James River
Nansemond
Occoquan Bay
Plum Tree Island
Presquile
Rappahannock River Valley
Wallops Island
National Forests
George Washington and Jefferson
USFS National Recreation Areas
Mount Rogers National Recreation Area
Other NPS Areas
Assateague Island National Seashore
Chesapeake Bay Gateways Network
Prince William Forest Park
Wolf Trap NP for the Performing Arts
Wilderness Areas
Barbours Creek
James River Face
Mountain Lake
Priest
Ramsey's Draft
Rich Hole
Rough Mountain
Saint Mary's
Three Ridges
National EstuarineResearch Reserves
Chesapeake Bay
StateState parks
Bear Creek Lake
Belle Isle
Breaks Interstate
Caledon
Chippokes
Claytor Lake
Clinch River
Culpeper Battlefields
Douthat
Fairy Stone
False Cape
First Landing
Grayson Highlands
High Bridge Trail
Holliday Lake
Hungry Mother
James River
Kiptopeke
Lake Anna
Leesylvania
Machicomoco
Mason Neck
Mayo River
Middle Peninsula
Natural Bridge
Natural Tunnel
New River Trail
Occoneechee
Pocahontas
Powhatan
Sailor's Creek Battlefield
Seven Bends
Shot Tower
Shenandoah River
Sky Meadows
Smith Mountain Lake
Southwest Virginia Museum
Staunton River
Staunton River Battlefield
Sweet Run
Tabb Monument
Twin Lakes
Westmoreland
Widewater
Wilderness Road
York River
State forests
Appomattox-Buckingham
Big Woods
Bourassa
Browne
Channels
Charlotte
Chesterfield
Chilton Woods
Conway Robinson
Crawfords
Cumberland
Devil's Backbone
Dragon Run
First Mountain
Hawks
Lesesne
Matthews
Moore's Creek
Niday Place
Old Flat
Paul
Prince Edward-Gallion
Sandy Point
South Quay
Whitney
Zoar
Natural Area Preserves
Antioch Pines
Bald Knob
Bethel Beach
Big Spring Bog
Blackwater
Buffalo Mountain
Bull Run Mountains
Bush Mill Stream
Camp Branch Wetlands
Cape Charles Coastal Habitat
Cave Hill
The Cedars
The Channels
Cherry Orchard Bog
Chestnut Creek Wetlands
Chestnut Ridge
Chotank Creek
Chub Sandhill
Cleveland Barrens
Clover Hollow
Cowbane Prairie
Crawford's Knob
Crow's Nest
Cumberland Marsh
Dameron Marsh
Deep Run Ponds
Dendron Swamp
Difficult Creek
Elklick Woodlands
False Cape
Folly Mills Creek Fen
Goshen Pass
Grafton Ponds
Grassy Hill
Grayson Glades
Hickory Hollow
Hughlett Point
Johnsons Creek
Lyndhurst Ponds
Magothy Bay
Mark's and Jack's Island
Mount Joy Pond
Mutton Hunk Fen
Naked Mountain
New Point Comfort
North Landing River
Northwest River
Ogdens Cave
Parkers Marsh
Parramore Island
Pedlar Hills Glades
Piney Grove Flatwoods
Pinnacle
Poor Mountain
Redrock Mountain
Savage Neck Dunes
Unthanks Cave
William B. Trower Bayshore
Wreck Island
WildlifeManagement Areas
Amelia
Big Survey
Big Woods
Briery Creek
Chester F. Phelps
Cavalier
Chickahominy
Clinch Mountain
Crooked Creek
Dick Cross
Doe Creek
Fairystone Farms
Featherfin
G. Richard Thompson
Game Farm Marsh
Goshen and Little North Mountain
Hardware River
Havens
Hidden Valley
Highland
Hog Island
Horsepen Lake
James River
Land's End
Mattaponi
Mattaponi Bluffs
Merrimac Farm
Mockhorn Island
Oakley Forest
Pettigrew
Powhatan
Princess Anne
Ragged Island
Rapidan
Robert W. Duncan
Saxis
Short Hills
Smith Mountain Cooperative
Stewarts Creek
T. M. Gathright
Turkeycock
Ware Creek
Weston
White Oak Mountain
OtherRegistered Historic Places in Virginia
Virginia Landmarks Register
National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia
Bridges
National Historic Landmarks
Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation
Virginia Department of Forestry
Virginia Department of Historic Resources
Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources
This article related to a protected area in Virginia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Carroll County, Virginia state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Wythe County, Virginia state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Pulaski County, Virginia state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Grayson County, Virginia state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_River_Trail_State_Park_New_River_Cleanup_Day_(14773261007).jpg"},{"link_name":"rail trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_trail"},{"link_name":"state park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_park"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Pulaski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaski,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Galax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galax,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Fries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fries,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"National Recreation Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Recreation_Trail"},{"link_name":"linear park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_park"},{"link_name":"New River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_River_(Kanawha_River)"},{"link_name":"five oldest rivers in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_age"},{"link_name":"Foster Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_Falls_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Pulaski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulaski,_Viginia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"right-of-way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-of-way_(transportation)"},{"link_name":"Millennium Legacy Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Millennium_Legacy_Trail&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legacy-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spirit-2"},{"link_name":"Jackson Ferry Shot Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Ferry_Shot_Tower"},{"link_name":"hydroelectric dams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_dam"},{"link_name":"Carbide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbide"},{"link_name":"Mount Rogers National Recreation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rogers_National_Recreation_Area"}],"text":"State park in southwest Virginia, United StatesVolunteers worked alongside park staff to pull tires, tarps, and other debris from the New RiverNew River Trail State Park is a 57.7-mile (92.9 km) rail trail and state park located entirely in southwest Virginia, extending from the trail's northeastern terminus in Pulaski to its southern terminus in Galax, with a 5.5-mile (8.9 km) spur from Fries Junction on the main trail to Fries.Designated a National Recreation Trail, the linear park follows 39 miles (63 km) of the New River, which is one of the five oldest rivers in the world.Headquartered in Foster Falls, roughly a third of the trail distance from Pulaski, the crushed stone multi-use trail was formally created in 1986, when Norfolk Southern Railway donated its discontinued right-of-way to the state of Virginia. Volunteers began making improvements and the park opened in May 1987 with 4 miles (6.4 km) of trail, opening the entire 57 miles (92 km) for recreational use by the late 1990s.The trail was designated a Millennium Legacy Trail in 1999,[1] for reflecting \"the spirit of the nation's states and territories.\"[2] The 765-acre (310 ha) linear park adjoins historic sites including the nineteenth-century Jackson Ferry Shot Tower, the Draper Mercantile building, two turn-of-the-century hydroelectric dams, remains of the Ivanhoe Blast Furnace, the Ivanhoe Carbide Plant, the Foster Falls Blast Furnace, and the Foster Falls Orphanage, as well as numerous outdoor recreational areas, including Mount Rogers National Recreation Area, and four Department of Game and Inland Fisheries boat launches.The trail features two tunnels, 135 feet (41 m) and 193 feet (59 m) long respectively; three major bridges (Hiwassee Bridge at 951 feet (290 m), Ivanhoe Bridge at 670 feet (200 m) and Fries Junction Bridge at 1,089 feet (332 m) in length); and almost 30 smaller bridges and trestles.","title":"New River Trail State Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claytor Lake State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claytor_Lake_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Grayson Highlands State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_Highlands_State_Park"},{"link_name":"New River State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_River_State_Park"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Stone Mountain State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Mountain_State_Park"}],"text":"The following state parks are within 30 miles (48 km) of New River Trail State Park:Claytor Lake State Park\nGrayson Highlands State Park\nNew River State Park, North Carolina\nStone Mountain State Park, North Carolina","title":"Nearby state parks"}] | [{"image_text":"Volunteers worked alongside park staff to pull tires, tarps, and other debris from the New River","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/New_River_Trail_State_Park_New_River_Cleanup_Day_%2814773261007%29.jpg/290px-New_River_Trail_State_Park_New_River_Cleanup_Day_%2814773261007%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Cycling infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure"},{"title":"Fall Line Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Line_Trail"},{"title":"Greenbrier River Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenbrier_River_Trail"},{"title":"High Bridge Trail State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Bridge_Trail_State_Park"},{"title":"Virginia Capital Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Capital_Trail"},{"title":"Virginia Creeper Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Creeper_Trail"},{"title":"Washington & Old Dominion Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_%26_Old_Dominion_Railroad_Regional_Park"}] | [{"reference":"\"Virginia's Millennium Legacy\". Virginia Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.virginiadot.org/programs/prog-byways-legacy.asp","url_text":"\"Virginia's Millennium Legacy\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Millennium Trails in Virginia\". Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/recreational-planning/tr-sbiib1a","url_text":"\"National Millennium Trails in Virginia\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_River_Trail_State_Park¶ms=36_53_5_N_80_51_9_W_region:US-VA_type:landmark","external_links_name":"36°53′5″N 80°51′9″W / 36.88472°N 80.85250°W / 36.88472; -80.85250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_River_Trail_State_Park¶ms=36_53_5_N_80_51_9_W_region:US-VA_type:landmark","external_links_name":"36°53′5″N 80°51′9″W / 36.88472°N 80.85250°W / 36.88472; -80.85250"},{"Link":"http://www.virginiadot.org/programs/prog-byways-legacy.asp","external_links_name":"\"Virginia's Millennium Legacy\""},{"Link":"http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/recreational-planning/tr-sbiib1a","external_links_name":"\"National Millennium Trails in Virginia\""},{"Link":"http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/state-parks/new-river-trail.shtml","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_River_Trail_State_Park&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_River_Trail_State_Park&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_River_Trail_State_Park&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_River_Trail_State_Park&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_River_Trail_State_Park&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Nevada | Geography of Nevada | ["1 Overview","2 Climate","2.1 Climate data","3 Flora and fauna","4 Administration","4.1 Counties","4.2 Settlements","5 See also","6 References"] | Mountains west of Las Vegas in the Mojave Desert
A valley near Pyramid Lake
Topographic map of Nevada
The landlocked U.S. state of Nevada has a varied geography and is almost entirely within the Basin and Range Province and is broken up by many north–south mountain ranges. Most of these ranges have endorheic valleys between them.
Overview
Much of the northern part of the state is within the Great Basin, a mild desert that experiences hot temperatures in the summer and cold temperatures in the winter. Occasionally, moisture from the Arizona Monsoon will cause summer thunderstorms; Pacific storms may blanket the area with snow. The state's highest recorded temperature was 125 °F (52 °C) in Laughlin (elevation of 605 feet or 184 meters) on June 29, 1994. The coldest recorded temperature was −52 °F (−47 °C) set in San Jacinto in 1972, in the northeastern portion of the state.
The Humboldt River crosses the state from east to west across the northern part of the state, draining into the Humboldt Sink near Lovelock. Several rivers drain from the Sierra Nevada eastward, including the Walker, Truckee, and Carson rivers. All of these rivers are endorheic basins, ending in Walker Lake, Pyramid Lake, and the Carson Sink, respectively. However, not all of Nevada is within the Great Basin. Tributaries of the Snake River drain the far north, while the Colorado River, which also forms much of the boundary with Arizona, drains much of southern Nevada.
The mountain ranges, some of which have peaks above 13,000 feet (4,000 m), harbor lush forests high above desert plains, creating sky islands for endemic species. The valleys are often no lower in elevation than 3,000 feet (910 m), while some in central Nevada are above 6,000 feet (1,800 m).
Little Finland rock formation in Nevada
The southern third of the state, where the Las Vegas area is situated, is within the Mojave Desert. The area receives less rain in the winter but is closer to the Arizona Monsoon in the summer. The terrain is also lower, mostly below 4,000 feet (1,200 m), creating conditions for hot summer days and cool to chilly winter nights.
Nevada and California have by far the longest diagonal line (in respect to the cardinal directions) as a state boundary at just over 400 miles (640 km). This line begins in Lake Tahoe nearly 4 miles (6.4 km) offshore (in the direction of the boundary), and continues to the Colorado River where the Nevada, California, and Arizona boundaries merge 12 miles (19 km) southwest of the Laughlin Bridge.
The largest mountain range in the southern portion of the state is the Spring Mountain Range, just west of Las Vegas. The state's lowest point is along the Colorado River, south of Laughlin.
Nevada has 172 mountain summits with 2,000 feet (610 m) of prominence. Nevada ranks second in the United States by the number of mountains, behind Alaska, and ahead of California, Montana, and Washington.
Climate
Further information: Climate change in Nevada
Köppen climate types of Nevada, using 1991-2020 climate normals.
Nevada is the driest state in the United States. It is made up of mostly desert and semi-arid climate regions, and, with the exception of the Las Vegas Valley, the average summer diurnal temperature range approaches 40 °F (22 °C) in much of the state. While winters in northern Nevada are long and fairly cold, the winter season in the southern part of the state tends to be of short duration and mild. Most parts of Nevada receive scarce precipitation during the year. The most rain that falls in the state falls on the east and northeast slopes of the Sierra Nevada.
The average annual rainfall per year is about 7 inches (180 mm); the wettest parts get around 40 inches (1,000 mm). Nevada's highest recorded temperature is 125 °F (52 °C) at Laughlin on June 29, 1994, and the lowest recorded temperature is −50 °F (−46 °C) at San Jacinto on January 8, 1937. Nevada's 125 °F (52 °C) reading is the third highest statewide record high temperature of a U.S. state, just behind Arizona's 128 °F (53 °C) reading and California's 134 °F (57 °C) reading.
Climate data
Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Nevada
Location
July (°F)
July (°C)
December (°F)
December (°C)
Max
Min
Max
Min
Max
Min
Max
Min
Las Vegas
106
81
41
27
56
38
13
3
Reno
92
57
33
14
45
25
7
–4
Carson City
89
52
32
11
45
22
7
–5
Elko
90
50
32
10
37
14
2
–9
Fallon
92
54
33
12
45
19
7
–7
Winnemucca
93
52
34
11
41
17
5
–8
Laughlin
112
80
44
27
65
43
18
6
Climate data for Las Vegas (Köppen BWh)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
77(25)
87(31)
92(33)
99(37)
109(43)
117(47)
117(47)
116(47)
114(46)
103(39)
87(31)
78(26)
117(47)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
68.7(20.4)
74.2(23.4)
84.3(29.1)
93.6(34.2)
101.8(38.8)
110.1(43.4)
112.9(44.9)
110.3(43.5)
105.0(40.6)
94.6(34.8)
80.5(26.9)
67.9(19.9)
113.6(45.3)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
58.5(14.7)
62.9(17.2)
71.1(21.7)
78.5(25.8)
88.5(31.4)
99.4(37.4)
104.5(40.3)
102.8(39.3)
94.9(34.9)
81.2(27.3)
67.1(19.5)
56.9(13.8)
80.5(26.9)
Daily mean °F (°C)
49.5(9.7)
53.5(11.9)
60.8(16.0)
67.7(19.8)
77.3(25.2)
87.6(30.9)
93.2(34.0)
91.7(33.2)
83.6(28.7)
70.4(21.3)
57.2(14.0)
48.2(9.0)
70.1(21.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
40.5(4.7)
44.1(6.7)
50.5(10.3)
56.9(13.8)
66.1(18.9)
75.8(24.3)
82.0(27.8)
80.6(27.0)
72.4(22.4)
59.6(15.3)
47.3(8.5)
39.6(4.2)
59.6(15.3)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
29.8(−1.2)
32.9(0.5)
38.7(3.7)
45.2(7.3)
52.8(11.6)
62.2(16.8)
72.9(22.7)
70.8(21.6)
60.8(16.0)
47.4(8.6)
35.2(1.8)
29.0(−1.7)
27.4(−2.6)
Record low °F (°C)
8(−13)
16(−9)
19(−7)
31(−1)
38(3)
48(9)
56(13)
54(12)
43(6)
26(−3)
15(−9)
11(−12)
8(−13)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.56(14)
0.80(20)
0.42(11)
0.20(5.1)
0.07(1.8)
0.04(1.0)
0.38(9.7)
0.32(8.1)
0.32(8.1)
0.32(8.1)
0.30(7.6)
0.45(11)
4.18(106)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.2(0.51)
0.2(0.51)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
3.1
4.1
2.8
1.6
1.1
0.4
2.5
2.2
1.8
1.7
1.5
3.0
25.8
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
Average relative humidity (%)
45.1
39.6
33.1
25.0
21.3
16.5
21.1
25.6
25.0
28.8
37.2
45.0
30.3
Average dew point °F (°C)
22.1(−5.5)
23.7(−4.6)
23.9(−4.5)
24.1(−4.4)
28.2(−2.1)
30.9(−0.6)
40.6(4.8)
44.1(6.7)
37.0(2.8)
30.4(−0.9)
25.3(−3.7)
22.3(−5.4)
29.4(−1.5)
Mean monthly sunshine hours
245.2
246.7
314.6
346.1
388.1
401.7
390.9
368.5
337.1
304.4
246.0
236.0
3,825.3
Percent possible sunshine
79
81
85
88
89
92
88
88
91
87
80
78
86
Source: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990)
Climate data for Reno (Köppen BSk)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
71(22)
75(24)
83(28)
90(32)
98(37)
104(40)
108(42)
105(41)
106(41)
93(34)
77(25)
71(22)
108(42)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
61.2(16.2)
65.3(18.5)
73.9(23.3)
80.9(27.2)
89.4(31.9)
97.0(36.1)
102.1(38.9)
100.0(37.8)
94.5(34.7)
85.0(29.4)
71.5(21.9)
61.7(16.5)
102.6(39.2)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
47.7(8.7)
52.1(11.2)
59.2(15.1)
64.7(18.2)
74.1(23.4)
84.6(29.2)
93.9(34.4)
92.1(33.4)
83.8(28.8)
70.4(21.3)
56.7(13.7)
46.7(8.2)
68.8(20.4)
Daily mean °F (°C)
36.9(2.7)
40.6(4.8)
46.6(8.1)
51.6(10.9)
60.3(15.7)
69.2(20.7)
77.2(25.1)
75.1(23.9)
67.0(19.4)
55.1(12.8)
43.8(6.6)
36.2(2.3)
55.0(12.8)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
26.1(−3.3)
29.0(−1.7)
34.0(1.1)
38.5(3.6)
46.6(8.1)
53.8(12.1)
60.4(15.8)
58.1(14.5)
50.3(10.2)
39.7(4.3)
31.0(−0.6)
25.7(−3.5)
41.1(5.1)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
12.2(−11.0)
16.1(−8.8)
21.3(−5.9)
26.2(−3.2)
34.0(1.1)
41.0(5.0)
50.7(10.4)
48.5(9.2)
39.0(3.9)
27.4(−2.6)
17.4(−8.1)
11.3(−11.5)
6.6(−14.1)
Record low °F (°C)
−17(−27)
−16(−27)
−3(−19)
13(−11)
16(−9)
25(−4)
33(1)
24(−4)
20(−7)
8(−13)
1(−17)
−16(−27)
−17(−27)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
1.25(32)
1.03(26)
0.80(20)
0.44(11)
0.55(14)
0.41(10)
0.20(5.1)
0.24(6.1)
0.21(5.3)
0.50(13)
0.62(16)
1.10(28)
7.35(187)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
5.2(13)
5.2(13)
2.9(7.4)
0.4(1.0)
0.1(0.25)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.1(0.25)
1.8(4.6)
5.2(13)
20.9(53)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
6.9
7.0
5.5
4.5
4.4
3.1
1.7
1.6
2.0
2.9
4.3
6.6
50.5
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
3.4
3.3
2.0
0.7
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.2
3.0
13.9
Average relative humidity (%)
68.0
60.2
52.7
45.9
43.2
39.9
36.2
39.3
44.0
50.7
61.2
67.6
50.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours
195.6
204.2
291.0
332.1
375.8
393.8
424.0
390.8
343.9
295.2
212.0
187.5
3,645.9
Percent possible sunshine
65
68
78
83
84
88
93
92
92
85
70
64
82
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)
Climate data for Carson City (Köppen BSk)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
72(22)
76(24)
81(27)
88(31)
94(34)
101(38)
107(42)
105(41)
103(39)
93(34)
79(26)
75(24)
107(42)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
59.3(15.2)
62.4(16.9)
70.7(21.5)
77.9(25.5)
85.6(29.8)
93.6(34.2)
99.0(37.2)
96.5(35.8)
91.9(33.3)
82.7(28.2)
70.7(21.5)
60.5(15.8)
99.0(37.2)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
45.5(7.5)
49.5(9.7)
56.2(13.4)
61.7(16.5)
70.4(21.3)
80.9(27.2)
89.5(31.9)
87.8(31.0)
80.7(27.1)
68.0(20.0)
54.5(12.5)
44.6(7.0)
65.8(18.8)
Daily mean °F (°C)
34.8(1.6)
38.3(3.5)
43.9(6.6)
48.8(9.3)
56.6(13.7)
65.0(18.3)
72.1(22.3)
70.2(21.2)
63.1(17.3)
52.2(11.2)
41.4(5.2)
34.2(1.2)
51.7(10.9)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
24.1(−4.4)
27.1(−2.7)
31.6(−0.2)
35.8(2.1)
42.9(6.1)
49.2(9.6)
54.8(12.7)
52.5(11.4)
45.6(7.6)
36.3(2.4)
28.4(−2.0)
23.9(−4.5)
37.7(3.2)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
6.9(−13.9)
11.7(−11.3)
17.4(−8.1)
22.3(−5.4)
29.7(−1.3)
35.8(2.1)
44.4(6.9)
42.1(5.6)
34.3(1.3)
21.8(−5.7)
11.4(−11.4)
6.2(−14.3)
0.6(−17.4)
Record low °F (°C)
−27(−33)
−22(−30)
−5(−21)
3(−16)
18(−8)
25(−4)
33(1)
26(−3)
17(−8)
6(−14)
−5(−21)
−26(−32)
−27(−33)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
1.72(44)
1.48(38)
1.24(31)
0.51(13)
0.51(13)
0.37(9.4)
0.18(4.6)
0.14(3.6)
0.24(6.1)
0.55(14)
0.90(23)
1.50(38)
9.34(237.7)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
3.6(9.1)
1.7(4.3)
1.6(4.1)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.7(1.8)
6.4(16)
14.0(36)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
6.2
5.6
4.8
3.2
3.4
1.7
0.9
1.0
1.1
2.4
3.3
4.8
38.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
1.8
1.4
1.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
1.4
6.3
Source 1: NOAA
Source 2: National Weather Service
Flora and fauna
Main pages: Category:Flora of Nevada and Fauna of Nevada
The giant hairy scorpion is the largest scorpion in North America and is commonly found in Nevada.
Being the driest U.S. State, and with much of it located within large deserts like the Great Basin Desert and the Mojave Desert, most of Nevada's organisms are adapted to a desert environment.
Even so, the ecosystem of Nevada is diverse and differs by state area. It contains six biotic zones: alpine, sub-alpine, ponderosa pine, pinion-juniper, sagebrush and creosotebush.
It contains 488 species of birds (such as bald eagles and mountain bluebirds), 61 species of mammals (such as desert bighorn sheep and coyotes), 16 species of scorpions, 52 species of reptiles (such as Great Basin rattlesnakes and desert tortoise) and 48 species of fish (such as Lahontan cutthroat trout and mountain whitefish).
Administration
Counties
Further information: List of counties in Nevada
The Las Vegas Strip looking South
Carson City Mint in Carson City. Carson City is an independent city and the capital of Nevada.
Nevada is divided into political jurisdictions designated as counties. Carson City is officially a consolidated municipality, meaning it legally functions as both a city and a county. As of 1919, there were 17 counties in the state, ranging from 146 to 18,159 square miles (380 to 47,030 km2).
Lake County, one of the original nine counties formed in 1861, was renamed Roop County in 1862. Part of the county became Lassen County, California, in 1864, resolving border uncertainty. In 1883, Washoe County annexed the portion that remained in Nevada.
In 1969, Ormsby County was dissolved and the Consolidated Municipality of Carson City was created by the Legislature in its place coterminous with the old boundaries of Ormsby County.
Bullfrog County was formed in 1987 from part of Nye County. After the creation was declared unconstitutional, the county was abolished in 1989.
Humboldt County was designated as a county in 1856 by Utah Territorial Legislature and again in 1861 by the new Nevada Legislature.
Clark County is the most populous county in Nevada, accounting for nearly three-quarters of its residents. Las Vegas, Nevada's most populous city, has been the county seat since the county was created in 1909 from a portion of Lincoln County, Nevada. Before that, it was a part of Arizona Territory. Clark County attracts numerous tourists: An estimated 44 million people visited Clark County in 2014.
Washoe County is the second-most populous county of Nevada. Its county seat is Reno. Washoe County includes the Reno–Sparks metropolitan area.
Lyon County is the third most populous county. It was one of the nine original counties created in 1861. It was named after Nathaniel Lyon, the first Union General to be killed in the Civil War. Its current county seat is Yerington. Its first county seat was established at Dayton on November 29, 1861.
Nevada counties
County name
County seat
Year founded
2021 population
Percent of total
Area (mi2)
Percent of total
Population density (/mi2)
Carson City
Carson City
1861
58,993
1.88 %
157
0.14 %
407.80
Churchill
Fallon
1861
25,723
0.82 %
5,024
4.54 %
5.22
Clark
Las Vegas
1908
2,292,476
72.92 %
8,061
7.29 %
290.52
Douglas
Minden
1861
49,870
1.59 %
738
0.67 %
70.24
Elko
Elko
1869
53,915
1.71 %
17,203
15.56 %
3.14
Esmeralda
Goldfield
1861
743
0.02 %
3,589
3.25 %
0.21
Eureka
Eureka
1869
1,903
0.06 %
4,180
3.78 %
0.46
Humboldt
Winnemucca
1856/1861
17,648
0.56 %
9,658
8.73 %
1.83
Lander
Battle Mountain
1861
5,734
0.18 %
5,519
4.99 %
1.04
Lincoln
Pioche
1867
4,525
0.14 %
10,637
9.62 %
0.43
Lyon
Yerington
1861
60,903
1.94 %
2,024
1.83 %
30.44
Mineral
Hawthorne
1911
4,586
0.15 %
3,813
3.45 %
1.22
Nye
Tonopah
1864
53,450
1.70 %
18,199
16.46 %
2.94
Pershing
Lovelock
1919
6,741
0.21 %
6,067
5.49 %
1.12
Storey
Virginia City
1861
4,143
0.13 %
264
0.24 %
15.75
Washoe
Reno
1861
493,392
15.69 %
6,542
5.92 %
78.29
White Pine
Ely
1869
9,182
0.29 %
8,897
8.05 %
1.03
Totals
Counties: 17
3,143,991
110,572
28.64
Settlements
Largest cities or towns in NevadaSource:
Rank
Name
County
Municipal pop.
Las VegasHenderson
1
Las Vegas
Clark
641,903
RenoNorth Las Vegas
2
Henderson
Clark
317,610
3
Reno
Washoe
264,165
4
North Las Vegas
Clark
262,527
5
Enterprise
Clark
221,831
6
Spring Valley
Clark
215,597
7
Sunrise Manor
Clark
205,618
8
Paradise
Clark
191,238
9
Sparks
Washoe
108,445
10
Carson City
Carson City
58,639
See also
Geography of California
Geography of New Mexico
References
^ a b National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, N.C., and Storm Phillips, Stormfax, Inc.
^ Nevada Archived November 30, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. PeakVisor. Retrieved June 23, 2020
^ Osborn, Liz. "Driest states". Currentresults.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
^ "Nevada climate averages". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on October 9, 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ "WMO Climate Normals for LAS VEGAS/MCCARRAN, NV 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ "National Weather Service Climate". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
^
"WMO Climate Normals for NV Reno Tahoe INTL AP 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
^
"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Retrieved on September 17, 2022.
^
"NOAA Online Weather Data". National Weather Service.
Retrieved on September 17, 2022
^ "Nevada".
^ Federal Writers' Project (1940). Nevada: a guide to the Silver state. US History Publishers. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-60354-027-8.
^ "Nevada birds".
^ "Nevada mammals".
^ "Nevada scorpions".
^ "Nevada reptiles" (PDF).
^ "Nevada fish". Archived from the original on 2013-04-11.
^ a b "Political History of Nevada". Nevada State Library and Archives. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
^ "Visitors". Clarkcountynv.gov. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved July 27, 2014.
^ Laws of the Territory of Nevada passed at the first regular session of the Legislative Assembly. San Francisco, CA: Valentine & Co. 1862. pp. 289–291. Archived from the original on July 7, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
^ "Nevada's Census Population By County 2020 and 2021". Archived from the original on April 22, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
^ "2020 Nevada QuickFacts". U.S. Census Bureau. August 18, 2021. Archived from the original on April 22, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
^ 1991-2020 normals. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^ Mean maxima and minima (i.e., the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020. Official records for Reno kept January 1893 to 10 November 1905 at "Reno", 11 November 1905 to February 1937 at Reno Weather Bureau Office (CRB), and at Reno–Tahoe International Airport since March 1937. For more information, see Threadex
^ 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mountains_west_of_Las_Vegas_in_the_Mojave_Desert.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mojave Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Desert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valley_in_Nevada.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pyramid Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_Lake_(Nevada)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Digital-elevation-map-nevada.gif"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"Basin and Range Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province"},{"link_name":"endorheic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic_basin"}],"text":"Mountains west of Las Vegas in the Mojave DesertA valley near Pyramid LakeTopographic map of NevadaThe landlocked U.S. state of Nevada has a varied geography and is almost entirely within the Basin and Range Province and is broken up by many north–south mountain ranges. Most of these ranges have endorheic valleys between them.","title":"Geography of Nevada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Basin"},{"link_name":"Arizona Monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Monsoon"},{"link_name":"Laughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughlin,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"},{"link_name":"°F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit"},{"link_name":"°C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"},{"link_name":"Humboldt River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_River"},{"link_name":"Humboldt Sink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_Sink"},{"link_name":"Lovelock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovelock,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_River"},{"link_name":"Truckee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truckee_River"},{"link_name":"Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_River"},{"link_name":"endorheic basins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic_basin"},{"link_name":"Walker Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Lake_(Nevada)"},{"link_name":"Pyramid Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_Lake_(Nevada)"},{"link_name":"Carson Sink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_Sink"},{"link_name":"Snake River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_River"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"sky islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charge!_Little_Finland,_NV.jpg"},{"link_name":"Little Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Finland"},{"link_name":"Mojave Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Desert"},{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border"},{"link_name":"Lake Tahoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tahoe"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"Spring Mountain Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Much of the northern part of the state is within the Great Basin, a mild desert that experiences hot temperatures in the summer and cold temperatures in the winter. Occasionally, moisture from the Arizona Monsoon will cause summer thunderstorms; Pacific storms may blanket the area with snow. The state's highest recorded temperature was 125 °F (52 °C) in Laughlin (elevation of 605 feet or 184 meters) on June 29, 1994.[1] The coldest recorded temperature was −52 °F (−47 °C) set in San Jacinto in 1972, in the northeastern portion of the state.[1]The Humboldt River crosses the state from east to west across the northern part of the state, draining into the Humboldt Sink near Lovelock. Several rivers drain from the Sierra Nevada eastward, including the Walker, Truckee, and Carson rivers. All of these rivers are endorheic basins, ending in Walker Lake, Pyramid Lake, and the Carson Sink, respectively. However, not all of Nevada is within the Great Basin. Tributaries of the Snake River drain the far north, while the Colorado River, which also forms much of the boundary with Arizona, drains much of southern Nevada.The mountain ranges, some of which have peaks above 13,000 feet (4,000 m), harbor lush forests high above desert plains, creating sky islands for endemic species. The valleys are often no lower in elevation than 3,000 feet (910 m), while some in central Nevada are above 6,000 feet (1,800 m).Little Finland rock formation in NevadaThe southern third of the state, where the Las Vegas area is situated, is within the Mojave Desert. The area receives less rain in the winter but is closer to the Arizona Monsoon in the summer. The terrain is also lower, mostly below 4,000 feet (1,200 m), creating conditions for hot summer days and cool to chilly winter nights.Nevada and California have by far the longest diagonal line (in respect to the cardinal directions) as a state boundary at just over 400 miles (640 km). This line begins in Lake Tahoe nearly 4 miles (6.4 km) offshore (in the direction of the boundary), and continues to the Colorado River where the Nevada, California, and Arizona boundaries merge 12 miles (19 km) southwest of the Laughlin Bridge.The largest mountain range in the southern portion of the state is the Spring Mountain Range, just west of Las Vegas. The state's lowest point is along the Colorado River, south of Laughlin.Nevada has 172 mountain summits with 2,000 feet (610 m) of prominence. Nevada ranks second in the United States by the number of mountains, behind Alaska, and ahead of California, Montana, and Washington.[2]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Climate change in Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nevada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Nevada.png"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"climate normals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatological_normal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley_(landform)"},{"link_name":"diurnal temperature range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_range"},{"link_name":"Sierra Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Laughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughlin,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"San Jacinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jacinto,_Nevada"}],"text":"Further information: Climate change in NevadaKöppen climate types of Nevada, using 1991-2020 climate normals.Nevada is the driest state in the United States.[3] It is made up of mostly desert and semi-arid climate regions, and, with the exception of the Las Vegas Valley, the average summer diurnal temperature range approaches 40 °F (22 °C) in much of the state. While winters in northern Nevada are long and fairly cold, the winter season in the southern part of the state tends to be of short duration and mild. Most parts of Nevada receive scarce precipitation during the year. The most rain that falls in the state falls on the east and northeast slopes of the Sierra Nevada.The average annual rainfall per year is about 7 inches (180 mm); the wettest parts get around 40 inches (1,000 mm). Nevada's highest recorded temperature is 125 °F (52 °C) at Laughlin on June 29, 1994, and the lowest recorded temperature is −50 °F (−46 °C) at San Jacinto on January 8, 1937. Nevada's 125 °F (52 °C) reading is the third highest statewide record high temperature of a U.S. state, just behind Arizona's 128 °F (53 °C) reading and California's 134 °F (57 °C) reading.","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"dew point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData_NWS_Las_Vegas,_NV_(VEF)_-_LASthr-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI_Summary_of_Monthly_Normals_-_1991-2020_LV-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VEGASnoaasun-8"},{"link_name":"Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI_Summary_of_Monthly_Normals_-_1991-2020_Reno-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RenoNOAAsun-12"},{"link_name":"Carson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAACarson-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWDataCarson-15"}],"sub_title":"Climate data","text":"Climate data for Las Vegas (Köppen BWh)[a]\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n77(25)\n\n87(31)\n\n92(33)\n\n99(37)\n\n109(43)\n\n117(47)\n\n117(47)\n\n116(47)\n\n114(46)\n\n103(39)\n\n87(31)\n\n78(26)\n\n117(47)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n68.7(20.4)\n\n74.2(23.4)\n\n84.3(29.1)\n\n93.6(34.2)\n\n101.8(38.8)\n\n110.1(43.4)\n\n112.9(44.9)\n\n110.3(43.5)\n\n105.0(40.6)\n\n94.6(34.8)\n\n80.5(26.9)\n\n67.9(19.9)\n\n113.6(45.3)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n58.5(14.7)\n\n62.9(17.2)\n\n71.1(21.7)\n\n78.5(25.8)\n\n88.5(31.4)\n\n99.4(37.4)\n\n104.5(40.3)\n\n102.8(39.3)\n\n94.9(34.9)\n\n81.2(27.3)\n\n67.1(19.5)\n\n56.9(13.8)\n\n80.5(26.9)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n49.5(9.7)\n\n53.5(11.9)\n\n60.8(16.0)\n\n67.7(19.8)\n\n77.3(25.2)\n\n87.6(30.9)\n\n93.2(34.0)\n\n91.7(33.2)\n\n83.6(28.7)\n\n70.4(21.3)\n\n57.2(14.0)\n\n48.2(9.0)\n\n70.1(21.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n40.5(4.7)\n\n44.1(6.7)\n\n50.5(10.3)\n\n56.9(13.8)\n\n66.1(18.9)\n\n75.8(24.3)\n\n82.0(27.8)\n\n80.6(27.0)\n\n72.4(22.4)\n\n59.6(15.3)\n\n47.3(8.5)\n\n39.6(4.2)\n\n59.6(15.3)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n29.8(−1.2)\n\n32.9(0.5)\n\n38.7(3.7)\n\n45.2(7.3)\n\n52.8(11.6)\n\n62.2(16.8)\n\n72.9(22.7)\n\n70.8(21.6)\n\n60.8(16.0)\n\n47.4(8.6)\n\n35.2(1.8)\n\n29.0(−1.7)\n\n27.4(−2.6)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n8(−13)\n\n16(−9)\n\n19(−7)\n\n31(−1)\n\n38(3)\n\n48(9)\n\n56(13)\n\n54(12)\n\n43(6)\n\n26(−3)\n\n15(−9)\n\n11(−12)\n\n8(−13)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n0.56(14)\n\n0.80(20)\n\n0.42(11)\n\n0.20(5.1)\n\n0.07(1.8)\n\n0.04(1.0)\n\n0.38(9.7)\n\n0.32(8.1)\n\n0.32(8.1)\n\n0.32(8.1)\n\n0.30(7.6)\n\n0.45(11)\n\n4.18(106)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.2(0.51)\n\n0.2(0.51)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n3.1\n\n4.1\n\n2.8\n\n1.6\n\n1.1\n\n0.4\n\n2.5\n\n2.2\n\n1.8\n\n1.7\n\n1.5\n\n3.0\n\n25.8\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n0.0\n\n0.1\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.1\n\n0.2\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n45.1\n\n39.6\n\n33.1\n\n25.0\n\n21.3\n\n16.5\n\n21.1\n\n25.6\n\n25.0\n\n28.8\n\n37.2\n\n45.0\n\n30.3\n\n\nAverage dew point °F (°C)\n\n22.1(−5.5)\n\n23.7(−4.6)\n\n23.9(−4.5)\n\n24.1(−4.4)\n\n28.2(−2.1)\n\n30.9(−0.6)\n\n40.6(4.8)\n\n44.1(6.7)\n\n37.0(2.8)\n\n30.4(−0.9)\n\n25.3(−3.7)\n\n22.3(−5.4)\n\n29.4(−1.5)\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n245.2\n\n246.7\n\n314.6\n\n346.1\n\n388.1\n\n401.7\n\n390.9\n\n368.5\n\n337.1\n\n304.4\n\n246.0\n\n236.0\n\n3,825.3\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n79\n\n81\n\n85\n\n88\n\n89\n\n92\n\n88\n\n88\n\n91\n\n87\n\n80\n\n78\n\n86\n\n\nSource: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990)[5][6][7]Climate data for Reno (Köppen BSk)[b]\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n71(22)\n\n75(24)\n\n83(28)\n\n90(32)\n\n98(37)\n\n104(40)\n\n108(42)\n\n105(41)\n\n106(41)\n\n93(34)\n\n77(25)\n\n71(22)\n\n108(42)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n61.2(16.2)\n\n65.3(18.5)\n\n73.9(23.3)\n\n80.9(27.2)\n\n89.4(31.9)\n\n97.0(36.1)\n\n102.1(38.9)\n\n100.0(37.8)\n\n94.5(34.7)\n\n85.0(29.4)\n\n71.5(21.9)\n\n61.7(16.5)\n\n102.6(39.2)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n47.7(8.7)\n\n52.1(11.2)\n\n59.2(15.1)\n\n64.7(18.2)\n\n74.1(23.4)\n\n84.6(29.2)\n\n93.9(34.4)\n\n92.1(33.4)\n\n83.8(28.8)\n\n70.4(21.3)\n\n56.7(13.7)\n\n46.7(8.2)\n\n68.8(20.4)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n36.9(2.7)\n\n40.6(4.8)\n\n46.6(8.1)\n\n51.6(10.9)\n\n60.3(15.7)\n\n69.2(20.7)\n\n77.2(25.1)\n\n75.1(23.9)\n\n67.0(19.4)\n\n55.1(12.8)\n\n43.8(6.6)\n\n36.2(2.3)\n\n55.0(12.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n26.1(−3.3)\n\n29.0(−1.7)\n\n34.0(1.1)\n\n38.5(3.6)\n\n46.6(8.1)\n\n53.8(12.1)\n\n60.4(15.8)\n\n58.1(14.5)\n\n50.3(10.2)\n\n39.7(4.3)\n\n31.0(−0.6)\n\n25.7(−3.5)\n\n41.1(5.1)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n12.2(−11.0)\n\n16.1(−8.8)\n\n21.3(−5.9)\n\n26.2(−3.2)\n\n34.0(1.1)\n\n41.0(5.0)\n\n50.7(10.4)\n\n48.5(9.2)\n\n39.0(3.9)\n\n27.4(−2.6)\n\n17.4(−8.1)\n\n11.3(−11.5)\n\n6.6(−14.1)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−17(−27)\n\n−16(−27)\n\n−3(−19)\n\n13(−11)\n\n16(−9)\n\n25(−4)\n\n33(1)\n\n24(−4)\n\n20(−7)\n\n8(−13)\n\n1(−17)\n\n−16(−27)\n\n−17(−27)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n1.25(32)\n\n1.03(26)\n\n0.80(20)\n\n0.44(11)\n\n0.55(14)\n\n0.41(10)\n\n0.20(5.1)\n\n0.24(6.1)\n\n0.21(5.3)\n\n0.50(13)\n\n0.62(16)\n\n1.10(28)\n\n7.35(187)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n5.2(13)\n\n5.2(13)\n\n2.9(7.4)\n\n0.4(1.0)\n\n0.1(0.25)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.1(0.25)\n\n1.8(4.6)\n\n5.2(13)\n\n20.9(53)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n6.9\n\n7.0\n\n5.5\n\n4.5\n\n4.4\n\n3.1\n\n1.7\n\n1.6\n\n2.0\n\n2.9\n\n4.3\n\n6.6\n\n50.5\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n3.4\n\n3.3\n\n2.0\n\n0.7\n\n0.2\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.1\n\n1.2\n\n3.0\n\n13.9\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n68.0\n\n60.2\n\n52.7\n\n45.9\n\n43.2\n\n39.9\n\n36.2\n\n39.3\n\n44.0\n\n50.7\n\n61.2\n\n67.6\n\n50.7\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n195.6\n\n204.2\n\n291.0\n\n332.1\n\n375.8\n\n393.8\n\n424.0\n\n390.8\n\n343.9\n\n295.2\n\n212.0\n\n187.5\n\n3,645.9\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n65\n\n68\n\n78\n\n83\n\n84\n\n88\n\n93\n\n92\n\n92\n\n85\n\n70\n\n64\n\n82\n\n\nSource: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[8][9][10]Climate data for Carson City (Köppen BSk) [c]\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n72(22)\n\n76(24)\n\n81(27)\n\n88(31)\n\n94(34)\n\n101(38)\n\n107(42)\n\n105(41)\n\n103(39)\n\n93(34)\n\n79(26)\n\n75(24)\n\n107(42)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n59.3(15.2)\n\n62.4(16.9)\n\n70.7(21.5)\n\n77.9(25.5)\n\n85.6(29.8)\n\n93.6(34.2)\n\n99.0(37.2)\n\n96.5(35.8)\n\n91.9(33.3)\n\n82.7(28.2)\n\n70.7(21.5)\n\n60.5(15.8)\n\n99.0(37.2)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n45.5(7.5)\n\n49.5(9.7)\n\n56.2(13.4)\n\n61.7(16.5)\n\n70.4(21.3)\n\n80.9(27.2)\n\n89.5(31.9)\n\n87.8(31.0)\n\n80.7(27.1)\n\n68.0(20.0)\n\n54.5(12.5)\n\n44.6(7.0)\n\n65.8(18.8)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n34.8(1.6)\n\n38.3(3.5)\n\n43.9(6.6)\n\n48.8(9.3)\n\n56.6(13.7)\n\n65.0(18.3)\n\n72.1(22.3)\n\n70.2(21.2)\n\n63.1(17.3)\n\n52.2(11.2)\n\n41.4(5.2)\n\n34.2(1.2)\n\n51.7(10.9)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n24.1(−4.4)\n\n27.1(−2.7)\n\n31.6(−0.2)\n\n35.8(2.1)\n\n42.9(6.1)\n\n49.2(9.6)\n\n54.8(12.7)\n\n52.5(11.4)\n\n45.6(7.6)\n\n36.3(2.4)\n\n28.4(−2.0)\n\n23.9(−4.5)\n\n37.7(3.2)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n6.9(−13.9)\n\n11.7(−11.3)\n\n17.4(−8.1)\n\n22.3(−5.4)\n\n29.7(−1.3)\n\n35.8(2.1)\n\n44.4(6.9)\n\n42.1(5.6)\n\n34.3(1.3)\n\n21.8(−5.7)\n\n11.4(−11.4)\n\n6.2(−14.3)\n\n0.6(−17.4)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−27(−33)\n\n−22(−30)\n\n−5(−21)\n\n3(−16)\n\n18(−8)\n\n25(−4)\n\n33(1)\n\n26(−3)\n\n17(−8)\n\n6(−14)\n\n−5(−21)\n\n−26(−32)\n\n−27(−33)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n1.72(44)\n\n1.48(38)\n\n1.24(31)\n\n0.51(13)\n\n0.51(13)\n\n0.37(9.4)\n\n0.18(4.6)\n\n0.14(3.6)\n\n0.24(6.1)\n\n0.55(14)\n\n0.90(23)\n\n1.50(38)\n\n9.34(237.7)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n3.6(9.1)\n\n1.7(4.3)\n\n1.6(4.1)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.7(1.8)\n\n6.4(16)\n\n14.0(36)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n6.2\n\n5.6\n\n4.8\n\n3.2\n\n3.4\n\n1.7\n\n0.9\n\n1.0\n\n1.1\n\n2.4\n\n3.3\n\n4.8\n\n38.4\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n1.8\n\n1.4\n\n1.0\n\n0.1\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.6\n\n1.4\n\n6.3\n\n\nSource 1: NOAA [11]\n\n\nSource 2: National Weather Service [12]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Flora of Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Fauna of Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Nevada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skorpion_fg02.jpg"},{"link_name":"giant hairy scorpion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_hairy_scorpion"},{"link_name":"Great Basin Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Basin_Desert"},{"link_name":"Mojave Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Desert"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"adapted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapted"},{"link_name":"desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert"},{"link_name":"ecosystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem"},{"link_name":"biotic zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotic_zone"},{"link_name":"alpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_vegetation"},{"link_name":"sub-alpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-alpine"},{"link_name":"ponderosa pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponderosa_pine_forest"},{"link_name":"pinion-juniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyon-juniper_woodland"},{"link_name":"sagebrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagebrush"},{"link_name":"creosotebush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creosotebush"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds"},{"link_name":"bald eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_eagles"},{"link_name":"mountain bluebirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_bluebird"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammals"},{"link_name":"desert bighorn sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_bighorn_sheep"},{"link_name":"coyotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"scorpions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"reptiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiles"},{"link_name":"Great Basin rattlesnakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Basin_rattlesnake"},{"link_name":"desert tortoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_tortoise"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"Lahontan cutthroat trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahontan_cutthroat_trout"},{"link_name":"mountain whitefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_whitefish"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Main pages: Category:Flora of Nevada and Fauna of NevadaThe giant hairy scorpion is the largest scorpion in North America and is commonly found in Nevada.Being the driest U.S. State, and with much of it located within large deserts like the Great Basin Desert and the Mojave Desert,[13] most of Nevada's organisms are adapted to a desert environment.Even so, the ecosystem of Nevada is diverse and differs by state area. It contains six biotic zones: alpine, sub-alpine, ponderosa pine, pinion-juniper, sagebrush and creosotebush.[14]It contains 488 species of birds (such as bald eagles and mountain bluebirds),[15] 61 species of mammals (such as desert bighorn sheep and coyotes),[16] 16 species of scorpions,[17] 52 species of reptiles (such as Great Basin rattlesnakes and desert tortoise)[18] and 48 species of fish (such as Lahontan cutthroat trout and mountain whitefish).[19]","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of counties in Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Nevada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Strip_from_Eiffel_Tower_(9176999807).jpg"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nevada_State_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carson City Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_City_Mint"},{"link_name":"Carson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"independent city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Lake County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_County,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Roop County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roop_County,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Lassen County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassen_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-library-23"},{"link_name":"Consolidated Municipality of Carson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Municipality_of_Carson_City"},{"link_name":"Bullfrog County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullfrog_County,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-library-23"},{"link_name":"Utah Territorial Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Territorial_Legislature"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Lincoln County, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Reno–Sparks metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno%E2%80%93Sparks_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Lyon"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Yerington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerington,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Dayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1stSession-25"}],"sub_title":"Counties","text":"Further information: List of counties in NevadaThe Las Vegas Strip looking SouthCarson City Mint in Carson City. Carson City is an independent city and the capital of Nevada.Nevada is divided into political jurisdictions designated as counties. Carson City is officially a consolidated municipality, meaning it legally functions as both a city and a county. As of 1919, there were 17 counties in the state, ranging from 146 to 18,159 square miles (380 to 47,030 km2).Lake County, one of the original nine counties formed in 1861, was renamed Roop County in 1862. Part of the county became Lassen County, California, in 1864, resolving border uncertainty. In 1883, Washoe County annexed the portion that remained in Nevada.[20]In 1969, Ormsby County was dissolved and the Consolidated Municipality of Carson City was created by the Legislature in its place coterminous with the old boundaries of Ormsby County.Bullfrog County was formed in 1987 from part of Nye County. After the creation was declared unconstitutional, the county was abolished in 1989.[20]Humboldt County was designated as a county in 1856 by Utah Territorial Legislature and again in 1861 by the new Nevada Legislature.Clark County is the most populous county in Nevada, accounting for nearly three-quarters of its residents. Las Vegas, Nevada's most populous city, has been the county seat since the county was created in 1909 from a portion of Lincoln County, Nevada. Before that, it was a part of Arizona Territory. Clark County attracts numerous tourists: An estimated 44 million people visited Clark County in 2014.[21]Washoe County is the second-most populous county of Nevada. Its county seat is Reno. Washoe County includes the Reno–Sparks metropolitan area.Lyon County is the third most populous county. It was one of the nine original counties created in 1861. It was named after Nathaniel Lyon, the first Union General to be killed in the Civil War. Its current county seat is Yerington. Its first county seat was established at Dayton on November 29, 1861.[22]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nevada"},{"link_name":"County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Nevada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DowntownLasVegas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Las_Vegas_aerial_view.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_County,_Nevada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reno,_Nevada_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno,_Nevada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northlasv.jpg"},{"link_name":"North Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_County,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Washoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washoe_County,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"North Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_County,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_County,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Spring Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Valley,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_County,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Sunrise Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_Manor,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_County,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_County,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparks,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Washoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washoe_County,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Carson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Carson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_City"}],"sub_title":"Settlements","text":"Largest cities or towns in NevadaSource:[24]\n\n\n\nRank\n\nName\n\nCounty\n\nMunicipal pop.\n\n\n\n\nLas VegasHenderson\n\n1\nLas Vegas\nClark\n641,903\n\nRenoNorth Las Vegas\n\n\n2\nHenderson\nClark\n317,610\n\n\n3\nReno\nWashoe\n264,165\n\n\n4\nNorth Las Vegas\nClark\n262,527\n\n\n5\nEnterprise\nClark\n221,831\n\n\n6\nSpring Valley\nClark\n215,597\n\n\n7\nSunrise Manor\nClark\n205,618\n\n\n8\nParadise\nClark\n191,238\n\n\n9\nSparks\nWashoe\n108,445\n\n\n10\nCarson City\nCarson City\n58,639","title":"Administration"}] | [{"image_text":"Mountains west of Las Vegas in the Mojave Desert","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mountains_west_of_Las_Vegas_in_the_Mojave_Desert.jpg/170px-Mountains_west_of_Las_Vegas_in_the_Mojave_Desert.jpg"},{"image_text":"A valley near Pyramid Lake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Valley_in_Nevada.jpg/220px-Valley_in_Nevada.jpg"},{"image_text":"Topographic map of Nevada","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Digital-elevation-map-nevada.gif/220px-Digital-elevation-map-nevada.gif"},{"image_text":"Little Finland rock formation in Nevada","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Charge%21_Little_Finland%2C_NV.jpg/220px-Charge%21_Little_Finland%2C_NV.jpg"},{"image_text":"Köppen climate types of Nevada, using 1991-2020 climate normals.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Nevada.png/300px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Nevada.png"},{"image_text":"The giant hairy scorpion is the largest scorpion in North America and is commonly found in Nevada.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Skorpion_fg02.jpg/250px-Skorpion_fg02.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Las Vegas Strip looking South","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Strip_from_Eiffel_Tower_%289176999807%29.jpg/220px-The_Strip_from_Eiffel_Tower_%289176999807%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Carson City Mint in Carson City. Carson City is an independent city and the capital of Nevada.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nevada_State_Museum.jpg/220px-Nevada_State_Museum.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Geography of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_California"},{"title":"Geography of New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_New_Mexico"}] | [{"reference":"Osborn, Liz. \"Driest states\". Currentresults.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/US/driest-states.php","url_text":"\"Driest states\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130117095100/http://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/US/driest-states.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nevada climate averages\". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on October 9, 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=NV&statename=Nevada-United-States-of-America","url_text":"\"Nevada climate averages\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151009031701/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=NV&statename=Nevada-United-States-of-America","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=vef","url_text":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00023169&format=pdf","url_text":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"WMO Climate Normals for LAS VEGAS/MCCARRAN, NV 1961–1990\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgftp//ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72386.TXT","url_text":"\"WMO Climate Normals for LAS VEGAS/MCCARRAN, NV 1961–1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Weather Service Climate\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2021-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=rev","url_text":"\"National Weather Service Climate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2021-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00023185&format=pdf","url_text":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"WMO Climate Normals for NV Reno Tahoe INTL AP 1961–1990\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgftp//ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72488.TXT","url_text":"\"WMO Climate Normals for NV Reno Tahoe INTL AP 1961–1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00261485&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","url_text":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access\""}]},{"reference":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Weather Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=rev","url_text":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nevada\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infoplease.com/us/states/nevada","url_text":"\"Nevada\""}]},{"reference":"Federal Writers' Project (1940). Nevada: a guide to the Silver state. US History Publishers. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-60354-027-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project","url_text":"Federal Writers' Project"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60354-027-8","url_text":"978-1-60354-027-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Nevada birds\".","urls":[{"url":"https://travelnevada.com/wildlife/find-your-flock-6-premier-perches-for-birding-in-nevada/","url_text":"\"Nevada birds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nevada mammals\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/grba/learn/nature/list-of-mammals.htm","url_text":"\"Nevada mammals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nevada scorpions\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.azscorpion.com/Nev.html","url_text":"\"Nevada scorpions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nevada reptiles\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washoecounty.gov/animal/files/images/Wildlife/NV_Ven_reptiles.pdf","url_text":"\"Nevada reptiles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nevada fish\". Archived from the original on 2013-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130411222003/http://dcnr.nv.gov/documents/documents/nevadas-fishes-2/","url_text":"\"Nevada fish\""},{"url":"http://dcnr.nv.gov/documents/documents/nevadas-fishes-2/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Political History of Nevada\". Nevada State Library and Archives. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 17, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213541/http://dmla.clan.lib.nv.us/docs/nsla/archives/political/historical/hist19.htm","url_text":"\"Political History of Nevada\""},{"url":"http://dmla.clan.lib.nv.us/docs/nsla/archives/political/historical/hist19.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Visitors\". Clarkcountynv.gov. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved July 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clarkcountynv.gov/visitors/Pages/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Visitors\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140717004427/http://www.clarkcountynv.gov/visitors/Pages/default.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Laws of the Territory of Nevada passed at the first regular session of the Legislative Assembly. San Francisco, CA: Valentine & Co. 1862. pp. 289–291. Archived from the original on July 7, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oq0wAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Laws of the Territory of Nevada passed at the first regular session of the Legislative Assembly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140707140535/http://books.google.com/books?id=oq0wAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nevada's Census Population By County 2020 and 2021\". Archived from the original on April 22, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/NV/PST045221","url_text":"\"Nevada's Census Population By County 2020 and 2021\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220422021034/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/NV/PST045221","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Nevada QuickFacts\". U.S. Census Bureau. August 18, 2021. Archived from the original on April 22, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/NV/PST045221","url_text":"\"2020 Nevada QuickFacts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220422021034/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/NV/PST045221","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://peakvisor.com/adm/nevada.html","external_links_name":"Nevada"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201130175829/https://peakvisor.com/adm/nevada.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/US/driest-states.php","external_links_name":"\"Driest states\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130117095100/http://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/US/driest-states.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=NV&statename=Nevada-United-States-of-America","external_links_name":"\"Nevada climate averages\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151009031701/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=NV&statename=Nevada-United-States-of-America","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=vef","external_links_name":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00023169&format=pdf","external_links_name":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020\""},{"Link":"ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72386.TXT","external_links_name":"\"WMO Climate Normals for LAS VEGAS/MCCARRAN, NV 1961–1990\""},{"Link":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=rev","external_links_name":"\"National Weather Service Climate\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00023185&format=pdf","external_links_name":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020\""},{"Link":"ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72488.TXT","external_links_name":"\"WMO Climate Normals for NV Reno Tahoe INTL AP 1961–1990\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00261485&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access\""},{"Link":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=rev","external_links_name":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.infoplease.com/us/states/nevada","external_links_name":"\"Nevada\""},{"Link":"https://travelnevada.com/wildlife/find-your-flock-6-premier-perches-for-birding-in-nevada/","external_links_name":"\"Nevada birds\""},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/grba/learn/nature/list-of-mammals.htm","external_links_name":"\"Nevada mammals\""},{"Link":"http://www.azscorpion.com/Nev.html","external_links_name":"\"Nevada scorpions\""},{"Link":"https://www.washoecounty.gov/animal/files/images/Wildlife/NV_Ven_reptiles.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Nevada reptiles\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130411222003/http://dcnr.nv.gov/documents/documents/nevadas-fishes-2/","external_links_name":"\"Nevada fish\""},{"Link":"http://dcnr.nv.gov/documents/documents/nevadas-fishes-2/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213541/http://dmla.clan.lib.nv.us/docs/nsla/archives/political/historical/hist19.htm","external_links_name":"\"Political History of Nevada\""},{"Link":"http://dmla.clan.lib.nv.us/docs/nsla/archives/political/historical/hist19.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.clarkcountynv.gov/visitors/Pages/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Visitors\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140717004427/http://www.clarkcountynv.gov/visitors/Pages/default.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oq0wAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Laws of the Territory of Nevada passed at the first regular session of the Legislative Assembly"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140707140535/http://books.google.com/books?id=oq0wAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/NV/PST045221","external_links_name":"\"Nevada's Census Population By County 2020 and 2021\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220422021034/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/NV/PST045221","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/NV/PST045221","external_links_name":"\"2020 Nevada QuickFacts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220422021034/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/NV/PST045221","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/","external_links_name":"Threadex"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_England | 2009 in England | ["1 Incumbent","2 Events","2.1 January","2.2 February","2.3 March","2.4 April","2.5 May","2.6 June","2.7 July","2.8 August","2.9 September","2.10 October","2.11 November","2.12 December","2.13 Undated","3 See also","4 References"] | List of events
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See also:2008–09 in English football2009–10 in English football2009 in the United KingdomOther events of 2009
Events from 2009 in England
Incumbent
Further information: Politics of England
Events
January
2 January – A light aircraft crashes into overhead power cables on the West Coast Main Line near the village of Little Haywood in Staffordshire, causing widespread disruption to train services, and reportedly killing the three occupants of the aircraft.
