AarushSah/scibowl_no_headers · Datasets at Hugging Face

Type stringlengths 0 490	Prompt stringlengths 5 919	Completion stringlengths 1 424
BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Converting carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide through reduction would be effective method for reducing harmful levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. However, this conversion is very difficult for which of the following reasons? W) There is a limited supply of rhenium in the world X) Not all steps of the reduction have been completely determined Y) The final step takes an extremely long time Z) The carbon dioxide is too difficult to harness	W) THERE IS A LIMITED SUPPLY OF RHENIUM IN THE WORLD
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Compared to felsic igneous rocks, mafic igneous rocks contain greater amounts of which of the following elements? W) Iron X) Aluminum Y) Potassium Z) Silicon	W) IRON
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Name the components that create the two distinct tails of a comet.	IONS AND DUST
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the common name of the group of marine spiny-finned fish of the order Heterosomata, all of which, when adult, swim along the sea floor on one side of the body, which is highly compressed and has both eyes on the uppermost side?	FLATFISH
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements is NOT true about otters? W) Newborn otters are taken care of by their fathers only X) Their dens are called holts or couches Y) They feed on fish, shellfish, amphibians and birds Z) A male otter is called a dog	W) NEWBORN OTTERS ARE TAKEN CARE OF BY THEIR FATHERS ONLY
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following best describes where the salt in ocean water comes from? W) Melting of glacial ice X) Weathering of continental rocks Y) Decomposition of plants and animals Z) Precipitation of salty rain	X) WEATHERING OF CONTINENTAL ROCKS
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Cayes [KAYS] are small sandy islands formed on the surface of coral reefs in tropical areas like the coast of Belize. The sand on these cayes is primarily composed of which of the following? W) Silicate X) Calcium carbonate Y) Suffide Z) Halide	X) CALCIUM CARBONATE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which of the following cells cannot be recharged? W) Dry X) Wet Y) Primary Z) Secondary	Y) PRIMARY
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	What is \(x\) equal to in the following expression: \(\log{x}7=1\)[log base x of 7 equals 1]?	7
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	When assigning electrons to subshells, which of the following subshells will be filled first? W) 4f X) 5s Y) 5d Z) 6s	X) 5s
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	What is the term for a device used to determine or measure the presence of electrostatic charges?	ELECTROSCOPE
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following layers of the atmosphere allows AM radio stations to transmit over great distances at night? W) Ionosphere [eye-ON-uh-sfeer] X) Stratosphere Y) Thermosphere Z) Troposphere	W) IONOSPHERE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	In 1868, observers of a solar eclipse first noticed a bright yellow spectral line. They theorized that this was due to a new element and gave it what sun-inspired name?	HELIUM
BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice	An electroscope is negatively charged, with the leaves at an angle of about 45\({}^{\circ}\). When a negatively charged rod is slowly brought near the plate of the electroscope, the leaves do which of the following? W) Repel X) Attract Y) Repel then attract Z) Fall to zero then repel	W) REPEL
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	W is one of the vertices of a polygon. If there are 8 diagonals of the polygon that contain W, how many sides does the polygon have?	11
BONUS MATH Short Answer	A fair standard six-sided die is rolled two times. What is the probability that the sum of the numbers on the two rolls will be greater than 9?	1/6
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What is the name of the bond linking each fatty acid to glycerol [GLIS-uh-rol] in a triglyceride?	ESTER
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following particles has the least penetrating power? W) Neutron X) Alpha particle Y) Beta particle Z) Positron	X) ALPHA PARTICLE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	Which gas was in short supply in the Earth's atmosphere prior to the evolution of the citric acid cycle?	OXYGEN
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Kilauea [kee-Iou-AY-ah] and Mauna Loa [MOU-nuh LOH-uh], are examples of which of the following types of volcanoes? W) Shield X) Composite Y) Cinder cone Z) Transform fault	W) SHIELD
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	A lunar vehicle on Earth moves at 10 kilometers per hour. When it travels at the same speed on the Moon, what is its momentum in comparison to its momentum on Earth, assuming that the Moon's gravitational force is one fifth that of Earth's?	THE SAME (ACCEPT: EQUAL)
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	Coulomb's law states that an electric force between two charges is inversely proportional to the square of what quantity?	DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM (ACCEPT: THEIR SEPARATION, RADIAL DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM)
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following numbers is NOT prime? W) 107 X) 109 Y) 111 Z) 113	Y) 111
BONUS MATH Short Answer	Todd the Tortoise is 268 years old, while Sammy the Snail is 32 years old. How many years will it take for Todd's age to be exactly 5 times Sammy's age?	2717) CHEMISTRY Short Answer What element has the following four characteristics: 1) it occurs naturally only in combination with other elements in minerals; 2) it is used primarily as a hardening agent in alloys; 3) its dust is highly toxic, and 4) it is an alkaline [AL-kuh-lyn] earth metal.
## 18 BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Identify all of the following four compounds that are ionic: sodium sulfate, methane, ammonium chloride, beryllium iodide.	1 AND 3 (ACCEPT: SODIUM SULFATE AND AMMONIUM CHLORIDE)
## 19 TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Rectifiers are used in computers and other appliances to do which of the following? W) Convert direct current to alternating current X) Convert alternating current to direct current Y) Provide a steady amount of power at all times Z) Reduce the energy consumption of an appliance	X) CONVERT ALTERNATING CURRENT TO DIRECT CURRENT
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following best describes why the xylem [ZY-luhm] is an important plant tissue? W) It transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves X) It transports water and minerals from the leaves to the roots Y) It is the best part of the plant to eat Z) It gives a plant its strength to stand straight	W) IT TRANSPORTS WATER AND MINERALS FROM THE ROOTS TO THE LEAVES