5 January –
Cold weather consisting of snow and freezing temperatures causes widespread disruption across the UK. Travel routes are severely affected including roads and railways, in addition to Luton and Birmingham airports respectively. The weather also leads to the closure of many schools who were due to return after the Christmas break.
Waterford Wedgwood, makers of the famous Wedgwood pottery, enters administration.
7 January – England Cricket Captain, Kevin Pietersen resigns after months of rows with England Manager, Peter Moores. Moores is sacked from his job by the England and Wales Cricket Board. Andrew Strauss is named as the new Captain.
12 January – At the 66th Golden Globe Awards, British actress Kate Winslet wins two awards, Best Actress (Motion Picture Drama) and Best Supporting Actress (Motion Picture); while British film Slumdog Millionaire wins all four of the awards for which it is nominated.
15 January –
Approval is granted for the building of the controversial third runway and sixth terminal at Heathrow Airport. As part of the decision, the Secretary of State for Transport, Geoff Hoon, announces restrictions on aircraft using the third runway that are designed to limit noise pollution and carbon dioxide emissions, alongside proposals for a high-speed rail hub, also located at Heathrow.
John McDonnell, Labour MP for Hayes and Harlington, the constituency which includes Heathrow Airport, is suspended from Parliament after picking up the ceremonial House of Commons mace in protest at the government's approval of a third runway.
23 January – Karen Matthews and Michael Donavon are sentenced to eight years in prison for the kidnap of Shannon Matthews, the former's daughter, having held her captive in Donvon's flat in Dewsbury last year as part of a bid to claim £50,000 for her "safe return" after reporting her missing to the police.
26 January – Possession of "extreme pornography" becomes illegal under the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008.
28 January – Hundreds of workers go on strike at the Lindsay Oil Refinery in Lincolnshire in protest at the hiring of foreign construction workers at the site, despite rising unemployment in the UK.
February
2 February – Contractors at the Sellafield and Heysham nuclear plants walk out in the ongoing unofficial strike action over foreign workers.
3 February – Adverse weather conditions continues to cause widespread disruption to education and transport in large parts of England.
5 February –
Further heavy snow in parts of England and Wales causes fresh school closures and travel disruption.
Workers participating in unofficial strikes over the use of foreign workers agree to return to work after a compromise deal is struck by Acas.
9 February – Chelsea F.C. manager Luiz Felipe Scolari is sacked by the club's board after results deteriorate "at a key time in the season". It comes just hours after fellow Premier League manager, Tony Adams of Portsmouth F.C., is sacked, again after a poor run of results.
13 February – A BA CityFlyer flight from Amsterdam loses its nosewheel on arrival at London City Airport due to a "hard landing". One passenger is hospitalised with minor injuries.
18 February – The Yorkshire Ripper is released from Broadmoor Hospital to face a life sentence, for killing 13 women and attempting to kill 7 more, after doctors claim he has been treated for schizophrenia.
22 February – TV personality, Jade Goody and her boyfriend, Jack Tweed, are married at Down Hall, Essex. Goody, 27, has had cervical cancer for six months and was told earlier this month that she may only have weeks to live after the cancer spread to her bowel, liver and groin. Tweed is free on license following imprisonment for assault.
25 February – Labour Party peer Lord Ahmed is sentenced to 12 weeks imprisonment for dangerous driving, having been involved in a fatal crash.
March
1 March – Manchester United F.C. win the 2009 Carling Cup, beating Tottenham Hotspur F.C. 4–1 on penalties in the final. The scores stood level at 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time.
4 March – ITV announces it is cutting 600 jobs after it reported a loss of £2.6 billion for 2008. The jobs will go from the company's Yorkshire studios in Leeds and from their headquarters in London.
5 March – Michael Jackson announces his last concert series, This Is It to be held at the O2 Arena in London. The concerts are never held due to his death three months later.
6 March – Police launch an investigation after a protester throws green custard at the Business and Enterprise Secretary, Lord Mandleson, in protest at the government's decision to approve the construction of a third runway at Heathrow Airport.
18 March – Sean Hodgson, who has served 27 years in prison since being convicted of murder in 1982, is acquitted at the Court of Appeal in London.
22 March – Jade Goody, the reality TV star, dies at her home in Essex after a seven-month battle against cancer.
April
Magnified image of the H1NI flu virus, which resulted in a pandemic.
The world leaders present at the G20 London Summit.
1 April – Protests are held across London ahead of the following day's G-20 summit. Police report 63 arrests across the city, where a branch of the Royal Bank of Scotland is targeted by protesters, believed to be as a result of the ongoing anger at the pension of former Chief Executive, Fred Goodwin. The Metropolitan Police later announce that one protester died of a heart-attack during the protests.
2 April – The 2009 G-20 London summit is held in response to the ongoing global financial crisis. The summit ends in the leaders announcing various measures, including a $1.1 trillion investment in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank.
8 April – Analogue television signals begin to be switched off in the Westcountry Television area as part of the UK's ongoing process of digital switchover.
29 April – Three cases of Swine Flu are confirmed in England. One adult is diagnosed in Redditch, another in South London, whilst a 12-year-old girl is diagnosed in Torbay. Meanwhile, the Scottish Health Secretary, Nicola Sturgeon announces that 15 suspected cases in Scotland are negative.
30 April – A further three cases of swine flu are confirmed by the Department of Health. Two of the cases are located in London, with the third being in Newcastle.
May
10 May – The decapitated body of Michael Gilbert is found in Arlesey. He had been kept as a slave and subject to year of abuse by the Watt family, six members of which were later jailed for their role in the murder.
16 May – Manchester United win the Premier League championship for the third consecutive year after a 0–0 draw against Arsenal F.C. at their home ground, Old Trafford. They have now equalled Liverpool's record tally of 18 top division titles.
27 May – Manchester United lose 2–0 to FC Barcelona of Spain in the European Cup final at Rome's Olympic Stadium.
30 May – Chelsea win the FA Cup for the fifth time after beating Everton 2–1 in the final at Wembley Stadium. Everton French striker Louis Saha scores the fastest ever FA Cup Final goal, after 23 seconds.
June
4 June – Elections are held to the European Parliament, alongside local council elections in England.
5 June – The results of the local elections are announced, with the remaining councils under Labour Party control all falling to the Conservative Party's control. The projected national vote shares suggests that the Conservatives achieved 38% of the vote, the Liberal Democrats 28% and Labour 23%.
7 June – The results of the European parliamentary elections, held on 4 June, are announced, and show large declines in the vote of the Labour Party. The far-right British National Party also win their first ever seats in a national election, being elected in North West England and Yorkshire and the Humber.
8 June – Female paedophile and nursery worker Vanessa George arrested in Plymouth over child pornography and sexual assault offences.
21 June – The final British Grand Prix (providing Donington Park is prepared on time) to be held at the Silverstone Circuit is won by Sebastian Vettel. Britain's Jenson Button and Lewis Hamilton finish 6th and 16th respectively.
22 June – English Conservative MP John Bercow is elected as the 157th Speaker of the House of Commons.
27 June – The English Defence League is formed by protesters who claim that the government has been weak and ineffectual against extreme Islam.
July
Harry Patch, the last British Army veteran of World War I, who died on 25 July aged 111.
Henry Allingham, the oldest man in the world and one of the last surviving veterans of World War I, who died on 18 July aged 113.
1 July – The government announces that it is taking the InterCity East Coast franchise into a period of public ownership, after the incumbent operator, National Express East Coast, said it planned to default on its franchise agreement.
3 July – Six people, including three children, are killed after a fire in a high rise residential tower block in Camberwell, south London.
5 July – The Staffordshire Hoard, the largest haul of Anglo-Saxon treasure ever found, is uncovered. The 1,500 gold and silver pieces are discovered buried beneath a field in Staffordshire by metal detecting enthusiast Terry Herbert. This is made public on 24 September.
8 July – The First Test of the 2009 Ashes series takes place at Cardiff's Sophia Gardens
18 July – Henry Allingham, the world's oldest man and one of the last surviving First World War servicemen, dies aged 113.
24 July – The results of the previous day's Norwich North by-election are announced. The Conservatives win with a majority of more than 7,000, making their candidate, 27-year-old Chloe Smith the youngest MP in the UK. The election was held following the resignation of Labour's Ian Gibson over the MPs expenses row earlier in the year.
25 July – Harry Patch, the last British survivor of the First World War trenches and briefly the oldest man in the United Kingdom, dies aged 111. Claude Choules, a 108-year-old former Royal Navy serviceman who was born in Worcestershire but now lives in Australia, is the last surviving British veteran of the war and one of just three surviving of any nationality.
28 July – The International Rugby Board confirms that the United Kingdom has won the rights to stage both the 2013 Rugby League and the 2015 Rugby Union World Cups.
30 July – Multiple sclerosis sufferer Debbie Purdy makes legal history by winning her battle to have the law on assisted suicide clarified after the Law Lords rule in her favour.
31 July – Gary McKinnon, an English man with Asperger syndrome loses his latest High Court bid to avoid extradition to the United States to face charges of hacking into US Government computers.
August
6 August – Great Train Robber Ronnie Biggs, who is gravely ill, is granted release from prison on compassionate grounds.
23 August – In cricket, the Ashes series concludes with England defeating Australia 2–1.
August – A metal detectorist discovers the Shrewsbury Hoard, about 10,000 Roman coins.
September
7 September – Convictions and acquittals in the trial for those charged over the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot.
9 September – Westcountry Television completes the digital switchover process with the turning off of all analogue signals from the Caradon Hill transmitter.
14 September – Those convicted for their role in the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot are sentenced.
October
A crowd protests BNP Leader Nick Griffin's appearance on the BBC show Question Time.
18 October – England's Jenson Button wins the 2009 Formula One Drivers' Championship after finishing in 5th place at the Brazilian Grand Prix. English based team Brawn GP, who Button drives for, secures the Constructors' Championship at the same race, in their debut season.
22 October – British National Party leader Nick Griffin makes a controversial first appearance on the BBC One political debate programme Question Time. He later announces his intention to make a formal complaint to the BBC for the way he believed he was treated by the programme's audience, who he described as a "lynch mob" and the show's other guests.
November
4 November – Granada Television begins the process of digital switchover.
14 November – Severe gales and heavy rain from an Atlantic storm cause floods and damage across southern England and Wales.
19 November – Highest ever UK 24-hour rainfall total, 314.4 mm, recorded at Seathwaite Farm, Cumbria – a record which stands until December 2015.
20 November – Many towns and villages in Cumbria are flooded following several days of heavy rain. Three bridges collapse, one of them leading to the death of a police officer, who was standing on the bridge when it collapsed.
December
2 December – The Winter Hill transmitter has its remaining analogue signals turned off, completing the digital switchover process in the Granada Television region.
The England 2018 FIFA World Cup bidding team announce the 12 cities which will be part of their campaign to host the tournament. Wembley Stadium, Arsenal's Emirates Stadium, Manchester United's Old Trafford and Liverpool's Anfield or proposed new stadium are among the venues, as is the Stadium:mk in Milton Keynes which only opened in 2007.
15 December – Paedophile nursery worker Vanessa George is jailed indefinitely after previously admitting to seven sexual assaults and six counts of making and distributing indecent pictures of children.
18 December – Heavy snowfall causes widespread disruption across large parts of South East England, East Anglia, the East Midlands and Yorkshire and the Humber.
Undated
The Church of England has designated 2009 as 'The Year of Child'
See also
2009 in Northern Ireland
2009 in Scotland
2009 in Wales
References
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vteYears in England (927–present)10th century
Pre-927
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
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951
952
953
954
955
956
957
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959
960
961
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963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
11th century
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
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1053
1054
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1060
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1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
12th century
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
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1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
13th century
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
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1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
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1255
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1258
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1269
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1271
1272
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1275
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1278
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1281
1282
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1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
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1295
1296
1297
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1299
1300
14th century
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
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1311
1312
1313
1314
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1334
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1358
1359
1360
1361
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1364
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1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
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1400
15th century
1401
1402
1403
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1405
1406
1407
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1409
1410
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1412
1413
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1471
1472
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1487
1488
1489
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1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
16th century
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
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1521
1522
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1524
1525
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1527
1528
1529
1530
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1535
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1538
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1544
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1549
1550
1551
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1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
17th century
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
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1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
18th century
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
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1769
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1771
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1781
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1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
19th century
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
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1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
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1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
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1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
20th century
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
21st century
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"Events from 2009 in England","title":"2009 in England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Politics of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_England"}],"text":"Further information: Politics of England","title":"Incumbent"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Coast Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Little Haywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Haywood"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Luton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton_Airport"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Airport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coldweather-2"},{"link_name":"Waterford Wedgwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Wedgwood"},{"link_name":"Wedgwood pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedgwood"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kevin Pietersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen"},{"link_name":"Peter Moores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Moores_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Strauss"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"66th Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/66th_Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"Kate Winslet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Winslet"},{"link_name":"Best Actress (Motion Picture Drama)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actress_-_Motion_Picture_Drama"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actress (Motion Picture)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress_-_Motion_Picture"},{"link_name":"Slumdog Millionaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slumdog_Millionaire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"third runway and sixth terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport#Terminal_6_and_Runway_3"},{"link_name":"Heathrow Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Airport"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Transport"},{"link_name":"Geoff Hoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Hoon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"John McDonnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McDonnell_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Hayes and Harlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayes_and_Harlington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"ceremonial House of Commons mace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_mace"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Karen Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Dewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewsbury"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Oil Refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Oil_Refinery"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"January","text":"2 January – A light aircraft crashes into overhead power cables on the West Coast Main Line near the village of Little Haywood in Staffordshire, causing widespread disruption to train services, and reportedly killing the three occupants of the aircraft.[1]\n5 January –\nCold weather consisting of snow and freezing temperatures causes widespread disruption across the UK. Travel routes are severely affected including roads and railways, in addition to Luton and Birmingham airports respectively. The weather also leads to the closure of many schools who were due to return after the Christmas break.[2]\nWaterford Wedgwood, makers of the famous Wedgwood pottery, enters administration.[3]\n7 January – England Cricket Captain, Kevin Pietersen resigns after months of rows with England Manager, Peter Moores. Moores is sacked from his job by the England and Wales Cricket Board. Andrew Strauss is named as the new Captain.[4]\n12 January – At the 66th Golden Globe Awards, British actress Kate Winslet wins two awards, Best Actress (Motion Picture Drama) and Best Supporting Actress (Motion Picture); while British film Slumdog Millionaire wins all four of the awards for which it is nominated.[5]\n15 January –\nApproval is granted for the building of the controversial third runway and sixth terminal at Heathrow Airport. As part of the decision, the Secretary of State for Transport, Geoff Hoon, announces restrictions on aircraft using the third runway that are designed to limit noise pollution and carbon dioxide emissions, alongside proposals for a high-speed rail hub, also located at Heathrow.[6]\nJohn McDonnell, Labour MP for Hayes and Harlington, the constituency which includes Heathrow Airport, is suspended from Parliament after picking up the ceremonial House of Commons mace in protest at the government's approval of a third runway.[7]\n23 January – Karen Matthews and Michael Donavon are sentenced to eight years in prison for the kidnap of Shannon Matthews, the former's daughter, having held her captive in Donvon's flat in Dewsbury last year as part of a bid to claim £50,000 for her \"safe return\" after reporting her missing to the police.[8]\n26 January – Possession of \"extreme pornography\" becomes illegal under the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008.[9][10]\n28 January – Hundreds of workers go on strike at the Lindsay Oil Refinery in Lincolnshire in protest at the hiring of foreign construction workers at the site, despite rising unemployment in the UK.[11]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sellafield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellafield"},{"link_name":"Heysham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heysham_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"unofficial strike action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Anti_Posted_Workers_Directive_strikes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Adverse weather conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2009_United_Kingdom_snowstorm"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"unofficial strikes over the use of foreign workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Anti_Posted_Workers_Directive_strikes"},{"link_name":"Acas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acas"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Chelsea F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"Luiz Felipe Scolari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_Felipe_Scolari"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Tony Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Adams_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C."},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"BA CityFlyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BA_CityFlyer"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schipol_Airport"},{"link_name":"nosewheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear"},{"link_name":"London City Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_City_Airport"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Ripper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Ripper"},{"link_name":"Broadmoor Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadmoor_Hospital"},{"link_name":"schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"Jade Goody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Goody"},{"link_name":"Jack Tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Tweed"},{"link_name":"Down Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_Hall"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"cervical cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_cancer"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"bowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel"},{"link_name":"liver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver"},{"link_name":"groin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groin"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Lord Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazir_Ahmed,_Baron_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"February","text":"2 February – Contractors at the Sellafield and Heysham nuclear plants walk out in the ongoing unofficial strike action over foreign workers.[12]\n3 February – Adverse weather conditions continues to cause widespread disruption to education and transport in large parts of England.[13]\n5 February –\nFurther heavy snow in parts of England and Wales causes fresh school closures and travel disruption.[14]\nWorkers participating in unofficial strikes over the use of foreign workers agree to return to work after a compromise deal is struck by Acas.[15]\n9 February – Chelsea F.C. manager Luiz Felipe Scolari is sacked by the club's board after results deteriorate \"at a key time in the season\".[16] It comes just hours after fellow Premier League manager, Tony Adams of Portsmouth F.C., is sacked, again after a poor run of results.[17]\n13 February – A BA CityFlyer flight from Amsterdam loses its nosewheel on arrival at London City Airport due to a \"hard landing\". One passenger is hospitalised with minor injuries.[18]\n18 February – The Yorkshire Ripper is released from Broadmoor Hospital to face a life sentence, for killing 13 women and attempting to kill 7 more, after doctors claim he has been treated for schizophrenia.\n22 February – TV personality, Jade Goody and her boyfriend, Jack Tweed, are married at Down Hall, Essex. Goody, 27, has had cervical cancer for six months and was told earlier this month that she may only have weeks to live after the cancer spread to her bowel, liver and groin.[19] Tweed is free on license following imprisonment for assault.[20]\n25 February – Labour Party peer Lord Ahmed is sentenced to 12 weeks imprisonment for dangerous driving, having been involved in a fatal crash.[21]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchester United F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"2009 Carling Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Cup_2008-09"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Football_League_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_time"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"This Is It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_It_(concert_residency)"},{"link_name":"O2 Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O2_Arena"},{"link_name":"his death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Business and Enterprise Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Business,_Enterprise_and_Regulatory_Reform"},{"link_name":"Lord Mandleson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mandleson"},{"link_name":"Heathrow Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Airport"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Sean Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Teresa_De_Simone#Arrest_of_Sean_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Jade Goody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Goody"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"March","text":"1 March – Manchester United F.C. win the 2009 Carling Cup, beating Tottenham Hotspur F.C. 4–1 on penalties in the final. The scores stood level at 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time.[22]\n4 March – ITV announces it is cutting 600 jobs after it reported a loss of £2.6 billion for 2008. The jobs will go from the company's Yorkshire studios in Leeds and from their headquarters in London.[23]\n5 March – Michael Jackson announces his last concert series, This Is It to be held at the O2 Arena in London. The concerts are never held due to his death three months later.\n6 March – Police launch an investigation after a protester throws green custard at the Business and Enterprise Secretary, Lord Mandleson, in protest at the government's decision to approve the construction of a third runway at Heathrow Airport.[24]\n18 March – Sean Hodgson, who has served 27 years in prison since being convicted of murder in 1982, is acquitted at the Court of Appeal in London.[25]\n22 March – Jade Goody, the reality TV star, dies at her home in Essex after a seven-month battle against cancer.[26]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H1N1_influenza_virus.jpg"},{"link_name":"H1NI flu virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H1N1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:London_Summit_2009-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"G20 London Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_G-20_London_Summit"},{"link_name":"G-20 summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_G-20_London_summit"},{"link_name":"Royal Bank of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"the pension of former Chief Executive, Fred Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Goodwin#Size_of_pension"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"2009 G-20 London summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_G-20_London_summit"},{"link_name":"global financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_of_2008-2009"},{"link_name":"International Monetary Fund (IMF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Westcountry Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westcountry_Television"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Redditch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redditch"},{"link_name":"South London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_London"},{"link_name":"Torbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torbay"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Scottish Health Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_for_Health_and_Wellbeing"},{"link_name":"Nicola Sturgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Department of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"April","text":"Magnified image of the H1NI flu virus, which resulted in a pandemic.The world leaders present at the G20 London Summit.1 April – Protests are held across London ahead of the following day's G-20 summit. Police report 63 arrests across the city, where a branch of the Royal Bank of Scotland is targeted by protesters, believed to be as a result of the ongoing anger at the pension of former Chief Executive, Fred Goodwin. The Metropolitan Police later announce that one protester died of a heart-attack during the protests.[27]\n2 April – The 2009 G-20 London summit is held in response to the ongoing global financial crisis. The summit ends in the leaders announcing various measures, including a $1.1 trillion investment in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank.[28]\n8 April – Analogue television signals begin to be switched off in the Westcountry Television area as part of the UK's ongoing process of digital switchover.[29]\n29 April – Three cases of Swine Flu are confirmed in England. One adult is diagnosed in Redditch, another in South London, whilst a 12-year-old girl is diagnosed in Torbay.[30] Meanwhile, the Scottish Health Secretary, Nicola Sturgeon announces that 15 suspected cases in Scotland are negative.[31]\n30 April – A further three cases of swine flu are confirmed by the Department of Health. Two of the cases are located in London, with the third being in Newcastle.[32]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Michael_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Arlesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlesey"},{"link_name":"slave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Arsenal F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Old Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Trafford"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"European Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cup"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Olympic Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"May","text":"10 May – The decapitated body of Michael Gilbert is found in Arlesey. He had been kept as a slave and subject to year of abuse by the Watt family, six members of which were later jailed for their role in the murder.[33]\n16 May – Manchester United win the Premier League championship for the third consecutive year after a 0–0 draw against Arsenal F.C. at their home ground, Old Trafford. They have now equalled Liverpool's record tally of 18 top division titles.[34]\n27 May – Manchester United lose 2–0 to FC Barcelona of Spain in the European Cup final at Rome's Olympic Stadium.[35]\n30 May – Chelsea win the FA Cup for the fifth time after beating Everton 2–1 in the final at Wembley Stadium. Everton French striker Louis Saha scores the fastest ever FA Cup Final goal, after 23 seconds.[36]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"local council elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Kingdom_local_elections"},{"link_name":"local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Kingdom_local_elections"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"British National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_Party"},{"link_name":"North West England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England_(European_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire and the Humber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber_(European_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"paedophile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paedophile"},{"link_name":"Vanessa George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Plymouth_child_abuse_case"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-de-Bruxelles-39"},{"link_name":"The final British Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_British_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Donington Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donington_Park"},{"link_name":"Silverstone Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverstone_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Vettel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel"},{"link_name":"Jenson Button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenson_Button"},{"link_name":"Lewis Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"John Bercow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bercow"},{"link_name":"elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Speaker_of_the_British_House_of_Commons_election"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"English Defence League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Defence_League"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"June","text":"4 June – Elections are held to the European Parliament, alongside local council elections in England.\n5 June – The results of the local elections are announced, with the remaining councils under Labour Party control all falling to the Conservative Party's control. The projected national vote shares suggests that the Conservatives achieved 38% of the vote, the Liberal Democrats 28% and Labour 23%.[37]\n7 June – The results of the European parliamentary elections, held on 4 June, are announced, and show large declines in the vote of the Labour Party. The far-right British National Party also win their first ever seats in a national election, being elected in North West England and Yorkshire and the Humber.[38]\n8 June – Female paedophile and nursery worker Vanessa George arrested in Plymouth over child pornography and sexual assault offences.[39]\n21 June – The final British Grand Prix (providing Donington Park is prepared on time) to be held at the Silverstone Circuit is won by Sebastian Vettel. Britain's Jenson Button and Lewis Hamilton finish 6th and 16th respectively.\n22 June – English Conservative MP John Bercow is elected as the 157th Speaker of the House of Commons.[40]\n27 June – The English Defence League is formed by protesters who claim that the government has been weak and ineffectual against extreme Islam.[41]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harry_Patch.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Allingham_in_June_2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"InterCity East Coast franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Mainline"},{"link_name":"National Express East Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Express_East_Coast"},{"link_name":"default","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_(finance)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"fire in a high rise residential tower block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Lakanal_House_tower_block_fire"},{"link_name":"Camberwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberwell"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire Hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_Hoard"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"metal detecting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_detector"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"2009 Ashes series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Ashes_series"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Sophia Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Gardens_(cricket_ground)"},{"link_name":"Henry Allingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Allingham"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Norwich North by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Norwich_North_by-election"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Chloe Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloe_Smith"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Ian Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Gibson_(politician)"},{"link_name":"MPs expenses row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPs_expenses_row"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Harry Patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Patch"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Claude Choules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Choules"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"International Rugby Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Rugby_Board"},{"link_name":"2013 Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2015 Rugby Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Multiple sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"Debbie Purdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Purdy"},{"link_name":"assisted suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisted_suicide"},{"link_name":"Law Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Gary McKinnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_McKinnon"},{"link_name":"Asperger syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_syndrome"},{"link_name":"US Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"July","text":"Harry Patch, the last British Army veteran of World War I, who died on 25 July aged 111.Henry Allingham, the oldest man in the world and one of the last surviving veterans of World War I, who died on 18 July aged 113.1 July – The government announces that it is taking the InterCity East Coast franchise into a period of public ownership, after the incumbent operator, National Express East Coast, said it planned to default on its franchise agreement.[42]\n3 July – Six people, including three children, are killed after a fire in a high rise residential tower block in Camberwell, south London.[43]\n5 July – The Staffordshire Hoard, the largest haul of Anglo-Saxon treasure ever found, is uncovered. The 1,500 gold and silver pieces are discovered buried beneath a field in Staffordshire by metal detecting enthusiast Terry Herbert. This is made public on 24 September.[44][45]\n8 July – The First Test of the 2009 Ashes series takes place at Cardiff's Sophia Gardens\n18 July – Henry Allingham, the world's oldest man and one of the last surviving First World War servicemen, dies aged 113.[46]\n24 July – The results of the previous day's Norwich North by-election are announced. The Conservatives win with a majority of more than 7,000, making their candidate, 27-year-old Chloe Smith the youngest MP in the UK. The election was held following the resignation of Labour's Ian Gibson over the MPs expenses row earlier in the year.[47]\n25 July – Harry Patch, the last British survivor of the First World War trenches and briefly the oldest man in the United Kingdom, dies aged 111.[48] Claude Choules, a 108-year-old former Royal Navy serviceman who was born in Worcestershire but now lives in Australia, is the last surviving British veteran of the war and one of just three surviving of any nationality.[49]\n28 July – The International Rugby Board confirms that the United Kingdom has won the rights to stage both the 2013 Rugby League and the 2015 Rugby Union World Cups.[50]\n30 July – Multiple sclerosis sufferer Debbie Purdy makes legal history by winning her battle to have the law on assisted suicide clarified after the Law Lords rule in her favour.[51]\n31 July – Gary McKinnon, an English man with Asperger syndrome loses his latest High Court bid to avoid extradition to the United States to face charges of hacking into US Government computers.[52]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Train Robber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Train_Robbery_(1963)"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Biggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Biggs"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Ashes series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Ashes_series"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury Hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_Hoard"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"August","text":"6 August – Great Train Robber Ronnie Biggs, who is gravely ill, is granted release from prison on compassionate grounds.[53]\n23 August – In cricket, the Ashes series concludes with England defeating Australia 2–1.[54]\nAugust – A metal detectorist discovers the Shrewsbury Hoard, about 10,000 Roman coins.[55]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2006 transatlantic aircraft plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_transatlantic_aircraft_plot"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"2006 transatlantic aircraft plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_transatlantic_aircraft_plot"}],"sub_title":"September","text":"7 September – Convictions and acquittals in the trial for those charged over the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot.[56]\n9 September – Westcountry Television completes the digital switchover process with the turning off of all analogue signals from the Caradon Hill transmitter.[57]\n14 September – Those convicted for their role in the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot are sentenced.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_time_nick_griffin_protest_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jenson Button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenson_Button"},{"link_name":"2009 Formula One Drivers' Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Brawn GP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brawn_GP"},{"link_name":"Constructors' Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Formula_One_season#Constructors"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"British National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Nick Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Griffin"},{"link_name":"controversial first appearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_Time_British_National_Party_controversy"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"Question Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_Time_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNPcontroversy-61"}],"sub_title":"October","text":"A crowd protests BNP Leader Nick Griffin's appearance on the BBC show Question Time.18 October – England's Jenson Button wins the 2009 Formula One Drivers' Championship after finishing in 5th place at the Brazilian Grand Prix.[58] English based team Brawn GP, who Button drives for, secures the Constructors' Championship at the same race, in their debut season.[59]\n22 October – British National Party leader Nick Griffin makes a controversial first appearance on the BBC One political debate programme Question Time.[60] He later announces his intention to make a formal complaint to the BBC for the way he believed he was treated by the programme's audience, who he described as a \"lynch mob\" and the show's other guests.[61]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Granada Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_Television"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-granada-62"},{"link_name":"floods and damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2009_Great_Britain_and_Ireland_floods"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"rainfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainfall"},{"link_name":"Seathwaite Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seathwaite,_Allerdale"},{"link_name":"Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria"},{"link_name":"flooded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2009_Great_Britain_and_Ireland_floods"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Barker-65"}],"sub_title":"November","text":"4 November – Granada Television begins the process of digital switchover.[62]\n14 November – Severe gales and heavy rain from an Atlantic storm cause floods and damage across southern England and Wales.[63]\n19 November – Highest ever UK 24-hour rainfall total, 314.4 mm, recorded at Seathwaite Farm, Cumbria[64] – a record which stands until December 2015.\n20 November – Many towns and villages in Cumbria are flooded following several days of heavy rain. Three bridges collapse, one of them leading to the death of a police officer, who was standing on the bridge when it collapsed.[65]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-granada-62"},{"link_name":"2018 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Emirates Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Old Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Trafford"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"Anfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfield"},{"link_name":"new stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Park_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Stadium:mk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium:mk"},{"link_name":"Milton Keynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Vanessa George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_George"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"snowfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2009_European_snowfall"},{"link_name":"South East England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_England"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"East Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire and the Humber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"December","text":"2 December – The Winter Hill transmitter has its remaining analogue signals turned off, completing the digital switchover process in the Granada Television region.[62]\nThe England 2018 FIFA World Cup bidding team announce the 12 cities which will be part of their campaign to host the tournament. Wembley Stadium, Arsenal's Emirates Stadium, Manchester United's Old Trafford and Liverpool's Anfield or proposed new stadium are among the venues, as is the Stadium:mk in Milton Keynes which only opened in 2007.[66]\n15 December – Paedophile nursery worker Vanessa George is jailed indefinitely after previously admitting to seven sexual assaults and six counts of making and distributing indecent pictures of children.[67]\n18 December – Heavy snowfall causes widespread disruption across large parts of South East England, East Anglia, the East Midlands and Yorkshire and the Humber.[68]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Undated","text":"The Church of England has designated 2009 as 'The Year of Child'[69]","title":"Events"}] | [{"image_text":"Magnified image of the H1NI flu virus, which resulted in a pandemic.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/H1N1_influenza_virus.jpg/250px-H1N1_influenza_virus.jpg"},{"image_text":"The world leaders present at the G20 London Summit.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/London_Summit_2009-1.jpg/250px-London_Summit_2009-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Harry Patch, the last British Army veteran of World War I, who died on 25 July aged 111.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Harry_Patch.jpg/200px-Harry_Patch.jpg"},{"image_text":"Henry Allingham, the oldest man in the world and one of the last surviving veterans of World War I, who died on 18 July aged 113.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Henry_Allingham_in_June_2006.jpg/200px-Henry_Allingham_in_June_2006.jpg"},{"image_text":"A crowd protests BNP Leader Nick Griffin's appearance on the BBC show Question Time.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Question_time_nick_griffin_protest_2.jpg/350px-Question_time_nick_griffin_protest_2.jpg"}] | [{"title":"2009 in Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"title":"2009 in Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_Scotland"},{"title":"2009 in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_Wales"}] | [{"reference":"\"Three feared dead in plane crash\". BBC News. 3 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/staffordshire/7809194.stm","url_text":"\"Three feared dead in plane crash\""}]},{"reference":"\"Warnings issued amid Arctic chill\". BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7812861.stm","url_text":"\"Warnings issued amid Arctic chill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wedgwood goes into administration\". BBC News. 5 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7811048.stm","url_text":"\"Wedgwood goes into administration\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Sport – England captain Pietersen resigns\". BBC News. 7 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/7815038.stm","url_text":"\"BBC Sport – England captain Pietersen resigns\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winslett and Slumdog sweep Globes\". BBC News. 12 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7819919.stm","url_text":"\"Winslett and Slumdog sweep Globes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Go-ahead for new Heathrow runway\". BBC News. 15 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7829676.stm","url_text":"\"Go-ahead for new Heathrow runway\""}]},{"reference":"\"MP suspended after mace protest\". BBC News. 15 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7830937.stm","url_text":"\"MP suspended after mace protest\""}]},{"reference":"Stokes, Paul (23 January 2009). \"Karen Matthews jailed for eight years over daughter Shannon's kidnap\". London: Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 29 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/4324634/Karen-Matthews-jailed-for-eight-years-over-daughter-Shannons-kidnap.html","url_text":"\"Karen Matthews jailed for eight years over daughter Shannon's kidnap\""}]},{"reference":"\"Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 – 153: Commencement\". Opsi.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2008/ukpga_20080004_en_17#pt12-l1g153","url_text":"\"Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 – 153: Commencement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 4 and Saving Provision) Order 2008\". Opsi.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2008/uksi_20082993_en_1","url_text":"\"Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (Commencement No. 4 and Saving Provision) Order 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mass walkout over foreign labour\". BBC News. 28 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/humber/7855752.stm","url_text":"\"Mass walkout over foreign labour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nuclear workers join strikes wave\". BBC News. 2 February 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7863879.stm","url_text":"\"Nuclear workers join strikes wave\""}]},{"reference":"\"Further disruption for commuters\". BBC News. 3 February 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7866402.stm","url_text":"\"Further disruption for commuters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fresh snow brings travel problems\". BBC News. 5 February 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7871247.stm","url_text":"\"Fresh snow brings travel problems\""}]},{"reference":"\"Refinery staff vote to end strike\". BBC News. 5 February 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7871657.stm","url_text":"\"Refinery staff vote to end strike\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Sport – Scolari sacked as Chelsea manager\". BBC News. 9 February 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/7879638.stm","url_text":"\"BBC Sport – Scolari sacked as Chelsea manager\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Sport – Portsmouth confirm Adams sacking\". BBC News. 9 February 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/p/portsmouth/7878084.stm","url_text":"\"BBC Sport – Portsmouth confirm Adams sacking\""}]},{"reference":"\"BA jet in airport 'hard landing\". BBC News. 14 February 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7889728.stm","url_text":"\"BA jet in airport 'hard landing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terminally ill Jade Goody marries\". BBC News. 22 February 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7903784.stm","url_text":"\"Terminally ill Jade Goody marries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kisses as Jade Goody Greets Her Boyfriend Outside Prison Gates\". This is London. 27 January 2009. Archived from the original on 8 March 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090308025407/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/showbiz/article-23629240-details/Kisses%2Bas%2BJade%2BGoody%2Bgreets%2Bher%2Bboyfriend%2Boutside%2Bprison%2Bgates/article.do","url_text":"\"Kisses as Jade Goody Greets Her Boyfriend Outside Prison Gates\""},{"url":"http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/showbiz/article-23629240-details/Kisses+as+Jade+Goody+greets+her+boyfriend+outside+prison+gates/article.do","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McNulty, Phil (1 March 2009). \"BBC Sport – Manchester Utd 0–0 Tottenham (aet)\". BBC News. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_cup/7905889.stm","url_text":"\"BBC Sport – Manchester Utd 0–0 Tottenham (aet)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Troubled ITV cuts jobs and costs\". BBC News. 4 March 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7922770.stm","url_text":"\"Troubled ITV cuts jobs and costs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mandleson custard attack probed\". BBC News. 6 March 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7928946.stm","url_text":"\"Mandleson custard attack probed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Man freed after 27 years in jail\". BBC News. 18 March 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/7950303.stm","url_text":"\"Man freed after 27 years in jail\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reality TV star Jade Goody dies\". BBC News. 22 March 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7925719.stm","url_text":"\"Reality TV star Jade Goody dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Police clash with G20 protesters\". BBC News. 1 April 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7977489.stm","url_text":"\"Police clash with G20 protesters\""}]},{"reference":"\"G20 leaders seal $1tn global deal\". BBC News. 2 April 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7979483.stm","url_text":"\"G20 leaders seal $1tn global deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Westcountry\". Digital UK. Archived from the original on 2009-08-15. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090815110427/http://www.digitaluk.co.uk/when_do_i_switch/west_country","url_text":"\"Westcountry\""},{"url":"http://www.digitaluk.co.uk/when_do_i_switch/west_country","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Three new swine flu cases in UK\". BBC News. 29 April 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8024690.stm","url_text":"\"Three new swine flu cases in UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Suspected Scots flu cases hits 32\". BBC News. 29 April 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/8024742.stm","url_text":"\"Suspected Scots flu cases hits 32\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK confirms eight swine flu cases\". BBC News. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8026121.stm","url_text":"\"UK confirms eight swine flu cases\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three guilty of murdering \"slave\"\". BBC News. 23 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/beds/bucks/herts/8629123.stm","url_text":"\"Three guilty of murdering \"slave\"\""}]},{"reference":"McNulty, Phil (18 May 2009). \"BBC Sport – Man Utd 0–0 Arsenal\". BBC News. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/8038259.stm","url_text":"\"BBC Sport – Man Utd 0–0 Arsenal\""}]},{"reference":"\"United lose Champions League final\". Manchester Evening News. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1117670_united_lose_champions_league_final","url_text":"\"United lose Champions League final\""}]},{"reference":"Mole, Giles (30 May 2009). \"FA Cup final 2009: Chelsea win at Wembley \"highlight\" of my stay, says Guus Hiddink\". London: Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. 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Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080511213303/http://www.yearofthechild2009.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Year of the Child Website\""},{"url":"http://www.yearofthechild2009.co.uk/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/staffordshire/7809194.stm","external_links_name":"\"Three feared dead in plane crash\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7812861.stm","external_links_name":"\"Warnings issued amid Arctic chill\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7811048.stm","external_links_name":"\"Wedgwood goes into administration\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/7815038.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC Sport – England captain Pietersen resigns\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7819919.stm","external_links_name":"\"Winslett and Slumdog sweep Globes\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7829676.stm","external_links_name":"\"Go-ahead for new Heathrow 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara_Vieceli | Lara Vieceli | ["1 Major results","2 References","3 External links"] | Italian cyclist
Lara VieceliVieceli at the 2020 La Flèche Wallonne FémininePersonal informationFull nameLara VieceliBorn (1993-07-16) 16 July 1993 (age 30)Feltre, ItalyTeam informationCurrent teamCeratizit–WNT Pro CyclingDisciplineRoadRoleRiderRider typeAll-rounderProfessional teams2012Verinlegno–Fabiani2013–2015S.C. Michela Fanini Rox2016Inpa–Bianchi2017–2018Astana2019–WNT–Rotor Pro Cycling
Lara Vieceli (born 16 July 1993) is an Italian racing cyclist, who rides for UCI Women's Continental Team Ceratizit–WNT Pro Cycling. She competed in the 2013 UCI women's team time trial in Florence.
Major results
2015
3rd Giro del Trentino Alto Adige-Südtirol
10th Overall Trophée d'Or Féminin
1st Young rider classification
2016
4th Overall Giro della Toscana Int. Femminile – Memorial Michela Fanini
1st Mountains classification
7th Overall Tour de Bretagne Féminin
1st Prologue
10th Overall Trophée d'Or Féminin
2017
5th SwissEver GP Cham-Hagendorn
7th Overall Setmana Ciclista Valenciana
2018
6th SwissEver GP Cham-Hagendorn
2019
4th Grand Prix International d'Isbergues
References
^ "WNT-Rotor Pro Cycling". Cyclingnews.com. Immediate Media Company. Archived from the original on 11 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
^ "Ceratizit - WNT Pro Cycling Team". UCI.org. Union Cycliste Internationale. Archived from the original on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
^ "Ceratizit - WNT Pro Cycling Team". UCI.org. Union Cycliste Internationale. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
^ "World Championships WE – Team Time Trial". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
External links
Lara Vieceli at UCI
Lara Vieceli at Cycling Archives
Lara Vieceli at ProCyclingStats
Lara Vieceli at Cycling Quotient
Lara Vieceli at UCI
vteRiders on Ceratizit–WNT
Laura Asencio
Franziska Brauße
Lisa Brennauer
Maria Giulia Confalonieri
Kathrin Hammes
Lotta Henttala
Marta Lach
Julie Leth
Erica Magnaldi
Sarah Rijkes
Lea Lin Teutenberg
Lara Vieceli
Kirsten Wild
Manager: Dirk Baldinger
This biographical article related to an Italian cycling person born in the 1990s is a stub. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Tournament_of_Nations | 2017 Tournament of Nations | ["1 Format","2 Venues","3 Squads","4 Matches","5 Goalscorers","6 Television coverage","7 References"] | 2017 Tournament of NationsTournament detailsHost countryUnited StatesDatesJuly 27 – August 3, 2017Teams4 (from 3 confederations)Venue(s)3 (in 3 host cities)Final positionsChampions Australia (1st title)Runners-up United StatesThird place JapanFourth place BrazilTournament statisticsMatches played6Goals scored26 (4.33 per match)Attendance91,275 (15,213 per match)Top scorer(s) Sam Kerr (4 goals)2018 → International football competition
The 2017 Tournament of Nations was the inaugural Tournament of Nations, an international women's football tournament, consisting of a series of friendly games. It was held in the United States, from July 27 to August 3, 2017, and featured four teams.
Format
The tournament featured the national teams of Australia, Brazil, Japan, and the hosts, the United States, competing in a round-robin format, with each team playing every other once. Three points are awarded for a win, one for a draw, and none for a loss. Current FIFA Ranking is important, as it is one of the tie-breaking criteria.
Country
June 2017 FIFA Ranking
Best World Cup Finish
Best Olympic Games Finish
Australia
7
Quarter–finals (2007, 2011, 2015)
Quarter–finals (2004, 2016)
Brazil
8
Runners–up (2007)
Runners–up (2004, 2008)
Japan
6
Champions (2011)
Runners–up (2012)
United States
1
Champions (1991, 1999, 2015)
Champions (1996, 2004, 2008, 2012)
Venues
Three cities along the west coast served as the venues for the tournament.
Seattle
San Diego
Carson
CenturyLink Field
Qualcomm Stadium
StubHub Center
Capacity: 38,300
Capacity: 54,000
Capacity: 30,510
SeattleSan DiegoCarson
Squads
Main article: 2017 Tournament of Nations squads
Matches
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
1
Australia (C)
3
3
0
0
11
3
+8
9
2
United States (H)
3
2
0
1
7
4
+3
6
3
Japan
3
0
1
2
3
8
−5
1
4
Brazil
3
0
1
2
5
11
−6
1
Source: Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head; 5) FIFA Ranking(C) Champions; (H) Hosts
All times are local PDT (UTC−7).
July 27, 2017 (2017-07-27)16:15
Brazil 1–1 Japan
Camila 87'
Report
Momiki 63'
CenturyLink Field, Seattle, WashingtonAttendance: 9,725Referee: Karen Abt (United States)
July 27, 2017 (2017-07-27)19:00
United States 0–1 Australia
Report
Butt 67'
CenturyLink Field, Seattle, WashingtonAttendance: 15,748Referee: Marie-Soleil Beaudoin (Canada)
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)14:15
Japan 2–4 Australia
Tanaka 5'
Momiki 90+2'
Report
Kerr 10', 14', 43'
Van Egmond 62' (pen.)
Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego, CaliforniaAttendance: 9,597Referee: Katja Koroleva (United States)
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)17:00
United States 4–3 Brazil
Mewis 18'
Press 80'
Rapinoe 85'
Ertz 89'
Report
Andressa 2', 78'
Bruna Benites 63'
Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego, CaliforniaAttendance: 21,096Referee: Melissa Borjas (Honduras)
August 3, 2017 (2017-08-03)16:15
Australia 6–1 Brazil
De Vanna 7', 34'
Foord 32', 68'
Gorry 41'
Kerr 81'
Report
Camila 2'
StubHub Center, Carson, CaliforniaAttendance: 11,948Referee: Christina Unkel (United States)
August 3, 2017 (2017-08-03)19:00
United States 3–0 Japan
Rapinoe 12'
Pugh 60'
Morgan 80'
Report
StubHub Center, Carson, CaliforniaAttendance: 23,161Referee: Carol-Ann Chenard (Canada)
2017 Tournament of Nations winners
Australia1st title
Goalscorers
26 goals were scored in 6 matches, for an average of 4.33 goals per matches.
4 goals
Sam Kerr
2 goals
Lisa De Vanna
Caitlin Foord
Andressa
Camila
Yuka Momiki
Megan Rapinoe
1 goal
Tameka Butt
Emily van Egmond
Katrina Gorry
Bruna Benites
Mina Tanaka
Julie Ertz
Sam Mewis
Alex Morgan
Christen Press
Mallory Pugh
Television coverage
The ESPN family of networks carried all tournament games. Games were shown on ESPN, ESPN2, and ESPN3.
References
^ "Matildas win Tournament of Nations with emphatic victory over Brazil". The Guardian. August 4, 2017.
^ "Five Things to Know About the 2017 Tournament of Nations". U.S. Soccer. July 20, 2017.
^ a b c "2017 Tournament of Nations". U.S. Soccer.
^ "FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking". FIFA. July 1, 2017. Archived from the original on November 1, 2014.
vteTournament of NationsTournaments
2017
2018
Squads
2017
2018 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tournament of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournament_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"friendly games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"International football competitionThe 2017 Tournament of Nations was the inaugural Tournament of Nations, an international women's football tournament, consisting of a series of friendly games.[1] It was held in the United States, from July 27 to August 3, 2017, and featured four teams.[2]","title":"2017 Tournament of Nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tournament-3"}],"text":"The tournament featured the national teams of Australia, Brazil, Japan, and the hosts, the United States, competing in a round-robin format, with each team playing every other once. Three points are awarded for a win, one for a draw, and none for a loss.[3] Current FIFA Ranking is important, as it is one of the tie-breaking criteria.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tournament-3"}],"text":"Three cities along the west coast served as the venues for the tournament.[3]","title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Squads"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tournament-3"},{"link_name":"FIFA Ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Rankings"},{"link_name":"UTC−7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9207:00"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Camila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camila_Martins_Pereira"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/07/28/05/34/20170727-recap-wnt-brazil-scores-late-to-nab-1-1-draw-with-japan-at-2017-tournament-of-nations"},{"link_name":"Momiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuka_Momiki"},{"link_name":"CenturyLink Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CenturyLink_Field"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Karen Abt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karen_Abt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Soccer_Federation"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/07/28/03/25/20170727-recap-wnt-drops-tight-0-1-loss-to-australia-2017-tournament-of-nations"},{"link_name":"Butt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tameka_Butt"},{"link_name":"CenturyLink Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CenturyLink_Field"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Marie-Soleil Beaudoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Soleil_Beaudoin"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Soccer_Association"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Tanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_Tanaka"},{"link_name":"Momiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuka_Momiki"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/07/31/04/29/20170730-recap-wnt-australia-beats-japan-4-2-at-2017-tournament-of-nations"},{"link_name":"Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Kerr"},{"link_name":"Van Egmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_van_Egmond"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Qualcomm Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Stadium"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Katja Koroleva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katja_Koroleva"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Soccer_Federation"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Mewis"},{"link_name":"Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christen_Press"},{"link_name":"Rapinoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Rapinoe"},{"link_name":"Ertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Ertz"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/07/31/00/59/20170730-recap-wnt-wins-dramatic-4-3-comeback-vs-brazil-tournament-of-nations"},{"link_name":"Andressa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andressa_Cavalari_Machry"},{"link_name":"Bruna Benites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruna_Benites"},{"link_name":"Qualcomm Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Stadium"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Melissa Borjas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Borjas"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Autonomous_Federation_of_Football_of_Honduras"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"De Vanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_De_Vanna"},{"link_name":"Foord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caitlin_Foord"},{"link_name":"Gorry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_Gorry"},{"link_name":"Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Kerr"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/08/04/02/28/20170803-recap-wnt-australia-wins-inaugural-tournament-of-nations-with-victory-over-brazil"},{"link_name":"Camila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camila_Martins_Pereira"},{"link_name":"StubHub Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StubHub_Center"},{"link_name":"Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Christina Unkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Unkel"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Soccer_Federation"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Rapinoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Rapinoe"},{"link_name":"Pugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallory_Pugh"},{"link_name":"Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/08/04/03/40/20170803-recap-wnt-beats-japan-3-0-in-tournament-of-nations-finale"},{"link_name":"StubHub Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StubHub_Center"},{"link_name":"Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Carol-Ann Chenard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carol-Ann_Chenard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Soccer_Association"}],"text":"Source: [3]Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head; 5) FIFA Ranking(C) Champions; (H) HostsAll times are local PDT (UTC−7).July 27, 2017 (2017-07-27)16:15\nBrazil 1–1 Japan\nCamila 87'\nReport\nMomiki 63'\nCenturyLink Field, Seattle, WashingtonAttendance: 9,725Referee: Karen Abt (United States)July 27, 2017 (2017-07-27)19:00\nUnited States 0–1 Australia\n\nReport\nButt 67'\nCenturyLink Field, Seattle, WashingtonAttendance: 15,748Referee: Marie-Soleil Beaudoin (Canada)July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)14:15\nJapan 2–4 Australia\n\nTanaka 5'\nMomiki 90+2'\nReport\n\nKerr 10', 14', 43'\nVan Egmond 62' (pen.)\nQualcomm Stadium, San Diego, CaliforniaAttendance: 9,597Referee: Katja Koroleva (United States)July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)17:00\nUnited States 4–3 Brazil\n\nMewis 18'\nPress 80'\nRapinoe 85'\nErtz 89'\nReport\n\nAndressa 2', 78'\nBruna Benites 63'\nQualcomm Stadium, San Diego, CaliforniaAttendance: 21,096Referee: Melissa Borjas (Honduras)August 3, 2017 (2017-08-03)16:15\nAustralia 6–1 Brazil\n\nDe Vanna 7', 34'\nFoord 32', 68'\nGorry 41'\nKerr 81'\nReport\nCamila 2'\nStubHub Center, Carson, CaliforniaAttendance: 11,948Referee: Christina Unkel (United States)August 3, 2017 (2017-08-03)19:00\nUnited States 3–0 Japan\n\nRapinoe 12'\nPugh 60'\nMorgan 80'\nReport\n\nStubHub Center, Carson, CaliforniaAttendance: 23,161Referee: Carol-Ann Chenard (Canada)","title":"Matches"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Sam Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Kerr"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Lisa De Vanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_De_Vanna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Caitlin Foord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caitlin_Foord"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Andressa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andressa_Cavalari_Machry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Camila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camila_Martins_Pereira"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Yuka Momiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuka_Momiki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Megan Rapinoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Rapinoe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Tameka Butt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tameka_Butt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Emily van Egmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_van_Egmond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Katrina Gorry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_Gorry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Bruna Benites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruna_Benites"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Mina Tanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_Tanaka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Julie Ertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Ertz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Sam Mewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Mewis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Alex Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Morgan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Christen Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christen_Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mallory Pugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallory_Pugh"}],"text":"26 goals were scored in 6 matches, for an average of 4.33 goals per matches.4 goalsSam Kerr2 goalsLisa De Vanna\n Caitlin Foord\n Andressa\n Camila\n Yuka Momiki\n Megan Rapinoe1 goalTameka Butt\n Emily van Egmond\n Katrina Gorry\n Bruna Benites\n Mina Tanaka\n Julie Ertz\n Sam Mewis\n Alex Morgan\n Christen Press\n Mallory Pugh","title":"Goalscorers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"ESPN2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN2"},{"link_name":"ESPN3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN3"}],"text":"The ESPN family of networks carried all tournament games. Games were shown on ESPN, ESPN2, and ESPN3.","title":"Television coverage"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Matildas win Tournament of Nations with emphatic victory over Brazil\". The Guardian. August 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/aug/04/matildas-tournament-of-nation-champions-with-emphatic-victory-over-brazil","url_text":"\"Matildas win Tournament of Nations with emphatic victory over Brazil\""}]},{"reference":"\"Five Things to Know About the 2017 Tournament of Nations\". U.S. Soccer. July 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/06/28/18/51/20170628-feat-wnt-five-things-about-2017-tournament-of-nations","url_text":"\"Five Things to Know About the 2017 Tournament of Nations\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 Tournament of Nations\". U.S. Soccer.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ussoccer.com/womens-national-team/tournaments/2017-tournament-of-nations#tab-1","url_text":"\"2017 Tournament of Nations\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking\". FIFA. July 1, 2017. Archived from the original on November 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141101115156/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/ranking-table/women/index.html","url_text":"\"FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/ranking-table/women/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/07/28/05/34/20170727-recap-wnt-brazil-scores-late-to-nab-1-1-draw-with-japan-at-2017-tournament-of-nations","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/07/28/03/25/20170727-recap-wnt-drops-tight-0-1-loss-to-australia-2017-tournament-of-nations","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/07/31/04/29/20170730-recap-wnt-australia-beats-japan-4-2-at-2017-tournament-of-nations","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/07/31/00/59/20170730-recap-wnt-wins-dramatic-4-3-comeback-vs-brazil-tournament-of-nations","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/08/04/02/28/20170803-recap-wnt-australia-wins-inaugural-tournament-of-nations-with-victory-over-brazil","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/08/04/03/40/20170803-recap-wnt-beats-japan-3-0-in-tournament-of-nations-finale","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/aug/04/matildas-tournament-of-nation-champions-with-emphatic-victory-over-brazil","external_links_name":"\"Matildas win Tournament of Nations with emphatic victory over Brazil\""},{"Link":"http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/06/28/18/51/20170628-feat-wnt-five-things-about-2017-tournament-of-nations","external_links_name":"\"Five Things to Know About the 2017 Tournament of Nations\""},{"Link":"http://www.ussoccer.com/womens-national-team/tournaments/2017-tournament-of-nations#tab-1","external_links_name":"\"2017 Tournament of Nations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141101115156/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/ranking-table/women/index.html","external_links_name":"\"FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking\""},{"Link":"https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/ranking-table/women/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIZZ | KIZZ | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 48°03′11″N 101°26′06″W / 48.053°N 101.435°W / 48.053; -101.435Radio station in Minot, North DakotaKIZZMinot, North DakotaBroadcast areaMinot, North DakotaFrequency93.7 MHzBrandingZ94ProgrammingFormatTop 40 (CHR)AffiliationsPremiere NetworksWestwood OneOwnershipOwneriHeartMedia, Inc.(iHM Licenses, LLC)Sister stationsKCJB, KMXA-FM, KRRZ, KYYX, KZPRHistoryFirst air dateSeptember 7, 1968; 55 years ago (1968-09-07)Former call signsKMOT-FM (1967–1978)Call sign meaning"Z94"Technical informationClassC1ERP100,000 wattsHAAT169 meters (554 ft)LinksWebcastListen LiveWebsitez94radio.iheart.com
KIZZ (93.7 FM) is a top 40 (CHR) radio station located in Minot, North Dakota owned by iHeartMedia, Z94 airs the syndicated Bob and Sheri morning show and along with weekend programs such as American Top 40, Dawson McAllister Live, and Hollywood Hamilton.
iHeartMedia also owns and operates KCJB 910, KRRZ 1390, KYYX 97.1, KMXA-FM 99.9 and KZPR 105.3 in Minot.
The same call letters were assigned in the 1960s to an AM sunlight-only radio station in El Paso, Texas, an early entrant in the category of conservative talk radio stations.
Z94 debuted in 1978 after being KMOT-FM. It switched from top 40 to hot adult contemporary in 1992 and returned to top 40 by 1998.
Former logo
References
^ Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 2009 (PDF). 2009. p. D-414. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ "KIZZ history cards" (PDF). CDBS Public Access. Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
External links
Official website
KIZZ in the FCC FM station database
KIZZ in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
vteRadio stations in the Minot, North Dakota, micropolitan areaBy AM frequency
550
710
910
1320
1390
1410
By FM frequency
88.5
88.9
93.7
94.9
97.1
99.9
101.9
102.9
105.3
106.9
LPFM
95.9
104.1
Translators
91.1
91.9
By call sign
K216EE
K220GC
KBTO
KCJB
KDKT
KEYA
KFLK-LP
KFYR
KHRT-FM
KHRT
KIZZ
KMPR
KMXA-FM
KRRZ
KSAF-LP
KTZU
KWGO
KXMR
KYYX
KZPR
Nearby regions – U.S.
Bismarck
Devils Lake
Dickinson
Williston-Sidney
Canada
Brandon/Westman Region
Estevan/Weyburn
See also
List of radio stations in North Dakota
vteCHR / Top 40 radio stations in the state of North DakotaBy frequency
92.9
93.7
93.7
94.7
97.5
101.1
By callsign
KIZZ
KKCT
KKXL-FM
KOYY
KQDJ-FM
KZGF
By city
Bismarck (KKCT)
Fargo
Grand Forks (KKXL)
Grand Forks (KZGF)
Jamestown
Minot
See also
adult contemporary
classic hits
college
country
news/talk
NPR
oldies
religious
rock
sports
top 40
urban
other radio stations in North Dakota
See also
Contemporary Hit Radio
Rhythmic
KISS-FM
MOVin
vteiHeartMediaCorporate officers
Bob Pittman (Chairman/CEO)
Board of directors
Lowry Mays
Irving Azoff
B. J. "Red" McCombs
J. C. Watts
John H. Williams
AM radio stations
KABQ
KAKC
KASI
KATZ
KBFP
KBME
KBMR
KCBL
KCJB
KCOL
KCQL
KCSJ
KDFD
KEIB
KENI
KEX
KFAB
KFAN
KFBK
KFBX
KFI
KFIV
KFOO
KFXR
KFYI
KFYR
KGB
KGHM
KGME
KGMY
KHEY
KHHO
KHOW
KHTY
KHVH
KHVN
KIIX
KIKI
KION
KJR
KKGM
KKSF
KKTX
KKXL
KLAC
KLSD
KLTC
KLVI
KMJM
KMNS
KNEW
KNRS
KNST
KOA
KOGA
KOGO
KOY
KPOJ
KPRC
KPTR
KPWK
KQNT
KRDU
KRRZ
KRZR
KSSK
KSTE
KTBZ
KTKR
KTLK
KTOK
KTRH
KTSM
KTZN
KTZR
KUBE
KUNO
KVET
KVNS
KWHN
KWSL
KWSX
KWTX
KXEW
KXIC
KXMR
KXNO
KXYZ
KZFS
WAAX
WAEB
WARF
WAVZ
WBBD
WBEX
WBGA
WBGG
WBHP
WBIN
WBIZ
WBZ
WBZT
WCAO
WCCF
WCHI
WCHO
WCKY
WCOS
WCWA
WDAE
WDAK
WDAS
WDFN
WDIA
WDIZ
WDOV
WDSC
WELI
WENE
WERC
WESC
WFLA
WFLF
WFNN
WFXJ
WFXN
WGIG
WGIR
WGRB
WGST
WGVL
WGY
WHAM
WHAS
WHEN
WHJJ
WHLO
WHNZ
WHO
WHOS
WHP
WHTK
WHTY
WHUC
WHYN
WIBA
WIHB
WILM
WIMA
WINR
WINZ
WIOD
WISN
WIZE
WJAS
WJBO
WJDX
WJDY
WJET
WJIP
WJMX
WJNO
WJYZ
WKBN
WKBZ
WKCY
WKDW
WKIP
WKJK
WKMQ
WKRC
WKRD
WLAC
WLAN
WLAP
WLTP
WLW
WMAN
WMEQ
WMFN
WMGE
WMMB
WMMV
WMRE
WMRN
WMT
WMXF
WNCO
WNDE
WNIO
WNTM
WOAI
WOC
WODT
WOFX
WOKY
WONE
WONW
WOOD
WOR
WPCH
WPEK
WPKX
WPOP
WQLL
WRAK
WRAW
WREC
WRKK
WRKO
WRSO
WRZX
WSAI
WSAN
WSDV
WSEK
WSFC
WSFZ
WSOK
WSPD
WSRW
WSYR
WTAG
WTAM
WTEL
WTGM
WTKG
WTKS
WTKT
WTLM
WTLY
WTSO
WTUP
WTVN
WUST
WVHU
WVOC
WWCD
WWNC
WWRK
WWRL
WWTF
WWTX
WWVA
WXBN
WXKS
WYGM
WYLD
WYNF
WYTS
WZMG
WZTA
WZWB
FM radio stations
KAAZ-FM
KABQ-FM
KAKQ-FM
KAGG
KAJA
KALZ
KASE-FM (HD2)
KASH-FM
KATZ-FM (HD2)
KBCO
KBEB
KBFM
KBFP-FM
KBFX
KBGO (HD2)
KBIG
KBKS-FM
KBOS-FM
KBPI
KBPL
KBQI (HD2)
KBRQ
KCAD
KCCY-FM
KCDA
KCOL-FM
KCQQ
KCYZ
KDAG
KDFO
KDGE
KDHT
KDJE
KDMX
KDNN (HD2)
KDON-FM
KDRB
KDWB-FM
KEEY-FM
KEGL (HD2)
KESZ
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48°03′11″N 101°26′06″W / 48.053°N 101.435°W / 48.053; -101.435
This article about a radio station in North Dakota is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"top 40 (CHR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Minot, North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minot,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"iHeartMedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartMedia"},{"link_name":"Bob and Sheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bob_and_Sheri_Show"},{"link_name":"American Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Dawson McAllister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_McAllister"},{"link_name":"KCJB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCJB"},{"link_name":"KRRZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRRZ"},{"link_name":"KYYX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYYX"},{"link_name":"KMXA-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMXA-FM"},{"link_name":"KZPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZPR"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"El Paso, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas"},{"link_name":"hot adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KIZZ-Z94.png"}],"text":"Radio station in Minot, North DakotaKIZZ (93.7 FM) is a top 40 (CHR) radio station located in Minot, North Dakota owned by iHeartMedia, Z94 airs the syndicated Bob and Sheri morning show and along with weekend programs such as American Top 40, Dawson McAllister Live, and Hollywood Hamilton.iHeartMedia also owns and operates KCJB 910, KRRZ 1390, KYYX 97.1, KMXA-FM 99.9 and KZPR 105.3 in Minot.The same call letters were assigned in the 1960s to an AM sunlight-only radio station in El Paso, Texas, an early entrant in the category of conservative talk radio stations.Z94 debuted in 1978 after being KMOT-FM. It switched from top 40 to hot adult contemporary in 1992 and returned to top 40 by 1998.Former logo","title":"KIZZ"}] | [{"image_text":"Former logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/16/KIZZ-Z94.png/220px-KIZZ-Z94.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 2009 (PDF). 2009. p. D-414. Retrieved March 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/2009/Radio-BC-YB-2009.pdf","url_text":"Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 2009"}]},{"reference":"\"KIZZ history cards\" (PDF). CDBS Public Access. Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved March 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=72379","url_text":"\"KIZZ history cards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=KIZZ¶ms=48.053_N_101.435_W_type:landmark_region:US_source:FCC","external_links_name":"48°03′11″N 101°26′06″W / 48.053°N 101.435°W / 48.053; -101.435"},{"Link":"https://www.iheart.com/live/z94-todays-hit-music-5299/","external_links_name":"Listen Live"},{"Link":"https://z94radio.iheart.com/","external_links_name":"z94radio.iheart.com"},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/2009/Radio-BC-YB-2009.pdf","external_links_name":"Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 2009"},{"Link":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=72379","external_links_name":"\"KIZZ history cards\""},{"Link":"https://z94radio.iheart.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=KIZZ","external_links_name":"KIZZ"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=fm&callLetter=KIZZ","external_links_name":"KIZZ"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=KIZZ¶ms=48.053_N_101.435_W_type:landmark_region:US_source:FCC","external_links_name":"48°03′11″N 101°26′06″W / 48.053°N 101.435°W / 48.053; -101.435"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KIZZ&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaphrornis | Sri Lanka bush warbler | ["1 Taxonomy","2 Distribution","3 Description","4 References"] | Species of bird
Sri Lanka bush warbler
In Horton Plains, Sri Lanka
Conservation status
Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
Locustellidae
Genus:
ElaphrornisLegge, 1879
Species:
E. palliseri
Binomial name
Elaphrornis palliseri(Blyth, 1851)
Synonyms
Bradypterus palliseri
The Sri Lanka bush warbler (Elaphrornis palliseri), also known as Ceylon bush warbler or Palliser's warbler, is an Old World warbler which is an endemic resident breeder in Sri Lanka, where it is the only bush warbler.
Taxonomy
The Sri Lanka bush warbler has sometimes been placed in the genus Bradypterus and a 2018 study confirms that it is a sister to the clade that contains the Bradypterus and Megalurus warblers; it appears to be closely related to that genus, but differs in structure (relatively shorter-tailed and longer-billed), plumage (unmarked) and song. It is monotypic. The species is named after the collector Captain Edward Palliser (1826-1907). Edward and his brother Fred Palliser were both collectors in Sri Lanka. The species was described by Kelaart but published by Edward Blyth in 1851.
Distribution
The Sri Lanka bush warbler is a bird of dense forest undergrowth, often close to water. It is found in the highlands of central Sri Lanka, usually above 1200 m. The nest is built in a shrub, and two eggs are laid.
Description
This is a medium-large warbler at 14 cm. The adult has a plain brown back, pale grey underparts, a broad tail and short wings. There is a weak supercilium, and the throat is tinged orange. The sexes are identical, as with most warblers, but young birds lack the throat colouration.
The Sri Lanka bush warbler is a skulking species which can be very difficult to see. Perhaps the best site is Horton Plains National Park. It keeps low in vegetation and, like most warblers, it is insectivorous.
Males are often only detected by the loud song, which has an explosive queet.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bradypterus palliseri.
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Elaphrornis palliseri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22714545A94419998. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22714545A94419998.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Alström, Per; Cibois, Alice; Irestedt, Martin; Zuccon, Dario; Gelang, Magnus; Fjeldså, Jon; Andersen, Michael J.; Moyle, Robert G.; Pasquet, Eric (2018). "Comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the grassbirds and allies (Locustellidae) reveals extensive non-monophyly of traditional genera, and a proposal for a new classification". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 127: 367–375. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.029. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 29625229. S2CID 4645834.
^ "Sri Lankan Bush-warbler (Elaphrornis palliseri) | the Internet Bird Collection". ibc.lynxeds.com. Archived from the original on 2009-12-27.
^ Blyth, E. (1851). "Report on the mammalia and more remarkable species of birds inhabiting Ceylon". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 20: 153–185.
BirdLife International (2004). "Bradypterus palliseri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 11 May 2006.old-form url Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is near threatened
Warblers of Europe, Asia and North Africa by Baker, ISBN 0-7136-3971-7
Birds of India by Grimmett, Inskipp and Inskipp, ISBN 0-691-04910-6
A Field Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent by Kazmierczak and van Perlo, ISBN 978-1-873403-79-2
vteGenera of passerides and their extinct allies
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Suborder: Passeri
Infraorder: Passerida
PasseridaChaetopidae?
Chaetops
Chloropseidae?
Chloropsis
Hyliotidae?
Hyliota
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Anthoscopus
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Remiz
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See below ↓
Sylvioidea
See below ↓
Passeroidea
See Passeroidea
MuscicapidaRegulidae
Corthylio
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Moho
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Certhioideaincertae sedis
†Certhiops
†Kischinskinia
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Microbates
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Allenia
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Taxon identifiersElaphrornis palliseri
Wikidata: Q1303497
Wikispecies: Elaphrornis palliseri
Avibase: 592B6CCB556925E4
BirdLife: 22714545
BOW: ceybuw1
CoL: 393YG
eBird: ceybuw1
GBIF: 6100827
iNaturalist: 339739
ITIS: 916762
IUCN: 22714545
NCBI: 2162879
Observation.org: 194888
Open Tree of Life: 3598087
Xeno-canto: Elaphrornis-palliseri
Bradypterus palliseri
Wikidata: Q25647488
ARKive: bradypterus-palliseri
CoL: 6942W
GBIF: 5231361
iNaturalist: 117150
IRMNG: 10217867
ITIS: 558934 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old World warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_warbler"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"bush warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_warbler"}],"text":"The Sri Lanka bush warbler (Elaphrornis palliseri), also known as Ceylon bush warbler or Palliser's warbler, is an Old World warbler which is an endemic resident breeder in Sri Lanka, where it is the only bush warbler.","title":"Sri Lanka bush warbler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bradypterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradypterus"},{"link_name":"Megalurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalurus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kelaart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Frederick_Kelaart"},{"link_name":"Edward Blyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Blyth"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Sri Lanka bush warbler has sometimes been placed in the genus Bradypterus and a 2018 study confirms that it is a sister to the clade that contains the Bradypterus and Megalurus warblers;[2] it appears to be closely related to that genus, but differs in structure (relatively shorter-tailed and longer-billed), plumage (unmarked) and song. It is monotypic.[3] The species is named after the collector Captain Edward Palliser (1826-1907). Edward and his brother Fred Palliser were both collectors in Sri Lanka. The species was described by Kelaart but published by Edward Blyth in 1851.[4]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(biology)"}],"text":"The Sri Lanka bush warbler is a bird of dense forest undergrowth, often close to water. It is found in the highlands of central Sri Lanka, usually above 1200 m. The nest is built in a shrub, and two eggs are laid.","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Horton Plains National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Plains_National_Park"},{"link_name":"insectivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectivorous"}],"text":"This is a medium-large warbler at 14 cm. The adult has a plain brown back, pale grey underparts, a broad tail and short wings. There is a weak supercilium, and the throat is tinged orange. The sexes are identical, as with most warblers, but young birds lack the throat colouration.The Sri Lanka bush warbler is a skulking species which can be very difficult to see. Perhaps the best site is Horton Plains National Park. It keeps low in vegetation and, like most warblers, it is insectivorous.Males are often only detected by the loud song, which has an explosive queet.","title":"Description"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"BirdLife International (2016). \"Elaphrornis palliseri\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22714545A94419998. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22714545A94419998.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22714545/94419998","url_text":"\"Elaphrornis palliseri\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22714545A94419998.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22714545A94419998.en"}]},{"reference":"Alström, Per; Cibois, Alice; Irestedt, Martin; Zuccon, Dario; Gelang, Magnus; Fjeldså, Jon; Andersen, Michael J.; Moyle, Robert G.; Pasquet, Eric (2018). \"Comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the grassbirds and allies (Locustellidae) reveals extensive non-monophyly of traditional genera, and a proposal for a new classification\". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 127: 367–375. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.029. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 29625229. S2CID 4645834.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/2587007","url_text":"\"Comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the grassbirds and allies (Locustellidae) reveals extensive non-monophyly of traditional genera, and a proposal for a new classification\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2018.03.029","url_text":"10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1055-7903","url_text":"1055-7903"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29625229","url_text":"29625229"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4645834","url_text":"4645834"}]},{"reference":"\"Sri Lankan Bush-warbler (Elaphrornis palliseri) | the Internet Bird Collection\". ibc.lynxeds.com. Archived from the original on 2009-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091227084048/http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/sri-lankan-bush-warbler-elaphrornis-palliseri","url_text":"\"Sri Lankan Bush-warbler (Elaphrornis palliseri) | the Internet Bird Collection\""},{"url":"http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/sri-lankan-bush-warbler-elaphrornis-palliseri","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Blyth, E. (1851). \"Report on the mammalia and more remarkable species of birds inhabiting Ceylon\". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 20: 153–185.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40259764","url_text":"\"Report on the mammalia and more remarkable species of birds inhabiting Ceylon\""}]},{"reference":"BirdLife International (2004). \"Bradypterus palliseri\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 11 May 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/3029/0","url_text":"\"Bradypterus palliseri\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22714545/94419998","external_links_name":"\"Elaphrornis palliseri\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22714545A94419998.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22714545A94419998.en"},{"Link":"https://zenodo.org/record/2587007","external_links_name":"\"Comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the grassbirds and allies (Locustellidae) reveals extensive non-monophyly of traditional genera, and a proposal for a new classification\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2018.03.029","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.029"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1055-7903","external_links_name":"1055-7903"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29625229","external_links_name":"29625229"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4645834","external_links_name":"4645834"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091227084048/http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/sri-lankan-bush-warbler-elaphrornis-palliseri","external_links_name":"\"Sri Lankan Bush-warbler (Elaphrornis palliseri) | the Internet Bird Collection\""},{"Link":"http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/sri-lankan-bush-warbler-elaphrornis-palliseri","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40259764","external_links_name":"\"Report on the mammalia and more remarkable species of birds inhabiting Ceylon\""},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/3029/0","external_links_name":"\"Bradypterus palliseri\""},{"Link":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=592B6CCB556925E4","external_links_name":"592B6CCB556925E4"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22714545","external_links_name":"22714545"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/ceybuw1","external_links_name":"ceybuw1"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/393YG","external_links_name":"393YG"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/ceybuw1","external_links_name":"ceybuw1"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6100827","external_links_name":"6100827"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/339739","external_links_name":"339739"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=916762","external_links_name":"916762"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22714545","external_links_name":"22714545"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2162879","external_links_name":"2162879"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/194888/","external_links_name":"194888"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3598087","external_links_name":"3598087"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Elaphrornis-palliseri","external_links_name":"Elaphrornis-palliseri"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/bradypterus-palliseri/","external_links_name":"bradypterus-palliseri"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6942W","external_links_name":"6942W"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5231361","external_links_name":"5231361"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/117150","external_links_name":"117150"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10217867","external_links_name":"10217867"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=558934","external_links_name":"558934"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._C._Reddy_ministry | K. Chengalaraya Reddy ministry | ["1 Chief Minister & Cabinet Ministers","2 See also","3 References"] | Ministers in Government of Mysore headed by Chief Minister K. C. Reddy
K. Chengalaraya Reddy ministry1st Council of Ministers of Mysore StateBasavaraj Bommai ministryK. C. ReddyDate formed25 October 1947Date dissolved30 March 1952People and organisationsHead of stateJayachamarajendra Wadiyar26 January 1950 – 1 November 1956(As Rajpramukh of Mysore)Head of governmentK. C. ReddyMember partiesIndian National CongressStatus in legislatureLegislative Assembly not establishedHistoryElectionLegislative Assembly not establishedOutgoing election1952Legislature term6 years (Council)PredecessorOffice EstablishedSuccessorHanumanthaiah ministry
K. C. Reddy Ministry was the Council of Ministers in Mysore, a state in South India headed by K. Chengalaraya Reddy of the Indian National Congress.
The ministry had multiple ministers including the Chief Minister of Mysore. All ministers belonged to the Indian National Congress.
After independence of India in 1947, he was at the forefront of the Mysore Chalo movement seeking responsible state government in Mysore State and went on to become the first Chief Minister of the state after Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar, the Maharaja of Mysore signed the Instrument of Accession to join the new dominion of India on three subjects, namely, defence, external affairs, communications and hence Mysore did not lose its sovereignty on other subjects. The Constitution of India was adopted by the Indian Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system, completing the country's transition towards becoming an independent republic replacing the Government of India Act (1935) as the governing document of India and thus, turning the nation into a newly formed republic.
Mysore became a Part-B state of the union because Maharaja of Mysore issued a proclamation on this regard on 25 November 1949.
K. C. Reddy Ministry was an adhoc arrangement from 25 October 1947 (even though India became Republic on 26 January 1950) till the first election under Adult franchise was held in 1952 and Kengal Hanumanthaiah was elected as Chief Minister of Mysore post elections there by ending the unscheduled tenure of K. C. Reddy Ministry.
Chief Minister & Cabinet Ministers
S.No
Portfolio
Name
Portrait
Constituency
Term of Office
Party
1
Chief Minister
*Other departments not allocated to any Minister.
K. Chengalaraya Reddy
Legislative Assembly not established
25 October 1947
30 March 1952
Indian National Congress
2
Transport
Food and civil Supplies
T. Mariappa
Legislative Assembly not established
1950
30 March 1952
Indian National Congress
3
Home
T. Mariappa
Legislative Assembly not established
25 October 1947
30 March 1952
Indian National Congress
4
Mysore railways
Mysore Army
T. Mariappa
Legislative Assembly not established
25 October 1947
1950
Indian National Congress
T. Siddalingaya
MLC
1950
30 March 1952
Indian National Congress
5
Finance
Industries
H. C. Dasappa
Legislative Assembly not established
25 October 1947
30 March 1952
Indian National Congress
6
Public Works
Revenue
H. Siddaiah
Legislative Assembly not established
25 October 1947
30 March 1952
Indian National Congress
7
Law
Labour
K. T. Bhashyam
Legislative Assembly not established
25 October 1947
30 March 1952
Indian National Congress
8
Local Self-Government
R. Chennigaramaiah
Legislative Assembly not established
25 October 1947
30 March 1952
Indian National Congress
9
Public Health
Excise
Janab Mohmood Shariff
Legislative Assembly not established
25 October 1947
30 March 1952
Indian National Congress
10
Education
D. H. Chandrasekhariaya
Legislative Assembly not established
25 October 1947
30 March 1952
Indian National Congress
11
City Municipalities
Muzarai
P. Subbarama Chetty
Legislative Assembly not established
25 October 1947
30 March 1952
Indian National Congress
See also
Mysore Legislative Assembly
Mysore Legislative Council
Politics of Mysore
References
^ "येदियुरप्पा मंत्रिमंडल में 17 विधायक शामिल, एक पूर्व सीएम और दो पूर्व डिप्टी सीएम बने मंत्री". Amar Ujala (in Hindi).
^ "Karnataka BJP cabinet expansion Updates: Governor Vajubhai Vala administers oath to 17 MLAs as ministers". Firstpost. 20 August 2019.
^ "Freedom fighters get together for 'Mysore chalo' anniversary". The Hindu. 25 October 2006. Archived from the original on 14 June 2013.
^ "When Independence breezed into Mysore". Mysore news.
^ Wiki Source, "Instrument of Accession", White Paper on Indian States (1950)/Part 4/Instrument of Accession
^ "Introduction to Constitution of India". Ministry of Law and Justice of India. 29 July 2008. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
^ "S.R. Bommai passes away". The Hindu. 11 October 2007. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007.
^ Sam Rajappa (26 November 2013). "Census work in Belgaum threatened by language controversy". India Today. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
^ "Language issue in Karnataka explodes into a violent agitation". indiatoday.