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Your body has approximately one million B cells and ten million different T cells. A gram-negative bacterium enters your body and one of your B cells binds to the bacterium via the BCR recognizing the LPS. Which of the following will happen next? W) The B cell will proliferate X) The virus will enter the B cell Y) Similar T cells will be destroyed Z) The B cell will be destroyed	W) THE B CELL WILL PROLIFERATE
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Given the current climatic conditions on Earth, at which of the following locations would a glacier most likely form? W) 0\({}^{\circ}\) latitude at an elevation of 6,000 meters X) 15\({}^{\circ}\) N latitude at an elevation of 4,000 meters Y) 30\({}^{\circ}\) N latitude at an elevation of 3,000 meters Z) 45\({}^{\circ}\) N latitude at an elevation of 1,000 meters	W) 0\({}^{\circ}\) LATITUDE AT AN ELEVATION OF 6,000 METERS
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	The analysis of which of the following fossil types from ancient vertebrates provides important information about the diet and biota of ancient environments? W) Tracks X) Coprolite Y) Burrows Z) Fulgurite [FUHL-gyuh-ryt]	X) COPROLITE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	What is the SI unit of inductance?	HENRY
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Give the coordinates of the point where the line \(3x+2y=18\) intersects the \(x\) axis.	(6, 0)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT a buffering agent? W) Magnesium oxide X) Rubidium hydroxide Y) Ammonia Z) Monopotassium phosphate	X) RUBIDIUM HYDROXIDE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the common name of the unicellular organism that has the following characteristics: it has chloroplasts and can make its own food; it can also ingest food from its environment; it usually lives in ponds or puddles; it moves by a flagellum; it has an eyespot that detects light.	EUGLENA
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following phenomena are responsible for orange and red sunsets? W) Dust particles in the atmosphere X) Ice crystals in the atmosphere Y) Water droplets in the atmosphere Z) Water vapor in the atmosphere	W) DUST PARTICLES IN THE ATMOSPHERE
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What element is produced in a fusion of hydrogen within a star?	HELIUM
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements best explains how conglomerates differ from breccias [BRECH-ee-uhs]? W) Conglomerates are comprised of interlocking crystals rather than sediments X) Breccias are comprised of less mature sediments Y) Conglomerates are formed at higher elevations Z) Breccias are formed through metamorphic processes	X) BRECCIAS ARE COMPRISED OF LESS MATURE SEDIMENTS
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle takes place in what cellular organelle?	MITOCHONDRIA
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT characteristic of eudicots [yoo-DY-kots]? W) Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 X) Taproot Y) Two cotyledons [Kot-I-EED-ns] Z) Pollen granules with one opening	Z) POLLEN GRANULES WITH ONE OPENING
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following elements, in its gaseous state, has the greatest electron affinity? W) Fluorine X) Bromine Y) Sulfur Z) Chlorine	W) FLUORINE
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What disaccharide [dy-SAK-uh-ryd] is composed of beta-D-galactose [guh-LAK-toS] in a beta-1,4 linkage with alpha-D-glucose?	LACTOSE
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	The equation -mx + 1 = 13 - 4(x + [negative m x plus 1 equals 13 minus 4 times the quantity x plus 3] is an identity if \(m\) equals which of the following? W) -4 X) -1 Y) 1 Z) 4	Z) 4
BONUS MATH Multiple Choice	If f(x) = -2\(x\) + 8\(x\) - 4, which of the following is true? W) \(f\) is not a one to one function X) The graph of \(f\) opens upward Y) The graph of \(f\) has no x-intercept Z) The maximum value of f(x) is -4	W) f!S NOT A ONE TO ONE FUNCTION
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	The acceleration of an object that is in free fall in a vacuum is which of the following? W) Proportional to the mass of the object X) Proportional to the inverse of the mass of the object Y) Independent of the mass of the object Z) Equal to the product of force and mass	Y) INDEPENDENT OF THE MASS OF THE OBJECT
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What do scientists call the process by which trade winds in the Pacific weaken, allowing warmer water to move toward the west coast of South America?	EL NINO (ACCEPT: EL NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION OR ENSO)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	The fossil record of European black bears provides evidence of adaptive selection. In a population of black bears, identify the specific type of adaptive selection which would allow the average size of European black bears to increase after periods of glaciation but later decrease in size as interglacial periods warmed.	DIRECTIONAL (DO NOT ACCEPT: DIVERSIFYING)
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following terms would be used as a synonym for a building described with the term LEED? W) Lead contaminated X) Green Y) Renewed Z) Sanitized	X) GREEN
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following represents the enthalpy [EN-thal-pee] change that occurs to melt a solid at its melting point? W) Heat of fusion X) Heat of hydration Y) Heat of liquidation Z) Heat of vaporization	W) HEAT OF FUSION
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	A gaseous mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon have molar fractions of 0.25, 0.65, and.010, respectively. What is the pressure in atmospheres of nitrogen if the total pressure of the mixture is 4.0 atmospheres?	1.0
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	What is the solution set of the inequality \((x-^{\,2}\leq 0\)[the quantity \(x\) minus one squared is less than or equal to zero]?	1