^ Anita Pratap (21 November 2013). "Problems for Karnataka CM Ramakrishna Hegde after five years in power". India Today. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
^ https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/s.pdf
^ http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/elib/pdf/eresources/K%20T%20Bhashyam.pdf
^ http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/elib/pdf/eresources/K%20Puttaswami.pdf
vte Karnataka ministriesMysore
Reddy
Hanumanthaiah
Manjappa
Nijalingappa I
Nijalingappa II
Jatti
Kanthi
Nijalingappa III
Nijalingappa IV
Patil I
Urs I
Karnataka11 Urs I
12 Urs II
13 Rao
14 Hegde I
15 Hegde II
16 Hegde III
17 S. R. Bommai
18 Patil II
19 Bangarappa
20 Moily
21 Deve Gowda
22 Patel
23 Krishna
24 Singh
25 Kumaraswamy I
26 Yediyurappa I
27 Yediyurappa II
28 Sadananda Gowda
29 Shettar
30 Siddaramaiah I
31 Yediyurappa III
32 Kumaraswamy II
33 Yediyurappa IV
34 Basavaraj Bommai
35 Siddaramaiah IIKodaguPoonacha | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India"},{"link_name":"K. Chengalaraya Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Chengalaraya_Reddy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister of Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Mysore State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_State"},{"link_name":"Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayachamarajendra_Wadiyar"},{"link_name":"Maharaja of Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"Instrument of Accession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession"},{"link_name":"dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_India"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stat101-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stat102-4"},{"link_name":"Constitution of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India"},{"link_name":"republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic"},{"link_name":"Government of India Act (1935)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935"},{"link_name":"republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Maharaja of Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-law_min_intro-6"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Mysore_Legislative_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"Kengal Hanumanthaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kengal_Hanumanthaiah"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister of Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stat2-7"}],"text":"K. C. Reddy Ministry was the Council of Ministers in Mysore, a state in South India headed by K. Chengalaraya Reddy[1] of the Indian National Congress.The ministry had multiple ministers including the Chief Minister of Mysore.[2] All ministers belonged to the Indian National Congress.After independence of India in 1947, he was at the forefront of the Mysore Chalo movement seeking responsible state government in Mysore State and went on to become the first Chief Minister of the state after Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar, the Maharaja of Mysore signed the Instrument of Accession to join the new dominion of India on three subjects, namely, defence, external affairs, communications and hence Mysore did not lose its sovereignty on other subjects.[3][4] The Constitution of India was adopted by the Indian Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system, completing the country's transition towards becoming an independent republic replacing the Government of India Act (1935) as the governing document of India and thus, turning the nation into a newly formed republic.[5]Mysore became a Part-B state of the union because Maharaja of Mysore issued a proclamation on this regard on 25 November 1949.[6]K. C. Reddy Ministry was an adhoc arrangement from 25 October 1947 (even though India became Republic on 26 January 1950) till the first election under Adult franchise was held in 1952 and Kengal Hanumanthaiah was elected as Chief Minister of Mysore post elections there by ending the unscheduled tenure of K. C. Reddy Ministry.[7]","title":"K. Chengalaraya Reddy ministry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chief Minister & Cabinet Ministers"}] | [] | [{"title":"Mysore Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_Legislative_Assembly"},{"title":"Mysore Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_Legislative_Council"},{"title":"Politics of Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Mysore"}] | [{"reference":"\"येदियुरप्पा मंत्रिमंडल में 17 विधायक शामिल, एक पूर्व सीएम और दो पूर्व डिप्टी सीएम बने मंत्री\". Amar Ujala (in Hindi).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/karnataka-cm-bs-yediyurappa-proposes-names-of-17-mlas-to-governor-for-induction-as-cabinet-ministers","url_text":"\"येदियुरप्पा मंत्रिमंडल में 17 विधायक शामिल, एक पूर्व सीएम और दो पूर्व डिप्टी सीएम बने मंत्री\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karnataka BJP cabinet expansion Updates: Governor Vajubhai Vala administers oath to 17 MLAs as ministers\". Firstpost. 20 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/politics/karnataka-bjp-cabinet-expansion-live-updates-bs-yediyurappa-to-add-17-new-ministers-oath-taking-today-rebel-congress-mlas-governor-vajubhai-vala-7190121.html","url_text":"\"Karnataka BJP cabinet expansion Updates: Governor Vajubhai Vala administers oath to 17 MLAs as ministers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freedom fighters get together for 'Mysore chalo' anniversary\". The Hindu. 25 October 2006. Archived from the original on 14 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130614012315/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/25/stories/2006102502140500.htm","url_text":"\"Freedom fighters get together for 'Mysore chalo' anniversary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/25/stories/2006102502140500.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"When Independence breezed into Mysore\". 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Bommai passes away\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/11/stories/2007101155711200.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19810315-census-work-in-belgaum-threatened-by-language-controversy-772735-2013-11-26","external_links_name":"\"Census work in Belgaum threatened by language controversy\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820515-language-issue-in-karnataka-explodes-into-a-violent-agitation-771772-2013-10-16","external_links_name":"\"Language issue in Karnataka explodes into a violent agitation\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880131-problems-for-karnataka-cm-ramakrishna-hegde-after-five-years-in-power-769003-2013-11-21","external_links_name":"\"Problems for Karnataka CM Ramakrishna Hegde after five years in power\""},{"Link":"https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/s.pdf","external_links_name":"https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/s.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/elib/pdf/eresources/K%20T%20Bhashyam.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/elib/pdf/eresources/K%20T%20Bhashyam.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/elib/pdf/eresources/K%20Puttaswami.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/elib/pdf/eresources/K%20Puttaswami.pdf"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81janapada | Mahajanapadas | ["1 History","2 Overview","3 List of Mahajanapadas","3.1 Aṅga","3.2 Aśmaka","3.3 Avanti","3.4 Chedi","3.5 Gandhāra","3.6 Kamboja","3.7 Kāśī","3.8 Kosala","3.9 Kuru","3.10 Magadha","3.11 Malla","3.12 Matsya","3.13 Pañcāla","3.14 Śūrasena","3.15 Vṛji","3.16 Vatsa (or Vaṃsa)","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 Notes","8 External links"] | Kingdoms in the Indian subcontinent (c. 600 BCE–c. 345 BCE)
Mahājanapadasc. 600 BCE–c. 345 BCEMap of the 16 Mahājanapadas.CapitalVariousCommon languagesPali, Prakrits, and SanskritReligion Historical Vedic religionBuddhismJainismGovernmentRepublics (Gaṇasaṅghas)MonarchiesHistorical eraIron Age• Established c. 600 BCE• Disestablished c. 345 BCE
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Painted Grey Ware culture
Vedic period
Janapada
Kuru Kingdom
Nanda Empire
Achaemenid Empire
Today part ofIndiaPakistanBangladeshNepalAfghanistan
Part of a series on the
History of India
Timeline
Prehistoric
Madrasian culture
Soanian, c. 500,000 BCE
Neolithic, c. 7600 – c. 1000 BCE
Bhirrana 7570 – 6200 BCE
Jhusi 7106 BCE
Lahuradewa 7000 BCE
Mehrgarh 7000 – 2600 BCE
South Indian Neolithic 3000 – 1000 BCE
Ancient
Indus Valley civilization, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE
Post Indus Valley Period(Cemetery H Culture), c. 1700 – c. 1500 BCE
Vedic civilization, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE
Kuru Kingdom, c. 1200 - c. 500 BCE
Early Vedic Period
Rise of Śramaṇa movement
Later Vedic Period
Spread of Jainism – Parshvanatha
Spread of Jainism – Mahavira
Rise of Buddhism
Kingdom of Magadha
Haryanka Dynasty c. 544 – c. 413 BCE
Shaishunaga Dynasty c. 413 – c. 345 BCE
Nanda Dynasty, c. 345 – c. 322 BCE
Mahajanapadas, c. 500 – c. 345 BCE
Classical
Kingdom of Magadha
Maurya Dynasty, c. 322 – c. 185 BCE
Shunga Dynasty, c. 185 – c. 75 BCE
Kanva Dynasty, c. 75 – c. 30 BCE
Sangam period
Kushan Dynasty, c. 30 – c. 230 CE
Satavahana Dynasty, c. 30 BCE – c. 220 CE
Gupta Dynasty, c. 200 – c. 550 CE
Early medieval
Chalukya Dynasty, c. 543 – c. 753 CE
Harsha's Dynasty, c. 606 CE – c. 647 CE
Karakota Dynasty, c. 724 – c. 760 CE
Arab Invasion, c. 738 CE
Tripartite Struggle, c. 760 – c. 973 CE
Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty
Rastrakuta Dynasty
Pala Dynasty
Chola Dynasty, c. 848 – c. 1251 CE
2nd Chalukya Dynasty, c. 973 – c. 1187 CE
Late medieval
Delhi Sultanate, c. 1206 – c. 1526 CE
Slave Dynasty
Khalji Dynasty
Tugluq Dynasty
Sayyid Dynasty
Lodhi Dynasty
Pandyan Dynasty, c. 1251 – c. 1323 CE
Vijayanagara, c. 1336 – c. 1646 CE
Bengal Sultanate, c. 1342 – c. 1576 CE
Early modern
Mughal Dynasty, c. 1526 – c. 1540 CE
Suri Dynasty, c. 1540 – c. 1556 CE
Mughal Dynasty, c. 1556 – c. 1857 CE
Bengal Subah, c. 1576 – c. 1757 CE
Maratha Empire, c. 1674 – c. 1818 CE
Company Raj, c. 1757 – c. 1858 CE
Kingdom of Mysore, c. 1760 – c. 1799 CE
Sikh Empire, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE
Modern
The Great Rebellion, 1857 – 1858 CE
British Raj, 1858 – 1947 CE
Independence Movement
Independent India, 1947 CE – present
Dominion of India, 1947 – 1950 CE
Republic of India, 1950 CE – present
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Outline
Palaeolithic (2,500,000–250,000 BC) Madrasian culture Soanian culture
Neolithic (10,800–3300 BC) Bhirrana culture (7570–6200 BC) Mehrgarh culture (7000–3300 BC) Edakkal culture (5000–3000 BC)
Chalcolithic (3500–1500 BC) Anarta tradition (c. 3950–1900 BC) Ahar-Banas culture (3000–1500 BC) Pandu culture (1600–1500 BC) Malwa culture (1600–1300 BC) Jorwe culture (1400–700 BC)
Bronze Age (3300–1300 BC) Indus Valley Civilisation(3300–1300 BC) – Early Harappan culture(3300–2600 BC) – Mature Harappan culture(2600–1900 BC) – Late Harappan culture(1900–1300 BC) Vedic Civilisation(2000–500 BC) – Ochre Coloured Pottery culture(2000–1600 BC) – Swat culture(1600–500 BC)
Iron Age (1500–200 BC) Vedic Civilisation(1500–500 BC) – Janapadas (1500–600 BC) – Black and Red ware culture(1300–1000 BC) – Painted Grey Ware culture (1200–600 BC) – Northern Black Polished Ware (700–200 BC) Pradyota dynasty (799–684 BC) Haryanka dynasty (684–424 BC) Three Crowned Kingdoms (c. 600 BC – AD 1600) Maha Janapadas (c. 600–300 BC) Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC) Ror Dynasty (450 BC – AD 489) Shaishunaga dynasty (424–345 BC) Nanda Empire (380–321 BC) Macedonian Empire (330–323 BC) Maurya Empire (321–184 BC) Seleucid India (312–303 BC) Sangam period (c. 300 BC – c. 300 AD) Pandya Empire (c. 300 BC – AD 1345) Chera Kingdom (c. 300 BC – AD 1102) Chola Empire (c. 300 BC – AD 1279) Pallava Empire (c. 250 AD – AD 800) Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire (c. 250 BC – c. AD 500) Parthian Empire (247 BC – AD 224)
Middle Kingdoms (230 BC – AD 1206) Satavahana Empire (230 BC – AD 220) Kuninda Kingdom (200 BC – AD 300) Mitra Dynasty (c. 150 – c. 50 BC) Shunga Empire (185–73 BC) Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC – AD 10) Kanva Empire (75–26 BC) Indo-Scythian Kingdom (50 BC – AD 400) Indo-Parthian Kingdom (AD 21 – c. 130) Western Satrap Empire (AD 35–405 ) Kushan Empire (AD 60–240) Bharshiva Dynasty (170–350) Nagas of Padmavati (210–340) Sasanian Empire (224–651) Indo-Sassanid Kingdom (230–360) Vakataka Empire (c. 250 – c. 500) Kalabhras Empire (c. 250 – c. 600) Gupta Empire (280–550) Kadamba Empire (345–525) Western Ganga Kingdom (350–1000) Kamarupa Kingdom (350–1100) Vishnukundina Empire (420–624) Maitraka Empire (475–767) Huna Kingdom (475–576) Rai Kingdom (489–632) Kabul Shahi Empire (c. 500 – 1026) Chalukya Empire (543–753) Maukhari Empire (c. 550 – c. 700) Harsha Empire (606–647) Tibetan Empire (618–841) Eastern Chalukya Kingdom (624–1075) Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) Gurjara-Pratihara Empire (650–1036) Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) Mallabhum kingdom (694-1947) Bhauma-Kara Kingdom (736-916) Pala Empire (750–1174) Rashtrakuta Empire (753–982) Paramara Kingdom (800–1327) Yadava Empire (850–1334) Somavamshi Kingdom (882–1110) Chaulukya Kingdom (942–1244) Western Chalukya Empire (973–1189) Lohara Kingdom (1003–1320) Hoysala Empire (1040–1347) Sena Empire (1070–1230) Eastern Ganga Empire (1078–1434) Kakatiya Kingdom (1083–1323) Zamorin Kingdom (1102–1766) Kalachuris of Tripuri (675-1210) Kalachuris of Kalyani (1156–1184) Chutiya Kingdom (1187–1673) Deva Kingdom (c. 1200 – c. 1300)
Late medieval period (1206–1526) Ghaznavid Dynasty (977–1186) Ghurid Dynasty (1170–1206) Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) – Mamluk Sultanate (1206–1290) – Khalji Sultanate (1290–1320) – Tughlaq Sultanate (1320–1414) – Sayyid Sultanate (1414–1451) – Lodi Sultanate (1451–1526) Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826) Chitradurga Kingdom (1300–1779) Reddy Kingdom (1325–1448) Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646) Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576) Garhwal Kingdom (1358–1803) Mysore Kingdom (1399–1947) Gajapati Empire (1434–1541) Ladakh Kingdom (1470–1842) Deccan Sultanates (1490–1596) – Ahmadnagar Sultanate (1490–1636) – Berar Sultanate (1490–1574) – Bidar Sultanate (1492–1619) – Bijapur Sultanate (1492–1686) – Golkonda Sultanate (1518–1687) Keladi Kingdom (1499–1763) Koch Kingdom (1515–1947)
Early modern period (1526–1858) Mughal Empire (1526–1858) Sur Empire (1540–1556) Madurai Kingdom (1529–1736) Thanjavur Kingdom (1532–1673) Bhoi dynasty (1541–1804) Bengal Subah (1576–1757) Marava Kingdom (1600–1750) Sikkim Kingdom (1642–1975) Thondaiman Kingdom (1650–1948) Maratha Empire (1674–1818) Sikh Confederacy (1707–1799) Travancore Kingdom (1729–1947) Sikh Empire (1799–1849)
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The Mahājanapadas were sixteen kingdoms and aristocratic republics that existed in ancient India from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE, during the second urbanisation period.
History
The 6th–5th centuries BCE are often regarded as a major turning point in early Indian history. During this period, India's first large cities since the demise of the Indus Valley civilization arose. It was also the time of the rise of sramana movements (including Buddhism and Jainism), which challenged the religious orthodoxy of the Vedic period.
Two of the Mahājanapadas were most probably gaṇasaṅghas (aristocratic republics), and others had forms of monarchy. Ancient Buddhist texts like the Anguttara Nikaya make frequent reference to sixteen great kingdoms and republics that had developed and flourished in a belt stretching from Gandhara in the northwest to Anga in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent. They included parts of the trans-Vindhyan region, and all had developed prior to the rise of Buddhism in India.
Archaeologically, this period has been identified as corresponding in part to the Northern Black Polished Ware culture.
Overview
Main article: Janapada
Pottery of the Northern Black Polished Ware culture (c. 500–200 BCE)
The term "Janapada" literally means the foothold of a people. The fact that Janapada is derived from Jana points to an early stage of land-taking by the Jana people for a settled way of life. This process of settlement on land had completed its final stage prior to the times of the Buddha and Pāṇini. The Pre-Buddhist northern Indian sub-continent was divided into several Janapadas, demarcated from each other by boundaries. In Pāṇini's "Ashtadhyayi", Janapada stands for country and Janapadin for its citizenry. Each of these Janapadas was named after the Kshatriya people (or the Kshatriya Jana) who had settled therein. Buddhist and other texts only incidentally refer to sixteen great nations (Solasa Mahajanapadas) that existed prior to the time of the Buddha. They do not give any connected history except in the case of Magadha. The Buddhist Anguttara Nikaya, at several places, gives a list of sixteen great states:
Anga
Assaka (or Asmaka)
Avanti
Chedi
Gandhara
Kasi
Kamboja
Kosala
Kuru
Magadha
Malla
Matsya (or Maccha)
Panchala
Surasena
Vajji
Vatsa (or Vamsa)
Another Buddhist text, the Digha Nikaya, mentions twelve Mahajanapadas from the above list and omits four of them (Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara, and Kamboja).
Chulla-Niddesa, another ancient text of the Buddhist canon, adds Kalinga to the list and substitutes Yona for Gandhara, thus listing the Kamboja and the Yona as the only Mahajanapadas from Uttarapatha.
The Vyākhyāprajñapti (or the Bhagavati Sutra), a sutra of Jainism, gives a different list of sixteen Mahajanapadas:
Anga
Banga (Vanga)
Magadha
Malaya
Malavaka
Accha
Vaccha
Kochcha
Padha
Ladha (Radh or Lata)
Bajji (Vajji)
Moli (Malla)
Kasi
Kosala
Avaha
Sambhuttara
Ruhma
The author of the Bhagavati Sutra (or the Vyākhyāprajñapti) has a focus on the countries of Madhydesa and of the far east and south only. He omits the nations from Uttarapatha like the Kamboja and Gandhara. The more extended horizon of the Bhagvati and the omission of all countries from Uttarapatha "clearly shows that the Bhagvati list is of later origin and therefore less reliable."
List of Mahajanapadas
Aṅga
Main article: Anga
The first reference to the Angas is found in the Atharvaveda where they find mention along with the Magadhas, Gandharis and the Mujavats, apparently as a despised people. The Jaina Prajnapana ranks Angas and Vangas in the first group of Aryan people. It mentions the principal cities of ancient India. It was also a great center of trade and commerce and its merchants regularly sailed to distant Suvarnabhumi. Anga was annexed by Magadha in the time of Bimbisara. This was the one and only conquest of bimbisara
Aśmaka
Main article: Assaka
The country of Assaka or the Ashmaka tribe was located in Dakshinapatha or southern India. It included areas in present-day Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Maharashtra. In Gautama Buddha's time, many of the Assakas were located on the banks of the Godavari River (south of the Vindhya mountains). The capital of the Assakas was Potana or Potali, which corresponds present-day Bodhan in Telangana and Paudanya of Mahabharata. In Maharashtra its capital is located in Potali which corresponds to present day Nandura, Buldhana district. The Ashmakas are also mentioned by Pāṇini. They are placed in the north-west in the Markendeya Purana and the Brhat Samhita. The river Godavari separated the country of the Assakas from that of the Mulakas (or Alakas). The country of Assaka lay outside the pale of Madhyadesa. It was located on a southern high road, the Dakshinapatha. At one time, Assaka included Mulaka and abutted Avanti.
Avanti
Main article: Avanti (Ancient India)
Silver coin of Avanti mahajanapada (4th century BCE)
The country of the Avantis was an important kingdom of western India and was one of the four great monarchies in India in the post era of Mahavira and Buddha, the other three being Kosala, Vatsa and Magadha. Avanti was divided into north and south by the river Narmada. Initially, Mahishamati (Mahissati) was the capital of Southern Avanti, and Ujjaini (Sanskrit: Ujjayini) was of northern Avanti, but at the times of Mahavira and Buddha, Ujjaini was the capital of integrated Avanti. The country of Avanti roughly corresponded to modern Malwa, Nimar and adjoining parts of today's Madhya Pradesh. Both Mahishmati and Ujjaini stood on the southern high road called Dakshinapatha which extended from Rajagriha to Pratishthana (modern Paithan). Avanti was an important centre of Buddhism and some of the leading theras and theris were born and resided there. King Nandivardhana of Avanti was defeated by king Shishunaga of Magadha. Avanti later became part of the Magadhan empire.
Chedi
Main article: Chedi Kingdom
The Chedis, Chetis or Chetyas had two distinct settlements of which one was in the mountains of Nepal and the other in Bundelkhand near Kausambi. According to old authorities, Chedis lay near Yamuna midway between the kingdom of Kurus and Vatsas. In the mediaeval period, the southern frontiers of Chedi extended to the banks of the river Narmada. Sotthivatnagara, the Sukti or Suktimati of Mahabharata, was the capital of Chedi. The Chedis were an ancient people of India and are mentioned in the Rigveda, with their king Kashu Chaidya.
The location of the capital city, Suktimati, has not been established with certainty. Historian Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri and F. E. Pargiter believed that it was in the vicinity of Banda, Uttar Pradesh. Archaeologist Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti has proposed that Suktimati can be identified as the ruins of a large early historical city, at a place with the modern-day name Itaha, on the outskirts of Rewa, Madhya Pradesh.
Gandhāra
Main article: Gandhara
Coin of Early Gandhara Janapada: AR Shatamana and one-eighth Shatamana (round), Taxila-Gandhara region, c. 600–300 BCE.
A coin of Takshashila, portrays a tree flanked by a hill surmounted by a crescent and a Nandipada above a swastika.
The wool of the Gandharis is referred to in the Rigveda. The Gandharas and their king figure prominently as strong allies of the Kurus against the Pandavas in the Mahabharata war. The Gandharas were furious people, well-trained in the art of war. According to Puranic traditions, this Janapada was founded by Gandhara, son of Aruddha, a descendant of Yayati. The princes of this country are said to have come from the line of Druhyu who was a famous king of the Rigvedic period and one of the five sons of king Yayati of lunar dynasty. The river Indus watered the lands of Gandhara. Taksashila and Pushkalavati, the two cities of this Mahajanapada, are said to have been named after Taksa and Pushkara, the two sons of Bharata, a prince of Ayodhya and younger brother of Lord Rama. According to Vayu Purana (II.36.107), the Gandharas were destroyed by Pramiti (a.k.a. Kalika) at the end of Kali Yuga. Pāṇini mentioned both the Vedic form Gandhari as well as the later form Gandhara in his Ashtadhyayi. The Gandhara kingdom sometimes also included Kashmira. Hecataeus of Miletus (549–468) refers to Kaspapyros (Kasyapura or Purushapura, i.e., modern day Peshawar) as a Gandharic city. According to Gandhara Jataka, at one time, Gandhara formed a part of the Kingdom of Kashmira. The Jataka also gives another name Chandahara for Gandhara.
Gandhara Mahajanapada of Buddhist traditions included territories of east Afghanistan, and north-west of the Punjab (modern districts of Peshawar (Purushapura) and Rawalpindi). Its later capital was Taksashila (Prakrit for Taxila). The Taksashila University was a renowned centre of learning in ancient times, where scholars from all over the world came to seek higher education. Pāṇini, the Indian genius of grammar and Kautiliya are the world-renowned products of Taxila University. King Pukkusati or Pushkarasarin of Gandhara in the middle of the 6th century BCE was the contemporary of king Bimbisara of Magadha. Gandhara was located on the northern high road (Uttarapatha) and was a centre of international commercial activities. According to one group of scholars, the Gandharas and Kambojas were cognate people. It is also contended that the Kurus, Kambojas, Gandharas and Bahlikas were cognate people. According to Dr T. L. Shah, the Gandhara and Kamboja were nothing but two provinces of one empire and were located coterminously, hence influencing each other's language. Naturally, they may have once been a cognate people. Gandhara was often linked politically with the neighboring regions of Kashmira and Kamboja.
Kamboja
Main article: Kambojas
Kambojas are also included in the Uttarapatha. In ancient literature, the Kamboja is variously associated with the Gandhara, Darada and the Bahlika (Bactria). Ancient Kamboja is known to have comprised regions on either side of the Hindukush. The original Kamboja was located in eastern Oxus country as neighbor to Bahlika, but with time, some clans of the Kambojas appear to have crossed the Hindukush and planted colonies on its southern side also. These latter Kambojas are associated with the Daradas and Gandharas in Indian literature and also find mention in the Edicts of Ashoka. The evidence in the Mahabharata and in Ptolemy's Geography distinctly supports two Kamboja settlements. The cis-Hindukush region from Nurestan up to Rajauri in southwest of Kashmir sharing borders with the Daradas and the Gandharas constituted the Kamboja country. The capital of Kamboja was probably Rajapura (modern Rajori) in the south-west of Kashmir. The Kamboja Mahajanapada of the Buddhist traditions refers to this cis-Hindukush branch of ancient Kambojas.
The trans-Hindukush region including the Pamirs and Badakhshan which shared borders with the Bahlikas (Bactria) in the west and the Lohas and Rishikas of Sogdiana/Fergana in the north, constituted the Parama-Kamboja country. The trans-Hindukush branch of the Kambojas remained pure Iranian but a large section of the Kambojas of cis-Hindukush appears to have come under Indian cultural influence. The Kambojas are known to have had both Iranian as well as Indian affinities.
The Kambojas were also a well known republican people since Epic times. The Mahabharata refers to several gaṇaḥ (or Republics) of the Kambojas. Kautiliya's Arthashastra attestes the Kambojas republican character and Ashoka's Edict No. XIII also testifies the presence of the Kambojas along with the Yavanas. Pāṇini's Sutras, though tend to convey that the Kamboja of Pāṇini was a Kshatriya monarchy, but "the special rule and the exceptional form of derivative" he gives to denote the ruler of the Kambojas implies that the king of Kamboja was a titular head (king consul) only. According to Buddhist texts, the first fourteen of the above Mahajanapadas belong to Majjhimadesa (Mid India) while the last two belong to Uttarapatha or the north-west division of Jambudvipa.
In a struggle for supremacy that followed in the 6th/5th century BCE, the growing state of the Magadhas emerged as the predominant power in ancient India, annexing several of the Janapadas of the Majjhimadesa. A bitter line in the Puranas laments that Magadhan emperor Mahapadma Nanda exterminated all Kshatriyas, none worthy of the name Kshatriya being left thereafter. This refers to the Kasis, Kosalas, Kurus, Panchalas, Vatsyas and other neo-Vedic tribes of the east Panjab of whom nothing was ever heard except in the legend and poetry. (The Nandas usurped the throne of Shishunaga dynasty c. 345 BCE, thus founding the Nanda Empire.)
The Kambojans and Gandharans, however, never came into direct contact with the Magadhan state until Chandragupta and Kautilya arose on the scene. But these nations also fell prey to the Achaemenids of Persia during the reign of Cyrus II (558–530 BCE) or in the first year of Darius. Kamboja and Gandhara formed the twentieth and richest satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire. Cyrus II is said to have destroyed the famous Kamboja city called Kapisi (modern Begram) in Paropamisade.
Kāśī
Main article: Kāśī (kingdom)
The kingdom was located in the region around its capital Varanasi, bounded by the Varuna and Asi rivers in the north and south which gave Varanasi its name. Before Buddha, Kasi was the most powerful of the sixteen Mahajanapadas. Several jataka tales bear witness to the superiority of its capital over other cities in India and speak highly of its prosperity and opulence. These stories tell of the long struggle for supremacy between Kashi and the three kingdoms of Kosala, Anga and Magadha. Although King Brihadratha of Kashi conquered Kosala, Kashi was later incorporated into Kosala by King Kansa during Buddha's time. The Kashis along with the Kosalas and Videhans find mention in Vedic texts and appear to have been a closely allied people. The Matsya Purana and Alberuni spell Kashi as Kausika and Kaushaka respectively. All other ancient texts read Kashi.
Kosala
Main article: Kosala
Silver coins of Kosala mahajanapada (c. 525–465 BCE)
The country of Kosala was located to the north-west of Magadha, with its capital at Ayodhya. Its territory corresponded to the modern Awadh (or Oudh) in Central and Eastern Uttar Pradesh. It had the river Ganges for its southern, the river Gandak (Narayani) for its eastern, and the Himalaya mountains for its northern boundary.
Procession of Prasenajit of Kosala leaving Sravasti to meet the Buddha, Sanchi.
Later, the kingdom was ruled by the famous king Prasenajit during the era of Mahavira and Buddha, followed by his son Vidudabha (Virudhaka). King Prasenajit was highly educated. His position was further improved by a matrimonial alliance with Magadha: his sister was married to Bimbisara and part of Kasi was given as dowry. There was, however, a struggle for supremacy between king Pasenadi (Prasenajit) and king Ajatashatru of Magadha which was finally settled once the confederation of Liccavis became conquered by Magadha. Kosala was ultimately merged into Magadha when Vidudabha was Kosala's ruler. Ayodhya, Saketa, Banaras, and Sravasti were the chief cities of Kosala.
Kuru
Main article: Kuru Kingdom
Silver coin of Kuru mahajanapada (4th century BCE)
The Puranas trace the origin of Kurus from the Puru-Bharata family. Kuru was born after 25 generations of Puru's dynasty, and after 15 generations of Kuru, Kauravas and Pandavas were born. Aitareya Brahmana locates the Kurus in Madhyadesha and also refers to the Uttarakurus as living beyond the Himalayas. According to the Buddhist text Sumangavilasini, the people of Kururashtra (the Kurus) came from the Uttarakuru. Vayu Purana attests that Kuru, son of Samvarsana of the Puru lineage, was the eponymous ancestor of the Kurus and the founder of Kururashtra (Kuru Janapada) in Kurukshetra. The country of the Kurus roughly corresponded to the modern Thanesar, state of Delhi, and Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh. According to the Jatakas, the capital of the Kurus was Indraprastha (Indapatta) near modern Delhi which extended seven leagues. At Buddha's time, the Kuru country was ruled by a titular chieftain (king consul) named Korayvya. The Kurus of the Buddhist period did not occupy the same position as they did in the Vedic period but they continued to enjoy their ancient reputation for deep wisdom and sound health. The Kurus had matrimonial relations with the Yadavas, the Bhojas, Trigratas, and the Panchalas. There is a Jataka reference to king Dhananjaya, introduced as a prince from the lineage of Yudhishtra. Though a well known monarchical people in the earlier period, the Kurus are known to have switched to a republican form of government during the 6th to 5th centuries BCE. In the 4th century BCE, Kautiliya's Arthashastra also attests the Kurus following the Rajashabdopajivin (Royal Consul) constitution.
Magadha
Main articles: Magadha, Rajagriha, Pataliputra, and Greater Magadha
Silver coin of Magadha mahajanapada (c. 350 BCE)
King Bimbisara of Magadha with his royal cortege issuing from the city of Rajagriha to visit the Buddha.
The Magadha was one of the most prominent and prosperous of Mahajanapadas.
King Bimbisara of Magadha visits the Bamboo Garden (Venuvana) in Rajagriha; artwork from Sanchi.
The kingdom of the Magadhas roughly corresponded to the modern districts of Patna and Gaya in southern Bihar and parts of Bengal in the east. The capital city of Pataliputra was bound in the north by the river Ganges, in the east by the river Champa, in the south by the Vindhya mountains and in the west by the river Sona. During Buddha's time its boundaries included Anga. Its earliest capital was Girivraja or Rajagaha (modern Rajgir in the Nalanda district of Bihar). The other names for the city were Magadhapura, Brihadrathapura, Vasumati, Kushagrapura and Bimbisarapuri. It was an active center of Jainism in ancient times. The First Buddhist Council was held in Rajagaha in the Vaibhara Hills. Later on, Pataliputra became the capital of Magadha.
Malla
Main article: Malla (tribe)
Conjectural reconstruction of the main gate of Kushinagar, city of the Mallakas, circa 500 BCE adapted from a relief at Sanchi.City of Kushinagar in the 5th century BCE according to a 1st-century BCE frieze in Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern Gate.
The Mallakas are frequently mentioned in Buddhist and Jain works. They were a powerful people dwelling in Northern India. According to Mahabharata, Panduputra Bhimasena is said to have conquered the chief of the Mallakas in the course of his expedition in Eastern India. During the Buddhist period, the Mallakas Kshatriya were a republican people with their dominion consisting of nine territories corresponding to the nine confederated clans. These republican states were known as gaṇasaṅghas. Two of these confederations – one with Kushinagar (modern Kasia near Gorakhpur) as its capital and the second with Pava (modern Fazilnagar, 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Kushinagar) as the capital – had become very important at the time of Buddha. Kuśināra is very important in the history of Buddhism since Lord Buddha took last meal at Pava. Buddha was taken ill at Pava and died at Kusinara. It is widely believed that Lord Gautam died at the courtyard of King Sastipal Mall of Kushinagar. Kushinagar is now the centre of the Buddhist pilgrimage circle which is being developed by the tourism development corporation of Uttar Pradesh.
The Mallakas, like the Licchavis, are mentioned by Manusmriti as Vratya Kshatriyas. They are called Vasishthas (Vasetthas) in the Mahapparnibbana Suttanta. The Mallakas originally had a monarchical form of government but later they switched to one of Samgha (republican union), the members of which called themselves rajas. The Mallakas appeared to have formed an alliance with the Licchhavis for self-defense but lost their independence not long after Buddha's death and their dominions were annexed to the Magadhan empire.
Mallaka defending the city of Kushinagar, as depicted at Sanchi. Malla was an ancient Indian republic (gaṇasaṅghas) mentioned in the Anguttara Nikaya.
Matsya
Main article: Matsya (tribe)
The country of the Matsya or Macchā tribe lay to the south of the Kurus and west of the Yamuna, which separated them from the Panchalas. It roughly corresponded to the former princely state of Jaipur in Rajputana, and included the whole of Alwar with portions of Bharatpur. The capital of Matsya was at Viratanagara (modern Bairat) which is said to have been named after its founder king Virata. In Pali literature, the Matsyas are usually associated with the Surasenas. The western Matsya was the hill tract on the north bank of the Chambal. A branch of Matsya is also found in later days in the Visakhapatnam region. The Matsyas had not much political importance of their own during the time of Buddha.
Pañcāla
Main article: Pañcāla
Coin of the Panchalas of Adhichhatra (75-50 BCE).Obv Indra seated facing on pedestal, holding bifurcated object.Rev Idramitrasa in Brahmi, Panchala symbols.
The Panchalas occupied the country to the east of the Kurus between the mountains and river Ganges. It roughly corresponded to modern Budaun, Farrukhabad and the adjoining districts of Uttar Pradesh. The country was divided into Uttara-Panchala and Dakshina-Panchala. The northern Panchala had its capital at Adhichhatra or Chhatravati (modern Ramnagar in the Bareilly district), while southern Panchala had its capital at Kampilya or Kampil in the Farrukhabad District. The famous city of Kanyakubja or Kanauj was situated in the kingdom of Panchala. Originally a monarchical clan, the Panchals appear to have switched to republican corporation in the 6th and 5th centuries BCE. In the 4th century BCE, Kautiliya's Arthashastra also attests the Panchalas as following the Rajashabdopajivin (king consul) constitution.
Śūrasena
Main article: Surasena
Silver coin of Surasena mahajanapada (5th century BCE).
The country of the Surasenas lay to the east of Matsya and west of Yamuna. This corresponds roughly to the Brij region of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan. and Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh. It had its capital at Madhura or Mathura. Avantiputra, the king of Surasena, was the first among the chief disciples of Buddha, through whose help Buddhism gained ground in Mathura country. The Andhakas and Vrishnis of Mathura/Surasena are referred to in the Ashtadhyayi of Pāṇini. In Kautiliya's Arthashastra, the Vrishnis are described as sangha or republic. The Vrishnis, Andhakas and other allied tribes of the Shoorsaini formed a sangha and Vasudeva (Krishna) is described as the sangha-mukhya. Mathura, the capital of Surasena, was also known at the time of Megasthenes as the centre of Krishna worship. The Surasena kingdom had lost its independence on annexation by the Magadhan empire.
Vṛji
Main article: Vajjika League
Ananda Stupa, built by the Licchavis at Vaishali, which served as the capital of the Vajjika League, one of the world's earliest republics (gaṇasaṅgha).
Vajji or Vṛji was a confederacy of neighbouring clans including the Licchavis and one of the principal mahājanapadas of Ancient India. The area they ruled constitutes the region of Mithila in Nepal and northern Bihar and their capital was the city of Vaishali.
Both the Buddhist text Anguttara Nikaya and the Jaina text Bhagavati Sutra (Saya xv Uddesa I) included Vajji in their lists of solasa (sixteen) mahājanapadas. The name of this mahājanapada was derived from one of its ruling clans, the Vṛjis. The Vajji state is indicated to have been a republic. This clan is mentioned by Pāṇini, Chanakya and Xuanzang.
Vatsa (or Vaṃsa)
Main article: Vatsa
The Vatsas or Vamsas are called to be a branch of the Kurus. The Vatsa or Vamsa country corresponded with the territory of modern Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh. It had a monarchical form of government with its capital at Kausambi (identified with the village Kosam, 38 miles from Prayagraj). Kausambi was a very prosperous city where a large number of wealthy merchants resided. It was the most important entrepôt of goods and passengers from the north-west and south. Udayana was the ruler of Vatsa in the 6th-5th century BCE. He was very powerful, warlike and fond of hunting. Initially king Udayana was opposed to Buddhism, but later became a follower of Buddha and made Buddhism the state religion. Udayana's mother, Queen Mrigavati, is notable for being one of the earliest known female rulers in Indian history.
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References
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^ James Fergusson observes: "In a wider sense, name Gandhara implied all the countries west of Indus as far as Candhahar" (The Tree and Serpent Worship, 2004, p. 47, James Fergusson).
^ Encyclopedia Americana, 1994, p 277, Encyclopedias and Dictionaries.
^ Ptolemy's Geography mentions Tambyzoi located in eastern Bactria (Ancient India as Described by Ptolemy: Being a Translation of the Chapters ... 1885, p. 268, John Watson McCrindle - Geography, Ancient; Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, History - 2000, p. 99, (editors) Richard J. A. Talbert) and Ambautai people located to south of Hindukush Mountains (Geography 6.18.3; See map in McCrindle, p. 8). Dr S. Levi has identified Tambyzoi with Kamboja (Indian Antiquary, 1923, p. 54; Pre Aryan and Pre Dravidian in India, 1993, p. 122, Dr Sylvain Lévi, Dr Jean Przyluski, Jules Bloch, Asian Educational Services) while land of Ambautai has also been identified by Dr Michael Witzel (Harvard University) with Sanskrit Kamboja Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, Vol. 5, 1999, issue 1 (September), Dr. M. Witzel; Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History, 2005, p 257, Laurie L. Patton, Edwin Bryant; The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, 1995, p. 326, George Erdosy.
^ MBH VII.4.5; II.27.23.
^ See: Problems of Ancient India, 2000, pp. 5-6; cf: Geographical Data in the Early Puranas, p. 168.
^ MBH II.27.27.
^ Vedic Index I, p. 138, Macdonnel, Dr Keith.
^ Ethnology of Ancient Bhārata, 1970, p. 107, Dr Ram Chandra Jain.
^ The Journal of Asian Studies; 1956, p. 384, Association for Asian Studies, Far Eastern Association (U.S.).
^ Balocistān: siyāsī kashmakash, muz̤mirāt va rujḥānāt; 1989, p. 2, Munīr Aḥmad Marrī.
^ India as Known to Panini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī; 1953, p. 49, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala.
^ Afghanistan, p. 58, W. K. Fraser, M. C. Gillet.
^ Afghanistan, its People, its Society, its Culture, Donal N. Wilber, 1962, pp. 80, 311 etc.
^ Iran, 1956, p. 53, Herbert Harold Vreeland, Clifford R. Barnett.
^ Geogrammatical Dictionary of Sanskrit (Vedic): 700 Complete Revisions of the Best Books..., 1953, p. 49, Dr Peggy Melcher, Dr A. A. McDonnel, Dr Surya Kanta, Dr Jacob Wackernagel, Dr V. S. Agarwala.
^ Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana Parva, 1945, p. 33, Dr Moti Chandra - India.
^ A Grammatical Dictionary of Sanskrit (Vedic): 700 Complete Reviews of the ..., 1953, p. 49, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala, Surya Kanta, Jacob Wackernagel, Arthur Anthony Macdonell, Peggy Melcher - India.
^ MBH 7/91/39.
^ Arthashastra 11/1/4.
^ 13th Major Rock Edict. Translation by E. Hultzsch (1857-1927). Published in India in 1925. Inscriptions of Asoka p.43. Public Domain.
^ Ashtadhyayi IV.1.168–175.
^ Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times, Parts I and II., 1955, p. 52, Dr Kashi Prasad Jayaswal - Constitutional history; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja - Kamboja (Pakistan).
^ Panda, Harihar (2007), Prof. H.C. Raychaudhuri, as a Historian, Northern Book Centre, p. 28, ISBN 978-81-7211-210-3
^ Marshall p.59
^ II. p 481
^ Sinha, Bindeshwari Prasad (1977). Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450–1200 A.D. Abhinav Publications. p. 128.
^ Sinha, Bindeshwari Prasad (1977). Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450–1200 A.D. Abhinav Publications. p. 128.
^ Kalpa Sutra; Nirayavali Sutra
^ Asiatic Mythology by J. Hackin p.83ff
^ Olivelle, Patrick (13 July 2006). Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199775071 – via Google Books.
^ Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972), Political History of Ancient India, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp. 85–6
^ Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972), Political History of Ancient India, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p.107
^ Rohan L. Jayetilleke (5 December 2007). "The Ghositarama of Kaushambi". Daily News. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
Further reading
R. C. Majumdar and A. D. Pusalker, eds. The History and Culture of the Indian People. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay 1951.
Sethna, K. D. (1989). Ancient India in a new light. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
Sethna, K. D. (2000). Problems of ancient India. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
Notes
^ Sanskrit: महाजनपद, lit. 'Great Janapadas'
External links
Media related to Mahajanapadas at Wikimedia Commons
vteMahajanapadasGreat Indian Kingdoms(c. 600 BCE–c. 300 BCE)
Anga
Asmaka (Assaka)
Avanti
Chedi
Gandhara
Kashi
Kamboja
Kosala
Kuru
Magadha
Malla
Maccha (Matsya)
Panchala
Surasena
Vajji
Vatsa (Vamsa) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realm"},{"link_name":"aristocratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy"},{"link_name":"republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic"},{"link_name":"ancient India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_India"},{"link_name":"second urbanisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India#Second_urbanisation_(c._600_%E2%80%93_200_BCE)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Mahājanapadas [a] were sixteen kingdoms and aristocratic republics that existed in ancient India from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE, during the second urbanisation period.[2]","title":"Mahajanapadas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India"},{"link_name":"Indus Valley civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization"},{"link_name":"sramana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sramana"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism"},{"link_name":"Vedic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period"},{"link_name":"gaṇasaṅghas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha"},{"link_name":"Buddhist texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_texts"},{"link_name":"Anguttara Nikaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gandhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara"},{"link_name":"Anga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anga"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Vindhyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindhya_Range"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singh-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Northern Black Polished Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The 6th–5th centuries BCE are often regarded as a major turning point in early Indian history. During this period, India's first large cities since the demise of the Indus Valley civilization arose. It was also the time of the rise of sramana movements (including Buddhism and Jainism), which challenged the religious orthodoxy of the Vedic period.Two of the Mahājanapadas were most probably gaṇasaṅghas (aristocratic republics), and others had forms of monarchy. Ancient Buddhist texts like the Anguttara Nikaya[3] make frequent reference to sixteen great kingdoms and republics that had developed and flourished in a belt stretching from Gandhara in the northwest to Anga in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent. They included parts of the trans-Vindhyan region,[4] and all had developed prior to the rise of Buddhism in India.[5]Archaeologically, this period has been identified as corresponding in part to the Northern Black Polished Ware culture.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fragment_-_Northern_Black_Polished_Ware_-_500-100_BCE_-_Sonkh_-_Showcase_6-15_-_Prehistory_and_Terracotta_Gallery_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-24_6458.JPG"},{"link_name":"Northern Black Polished Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware"},{"link_name":"Janapada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janapada"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha"},{"link_name":"Pāṇini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini"},{"link_name":"Kshatriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshatriya"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Anguttara Nikaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Anga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anga"},{"link_name":"Assaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assaka"},{"link_name":"Avanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avanti_(India)"},{"link_name":"Chedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chedi_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Gandhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ra_(kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Kasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81%C5%9B%C4%AB_(kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Kamboja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambojas"},{"link_name":"Kosala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosala"},{"link_name":"Kuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuru_(India)"},{"link_name":"Magadha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha"},{"link_name":"Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malla_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Matsya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsya_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Panchala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchala"},{"link_name":"Surasena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surasena"},{"link_name":"Vajji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajjika_League"},{"link_name":"Vatsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatsa"},{"link_name":"Digha Nikaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digha_Nikaya"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Chulla-Niddesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niddesa"},{"link_name":"Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Yona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yona"},{"link_name":"Uttarapatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarapatha"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Vyākhyāprajñapti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vy%C4%81khy%C4%81praj%C3%B1apti"},{"link_name":"Bhagavati Sutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavati_Sutra"},{"link_name":"Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism"},{"link_name":"Radh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarh_region"},{"link_name":"Lata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_(region)"},{"link_name":"Kosala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosala"},{"link_name":"Bhagavati Sutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavati_Sutra"},{"link_name":"Vyākhyāprajñapti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vy%C4%81khy%C4%81praj%C3%B1apti"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Pottery of the Northern Black Polished Ware culture (c. 500–200 BCE)The term \"Janapada\" literally means the foothold of a people. The fact that Janapada is derived from Jana points to an early stage of land-taking by the Jana people for a settled way of life. This process of settlement on land had completed its final stage prior to the times of the Buddha and Pāṇini. The Pre-Buddhist northern Indian sub-continent was divided into several Janapadas, demarcated from each other by boundaries. In Pāṇini's \"Ashtadhyayi\", Janapada stands for country and Janapadin for its citizenry. Each of these Janapadas was named after the Kshatriya people (or the Kshatriya Jana) who had settled therein.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Buddhist and other texts only incidentally refer to sixteen great nations (Solasa Mahajanapadas) that existed prior to the time of the Buddha. They do not give any connected history except in the case of Magadha. The Buddhist Anguttara Nikaya, at several places,[15] gives a list of sixteen great states:Anga\nAssaka (or Asmaka)\nAvanti\nChedi\nGandhara\nKasi\nKamboja\nKosala\nKuru\nMagadha\nMalla\nMatsya (or Maccha)\nPanchala\nSurasena\nVajji\nVatsa (or Vamsa)Another Buddhist text, the Digha Nikaya, mentions twelve Mahajanapadas from the above list and omits four of them (Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara, and Kamboja).[16]Chulla-Niddesa, another ancient text of the Buddhist canon, adds Kalinga to the list and substitutes Yona for Gandhara, thus listing the Kamboja and the Yona as the only Mahajanapadas from Uttarapatha.[17][18]The Vyākhyāprajñapti (or the Bhagavati Sutra), a sutra of Jainism, gives a different list of sixteen Mahajanapadas:Anga\nBanga (Vanga)\nMagadha\nMalaya\nMalavaka\nAccha\nVaccha\nKochcha\nPadha\nLadha (Radh or Lata)\nBajji (Vajji)\nMoli (Malla)\nKasi\nKosala\nAvaha\nSambhuttara\nRuhmaThe author of the Bhagavati Sutra (or the Vyākhyāprajñapti) has a focus on the countries of Madhydesa and of the far east and south only. He omits the nations from Uttarapatha like the Kamboja and Gandhara. The more extended horizon of the Bhagvati and the omission of all countries from Uttarapatha \"clearly shows that the Bhagvati list is of later origin and therefore less reliable.\"[19]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Mahajanapadas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anga"},{"link_name":"Atharvaveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvaveda"},{"link_name":"Magadhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadhas"},{"link_name":"Gandharis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara"},{"link_name":"Jaina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain"},{"link_name":"Aryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan"},{"link_name":"ancient India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_India"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Suvarnabhumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvarnabhumi"},{"link_name":"Bimbisara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimbisara"}],"sub_title":"Aṅga","text":"The first reference to the Angas is found in the Atharvaveda where they find mention along with the Magadhas, Gandharis and the Mujavats, apparently as a despised people. The Jaina Prajnapana ranks Angas and Vangas in the first group of Aryan people. It mentions the principal cities of ancient India.[20] It was also a great center of trade and commerce and its merchants regularly sailed to distant Suvarnabhumi. Anga was annexed by Magadha in the time of Bimbisara. This was the one and only conquest of bimbisara","title":"List of Mahajanapadas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Telangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Gautama Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha"},{"link_name":"Godavari River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godavari_River"},{"link_name":"Vindhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindhya"},{"link_name":"Bodhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhan"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Brhat Samhita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brhat_Samhita"},{"link_name":"Madhyadesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhyadesa"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Aśmaka","text":"The country of Assaka or the Ashmaka tribe was located in Dakshinapatha or southern India. It included areas in present-day Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Maharashtra.[21] In Gautama Buddha's time, many of the Assakas were located on the banks of the Godavari River (south of the Vindhya mountains). The capital of the Assakas was Potana or Potali, which corresponds present-day Bodhan in Telangana and Paudanya of Mahabharata.[22] In Maharashtra its capital is located in Potali which corresponds to present day Nandura, Buldhana district. The Ashmakas are also mentioned by Pāṇini. They are placed in the north-west in the Markendeya Purana and the Brhat Samhita. The river Godavari separated the country of the Assakas from that of the Mulakas (or Alakas). The country of Assaka lay outside the pale of Madhyadesa. It was located on a southern high road, the Dakshinapatha. At one time, Assaka included Mulaka and abutted Avanti.[23]","title":"List of Mahajanapadas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I13_12karshapana_Avanti_1ar_(8481304617).jpg"},{"link_name":"Avanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avanti_(India)"},{"link_name":"Kosala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosala"},{"link_name":"Vatsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatsa"},{"link_name":"Magadha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha"},{"link_name":"Narmada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada"},{"link_name":"Mahishamati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahishamati"},{"link_name":"Ujjaini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujjain"},{"link_name":"Mahavira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavira"},{"link_name":"Malwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwa"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Rajagriha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajagriha"},{"link_name":"Paithan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paithan"},{"link_name":"Shishunaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishunaga"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Avanti","text":"Silver coin of Avanti mahajanapada (4th century BCE)The country of the Avantis was an important kingdom of western India and was one of the four great monarchies in India in the post era of Mahavira and Buddha, the other three being Kosala, Vatsa and Magadha. Avanti was divided into north and south by the river Narmada. Initially, Mahishamati (Mahissati) was the capital of Southern Avanti, and Ujjaini (Sanskrit: Ujjayini) was of northern Avanti, but at the times of Mahavira and Buddha, Ujjaini was the capital of integrated Avanti. The country of Avanti roughly corresponded to modern Malwa, Nimar and adjoining parts of today's Madhya Pradesh. Both Mahishmati and Ujjaini stood on the southern high road called Dakshinapatha which extended from Rajagriha to Pratishthana (modern Paithan). Avanti was an important centre of Buddhism and some of the leading theras and theris were born and resided there. King Nandivardhana of Avanti was defeated by king Shishunaga of Magadha. Avanti later became part of the Magadhan empire.[24]","title":"List of Mahajanapadas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bundelkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundelkhand"},{"link_name":"Kausambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kausambi"},{"link_name":"Yamuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna"},{"link_name":"Kurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kurus"},{"link_name":"Vatsas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatsa"},{"link_name":"Narmada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada_River"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"Rigveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigveda"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-26"},{"link_name":"Suktimati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suktimati"},{"link_name":"Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hem_Chandra_Raychaudhuri"},{"link_name":"F. E. Pargiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._E._Pargiter"},{"link_name":"Banda, Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda,_Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-26"},{"link_name":"Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilip_Kumar_Chakrabarti"},{"link_name":"early historical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware"},{"link_name":"Rewa, Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewa,_Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Chedi","text":"The Chedis, Chetis or Chetyas had two distinct settlements of which one was in the mountains of Nepal and the other in Bundelkhand near Kausambi. According to old authorities, Chedis lay near Yamuna midway between the kingdom of Kurus and Vatsas. In the mediaeval period, the southern frontiers of Chedi extended to the banks of the river Narmada. Sotthivatnagara, the Sukti or Suktimati of Mahabharata, was the capital of Chedi. The Chedis were an ancient people of India and are mentioned in the Rigveda, with their king Kashu Chaidya.[25]The location of the capital city, Suktimati, has not been established with certainty. Historian Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri and F. E. Pargiter believed that it was in the vicinity of Banda, Uttar Pradesh.[25] Archaeologist Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti has proposed that Suktimati can be identified as the ruins of a large early historical city, at a place with the modern-day name Itaha, on the outskirts of Rewa, Madhya Pradesh.[26]","title":"List of Mahajanapadas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gandhara1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taxila_(local_coinage)._Circa_220-185_BC.jpg"},{"link_name":"Takshashila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxila"},{"link_name":"Nandipada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandipada"},{"link_name":"swastika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Gandharis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara"},{"link_name":"Rigveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigveda"},{"link_name":"Kurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kurus"},{"link_name":"Pandavas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandava"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"Puranic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranic"},{"link_name":"Taksashila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxila"},{"link_name":"Pushkalavati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkalavati"},{"link_name":"Bharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharata_(Ramayana)"},{"link_name":"Ayodhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya"},{"link_name":"Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama"},{"link_name":"Kali Yuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga"},{"link_name":"Ashtadhyayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtadhyayi"},{"link_name":"Kashmira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmira"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Gandharic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara"},{"link_name":"Kashmira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasmira_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Jataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jataka_tales"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"Rawalpindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi"},{"link_name":"Taxila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxila"},{"link_name":"Kautiliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kautiliya"},{"link_name":"Bimbisara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimbisara"},{"link_name":"Uttarapatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Kashmira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasmira_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Kamboja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambojas"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Gandhāra","text":"Coin of Early Gandhara Janapada: AR Shatamana and one-eighth Shatamana (round), Taxila-Gandhara region, c. 600–300 BCE.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA coin of Takshashila, portrays a tree flanked by a hill surmounted by a crescent and a Nandipada above a swastika.[27]The wool of the Gandharis is referred to in the Rigveda. The Gandharas and their king figure prominently as strong allies of the Kurus against the Pandavas in the Mahabharata war. The Gandharas were furious people, well-trained in the art of war. According to Puranic traditions, this Janapada was founded by Gandhara, son of Aruddha, a descendant of Yayati. The princes of this country are said to have come from the line of Druhyu who was a famous king of the Rigvedic period and one of the five sons of king Yayati of lunar dynasty. The river Indus watered the lands of Gandhara. Taksashila and Pushkalavati, the two cities of this Mahajanapada, are said to have been named after Taksa and Pushkara, the two sons of Bharata, a prince of Ayodhya and younger brother of Lord Rama. According to Vayu Purana (II.36.107), the Gandharas were destroyed by Pramiti (a.k.a. Kalika) at the end of Kali Yuga. Pāṇini mentioned both the Vedic form Gandhari as well as the later form Gandhara in his Ashtadhyayi. The Gandhara kingdom sometimes also included Kashmira.[28] Hecataeus of Miletus (549–468) refers to Kaspapyros (Kasyapura or Purushapura, i.e., modern day Peshawar) as a Gandharic city. According to Gandhara Jataka, at one time, Gandhara formed a part of the Kingdom of Kashmira. The Jataka also gives another name Chandahara for Gandhara.Gandhara Mahajanapada of Buddhist traditions included territories of east Afghanistan, and north-west of the Punjab (modern districts of Peshawar (Purushapura) and Rawalpindi). Its later capital was Taksashila (Prakrit for Taxila). The Taksashila University was a renowned centre of learning in ancient times, where scholars from all over the world came to seek higher education. Pāṇini, the Indian genius of grammar and Kautiliya are the world-renowned products of Taxila University. King Pukkusati or Pushkarasarin of Gandhara in the middle of the 6th century BCE was the contemporary of king Bimbisara of Magadha. Gandhara was located on the northern high road (Uttarapatha) and was a centre of international commercial activities. According to one group of scholars, the Gandharas and Kambojas were cognate people.[29][30][31] It is also contended that the Kurus, Kambojas, Gandharas and Bahlikas were cognate people.[32] According to Dr T. L. Shah, the Gandhara and Kamboja were nothing but two provinces of one empire and were located coterminously, hence influencing each other's language.[33] Naturally, they may have once been a cognate people.[34] Gandhara was often linked politically with the neighboring regions of Kashmira and Kamboja.[35]","title":"List of Mahajanapadas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gandhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara"},{"link_name":"Darada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darada"},{"link_name":"Bahlika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahlikas"},{"link_name":"Bactria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria"},{"link_name":"Hindukush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindukush"},{"link_name":"Oxus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxus"},{"link_name":"clans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan"},{"link_name":"Edicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicts"},{"link_name":"Ashoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Nurestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurestan"},{"link_name":"Rajauri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajauri"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasmira_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Daradas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daradas"},{"link_name":"Gandharas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Pamirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamir_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Badakhshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badakhshan"},{"link_name":"Bahlikas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahlikas"},{"link_name":"Rishikas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishikas"},{"link_name":"Sogdiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdiana"},{"link_name":"Fergana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergana"},{"link_name":"Parama-Kamboja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parama-Kamboja"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_India"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Kautiliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kautiliya"},{"link_name":"Arthashastra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastra"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Ashoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Kshatriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshatriya"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Jambudvipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambudvipa"},{"link_name":"Puranas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana"},{"link_name":"Mahapadma Nanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahapadma_Nanda"},{"link_name":"Kshatriyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshatriya"},{"link_name":"Shishunaga dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishunaga_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Nanda Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Empire"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Chandragupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya"},{"link_name":"Kautilya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kautiliya"},{"link_name":"Achaemenids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Iran"},{"link_name":"Cyrus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Darius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Great"},{"link_name":"satrapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satrap"},{"link_name":"Begram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begram"},{"link_name":"Paropamisade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paropamisade"}],"sub_title":"Kamboja","text":"Kambojas are also included in the Uttarapatha. In ancient literature, the Kamboja is variously associated with the Gandhara, Darada and the Bahlika (Bactria). Ancient Kamboja is known to have comprised regions on either side of the Hindukush. The original Kamboja was located in eastern Oxus country as neighbor to Bahlika, but with time, some clans of the Kambojas appear to have crossed the Hindukush and planted colonies on its southern side also. These latter Kambojas are associated with the Daradas and Gandharas in Indian literature and also find mention in the Edicts of Ashoka. The evidence in the Mahabharata and in Ptolemy's Geography distinctly supports two Kamboja settlements.[36] The cis-Hindukush region from Nurestan up to Rajauri in southwest of Kashmir sharing borders with the Daradas and the Gandharas constituted the Kamboja country.[37] The capital of Kamboja was probably Rajapura (modern Rajori) in the south-west of Kashmir. The Kamboja Mahajanapada of the Buddhist traditions refers to this cis-Hindukush branch of ancient Kambojas.[38]The trans-Hindukush region including the Pamirs and Badakhshan which shared borders with the Bahlikas (Bactria) in the west and the Lohas and Rishikas of Sogdiana/Fergana in the north, constituted the Parama-Kamboja country.[39] The trans-Hindukush branch of the Kambojas remained pure Iranian but a large section of the Kambojas of cis-Hindukush appears to have come under Indian cultural influence. The Kambojas are known to have had both Iranian as well as Indian affinities.[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]The Kambojas were also a well known republican people since Epic times. The Mahabharata refers to several gaṇaḥ (or Republics) of the Kambojas.[51] Kautiliya's Arthashastra[52] attestes the Kambojas republican character and Ashoka's Edict No. XIII also testifies the presence of the Kambojas along with the Yavanas.[53] Pāṇini's Sutras,[54] though tend to convey that the Kamboja of Pāṇini was a Kshatriya monarchy, but \"the special rule and the exceptional form of derivative\" he gives to denote the ruler of the Kambojas implies that the king of Kamboja was a titular head (king consul) only.[55] According to Buddhist texts, the first fourteen of the above Mahajanapadas belong to Majjhimadesa (Mid India) while the last two belong to Uttarapatha or the north-west division of Jambudvipa.In a struggle for supremacy that followed in the 6th/5th century BCE, the growing state of the Magadhas emerged as the predominant power in ancient India, annexing several of the Janapadas of the Majjhimadesa. A bitter line in the Puranas laments that Magadhan emperor Mahapadma Nanda exterminated all Kshatriyas, none worthy of the name Kshatriya being left thereafter. This refers to the Kasis, Kosalas, Kurus, Panchalas, Vatsyas and other neo-Vedic tribes of the east Panjab of whom nothing was ever heard except in the legend and poetry. (The Nandas usurped the throne of Shishunaga dynasty c. 345 BCE, thus founding the Nanda Empire.)[56]The Kambojans and Gandharans, however, never came into direct contact with the Magadhan state until Chandragupta and Kautilya arose on the scene. But these nations also fell prey to the Achaemenids of Persia during the reign of Cyrus II (558–530 BCE) or in the first year of Darius. Kamboja and Gandhara formed the twentieth and richest satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire. Cyrus II is said to have destroyed the famous Kamboja city called Kapisi (modern Begram) in Paropamisade.","title":"List of Mahajanapadas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Varanasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi"},{"link_name":"jataka tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jataka_tales"},{"link_name":"Kosala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosala"},{"link_name":"Anga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anga"},{"link_name":"Magadha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha"},{"link_name":"Kosala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosala"},{"link_name":"Kosala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosala"},{"link_name":"Matsya Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsya_Purana"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Kāśī","text":"The kingdom was located in the region around its capital Varanasi, bounded by the Varuna and Asi rivers in the north and south which gave Varanasi its name. Before Buddha, Kasi was the most powerful of the sixteen Mahajanapadas. Several jataka tales bear witness to the superiority of its capital over other cities in India and speak highly of its prosperity and opulence. These stories tell of the long struggle for supremacy between Kashi and the three kingdoms of Kosala, Anga and Magadha. Although King Brihadratha of Kashi conquered Kosala, Kashi was later incorporated into Kosala by King Kansa during Buddha's time. The Kashis along with the Kosalas and Videhans find mention in Vedic texts and appear to have been a closely allied people. The Matsya Purana and Alberuni spell Kashi as Kausika and Kaushaka respectively. All other ancient texts read Kashi.[citation needed]","title":"List of Mahajanapadas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kosala_Karshapana.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kosala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosala"},{"link_name":"Ayodhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya"},{"link_name":"Awadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadh"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Ganges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges_River"},{"link_name":"Gandak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandaki_River"},{"link_name":"Himalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Procession_of_Prasenajit_of_Kosala_leaving_Sravasti_to_meet_the_Buddha.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prasenajit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasenajit"},{"link_name":"Sravasti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sravasti"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha"},{"link_name":"Sanchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanchi"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Virudhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virudhaka"},{"link_name":"Pasenadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasenadi"},{"link_name":"Ajatashatru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajatashatru"},{"link_name":"Liccavis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licchavi_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Ayodhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya"},{"link_name":"Saketa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saketa"},{"link_name":"Banaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaras"},{"link_name":"Sravasti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shravasti"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Kosala","text":"Silver coins of Kosala mahajanapada (c. 525–465 BCE)The country of Kosala was located to the north-west of Magadha, with its capital at Ayodhya. Its territory corresponded to the modern Awadh (or Oudh) in Central and Eastern Uttar Pradesh. It had the river Ganges for its southern, the river Gandak (Narayani) for its eastern, and the Himalaya mountains for its northern boundary.Procession of Prasenajit of Kosala leaving Sravasti to meet the Buddha, Sanchi.[57]Later, the kingdom was ruled by the famous king Prasenajit during the era of Mahavira and Buddha, followed by his son Vidudabha (Virudhaka). King Prasenajit was highly educated. His position was further improved by a matrimonial alliance with Magadha: his sister was married to Bimbisara and part of Kasi was given as dowry. There was, however, a struggle for supremacy between king Pasenadi (Prasenajit) and king Ajatashatru of Magadha which was finally settled once the confederation of Liccavis became conquered by Magadha. Kosala was ultimately merged into Magadha when Vidudabha was Kosala's ruler. Ayodhya, Saketa, Banaras, and Sravasti were the chief cities of Kosala.[citation needed]","title":"List of Mahajanapadas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kurus_(Kurukshetras)_circa_350-315_BCE.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuru_(India)"},{"link_name":"Puranas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana"},{"link_name":"Puru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puru_(Vedic_tribe)"},{"link_name":"Bharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C4%81ratas"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Thanesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanesar"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Meerut district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerut_district"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Jatakas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jataka"},{"link_name":"Indraprastha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indraprastha"},{"link_name":"Vedic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period"},{"link_name":"Yadavas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadu"},{"link_name":"Jataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jataka"},{"link_name":"Yudhishtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yudhishtra"},{"link_name":"Kautiliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kautiliya"},{"link_name":"Arthashastra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastra"}],"sub_title":"Kuru","text":"Silver coin of Kuru mahajanapada (4th century BCE)The Puranas trace the origin of Kurus from the Puru-Bharata family. Kuru was born after 25 generations of Puru's dynasty, and after 15 generations of Kuru, Kauravas and Pandavas were born. Aitareya Brahmana locates the Kurus in Madhyadesha and also refers to the Uttarakurus as living beyond the Himalayas. According to the Buddhist text Sumangavilasini,[58] the people of Kururashtra (the Kurus) came from the Uttarakuru. Vayu Purana attests that Kuru, son of Samvarsana of the Puru lineage, was the eponymous ancestor of the Kurus and the founder of Kururashtra (Kuru Janapada) in Kurukshetra. The country of the Kurus roughly corresponded to the modern Thanesar, state of Delhi, and Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh. According to the Jatakas, the capital of the Kurus was Indraprastha (Indapatta) near modern Delhi which extended seven leagues. At Buddha's time, the Kuru country was ruled by a titular chieftain (king consul) named Korayvya. The Kurus of the Buddhist period did not occupy the same position as they did in the Vedic period but they continued to enjoy their ancient reputation for deep wisdom and sound health. The Kurus had matrimonial relations with the Yadavas, the Bhojas, Trigratas, and the Panchalas. There is a Jataka reference to king Dhananjaya, introduced as a prince from the lineage of Yudhishtra. Though a well known monarchical people in the earlier period, the Kurus are known to have switched to a republican form of government during the 6th to 5th centuries BCE. In the 4th century BCE, Kautiliya's Arthashastra also attests the Kurus following the Rajashabdopajivin (Royal Consul) constitution.","title":"List of Mahajanapadas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magadha_kingdom_coin_Circa_350_BC_AR_Karshapana.jpg"},{"link_name":"Magadha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bimbisara_with_his_royal_cortege_issuing_from_the_city_of_Rajagriha_to_visit_the_Buddha.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bimbisara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimbisara"},{"link_name":"Magadha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha"},{"link_name":"Magadha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bamboo_garden_(Venuvana)_at_Rajagriha,_the_visit_of_Bimbisara.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bimbisara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimbisara"},{"link_name":"Sanchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanchi"},{"link_name":"Magadhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha"},{"link_name":"Patna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna_district"},{"link_name":"Gaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_district"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal"},{"link_name":"Vindhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindhya"},{"link_name":"Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism"},{"link_name":"First Buddhist Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_buddhist_council"},{"link_name":"Pataliputra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pataliputra"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Magadha","text":"Silver coin of Magadha mahajanapada (c. 350 BCE)King Bimbisara of Magadha with his royal cortege issuing from the city of Rajagriha to visit the Buddha.The Magadha was one of the most prominent and prosperous of Mahajanapadas.[59]King Bimbisara of Magadha visits the Bamboo Garden (Venuvana) in Rajagriha; artwork from Sanchi.The kingdom of the Magadhas roughly corresponded to the modern districts of Patna and Gaya in southern Bihar and parts of Bengal in the east. The capital city of Pataliputra was bound in the north by the river Ganges, in the east by the river Champa, in the south by the Vindhya mountains and in the west by the river Sona. During Buddha's time its boundaries included Anga. Its earliest capital was Girivraja or Rajagaha (modern Rajgir in the Nalanda district of Bihar). The other names for the city were Magadhapura, Brihadrathapura, Vasumati, Kushagrapura and Bimbisarapuri. It was an active center of Jainism in ancient times. The First Buddhist Council was held in Rajagaha in the Vaibhara Hills. Later on, Pataliputra became the capital of Magadha.[60]","title":"List of Mahajanapadas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conjectural_reconstruction_of_the_main_gate_of_Kusinagara_circa_500_BCE_adapted_from_a_relief_at_Sanchi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kushinagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushinagar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:City_of_Kushinagar_in_the_5th_century_BCE_according_to_a_1st_century_BCE_frieze_in_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_Gate.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mallakas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malla_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Jain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"gaṇasaṅghas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha"},{"link_name":"Kushinagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushinagar"},{"link_name":"Gorakhpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorakhpur"},{"link_name":"Fazilnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazilnagar"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Lord Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha"},{"link_name":"Licchavis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licchavi_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Manusmriti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusmriti"},{"link_name":"Kshatriyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshatriya"},{"link_name":"Samgha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:War_over_the_Buddha%27s_Relics,_South_Gate,_Stupa_no._1,_Sanchi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mallaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malla_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Sanchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanchi"},{"link_name":"ancient Indian republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic#Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"gaṇasaṅghas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha"},{"link_name":"Anguttara Nikaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Malla","text":"Conjectural reconstruction of the main gate of Kushinagar, city of the Mallakas, circa 500 BCE adapted from a relief at Sanchi.City of Kushinagar in the 5th century BCE according to a 1st-century BCE frieze in Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern Gate.The Mallakas are frequently mentioned in Buddhist and Jain works. They were a powerful people dwelling in Northern India. According to Mahabharata, Panduputra Bhimasena is said to have conquered the chief of the Mallakas in the course of his expedition in Eastern India. During the Buddhist period, the Mallakas Kshatriya were a republican people with their dominion consisting of nine territories[61] corresponding to the nine confederated clans. These republican states were known as gaṇasaṅghas. Two of these confederations – one with Kushinagar (modern Kasia near Gorakhpur) as its capital and the second with Pava (modern Fazilnagar, 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Kushinagar) as the capital – had become very important at the time of Buddha. Kuśināra is very important in the history of Buddhism since Lord Buddha took last meal at Pava. Buddha was taken ill at Pava and died at Kusinara. It is widely believed that Lord Gautam died at the courtyard of King Sastipal Mall of Kushinagar. Kushinagar is now the centre of the Buddhist pilgrimage circle which is being developed by the tourism development corporation of Uttar Pradesh.The Mallakas, like the Licchavis, are mentioned by Manusmriti as Vratya Kshatriyas. They are called Vasishthas (Vasetthas) in the Mahapparnibbana Suttanta. The Mallakas originally had a monarchical form of government but later they switched to one of Samgha (republican union), the members of which called themselves rajas. The Mallakas appeared to have formed an alliance with the Licchhavis for self-defense but lost their independence not long after Buddha's death and their dominions were annexed to the Magadhan empire.[citation needed]Mallaka defending the city of Kushinagar, as depicted at Sanchi. Malla was an ancient Indian republic (gaṇasaṅghas) mentioned in the Anguttara Nikaya.[62]","title":"List of Mahajanapadas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matsya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsya_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Yamuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna"},{"link_name":"princely state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_state"},{"link_name":"Jaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur_state"},{"link_name":"Rajputana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajputana"},{"link_name":"Alwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwar"},{"link_name":"Bharatpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatpur,_India"},{"link_name":"Bairat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bairat"},{"link_name":"Pali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81li"},{"link_name":"Chambal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambal_River"},{"link_name":"Visakhapatnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizagapatam"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Matsya","text":"The country of the Matsya or Macchā tribe lay to the south of the Kurus and west of the Yamuna, which separated them from the Panchalas. It roughly corresponded to the former princely state of Jaipur in Rajputana, and included the whole of Alwar with portions of Bharatpur. The capital of Matsya was at Viratanagara (modern Bairat) which is said to have been named after its founder king Virata. In Pali literature, the Matsyas are usually associated with the Surasenas. The western Matsya was the hill tract on the north bank of the Chambal. A branch of Matsya is also found in later days in the Visakhapatnam region. The Matsyas had not much political importance of their own during the time of Buddha.[citation needed]","title":"List of Mahajanapadas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panchalas_of_Adhichhatra.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra"},{"link_name":"Brahmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmi"},{"link_name":"Budaun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaun_district"},{"link_name":"Farrukhabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrukhabad_district"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Ramnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramnagar,_Bareilly"},{"link_name":"Bareilly district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bareilly_district"},{"link_name":"Kampilya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampilya"},{"link_name":"Kampil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampil"},{"link_name":"Kanauj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanauj"},{"link_name":"clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan"},{"link_name":"Kautiliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kautiliya"},{"link_name":"Arthashastra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastra"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Pañcāla","text":"Coin of the Panchalas of Adhichhatra (75-50 BCE).Obv Indra seated facing on pedestal, holding bifurcated object.Rev Idramitrasa in Brahmi, Panchala symbols.The Panchalas occupied the country to the east of the Kurus between the mountains and river Ganges. It roughly corresponded to modern Budaun, Farrukhabad and the adjoining districts of Uttar Pradesh. The country was divided into Uttara-Panchala and Dakshina-Panchala. The northern Panchala had its capital at Adhichhatra or Chhatravati (modern Ramnagar in the Bareilly district), while southern Panchala had its capital at Kampilya or Kampil in the Farrukhabad District. The famous city of Kanyakubja or Kanauj was situated in the kingdom of Panchala. Originally a monarchical clan, the Panchals appear to have switched to republican corporation in the 6th and 5th centuries BCE. In the 4th century BCE, Kautiliya's Arthashastra also attests the Panchalas as following the Rajashabdopajivin (king consul) constitution.[citation needed]","title":"List of Mahajanapadas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_coin_of_India.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yamuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna"},{"link_name":"Brij region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braj_Region"},{"link_name":"Haryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Gwalior district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior_district"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Mathura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Ashtadhyayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtadhyayi"},{"link_name":"Kautiliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kautiliya"},{"link_name":"Arthashastra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastra"},{"link_name":"Shoorsaini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoorsaini"},{"link_name":"Vasudeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasudeva"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Megasthenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megasthenes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Śūrasena","text":"Silver coin of Surasena mahajanapada (5th century BCE).The country of the Surasenas lay to the east of Matsya and west of Yamuna. This corresponds roughly to the Brij region of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan. and Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh. It had its capital at Madhura or Mathura. Avantiputra, the king of Surasena, was the first among the chief disciples of Buddha, through whose help Buddhism gained ground in Mathura country. The Andhakas and Vrishnis of Mathura/Surasena are referred to in the Ashtadhyayi of Pāṇini. In Kautiliya's Arthashastra, the Vrishnis are described as sangha or republic. The Vrishnis, Andhakas and other allied tribes of the Shoorsaini formed a sangha and Vasudeva (Krishna) is described as the sangha-mukhya. Mathura, the capital of Surasena, was also known at the time of Megasthenes as the centre of Krishna worship. The Surasena kingdom had lost its independence on annexation by the Magadhan empire.[citation needed]","title":"List of Mahajanapadas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anandastupa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Licchavis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licchavi_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Vaishali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)"},{"link_name":"Vajjika League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajjika_League"},{"link_name":"republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic"},{"link_name":"gaṇasaṅgha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha"},{"link_name":"Licchavis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licchavi_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Ancient India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_India"},{"link_name":"Mithila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithila_(ancient)"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Vaishali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Pāṇini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini"},{"link_name":"Chanakya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya"},{"link_name":"Xuanzang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuanzang"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Vṛji","text":"Ananda Stupa, built by the Licchavis at Vaishali, which served as the capital of the Vajjika League, one of the world's earliest republics (gaṇasaṅgha).Vajji or Vṛji was a confederacy of neighbouring clans including the Licchavis and one of the principal mahājanapadas of Ancient India. The area they ruled constitutes the region of Mithila in Nepal and northern Bihar and their capital was the city of Vaishali.[63]Both the Buddhist text Anguttara Nikaya and the Jaina text Bhagavati Sutra (Saya xv Uddesa I) included Vajji in their lists of solasa (sixteen) mahājanapadas.[64] The name of this mahājanapada was derived from one of its ruling clans, the Vṛjis. The Vajji state is indicated to have been a republic. This clan is mentioned by Pāṇini, Chanakya and Xuanzang.[65]","title":"List of Mahajanapadas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vatsas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatsa"},{"link_name":"Kurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kurus"},{"link_name":"Prayagraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayagraj"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Kausambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kausambi"},{"link_name":"Prayagraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"entrepôt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t"},{"link_name":"Vatsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatsa"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Queen Mrigavati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatsa#Mrigavati"}],"sub_title":"Vatsa (or Vaṃsa)","text":"The Vatsas or Vamsas are called to be a branch of the Kurus. The Vatsa or Vamsa country corresponded with the territory of modern Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh. It had a monarchical form of government with its capital at Kausambi (identified with the village Kosam, 38 miles from Prayagraj).[66] Kausambi was a very prosperous city where a large number of wealthy merchants resided. It was the most important entrepôt of goods and passengers from the north-west and south. Udayana was the ruler of Vatsa in the 6th-5th century BCE. He was very powerful, warlike and fond of hunting. Initially king Udayana was opposed to Buddhism, but later became a follower of Buddha and made Buddhism the state religion. Udayana's mother, Queen Mrigavati, is notable for being one of the earliest known female rulers in Indian history.","title":"List of Mahajanapadas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sethna, K. D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._D._Sethna"}],"text":"R. C. Majumdar and A. D. Pusalker, eds. The History and Culture of the Indian People. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay 1951.\nSethna, K. D. (1989). Ancient India in a new light. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.\nSethna, K. D. (2000). Problems of ancient India. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language"},{"link_name":"Janapadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janapadas"}],"text":"^ Sanskrit: महाजनपद, lit. 'Great Janapadas'","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG/200px-North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG"},{"image_text":"Pottery of the Northern Black Polished Ware culture (c. 500–200 BCE)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fragment_-_Northern_Black_Polished_Ware_-_500-100_BCE_-_Sonkh_-_Showcase_6-15_-_Prehistory_and_Terracotta_Gallery_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-24_6458.JPG/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Silver coin of Avanti mahajanapada (4th century BCE)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/I13_12karshapana_Avanti_1ar_%288481304617%29.jpg/220px-I13_12karshapana_Avanti_1ar_%288481304617%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Silver coins of Kosala mahajanapada (c. 525–465 BCE)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kosala_Karshapana.jpg/220px-Kosala_Karshapana.jpg"},{"image_text":"Procession of Prasenajit of Kosala leaving Sravasti to meet the Buddha, Sanchi.[57]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Procession_of_Prasenajit_of_Kosala_leaving_Sravasti_to_meet_the_Buddha.jpg/220px-Procession_of_Prasenajit_of_Kosala_leaving_Sravasti_to_meet_the_Buddha.jpg"},{"image_text":"Silver coin of Kuru mahajanapada (4th century BCE)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Kurus_%28Kurukshetras%29_circa_350-315_BCE.jpg/220px-Kurus_%28Kurukshetras%29_circa_350-315_BCE.jpg"},{"image_text":"Silver coin of Magadha mahajanapada (c. 350 BCE)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Magadha_kingdom_coin_Circa_350_BC_AR_Karshapana.jpg/220px-Magadha_kingdom_coin_Circa_350_BC_AR_Karshapana.jpg"},{"image_text":"King Bimbisara of Magadha with his royal cortege issuing from the city of Rajagriha to visit the Buddha.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bimbisara_with_his_royal_cortege_issuing_from_the_city_of_Rajagriha_to_visit_the_Buddha.jpg/220px-Bimbisara_with_his_royal_cortege_issuing_from_the_city_of_Rajagriha_to_visit_the_Buddha.jpg"},{"image_text":"King Bimbisara of Magadha visits the Bamboo Garden (Venuvana) in Rajagriha; artwork from Sanchi.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bamboo_garden_%28Venuvana%29_at_Rajagriha%2C_the_visit_of_Bimbisara.jpg/220px-Bamboo_garden_%28Venuvana%29_at_Rajagriha%2C_the_visit_of_Bimbisara.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mallaka defending the city of Kushinagar, as depicted at Sanchi. Malla was an ancient Indian republic (gaṇasaṅghas) mentioned in the Anguttara Nikaya.[62]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/War_over_the_Buddha%27s_Relics%2C_South_Gate%2C_Stupa_no._1%2C_Sanchi.jpg/800px-War_over_the_Buddha%27s_Relics%2C_South_Gate%2C_Stupa_no._1%2C_Sanchi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coin of the Panchalas of Adhichhatra (75-50 BCE).Obv Indra seated facing on pedestal, holding bifurcated object.Rev Idramitrasa in Brahmi, Panchala symbols.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Panchalas_of_Adhichhatra.jpg/220px-Panchalas_of_Adhichhatra.jpg"},{"image_text":"Silver coin of Surasena mahajanapada (5th century BCE).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/First_coin_of_India.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ananda Stupa, built by the Licchavis at Vaishali, which served as the capital of the Vajjika League, one of the world's earliest republics (gaṇasaṅgha).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Anandastupa.jpg/220px-Anandastupa.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley"},{"title":"Indo-Aryan peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples"},{"title":"Iron Age in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India"},{"title":"Magadha-Vajji war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha-Vajji_war"},{"title":"Rigvedic tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedic_tribes"}] | [{"reference":"Lal, Deepak (2005). The Hindu Equilibrium: India C.1500 B.C. - 2000 A.D. Oxford University Press. p. xxxviii. ISBN 978-0-19-927579-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dps-A5gOmA8C&pg=PR38","url_text":"The Hindu Equilibrium: India C.1500 B.C. - 2000 A.D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927579-3","url_text":"978-0-19-927579-3"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Delhi: Pearson Education. pp. 260–4. 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New Age International. p. 109. ISBN 9788122411980.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA109","url_text":"Ancient Indian History and Civilization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788122411980","url_text":"9788122411980"}]},{"reference":"Shah, Bipin (February 2014). \"Home of Jainism after the Fall of Magadhan Empire and history of Shrimal Nagar-\"Vayam Shrimali\"\". Researchgate. Retrieved 25 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340953327","url_text":"\"Home of Jainism after the Fall of Magadhan Empire and history of Shrimal Nagar-\"Vayam Shrimali\"\""}]},{"reference":"Raychaudhuri, Hem Chandra (1923), Political history of ancient India, from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty, Calcutta, Univ. of Calcutta, p. 66","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory00raycuoft","url_text":"Political history of ancient India, from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty"}]},{"reference":"Chakrabarti, Dilip Kumar (2000), \"Mahajanapada States of Early Historic India\", in Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.), A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation, Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, p. 387, ISBN 9788778761774","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC","url_text":"A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788778761774","url_text":"9788778761774"}]},{"reference":"\"Post-Mauryan (Punjab). Taxila (local coinage). Circa 220–185 BC. Æ (17x18mm, 7.71 g)\". www.cngcoins.com. Classical Numismatic Group Inc. Retrieved 28 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=259870","url_text":"\"Post-Mauryan (Punjab). Taxila (local coinage). Circa 220–185 BC. Æ (17x18mm, 7.71 g)\""}]},{"reference":"Panda, Harihar (2007), Prof. H.C. Raychaudhuri, as a Historian, Northern Book Centre, p. 28, ISBN 978-81-7211-210-3","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f1XMtc2Q97IC","url_text":"Prof. H.C. Raychaudhuri, as a Historian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-210-3","url_text":"978-81-7211-210-3"}]},{"reference":"Sinha, Bindeshwari Prasad (1977). Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450–1200 A.D. Abhinav Publications. p. 128.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC&pg=PA128","url_text":"Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450–1200 A.D."}]},{"reference":"Sinha, Bindeshwari Prasad (1977). Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450–1200 A.D. Abhinav Publications. p. 128.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC&pg=PA128","url_text":"Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450–1200 A.D."}]},{"reference":"Olivelle, Patrick (13 July 2006). Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199775071 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&q=vajji+mithila&pg=PA15","url_text":"Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199775071","url_text":"9780199775071"}]},{"reference":"Rohan L. Jayetilleke (5 December 2007). \"The Ghositarama of Kaushambi\". Daily News. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604160714/http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/12/05/fea06.asp","url_text":"\"The Ghositarama of Kaushambi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_(Sri_Lanka)","url_text":"Daily News"},{"url":"http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/12/05/fea06.asp","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dps-A5gOmA8C&pg=PR38","external_links_name":"The Hindu Equilibrium: India C.1500 B.C. - 2000 A.D."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=Great+States+Upinder+singh&pg=PA260","external_links_name":"A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century"},{"Link":"http://www.iloveindia.com/history/ancient-india/16-mahajanapadas.html","external_links_name":"16 Mahajanapadas - Sixteen Mahajanapadas, 16 Maha Janapadas India, Maha Janapada Ancient India"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qQ5kDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT307","external_links_name":"Laxminama: Monks, Merchants, Money and Mantra"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA109","external_links_name":"Ancient Indian History and Civilization"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340953327","external_links_name":"\"Home of Jainism after the Fall of Magadhan Empire and history of Shrimal Nagar-\"Vayam Shrimali\"\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory00raycuoft","external_links_name":"Political history of ancient India, from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC","external_links_name":"A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation"},{"Link":"https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=259870","external_links_name":"\"Post-Mauryan (Punjab). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gentle_Terror | The Gentle Terror | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"] | 1961 British filmThe Gentle TerrorDirected byFrank MarshallWritten byMark GranthamProduced byEdward J. DanzigerHarry Lee DanzigerStarringTerence AlexanderAngela DouglasCinematographyStephen DadeEdited byJohn DunsfordMusic byBill LeSageRelease date
1961 (1961)
Running time67 min.CountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish
The Gentle Terror is a 1961 British thriller film directed by Frank Marshall.
Plot
A mild mannered bookkeeping clerk (Terence Alexander) is accused of embezzlement. To clear his name he must catch the true culprit.
Cast
Terence Alexander as David
Angela Douglas as Nancy
Jill Hyem as Daphne
Laidman Browne as Byrne
Malcolm Webster as Ian
Patrick McAlinney as Sam
Victor Spinetti as Joe
Peter Swanwick as 1st Auditor
Howard Greene as 2nd Auditor
Rosemary Rothery as Miss Durant
John Hatton as Frank
Paul Craig as Lou
Fredric Abbott as Barman
Jack Melford as Inspector Miles
Michael Beint as Det. Sgt. Harris
George Mikell as Turk
Michael Darbyshire as Ticket Clerk
Totti Truman Taylor as Mrs. Connor
References
^ The Gentle Terror at BFI
^ "The Gentle Terror (1961) - Frank Marshall | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie".
External links
The Gentle Terror at IMDb
vteFilms produced by The Danzigers
Jigsaw (1949)
So Young, So Bad (1950)
St. Benny the Dip (1951)
Babes in Bagdad (1952)
Devil Girl from Mars (1954)
Star of My Night (1954)
Alias John Preston (1955)
Satellite in the Sky (1956)
Three Crooked Men (1957)
The Betrayal (1957)
The Depraved (1957)
Operation Murder (1957)
Son of a Stranger (1957)
Three Sundays to Live (1957)
High Jump (1958)
Innocent Meeting (1958)
Links of Justice (1958)
Moment of Indiscretion (1958)
No Safety Ahead (1958)
On the Run (1958)
A Woman of Mystery (1958)
The Great Van Robbery (1958)
A Woman Possessed (1958)
The Child and the Killer (1959)
Crash Drive (1959)
Date at Midnight (1959)
Man Accused (1959)
Top Floor Girl (1959)
Web of Suspicion (1959)
Date at Midnight (1959)
Woman's Temptation (1959)
Compelled (1960)
Escort for Hire (1960)
Feet of Clay (1960)
Highway to Battle (1960)
An Honourable Murder (1960)
Identity Unknown (1960)
Night Train for Inverness (1960)
Operation Stogie (1960)
Sentenced for Life (1960)
The Spider's Web (1960)
A Taste of Money (1960)
The Tell-Tale Heart (1960)
Transatlantic (1960)
Two Wives at One Wedding (1960)
The Gentle Terror (1961)
Strip Tease Murder (1961)
The Nudist Story a.k.a. For Members Only (1961)
The Court Martial of Major Keller (1961)
Fate Takes a Hand (1961)
Middle Course (1961)
Part-Time Wife (1961)
Return of a Stranger (1961)
So Evil, So Young (1961)
Tarnished Heroes (1961)
The Spanish Sword (1961)
The Silent Invasion (1962)
What Every Woman Wants (1962)
She Always Gets Their Man (1962)
This article related to a British film of the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a 1960s thriller film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"1961 British filmThe Gentle Terror is a 1961 British thriller film directed by Frank Marshall.[1][2]","title":"The Gentle Terror"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A mild mannered bookkeeping clerk (Terence Alexander) is accused of embezzlement. To clear his name he must catch the true culprit.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terence Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Angela Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Jill Hyem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Hyem"},{"link_name":"Laidman Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laidman_Browne"},{"link_name":"Patrick McAlinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_McAlinney"},{"link_name":"Victor Spinetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Spinetti"},{"link_name":"Peter Swanwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Swanwick"},{"link_name":"Fredric Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredric_Abbott"},{"link_name":"Jack Melford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Melford"},{"link_name":"George Mikell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mikell"},{"link_name":"Michael Darbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Darbyshire"},{"link_name":"Totti Truman Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totti_Truman_Taylor"}],"text":"Terence Alexander as David\nAngela Douglas as Nancy\nJill Hyem as Daphne\nLaidman Browne as Byrne\nMalcolm Webster as Ian\nPatrick McAlinney as Sam\nVictor Spinetti as Joe\nPeter Swanwick as 1st Auditor\nHoward Greene as 2nd Auditor\nRosemary Rothery as Miss Durant\nJohn Hatton as Frank\nPaul Craig as Lou\nFredric Abbott as Barman\nJack Melford as Inspector Miles\nMichael Beint as Det. Sgt. Harris\nGeorge Mikell as Turk\nMichael Darbyshire as Ticket Clerk\nTotti Truman Taylor as Mrs. Connor","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Gentle Terror (1961) - Frank Marshall | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-gentle-terror-v92808","url_text":"\"The Gentle Terror (1961) - Frank Marshall | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120713133400/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6bf8e58f","external_links_name":"The Gentle Terror"},{"Link":"http://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-gentle-terror-v92808","external_links_name":"\"The Gentle Terror (1961) - Frank Marshall | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0214713/","external_links_name":"The Gentle Terror"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Gentle_Terror&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Gentle_Terror&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrainChip | BrainChip | ["1 History","2 MetaTF","3 The AKD processor","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Neuromorphic tech company
BrainChip Holdings Ltd.BrainChip US operations HQ in CaliforniaCompany typePublicTraded asASX: BRNOTCQX: BRCHFIndustryArtificial Intelligence hardware and software provider
Semiconductor Design & ManufacturingFounded2004FounderPeter van der MadeHeadquartersSydney, NSW, AustraliaArea servedWorldwideKey peopleSean Hehir (CEO)
Peter van der Made (Founder and CTO, Executive Director)
Anil Mankar (Co-founder, Chief Development Officer)
Ken Scarince (Chief Financial Officer)
Nandan Nayampally (Chief Marketing Officer)
Rob Telson (Vice President Ecosystems & Partnerships)
Steve Thorne (Vice President of Worldwide Sales)
Professor Adam Osseiran (Chairman of the SAB)
Professor Barry Marshall, NL (Member of the SAB)
Professor Alan Harvey (Member of the SAB)Websitehttps://brainchip.com/
BrainChip (ASX:BRN, OTCQX:BRCHF) is an Australia-based technology company, founded in 2004 by Peter Van Der Made, that specializes in developing advanced artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) hardware. The company's primary products are the MetaTF development environment, which allows the training and deployment of spiking neural networks (SNN), and the AKD1000 neuromorphic processor, a hardware implementation of their spiking neural network system. BrainChip's technology is based on a neuromorphic computing architecture, which attempts to mimic the way the human brain works. The company is a part of Intel Foundry Services and Arm AI partnership.
History
Australian mining company Aziana acquired BrainChip in March 2015. Later, via a reverse merger of the now dormant Aziana in September 2015 BrainChip was put on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX), and van der Made started commercializing his original idea for artificial intelligence processor hardware. In 2016, the company appointed former Exar CEO Louis Di Nardo as CEO; Van Der Made then took the position of CTO. In October 2021, the company announced that it was taking orders for its Akida AI Processor Development Kits, and in January 2022, that it was taking orders for its Akida AI Processor PCIe boards. In April 2022, BrainChip partnered with NVISO to provide collaboration with applications and technologies. In November 2022, BrainChip added the Rochester Institute of Technology to its University AI accelerator program. The next month, BrainChip was a part of Intel Foundry Services. In January 2023, Edge Impulse announced support for BrainChip's AKD processor.
MetaTF
The MetaTF software is designed to work with a variety of image, video, and sensor data, and is intended to be implemented in a range of applications, including security, surveillance, autonomous vehicles, and industrial automation. The software uses Python to create spiking neural networks (or convert other neural networks to SNNs) for use on the AKD processor hardware. The software is also capable of SNN deployment on normal processors.
The AKD processor
The Akida 1000 processor is an event-based neural processing device with 1.2 million artificial neurons and 10 billion artificial synapses. Utilizing event-based possessing, it analyzes essential inputs at specific points. Results are stored in the on-chip memory units. AKD1000 processor block diagram
BrainChip NPU Mesh
The processor contains 80 nodes that communicate over a mesh network. Each node consists of four either convolutional or fully connected Neural Processing Units (NPUs), coupled with individual memory units. Akida runs an entire neural network executing all neuron layers in parallel. The design elements are meant to allow inference and incremental learning on edge devices with lower power consumption.
On January 29, 2023, BrainChip announced that it has completed the design of its AKD1500 reference chip.
On March 6, 2023, BrainChip announced the second generation of its Akida platform. BrainChip added support for 8-bit weights and activations, Vision Transformer (ViT) engine, and hardware support for a Temporal Event-Based Neural Net (TENN).
On March 12, 2023, BrainChip announced that the Akida processor family integrates with the Arm® Cortex®-M85 processor.
See also
Cognitive computer
Spiking neural network
S&P/ASX 200
Neuromorphic engineering
References
^ "Peter Van Der Made". Business News. Archived from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
^ Clarke, Peter (December 18, 2017). "BrainChip founder to focus on 'Akida' chip". eeNews Analog. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
^ "BrainChip Joins Intel Foundry Services to Advance Neuromorphic AI at the Edge" (Press release). BrainChip. 2022-12-12. Archived from the original on 2023-01-11.
^ a b "BrainChip Joins Intel Foundry Services to Advance Neuromorphic AI at the Edge" (Press release). BrainChip. 2022-12-12. Retrieved 2023-01-15 – via Yahoo! Finance.
^ "Brainchip Holdings Ltd (ASX:BRN) Announcement - HOA Signed to Acquire BrainChip" (Press release). Aziana. Archived from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2023-01-11 – via The Motley Fool Australia.
^ "BrainChip makes strong ASX debut". The West Australian. 2015-09-22. Archived from the original on 2020-10-19. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
^ "BrainChip appoints former Exar CEO to lead company". eeNews Analog. 2016-10-04. Archived from the original on 2020-10-19. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
^ "BrainChip Begins Taking Orders of Akida AI Processor Development Kits" (Press release). 21 October 2021. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
^ "BrainChip Launches Event-Domain AI Inference Dev Kits". eeNews Analog. 21 October 2021.