BONUS MATH Multiple Choice	If function \(f\) is defined by \(f(x)=(4x^{2}-12x)/(x^{2}-\)[If of \(x\) equals a fraction with numerator 4 x squared minus 12 x and denominator x squared minus 9], then at \(x=3\), which of the following is true? W) The graph of \(f\) has a vertical asymptote X) The graph of \(f\) has a hole on the \(x\) axis Y) The graph of \(f\) has a hole at (3, Z) \(f(x)=0\)	Y) THE GRAPH OF \(F\) HAS A HOLE AT (3, 2)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	An object is suspended from a spring balance in an elevator. The reading of the balance is 200 newtons when the elevator is at rest. If the balance reading later is 190 newtons, which of the following best describes how the elevator could be moving at that time? W) Downward at constant speed X) Downward and increasing in speed Y) Upward at constant speed Z) Upward and increasing in speed	X) DOWNWARD AND INCREASING IN SPEED
BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice	A small object is 10 centimeters in front of a plane mirror. Standing 20 centimeters behind the object, 30 centimeters from the mirror, at what distance in centimeters must you focus your eyes to see the object's mirror image clearly? W) 20 X) 30 Y) 40 Z) 50	Y) 40
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What is the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere called?	TROPOPAUSE
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following stellar reactions releases the most energy? W) Hydrogen to helium X) Helium to oxygen Y) Oxygen to silicon Z) Silicon to iron	W) HYDROGEN TO HELIUM
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following organ systems is responsible for the secretion of hormones? W) Endocrine X) Reproductive Y) Circulatory Z) Immune	W) ENDOCRINE
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	In an area originally devoid of life, what is the name for the first community to become established?	PIONEER (DO NOT ACCEPT: FOUNDER)
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following sectors in the U.S. uses the most petroleum? W) Industry X) Residential Y) Transportation Z) Construction	Y) TRANSPORTATION
BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between a BTU and a kilocalorie? W) A BTU has about one tenth the energy of a kilocalorie X) A BTU has about one fourth the energy of a kilocalorie Y) A BTU has about the same amount of energy as a kilocalorie Z) A BTU has about 251 times the energy of a kilocalorie	X) A BTU HAS ABOUT ONE FOWTH THE ENERGY OF A KILOCALORIE
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Ethylene [ETH-uh-teen] has which of the following? W) 2 pi bonds X) 2 sigma bonds and 1 pi bond Y) 3 sigma bonds Z) 5 sigma bonds and 1 pi bond	Z) 5 SIGMA BONDS AND 1 PI BOND
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	The lines defined by \(y=2x\) and \(2y=\)-\(x\) are which of the following? W) Parallel X) Perpendicular Y) Horizontal Z) Vertical	X) PERPENDICULAR
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which of the following products has the same units as power? W) Work and time X) Force and distance Y) Force and velocity Z) Force and acceleration	Y) FORCE AND VELOCITY
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Which form of electromagnetic radiation does NASA primarily use to transfer information from spacecraft back to Earth?	RADIO
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements is NOT true about lichen [LY-kuhn]? W) It is a composite organism X) It is composed of algae and moss Y) It is hardy and slow-growing Z) It usually reproduces asexually	X) IT IS COMPOSED OF ALGAE AND MOSS
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	What is the term for power that is consumed by electronics when they are not in use?	STANDBY POWER (ACCEPT: VAMPIRE POWER, VAMPIRE DRAW, PHANTOM LOAD, PHANTOM POWER, or LEAKING ELECTRICITY)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Give the name of the periodic table group that contains elements that are silver in color, soft, and react explosively with water.	ALKALI METALS (ACCEPT: GROUP 1 OR GROUP 1A)
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	What is the value of i\({}^{\text{4}}\)?	1
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	A girl runs up one flight of steps. Which of the following factors does NOT affect the work done by the girl against gravity? W) Her mass X) Height of the flight of steps Y) Her speed Z) Acceleration due to gravity	Y) HER SPEED
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Japan consists of a volcanic island arc and trench system. This is indicative of which type of tectonic plate boundary?	CONVERGENT
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements about the lone star tick is true? W) It only lives in Texas X) It transmits Lyme disease Y) It feeds on humans, dogs, and cats Z) It is relatively passive	Y) IT FEEDS ON HUMANS, DOGS, AND CATS
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	Indicate the name of the common and treatable condition that occurs when a person's eyeball is longer than normal and the lens focuses distant objects in the front of the retina.	MVOPIA (ACCEPT: NEARSIGHTEDNESS)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	What type of particle mediates the strong nuclear force?	GLUON
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What is the standard molar enthalpy of formation, in kilojoules per mole, for hydrogen gas?	0
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Liquid water can store more heat energy than an equal amount of any other naturally occurring substance because liquid water has which of the following characteristics? W) It expands when cooled X) It has its greatest density at 4\({}^{\circ}\) Celsius Y) It has higher specific heat Z) It can be changed into a solid or a gas	Y) IT HAS HIGHER SPECIFIC HEAT
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following will NOT usually increase the gas mileage of gasoline cars manufactured since the early 1980s? W) Driving at or below 60 miles per hour on the freeway X) Using cruise control Y) Replacing clogged air filters Z) Using overdrive gears	Y) REPLACING CLOGGED AIR FILTERS
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	As could be detected clinically during a functional magnetic resonance image, which of the following parts of the brain would be activated when a person is faced with a fearful situation? W) Neocortex X) Hippocampus [hip-uh-KAM-puhs] Y) Amygdala [uh-MIG-duh-luh] Z) Superior colliculi [ko-LI-kyoo-lee]	Y) AMYGDALA
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Indicate where action potentials are generated in a myelinated [MY-uh-luh-may-tid] post-synaptic cell. W) Axon hillock X) Dendrites Y) Neuron nucleus Z) Schwann cell	W) AXON HILLOCK