^ "First mini PCIexpress board with spiking neural network chip". Electronics-Lab.com. January 19, 2022. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
^ "BrainChip and NVISO Partner on Human Behavioral Analytics in Automotive and Edge AI Devices" (Press release). NVISO, BrainChip. 2022-04-19. Retrieved 2023-01-15 – via Business Wire.
^ "BrainChip Adds Rochester Institute of Technology to its University AI Accelerator Program" (Press release). BrainChip. 22 November 2022. Retrieved 2023-01-15 – via Yahoo! Finance.
^ "Edge Impulse and BrainChip Partner to Further AI Development with Support for the Akida platform" (Press release). Edge Impulse. Retrieved 2023-01-15 – via PR Newswire.
^ "MetaTF development environment to simplify deep learning". Mitigbt Blog. September 1, 2021. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved January 15, 2023.
^ Aufranc, Jean-Luc (January 21, 2022). "$499 BrainChip AKD1000 PCIe board enables AI inference and training at the edge". CNX Software. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
^ "SiFive and BrainChip Partner to Demo IP Compatibility". eeNews Analog. 20 April 2022.
^ NASA SBIR 2020-I Solicitation | H6.22-4509 - CNN RNN Processor | Proposal Summary Archived 2022-01-21 at the Wayback Machine
^ Pascu, Luana (February 13, 2020). "BrainChip showcases Akida neural processing capabilities, opens developer environment". biometricupdate.com. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved January 15, 2023.
^ Jadhav, Abhishek (2023-03-04). "BrainChip announces successfully taped out AKD1500 chip on GlobalFoundries' 22nm FD-SOI process". Electronics-Lab.com. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
^ Freund, Karl. "BrainChip Readies 2nd Gen Platform For Power-Efficient Edge AI". Forbes. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
^ "BrainChip Introduces Second-Generation Akida Platform". BrainChip. 2023-03-06. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
^ "BrainChip integrates Akida with Arm Cortex-M85 Processor, Unlocking AI Capabilities for Edge Devices". Yahoo Finance. 2023-03-12. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
External links
Brainchip-empowers-next-generation-technology
edge-impulse-and-brainchip-partner-to-further-ai-development-with-support-for-the-akida-platform
Brainchip-joins-technology-partners-during
MegaChips Forms Strategic Partnership with BrainChip
BrainChip Adds Rochester Institute of Technology to Its University AI Accelerator Program
BrainChip Introduces a Powerful Neural Network Converter
markets for Brainchip
"BrainChip’s founder takes chips off the table"
"BrainChip Readies 2nd Gen Platform For Power-Efficient Edge AI"
"Brainchip Extends AI, Machine Learning In Space And Time With Bio-Inspired Neural Networks" | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ASX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASX"},{"link_name":"OTCQX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTCQX"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"spiking neural networks (SNN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiking_neural_network"},{"link_name":"neuromorphic computing architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering"},{"link_name":"Intel Foundry Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Foundry_Services"},{"link_name":"Arm AI partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_(company)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"BrainChip (ASX:BRN, OTCQX:BRCHF) is an Australia-based technology company, founded in 2004 by Peter Van Der Made,[1] that specializes in developing advanced artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) hardware.[2] The company's primary products are the MetaTF development environment, which allows the training and deployment of spiking neural networks (SNN), and the AKD1000 neuromorphic processor, a hardware implementation of their spiking neural network system. BrainChip's technology is based on a neuromorphic computing architecture, which attempts to mimic the way the human brain works. The company is a part of Intel Foundry Services and Arm AI partnership.[3][4]","title":"BrainChip"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Exar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exar_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Australian mining company Aziana acquired BrainChip in March 2015.[5] Later, via a reverse merger of the now dormant Aziana[6] in September 2015 BrainChip was put on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX), and van der Made started commercializing his original idea for artificial intelligence processor hardware. In 2016, the company appointed former Exar CEO Louis Di Nardo as CEO; Van Der Made then took the position of CTO.[7] In October 2021, the company announced that it was taking orders for its Akida AI Processor Development Kits,[8][9] and in January 2022, that it was taking orders for its Akida AI Processor PCIe boards.[10] In April 2022, BrainChip partnered with NVISO to provide collaboration with applications and technologies.[11] In November 2022, BrainChip added the Rochester Institute of Technology to its University AI accelerator program.[12] The next month, BrainChip was a part of Intel Foundry Services.[4] In January 2023, Edge Impulse announced support for BrainChip's AKD processor.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The MetaTF software is designed to work with a variety of image, video, and sensor data, and is intended to be implemented in a range of applications, including security, surveillance, autonomous vehicles, and industrial automation. The software uses Python to create spiking neural networks (or convert other neural networks to SNNs) for use on the AKD processor hardware. The software is also capable of SNN deployment on normal processors.[14]","title":"MetaTF"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Akida_processor_Block_Diagram.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brainchip_NPU_Mesh.png"},{"link_name":"Neural Processing Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"incremental learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incremental_learning"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Arm® Cortex®-M85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-M"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The Akida 1000 processor[15] is an event-based neural processing device with 1.2 million artificial neurons and 10 billion artificial synapses. Utilizing event-based possessing, it analyzes essential inputs at specific points. Results are stored in the on-chip memory units.[16]AKD1000 processor block diagramBrainChip NPU MeshThe processor contains 80 nodes that communicate over a mesh network. Each node consists of four either convolutional or fully connected Neural Processing Units (NPUs), coupled with individual memory units. Akida runs an entire neural network executing all neuron layers in parallel. The design elements are meant to allow inference and incremental learning on edge devices with lower power consumption.[17][18]On January 29, 2023, BrainChip announced that it has completed the design of its AKD1500 reference chip.[19]\nOn March 6, 2023, BrainChip announced the second generation of its Akida platform. BrainChip added support for 8-bit weights and activations, Vision Transformer (ViT) engine, and hardware support for a Temporal Event-Based Neural Net (TENN).[20][21]\nOn March 12, 2023, BrainChip announced that the Akida processor family integrates with the Arm® Cortex®-M85 processor. [22]","title":"The AKD processor"}] | [{"image_text":"AKD1000 processor block diagram","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Akida_processor_Block_Diagram.png/220px-Akida_processor_Block_Diagram.png"},{"image_text":"BrainChip NPU Mesh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Brainchip_NPU_Mesh.png/220px-Brainchip_NPU_Mesh.png"}] | [{"title":"Cognitive computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_computer"},{"title":"Spiking neural network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiking_neural_network"},{"title":"S&P/ASX 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P/ASX_200"},{"title":"Neuromorphic engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering"}] | [{"reference":"\"Peter Van Der Made\". Business News. Archived from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2023-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessnews.com.au/Person/Peter-Van-Der-Made","url_text":"\"Peter Van Der Made\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230111155050/https://www.businessnews.com.au/Person/Peter-Van-Der-Made","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Peter (December 18, 2017). \"BrainChip founder to focus on 'Akida' chip\". eeNews Analog. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/brainchip-founder-to-focus-on-akida-chip/","url_text":"\"BrainChip founder to focus on 'Akida' chip\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230111155048/https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/brainchip-founder-to-focus-on-akida-chip/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BrainChip Joins Intel Foundry Services to Advance Neuromorphic AI at the Edge\" (Press release). BrainChip. 2022-12-12. Archived from the original on 2023-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2022/12/brainchip-joins-intel-foundry-services-to-advance-neuromorphic-ai-at-the-edge/","url_text":"\"BrainChip Joins Intel Foundry Services to Advance Neuromorphic AI at the Edge\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230111134348/https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2022/12/brainchip-joins-intel-foundry-services-to-advance-neuromorphic-ai-at-the-edge/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BrainChip Joins Intel Foundry Services to Advance Neuromorphic AI at the Edge\" (Press release). BrainChip. 2022-12-12. Retrieved 2023-01-15 – via Yahoo! Finance.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/brainchip-joins-intel-foundry-services-223000351.html","url_text":"\"BrainChip Joins Intel Foundry Services to Advance Neuromorphic AI at the Edge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brainchip Holdings Ltd (ASX:BRN) Announcement - HOA Signed to Acquire BrainChip\" (Press release). Aziana. 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BrainChip. 22 November 2022. Retrieved 2023-01-15 – via Yahoo! Finance.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/brainchip-adds-rochester-institute-technology-223000698.html","url_text":"\"BrainChip Adds Rochester Institute of Technology to its University AI Accelerator Program\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edge Impulse and BrainChip Partner to Further AI Development with Support for the Akida platform\" (Press release). Edge Impulse. Retrieved 2023-01-15 – via PR Newswire.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/edge-impulse-and-brainchip-partner-to-further-ai-development-with-support-for-the-akida-platform-301712177.html","url_text":"\"Edge Impulse and BrainChip Partner to Further AI Development with Support for the Akida platform\""}]},{"reference":"\"MetaTF development environment to simplify deep learning\". Mitigbt Blog. September 1, 2021. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Horse_Bridge | White Horse Bridge | ["1 Naming","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 51°33′15″N 0°17′08″W / 51.554282°N 0.285577°W / 51.554282; -0.285577
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Wembley Stadium station with the White Horse Bridge built across it
The White Horse Bridge is a footbridge that crosses the tracks at Wembley Stadium railway station leading up to Wembley Stadium in Wembley Park, England. It was designed by Steve Chilton for architects Marks Barfield and engineered by Halcrow. It replaced an old concrete footbridge which was probably built for the British Empire Exhibition. The project also included the construction of a public square.
The bridge's name was chosen in May 2005 after a BBC Five Live poll. It is named after a Metropolitan Police horse named 'Billy', that was used to restore order after the huge numbers of spectators (estimated at between 200,000 and 300,000) who turned up to witness the 1923 FA Cup Final, the first to be held at the old Wembley Stadium, spilled onto the pitch before kick off. Although grey in colour, the horse appears as white in contemporary black-and-white photographs and films.
Unlike the old footbridge, the new structure was designed to cope with up to 12,000 people an hour, the estimated number of users during match days. The bridge and square opened in 2008. They now give easy access from the Chiltern Line to London Designer Outlet.
Naming
The White Horse Bridge at night
In May 2005, the naming decision took place in the form of an online poll hosted by BBC Five Live in conjunction with the London Development Agency (who were building the bridge and who had conceived the idea of a public poll) and won from a shortlist of Live Aid (in memory of the 1985 concert held at the stadium), Sir Alf Ramsey (being England's 1966 World Cup-winning manager), Sir Bobby Charlton and Sir Geoff Hurst (two of Sir Alf's team).
The LDA received over 670,000 nominations from all over the world. The name with the most nominations, however, mainly coming from Germany, was Dietmar Hamann, who scored the last goal at the old Wembley Stadium. This was a qualification game in October 2000 for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, with a German 1–0 win against England. The LDA decided to name the bridge White Horse Bridge instead.
See also
List of bridges in London
References
^ a b "Marks Barfield Architects". Marks Barfield. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
^ "Wembley bridge named White Horse". BBC. 24 May 2005. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
^ Honigsbaum, Mark (25 May 2005). "Horse beats Hurst in Wembley bridge contest". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
51°33′15″N 0°17′08″W / 51.554282°N 0.285577°W / 51.554282; -0.285577
This article about a London sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a bridge in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wembley_stadium_stn_look_west2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_station"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Wembley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Park"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Marks Barfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_Barfield"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"British Empire Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"BBC Five Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Five_Live"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"1923 FA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Chiltern Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiltern_Line"},{"link_name":"London Designer Outlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Designer_Outlet"}],"text":"Wembley Stadium station with the White Horse Bridge built across itThe White Horse Bridge is a footbridge that crosses the tracks at Wembley Stadium railway station leading up to Wembley Stadium in Wembley Park, England. It was designed by Steve Chilton[citation needed] for architects Marks Barfield and engineered by Halcrow.[1] It replaced an old concrete footbridge which was probably built for the British Empire Exhibition. The project also included the construction of a public square.The bridge's name was chosen in May 2005 after a BBC Five Live poll. It is named after a Metropolitan Police horse named 'Billy', that was used to restore order after the huge numbers of spectators (estimated at between 200,000 and 300,000) who turned up to witness the 1923 FA Cup Final, the first to be held at the old Wembley Stadium,[2] spilled onto the pitch before kick off. Although grey in colour, the horse appears as white in contemporary black-and-white photographs and films.Unlike the old footbridge, the new structure was designed to cope with up to 12,000 people an hour, the estimated number of users during match days.[1] The bridge and square opened in 2008. They now give easy access from the Chiltern Line to London Designer Outlet.","title":"White Horse Bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_Horse_Bridge_by_night,_Wembley_Stadium_railway_station_(October_25,_2009).jpg"},{"link_name":"London Development Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Development_Agency"},{"link_name":"Live Aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Aid"},{"link_name":"Sir Alf Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"1966 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Sir Bobby Charlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Charlton"},{"link_name":"Sir Geoff Hurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Hurst"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Dietmar Hamann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietmar_Hamann"},{"link_name":"2002 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1–0 win","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_England_v_Germany_football_match"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The White Horse Bridge at nightIn May 2005, the naming decision took place in the form of an online poll hosted by BBC Five Live in conjunction with the London Development Agency (who were building the bridge and who had conceived the idea of a public poll) and won from a shortlist of Live Aid (in memory of the 1985 concert held at the stadium), Sir Alf Ramsey (being England's 1966 World Cup-winning manager), Sir Bobby Charlton and Sir Geoff Hurst (two of Sir Alf's team).The LDA received over 670,000 nominations from all over the world. The name with the most nominations, however, mainly coming from Germany, was Dietmar Hamann, who scored the last goal at the old Wembley Stadium. This was a qualification game in October 2000 for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, with a German 1–0 win against England. The LDA decided to name the bridge White Horse Bridge instead.[3]","title":"Naming"}] | [{"image_text":"Wembley Stadium station with the White Horse Bridge built across it","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Wembley_stadium_stn_look_west2.JPG/220px-Wembley_stadium_stn_look_west2.JPG"},{"image_text":"The White Horse Bridge at night","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/White_Horse_Bridge_by_night%2C_Wembley_Stadium_railway_station_%28October_25%2C_2009%29.jpg/220px-White_Horse_Bridge_by_night%2C_Wembley_Stadium_railway_station_%28October_25%2C_2009%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of bridges in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_London"}] | [{"reference":"\"Marks Barfield Architects\". Marks Barfield. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Leslie_(rugby_union) | Martin Leslie (rugby union) | ["1 External links"] | Rugby playerMartin Donald LeslieDate of birth (1971-10-25) 25 October 1971 (age 52)Place of birthWellingtonRugby union careerPosition(s)
FlankerSenior careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)1998–03
Edinburgh
15
(10)Provincial / State sidesYears
Team
Apps
(Points)
Wellington
()Super RugbyYears
Team
Apps
(Points)1996–98
Hurricanes
21
(30)International careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)1998–2003
Scotland
37
(50)
Martin Leslie (born 25 October 1971, Wellington, New Zealand) is a New Zealand born former professional rugby union player who played provincial rugby for Wellington and the Hurricanes before moving to play international rugby for Scotland, for whom he qualified through grandparents. He played primarily in the back row, winning 37 caps between 1998 and 2003. His brother John also played for Scotland at the same time as him.
External links
Profile & Statistics at Sporting Heroes.net
vteScotland squad – 1999 Rugby World CupForwards
Bulloch
Burnell
Graham
Grimes
Hilton
M. Leslie
Mather
S. Murray
Pountney
Reed
Reid
Russell
Simpson
Smith
Walton
Weir
Backs
Armstrong (c)
Fairley
Hodge
J. Leslie
Logan
Longstaff
Mayer
McLaren
Metcalfe
C. Murray
Paterson
Redpath
Tait
Townsend
Coach: Telfer
vteScotland squad – 2003 Rugby World CupForwards
Beattie
Bulloch
Douglas
Grimes
Hall
Hines
Jacobsen
Kerr
Leslie
Mather
McIlwham
Murray
Petrie
Russell
Smith
Taylor
White
Backs
Beveridge
Blair
Craig
Danielli
Henderson
Hinshelwood
Logan
McLaren
Metcalfe
Paterson
Redpath (c)
Ross
Townsend
Walker
Coach: McGeechan
This biographical article relating to New Zealand rugby union is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Scottish rugby union biography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leslie_(rugby_player)"}],"text":"Rugby playerMartin Leslie (born 25 October 1971, Wellington, New Zealand) is a New Zealand born former professional rugby union player who played provincial rugby for Wellington and the Hurricanes before moving to play international rugby for Scotland, for whom he qualified through grandparents. He played primarily in the back row, winning 37 caps between 1998 and 2003. His brother John also played for Scotland at the same time as him.","title":"Martin Leslie (rugby union)"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.sporting-heroes.net/rugby-heroes/displayhero.asp?HeroID=6754","external_links_name":"Profile & Statistics at Sporting Heroes.net"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Leslie_(rugby_union)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Leslie_(rugby_union)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savangin | Savangin | ["1 References"] | Cave in Turkey
Savangin is a prehistoric natural cave with an inscription written in an unknown or unsolved alphabet. It was found in 1995 near the village Bakırtepe, part of Artvin Province, Turkey. Along with the inscriptions, researchers found cave paintings of deer.
References
^ Yavuz, Nuri, ed. (2019). History of Artvin (in Turkish). Kriter Yayınları. p. 36. ISBN 978-625-7033-15-2.
This Turkey location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_cave"},{"link_name":"inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscription"},{"link_name":"alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet"},{"link_name":"Bakırtepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bak%C4%B1rtepe,_Yusufeli"},{"link_name":"Artvin Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artvin_Province"},{"link_name":"cave paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_painting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Savangin is a prehistoric natural cave with an inscription written in an unknown or unsolved alphabet. It was found in 1995 near the village Bakırtepe, part of Artvin Province, Turkey. Along with the inscriptions, researchers found cave paintings of deer.[1]","title":"Savangin"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Yavuz, Nuri, ed. (2019). History of Artvin (in Turkish). Kriter Yayınları. p. 36. ISBN 978-625-7033-15-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-625-7033-15-2","url_text":"978-625-7033-15-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savangin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernadotte_Everly_Schmitt | Bernadotte Everly Schmitt | ["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | American historian
Bernadotte Everly Schmitt1920 passport application photoBorn(1886-05-19)May 19, 1886Strasburg, Virginia, USDiedMarch 23, 1969(1969-03-23) (aged 82)Alexandria, Virginia, USEducation
University of Tennessee (B.A.)
Merton College, Oxford (B.A. and M.A.)
University of Wisconsin–Madison (Ph.D)
SpouseDamaris Kathryn AmesAwardsPulitzer Prize for HistoryGeorge Louis Beer Prize
Bernadotte Everly Schmitt (19 May 1886 – 23 March 1969) was an American historian who was professor of Modern European History at the University of Chicago from 1924 to 1946. He is best known for his study of the causes of World War I, in which he emphasized Germany's perceived responsibility and rejected revisionist arguments.
Biography
Schmitt received his Master of Arts from the University of Oxford and his PhD from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He was permanently hostile to Germany after his first visit there in 1906. In 1916 he gained notice with England and Germany, 1740–1914. His book The Coming of the War, 1914 (published in 1930) won him the 1930 George Louis Beer Prize of the American Historical Association and the 1931 Pulitzer Prize for History.
This work, for which he remains best known, took issue with the equally prominent study of the origins of the First World War published two years earlier by Sidney Fay (for which its author had also won a Beer Prize). In contrast to Fay's argument that Serbia and Russia were culpable, Schmitt insisted that Germany had indeed been largely responsible for the catastrophe. The debate between the "orthodox" school represented by Schmitt, Luigi Albertini and Pierre Renouvin, and the "revisionist" school of Fay, Harry Elmer Barnes and others that shifted blame from the Central Powers to the Allies, dominated scholarship on the "war-guilt" question until the publication of Fritz Fischer's Griff nach der Weltmacht (Germany's Aims in the First World War) (1961), which reopened the debate with a fresh approach by blaming Germany's prewar ambitions.
Schmitt was the first editor of the Journal of Modern History, serving from 1929 to 1946. In 1937 Schmitt published The Annexation of Bosnia, 1908–1909. In November 1941, he called for Germany's population to be reduced from 80 to 50 million.
Schmitt was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1938 and the American Philosophical Society in 1942. In 1960, he was President of the American Historical Association. He died in 1969.
Legacy
The American Historical Association offers the Bernadotte E. Schmitt Grants to support research in the history of Europe, Africa, and Asia.
References
^ a b c d e f g Levens, R.G.C., ed. (1964). Merton College Register 1900–1964. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 50.
^ a b Finding Aid for Bernadotte E. Schmitt Papers Archived 2018-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, University of Tennessee Special Collections. Retrieved: 15 May 2013.
^ "Guide to the Bernadotte E. Schmitt Papers 1913–1961". www.lib.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-10-26. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
^ Keir A. Lieber, "The new history of World War I and what it means for international relations theory." International Security 32.2 (2007): 155-191. online
^ a b Grayling 2006, p. 140.
^ Full text Vol I Archived 2016-03-15 at the Wayback Machine and Vol II Archived 2016-03-17 at the Wayback Machine
^ "George Louis Beer Prize Recipients". American Historical Association. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
^ Novick, Peter. That Noble Dream: The Objectivity Question and the American Historical Profession (Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 206–222.
^ Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly (September 2, 1937). "The Annexation of Bosnia, 1908–1909, by Bernadotte E. Schmitt, ..." The University Press. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2015 – via Google Books.
^ "Education: History Lesson". time.com. Time. 1 December 1941. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
^ "Bernadotte Everly Schmitt". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 10 February 2023. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
^ "Bernadotte E. Schmitt Is Dead. Historian Won Pulitzer Prize. Charged Germany With Guilt for World War I in 'The Coming of the War, 1914'". The New York Times. March 24, 1969. Archived from the original on July 22, 2018. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
Bibliography
Grayling, A. C. (2006). Among the Dead Cities. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781472534057.
Lieber, Keir A. "The new history of World War I and what it means for international relations theory." International Security 32.2 (2007): 155–191. online
Further reading
Williamson Jr, Samuel R., and Ernest R. May. "An identity of opinion: Historians and July 1914." Journal of Modern History 79.2 (2007): 335–387. online
External links
Guide to the Bernadotte E. Schmitt Papers 1913-1961 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
The University of Chicago Photographic Archive
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chicago-3"},{"link_name":"causes of World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Bernadotte Everly Schmitt (19 May 1886 – 23 March 1969) was an American historian who was professor of Modern European History at the University of Chicago from 1924 to 1946.[3] He is best known for his study of the causes of World War I, in which he emphasized Germany's perceived responsibility and rejected revisionist arguments.[4]","title":"Bernadotte Everly Schmitt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge)"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCreg-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayling2006140-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comingofwar-6"},{"link_name":"George Louis Beer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Louis_Beer_Prize"},{"link_name":"American Historical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Historical_Association"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beer-7"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize for History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_History"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCreg-1"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Sidney Fay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Bradshaw_Fay"},{"link_name":"Luigi Albertini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Albertini"},{"link_name":"Pierre Renouvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Renouvin"},{"link_name":"Harry Elmer Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Elmer_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Fritz Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Griff nach der Weltmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%27s_Aims_in_the_First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-novick-8"},{"link_name":"Journal of Modern History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Modern_History"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCreg-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCreg-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bosnia-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayling2006140-5"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"American Historical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Historical_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCreg-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-13"}],"text":"Schmitt received his Master of Arts from the University of Oxford and his PhD from the University of Wisconsin–Madison.[1] He was permanently hostile to Germany after his first visit there in 1906.[5] In 1916 he gained notice with England and Germany, 1740–1914. His book The Coming of the War, 1914 (published in 1930[6]) won him the 1930 George Louis Beer Prize of the American Historical Association[7] and the 1931 Pulitzer Prize for History.[1]This work, for which he remains best known, took issue with the equally prominent study of the origins of the First World War published two years earlier by Sidney Fay (for which its author had also won a Beer Prize). In contrast to Fay's argument that Serbia and Russia were culpable, Schmitt insisted that Germany had indeed been largely responsible for the catastrophe. The debate between the \"orthodox\" school represented by Schmitt, Luigi Albertini and Pierre Renouvin, and the \"revisionist\" school of Fay, Harry Elmer Barnes and others that shifted blame from the Central Powers to the Allies, dominated scholarship on the \"war-guilt\" question until the publication of Fritz Fischer's Griff nach der Weltmacht (Germany's Aims in the First World War) (1961), which reopened the debate with a fresh approach by blaming Germany's prewar ambitions.[8]Schmitt was the first editor of the Journal of Modern History, serving from 1929 to 1946.[1] In 1937 Schmitt published The Annexation of Bosnia, 1908–1909.[1][9] In November 1941, he called for Germany's population to be reduced from 80 to 50 million.[10][5]Schmitt was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1938 and the American Philosophical Society in 1942.[11][12] In 1960, he was President of the American Historical Association.[1] He died in 1969.[13]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The American Historical Association offers the Bernadotte E. 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ISBN 9781472534057.\nLieber, Keir A. \"The new history of World War I and what it means for international relations theory.\" International Security 32.2 (2007): 155–191. online[dead link]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/519317"}],"text":"Williamson Jr, Samuel R., and Ernest R. May. \"An identity of opinion: Historians and July 1914.\" Journal of Modern History 79.2 (2007): 335–387. online","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Levens, R.G.C., ed. (1964). Merton College Register 1900–1964. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 50.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Guide to the Bernadotte E. Schmitt Papers 1913–1961\". www.lib.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-10-26. Retrieved 2020-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.SCHMITT","url_text":"\"Guide to the Bernadotte E. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Lusson | Louis-Adrien Lusson | ["1 External links"] | French architect
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Louis-Adrien Lusson (1788–1864) was a French architect. His projects in Paris include the churches of Saint-Eugène at 6 rue Sainte-Cécile, 9th arrondissement (1855), and Saint-François Xavier des Missions étrangères (1861–63). He was born in La Flèche and died in Rome.
External links
Louis-Adrien Lusson at archINFORM
http://fr.structurae.de/persons/data/index.cfm?id=d004447
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Artists
RKD Artists
ULAN
This article about a French architect is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint-Eugène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_Saint-Eug%C3%A8ne-Sainte-C%C3%A9cile"},{"link_name":"9th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Saint-François Xavier des Missions étrangères","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Fran%C3%A7ois_Xavier_des_Missions_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"La Flèche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fl%C3%A8che"}],"text":"Louis-Adrien Lusson (1788–1864) was a French architect. His projects in Paris include the churches of Saint-Eugène at 6 rue Sainte-Cécile, 9th arrondissement (1855), and Saint-François Xavier des Missions étrangères (1861–63). He was born in La Flèche and died in Rome.","title":"Louis-Adrien Lusson"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.archinform.net/arch/37344.htm","external_links_name":"Louis-Adrien Lusson"},{"Link":"http://fr.structurae.de/persons/data/index.cfm?id=d004447","external_links_name":"http://fr.structurae.de/persons/data/index.cfm?id=d004447"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2459734","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10530100x","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10530100x","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/123050405","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr99039322","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/51400","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500033638","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis-Adrien_Lusson&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Uitermark | Judith Uitermark | ["1 Life","2 Electoral history","3 References","4 See also"] | Dutch politician (born 1971)
Judith UitermarkMinister of the Interior and Kingdom RelationsIncumbentAssumed office 2 July 2024Prime MinisterDick SchoofPreceded byHugo de JongeMember of the House of RepresentativesIncumbentAssumed office 6 December 2023Member of the Haarlem Municipal CouncilIn office1998–2001
Personal detailsBorn (1971-09-20) 20 September 1971 (age 52)Edam, NetherlandsPolitical partyNSC (2023–present)Other politicalaffiliationsCDA (until 2023)OccupationPoliticianjudge
Judith Uitermark (born 20 September 1971) is a Dutch judge and politician of the Christian democratic New Social Contract (NSC) party.
Life
Uitermark was born in Edam in North Holland. Before entering national politics, Uitermark was a criminal judge. A proponent of mediation between perpetrators and victims, she served as National Coordinator for Mediation in Criminal Cases. She sat on the Haarlem Municipal Council on behalf of Christian Democratic Appeal from 1998 until 2001.
She met Pieter Omtzigt, who had just founded New Social Contract, in September 2023, and she switched her party affiliation to become the party's third candidate in the November 2023 general election. Uitermark received a seat in the House of Representatives, and her focus was on justice and security. In June 2024, she was nominated to serve in the new Schoof cabinet as Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations.
Electoral history
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (December 2023)
Electoral history of Judith Uitermark
Year
Body
Party
Pos.
Votes
Result
Ref.
Party seats
Individual
2023
House of Representatives
New Social Contract
3
10,895
20
Won
References
^ a b Derix, Steven; Van den Dool, Pim; Stokmans, Derk; Vermeer, Oscar; Klumpenaar, Sjoerd; König, Eppo; Pelgrim, Christiaan; Bouwman, Boris (13 June 2024). "Van diplomaat tot Boer zoekt Vrouw-kandidaat: dit zijn de beoogde ministers van het kabinet-Schoof" . NRC (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 June 2024.
^ a b "Judith Uitermark (NSC) van mediation naar ministerschap" . NOS (in Dutch). 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
^ "Mr. J.J.M. (Judith) Uitermark". www.parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 21 December 2023.
^ "Woordvoerderschappen Nieuw Sociaal Contract" (PDF). New Social Contract (in Dutch). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2024 – via Wayback Machine.
^ "Proces-verbaal van de uitslag van de verkiezing van de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal 2023 d.d. 4 december 2023" (PDF). Dutch Electoral Council (in Dutch). 4 December 2023. pp. 185–186. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
See also
List of members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, 2023–present
vteMembers of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands (2023–present)House of Representatives 6 December 2023 – presentParty for Freedom (PVV – 37)
Wilders
Aardema
Agema
Blaauw
Boon
Van den Born
Bosma (Speaker)
Boutkan
Claassen
Crijns
Deen
Van Dijck
E. van Dijk
Esser
Faber-van de Klashorst
Graus
Van Haasen
Heutink
Van der Hoeff
De Jong
Kops
Madlener
Maeijer
Markuszower
Van Meetelen
Mooiman
Mulder
Nijhof-Leeuw
Pool
Ram
De Roon
Smitskam
Valize
Van der Velde
Vlottes
Vondeling
De Vree
GroenLinks–Labour Party (GL/PvdA – 25)
Timmermans
Bromet
Bushoff
Chakor
Gabriëls
Hirsch
De Hoop
Kathmann
Klaver
Kröger
Lahlah
Van der Lee
Maatoug
Mohandis
Mutluer
Nordkamp
Patijn
Pijpelink
Piri
Slagt-Tichelman
Stultiens
Thijssen
Tseggai
Westerveld
White
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD – 24)
Yeşilgöz-Zegerius
Aartsen
Becker
Brekelmans
Van der Burg
Van Campen
Van Eijk
Ellian
Erkens
P. de Groot
Heinen
Hermans
‹Van den Hil›
Kamminga
Kisteman
De Kort
Martens-America
Meulenkamp
Michon-Derkzen
Paul
Rajkowski
Tielen
Veltman
De Vries
Van der Wal
New Social Contract (NSC – 20)
Omtzigt
Bruyning
O. van Dijk
Herzberger
Van Hijum
Holman
Idsinga
D. Jansen
Joseph
Kahraman
Van Oostenbruggen
Palmen
Postma
Six Dijkstra
Soepboer
Uitermark
Veldkamp
Van Vroonhoven
Welzijn
Zeedijk
Democrats 66 (D66 – 9)
Jetten
Bamenga
‹T. de Groot›
Paternotte
Paulusma
Podt
Rooderkerk
Sneller
‹Synhaeve›
Vijlbrief
Van der Werf
Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB – 7)
Van der Plas
Helder
Keijzer
Pierik
Tuinman
Vermeer
Van Zanten
Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA – 5)
Bontenbal
Boswijk
I. van Dijk
Krul
Vedder
Socialist Party (SP – 5)
Dijk
Beckerman
Dobbe
Van Kent
‹Marijnissen›
Van Nispen
DENK (DENK – 3)
Van Baarle
El Abassi
Ergin
Party for the Animals (PvdD – 3)
Ouwehand
Kostić
Teunissen
Forum for Democracy (FVD – 3)
Baudet
Van Houwelingen
‹F. Jansen›
Van Meijeren
Reformed Political Party (SGP – 3)
Stoffer
D. van Dijk
Flach
Christian Union (CU – 3)
Bikker
Ceder
Grinwis
Volt Netherlands (Volt – 2)
Dassen
Koekkoek
JA21 (JA21 – 1)
Eerdmans
Bold indicates the parliamentary leader (first mentioned) and the Speaker; (Brackets) indicate a temporarily absent member; Italics indicate a temporary member; ‹Guillemets› indicate a member who has left the House of Representatives
See also: Members of the Senate of the Netherlands, 2023–2027This article about a Dutch politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Social Contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Social_Contract"}],"text":"Judith Uitermark (born 20 September 1971) is a Dutch judge and politician of the Christian democratic New Social Contract (NSC) party.","title":"Judith Uitermark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edam,_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"North Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Holland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrc-1"},{"link_name":"mediation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediation"},{"link_name":"Haarlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haarlem"},{"link_name":"Municipal Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_council_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nos-2"},{"link_name":"Pieter Omtzigt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Omtzigt"},{"link_name":"November 2023 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Dutch_general_election"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrc-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Schoof cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoof_cabinet"},{"link_name":"Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_the_Interior_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nos-2"}],"text":"Uitermark was born in Edam in North Holland.[1] Before entering national politics, Uitermark was a criminal judge. A proponent of mediation between perpetrators and victims, she served as National Coordinator for Mediation in Criminal Cases. She sat on the Haarlem Municipal Council on behalf of Christian Democratic Appeal from 1998 until 2001.[2]She met Pieter Omtzigt, who had just founded New Social Contract, in September 2023, and she switched her party affiliation to become the party's third candidate in the November 2023 general election. Uitermark received a seat in the House of Representatives, and her focus was on justice and security.[1][3][4] In June 2024, she was nominated to serve in the new Schoof cabinet as Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations.[2]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral history"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, 2023–present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Netherlands,_2023%E2%80%93present"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Netherlands,_2023%E2%80%93present"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Netherlands,_2023%E2%80%93present"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Netherlands,_2023%E2%80%93present"},{"title":"Members of the 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Haasen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_van_Haasen"},{"title":"Heutink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidde_Heutink"},{"title":"Van der Hoeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_van_der_Hoeff"},{"title":"De Jong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_de_Jong"},{"title":"Kops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kops"},{"title":"Madlener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Madlener"},{"title":"Maeijer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Maeijer"},{"title":"Markuszower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidi_Markuszower"},{"title":"Van Meetelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_van_Meetelen"},{"title":"Mooiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Mooiman"},{"title":"Mulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Mulder"},{"title":"Nijhof-Leeuw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanet_Nijhof-Leeuw"},{"title":"Pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joeri_Pool"},{"title":"Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ram"},{"title":"De Roon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_de_Roon"},{"title":"Smitskam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Smitskam"},{"title":"Valize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Valize"},{"title":"Van der Velde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martine_van_der_Velde"},{"title":"Vlottes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmar_Vlottes"},{"title":"Vondeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Vondeling"},{"title":"De Vree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henk_de_Vree"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Tweede_Kamer.svg"},{"title":"GroenLinks–Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GroenLinks%E2%80%93PvdA"},{"title":"Timmermans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Timmermans"},{"title":"Bromet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Bromet"},{"title":"Bushoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Bushoff"},{"title":"Chakor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glimina_Chakor"},{"title":"Gabriëls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geert_Gabri%C3%ABls"},{"title":"Hirsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani%C3%ABlle_Hirsch"},{"title":"De 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NRC (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2024/06/13/politieke-ervaring-genoeg-in-het-kabinet-schoof-maar-soms-is-de-benoeming-wel-heel-verrassend-a4856356","url_text":"\"Van diplomaat tot Boer zoekt Vrouw-kandidaat: dit zijn de beoogde ministers van het kabinet-Schoof\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRC_(newspaper)","url_text":"NRC"}]},{"reference":"\"Judith Uitermark (NSC) van mediation naar ministerschap\" [Judith Uitermark (NSC) from mediation to minister]. NOS (in Dutch). 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://nos.nl/artikel/2524388-judith-uitermark-nsc-van-mediation-naar-ministerschap","url_text":"\"Judith Uitermark (NSC) van mediation naar ministerschap\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandse_Omroep_Stichting","url_text":"NOS"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr. J.J.M. (Judith) Uitermark\". www.parlement.com (in Dutch). 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Retrieved 21 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/adviezen-en-publicaties/proces-verbalen/2023/12/04/proces-verbaal-van-de-uitslag-van-de-tweede-kamerverkiezing-2023","url_text":"\"Proces-verbaal van de uitslag van de verkiezing van de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal 2023 d.d. 4 december 2023\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judith_Uitermark&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2024/06/13/politieke-ervaring-genoeg-in-het-kabinet-schoof-maar-soms-is-de-benoeming-wel-heel-verrassend-a4856356","external_links_name":"\"Van diplomaat tot Boer zoekt Vrouw-kandidaat: dit zijn de beoogde ministers van het kabinet-Schoof\""},{"Link":"https://nos.nl/artikel/2524388-judith-uitermark-nsc-van-mediation-naar-ministerschap","external_links_name":"\"Judith Uitermark (NSC) van mediation naar ministerschap\""},{"Link":"https://www.parlement.com/id/vm6udvfnauvt/j_j_m_judith_uitermark","external_links_name":"\"Mr. J.J.M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegocephali | Stegocephali | ["1 History of classification","2 Phylogeny","3 Subgroups","4 References","5 External links"] | Clade of tetrapodomorphs
Not to be confused with Stegocephalidae.
StegocephaliTemporal range: Late Devonian – Present, 375–0 Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Possible Middle Devonian record
Examples of stegocephalians (clockwise from top left): Litoria phyllochroa, Acanthostega gunnari, Vulpes vulpes, and Tyto alba
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Clade:
Sarcopterygii
Clade:
Tetrapodomorpha
Clade:
Elpistostegalia
Clade:
StegocephaliCope, 1868
Subgroups
See text.
Stegocephali (often spelled Stegocephalia, from Greek στεγοκεφαλια, lit. "roofed head") is a clade of vertebrate animals containing all fully limbed tetrapodomorphs. It is equivalent to a broad definition of the superclass Tetrapoda: under this broad definition, the term "tetrapod" applies to any animal descended from the first vertebrate with four limbs each with digits in the extremity (pentadactyly), rather than fins of their sarcopterygian relatives.
Stegocephalians include both the modern lineage of limbed vertebrates (the crown group tetrapods, including modern amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) as well as a portion of the stem group, the earliest limbed tetrapodomorphs such as Ichthyostega and Acanthostega, which evolved in the Devonian period long before the origin of the crown group. Many paleontologists prefer a stricter definition of Tetrapoda which applies solely to the crown group, excluding earlier types of limbed tetrapodomorphs. Stegocephali was re-established to replace the broad definition of Tetrapoda, resolving the usage of two conflicting definitions in discussions of tetrapod evolution.
Stegocephali was coined in 1868 by the American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope, who used it as a general category of prehistoric amphibians. This name was in reference to the skull form of many early tetrapods, with a low, solid shape combining numerous strongly-textured dermal bones. In its original usage, the term quickly became obsolete. In 1998, Canadian paleontologist Michel Laurin repopularized the term and provided a formal phylogenetic definition as a monophyletic clade containing both crown-group and stem-group tetrapods. Laurin's Stegocephali is roughly defined as including all vertebrates closer to modern tetrapods than to Panderichthys. This definition was intended to include taxa with digits rather than fins, except where secondarily lost. Another definition, published in Phylonyms, defines the group as including all taxa closer to Eryops than to Tiktaalik, Panderichthys, or Eusthenopteron. The discovery of the Zachelmie trackways in 2010 suggests that stegocephalians possibly emerged 395 Ma or earlier.
History of classification
Typical 19th-century depiction of a primitive stegocephalian, based on modern anurans and fossils now recognised as belonging to mastodonsaurids and Bromsgroveia
Originally, the term was used as a systematic unit at the rank of order. The term rose to prominence in American and British science in the 19th century, though the largely equivalent term Labyrinthodontia had been coined 18 years earlier by Hermann Burmeister in reference to the tooth structure. The terms were used interchangeably during the early 20th century, usually divided into three orders. Cope originally spelled the term as "Stegocephali", though A.S. Woodward introduced a popular alternative spelling, "Stegocephalia", in 1898. In their original usage, Stegocephali (and the Labyrinthodontia) are paraphyletic, the name is now used in an informal way to denote the early non-piscine vertebrates, excluding amniotes (the first reptiles and their descendants) and modern lissamphibians.
Paleontologist Michel Laurin took up the older term and defined stegocephalians phylogenetically as all vertebrates more closely related to Temnospondyli than to Panderichthys (the closest relative of tetrapods known to have retained paired fins, see below). Therefore, Stegocephali includes all vertebrate groups that have toes rather than fins, and a few (Elginerpeton, Metaxygnathus, Ventastega and possibly Hynerpeton) that may have retained paired fins. Contrary to the old usage of this term, the Stegocephali refers to a clade in this scheme. This concept of the clade Stegocephali was chosen to substitute for the name Tetrapoda by those who sought to restrict Tetrapoda to the crown group. As such, it encompasses all presently living land vertebrates as well as their early amphibious ancestors.
Phylogeny
Below is an evolutionary tree of stegocephalians, as recovered from an analysis by Swartz in 2012.
Elpistostegalia
Panderichthys
Stegocephalia
Tiktaalik
Elpistostege
Stegocephali
Elginerpeton
Ventastega
Acanthostega
Ichthyostega
Whatcheeriidae
Colosteidae
Crassigyrinus
Baphetidae
Crown group Tetrapoda
sensu Laurin, 2020
sensu Laurin, 1998
As recovered by Clack et al. 2016:
Elpistostegalia
Panderichthys
Stegocephalia
Metaxygnathus
Tiktaalik
Stegocephali
Acanthostega
Ossinodus
Ventastega
Ichthyostega
Ossirarus
Ymeria
Aytonerpeton
Perittodus
Whatcheeriidae
Whatcheeria
Pederpes
Occidens
Diploradus
Doragnathus
Sigournea
Koilops
Tulerpeton
Colosteidae
Greererpeton
Colosteus
Crassigyrinus
Baphetidae
Loxomma
Megalocephalus
Baphetes
Tetrapoda
sensu Laurin, 2020
sensu Laurin, 1998
Tetrapoda
Temnospondyli
Eucritta
Embolomeri
Gephyrostegidae
Silvanerpeton
Casineria
Seymouriamorpha
Lepospondyli
Amniota
Subgroups
†Elginerpetontidae
†Aistopoda
†Whatcheeriidae
†Colosteidae
†Adelospondyli
†Baphetoidea
†Embolomeri (a.k.a. Anthracosauria sensu stricto)
crown-Tetrapoda
Batrachomorpha (stem-Lissamphibia, likely equivalent to Temnospondyli)
Reptiliomorpha (stem-Amniota, a.k.a. Anthracosauria sensu lato)
Stegocephali incertae sedis
†Acanthostega
†Antlerpeton
†Aytonerpeton
†Brittagnathus
†Crassigyrinus
†Diploradus
†Densignathus
†Doragnathus
†Elpistostege?
†Hynerpeton
†Ichthyerpeton
†Ichthyostega
†Jakubsonia
†Koilops
†Livoniana?
†Mesanerpeton
†Metaxygnathus
†Occidens
†Ossirarus
†Parmastega
†Perittodus
†Sigournea
†Sinostega
†Tantallognathus
†Tiktaalik?
†Tulerpeton
†Tutusius
†Umzantsia
†Ventastega
†Ymeria
References
^ Cope E. D. 1868. Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia of North America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: pp 208–221
^ a b Laurin M. (1998): The importance of global parsimony and historical bias in understanding tetrapod evolution. Part I-systematics, middle ear evolution, and jaw suspension. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, Paris, 13e Series 19: pp 1–42.
^ Laurin, M; Soler-Gijón, R (May 2001). "The oldest stegocephalian from the Iberian peninsula: evidence that temnospondyls were euryhaline". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série III. 324 (5): 495–501. doi:10.1016/s0764-4469(01)01318-x. PMID 11411292.
^ a b Queiroz, Kevin de; Cantino, Philip D.; Gauthier, Jacques A. (2020). "Stegocephali E. D. Cope 1868 , converted clade name". In De Queiroz, Kevin; Cantino, Philip; Gauthier, Jacques (eds.). Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode (1st ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. doi:10.1201/9780429446276. ISBN 9780429446276. S2CID 242704712.
^ Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Szrek, Piotr; Narkiewicz, Katarzyna; Narkiewicz, Marek; Ahlberg, Per E. (January 7, 2010). "Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian period of Poland". Nature. 463 (7277): 43–48. Bibcode:2010Natur.463...43N. doi:10.1038/nature08623. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 20054388. S2CID 4428903.
^ Burmeister, H. (1850): Die Labyrinthodonten aus dem Saarbrücker Steinkohlengebirge, Dritte Abtheilung: der Geschichte der Deutschen Labyrinthodonten Archegosaurus. Berlin: G. Reimer, 74 pp.
^ Romer, A. S., (1947, revised ed. 1966) Vertebrate Paleontology, University of Chicago Press, Chicago
^ Laurin & al. Terrestrial Vertebrates. Stegocephalians: Tetrapods and other digit-bearing vertebrates. Tree of life
^ Swartz, B. (2012). "A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of Western North America". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e33683. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...733683S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033683. PMC 3308997. PMID 22448265.
^ Jennifer A. Clack; Carys E. Bennett; David K. Carpenter; Sarah J. Davies; Nicholas C. Fraser; Timothy I. Kearsey; John E. A. Marshall; David Millward; Benjamin K. A. Otoo; Emma J. Reeves; Andrew J. Ross; Marcello Ruta; Keturah Z. Smithson; Timothy R. Smithson; Stig A. Walsh (2016). "Phylogenetic and environmental context of a Tournaisian tetrapod fauna" (PDF). Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (1): Article number 0002. doi:10.1038/s41559-016-0002. PMID 28812555. S2CID 22421017.
External links
Tree of Life: Terrestrial Vertebrates
vteTetrapodomorpha (Pan-Tetrapoda)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Osteichthyes
Clade: Sarcopterygii
Clade: Rhipidistia
Gnathostomata
see Gnathostomata
Tetrapodomorpha
see below↓
TetrapodomorphaTetrapodomorpha
†Bogdanovia
†Chrysolepis
†Geptolepis
†Glyptopomus
†Gogonasus
†Greiserolepis
†Gyroptychius
†Harajicadectes
†Kenichthys
†Litoptychus
†Lamprotolepis
†Latvius
†Medoevia
†Megadonichthys
†Muranjilepis
†Osteolepis
†Peregrina
†Platyethmoidia
†Shirolepis
†Thaumatolepis
†Thursius
†Tungsenia
†Viluichthys
†Rhizodontida
Archichthys
Aztecia
Barameda
Gooloogongia
Hongyu
Letognathus
Propycnoctenion
Pycnoctenion
Rhizodus
Rossichthys
Sauripterus
Screbinodus
Strepsodus
Thysanolepis?