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	If a 0.20 kilogram apple fell 7.0 meters, hitting Newton's head, given acceleration due to gravity as 10 meters per second squared, what was the change in potential energy in joules?	14
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	Taking the acceleration due to gravity to be 10 meters per second squared, what kinetic coefficient of friction will exert a force of 20 newtons on a 4 kilogram object as it moves over a horizontal surface?	0.5
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What subshell is defined by an electron with quantum numbers n = 3 and \(l=2\)[ell equals 2]?	3d
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Which planet takes more time to complete one rotation on its axis than to complete one revolution around the Sun?	VENUS
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	How many terms does the binomial expansion of \((x^{2}+2y^{3})^{20}\)[open parenthesis x squared plus 2 y cubed close parenthesis to the power of 20] contain?	21
BONUS MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following functions has an oblique asymptote? W) \(f(x)=(x^{5}+/(x^{4}+3x^{2}+\)[f of x equals open parenthesis x to the fifth plus 1 close parenthesis over open parenthesis x to the fourth plus 3 x squared plus 2 close parenthesis] X) \(f(x)=(x^{2}+/(x^{3}\cdot x^{2}\cdot \)[f of x equals open parenthesis x squared plus 1 close parenthesis over open parenthesis x cubed minus x squared minus 1 close parenthesis] Y) \(f(x)=(4x^{2}+x+/x^{2}\)[f of x equals open parenthesis 4 x squared plus x plus 1 close parenthesis over x squared] Z) \(f(x)=x^{5}/(x^{2}\cdot \)[f of x equals x to the fifth over open parenthesis x squared minus 1 close parenthesis]	W) \(f(x)=(x^{5}+1)/(x^{4}+3x^{2}+2)\)
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	What is the term for a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass?	BIOREFINERY
BONUS ENERGY Short Answer	Name all of the following five products that have been made with green algae: biodiesel, methane, ethanol, gasoline, biogasline.	1, 2, 3, 5 (ACCEPT: BIODIESEL, METHANE, ETHANOL, BIOGASOLINE)
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Given f(\(x\)) = \(x+1\) and g(\(x\)) = \(3x\), what is f(\(g(x)\)) [f of g of x]?	\(3x+1\)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the name given to soil that forms over millions of years from weathering of crystalline bedrock? W) Advanced X) Mature Y) Transported Z) Parent	X) MATURE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following senses is most important to the behavior of most spiders? W) Audition X) Olfaction Y) Mechanoreception Z) Polarized light vision	Y) MECHANORECEPTION
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	A current of 4 milliamperes flows when a resistor is connected across a 12-volt battery. What is the resistance of this resistor in ohms?	3000
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following molecules is an alkane? W) C\({}{4}\)H\({}{8}\) X) C\({}{3}\)H\({}{8}\) Y) C\({}{2}\)H\({}{2}\) Z) C\({}{2}\)H\({}{5}\)OH	X) C\({}{3}\)H\({}{8}\)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	The metamorphism of a sandstone rock will cause the rock to do which of the following? W) Melt X) Contain more fossils Y) Become denser Z) Occupy a greater volume	Y) BECOME DENSER
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following is an identity? W) \(\cos(2x)=2\)\(\cos(x)\)[cosine of 2x equals 2 cosine of x] X) \(\sin(2x)=2\)\(\sin(x)\)\(\cos(x)\)[sine of 2 x equals 2 sine of x cosine of x] Y) \(\cos(x+y)=\cos(x)+\cos(y)\)[cosine of the quantity x plus y equals cosine of x plus cosine of y] Z) \(\sin(x\) - \(y)=\sin(x)\) - \(\sin(y)\)[sine of the quantity x minus y equals sine of x minus sine of y]	X) \(\sin(2x)=2\)\(\sin(x)\)\(\cos(x)\)
BONUS MATH Short Answer	For Valentine's Day, Adam bought several dozen roses and several dozen carnations. The roses cost $15 per dozen, and the carnations cost $8 per dozen. Adam bought a total of 17 dozen flowers and paid a total of $192. How many dozen roses did he buy?	8
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	What is the term for the process during the thermodynamic cycle in which a fluid or gas changes volume or pressure without any heat exchange between it and its surrounding environment?	ADIABATIC
BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements about carbon sequestration is false? W) Costs of carbon sequestration programs increase due to integration X) Iron fertilization in the ocean encourages phytoplankton growth, which removes additional carbon from the atmosphere Y) The use of cover crops between planting seasons could remove carbon from the atmosphere Z) Peat bogs are excellent for carbon storage	W) COSTS OF CARBON SEQUESTRATION PROGRAMS INCREASE DUE TO INTEGRATION
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following animal species is usually NOT considered gregarious [gri-GAIR-ee-uhs]? W) Leopards X) Harbor seals Y) Brown-headed cowbirds Z) Nile crocodiles	W) LEOPARDS
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	What name is used both for the breathing aperture [AP-er-cher] on arthropods [AHR-thruh-pods] and the nasal opening of whales?	SPIRACLES (ACCEPT: SPIRACULUM)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	A wheel with moment of inertia \(m\) is mounted horizontally to a frictionless axle. At time \(t\) = 0 the initial angular speed is \(\omega\). A constant torque \(Q\) is applied to the wheel, bringing it to a stop in time \(t\). Which of the following is the average power required to dissipate the wheel's energy in this time? W) m\(\omega\)/2t X) m\(\omega\)/2t Y) m\(\omega\)/t Z) m\(\omega\)/Q	X) m\(\omega\)/2t
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	A pole vaulter wishes to clear a bar 5 meters above her center of mass. Given an ideal pole and launch, assuming her mass is uniformly distributed, and given 10 meters per second squared as the acceleration due to gravity, how fast must she run in meters per second?	10
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following chemicals is least likely to hydrogen bond with water? W) Benzene X) Water Y) Ammonia Z) Formic acid	W) BENZENE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Converting carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide through reduction would be effective method for reducing harmful levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. However, this conversion is very difficult for which of the following reasons? W) There is a limited supply of rhenium in the world X) Not all steps of the reduction have been completely determined Y) The final step takes an extremely long time Z) The carbon dioxide is too difficult to harness