Vorobjevaia?
†Canowindridae
Beelarongia
Canowindra
Koharalepis
Marsdenichthys?
Owensia?
†Megalichthyidae
Askerichthys
Cladarosymblema
Cryptolepis?
Ectosteorhachis
Lohsania?
Mahalalepis
Megalichthys
Megapomus?
Megistolepis?
Palatinichthys
Rhizodopsis
Sengoerichthys
Sterropterygion?
Eotetrapodiformes
†Palaeospondylus?
†Tristichopteridae
Bruehnopteron
Cabonnichthys
Callistipterus
Canningius
Devonosteus
Edenopteron
Eusthenodon
Eusthenopteron
Heddleichthys
Hyneria
Jarvikina
Langlieria
Litoptychus?
Mandageria
Marsdenichthys?
Notorhizodon
Platycephalichthys
Spodichthys
Tinirau
Tristichopterus
Elpistostegalia
†Howittichthys?
†Livoniana
†Panderichthys
†Parapanderichthys
†Qikiqtania
†Rubrognathus
†Tiktaalik
Stegocephali (Tetrapoda sensu lato)
see below↓
Stegocephali (Tetrapoda sensu lato)Stegocephali
†Acanthostega
†Brittagnathus
†Densignathus
†Elpistostege?
†Hynerpeton
†Ichthyostega
†Jakubsonia
†Metaxygnathus
†Parmastega
†Sinostega
†Tulerpeton
†Tutusius
†Umzantsia
†Ventastega
†Ymeria
†Elginerpetontidae
Elginerpeton
Obruchevichthys
Webererpeton
†Aistopoda
Andersonerpeton
Lethiscus
Ophiderpeton
Oestocephalidae
Coloraderpeton
Oestocephalus
Phlegethontioidea
Pseudophlegethontia
Phlegethontiidae
Phlegethontia
Sillerpeton
†Whatcheeriidae
Ossinodus?
Pederpes
Whatcheeria
†Colosteidae
Colosteus
Deltaherpeton
Greererpeton
Pholidogaster
†Adelospondyli
Acherontiscus
Adelogyrinidae
Adelogyrinus
Adelospondylus
Dolichopareias
Palaeomolgophis
†"Nectridea"
see Nectridea
†Baphetoidea
Eucritta?
Spathicephalus
Baphetidae
Baphetes
Kyrinion
Loxomma
Megalocephalus
†Other post-Devonian genera
Antlerpeton
Aytonerpeton
Crassigyrinus
Diploradus
Doragnathus
Ichthyerpeton
Koilops
Mesanerpeton
Occidens
Ossirarus
Perittodus
Sigournea
Tantallognathus
†Embolomeri
Anthracosaurus
Archeria
Aversor
Calligenethlon
Carbonoherpeton
"Cricotus"
Diplovertebron
Eobaphetes
Eoherpeton?
Leptophractus
Neopteroplax
Palaeoherpeton
Papposaurus
Pholiderpeton
Proterogyrinus
Pteroplax
Seroherpeton
Spondylerpeton
†Gephyrostegidae
Bruktererpeton
Eusauropleura
Gephyrostegus
†Other "anthracosaurs"
Caerorhachis
Casineria?
Eldeceeon
Eoherpeton
Silvanerpeton
Termonerpeton
Tetrapoda(crown group)Temnospondyli (Batrachomorpha?)
see Temnospondyli
likely includes Lissamphibia
Reptiliomorpha (Pan-Amniota)
see Reptiliomorpha
includes Amniota
Related topicsParaphyletic /Polyphyletic groups
Stem tetrapoda
Osteolepiformes
Osteolepididae
Megalichthyiformes?
Tristichopteridae?
Labyrinthodontia
Rachitomi
Ichthyostegalia
Lepospondyli
Holospondyli
Phyllospondyli
Anthracosauria
Other topics
Evolution of tetrapods
Polydactyly in stem-tetrapods
Romer's gap
Timeline
Zachelmie trackways
Category
Taxon identifiersStegocephalia
Wikidata: Q7460384
Paleobiology Database: 137278 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stegocephalidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegocephalidae"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"vertebrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal"},{"link_name":"limbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"tetrapodomorphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapodomorph"},{"link_name":"superclass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superclass_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Tetrapoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod"},{"link_name":"digits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"pentadactyly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentadactyly"},{"link_name":"fins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_fin"},{"link_name":"sarcopterygian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcopterygian"},{"link_name":"crown group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_group"},{"link_name":"amphibians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian"},{"link_name":"reptiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"stem group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_group"},{"link_name":"Ichthyostega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyostega"},{"link_name":"Acanthostega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthostega"},{"link_name":"Devonian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian_period"},{"link_name":"paleontologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologist"},{"link_name":"Edward Drinker Cope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Drinker_Cope"},{"link_name":"dermal bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermal_bone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Michel Laurin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Laurin"},{"link_name":"monophyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyly"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"Panderichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panderichthys"},{"link_name":"secondarily lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestigiality"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Phylonyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylonyms"},{"link_name":"Eryops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryops"},{"link_name":"Tiktaalik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiktaalik"},{"link_name":"Eusthenopteron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusthenopteron"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Zachelmie trackways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachelmie_trackways"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Stegocephalidae.Stegocephali (often spelled Stegocephalia, from Greek στεγοκεφαλια, lit. \"roofed head\") is a clade of vertebrate animals containing all fully limbed tetrapodomorphs. It is equivalent to a broad definition of the superclass Tetrapoda: under this broad definition, the term \"tetrapod\" applies to any animal descended from the first vertebrate with four limbs each with digits in the extremity (pentadactyly), rather than fins of their sarcopterygian relatives.Stegocephalians include both the modern lineage of limbed vertebrates (the crown group tetrapods, including modern amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) as well as a portion of the stem group, the earliest limbed tetrapodomorphs such as Ichthyostega and Acanthostega, which evolved in the Devonian period long before the origin of the crown group. Many paleontologists prefer a stricter definition of Tetrapoda which applies solely to the crown group, excluding earlier types of limbed tetrapodomorphs. Stegocephali was re-established to replace the broad definition of Tetrapoda, resolving the usage of two conflicting definitions in discussions of tetrapod evolution.Stegocephali was coined in 1868 by the American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope, who used it as a general category of prehistoric amphibians. This name was in reference to the skull form of many early tetrapods, with a low, solid shape combining numerous strongly-textured dermal bones.[1] In its original usage, the term quickly became obsolete. In 1998, Canadian paleontologist Michel Laurin repopularized the term and provided a formal phylogenetic definition as a monophyletic clade containing both crown-group and stem-group tetrapods. Laurin's Stegocephali is roughly defined as including all vertebrates closer to modern tetrapods than to Panderichthys. This definition was intended to include taxa with digits rather than fins, except where secondarily lost.[2][3] Another definition, published in Phylonyms, defines the group as including all taxa closer to Eryops than to Tiktaalik, Panderichthys, or Eusthenopteron.[4] The discovery of the Zachelmie trackways in 2010 suggests that stegocephalians possibly emerged 395 Ma or earlier.[5]","title":"Stegocephali"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Palace_Labyrinthodon.jpg"},{"link_name":"anurans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anurans"},{"link_name":"mastodonsaurids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodonsaurids"},{"link_name":"Bromsgroveia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromsgroveia"},{"link_name":"systematic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematics"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Labyrinthodontia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinthodontia"},{"link_name":"Hermann Burmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Burmeister"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"A.S. Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Smith_Woodward"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyly"},{"link_name":"vertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrates"},{"link_name":"amniotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniotes"},{"link_name":"reptiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiles"},{"link_name":"lissamphibians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissamphibia"},{"link_name":"Michel Laurin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Laurin"},{"link_name":"phylogenetically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"vertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrates"},{"link_name":"Temnospondyli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temnospondyli"},{"link_name":"Panderichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panderichthys"},{"link_name":"tetrapods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapods"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Elginerpeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elginerpeton"},{"link_name":"Metaxygnathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaxygnathus"},{"link_name":"Ventastega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventastega"},{"link_name":"Hynerpeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hynerpeton"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"Tetrapoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda"},{"link_name":"crown group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_group"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Typical 19th-century depiction of a primitive stegocephalian, based on modern anurans and fossils now recognised as belonging to mastodonsaurids and BromsgroveiaOriginally, the term was used as a systematic unit at the rank of order. The term rose to prominence in American and British science in the 19th century, though the largely equivalent term Labyrinthodontia had been coined 18 years earlier by Hermann Burmeister in reference to the tooth structure.[6] The terms were used interchangeably during the early 20th century, usually divided into three orders.[7] Cope originally spelled the term as \"Stegocephali\", though A.S. Woodward introduced a popular alternative spelling, \"Stegocephalia\", in 1898.[4] In their original usage, Stegocephali (and the Labyrinthodontia) are paraphyletic, the name is now used in an informal way to denote the early non-piscine vertebrates, excluding amniotes (the first reptiles and their descendants) and modern lissamphibians.Paleontologist Michel Laurin took up the older term and defined stegocephalians phylogenetically as all vertebrates more closely related to Temnospondyli than to Panderichthys (the closest relative of tetrapods known to have retained paired fins, see below).[2] Therefore, Stegocephali includes all vertebrate groups that have toes rather than fins, and a few (Elginerpeton, Metaxygnathus, Ventastega and possibly Hynerpeton) that may have retained paired fins. Contrary to the old usage of this term, the Stegocephali refers to a clade in this scheme. This concept of the clade Stegocephali was chosen to substitute for the name Tetrapoda by those who sought to restrict Tetrapoda to the crown group.[8] As such, it encompasses all presently living land vertebrates as well as their early amphibious ancestors.","title":"History of classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SB12-9"},{"link_name":"Elpistostegalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpistostegalia"},{"link_name":"Panderichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panderichthys"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panderichthys_BW.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tiktaalik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiktaalik"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiktaalik_restoration_(side_view)_by_ObsidianSoul_02.png"},{"link_name":"Elpistostege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpistostege"},{"link_name":"Elginerpeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elginerpeton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elginerpeton_BW.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ventastega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventastega"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ventastega_life_restoration_white_background.jpg"},{"link_name":"Acanthostega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthostega"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acanthostega_model_(for_cladogram).png"},{"link_name":"Ichthyostega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyostega"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ichthyostega_model-removebg.png"},{"link_name":"Whatcheeriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whatcheeriidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pederpes22small.jpg"},{"link_name":"Colosteidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosteidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greererpeton_BW.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crassigyrinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassigyrinus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crassigyrinus_BW.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baphetidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baphetidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loxomma1DB.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crown group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_group"},{"link_name":"Tetrapoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seymouria2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aytonerpeton-10"},{"link_name":"Elpistostegalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpistostegalia"},{"link_name":"Panderichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panderichthys"},{"link_name":"Metaxygnathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaxygnathus"},{"link_name":"Tiktaalik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiktaalik"},{"link_name":"Acanthostega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthostega"},{"link_name":"Ossinodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossinodus"},{"link_name":"Ventastega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventastega"},{"link_name":"Ichthyostega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyostega"},{"link_name":"Ossirarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossirarus"},{"link_name":"Ymeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymeria"},{"link_name":"Aytonerpeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aytonerpeton"},{"link_name":"Perittodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perittodus"},{"link_name":"Whatcheeriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whatcheeriidae"},{"link_name":"Whatcheeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whatcheeria"},{"link_name":"Pederpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederpes"},{"link_name":"Occidens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidens_(genus)"},{"link_name":"Diploradus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploradus"},{"link_name":"Doragnathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doragnathus"},{"link_name":"Sigournea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigournea"},{"link_name":"Koilops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koilops"},{"link_name":"Tulerpeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulerpeton"},{"link_name":"Colosteidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosteidae"},{"link_name":"Greererpeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greererpeton"},{"link_name":"Colosteus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosteus"},{"link_name":"Crassigyrinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassigyrinus"},{"link_name":"Baphetidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baphetidae"},{"link_name":"Loxomma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxomma"},{"link_name":"Megalocephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalocephalus"},{"link_name":"Baphetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baphetes"},{"link_name":"Tetrapoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda"},{"link_name":"Tetrapoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda"},{"link_name":"Temnospondyli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temnospondyli"},{"link_name":"Eucritta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucritta"},{"link_name":"Embolomeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolomeri"},{"link_name":"Gephyrostegidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gephyrostegidae"},{"link_name":"Silvanerpeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvanerpeton"},{"link_name":"Casineria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casineria"},{"link_name":"Seymouriamorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymouriamorpha"},{"link_name":"Lepospondyli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepospondyli"},{"link_name":"Amniota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniota"}],"text":"Below is an evolutionary tree of stegocephalians, as recovered from an analysis by Swartz in 2012.[9]Elpistostegalia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPanderichthys \n\n\n\n\n\n\nStegocephalia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTiktaalik \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nElpistostege\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStegocephali\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nElginerpeton \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVentastega \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAcanthostega \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIchthyostega \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWhatcheeriidae \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nColosteidae \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCrassigyrinus \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBaphetidae \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCrown group Tetrapoda \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nsensu Laurin, 2020\n\n\n\nsensu Laurin, 1998As recovered by Clack et al. 2016:[10]Elpistostegalia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPanderichthys\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStegocephalia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMetaxygnathus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTiktaalik\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStegocephali\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAcanthostega\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOssinodus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVentastega\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIchthyostega\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOssirarus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYmeria\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAytonerpeton\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPerittodus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWhatcheeriidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWhatcheeria\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPederpes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOccidens\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDiploradus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDoragnathus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSigournea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKoilops\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTulerpeton\n\n\n\n\n\n\nColosteidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGreererpeton\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nColosteus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCrassigyrinus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBaphetidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLoxomma\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMegalocephalus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBaphetes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTetrapoda\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nsensu Laurin, 2020\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nsensu Laurin, 1998Tetrapoda\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTemnospondyli\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEucritta\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEmbolomeri\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGephyrostegidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSilvanerpeton\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCasineria\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSeymouriamorpha\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLepospondyli\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAmniota","title":"Phylogeny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elginerpetontidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elginerpetontidae"},{"link_name":"Aistopoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aistopoda"},{"link_name":"Whatcheeriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whatcheeriidae"},{"link_name":"Colosteidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosteidae"},{"link_name":"Adelospondyli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelospondyli"},{"link_name":"Baphetoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baphetoidea"},{"link_name":"†Embolomeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolomeri"},{"link_name":"Anthracosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracosauria"},{"link_name":"crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_group"},{"link_name":"Tetrapoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda"},{"link_name":"Batrachomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachomorpha"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem-group"},{"link_name":"Lissamphibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissamphibia"},{"link_name":"Temnospondyli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temnospondyli"},{"link_name":"Reptiliomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiliomorpha"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem-group"},{"link_name":"Amniota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniote"},{"link_name":"incertae sedis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incertae_sedis"},{"link_name":"Acanthostega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthostega"},{"link_name":"Antlerpeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antlerpeton"},{"link_name":"Aytonerpeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aytonerpeton"},{"link_name":"Brittagnathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittagnathus"},{"link_name":"Crassigyrinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassigyrinus"},{"link_name":"Diploradus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploradus"},{"link_name":"Densignathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densignathus"},{"link_name":"Doragnathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doragnathus"},{"link_name":"Elpistostege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpistostege"},{"link_name":"Hynerpeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hynerpeton"},{"link_name":"Ichthyerpeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyerpeton"},{"link_name":"Ichthyostega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyostega"},{"link_name":"Jakubsonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakubsonia"},{"link_name":"Koilops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koilops"},{"link_name":"Livoniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livoniana"},{"link_name":"Mesanerpeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesanerpeton"},{"link_name":"Metaxygnathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaxygnathus"},{"link_name":"Occidens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidens_portlocki"},{"link_name":"Ossirarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossirarus"},{"link_name":"Parmastega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmastega"},{"link_name":"Perittodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perittodus"},{"link_name":"Sigournea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigournea"},{"link_name":"Sinostega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinostega"},{"link_name":"Tantallognathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantallognathus"},{"link_name":"Tiktaalik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiktaalik"},{"link_name":"Tulerpeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulerpeton"},{"link_name":"Tutusius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutusius"},{"link_name":"Umzantsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umzantsia"},{"link_name":"Ventastega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventastega"},{"link_name":"Ymeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymeria"}],"text":"†Elginerpetontidae\n†Aistopoda\n†Whatcheeriidae\n†Colosteidae\n†Adelospondyli\n†Baphetoidea\n†Embolomeri (a.k.a. Anthracosauria sensu stricto)\ncrown-Tetrapoda\nBatrachomorpha (stem-Lissamphibia, likely equivalent to Temnospondyli)\nReptiliomorpha (stem-Amniota, a.k.a. Anthracosauria sensu lato)\nStegocephali incertae sedis\n†Acanthostega\n†Antlerpeton\n†Aytonerpeton\n†Brittagnathus\n†Crassigyrinus\n†Diploradus\n†Densignathus\n†Doragnathus\n†Elpistostege?\n†Hynerpeton\n†Ichthyerpeton\n†Ichthyostega\n†Jakubsonia\n†Koilops\n†Livoniana?\n†Mesanerpeton\n†Metaxygnathus\n†Occidens\n†Ossirarus\n†Parmastega\n†Perittodus\n†Sigournea\n†Sinostega\n†Tantallognathus\n†Tiktaalik?\n†Tulerpeton\n†Tutusius\n†Umzantsia\n†Ventastega\n†Ymeria","title":"Subgroups"}] | [{"image_text":"Typical 19th-century depiction of a primitive stegocephalian, based on modern anurans and fossils now recognised as belonging to mastodonsaurids and Bromsgroveia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Crystal_Palace_Labyrinthodon.jpg/220px-Crystal_Palace_Labyrinthodon.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Laurin, M; Soler-Gijón, R (May 2001). \"The oldest stegocephalian from the Iberian peninsula: evidence that temnospondyls were euryhaline\". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série III. 324 (5): 495–501. doi:10.1016/s0764-4469(01)01318-x. PMID 11411292.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0764-4469%2801%2901318-x","url_text":"10.1016/s0764-4469(01)01318-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11411292","url_text":"11411292"}]},{"reference":"Queiroz, Kevin de; Cantino, Philip D.; Gauthier, Jacques A. (2020). \"Stegocephali E. D. Cope 1868 [M. Laurin], converted clade name\". In De Queiroz, Kevin; Cantino, Philip; Gauthier, Jacques (eds.). Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode (1st ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. doi:10.1201/9780429446276. ISBN 9780429446276. S2CID 242704712.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9780429446276/phylonyms-kevin-de-queiroz-philip-cantino-jacques-gauthier","url_text":"Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9780429446276","url_text":"10.1201/9780429446276"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429446276","url_text":"9780429446276"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242704712","url_text":"242704712"}]},{"reference":"Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Szrek, Piotr; Narkiewicz, Katarzyna; Narkiewicz, Marek; Ahlberg, Per E. (January 7, 2010). \"Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian period of Poland\". Nature. 463 (7277): 43–48. Bibcode:2010Natur.463...43N. doi:10.1038/nature08623. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 20054388. S2CID 4428903.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/407901","url_text":"\"Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian period of Poland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Natur.463...43N","url_text":"2010Natur.463...43N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08623","url_text":"10.1038/nature08623"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687","url_text":"1476-4687"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20054388","url_text":"20054388"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4428903","url_text":"4428903"}]},{"reference":"Swartz, B. (2012). \"A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of Western North America\". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e33683. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...733683S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033683. PMC 3308997. PMID 22448265.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3308997","url_text":"\"A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of Western North America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...733683S","url_text":"2012PLoSO...733683S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0033683","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0033683"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3308997","url_text":"3308997"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22448265","url_text":"22448265"}]},{"reference":"Jennifer A. Clack; Carys E. Bennett; David K. Carpenter; Sarah J. Davies; Nicholas C. Fraser; Timothy I. Kearsey; John E. A. Marshall; David Millward; Benjamin K. A. Otoo; Emma J. Reeves; Andrew J. Ross; Marcello Ruta; Keturah Z. Smithson; Timothy R. Smithson; Stig A. Walsh (2016). \"Phylogenetic and environmental context of a Tournaisian tetrapod fauna\" (PDF). Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (1): Article number 0002. doi:10.1038/s41559-016-0002. PMID 28812555. S2CID 22421017.","urls":[{"url":"http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/id/eprint/25383/7/__network.uni_staff_S1_cjoyner_Downloads_109_2_merged_1475152841.pdf","url_text":"\"Phylogenetic and environmental context of a Tournaisian tetrapod fauna\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-016-0002","url_text":"10.1038/s41559-016-0002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28812555","url_text":"28812555"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22421017","url_text":"22421017"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0764-4469%2801%2901318-x","external_links_name":"10.1016/s0764-4469(01)01318-x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11411292","external_links_name":"11411292"},{"Link":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9780429446276/phylonyms-kevin-de-queiroz-philip-cantino-jacques-gauthier","external_links_name":"Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9780429446276","external_links_name":"10.1201/9780429446276"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242704712","external_links_name":"242704712"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/407901","external_links_name":"\"Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian period of Poland\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Natur.463...43N","external_links_name":"2010Natur.463...43N"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08623","external_links_name":"10.1038/nature08623"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687","external_links_name":"1476-4687"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20054388","external_links_name":"20054388"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4428903","external_links_name":"4428903"},{"Link":"http://tolweb.org/terrestrial_vertebrates/14952","external_links_name":"Terrestrial Vertebrates. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Memory | The Art of Memory | ["1 References","2 See also","3 External links"] | 1966 non-fiction book by Frances A. Yates
This article is about the book by Frances A. Yates. For the general topic known as "Ars memoriae" or "the Art of Memory", see Art of memory. For the album by John Zorn and Fred Frith, see The Art of Memory (album).
The Art of Memory AuthorFrances A. YatesLanguageEnglishPublisherRoutledge and Kegan PaulPublication date1966Publication placeUnited KingdomMedia typePrint (book)Pages400ISBN978-0-226-95001-3OCLC42905743Preceded byGiordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition The Art of Memory is a 1966 non-fiction book by British historian Frances A. Yates. The book follows the history of mnemonic systems from the classical period of Simonides of Ceos in Ancient Greece to the Renaissance era of Giordano Bruno, ending with Gottfried Leibniz and the early emergence of the scientific method in the 17th century.
According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, its publication was "an important stimulus to the flowering of experimental research on imagery and memory."
Modern Library included The Art of Memory on its list of 100 best nonfiction books.
References
^ Thomas, Nigel J. T. (7 December 2018). "Mental Imagery: Mnemonic effects of imagery". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2018 Edition). Retrieved 15 February 2019. According to Bugelski (1977, 1984), an important stimulus to the flowering of experimental research on imagery and memory was the 1966 publication of Frances Yates' celebrated and widely read historical study, The Art of Memory.
^ "The Modern Library's Top 100 Nonfiction Books of the Century". archive.nytimes.com.
See also
Art of memory
Method of loci
External links
Freely available online
This article about a non-fiction book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Art of memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_memory"},{"link_name":"The Art of Memory (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Memory_(album)"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_in_literature"},{"link_name":"non-fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-fiction"},{"link_name":"Frances A. Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_A._Yates"},{"link_name":"mnemonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic"},{"link_name":"Simonides of Ceos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Giordano Bruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordano_Bruno"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Leibniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz"},{"link_name":"scientific method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method"},{"link_name":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEP-1"},{"link_name":"Modern Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Library"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about the book by Frances A. Yates. For the general topic known as \"Ars memoriae\" or \"the Art of Memory\", see Art of memory. For the album by John Zorn and Fred Frith, see The Art of Memory (album).The Art of Memory is a 1966 non-fiction book by British historian Frances A. Yates. The book follows the history of mnemonic systems from the classical period of Simonides of Ceos in Ancient Greece to the Renaissance era of Giordano Bruno, ending with Gottfried Leibniz and the early emergence of the scientific method in the 17th century.According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, its publication was \"an important stimulus to the flowering of experimental research on imagery and memory.\"[1]Modern Library included The Art of Memory on its list of 100 best nonfiction books.[2]","title":"The Art of Memory"}] | [] | [{"title":"Art of memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_memory"},{"title":"Method of loci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_loci"}] | [{"reference":"Thomas, Nigel J. T. (7 December 2018). \"Mental Imagery: Mnemonic effects of imagery\". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2018 Edition). Retrieved 15 February 2019. According to Bugelski (1977, 1984), an important stimulus to the flowering of experimental research on imagery and memory[23] was the 1966 publication of Frances Yates' celebrated and widely read historical study, The Art of Memory.","urls":[{"url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2018/entries/mental-imagery/","url_text":"\"Mental Imagery: Mnemonic effects of imagery\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Modern Library's Top 100 Nonfiction Books of the Century\". archive.nytimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/books/042999best-nonfiction-list.html","url_text":"\"The Modern Library's Top 100 Nonfiction Books of the Century\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42905743","external_links_name":"42905743"},{"Link":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2018/entries/mental-imagery/","external_links_name":"\"Mental Imagery: Mnemonic effects of imagery\""},{"Link":"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/books/042999best-nonfiction-list.html","external_links_name":"\"The Modern Library's Top 100 Nonfiction Books of the Century\""},{"Link":"https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Yates_Frances_A_The_Art_of_Memory.pdf","external_links_name":"Freely available online"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Art_of_Memory&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Around_the_World_with_Auntie_Mame | Around the World with Auntie Mame | ["1 Plot","2 Critical reception","3 References"] | First edition (publ. Harcourt Brace)
Around the World with Auntie Mame (1958) is a novel by Patrick Dennis and sequel to his bestseller Auntie Mame.
Plot
Narrator "Patrick" is seventeen, and has left his private prep school. His Auntie Mame takes him with her on an extended tour of Europe, which becomes a round-the-world tour before his enrollment in college. They have adventures in Paris, London, Biarritz, Venice, Austria, Russia, Lebanon, and the high seas, meeting and dealing with British nobles, con men, embarrassing relatives, Nazis, and gunrunners before they arrive home again. Much of the action is a slyly satirical commentary on such things as the practice of "presenting at Court," fashionable political activism, the naivete of some Americans abroad, and the ways in which small communities of expatriates often end up behaving.
The main story is encased in a "frame" narrative, in which Patrick, now grown and married, tries to placate his wife with highly edited tales from his travels with his aunt. This takes up where the original novel, Auntie Mame, left off, with Patrick's son Michael going off to India with Mame promising to have him home by Labor Day. Two years have passed, with no word beyond a few random post cards. Each chapter begins with Patrick's reassuring, off-hand comments about his journeys with Mame, and then continues with him narrating what really happened.
Critical reception
Critical reception for the novel in 1958:
“As extravagantly full of gags, slapstick comedy, and general hilarious confusion as its predecessor.” – New York Herald Tribune
“Indescribably funny.” – Chicago Tribune
“Funnier than the first book.” – New York Post
"There is no important difference between Auntie Mame, which sold 1,500,000 copies, and Around the World. Biggest change: in the starting novel Mame Dennis gets married; in the sequel she just gets around" – Time magazine (August 25, 1958)
Dennis's novels fell out of fashion for many years, but his best sellers were reprinted in 2003, with forewords and other commentary by present-day humorists and the author's son. Around The World With Auntie Mame was reprinted with the restoration of a chapter that had been censored from the original edition. The chapter tells of Auntie Mame's and Patrick's time on a collective farm in the USSR. The publisher felt the chapter, however satirical, would not be acceptable coming, as the novel did, at the height of the Red Scare.
References
^ UIUC website Archived March 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel"},{"link_name":"Patrick Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Dennis"},{"link_name":"Auntie Mame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auntie_Mame"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Around the World with Auntie Mame (1958) is a novel by Patrick Dennis and sequel to his bestseller Auntie Mame.[1]","title":"Around the World with Auntie Mame"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prep school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University-preparatory_school"},{"link_name":"college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Biarritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biarritz"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Labor Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day"}],"text":"Narrator \"Patrick\" is seventeen, and has left his private prep school. His Auntie Mame takes him with her on an extended tour of Europe, which becomes a round-the-world tour before his enrollment in college. They have adventures in Paris, London, Biarritz, Venice, Austria, Russia, Lebanon, and the high seas, meeting and dealing with British nobles, con men, embarrassing relatives, Nazis, and gunrunners before they arrive home again. Much of the action is a slyly satirical commentary on such things as the practice of \"presenting at Court,\" fashionable political activism, the naivete of some Americans abroad, and the ways in which small communities of expatriates often end up behaving.The main story is encased in a \"frame\" narrative, in which Patrick, now grown and married, tries to placate his wife with highly edited tales from his travels with his aunt. This takes up where the original novel, Auntie Mame, left off, with Patrick's son Michael going off to India with Mame promising to have him home by Labor Day. Two years have passed, with no word beyond a few random post cards. Each chapter begins with Patrick's reassuring, off-hand comments about his journeys with Mame, and then continues with him narrating what really happened.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Herald Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"New York Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"collective farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_farm"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"},{"link_name":"Red Scare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Scare"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Critical reception for the novel in 1958:“As extravagantly full of gags, slapstick comedy, and general hilarious confusion as its predecessor.” – New York Herald Tribune\n“Indescribably funny.” – Chicago Tribune\n“Funnier than the first book.” – New York Post\n\"There is no important difference between Auntie Mame, which sold 1,500,000 copies, and Around the World. Biggest change: in the starting novel Mame Dennis gets married; in the sequel she just gets around\" – Time magazine (August 25, 1958)Dennis's novels fell out of fashion for many years, but his best sellers were reprinted in 2003, with forewords and other commentary by present-day humorists and the author's son. Around The World With Auntie Mame was reprinted with the restoration of a chapter that had been censored from the original edition. The chapter tells of Auntie Mame's and Patrick's time on a collective farm in the USSR. The publisher felt the chapter, however satirical, would not be acceptable coming, as the novel did, at the height of the Red Scare.[citation needed]","title":"Critical reception"}] | [{"image_text":"First edition (publ. Harcourt Brace)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cb/AroundTheWorldWithAuntieMame.jpg/220px-AroundTheWorldWithAuntieMame.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www3.isrl.uiuc.edu/","external_links_name":"UIUC website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090323045049/http://www3.isrl.uiuc.edu/","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cuernavaca | Roman Catholic Diocese of Cuernavaca | ["1 Ordinaries","2 Episcopal See","3 External links and references"] | Roman Catholic diocese in Mexico
Diocese of CuernavacaDioecesis CuernavacensisDiócesis de CuernavacaCatedral de la Asunción de MaríaLocationCountry MexicoEcclesiastical provinceProvince of TolucaMetropolitanCuernavacaStatisticsArea1,908 sq mi (4,940 km2)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2006)2,144,0001,854,000 (86.5%)Parishes109InformationDenominationRoman CatholicRiteRoman RiteEstablished23 June 1891 (132 years ago)CathedralCathedral of the Assumption of MaryCurrent leadershipPopeFrancisBishopRamón Castro CastroMetropolitan ArchbishopFrancisco Javier Chavolla RamosMap
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Cuernavaca (Latin: Dioecesis Cuernavacensis) (erected 23 June 1891) is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Toluca. Its seat is in the Cuernavaca Cathedral. S.E.R. Mons. Ramón Castro Castro was named 12th Bishop of Cuernavaca by Pope Francis on May 15, 2013.
Ordinaries
Fortino Hipólito Vera y Talonia (1894–1898).
Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete (1898–1911), appointed Archbishop of Linares o Nueva León, Nuevo León.
Manuel Fulcheri y Pietrasanta (1912–1922), appointed Bishop of Zamora, Michoacán.
Francisco Uranga y Sáenz (1922–1930).
Francisco María González y Arias (1931–1946).
Alfonso Espino y Silva (1947–1951), appointed Coadjutor Archbishop of Monterrey, Nuevo León.
Sergio Méndez Arceo (1952–1982).
Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo (1982–1987), appointed Archbishop of Guadalajara, Jalisco, México; elevated to Cardinal in 1991.
Luis Reynoso Cervantes (1987–2000).
Florencio Olvera Ochoa (2002–2009).
Alfonso Cortes Contreras (2009–2012), appointed Archbishop of León, Guanajuato.
S.E.R. Mons. Ramón Castro Castro (2012–present)
Episcopal See
Cuernavaca, Morelos
External links and references
^ MONS. HIPÓLITO VERA Y TALONIA (1894-1898) Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019
^ MONS. FRANCISCO PLANCARTE Y NAVARRETE (1899-1912) Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019
^ MONS. MANUEL FULCHERI Y PIETRA SANTA (1912-1922), Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019
^ MONS. FRANCISCO URANGA Y SAENZ (1922-1930) Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019
^ MONS. FRANCISCO GONZÁLEZ ARIAS (1931-1946) Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019
^ MONS. ALFONSO ESPINO Y SILVA (1947-1951) Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019
^ MONS. SERGIO MÉNDEZ ARCEO (1952-1983) Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019
^ MONS. JUAN JESÚS POSADAS OCAMPO (1983-1987) Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019
^ MONS. LUIS REYNOSO CERVANTES (1987-2000) Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019
^ MONS. FLORENCIO OLVERA OCHOA (2002-2009) Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019
^ S.E.R. MONS. ALFONSO CORTÉS CONTRERAS, XI Obispo de Cuernavaca (10/Julio/2009 - 22/Diciembre/2012) Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019
^ "Obispos" (in Spanish). Diocesis de Cuernavaca. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
^ S.E.R. MONS. RAMÓN CASTRO CASTRO Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman Catholic Diocese of Cuernavaca.
Wikisource has the text of a 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article about Diocese of Cuernavaca.
"Diocese of Cuernavaca". Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved 2007-02-07.
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"suffragan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Toluca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Toluca"},{"link_name":"Cuernavaca Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuernavaca_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Ramón Castro Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_Castro_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"}],"text":"The Roman Catholic Diocese of Cuernavaca (Latin: Dioecesis Cuernavacensis) (erected 23 June 1891) is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Toluca. Its seat is in the Cuernavaca Cathedral. S.E.R. Mons. 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Mons. Ramón Castro Castro (2012–present)[12][13]","title":"Ordinaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuernavaca, Morelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuernavaca,_Morelos"}],"text":"Cuernavaca, Morelos","title":"Episcopal See"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"MONS. HIPÓLITO VERA Y TALONIA (1894-1898)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.diocesisdecuernavaca.org.mx/Diocesis_de_Cuernavaca/Hipolito_Vera.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"MONS. FRANCISCO PLANCARTE Y NAVARRETE (1899-1912)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.diocesisdecuernavaca.org.mx/Diocesis_de_Cuernavaca/Plancarte.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"MONS. 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León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Huajuapan_de_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tehuacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tehuac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tlaxcala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tlaxcala"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Ciudad Valles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ciudad_Valles"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Matehuala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Matehuala"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Zacatecas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Zacatecas"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Ensenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ensenada"},{"link_name":"Diocese of La Paz en la Baja California Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_La_Paz_en_la_Baja_California_Sur"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Mexicali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mexicali"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Cuautitlán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cuautitl%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Ecatepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ecatepec"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Netzahualcóyotl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Netzahualc%C3%B3yotl"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Texcoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Texcoco"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Valle de Chalco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Valle_de_Chalco"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Huejutla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Huejutla"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tula"},{"link_name":"Diocese of San Cristóbal de Las Casas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Las_Casas"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tapachula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tapachula"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Campeche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Campeche"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tabasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tabasco"},{"link_name":"Prelature of Cancún-Chetumal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Canc%C3%BAn-Chetumal"},{"link_name":"Prelates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mexican_Saints,_Blesseds,_and_Servants_of_God&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Felipe de Jesús","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Peter Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Mateo Correa Magallanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mateo_Correa_Magallanes"},{"link_name":"Atilano Cruz Alvarado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War#Atilano_Cruz_Alvarado"},{"link_name":"José María Robles Hurtado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Robles_Hurtado"},{"link_name":"Toribio Romo González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toribio_Romo_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"link_name":"Jenaro Sánchez Delgadillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenaro_S%C3%A1nchez_Delgadillo"},{"link_name":"José Maria de Yermo y Parres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_de_Yermo_y_Parres"},{"link_name":"Miguel Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Pro"},{"link_name":"Anacleto González Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacleto_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Flores"},{"link_name":"José Sánchez del Río","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%A1nchez_del_R%C3%ADo"},{"link_name":"Rafael Guízar y Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Gu%C3%ADzar_y_Valencia"},{"link_name":"Religious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_institute_(Catholic)"},{"link_name":"Priests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest#Catholicism_and_Eastern_Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_(Catholic)"},{"link_name":"Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasteries_on_the_slopes_of_Popocat%C3%A9petl"},{"link_name":"Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun"},{"link_name":"La Merced Cloister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Merced_Cloister"},{"link_name":"University of the Cloister of Sor Juana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Cloister_of_Sor_Juana"},{"link_name":"Devotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_devotions"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_devotions_to_Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"Marian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_devotions"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of Guadalupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe"},{"link_name":"Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Nochebuena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nochebuena"},{"link_name":"Navidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Holy Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Fasting and abstinence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catholicism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Mexico portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mexico"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868231#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/130334406"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007335000605171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n93065880"}],"text":"^ MONS. HIPÓLITO VERA Y TALONIA (1894-1898) Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019\n\n^ MONS. FRANCISCO PLANCARTE Y NAVARRETE (1899-1912) Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019\n\n^ MONS. MANUEL FULCHERI Y PIETRA SANTA (1912-1922), Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019\n\n^ MONS. FRANCISCO URANGA Y SAENZ (1922-1930) Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019\n\n^ MONS. FRANCISCO GONZÁLEZ ARIAS (1931-1946) Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019\n\n^ MONS. ALFONSO ESPINO Y SILVA (1947-1951) Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019\n\n^ MONS. SERGIO MÉNDEZ ARCEO (1952-1983) Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019\n\n^ MONS. JUAN JESÚS POSADAS OCAMPO (1983-1987) Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019\n\n^ MONS. LUIS REYNOSO CERVANTES (1987-2000) Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019\n\n^ MONS. FLORENCIO OLVERA OCHOA (2002-2009) Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019\n\n^ S.E.R. MONS. ALFONSO CORTÉS CONTRERAS, XI Obispo de Cuernavaca (10/Julio/2009 - 22/Diciembre/2012) Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019\n\n^ \"Obispos\" [Bishops] (in Spanish). Diocesis de Cuernavaca. Retrieved February 11, 2019.\n\n^ S.E.R. MONS. RAMÓN CASTRO CASTRO Diócesis de Cuernavaca, retrieved Nov 13, 2019Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman Catholic Diocese of Cuernavaca.Wikisource has the text of a 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article about Diocese of Cuernavaca.\"Diocese of Cuernavaca\". Catholic-Hierarchy. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Baron_(theologian) | Robert Baron (theologian) | ["1 Life","2 References","3 External links","4 See also"] | Scottish theologian
Robert Baron (1596–1639) was a Scottish theologian and one of the so-called Aberdeen doctors. He is commemorated in the Calendar of saints of the Scottish Episcopal Church on 28 March.
Life
Born in 1596 at Kinnaird, Gowrie, he was the younger son of John Baron of Kinnaird. After graduating from the University of St Andrews in 1613, he became a teacher of Philosophy there until, in 1619, he entered the ministry and took charge of parish of Keith. In the latter charge his predecessor had been the famous Patrick Forbes.
Robert Baron was a loyal supporter of King Charles I, (pictured) painted around 1635.
He held this position until 27 October 1624, when he was translated to Greyfriars parish, Aberdeen. In the following year, on 21 December 1625, he was appointed as the first Professor of Divinity at Marischal College, a post he would hold simultaneously with his charge at Greyfriars. In 1627, he earned his Doctorate in Divinity, the thesis for which began a long theological dispute with George Turnbull, a Scottish Jesuit theologian.
Baron was a firm supporter of the Anglicanising religious policies of Kings James VI and Charles I. He opposed the National Covenant of 1638 both through preaching and writings, including three tracts that were co-authored with John Forbes, both of whom, along with four others, were referred to by the Presbyterians as "the Aberdeen doctors". In this year Baron was nominated to be Bishop of Orkney, but was unable to receive consecration. He fled to England in the Spring of 1639 to avoid being forced to sign the National Covenant. He was on his way back to Scotland later in the year, but fell ill and died at Berwick-upon-Tweed on 19 August 1639.
Baron married once, to Jean née Gibson, a girl from Strathisla in Aberdeenshire. They had four children. Baron left a great number of published and unpublished works. After his death the Covenanters forced his widow to allow them to see his papers, after which they accused him of Arminianism. Following the Restoration, the crown paid his family £200 in reward for his loyalty to King Charles I.
References
Thompson, Ian M., "Baron, Robert (c.1596–1639)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 5 May 2007
External links
Works by Robert Baron at Post-Reformation Digital Library
See also
Aberdeen doctors
Patrick Forbes
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Netherlands
Vatican
Other
SNAC
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After graduating from the University of St Andrews in 1613, he became a teacher of Philosophy there until, in 1619, he entered the ministry and took charge of parish of Keith. In the latter charge his predecessor had been the famous Patrick Forbes.Robert Baron was a loyal supporter of King Charles I, (pictured) painted around 1635.He held this position until 27 October 1624, when he was translated to Greyfriars parish, Aberdeen. In the following year, on 21 December 1625, he was appointed as the first Professor of Divinity at Marischal College, a post he would hold simultaneously with his charge at Greyfriars. In 1627, he earned his Doctorate in Divinity, the thesis for which began a long theological dispute with George Turnbull, a Scottish Jesuit theologian.Baron was a firm supporter of the Anglicanising religious policies of Kings James VI and Charles I. He opposed the National Covenant of 1638 both through preaching and writings, including three tracts that were co-authored with John Forbes, both of whom, along with four others, were referred to by the Presbyterians as \"the Aberdeen doctors\". In this year Baron was nominated to be Bishop of Orkney, but was unable to receive consecration. He fled to England in the Spring of 1639 to avoid being forced to sign the National Covenant. He was on his way back to Scotland later in the year, but fell ill and died at Berwick-upon-Tweed on 19 August 1639.Baron married once, to Jean née Gibson, a girl from Strathisla in Aberdeenshire. They had four children. Baron left a great number of published and unpublished works. After his death the Covenanters forced his widow to allow them to see his papers, after which they accused him of Arminianism. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Prjevalsky | Nikolay Przhevalsky | ["1 Biography","2 Further expeditions","3 Accusations of imperialism and prejudice","4 Personal life","5 Myth","6 Works","7 Film","8 Notes","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"] | Polish-Russian explorer (1839–1888)
"Przhevalsky" redirects here. For the inhabited localities in Russia, see Przhevalsky (inhabited locality). For the 1951 Soviet film, see Przhevalsky (film).
Nikolay PrzhevalskyBornNikolay Mikhaylovich Przhevalsky(1839-04-12)April 12, 1839Kimborovo, Smolensky Uyezd, Smolensk Governorate, Russian EmpireDiedNovember 1, 1888(1888-11-01) (aged 49)Karakol, Russian Empire (now Kyrgyzstan)NationalityRussianOccupation(s)explorer, geographerKnown forexploration of Central AsiaAwardsVega Medal (1884)
Wikisource has original works by or about:Nikolay Przhevalsky
Nikolay Przhevalsky in 1860 (age 21)
Nikolay Mikhaylovich Przhevalsky (or Prjevalsky; April 12 1839 – November 1 1888) was a Russian geographer and a renowned explorer of Central and East Asia. Although he never reached his ultimate goal, the holy city of Lhasa in Tibet, he traveled through regions then unknown to the West, such as northern Tibet (modern Tibet Autonomous Region), Amdo (now Qinghai) and Dzungaria (now northern Xinjiang). He contributed substantially to European knowledge of Central Asian geography.
Przhevalsky described several species previously unknown to European science, such as Przewalski's horse, Przewalski's gazelle, and the wild Bactrian camel, all of which are now endangered. He was also a mentor of his follower Pyotr Kozlov.
Biography
Przhevalsky was born in the Kimborovo family estate (in the Smolensky Uyezd of the Smolensk Governorate of the Russian Empire) which belonged to his grandfather on his mother's side, a Russian nobleman Aleksei Stepanovich Karetnikov, and his wife Ksenia Davydovna Karetnikova who came from local merchants, both natives of the Tula Governorate. Nikolay's mother, Elena Alekseevna Karetnikova, married poruchick Mikhail Kuzmitch Przhevalsky whose Cossack ancestors inherited the noble szlachta state from Stephen Báthory, and his grandfather converted from Catholicism to Orthodoxy. According to the latest research by Liudmila K. Przhevalskaia, their earliest known ancestor Onisim (Anisim) Pereval (Perevalka, Perevalskii) belonged to the horse-owning middle class of Vitebsk.
Przhevalsky studied in the military academy in St. Petersburg. In 1864, he became a geography teacher at the military school in Warsaw. In 1867, he successfully petitioned the Russian Geographical Society to be dispatched to Irkutsk, in central Siberia. His intention was to explore the basin of the Ussuri River, a major tributary of the Amur on the Russian–Chinese frontier. This was his first important expedition. It lasted two years, after which Przhevalsky published a diary of the expedition under the title, Travels in the Ussuri Region, 1867–69.
His most well-known follower and student was Pyotr Kozlov, who discovered the ruins of the Tangut city Khara-Khoto in the Ejin Banner of Alxa League in western Inner Mongolia near Juyan Lake Basin.
Further expeditions
In the following years he made four journeys to Central Asia:
1870–1873 from Kyakhta he crossed the Gobi Desert to Beijing then explored the upper Yangtze, and in 1872 crossed into Tibet. He surveyed over 7,000 sq mi (18,000 km2), collected and brought back with him 5000 plants, 1000 birds and 3000 insect species, as well as 70 reptiles and the skins of 130 different mammals. Przehevalsky was awarded the Constantine Medal by the Imperial Geographical Society, promoted to lieutenant-general, appointed to the Tsar's General Staff, and received the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th Class.
During his expedition, the Dungan Revolt (1862–77) was raging in China. The journey provided the General Staff with important intelligence on a Muslim uprising in the kingdom of Yaqub Beg in western China, and his lecture to the Russian Imperial Geographical Society was received with "thunderous applause" from an overflow audience. The Russian newspaper Golos Prikazchika called the journey "one of the most daring of our time".
1876–1877 traveling through East Turkestan through the Tian Shan, he visited what he believed to be Qinghai Lake, which had reportedly not been visited by any European since Marco Polo. The expedition consisted of ten men, twenty-four camels, four horses, three tonnes of baggage and a budget of 25,000 rubles, but the expedition was beset by disease and poor quality camels. In September 1877, the caravan was refurbished with better camels and horses, 72,000 rounds of ammunition and large quantities of brandy, tea and Turkish delight and set out for Lhasa, but did not reach its goal.
1879–1880 via Hami and through the Qaidam Basin to Qinghai Lake. The expedition then crossed the Tian Shan into Tibet, proceeding to within 260 km (160 mi) of Lhasa before being turned back by Tibetan officials.