W) THERE IS A LIMITED SUPPLY OF RHENIUM IN THE WORLD

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Compared to felsic igneous rocks, mafic igneous rocks contain greater amounts of which of the following elements? W) Iron X) Aluminum Y) Potassium Z) Silicon

W) IRON

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Name the components that create the two distinct tails of a comet.

IONS AND DUST

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the common name of the group of marine spiny-finned fish of the order Heterosomata, all of which, when adult, swim along the sea floor on one side of the body, which is highly compressed and has both eyes on the uppermost side?

FLATFISH

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is NOT true about otters? W) Newborn otters are taken care of by their fathers only X) Their dens are called holts or couches Y) They feed on fish, shellfish, amphibians and birds Z) A male otter is called a dog

W) NEWBORN OTTERS ARE TAKEN CARE OF BY THEIR FATHERS ONLY

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes where the salt in ocean water comes from? W) Melting of glacial ice X) Weathering of continental rocks Y) Decomposition of plants and animals Z) Precipitation of salty rain

X) WEATHERING OF CONTINENTAL ROCKS

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Cayes [KAYS] are small sandy islands formed on the surface of coral reefs in tropical areas like the coast of Belize. The sand on these cayes is primarily composed of which of the following? W) Silicate X) Calcium carbonate Y) Suffide Z) Halide

X) CALCIUM CARBONATE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which of the following cells cannot be recharged? W) Dry X) Wet Y) Primary Z) Secondary

Y) PRIMARY

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

What is $x$ equal to in the following expression: $\log{x}7=1$[log base x of 7 equals 1]?

7

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

When assigning electrons to subshells, which of the following subshells will be filled first? W) 4f X) 5s Y) 5d Z) 6s

X) 5s

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

What is the term for a device used to determine or measure the presence of electrostatic charges?

ELECTROSCOPE

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following layers of the atmosphere allows AM radio stations to transmit over great distances at night? W) Ionosphere [eye-ON-uh-sfeer] X) Stratosphere Y) Thermosphere Z) Troposphere

W) IONOSPHERE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

In 1868, observers of a solar eclipse first noticed a bright yellow spectral line. They theorized that this was due to a new element and gave it what sun-inspired name?

HELIUM

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice

An electroscope is negatively charged, with the leaves at an angle of about 45${}^{\circ}$. When a negatively charged rod is slowly brought near the plate of the electroscope, the leaves do which of the following? W) Repel X) Attract Y) Repel then attract Z) Fall to zero then repel

W) REPEL

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

W is one of the vertices of a polygon. If there are 8 diagonals of the polygon that contain W, how many sides does the polygon have?

11

BONUS MATH Short Answer

A fair standard six-sided die is rolled two times. What is the probability that the sum of the numbers on the two rolls will be greater than 9?

1/6

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What is the name of the bond linking each fatty acid to glycerol [GLIS-uh-rol] in a triglyceride?

ESTER

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following particles has the least penetrating power? W) Neutron X) Alpha particle Y) Beta particle Z) Positron

X) ALPHA PARTICLE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

Which gas was in short supply in the Earth's atmosphere prior to the evolution of the citric acid cycle?

OXYGEN

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Kilauea [kee-Iou-AY-ah] and Mauna Loa [MOU-nuh LOH-uh], are examples of which of the following types of volcanoes? W) Shield X) Composite Y) Cinder cone Z) Transform fault

W) SHIELD

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

A lunar vehicle on Earth moves at 10 kilometers per hour. When it travels at the same speed on the Moon, what is its momentum in comparison to its momentum on Earth, assuming that the Moon's gravitational force is one fifth that of Earth's?

THE SAME (ACCEPT: EQUAL)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

Coulomb's law states that an electric force between two charges is inversely proportional to the square of what quantity?

DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM (ACCEPT: THEIR SEPARATION, RADIAL DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM)

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following numbers is NOT prime? W) 107 X) 109 Y) 111 Z) 113

Y) 111

BONUS MATH Short Answer

Todd the Tortoise is 268 years old, while Sammy the Snail is 32 years old. How many years will it take for Todd's age to be exactly 5 times Sammy's age?

2717) CHEMISTRY Short Answer What element has the following four characteristics: 1) it occurs naturally only in combination with other elements in minerals; 2) it is used primarily as a hardening agent in alloys; 3) its dust is highly toxic, and 4) it is an alkaline [AL-kuh-lyn] earth metal.

## 18 BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Identify all of the following four compounds that are ionic: sodium sulfate, methane, ammonium chloride, beryllium iodide.

1 AND 3 (ACCEPT: SODIUM SULFATE AND AMMONIUM CHLORIDE)

## 19 TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Rectifiers are used in computers and other appliances to do which of the following? W) Convert direct current to alternating current X) Convert alternating current to direct current Y) Provide a steady amount of power at all times Z) Reduce the energy consumption of an appliance

X) CONVERT ALTERNATING CURRENT TO DIRECT CURRENT

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes why the xylem [ZY-luhm] is an important plant tissue? W) It transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves X) It transports water and minerals from the leaves to the roots Y) It is the best part of the plant to eat Z) It gives a plant its strength to stand straight

W) IT TRANSPORTS WATER AND MINERALS FROM THE ROOTS TO THE LEAVES

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Your body has approximately one million B cells and ten million different T cells. A gram-negative bacterium enters your body and one of your B cells binds to the bacterium via the BCR recognizing the LPS. Which of the following will happen next? W) The B cell will proliferate X) The virus will enter the B cell Y) Similar T cells will be destroyed Z) The B cell will be destroyed

W) THE B CELL WILL PROLIFERATE

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Given the current climatic conditions on Earth, at which of the following locations would a glacier most likely form? W) 0${}^{\circ}$ latitude at an elevation of 6,000 meters X) 15${}^{\circ}$ N latitude at an elevation of 4,000 meters Y) 30${}^{\circ}$ N latitude at an elevation of 3,000 meters Z) 45${}^{\circ}$ N latitude at an elevation of 1,000 meters

W) 0${}^{\circ}$ LATITUDE AT AN ELEVATION OF 6,000 METERS

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

The analysis of which of the following fossil types from ancient vertebrates provides important information about the diet and biota of ancient environments? W) Tracks X) Coprolite Y) Burrows Z) Fulgurite [FUHL-gyuh-ryt]

X) COPROLITE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

What is the SI unit of inductance?

HENRY

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Give the coordinates of the point where the line $3x+2y=18$ intersects the $x$ axis.

(6, 0)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a buffering agent? W) Magnesium oxide X) Rubidium hydroxide Y) Ammonia Z) Monopotassium phosphate

X) RUBIDIUM HYDROXIDE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the common name of the unicellular organism that has the following characteristics: it has chloroplasts and can make its own food; it can also ingest food from its environment; it usually lives in ponds or puddles; it moves by a flagellum; it has an eyespot that detects light.

EUGLENA

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following phenomena are responsible for orange and red sunsets? W) Dust particles in the atmosphere X) Ice crystals in the atmosphere Y) Water droplets in the atmosphere Z) Water vapor in the atmosphere

W) DUST PARTICLES IN THE ATMOSPHERE

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What element is produced in a fusion of hydrogen within a star?

HELIUM

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements best explains how conglomerates differ from breccias [BRECH-ee-uhs]? W) Conglomerates are comprised of interlocking crystals rather than sediments X) Breccias are comprised of less mature sediments Y) Conglomerates are formed at higher elevations Z) Breccias are formed through metamorphic processes

X) BRECCIAS ARE COMPRISED OF LESS MATURE SEDIMENTS

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle takes place in what cellular organelle?

MITOCHONDRIA

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of eudicots [yoo-DY-kots]? W) Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 X) Taproot Y) Two cotyledons [Kot-I-EED-ns] Z) Pollen granules with one opening

Z) POLLEN GRANULES WITH ONE OPENING

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following elements, in its gaseous state, has the greatest electron affinity? W) Fluorine X) Bromine Y) Sulfur Z) Chlorine

W) FLUORINE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What disaccharide [dy-SAK-uh-ryd] is composed of beta-D-galactose [guh-LAK-toS] in a beta-1,4 linkage with alpha-D-glucose?

LACTOSE

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

The equation -mx + 1 = 13 - 4(x + [negative m x plus 1 equals 13 minus 4 times the quantity x plus 3] is an identity if $m$ equals which of the following? W) -4 X) -1 Y) 1 Z) 4

Z) 4

BONUS MATH Multiple Choice

If f(x) = -2$x$ + 8$x$ - 4, which of the following is true? W) $f$ is not a one to one function X) The graph of $f$ opens upward Y) The graph of $f$ has no x-intercept Z) The maximum value of f(x) is -4

W) f!S NOT A ONE TO ONE FUNCTION

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

The acceleration of an object that is in free fall in a vacuum is which of the following? W) Proportional to the mass of the object X) Proportional to the inverse of the mass of the object Y) Independent of the mass of the object Z) Equal to the product of force and mass

Y) INDEPENDENT OF THE MASS OF THE OBJECT

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What do scientists call the process by which trade winds in the Pacific weaken, allowing warmer water to move toward the west coast of South America?

EL NINO (ACCEPT: EL NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION OR ENSO)

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

The fossil record of European black bears provides evidence of adaptive selection. In a population of black bears, identify the specific type of adaptive selection which would allow the average size of European black bears to increase after periods of glaciation but later decrease in size as interglacial periods warmed.

DIRECTIONAL (DO NOT ACCEPT: DIVERSIFYING)

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following terms would be used as a synonym for a building described with the term LEED? W) Lead contaminated X) Green Y) Renewed Z) Sanitized

X) GREEN

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following represents the enthalpy [EN-thal-pee] change that occurs to melt a solid at its melting point? W) Heat of fusion X) Heat of hydration Y) Heat of liquidation Z) Heat of vaporization

W) HEAT OF FUSION

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

A gaseous mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon have molar fractions of 0.25, 0.65, and.010, respectively. What is the pressure in atmospheres of nitrogen if the total pressure of the mixture is 4.0 atmospheres?

1.0

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

What is the solution set of the inequality $(x-^{\,2}\leq 0$[the quantity $x$ minus one squared is less than or equal to zero]?

1

BONUS MATH Multiple Choice

If function $f$ is defined by $f(x)=(4x^{2}-12x)/(x^{2}-$[If of $x$ equals a fraction with numerator 4 x squared minus 12 x and denominator x squared minus 9], then at $x=3$, which of the following is true? W) The graph of $f$ has a vertical asymptote X) The graph of $f$ has a hole on the $x$ axis Y) The graph of $f$ has a hole at (3, Z) $f(x)=0$

Y) THE GRAPH OF $F$ HAS A HOLE AT (3, 2)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

An object is suspended from a spring balance in an elevator. The reading of the balance is 200 newtons when the elevator is at rest. If the balance reading later is 190 newtons, which of the following best describes how the elevator could be moving at that time? W) Downward at constant speed X) Downward and increasing in speed Y) Upward at constant speed Z) Upward and increasing in speed

X) DOWNWARD AND INCREASING IN SPEED

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice

A small object is 10 centimeters in front of a plane mirror. Standing 20 centimeters behind the object, 30 centimeters from the mirror, at what distance in centimeters must you focus your eyes to see the object's mirror image clearly? W) 20 X) 30 Y) 40 Z) 50

Y) 40

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What is the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere called?

TROPOPAUSE

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following stellar reactions releases the most energy? W) Hydrogen to helium X) Helium to oxygen Y) Oxygen to silicon Z) Silicon to iron

W) HYDROGEN TO HELIUM

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following organ systems is responsible for the secretion of hormones? W) Endocrine X) Reproductive Y) Circulatory Z) Immune

W) ENDOCRINE

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

In an area originally devoid of life, what is the name for the first community to become established?

PIONEER (DO NOT ACCEPT: FOUNDER)

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following sectors in the U.S. uses the most petroleum? W) Industry X) Residential Y) Transportation Z) Construction

Y) TRANSPORTATION

BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between a BTU and a kilocalorie? W) A BTU has about one tenth the energy of a kilocalorie X) A BTU has about one fourth the energy of a kilocalorie Y) A BTU has about the same amount of energy as a kilocalorie Z) A BTU has about 251 times the energy of a kilocalorie

X) A BTU HAS ABOUT ONE FOWTH THE ENERGY OF A KILOCALORIE

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Ethylene [ETH-uh-teen] has which of the following? W) 2 pi bonds X) 2 sigma bonds and 1 pi bond Y) 3 sigma bonds Z) 5 sigma bonds and 1 pi bond

Z) 5 SIGMA BONDS AND 1 PI BOND

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

The lines defined by $y=2x$ and $2y=$-$x$ are which of the following? W) Parallel X) Perpendicular Y) Horizontal Z) Vertical

X) PERPENDICULAR

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which of the following products has the same units as power? W) Work and time X) Force and distance Y) Force and velocity Z) Force and acceleration

Y) FORCE AND VELOCITY

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Which form of electromagnetic radiation does NASA primarily use to transfer information from spacecraft back to Earth?

RADIO

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is NOT true about lichen [LY-kuhn]? W) It is a composite organism X) It is composed of algae and moss Y) It is hardy and slow-growing Z) It usually reproduces asexually

X) IT IS COMPOSED OF ALGAE AND MOSS

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

What is the term for power that is consumed by electronics when they are not in use?

STANDBY POWER (ACCEPT: VAMPIRE POWER, VAMPIRE DRAW, PHANTOM LOAD, PHANTOM POWER, or LEAKING ELECTRICITY)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Give the name of the periodic table group that contains elements that are silver in color, soft, and react explosively with water.

ALKALI METALS (ACCEPT: GROUP 1 OR GROUP 1A)

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

What is the value of i${}^{\text{4}}$?

1

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

A girl runs up one flight of steps. Which of the following factors does NOT affect the work done by the girl against gravity? W) Her mass X) Height of the flight of steps Y) Her speed Z) Acceleration due to gravity

Y) HER SPEED

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Japan consists of a volcanic island arc and trench system. This is indicative of which type of tectonic plate boundary?

CONVERGENT

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements about the lone star tick is true? W) It only lives in Texas X) It transmits Lyme disease Y) It feeds on humans, dogs, and cats Z) It is relatively passive

Y) IT FEEDS ON HUMANS, DOGS, AND CATS

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

Indicate the name of the common and treatable condition that occurs when a person's eyeball is longer than normal and the lens focuses distant objects in the front of the retina.

MVOPIA (ACCEPT: NEARSIGHTEDNESS)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

What type of particle mediates the strong nuclear force?

GLUON

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What is the standard molar enthalpy of formation, in kilojoules per mole, for hydrogen gas?

0

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Liquid water can store more heat energy than an equal amount of any other naturally occurring substance because liquid water has which of the following characteristics? W) It expands when cooled X) It has its greatest density at 4${}^{\circ}$ Celsius Y) It has higher specific heat Z) It can be changed into a solid or a gas

Y) IT HAS HIGHER SPECIFIC HEAT

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following will NOT usually increase the gas mileage of gasoline cars manufactured since the early 1980s? W) Driving at or below 60 miles per hour on the freeway X) Using cruise control Y) Replacing clogged air filters Z) Using overdrive gears

Y) REPLACING CLOGGED AIR FILTERS

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

As could be detected clinically during a functional magnetic resonance image, which of the following parts of the brain would be activated when a person is faced with a fearful situation? W) Neocortex X) Hippocampus [hip-uh-KAM-puhs] Y) Amygdala [uh-MIG-duh-luh] Z) Superior colliculi [ko-LI-kyoo-lee]

Y) AMYGDALA

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Indicate where action potentials are generated in a myelinated [MY-uh-luh-may-tid] post-synaptic cell. W) Axon hillock X) Dendrites Y) Neuron nucleus Z) Schwann cell

W) AXON HILLOCK

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

If a 0.20 kilogram apple fell 7.0 meters, hitting Newton's head, given acceleration due to gravity as 10 meters per second squared, what was the change in potential energy in joules?

14

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

Taking the acceleration due to gravity to be 10 meters per second squared, what kinetic coefficient of friction will exert a force of 20 newtons on a 4 kilogram object as it moves over a horizontal surface?

0.5

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What subshell is defined by an electron with quantum numbers n = 3 and $l=2$[ell equals 2]?

3d

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Which planet takes more time to complete one rotation on its axis than to complete one revolution around the Sun?

VENUS

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

How many terms does the binomial expansion of $(x^{2}+2y^{3})^{20}$[open parenthesis x squared plus 2 y cubed close parenthesis to the power of 20] contain?

21

BONUS MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following functions has an oblique asymptote? W) $f(x)=(x^{5}+/(x^{4}+3x^{2}+$[f of x equals open parenthesis x to the fifth plus 1 close parenthesis over open parenthesis x to the fourth plus 3 x squared plus 2 close parenthesis] X) $f(x)=(x^{2}+/(x^{3}\cdot x^{2}\cdot $[f of x equals open parenthesis x squared plus 1 close parenthesis over open parenthesis x cubed minus x squared minus 1 close parenthesis] Y) $f(x)=(4x^{2}+x+/x^{2}$[f of x equals open parenthesis 4 x squared plus x plus 1 close parenthesis over x squared] Z) $f(x)=x^{5}/(x^{2}\cdot $[f of x equals x to the fifth over open parenthesis x squared minus 1 close parenthesis]

W) $f(x)=(x^{5}+1)/(x^{4}+3x^{2}+2)$

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

What is the term for a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass?

BIOREFINERY

BONUS ENERGY Short Answer

Name all of the following five products that have been made with green algae: biodiesel, methane, ethanol, gasoline, biogasline.

1, 2, 3, 5 (ACCEPT: BIODIESEL, METHANE, ETHANOL, BIOGASOLINE)

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Given f($x$) = $x+1$ and g($x$) = $3x$, what is f($g(x)$) [f of g of x]?

$3x+1$

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the name given to soil that forms over millions of years from weathering of crystalline bedrock? W) Advanced X) Mature Y) Transported Z) Parent

X) MATURE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following senses is most important to the behavior of most spiders? W) Audition X) Olfaction Y) Mechanoreception Z) Polarized light vision

Y) MECHANORECEPTION

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

A current of 4 milliamperes flows when a resistor is connected across a 12-volt battery. What is the resistance of this resistor in ohms?

3000

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following molecules is an alkane? W) C${}{4}$H${}{8}$ X) C${}{3}$H${}{8}$ Y) C${}{2}$H${}{2}$ Z) C${}{2}$H${}{5}$OH

X) C${}{3}$H${}{8}$

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

The metamorphism of a sandstone rock will cause the rock to do which of the following? W) Melt X) Contain more fossils Y) Become denser Z) Occupy a greater volume

Y) BECOME DENSER

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an identity? W) $\cos(2x)=2$$\cos(x)$[cosine of 2x equals 2 cosine of x] X) $\sin(2x)=2$$\sin(x)$$\cos(x)$[sine of 2 x equals 2 sine of x cosine of x] Y) $\cos(x+y)=\cos(x)+\cos(y)$[cosine of the quantity x plus y equals cosine of x plus cosine of y] Z) $\sin(x$ - $y)=\sin(x)$ - $\sin(y)$[sine of the quantity x minus y equals sine of x minus sine of y]

X) $\sin(2x)=2$$\sin(x)$$\cos(x)$

BONUS MATH Short Answer

For Valentine's Day, Adam bought several dozen roses and several dozen carnations. The roses cost $15 per dozen, and the carnations cost $8 per dozen. Adam bought a total of 17 dozen flowers and paid a total of $192. How many dozen roses did he buy?

8

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

What is the term for the process during the thermodynamic cycle in which a fluid or gas changes volume or pressure without any heat exchange between it and its surrounding environment?

ADIABATIC

BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements about carbon sequestration is false? W) Costs of carbon sequestration programs increase due to integration X) Iron fertilization in the ocean encourages phytoplankton growth, which removes additional carbon from the atmosphere Y) The use of cover crops between planting seasons could remove carbon from the atmosphere Z) Peat bogs are excellent for carbon storage

W) COSTS OF CARBON SEQUESTRATION PROGRAMS INCREASE DUE TO INTEGRATION

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following animal species is usually NOT considered gregarious [gri-GAIR-ee-uhs]? W) Leopards X) Harbor seals Y) Brown-headed cowbirds Z) Nile crocodiles

W) LEOPARDS

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

What name is used both for the breathing aperture [AP-er-cher] on arthropods [AHR-thruh-pods] and the nasal opening of whales?

SPIRACLES (ACCEPT: SPIRACULUM)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

A wheel with moment of inertia $m$ is mounted horizontally to a frictionless axle. At time $t$ = 0 the initial angular speed is $\omega$. A constant torque $Q$ is applied to the wheel, bringing it to a stop in time $t$. Which of the following is the average power required to dissipate the wheel's energy in this time? W) m$\omega$/2t X) m$\omega$/2t Y) m$\omega$/t Z) m$\omega$/Q

X) m$\omega$/2t

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

A pole vaulter wishes to clear a bar 5 meters above her center of mass. Given an ideal pole and launch, assuming her mass is uniformly distributed, and given 10 meters per second squared as the acceleration due to gravity, how fast must she run in meters per second?

10

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following chemicals is least likely to hydrogen bond with water? W) Benzene X) Water Y) Ammonia Z) Formic acid

W) BENZENE