1883–1885 from Kyakhta across the Gobi to Alashan and the eastern Tian Shan mountains, turning back at the Yangze. The expedition then returned to Qinghai Lake and moved westwards to Hotan and Issyk Kul.
The results of these expanded journeys opened a new era for the study of Central Asian geography as well as studies of the fauna and flora of this immense region that were relatively unknown to his Western contemporaries. Among other things, he described Przewalski's horse and Przewalski's gazelle, which were both named after him. He also described what was then considered to be a wild population of Bactrian camel. In the 21st century, the Wild Bactrian camel was shown to be a separate species from the domestic Bactrian camel. Przhevalsky's writings include five major books written in Russian and two English translations: Mongolia, the Tangut Country, and the Solitudes of Northern Tibet (1875) and From Kulja, Across the Tian Shan to Lob-Nor (1879). The Royal Geographical Society awarded him their Founder's Medal in 1879 for his work.
Przhevalsky died of typhus not long before the beginning of his fifth journey, at Karakol on the shore of Issyk Kul in present-day Kyrgyzstan. He contracted typhoid from the Chu River, which was acknowledged as being infected with the disease. The Tsar immediately changed the name of the town to Przhevalsk. There are monuments to him, and a museum about his life and work, there and another monument in St. Petersburg.
Sketch of Nikolay Przhevalsky in Popular Science Monthly, Volume 30, January, 1887
Less than a year after his premature death, Mikhail Pevtsov succeeded Przhevalsky at the head of his expedition into the depths of Central Asia. Przhevalsky's work was also continued by his young disciple Pyotr Kozlov.
Monument to Nikolay Przhevalsky in the Alexander Garden, Saint Petersburg
There is another place named after Przhevalsky: he had lived in a small village called Sloboda, Smolensk Oblast, Russia from 1881 to 1887 (except the period of his travels) and he apparently loved it. The village was renamed after him in 1964 and is now called Przhevalskoye. There is a memorial complex there that includes the old and new houses of Nikolay Przhevalsky, his bust, pond, garden, birch alleys, and khatka (a lodge, watch-house). This is the only museum of the famous traveler in Russia.
Przhevalsky is commemorated by Maxim. in the naming of Przewalskia , a genus of flowering plants from Asia, belonging to the family Solanaceae.
His name is eponymic with more than 80 plant species as well.
Przhevalsky is honored in the scientific names of five species of lizards: Alsophylax przewalskii, Eremias przewalskii, Phrynocephalus przewalskii, Scincella przewalskii, and Teratoscincus przewalskii.
Accusations of imperialism and prejudice
According to David Schimmelpenninck Van Der Oye's assessment, Przhevalsky's books on Central Asia feature his disdain for the "Oriental"— particularly Chinese civilization. Przhevalsky explicitly portrayed Chinese people as cowardly, dirty and lazy in his metaphor, "the blend of a mean Moscow pilferer and a kike", in all respects inferior to Western culture. He purportedly argued that imperial China's hold on its northern territories, in particular Xinjiang and Mongolia, was tenuous and uncertain, and Przhevalsky openly called for Russia's annexation of bits and pieces of China's territory. Przhevalsky said one should explore Asia "with a carbine in one hand, a whip in the other."
Przhevalsky, as well as other contemporary explorers including Sven Hedin, Francis Younghusband, and Aurel Stein, were active players in the British–Russian struggle for influence in Central Asia, the so-called Great Game.
Here you can penetrate anywhere, only not with the Gospels under your arm, but with money in your pocket, a carbine in one hand and a whip in the other. Europeans must use these to come and bear away in the name of civilisation all these dregs of the human race. A thousand of our soldiers would be enough to subdue all Asia from Lake Baykal to the Himalayas....Here the exploits of Cortez can still be repeated.— Nikolay Przhevalsky on Asia
Przhevalsky's prejudice extended to non-Chinese Asians as well, describing the Tajik Yaqub Beg in a letter as follows, "Yakub Beg is the same shit as all feckless Asiatics. The Kashgarian empire isn't worth a kopek." Przhevalsky also claimed Yaqub was "Nothing more than a political impostor," and also disdained the Muslim subjects of Yaqub Beg in Kashgar, claiming that they "constantly cursed their government and expressed their desire to become Russian subjects. The savage Asiatic clearly understands Russian power is the guarantee for prosperity." These statements were made in a report in which Przhevalsky recommended that Russian troops occupy the Kashgarian emirate, but the Russian government took no action, and China recaptured Kashgar. Przhevalsky's dreams of taking land from China did not materialize.
Przhevalsky not only disdained Chinese ethnic groups, he also viewed the eight million non-Chinese peoples of Tibet, Turkestan, and Mongolia as uncivilized, evolutionarily backwards people who needed to be freed from Chinese rule.
Przhevalsky proposed Russia provoke rebellions of the Buddhist and Muslim peoples in these areas of China against the Chinese regime, start a war with China, and, with a small number of Russian troops, wrest control of Turkestan from China.
Personal life
Przhevalsky is known to have had a personal relationship with Tasya Nuromskaya, whom he met in Smolensk. According to one legend, during their last meeting Nuromskaya cut off her braid and gave it to him, saying that the braid would travel with him until their marriage. She died of a sunstroke while Przhevalsky was on an expedition.
Another woman in Przhevalsky's life was a mysterious young lady whose portrait, along with a fragment of poetry, was found in Przhevalsky's album. In the poem, she asks him to stay with her and not to go to Tibet, to which he responded in his diary: "I will never betray the ideal, to which is dedicated all of my life. As soon as I write everything necessary, I will return to the desert...where I will be much happier than in the gilded salons that can be acquired by marriage".
Myth
There is an urban legend that Joseph Stalin was an illegitimate son of Nikolay Przhevalsky. The legend is based on the facial similarity of both men, Stalin's official birthdate controversy (claims that he was born on 6 December 1878 instead of 21 December 1879), and that the late Stalin era saw a resurrection of interest to the personality of Przhevalsky. Numerous books and monographs were published in the Soviet Union and satellite Communist countries, which was a rare occurrence in regard to the Tsarist-era scientists, and Soviet encyclopedias portrayed Przhevalsky in sharp similarity to Stalin, which was rumored that in such a discrete manner Stalin was paying a homage to his alleged biological father. M. Khachaturova, a Tbilisi resident, who happened to know an unnamed old lady, the original bearer of the secret, was considered to be a whistleblower of the myth about Stalin's mother's alleged promiscuity. Przhevalsky's diary, if it ever existed, was rumored to disappear from archives during the early days of Stalin's ascent to power as the Communist party career, especially in its highest echelon, was troublesome for the noble blood people, who claimed a hoi polloi origin. There were unsubstantiated claims that certain 1881 paycheck ledger contained brief notes on money transfer from Przhevalsky to Stalin's mother; however, Przhevalsky's visits to Georgia are not recorded, and G. Egnatashvili, a family friend of the Jughashvilis, did not recollect anything which could possibly substantiate those claims. During the Stalin era, any talk concerning his ancestry and childhood was a public taboo; the ferocity, with which the legend was debunked after the Stalin's death with the entire monographs written in order to disprove the myth up until the 2010s, also was considered by some as a further proof of veracity of the Przhevalsky's alleged one-night-stand theory. A humorously developed version of this legend appears in The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin (Book Three) by Vladimir Voinovich.
Works
General N. M. Prjevalsky (1887). "On new Species of Central-Asian Birds". The Ibis. 5. Translated by E. Delmar Morgan – via Internet Archive.
Film
A 1951 Soviet drama film is dedicated to Przhevalsky's life and work.
Notes
^ UK: /ˌpɜːrʒəˈvælski/ PUR-zhə-VAL-skee, US: /-ˈvɑːl-/ -VAHL-; Russian: Никола́й Миха́йлович Пржева́льский, IPA: ; Polish: Nikołaj Przewalski, IPA: .
^ Author August Strindberg, however, believed that Przhevalsky was preceded by Johan Gustaf Renat by almost two centuries.
References
^ a b Nikolay Mikhaylovich Przhevalsky Encyclopædia Britannica
^ "Przewalski's horse". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
^ "Przewalski's horse". Lexico UK English Dictionary US English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
^ "Przewalski's horse". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
^ Luce Boulnois, Silk Road: Monks, Warriors & Merchants, 2005, Odyssey Books, p. 415 ISBN 962-217-721-2
^ Rayfield, Donald (2013). The Dream of Lhasa: The Life of Nikolay Przhevalsky (1839–1888), Explorer of Central Asia. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0821403693.
^ Andreyev, Alexandre. "Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalskii (1839–1888)". The Quest for Forbidden Lands: 62–149. ISBN 978-90-04-37626-7.
^ Wood, Francis (2002). The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 165–169. ISBN 978-0-520-24340-8.
^ Rayfield, Donald (1976). The dream of Lhasa: the life of Nikolay Przhevalsky (1839-88) explorer of Central Asia. P. Elek. p. 42. ISBN 0-236-40015-0. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
^ Meyer & Blair Brysac, Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia (1999) at p. 229.
^ August Strindberg, "En svensk karta över Lop-nor och Tarimbäckenet" (in Swedish) Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ "List of Past Gold Medal Winners" (PDF). Royal Geographical Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
^ Elinor S. Shaffer (1994). Comparative Criticism: Volume 16, Revolutions and Censorship. Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 0-521-47199-0. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
^ Donald Rayfield (2000). Anton Chekhov: a life. Northwestern University Press. p. 183. ISBN 0-8101-1795-9. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
^ "Przewalskia Maxim. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Przewalski", p. 212).
^ See, e.g. Nikolay Przhevalsky, "Mongolia, The Tangut Country and the Solitudes of Northern Tibet", two volumes, translated by E. Delmar Morgan with introduction and notes by Colonel Henry Yule (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1876, vol. 2, p. 24.
^ David Schimmelpenninck Van Der Oye, "Toward the Rising Sun: Russian Ideologies of Empire and the Path to War with Japan" (DeKalb, Il: Northern Illinois University Press, 2001), p. 34
^ a b David Nalle (June 2000). "Book Review — Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia". Middle East Policy. VII (3). Washington, US: Blackwell Publishers. ISSN 1061-1924. Archived from the original on 1 June 2006.
^ Christian Tyler (2004). Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 80. ISBN 0-8135-3533-6. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
^ Frances Wood (2004). The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. University of California Press. p. 155. ISBN 0-520-24340-4. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
^ Lutz Kleveman (2004). The New Great Game: Blood and Oil in Central Asia. Grove Press. p. 100. ISBN 0-8021-4172-2. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
^ Karl Ernest Meyer; Shareen Blair Brysac (2006). Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia. Basic Books. p. 233. ISBN 0-465-04576-6. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
^ Elinor S. Shaffer (1994). Comparative Criticism: Volume 16, Revolutions and Censorship. Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 0-521-47199-0. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
^ Robert F. Aldrich (2003). Colonialism and homosexuality. Psychology Press. p. 35. ISBN 0-415-19615-9. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
^ a b Vokrug sveta: The house of the great pathfinder (in Russian)
^ Yuri Senkevich; Alexander Shumilov (1987). They called the horizon (in Russian). Mysl.
^ Alexander Portnov Great pseudonym of Joseph Przhevalsky Archived June 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
^ Thoughts after the exhibition or who are you, Joseph Stalin Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ Edvard Radzinsky. Stalin, 1998, pp. 26-27.
^ Nikolay Przhevalsky at IMDb
Further reading
Meyer, Karl E.; Brysac, Shareen Blair (25 October 1999). Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia. Basic Books. ISBN 978-1-58243-106-2.
"Sketch of Nicholas Prejevalski" in Popular Science Monthly, Volume 30, January, 1887
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nikolai Przevalski.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Nikolay Przhevalsky.
Kyrill Kunakhovich, "Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky and the Politics of Russian Imperialism", in "IDP News", Issue No. 27 (accessed 2007-01-31)
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For the inhabited localities in Russia, see Przhevalsky (inhabited locality). For the 1951 Soviet film, see Przhevalsky (film).Wikisource has original works by or about:Nikolay PrzhevalskyNikolay Przhevalsky in 1860 (age 21)Nikolay Mikhaylovich Przhevalsky (or Prjevalsky;[note 1] April 12 [O.S. March 31] 1839 – November 1 [O.S. October 20] 1888) was a Russian geographer[1] and a renowned explorer of Central and East Asia. Although he never reached his ultimate goal, the holy city of Lhasa in Tibet, he traveled through regions then unknown to the West, such as northern Tibet (modern Tibet Autonomous Region), Amdo (now Qinghai) and Dzungaria (now northern Xinjiang).[5] He contributed substantially to European knowledge of Central Asian geography.Przhevalsky described several species previously unknown to European science, such as Przewalski's horse, Przewalski's gazelle, and the wild Bactrian camel, all of which are now endangered. He was also a mentor of his follower Pyotr Kozlov.","title":"Nikolay Przhevalsky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kimborovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochinkovsky_District,_Smolensk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Smolensky Uyezd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensky_Uyezd"},{"link_name":"Smolensk Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tula Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula_Governorate"},{"link_name":"poruchick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_(Eastern_Europe)"},{"link_name":"Cossack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossacks"},{"link_name":"szlachta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta"},{"link_name":"Stephen Báthory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory"},{"link_name":"Orthodoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Vitebsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Russian Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"Irkutsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irkutsk"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Ussuri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ussuri_River"},{"link_name":"Amur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_River"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Kozlov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Kozlov"},{"link_name":"Khara-Khoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khara-Khoto"},{"link_name":"Ejin Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejin_Banner"},{"link_name":"Alxa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alxa_League"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Juyan Lake Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juyan_Lake_Basin"}],"text":"Przhevalsky was born in the Kimborovo family estate (in the Smolensky Uyezd of the Smolensk Governorate of the Russian Empire) which belonged to his grandfather on his mother's side, a Russian nobleman Aleksei Stepanovich Karetnikov, and his wife Ksenia Davydovna Karetnikova who came from local merchants, both natives of the Tula Governorate. Nikolay's mother, Elena Alekseevna Karetnikova, married poruchick Mikhail Kuzmitch Przhevalsky whose Cossack ancestors inherited the noble szlachta state from Stephen Báthory, and his grandfather converted from Catholicism to Orthodoxy.[6] According to the latest research by Liudmila K. Przhevalskaia, their earliest known ancestor Onisim (Anisim) Pereval (Perevalka, Perevalskii) belonged to the horse-owning middle class of Vitebsk.[7]Przhevalsky studied in the military academy in St. Petersburg. In 1864, he became a geography teacher at the military school in Warsaw. In 1867, he successfully petitioned the Russian Geographical Society to be dispatched to Irkutsk, in central Siberia. His intention was to explore the basin of the Ussuri River, a major tributary of the Amur on the Russian–Chinese frontier. This was his first important expedition. It lasted two years, after which Przhevalsky published a diary of the expedition under the title, Travels in the Ussuri Region, 1867–69.His most well-known follower and student was Pyotr Kozlov, who discovered the ruins of the Tangut city Khara-Khoto in the Ejin Banner of Alxa League in western Inner Mongolia near Juyan Lake Basin.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Kyakhta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyakhta"},{"link_name":"Gobi Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobi_Desert"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Yangtze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wood-9"},{"link_name":"Constantine Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Medal"},{"link_name":"Imperial Geographical 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camel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactrian_camel"},{"link_name":"Wild Bactrian camel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Bactrian_camel"},{"link_name":"Tangut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangut_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mongoliatangutco01przh"},{"link_name":"Kulja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yining_City"},{"link_name":"Royal Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"Founder's Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founder%27s_Medal"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"typhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhus"},{"link_name":"Karakol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakol"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Chu 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przewalskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremias_przewalskii"},{"link_name":"Phrynocephalus przewalskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrynocephalus"},{"link_name":"Scincella przewalskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scincella"},{"link_name":"Teratoscincus przewalskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratoscincus_przewalskii"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"In the following years he made four journeys to Central Asia:1870–1873 from Kyakhta he crossed the Gobi Desert to Beijing then explored the upper Yangtze, and in 1872 crossed into Tibet. He surveyed over 7,000 sq mi (18,000 km2), collected and brought back with him 5000 plants, 1000 birds and 3000 insect species, as well as 70 reptiles and the skins of 130 different mammals.[8] Przehevalsky was awarded the Constantine Medal by the Imperial Geographical Society, promoted to lieutenant-general, appointed to the Tsar's General Staff, and received the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th Class.During his expedition, the Dungan Revolt (1862–77) was raging in China.[9] The journey provided the General Staff with important intelligence on a Muslim uprising in the kingdom of Yaqub Beg in western China, and his lecture to the Russian Imperial Geographical Society was received with \"thunderous applause\" from an overflow audience. The Russian newspaper Golos Prikazchika called the journey \"one of the most daring of our time\".[10]1876–1877 traveling through East Turkestan through the Tian Shan, he visited what he believed to be Qinghai Lake, which had reportedly not been visited by any European since Marco Polo.[note 2] The expedition consisted of ten men, twenty-four camels, four horses, three tonnes of baggage and a budget of 25,000 rubles, but the expedition was beset by disease and poor quality camels. In September 1877, the caravan was refurbished with better camels and horses, 72,000 rounds of ammunition and large quantities of brandy, tea and Turkish delight and set out for Lhasa, but did not reach its goal.\n1879–1880 via Hami and through the Qaidam Basin to Qinghai Lake. The expedition then crossed the Tian Shan into Tibet, proceeding to within 260 km (160 mi) of Lhasa before being turned back by Tibetan officials.\n1883–1885 from Kyakhta across the Gobi to Alashan and the eastern Tian Shan mountains, turning back at the Yangze. The expedition then returned to Qinghai Lake and moved westwards to Hotan and Issyk Kul.The results of these expanded journeys opened a new era for the study of Central Asian geography as well as studies of the fauna and flora of this immense region that were relatively unknown to his Western contemporaries. Among other things, he described Przewalski's horse and Przewalski's gazelle, which were both named after him. He also described what was then considered to be a wild population of Bactrian camel. In the 21st century, the Wild Bactrian camel was shown to be a separate species from the domestic Bactrian camel. Przhevalsky's writings include five major books written in Russian and two English translations: Mongolia, the Tangut Country, and the Solitudes of Northern Tibet [1] (1875) and From Kulja, Across the Tian Shan to Lob-Nor (1879). The Royal Geographical Society awarded him their Founder's Medal in 1879 for his work.[12]Przhevalsky died of typhus not long before the beginning of his fifth journey, at Karakol on the shore of Issyk Kul in present-day Kyrgyzstan. He contracted typhoid from the Chu River, which was acknowledged as being infected with the disease.[13][14] The Tsar immediately changed the name of the town to Przhevalsk. There are monuments to him, and a museum about his life and work, there and another monument in St. Petersburg.Sketch of Nikolay Przhevalsky in Popular Science Monthly, Volume 30, January, 1887Less than a year after his premature death, Mikhail Pevtsov succeeded Przhevalsky at the head of his expedition into the depths of Central Asia. Przhevalsky's work was also continued by his young disciple Pyotr Kozlov.Monument to Nikolay Przhevalsky in the Alexander Garden, Saint PetersburgThere is another place named after Przhevalsky: he had lived in a small village called Sloboda, Smolensk Oblast, Russia from 1881 to 1887 (except the period of his travels) and he apparently loved it. The village was renamed after him in 1964 and is now called Przhevalskoye. There is a memorial complex there that includes the old and new houses of Nikolay Przhevalsky, his bust, pond, garden, birch alleys, and khatka (a lodge, watch-house). This is the only museum of the famous traveler in Russia.Przhevalsky is commemorated by Maxim. in the naming of Przewalskia , a genus of flowering plants from Asia, belonging to the family Solanaceae.[15]His name is eponymic with more than 80 plant species as well.[citation needed]Przhevalsky is honored in the scientific names of five species of lizards: Alsophylax przewalskii, Eremias przewalskii, Phrynocephalus przewalskii, Scincella przewalskii, and Teratoscincus przewalskii.[16]","title":"Further expeditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Oriental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism"},{"link_name":"Chinese people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people"},{"link_name":"kike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kike"},{"link_name":"Western culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nalle-21"},{"link_name":"Sven Hedin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Hedin"},{"link_name":"Francis Younghusband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Younghusband"},{"link_name":"Aurel Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurel_Stein"},{"link_name":"Great Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Game"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nalle-21"},{"link_name":"Tajik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_people"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Kashgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashgar"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"According to David Schimmelpenninck Van Der Oye's assessment, Przhevalsky's books on Central Asia feature his disdain for the \"Oriental\"— particularly Chinese civilization. Przhevalsky explicitly portrayed Chinese people as cowardly, dirty and lazy in his metaphor, \"the blend of a mean Moscow pilferer and a kike\", in all respects inferior to Western culture.[17][verification needed] He purportedly argued that imperial China's hold on its northern territories, in particular Xinjiang and Mongolia, was tenuous and uncertain, and Przhevalsky openly called for Russia's annexation of bits and pieces of China's territory.[18] Przhevalsky said one should explore Asia \"with a carbine in one hand, a whip in the other.\"[19]Przhevalsky, as well as other contemporary explorers including Sven Hedin, Francis Younghusband, and Aurel Stein, were active players in the British–Russian struggle for influence in Central Asia, the so-called Great Game.[19]Here you can penetrate anywhere, only not with the Gospels under your arm, but with money in your pocket, a carbine in one hand and a whip in the other. Europeans must use these to come and bear away in the name of civilisation all these dregs of the human race. A thousand of our soldiers would be enough to subdue all Asia from Lake Baykal to the Himalayas....Here the exploits of Cortez can still be repeated.— Nikolay Przhevalsky on AsiaPrzhevalsky's prejudice extended to non-Chinese Asians as well, describing the Tajik Yaqub Beg in a letter as follows, \"Yakub Beg is the same shit as all feckless Asiatics. The Kashgarian empire isn't worth a kopek.\"[20][21][22] Przhevalsky also claimed Yaqub was \"Nothing more than a political impostor,\" and also disdained the Muslim subjects of Yaqub Beg in Kashgar, claiming that they \"constantly cursed their government and expressed their desire to become Russian subjects. [...] The savage Asiatic clearly understands Russian power is the guarantee for prosperity.\" These statements were made in a report in which Przhevalsky recommended that Russian troops occupy the Kashgarian emirate, but the Russian government took no action, and China recaptured Kashgar. Przhevalsky's dreams of taking land from China did not materialize.[23]Przhevalsky not only disdained Chinese ethnic groups, he also viewed the eight million non-Chinese peoples of Tibet, Turkestan, and Mongolia as uncivilized, evolutionarily backwards people who needed to be freed from Chinese rule.[24]Przhevalsky proposed Russia provoke rebellions of the Buddhist and Muslim peoples in these areas of China against the Chinese regime, start a war with China, and, with a small number of Russian troops, wrest control of Turkestan from China.[25]","title":"Accusations of imperialism and prejudice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smolensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk"},{"link_name":"sunstroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunstroke"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-house-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-house-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Przhevalsky is known to have had a personal relationship with Tasya Nuromskaya, whom he met in Smolensk. According to one legend, during their last meeting Nuromskaya cut off her braid and gave it to him, saying that the braid would travel with him until their marriage. She died of a sunstroke while Przhevalsky was on an expedition.[26]Another woman in Przhevalsky's life was a mysterious young lady whose portrait, along with a fragment of poetry, was found in Przhevalsky's album. In the poem, she asks him to stay with her and not to go to Tibet, to which he responded in his diary: \"I will never betray the ideal, to which is dedicated all of my life. As soon as I write everything necessary, I will return to the desert...where I will be much happier than in the gilded salons that can be acquired by marriage\".[26][27]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"urban legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_legend"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Portnov-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asafieva-31"},{"link_name":"Stalin era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalin_era"},{"link_name":"satellite Communist countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Bloc"},{"link_name":"Tsarist-era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Stalin's ascent to power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"its highest echelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"hoi polloi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoi_polloi"},{"link_name":"paycheck ledger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Account_book"},{"link_name":"money transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_order"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"taboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taboo"},{"link_name":"The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_and_Extraordinary_Adventures_of_Private_Ivan_Chonkin"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Voinovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Voinovich"}],"text":"There is an urban legend that Joseph Stalin was an illegitimate son of Nikolay Przhevalsky.[28][29] The legend is based on the facial similarity of both men, Stalin's official birthdate controversy (claims that he was born on 6 December 1878 instead of 21 December 1879), and that the late Stalin era saw a resurrection of interest to the personality of Przhevalsky. Numerous books and monographs were published in the Soviet Union and satellite Communist countries, which was a rare occurrence in regard to the Tsarist-era scientists, and Soviet encyclopedias portrayed Przhevalsky in sharp similarity to Stalin, which was rumored that in such a discrete manner Stalin was paying a homage to his alleged biological father. M. Khachaturova, a Tbilisi resident, who happened to know an unnamed old lady, the original bearer of the secret, was considered to be a whistleblower of the myth about Stalin's mother's alleged promiscuity. Przhevalsky's diary, if it ever existed, was rumored to disappear from archives during the early days of Stalin's ascent to power as the Communist party career, especially in its highest echelon, was troublesome for the noble blood people, who claimed a hoi polloi origin. There were unsubstantiated claims that certain 1881 paycheck ledger contained brief notes on money transfer from Przhevalsky to Stalin's mother; however, Przhevalsky's visits to Georgia are not recorded, and G. Egnatashvili, a family friend of the Jughashvilis, did not recollect anything which could possibly substantiate those claims.[30] During the Stalin era, any talk concerning his ancestry and childhood was a public taboo; the ferocity, with which the legend was debunked after the Stalin's death with the entire monographs written in order to disprove the myth up until the 2010s, also was considered by some as a further proof of veracity of the Przhevalsky's alleged one-night-stand theory. A humorously developed version of this legend appears in The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin (Book Three) by Vladimir Voinovich.","title":"Myth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"On new Species of Central-Asian Birds\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ibis55brit/"},{"link_name":"The Ibis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ibis"},{"link_name":"E. Delmar Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Delmar_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive"}],"text":"General N. M. Prjevalsky (1887). \"On new Species of Central-Asian Birds\". The Ibis. 5. Translated by E. Delmar Morgan – via Internet Archive.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1951 Soviet drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przhevalsky_(film)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"A 1951 Soviet drama film is dedicated to Przhevalsky's life and work.[31]","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"/ˌpɜːrʒəˈvælski/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"PUR-zhə-VAL-skee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"/-ˈvɑːl-/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"-VAHL-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[nʲɪkɐˈlaj mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ prʐɨˈvalʲskʲɪj]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[ɲiˈkɔwaj pʂɛˈvalskʲi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"August Strindberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Strindberg"},{"link_name":"Johan Gustaf Renat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Gustaf_Renat"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"^ UK: /ˌpɜːrʒəˈvælski/ PUR-zhə-VAL-skee,[2] US: /-ˈvɑːl-/ -VAHL-;[3][4] Russian: Никола́й Миха́йлович Пржева́льский, IPA: [nʲɪkɐˈlaj mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ prʐɨˈvalʲskʲɪj]; Polish: Nikołaj Przewalski, IPA: [ɲiˈkɔwaj pʂɛˈvalskʲi].\n\n^ Author August Strindberg, however, believed that Przhevalsky was preceded by Johan Gustaf Renat by almost two centuries.[11]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basic Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58243-106-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58243-106-2"},{"link_name":"\"Sketch of Nicholas Prejevalski\" in Popular Science Monthly, Volume 30, January, 1887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_30/January_1887/Sketch_of_Nicholas_Prejevalski&oldid=5635594"}],"text":"Meyer, Karl E.; Brysac, Shareen Blair (25 October 1999). Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia. Basic Books. ISBN 978-1-58243-106-2.\n\"Sketch of Nicholas Prejevalski\" in Popular Science Monthly, Volume 30, January, 1887","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Nikolay Przhevalsky in 1860 (age 21)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nikolay_Przhevalsky.jpg/262px-Nikolay_Przhevalsky.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sketch of Nikolay Przhevalsky in Popular Science Monthly, Volume 30, January, 1887","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Popular_Science_Monthly_Volume_30_January_1887_Sketch_of_Nicholas_Prejevalski---PSM_V30_D304_Nicholas_Prejevalsky.jpg/262px-Popular_Science_Monthly_Volume_30_January_1887_Sketch_of_Nicholas_Prejevalski---PSM_V30_D304_Nicholas_Prejevalsky.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monument to Nikolay Przhevalsky in the Alexander Garden, Saint Petersburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Momunent_to_Nikolai_Przhevalsky_%28Saint_Petersburg%29.jpg/262px-Momunent_to_Nikolai_Przhevalsky_%28Saint_Petersburg%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"General N. M. Prjevalsky (1887). \"On new Species of Central-Asian Birds\". The Ibis. 5. Translated by E. Delmar Morgan – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ibis55brit/","url_text":"\"On new Species of Central-Asian Birds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ibis","url_text":"The Ibis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Delmar_Morgan","url_text":"E. Delmar Morgan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"Przewalski's horse\". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lexico.com/definition/Przewalski%27s+horse","url_text":"\"Przewalski's horse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexico","url_text":"Lexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Przewalski's horse\". Lexico UK English Dictionary US English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lexico.com/en/definition/Przewalski%27s+horse","url_text":"\"Przewalski's horse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexico","url_text":"Lexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Przewalski's horse\". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Przewalski%27s%20horse","url_text":"\"Przewalski's horse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster","url_text":"Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"Rayfield, Donald (2013). The Dream of Lhasa: The Life of Nikolay Przhevalsky (1839–1888), Explorer of Central Asia. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0821403693.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Rayfield","url_text":"Rayfield, Donald"},{"url":"https://books.google.ru/books?id=V3ndLDdw15EC","url_text":"The Dream of Lhasa: The Life of Nikolay Przhevalsky (1839–1888), Explorer of Central Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0821403693","url_text":"978-0821403693"}]},{"reference":"Andreyev, Alexandre. \"Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalskii (1839–1888)\". The Quest for Forbidden Lands: 62–149. ISBN 978-90-04-37626-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://brill.com/display/book/9789004376267/B9789004376267_003.xml","url_text":"\"Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalskii (1839–1888)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37626-7","url_text":"978-90-04-37626-7"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Francis (2002). The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 165–169. ISBN 978-0-520-24340-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/silkroadtwothous0000wood","url_text":"The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/silkroadtwothous0000wood/page/165","url_text":"165–169"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24340-8","url_text":"978-0-520-24340-8"}]},{"reference":"Rayfield, Donald (1976). The dream of Lhasa: the life of Nikolay Przhevalsky (1839-88) explorer of Central Asia. P. Elek. p. 42. ISBN 0-236-40015-0. Retrieved 27 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ul0eAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The dream of Lhasa: the life of Nikolay Przhevalsky (1839-88) explorer of Central Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-236-40015-0","url_text":"0-236-40015-0"}]},{"reference":"\"List of Past Gold Medal Winners\" (PDF). Royal Geographical Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rgs.org/NR/rdonlyres/C5962519-882A-4C67-803D-0037308C756D/0/GoldMedallists18322011.pdf","url_text":"\"List of Past Gold Medal Winners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927221002/http://www.rgs.org/NR/rdonlyres/C5962519-882A-4C67-803D-0037308C756D/0/GoldMedallists18322011.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Elinor S. Shaffer (1994). Comparative Criticism: Volume 16, Revolutions and Censorship. Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 0-521-47199-0. Retrieved 27 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SDoiTsY-Ry0C&q=drinking+water+przhevalsky+infected+typhoid&pg=PA27","url_text":"Comparative Criticism: Volume 16, Revolutions and Censorship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47199-0","url_text":"0-521-47199-0"}]},{"reference":"Donald Rayfield (2000). Anton Chekhov: a life. Northwestern University Press. p. 183. ISBN 0-8101-1795-9. Retrieved 27 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z_vTUUYxkgC&q=infected+water+homosexual+przhevalsky&pg=PA183","url_text":"Anton Chekhov: a life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8101-1795-9","url_text":"0-8101-1795-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Przewalskia Maxim. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science\". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 20 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327797-2","url_text":"\"Przewalskia Maxim. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science\""}]},{"reference":"David Nalle (June 2000). \"Book Review — Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia\". Middle East Policy. VII (3). Washington, US: Blackwell Publishers. ISSN 1061-1924. Archived from the original on 1 June 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060601233205/http://www.mepc.org/journal_vol7/0006_nalle.asp","url_text":"\"Book Review — Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Policy","url_text":"Middle East Policy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwell_Publishers","url_text":"Blackwell Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1061-1924","url_text":"1061-1924"},{"url":"http://www.mepc.org/journal_vol7/0006_nalle.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Christian Tyler (2004). Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 80. ISBN 0-8135-3533-6. Retrieved 27 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C&q=is+the+same+shit+as+all+feckless+asiatics.+the+kashgarian+empire+isn%27t+worth+a+kopek&pg=PA80","url_text":"Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3533-6","url_text":"0-8135-3533-6"}]},{"reference":"Frances Wood (2004). The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. University of California Press. p. 155. ISBN 0-520-24340-4. Retrieved 27 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Wood","url_text":"Frances Wood"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zvoCv3h2QCsC&q=yakub+beg+is+the+same+shit+as+all+feckless+asiatics.+the+kashgarian+empire+isn%27t+worth+a+kopek&pg=PA155","url_text":"The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24340-4","url_text":"0-520-24340-4"}]},{"reference":"Lutz Kleveman (2004). The New Great Game: Blood and Oil in Central Asia. Grove Press. p. 100. ISBN 0-8021-4172-2. Retrieved 27 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3pCz4OmRW-0C&q=yakub+beg+shit&pg=PA100","url_text":"The New Great Game: Blood and Oil in Central Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-4172-2","url_text":"0-8021-4172-2"}]},{"reference":"Karl Ernest Meyer; Shareen Blair Brysac (2006). Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia. Basic Books. p. 233. ISBN 0-465-04576-6. Retrieved 27 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ssv-GONnxTsC&q=yakub+beg+shit&pg=PA233","url_text":"Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-04576-6","url_text":"0-465-04576-6"}]},{"reference":"Elinor S. Shaffer (1994). Comparative Criticism: Volume 16, Revolutions and Censorship. Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 0-521-47199-0. Retrieved 27 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SDoiTsY-Ry0C&q=Przhevalsky+tibetan+nomads+slaughtered+scores&pg=PA27","url_text":"Comparative Criticism: Volume 16, Revolutions and Censorship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47199-0","url_text":"0-521-47199-0"}]},{"reference":"Robert F. Aldrich (2003). Colonialism and homosexuality. Psychology Press. p. 35. ISBN 0-415-19615-9. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCsun_Demirel | Füsun Demirel | ["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 External links"] | Turkish actress (born 1958)
Füsun DemirelBorn (1958-06-13) 13 June 1958 (age 66)Ankara, TurkeyOccupationActressYears active1980–presentAwards
2001 – 39th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival, "Best Supporting Actress" (Büyük Adam Küçük Aşk)
2015 – 20th Sadri Alışık Awards, "Best Actress in a Supporting Role - Comedy or Musical" (İçimdeki Ses)
Füsun Demirel (born 13 June 1958) is a Turkish actress and interpreter. She played in Gülse Birsel's hit sitcom series Yalan Dünya. She has appeared in more than sixty films since 1982.
Selected filmography
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1985
Züğürt Ağa
1989
Don't Let Them Shoot the Kite
1998
The Wound
2001
Big Man, Little Love
2005
Borrowed Bride
2017
Zer
Havva
2021
Love Me Instead
2022
Another Self
References
^ "Ödüllü bir 'hoşgörü' filmi". Yeni Şafak. 21 October 2001. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
^ "Sadri Alışık Sinema ve Tiyatro Oyuncu Ödülleri sahiplerini buldu". Hürriyet. 5 May 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
^ "Füsun Demirel kimdir?". 14 March 2016.
^ "Sinema Türk".
^ Zer (2017) - IMDb, retrieved 17 May 2020
External links
Füsun Demirel at IMDb
vteGolden Orange Award for Best Supporting Actress
Yıldız Kenter (1964)
Aliye Rona (1965)
Yıldız Kenter (1966)
Aliye Rona (1967)
Aliye Rona (1968)
Muazzez Arçay (1969)
Lale Belkıs (1970)
Suna Selen (1971)
Şükriye Atav (1972)
Semra Sar (1973)
Yıldız Kenter (1974)
Seden Kızıltunç (1975)
Diler Saraç (1976)
Gönül Hancı (1977)
Meral Orhonsay (1978)
Sevda Aktolga (1979)
Fehamet Atila (1980)
Meral Çetinkaya (1981)
Güler Ökten (1982)
Asuman Arsan (1983)
Zuhal Olcay (1984)
Keriman Ulusoy (1985)
Füsun Demirel (1986)
Hümeyra (1987)
Fatoş Sezer (1988)
Meral Oğuz (1989)
Ayşegül Ünsal (1990)
Gülsen Tuncer (1991)
Serap Aksoy (1992)
Demet Akbağ (1993
Derya Alabora (1994)
Tomris Oğuzalp (1995)
Meriç Başaran (1996)
Meral Çetinkaya (1997)
Sevda Ferdağ (1998)
Serra Yılmaz / Inge Keller (1999)
Nilüfer Aydan (2000)
Füsun Demirel (2001)
Sema Atalay (2002)
Nurhayat Kavrak (2003)
Eli Mango (2004)
Fadik Sevin Atasoy (2005)
Nazan Kesal (2006)
Nursel Köse (2007)
Övül Avkıran (2008)
Damla Sönmez (2009)
Ayşen Gruda (2010)
Nesrin Cavadzade & Tilbe Saran (2011)
Lale Yavaş (2012)
Gülistan Acet (2013)
Nursel Köse (2014)
Çiğdem Selışık Onat (2015)
Kübra Kip (2016)
Aslı İnandık (2019)
Nalan Kuruçim / Nezaket Erden (2020)
Nezaket Erden / Özay Fecht (2021)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
People
Deutsche Biographie
This article about a Turkish actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gülse Birsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BClse_Birsel"},{"link_name":"Yalan Dünya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalan_D%C3%BCnya"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Füsun Demirel (born 13 June 1958) is a Turkish actress and interpreter. She played in Gülse Birsel's hit sitcom series Yalan Dünya.[3][4] She has appeared in more than sixty films since 1982.","title":"Füsun Demirel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ödüllü bir 'hoşgörü' filmi\". Yeni Şafak. 21 October 2001. Retrieved 5 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yenisafak.com.tr/arsiv/2001/ekim/21/kultur.html","url_text":"\"Ödüllü bir 'hoşgörü' filmi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni_%C5%9Eafak","url_text":"Yeni Şafak"}]},{"reference":"\"Sadri Alışık Sinema ve Tiyatro Oyuncu Ödülleri sahiplerini buldu\". Hürriyet. 5 May 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/keyif/28918276.asp","url_text":"\"Sadri Alışık Sinema ve Tiyatro Oyuncu Ödülleri sahiplerini buldu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet","url_text":"Hürriyet"}]},{"reference":"\"Füsun Demirel kimdir?\". 14 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2016/gunun-icinden/fusun-demirel-kimdir-1136109/","url_text":"\"Füsun Demirel kimdir?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sinema Türk\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sinematurk.com/kisi/1425-fusun-demirel/","url_text":"\"Sinema Türk\""}]},{"reference":"Zer (2017) - IMDb, retrieved 17 May 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6123206/fullcredits","url_text":"Zer (2017) - IMDb"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.yenisafak.com.tr/arsiv/2001/ekim/21/kultur.html","external_links_name":"\"Ödüllü bir 'hoşgörü' filmi\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/keyif/28918276.asp","external_links_name":"\"Sadri Alışık Sinema ve Tiyatro Oyuncu Ödülleri sahiplerini buldu\""},{"Link":"https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2016/gunun-icinden/fusun-demirel-kimdir-1136109/","external_links_name":"\"Füsun Demirel kimdir?\""},{"Link":"http://www.sinematurk.com/kisi/1425-fusun-demirel/","external_links_name":"\"Sinema Türk\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6123206/fullcredits","external_links_name":"Zer (2017) - IMDb"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0218533/","external_links_name":"Füsun Demirel"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000367570801","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/232641528","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfWXRChWQxmX6b7f6RVG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1061313050","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012042427","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1061313050.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%BCsun_Demirel&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepena | Lepena | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 46°18′48.81″N 13°39′9.43″E / 46.3135583°N 13.6526194°E / 46.3135583; 13.6526194Place in Slovenian Littoral, SloveniaLepenaLepenaLocation in SloveniaCoordinates: 46°18′48.81″N 13°39′9.43″E / 46.3135583°N 13.6526194°E / 46.3135583; 13.6526194Country SloveniaTraditional regionSlovenian LittoralStatistical regionGoriziaMunicipalityBovecArea • Total18.52 km2 (7.15 sq mi)Elevation514.9 m (1,689.3 ft)Population (2020) • Total37 • Density2.0/km2 (5.2/sq mi)
Lepena (pronounced ; Italian: Lepegna) is a dispersed settlement in the Municipality of Bovec in the Littoral region of Slovenia. It lies in the valley of Lepenjica Creek, a tributary of the Soča River. The Klement Jug Lodge at the end of the valley is a popular starting point with hikers for trips to the surrounding peaks in the Julian Alps.
References
^ Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia
^ Bovec municipal site Archived 2011-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Media related to Lepena at Wikimedia Commons
Lepena on Geopedia
vteMunicipality of BovecSettlementsAdministrative seat: Bovec
Current
Bavšica
Čezsoča
Kal–Koritnica
Lepena
Log Čezsoški
Log pod Mangartom
Plužna
Soča
Srpenica
Strmec na Predelu
Trenta
Žaga
Former
Dvor
Gorenji Log
Kal
Koritnica
Predel
Spodnja Trenta
Spodnji Log
Zgornja Trenta
Location of the Municipality of Bovec in SloveniaLandmarks
Boka Falls
Bovec Military Cemetery
Bovec Parish Church
Juliana Alpine Botanical Garden
Kanin Ski Resort
Kluže Fortress
Kugy Monument
Log Koritnica Valley
Log pod Mangartom Mosque
Mangart Saddle
Soča Military Cemetery
Soča River
St. Leonard's Church
St. Ulrich's Parish Church
Trenta
Triglav Lakes Valley
Vršič Pass
Notable people
Vasja Klavora
Ferdo Kravanja
Anton Ocvirk
This article about the Municipality of Bovec in Slovenia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[lɛˈpeːna]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"dispersed settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersed_settlement"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Bovec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Bovec"},{"link_name":"Littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Littoral"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Soča River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"Klement Jug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klement_Jug"},{"link_name":"Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_hut"},{"link_name":"hikers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiking"},{"link_name":"Julian Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Alps"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Place in Slovenian Littoral, SloveniaLepena (pronounced [lɛˈpeːna]; Italian: Lepegna) is a dispersed settlement in the Municipality of Bovec in the Littoral region of Slovenia. It lies in the valley of Lepenjica Creek, a tributary of the Soča River. The Klement Jug Lodge at the end of the valley is a popular starting point with hikers for trips to the surrounding peaks in the Julian Alps.[2]","title":"Lepena"}] | [{"image_text":"Location of the Municipality of Bovec in Slovenia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Obcine_bovec.png/150px-Obcine_bovec.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lepena¶ms=46_18_48.81_N_13_39_9.43_E_region:SI_type:city(37)","external_links_name":"46°18′48.81″N 13°39′9.43″E / 46.3135583°N 13.6526194°E / 46.3135583; 13.6526194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lepena¶ms=46_18_48.81_N_13_39_9.43_E_region:SI_type:city(37)","external_links_name":"46°18′48.81″N 13°39′9.43″E / 46.3135583°N 13.6526194°E / 46.3135583; 13.6526194"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.si/eng/index.asp","external_links_name":"Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia"},{"Link":"http://www.bovec.si/default.asp?id=56","external_links_name":"Bovec municipal site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111005215236/http://www.bovec.si/default.asp?id=56","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.geopedia.world/#T12_L362_F2473:2905_x1520373.6301550828_y5830339.042412434_s14_b2345","external_links_name":"Lepena on Geopedia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lepena&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minna_Herzlieb | Minna Herzlieb | ["1 Life","2 External links"] | Herzlieb by Louise Seidler
Christiane Friederike Wilhelmine Herzlieb, known as Minna (22 May 1789 – 10 July 1865) was the foster-daughter of the German publisher Carl Friedrich Ernst Frommann (1765–1839).
Life
Her father was a superintendent in her birthplace of Züllichau, Lower Silesia. Orphaned in infancy, she was brought up in the house of the publisher Carl Friedrich Ernst Frommann in Jena. In 1807 she came to Weimar, where she met Goethe, who presented her with some sonnets. She also served as an inspiration for the character of "Ottilie" in his Elective Affinities.
In 1821 she married professor Karl Wilhelm Walch but it was not a love match and may have contributed to her mental breakdown and death in a mental hospital in Görlitz in 1865.
External links
Literature by and about Minna Herzlieb in the German National Library catalogue
Biographical notes @ Internet Archive
Goethezeit Portal
Goethe biography @ Odyssee Theatre
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Poland
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
SNAC
This German business-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biography of a publisher is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carl Friedrich Ernst Frommann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Ernst_Frommann"}],"text":"Christiane Friederike Wilhelmine Herzlieb, known as Minna (22 May 1789 – 10 July 1865) was the foster-daughter of the German publisher Carl Friedrich Ernst Frommann (1765–1839).","title":"Minna Herzlieb"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Züllichau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulech%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Lower Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Jena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena"},{"link_name":"Goethe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe"},{"link_name":"sonnets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet"},{"link_name":"Elective Affinities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elective_Affinities"},{"link_name":"Karl Wilhelm Walch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Wilhelm_Walch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Walch"},{"link_name":"Görlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz"}],"text":"Her father was a superintendent in her birthplace of Züllichau, Lower Silesia. Orphaned in infancy, she was brought up in the house of the publisher Carl Friedrich Ernst Frommann in Jena. In 1807 she came to Weimar, where she met Goethe, who presented her with some sonnets. She also served as an inspiration for the character of \"Ottilie\" in his Elective Affinities.In 1821 she married professor Karl Wilhelm Walch [de] but it was not a love match and may have contributed to her mental breakdown and death in a mental hospital in Görlitz in 1865.","title":"Life"}] | [{"image_text":"Herzlieb by Louise Seidler","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/MinchenHerzlieb1.jpg/220px-MinchenHerzlieb1.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D119277387","external_links_name":"Literature by and about Minna Herzlieb"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928131815/http://deutsch.pi-noe.ac.at/literatur2/weimar_goethe_herzlieb.htm","external_links_name":"Biographical notes"},{"Link":"http://www.goethezeitportal.de/index.php?id=809","external_links_name":"Goethezeit Portal"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061110035344/http://www.odysseetheater.com/goethe/goethe_30.htm","external_links_name":"Goethe biography"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/390494/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000066783264","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/302112554","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr7THtj7qBkrDvR6rycfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119277387","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97040667","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810697643805606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119277387.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66h5x38","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minna_Herzlieb&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minna_Herzlieb&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |