AarushSah/scibowl_no_headers · Datasets at Hugging Face

Type stringlengths 0 490	Prompt stringlengths 5 919	Completion stringlengths 1 424
BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice	Diesel fuel does not need a spark to ignite like gasoline does. Diesel can rely on compression to heat the fuel for which of the following reasons? W) It has a lower molecular weight than gasoline X) It has a lower flash point than gasoline Y) It has a lower auto ignition temperature than gasoline Z) It has a lower spark point than gasoline	Y) IT HAS A LOWER AUTO IGNITION TEMPERATURE THAN GASOLINE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is necessary for the evolution of pesticide resistance? W) A population that is highly susceptible to the pesticide X) An extremely lethal pesticide Y) Genetic variation in susceptibility to the pesticide Z) Heterogeneous [het-er-uh-JEE-nee-uhs] application of pesticide	Y) GENETIC VARIATION IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO THE PESTICIDE
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	Given that a second degree polynomial function \(f(x)\) has a zero at \(x=3\) with multiplicity 2, which of the following is true? W) The graph of \(f(x)\) crosses the \(y\)-axis at 3 X) As \(x\) approaches infinity, \(f(x)\) approaches infinity Y) The graph of \(f(x)\) crosses the \(x\)-axis at 3 Z) The graph of \(f(x)\) touches but does not cross the \(x\)-axis at 3	Z) THE GRAPH OF \(f(x)\) TOUCHES BUT DOES NOT CROSS THE \(x\)-AXIS AT 3
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is true about the sediments found at the farthest edges of an alluvial fan? W) They are metal rich X) They are relatively fine-grained Y) They are the most angular Z) They are chemically altered by their unique environment	X) THEY ARE RELATIVELY FINE-GRAINED
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following pairs are the most likely hydrogen-bonding partners? W) Water and ammonia X) Water and estrogen Y) Water and carbonate Z) Water and methane	W) WATER AND AMMONIA
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Identify which of the following types of copolymer [koh-POL-uh-mer] would be represented by a molecule with the linkage pattern FGGFFGFG? W) Statistical X) Block Y) Graft Z) Alternating	W) STATISTICAL
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following causes basal sliding of glaciers? W) Melting of basal ice due to heat from friction as the glacier moves along bedrock X) Changes in gravity as the glacier increases in mass Y) Differences in the amount of friction linked to variable surface conditions under the glacier Z) Decrease in friction due to melting from pressure of overlying ice	Z) DECREASE IN FRACTION DUE TO MELTING FROM PRESSURE OF OVERLYING ICE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	As a photon travels from water to air, which of the following quantities changes? W) Frequency X) Wavelength Y) Energy Z) Phase	X) WAVELENGTH
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following nuclides is both fissile and fissionable only with high energy bombardment? W) U-233 X) U-235 Y) U-238 Z) Pu-239	Y) U-238
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following molecules are NOT covalently attached to proteins as post-translational modifications? W) Ubiquitins X) Phosphates Y) Ions such as Ca\({}^{+2}\) and Mg\({}^{+2}\) Z) Carbohydrate groups	Y) IONS SUCH AS Ca\({}^{+2}\) AND Mg\({}^{+2}\)
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements is NOT correct regarding prions? W) They can cause scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases [KROYTS-felt Jakob] X) They infect the same taxa [TAK-suh] as viroids [VY-roids] Y) They can cause degenerative brain diseases Z) They are an infectious agent comprised entirely of protein	X) THEY INFECT THE SAME TAXA AS VIROIDS
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	If the height of a cone is equal to the diameter of its base, express the volume of the cone in terms of its radius \(r\) and as a fraction in terms of pi.	(\(2/3\)) \(\pi r^{3}\) (ALSO ACCEPT:\(2\pi r^{3}/3\))
BONUS MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the volume of the solid created by revolving the area bounded by semicircle \(y=\sqrt[3]{16-(x-^{2}}\)[by equals the square root of open bracket 16 minus open parenthesis x minus 4 close parenthesis squared close brackets] and the x-axis around the x-axis? W) 16\(\pi\) X) 64\(\pi\)/3 Y) 64\(\pi\) Z) 256\(\pi\)/3	Z) 256\(\pi\)/3
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is true for the isotopes of an element? W) They cannot be separated at all X) They have equal masses Y) They have similar chemical behavior Z) They cannot be separated by physical methods	Y) THEY HAVE SIMILAR CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	The equilibrium constant K for the following reaction is 6 x 10\({}^{-4}\): (CH\({}{3}\))\({}{2}\)NH + H\({}{2}\)O \(\rightarrow^{\star}\)(CH\({}{3}\))\({}{2}\)NH\({}{2}\)\({}^{+}\) + OH [CH 3 2 NH plus H 2 O yields star C H 3 2 N H 2 plus plus O H minus]. Providing your answer in scientific notation, find K for the reaction (CH\({}{3}\))\({}{2}\)NH\({}{2}\)\({}^{+}\)\(\rightarrow^{\star}\)(CH\({}{3}\))\({}{2}\)NH + H\({}^{+}\)[C H 3 2 N H 2 plus yields star C H 3 2 N H plus H plus].	1.7 x 10\({}^{-11}\)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following minerals is white or colorless, has a hardness of 2.5, and splits with cubic cleavage? W) Calcite X) Pyrite Y) Halite Z) Mica [MY-kuh]	Y) HALITE
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What is the largest sediment particle type a wind of 10 meters per second could transport?	SAND
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	Three masses are arranged at the vertices of an equilateral triangle and are connected by springs along the edges of the equilateral triangle. How many normal modes for vibration does this mass-spring system have?	THREE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What class of hormone, often produced in a plant's roots, induces cell division in plant roots and shoots?	CYTOKININ
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	When the spent fuel is removed from a nuclear power plant, which of the following immediately occurs? W) It is placed in dry cash storage at the nuclear reactor site until it is safe to handle, and then it is sent to the permanent storage facility X) It is sent to Yucca Mountain to be stored in the National Repository Y) It is stored under water in a spent fuel pool at the reactor for several years Z) It is sealed in 50 gallon drums and allowed to cool	Y) IT IS STORED UNDER WATER IN A SPENT FUEL POOL AT THE REACTOR FOR SEVERAL YEARS
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Expressing your answer in simplest form, if \(y=(x^{6})\ln(x)\)[y equals \(x\) to the sixth power times the natural log of x], what is the derivative of \(y\) with respect to \(x\)?	\(6x^{5}\ln(x)+x^{5}\)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	The amino acid sequence of a protein represents the translation of which of the following? W) The template DNA strand X) The nontemplate DNA strand Y) The tRNA nucleotide sequence [NOO-klee-uh-tyd] Z) The reverse-complement of the mRNA strand	X) THE NONTEMPLATE DNA STRAND
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which of the following principles of fluid dynamics does an airplane use to create an upward force? W) Archimedes' X) Pascal's Y) Venturi's Z) Bernoulli's	Z) BERNOULLI'S
BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice	If magnetic monopoles exist, which of the following Maxwell's equations would be changed? W) Gauss's law for magnetism only X) Gauss's law for magnetism and Ampere's law Y) Gauss's law for magnetism and Faraday's law Z) Gauss's law for magnetism, Ampere's law, and Faraday's law	Y) GAUSS's LAW FOR MAGNETISM AND FARADAY'S LAW
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the rate at which atmospheric gases and particles are moved across a surface? W) Vertical dispersion X) Turbulence Y) Flux Z) Stratospheric transport	Y) FLUX
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is true of sandstone formed from a long-term paleodesert? W) It would exhibit clearly graded bedding X) It would have preserved ripples but not dunes Y) It would appear black due to the dark iron-rich minerals present Z) It would contain well rounded grains and have high quartz content	Z) IT WOULD CONTAIN WELL ROUNDED GRAINS AND HAVE HIGH QUARTZ CONTENT
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What modified base in the anticodon's wobble position can base pair with uracil [YOOR-uh-sill], cytosine [SY-tuh-seen] or adenine [AD-n-een] in the third position of an mRNA codon?	INOSINE
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Kearns-Sayre Syndrome is caused by a mutation on a gene in the mitochondrial [my-tuh-KON-dree-uh] DNA. Both males and females can have the disease, but the disease can only be transmitted to a child by the mother, never the father. Why is this so? W) The gene is on the X chromosome, and females are XX X) The sperm that fertilizes the egg contributes only its chromosomes and none of its mitochondria Y) The mutant protein is only active in the egg, not the sperm Z) The disease is sex-limited	X) THE SPERM THAT FERTILIZES THE EGG ONLY CONTRIBUTES ITS CHROMOSOMES AND NONE OF ITS MITOCHONRIA
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following effects does lowering the temperature have on the decay rate of a sample of radioactive material? W) The decay will speed up X) The decay will slow down Y) There is no change Z) There is an inverse relationship between temperature and fission	Y) THERE IS NO CHANGE
BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice	FutureGen 2.0 power plants will reduce carbon dioxide production by burning coal in which of the following ways? W) With a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide instead of air to produce concentrated carbon dioxide X) With an enhanced concentration of oxygen instead of air to produce less carbon dioxide per ton of coal burned Y) In a catalytic chamber that scrubs the carbon dioxide out of the emissions Z) Using carbon dioxide reduced coal in an 80% nitrogen and 18% oxygen mixture	W) WITH A MIXTURE OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE INSTEAD OF AIR TO
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	Two electromagnetic waves are incident upon a gerbil. They are identical and coherent except for a phase difference of 60 degrees. If the intensity of each wave in isolation is 10 watts per meter squared, what is the intensity of light in watts per square meter experienced by the gerbil?	30
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	An ideal gas is enclosed within a container with a movable piston as the lid. The gas is initially at a pressure of 3 atmospheres and occupies a volume of 2 liters. The piston is lowered so that the gas now occupies 1.5 liters at a pressure of \(P\). If the process was carried out slowly, maintaining constant temperature in contact with a suitable reservoir, what is \(P\) in atmospheres?	4
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	The observation that the mean luminosity of more distant stars tends to be higher than the mean luminosity of nearby stars in a flux-limited sample is an example of which of the following kinds of bias? W) Eddington X) Selection Y) Confirmation Z) Hindsight	X) SELECTION
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following features is NOT associated with subduction zone geology? W) San Joaquin Valley, California X) Accreted terrains of coastal California Y) North Carolina barrier islands Z) Cascade Mountains in Oregon and Washington	Y) NORTH CAROLINA BARRIER ISLANDS
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is true for an adiabatic process? W) Temperature remains constant X) Pressure remains constant Y) Net heat transfer to the surroundings is zero Z) Work done on the surroundings is zero	Y) NET HEAT TRANSFER TO THE SURROUNDINGS IS ZERO
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	In active meiosis, new genetic combinations can arise in two different ways. Which of the following is the first stage in which there could be genetic recombination? W) Anaphase I X) Anaphase II Y) Propphase I Z) Propphase II	Y) PROPHASE I
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following classes of stars does NOT have radiative zones? W) A X) G Y) M Z) O	Y) M
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Under which of the following circumstances does ocean depth affect ocean wave motion? W) When ocean depth falls below half the wavelength of a wave X) When the ocean wave has a period exceeding 20 seconds Y) When the ocean waves are impacted by tides Z) When the ocean floor has high relief, regardless of the depth	W) WHEN OCEAN DEPTH FALLS BELOW HALF THE WAVELENGTH OF A WAVE
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	What is the radius of the circle with equation \(x^{2}+6x+y^{2}-8y-11=0\)?	6
BONUS MATH Short Answer	Providing your answer as an improper fraction in lowest terms, solve the following equation for \(x\) over the real numbers: \(\mathcal{Y}^{2x}=\ 27^{3x-1}\) [9 to the power of 2x equals 27 to the power of the quantity 3x minus 4].	12/5
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	If a single nucleotide is inserted into the middle of the protein coding sequence of a gene, which of the following is the likely outcome? W) A frameshift mutation that leads to multiple missense and/or nonsense mutations X) A single codon will have a missense mutation Y) One codon will have a missense or nonsense mutation, and the another nucleotide [NOO-Klee-uh-tyd] will be deleted Z) A frameshift mutation that is silent	W) A FRAMESHIFT Mutation THAT LEADS TO MULTIPLE MISSENSE AND/OR NONSENSE Mutations
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements is NOT correct regarding short day plants? W) Flowering occurs when night length is less than critical length X) Continuity of darkness is crucial; flowering will not occur if darkness is interrupted by a momentary light flash Y) Short day plants are synonymous with long night plants Z) Photoperiod can be detected via phytochromes	W) FLOWERING OCCURS WHEN NIGHT LENGTH IS LESS THAN CRITICAL LENGTH
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	If you heat a container of gas at a higher temperature than its surroundings to twice its prior absolute temperature without changing the temperature of its environment, you have done which of the following? W) Increased the system's enthalpy and decreased its entropy X) Increased the system's enthalpy and entropy Y) Decreased the system's enthalpy and entropy Z) Decreased the system's enthalpy and increased its entropy	X) INCREASED THE SYSTEM'S ENTHALPY AND ENTROPY
BONUS ENERGY Short Answer	What is the name of the technique used to enrich gaseous U-235 after it has been combined with fluorine?	CENTRIFICATION
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	When an object with a volume of 10 cubic meters is completely submerged in water, given that acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 meters per second squared, what is the buoyant force on the object in newtons if the density of water is 1000 kilograms per cubic meter?	98,000
BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Stress-strain curves show how real materials respond to forces that are applied to them. Materials such as steel have a region of elasticity where they approximate an ideal spring and a region where they start to deform plastically. Where the materials are acting like an ideal spring, how do we find their Young's modulus? W) It is the slope of the stress-strain curve X) It is the integral of the curve in the elastic region Y) It is the \(y\)-intercept of the stress-strain curve Z) It is the second derivative of the curve just after transition into the region of plastic deformation	W) IT IS THE SLOPE OF THE STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What is the name for the gravitational equilibrium [kekwuth-LIB-ree-uhm] points in the orbital plane of two bodies?	LAGRANGIAN POINT (ACCEPT: LAGRANGE POINT)
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	A galaxy shows a strong bar and very loosely-wound spiral arms. Which of the following would most likely be its class? W) S0 X) SBa Y) SBc Z) Sb	Y) SBc
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	In preparing to perform a flame test on a sample, a high molar solution of which of the following chemicals would be best to use to clean your nichrome wire? W) Sodium hydroxide X) Nitrous acid Y) Hydrochloric acid Z) Lithium hydroxide	Y) HYDROCHLORIC ACID
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	To heat 0.5 kilograms of water from 20 degrees Celsius to 80 degrees Celsius, providing your answer in kiljoules, how much energy is needed?	126 (ACCEPT: VALUES FROM 125 TO 126)
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following values for \(a\) and \(b\) provide a counterexample to the statement "If 4 divides \(a+b\), then 4 divides \(a\) or 4 divides \(b\)." W) \(a=5\) and \(b=7\) X) \(a=5\) and \(b=6\) Y) \(a=4\) and \(b=8\) Z) \(a=4\) and \(b=6\)	W) \(a=5\) AND \(b=7\)
BONUS MATH Short Answer	Providing your answer as an improper fraction in lowest terms, what is the area under the curve bounded by the \(x\)-axis, \(x=4\) and \(y=\sqrt{x}\gamma\)?	16/3
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	Name the circulatory adaptation found in the legs of ducks and geese that allows them to swim in water that is near freezing and yet not become hypothermia.	COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGER (ACCEPT: COUNTERCURRENT HEAT EXCHANGE, COUNTERCURRENT)
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Muscle fibers can be classified as slow, intermediate, or fast. Which of the following is NOT true regarding fast muscle fibers? W) They are found in higher relative abundance in world class sprinters versus world class marathoners X) They fatigue most rapidly Y) They have the highest mitochondrial density Z) The primary pathway for ATP production is fermentation	Y) THEY HAVE THE HIGHEST MITOCHONDRIAL DENSITY
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Nanticoke Generating Station, located in southern Ontario, Canada, is one of the world's largest coal-burning power plants. However, the Canadian Ministry of Energy announced in 2010 that Nanticoke would convert some of their generators to use which of the following types of fuel instead of coal? W) Natural gas X) Uranium-238 Y) Petroleum Z) Ethanol	W) NATURAL GAS
BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice	A liquid metal fast reactor (LMFR) is an advanced type of nuclear reactor that uses liquid metal as a primary coolant. Of the following metals, which one is NOT most commonly used as a primary coolant in LMFRs? W) Lithium X) Mercury Y) Lead Z) Sodium	W) LITHIUM
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	What type of antineutrino [an-tee-noo-TREE-noh] is produced in beta decay?	ELECTRON ANTINEUTRINO
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Consider the track of the 2005 Hurricane Katrina. Alabama's Dauphin Island suffered more extreme damage than other islands exposed to the storm. Based on the nature of hurricanes, what quadrant of the storm bounded Dauphin Island? W) Northeast X) Northwest Y) Southwest Z) Southeast	W) NORTHEAST
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	For the molecular orbital diagram of H\({}{2}\), in which of the following locations are the electrons located? W) One electron in each hydrogen's 1s atomic orbital X) Both electrons in the sigma 1s orbital Y) Both electrons in the sigma\({}^{*}\)[sigma-star] 1s orbital Z) Both electrons in the pi 1s orbital	X) BOTH ELECTRONS IN THE SIGMA 1S ORBITAL
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What is the name of the sedimentary rock formed by compaction and cementation of rounded, pebble-size particles?	CONGLOMERATE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT an evolutionary adaptation of plants to arid climates? W) Leaves have a waxy coating X) Carbon incorporation and the Calvin cycle are separated Y) Stomata are closed at night Z) Leaves are absent	Y) STOMATA ARE CLOSED AT NIGHT
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRRY Short Answer	What is the specific chemical term for the minimum pressure required to produce liquefaction of a substance at the critical temperature?	CRITICAL PRESSURE
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	The variables \(x\) and \(y\) vary directly. Which of the following equations could represent the relationship between \(x\) and \(y\)? W) (\(1/x=1/y\) [one fifth x equals 1 over y] X) \(x/y=1/5\) [x over y equals one fifth] Y) \(xy=1/5\) [x y equals one fifth] Z) \(xy=5\)	X) \(x/y=1/5\)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	A rock is thrown vertically upwards with speed \( u\) from the edge of a cliff. At the same moment, a second rock is thrown vertically downwards with the same initial speed \( u\). Neglecting air resistance, which of the following statements is true? W) The rock that was thrown upwards reaches the bottom of the cliff with a higher velocity X) The rock that was thrown downwards reaches the bottom of the cliff with a higher velocity Y) Both rocks reach the bottom of the cliff with the same velocity at the same time Z) Both rocks reach the bottom of the cliff with the same velocity but at different times	Z) BOTH ROCKS REACH THE BOTTOM OF THE CLIFF WITH THE SAME
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following mineral properties is most reliable for identification? W) Color X) Density Y) Cleavage Z) Luster	Y) CLEAVAGE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is true of enzymes? W) They increase the activation energy of metabolic reactions X) They have active sites that bind to specific substrate molecules Y) They are made of chitin [KY-tin] protein Z) They generally act on a variety of substrate molecules	X) THEY HAVE ACTIVE SITES THAT BIND TO SPECIFIC SUBSTRATE
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT a potential source of biogas? W) Landfills X) Sewage treatment plants Y) Automobile engine Z) Animal waste	Y) AUTOMobile ENGINE
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following catabolic pathways liberates carbon dioxide? W) Electron transport X) Glycolysis [gly-KOL-uh-sis] Y) Citric acid cycle Z) Cori cycle	Y) CITRIC ACID CYCLE
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Providing your answer to one decimal place, find the value of the following fraction: \(\frac{63!}{6213!}\)[the numerator is 63 factorial; the denominator is 62 factorial times 3 factorial].	10.5
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	A string 40 centimeters long produces a fundamental frequency of 384 hertz. To produce a note one octave higher, the tension in the string must be increased by which of the following factors? W) 0.7 X) 1.4 Y) 2 Z) 4	Z) 4
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	A meter stick is held by a low-friction support on a stand. A single weight and an air-filled balloon hang from the left side of the meter stick; a weight hangs from the right side of the meter stick. The fulcrum is adjusted so that the system is balanced and level. If the string holding the balloon is burned so as to exert no torque when the string breaks, identify by number what will happen when the string breaks: the right side of the meter stick will go down; the left side of the meter stick will go down; or the meter stick will remain balanced.	1
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is produced by gas-to-particle conversion in the atmosphere? W) Primary particulate matter X) Secondary particulate matter Y) Tertiary aerosols Z) Primary aerosols	X) SECONDARY PARTICULATE MATTER
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What are the two most abundant minerals in the continental crust?	QUARTZ AND FELDSPAR (ACCEPT: FELDSPAR FAMILY)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the highest level of protein structure present in collagen, a fibrous protein with three discrete helical polypeptides [HEL-i-kuhl pol-ee-PEP-tyds] supercoiled into a triple helix?	QUATERNARY
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	Estrogen and progesterone [proh-JES-tuh-rohn] are most directly regulated by which two hormones?	FSH AND LH (ACCEPT: FOLICLE-STIMULATING AND LUTEINIZING)
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is typically increased in order for electricity to travel long distances through transmission lines? W) Voltage X) Amperage Y) Wattage Z) Current	W) VOLTAGE
BONUS ENERGY Short Answer	What type of semi-conducting junction is essential to the functioning of a solar cell?	P-N JUNCTION (ACCEPT: P-N)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is an aldehyde [AL-duh-hyd]? W) C\({}{11}\)H\({}{20}\) X) C\({}{5}\)H\({}{11}\)OH Y) C\({}{5}\)H\({}{11}\)CHO Z) C\({}{5}\)H\({}{11}\)NH\({}{2}\)	Y) C\({}{5}\)H\({}{11}\)CHO
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Which one of the following five metals would react the least with dilute hydrochloric acid: lead, chromium, manganese, nickel, gold?	5 (ACCEPT: GOLD)
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	If the surface area of a cube is 96 square units, which of the following is the length of a diagonal of a face of the cube? W) 4 X) \(4\sqrt{2}\) Y) \(4\sqrt{3}\) Z) \(16\sqrt{2}\)	X) \(4\sqrt{2}\)
BONUS MATH Short Answer	Determine the largest possible real domain of \(y=\frac{\sqrt{x-1}}{\sqrt{x^{2}-1}}\)[f] equals the fraction with numerator the square root of the quantity x minus 1 and denominator the square root of the quantity x squared minus 1].	\(x>1\)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	If two inductance coils of inductance \(L\) are connected in parallel, but are well separated, the equivalent inductance of the system is which of the following? W) 0.5\(L\) X) \(L\) Y) 2\(L\) Z) \(L^{2}\)	W) 0.5\(L\)
BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Two balls are dropped one second apart from a tall building. Given g as 10 meters per second squared and neglecting air resistance, what is the approximate distance in meters between the two balls three seconds after the first ball is dropped? W) 20 X) 25 Y) 45 Z) Depends on the masses	X) 25
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following theories describes the random movement of small particles in the atmosphere? W) Diffusion X) Reynolds number Y) Brownian motion Z) Kinetic	Y) BROWNIAN MOTION
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Igneous [IG-nee-uhs] rocks and magmas are classified into four main compositional groups: ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, and felsic, based on the content of what chemical compound?	SILICA
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the term for the process in which a reptile sheds its outer layer of skin, or an arthropod [AHR-thruh-pod] or crustacean [kruh-STAY-shuhn] sheds its outer shell?	ECDYSIS (ACCEPT: MOLTING)
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	The acronym NAD stands for what phrase?	NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	Cadmium and boron are used in a nuclear reactor to absorb which subatomic particle?	NEUTRON
BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the elements, used as a nuclear fuel, is most abundant in the Earth's crust? W) Uranium X) Plutonium Y) Thorium Z) Americium	Y) THORIUM
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	When hydrogen reacts with 2-butanone, which of the following is the primary product? W) A primary aldehyde [AL-duh-hyd] X) A secondary aldehyde Y) A primary alcohol Z) A secondary alcohol	Z) A SECONDARY ALCOHOL
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	If two 6-sided fair dice are rolled, providing your answer as a fraction in lowest terms, what is the probability that both numbers will be even?	\(\frac{1}{4}\)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	White light is incident on a diffraction grating. Which of the following colors will be diffracted through the largest angle? W) Red X) Yellow Y) Blue Z) Green	W) RED
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following clockwise currents brings warm Caribbean waters into the Gulf of Mexico before joining the Gulf Stream? W) Caribbean system X) Loop Y) North Equatorial Z) Florida	X) LOOP
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	Who discovered the antibiotic nature of penicillin in 1928?	SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING (ACCEPT: ALEXANDER FLEMING, FLEMING)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Female insects usually lay their eggs near which of the following? W) Light X) Shade Y) Food Z) Water	Y) FOOD
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following biological molecules most directly enables the structural compartmentalization required for cellular respiration and photosynthesis [foh-tuh-SIN-thuh-sis]? W) Amino acids X) Phospholipids [fos-foh-LIP-ids] Y) Glycogen [GLY-kuh-junh] Z) Cholesterol	X) PHOSPHOLIPIDS
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	Which Greek scientist discovered that, when an object is immersed in a fluid, there is a buoyant force acting upward on the object equal to the weight of the displaced fluid?	ARCHIMEDES
BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which of the following is true for a cyclist applying her brakes while traveling west on a straight path? W) Her acceleration is zero X) She accelerates to the east Y) She accelerates to the west Z) She accelerates both to the east and the west	X) SHE ACCELERATES TO THE EAST
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	In which of the following ways would oxygen's electrons fill the 3 p subshells? W) 1 pair, 2 unpaired X) 1 pair, 1 unpaired Y) 2 pairs Z) 3 pairs	W) 1 PAIR, 2 UNPAIRED
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What gaseous organic compound is made when ethanol is heated in a concentrated solution of sulfuric acid?	ETHYLENE (ACCEPT: ETHENE)

BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice

Diesel fuel does not need a spark to ignite like gasoline does. Diesel can rely on compression to heat the fuel for which of the following reasons? W) It has a lower molecular weight than gasoline X) It has a lower flash point than gasoline Y) It has a lower auto ignition temperature than gasoline Z) It has a lower spark point than gasoline

Y) IT HAS A LOWER AUTO IGNITION TEMPERATURE THAN GASOLINE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is necessary for the evolution of pesticide resistance? W) A population that is highly susceptible to the pesticide X) An extremely lethal pesticide Y) Genetic variation in susceptibility to the pesticide Z) Heterogeneous [het-er-uh-JEE-nee-uhs] application of pesticide

Y) GENETIC VARIATION IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO THE PESTICIDE

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

Given that a second degree polynomial function \(f(x)\) has a zero at \(x=3\) with multiplicity 2, which of the following is true? W) The graph of \(f(x)\) crosses the \(y\)-axis at 3 X) As \(x\) approaches infinity, \(f(x)\) approaches infinity Y) The graph of \(f(x)\) crosses the \(x\)-axis at 3 Z) The graph of \(f(x)\) touches but does not cross the \(x\)-axis at 3

Z) THE GRAPH OF \(f(x)\) TOUCHES BUT DOES NOT CROSS THE \(x\)-AXIS AT 3

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is true about the sediments found at the farthest edges of an alluvial fan? W) They are metal rich X) They are relatively fine-grained Y) They are the most angular Z) They are chemically altered by their unique environment

X) THEY ARE RELATIVELY FINE-GRAINED

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following pairs are the most likely hydrogen-bonding partners? W) Water and ammonia X) Water and estrogen Y) Water and carbonate Z) Water and methane

W) WATER AND AMMONIA

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Identify which of the following types of copolymer [koh-POL-uh-mer] would be represented by a molecule with the linkage pattern FGGFFGFG? W) Statistical X) Block Y) Graft Z) Alternating

W) STATISTICAL

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following causes basal sliding of glaciers? W) Melting of basal ice due to heat from friction as the glacier moves along bedrock X) Changes in gravity as the glacier increases in mass Y) Differences in the amount of friction linked to variable surface conditions under the glacier Z) Decrease in friction due to melting from pressure of overlying ice

Z) DECREASE IN FRACTION DUE TO MELTING FROM PRESSURE OF OVERLYING ICE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

As a photon travels from water to air, which of the following quantities changes? W) Frequency X) Wavelength Y) Energy Z) Phase

X) WAVELENGTH

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following nuclides is both fissile and fissionable only with high energy bombardment? W) U-233 X) U-235 Y) U-238 Z) Pu-239

Y) U-238

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following molecules are NOT covalently attached to proteins as post-translational modifications? W) Ubiquitins X) Phosphates Y) Ions such as Ca\({}^{+2}\) and Mg\({}^{+2}\) Z) Carbohydrate groups

Y) IONS SUCH AS Ca\({}^{+2}\) AND Mg\({}^{+2}\)

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is NOT correct regarding prions? W) They can cause scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases [KROYTS-felt Jakob] X) They infect the same taxa [TAK-suh] as viroids [VY-roids] Y) They can cause degenerative brain diseases Z) They are an infectious agent comprised entirely of protein

X) THEY INFECT THE SAME TAXA AS VIROIDS

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

If the height of a cone is equal to the diameter of its base, express the volume of the cone in terms of its radius \(r\) and as a fraction in terms of pi.

(\(2/3\)) \(\pi r^{3}\) (ALSO ACCEPT:\(2\pi r^{3}/3\))

BONUS MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the volume of the solid created by revolving the area bounded by semicircle \(y=\sqrt[3]{16-(x-^{2}}\)[by equals the square root of open bracket 16 minus open parenthesis x minus 4 close parenthesis squared close brackets] and the x-axis around the x-axis? W) 16\(\pi\) X) 64\(\pi\)/3 Y) 64\(\pi\) Z) 256\(\pi\)/3

Z) 256\(\pi\)/3

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is true for the isotopes of an element? W) They cannot be separated at all X) They have equal masses Y) They have similar chemical behavior Z) They cannot be separated by physical methods

Y) THEY HAVE SIMILAR CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

The equilibrium constant K for the following reaction is 6 x 10\({}^{-4}\): (CH\({}{3}\))\({}{2}\)NH + H\({}{2}\)O \(\rightarrow^{\star}\)(CH\({}{3}\))\({}{2}\)NH\({}{2}\)\({}^{+}\) + OH [CH 3 2 NH plus H 2 O yields star C H 3 2 N H 2 plus plus O H minus]. Providing your answer in scientific notation, find K for the reaction (CH\({}{3}\))\({}{2}\)NH\({}{2}\)\({}^{+}\)\(\rightarrow^{\star}\)(CH\({}{3}\))\({}{2}\)NH + H\({}^{+}\)[C H 3 2 N H 2 plus yields star C H 3 2 N H plus H plus].

1.7 x 10\({}^{-11}\)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following minerals is white or colorless, has a hardness of 2.5, and splits with cubic cleavage? W) Calcite X) Pyrite Y) Halite Z) Mica [MY-kuh]

Y) HALITE

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What is the largest sediment particle type a wind of 10 meters per second could transport?

SAND

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

Three masses are arranged at the vertices of an equilateral triangle and are connected by springs along the edges of the equilateral triangle. How many normal modes for vibration does this mass-spring system have?

THREE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What class of hormone, often produced in a plant's roots, induces cell division in plant roots and shoots?

CYTOKININ

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

When the spent fuel is removed from a nuclear power plant, which of the following immediately occurs? W) It is placed in dry cash storage at the nuclear reactor site until it is safe to handle, and then it is sent to the permanent storage facility X) It is sent to Yucca Mountain to be stored in the National Repository Y) It is stored under water in a spent fuel pool at the reactor for several years Z) It is sealed in 50 gallon drums and allowed to cool

Y) IT IS STORED UNDER WATER IN A SPENT FUEL POOL AT THE REACTOR FOR SEVERAL YEARS

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Expressing your answer in simplest form, if \(y=(x^{6})\ln(x)\)[y equals \(x\) to the sixth power times the natural log of x], what is the derivative of \(y\) with respect to \(x\)?

\(6x^{5}\ln(x)+x^{5}\)

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

The amino acid sequence of a protein represents the translation of which of the following? W) The template DNA strand X) The nontemplate DNA strand Y) The tRNA nucleotide sequence [NOO-klee-uh-tyd] Z) The reverse-complement of the mRNA strand

X) THE NONTEMPLATE DNA STRAND

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which of the following principles of fluid dynamics does an airplane use to create an upward force? W) Archimedes' X) Pascal's Y) Venturi's Z) Bernoulli's

Z) BERNOULLI'S

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice

If magnetic monopoles exist, which of the following Maxwell's equations would be changed? W) Gauss's law for magnetism only X) Gauss's law for magnetism and Ampere's law Y) Gauss's law for magnetism and Faraday's law Z) Gauss's law for magnetism, Ampere's law, and Faraday's law

Y) GAUSS's LAW FOR MAGNETISM AND FARADAY'S LAW

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the rate at which atmospheric gases and particles are moved across a surface? W) Vertical dispersion X) Turbulence Y) Flux Z) Stratospheric transport

Y) FLUX

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is true of sandstone formed from a long-term paleodesert? W) It would exhibit clearly graded bedding X) It would have preserved ripples but not dunes Y) It would appear black due to the dark iron-rich minerals present Z) It would contain well rounded grains and have high quartz content

Z) IT WOULD CONTAIN WELL ROUNDED GRAINS AND HAVE HIGH QUARTZ CONTENT

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What modified base in the anticodon's wobble position can base pair with uracil [YOOR-uh-sill], cytosine [SY-tuh-seen] or adenine [AD-n-een] in the third position of an mRNA codon?

INOSINE

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Kearns-Sayre Syndrome is caused by a mutation on a gene in the mitochondrial [my-tuh-KON-dree-uh] DNA. Both males and females can have the disease, but the disease can only be transmitted to a child by the mother, never the father. Why is this so? W) The gene is on the X chromosome, and females are XX X) The sperm that fertilizes the egg contributes only its chromosomes and none of its mitochondria Y) The mutant protein is only active in the egg, not the sperm Z) The disease is sex-limited

X) THE SPERM THAT FERTILIZES THE EGG ONLY CONTRIBUTES ITS CHROMOSOMES AND NONE OF ITS MITOCHONRIA

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following effects does lowering the temperature have on the decay rate of a sample of radioactive material? W) The decay will speed up X) The decay will slow down Y) There is no change Z) There is an inverse relationship between temperature and fission

Y) THERE IS NO CHANGE

BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice

FutureGen 2.0 power plants will reduce carbon dioxide production by burning coal in which of the following ways? W) With a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide instead of air to produce concentrated carbon dioxide X) With an enhanced concentration of oxygen instead of air to produce less carbon dioxide per ton of coal burned Y) In a catalytic chamber that scrubs the carbon dioxide out of the emissions Z) Using carbon dioxide reduced coal in an 80% nitrogen and 18% oxygen mixture

W) WITH A MIXTURE OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE INSTEAD OF AIR TO

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

Two electromagnetic waves are incident upon a gerbil. They are identical and coherent except for a phase difference of 60 degrees. If the intensity of each wave in isolation is 10 watts per meter squared, what is the intensity of light in watts per square meter experienced by the gerbil?

30

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

An ideal gas is enclosed within a container with a movable piston as the lid. The gas is initially at a pressure of 3 atmospheres and occupies a volume of 2 liters. The piston is lowered so that the gas now occupies 1.5 liters at a pressure of \(P\). If the process was carried out slowly, maintaining constant temperature in contact with a suitable reservoir, what is \(P\) in atmospheres?

4

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

The observation that the mean luminosity of more distant stars tends to be higher than the mean luminosity of nearby stars in a flux-limited sample is an example of which of the following kinds of bias? W) Eddington X) Selection Y) Confirmation Z) Hindsight

X) SELECTION

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following features is NOT associated with subduction zone geology? W) San Joaquin Valley, California X) Accreted terrains of coastal California Y) North Carolina barrier islands Z) Cascade Mountains in Oregon and Washington

Y) NORTH CAROLINA BARRIER ISLANDS

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is true for an adiabatic process? W) Temperature remains constant X) Pressure remains constant Y) Net heat transfer to the surroundings is zero Z) Work done on the surroundings is zero

Y) NET HEAT TRANSFER TO THE SURROUNDINGS IS ZERO

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

In active meiosis, new genetic combinations can arise in two different ways. Which of the following is the first stage in which there could be genetic recombination? W) Anaphase I X) Anaphase II Y) Propphase I Z) Propphase II

Y) PROPHASE I

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following classes of stars does NOT have radiative zones? W) A X) G Y) M Z) O

Y) M

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Under which of the following circumstances does ocean depth affect ocean wave motion? W) When ocean depth falls below half the wavelength of a wave X) When the ocean wave has a period exceeding 20 seconds Y) When the ocean waves are impacted by tides Z) When the ocean floor has high relief, regardless of the depth

W) WHEN OCEAN DEPTH FALLS BELOW HALF THE WAVELENGTH OF A WAVE

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

What is the radius of the circle with equation \(x^{2}+6x+y^{2}-8y-11=0\)?

6

BONUS MATH Short Answer

Providing your answer as an improper fraction in lowest terms, solve the following equation for \(x\) over the real numbers: \(\mathcal{Y}^{2x}=\ 27^{3x-1}\) [9 to the power of 2x equals 27 to the power of the quantity 3x minus 4].

12/5

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

If a single nucleotide is inserted into the middle of the protein coding sequence of a gene, which of the following is the likely outcome? W) A frameshift mutation that leads to multiple missense and/or nonsense mutations X) A single codon will have a missense mutation Y) One codon will have a missense or nonsense mutation, and the another nucleotide [NOO-Klee-uh-tyd] will be deleted Z) A frameshift mutation that is silent

W) A FRAMESHIFT Mutation THAT LEADS TO MULTIPLE MISSENSE AND/OR NONSENSE Mutations

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is NOT correct regarding short day plants? W) Flowering occurs when night length is less than critical length X) Continuity of darkness is crucial; flowering will not occur if darkness is interrupted by a momentary light flash Y) Short day plants are synonymous with long night plants Z) Photoperiod can be detected via phytochromes

W) FLOWERING OCCURS WHEN NIGHT LENGTH IS LESS THAN CRITICAL LENGTH

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

If you heat a container of gas at a higher temperature than its surroundings to twice its prior absolute temperature without changing the temperature of its environment, you have done which of the following? W) Increased the system's enthalpy and decreased its entropy X) Increased the system's enthalpy and entropy Y) Decreased the system's enthalpy and entropy Z) Decreased the system's enthalpy and increased its entropy

X) INCREASED THE SYSTEM'S ENTHALPY AND ENTROPY

BONUS ENERGY Short Answer

What is the name of the technique used to enrich gaseous U-235 after it has been combined with fluorine?

CENTRIFICATION

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

When an object with a volume of 10 cubic meters is completely submerged in water, given that acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 meters per second squared, what is the buoyant force on the object in newtons if the density of water is 1000 kilograms per cubic meter?

98,000

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Stress-strain curves show how real materials respond to forces that are applied to them. Materials such as steel have a region of elasticity where they approximate an ideal spring and a region where they start to deform plastically. Where the materials are acting like an ideal spring, how do we find their Young's modulus? W) It is the slope of the stress-strain curve X) It is the integral of the curve in the elastic region Y) It is the \(y\)-intercept of the stress-strain curve Z) It is the second derivative of the curve just after transition into the region of plastic deformation

W) IT IS THE SLOPE OF THE STRESS-STRAIN CURVE

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What is the name for the gravitational equilibrium [kekwuth-LIB-ree-uhm] points in the orbital plane of two bodies?

LAGRANGIAN POINT (ACCEPT: LAGRANGE POINT)

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

A galaxy shows a strong bar and very loosely-wound spiral arms. Which of the following would most likely be its class? W) S0 X) SBa Y) SBc Z) Sb

Y) SBc

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

In preparing to perform a flame test on a sample, a high molar solution of which of the following chemicals would be best to use to clean your nichrome wire? W) Sodium hydroxide X) Nitrous acid Y) Hydrochloric acid Z) Lithium hydroxide

Y) HYDROCHLORIC ACID

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

To heat 0.5 kilograms of water from 20 degrees Celsius to 80 degrees Celsius, providing your answer in kiljoules, how much energy is needed?

126 (ACCEPT: VALUES FROM 125 TO 126)

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following values for \(a\) and \(b\) provide a counterexample to the statement "If 4 divides \(a+b\), then 4 divides \(a\) or 4 divides \(b\)." W) \(a=5\) and \(b=7\) X) \(a=5\) and \(b=6\) Y) \(a=4\) and \(b=8\) Z) \(a=4\) and \(b=6\)

W) \(a=5\) AND \(b=7\)

BONUS MATH Short Answer

Providing your answer as an improper fraction in lowest terms, what is the area under the curve bounded by the \(x\)-axis, \(x=4\) and \(y=\sqrt{x}\gamma\)?

16/3

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

Name the circulatory adaptation found in the legs of ducks and geese that allows them to swim in water that is near freezing and yet not become hypothermia.

COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGER (ACCEPT: COUNTERCURRENT HEAT EXCHANGE, COUNTERCURRENT)

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Muscle fibers can be classified as slow, intermediate, or fast. Which of the following is NOT true regarding fast muscle fibers? W) They are found in higher relative abundance in world class sprinters versus world class marathoners X) They fatigue most rapidly Y) They have the highest mitochondrial density Z) The primary pathway for ATP production is fermentation

Y) THEY HAVE THE HIGHEST MITOCHONDRIAL DENSITY

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Nanticoke Generating Station, located in southern Ontario, Canada, is one of the world's largest coal-burning power plants. However, the Canadian Ministry of Energy announced in 2010 that Nanticoke would convert some of their generators to use which of the following types of fuel instead of coal? W) Natural gas X) Uranium-238 Y) Petroleum Z) Ethanol

W) NATURAL GAS

BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice

A liquid metal fast reactor (LMFR) is an advanced type of nuclear reactor that uses liquid metal as a primary coolant. Of the following metals, which one is NOT most commonly used as a primary coolant in LMFRs? W) Lithium X) Mercury Y) Lead Z) Sodium

W) LITHIUM

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

What type of antineutrino [an-tee-noo-TREE-noh] is produced in beta decay?

ELECTRON ANTINEUTRINO

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Consider the track of the 2005 Hurricane Katrina. Alabama's Dauphin Island suffered more extreme damage than other islands exposed to the storm. Based on the nature of hurricanes, what quadrant of the storm bounded Dauphin Island? W) Northeast X) Northwest Y) Southwest Z) Southeast

W) NORTHEAST

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

For the molecular orbital diagram of H\({}{2}\), in which of the following locations are the electrons located? W) One electron in each hydrogen's 1s atomic orbital X) Both electrons in the sigma 1s orbital Y) Both electrons in the sigma\({}^{*}\)[sigma-star] 1s orbital Z) Both electrons in the pi 1s orbital

X) BOTH ELECTRONS IN THE SIGMA 1S ORBITAL

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What is the name of the sedimentary rock formed by compaction and cementation of rounded, pebble-size particles?

CONGLOMERATE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT an evolutionary adaptation of plants to arid climates? W) Leaves have a waxy coating X) Carbon incorporation and the Calvin cycle are separated Y) Stomata are closed at night Z) Leaves are absent

Y) STOMATA ARE CLOSED AT NIGHT

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRRY Short Answer

What is the specific chemical term for the minimum pressure required to produce liquefaction of a substance at the critical temperature?

CRITICAL PRESSURE

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

The variables \(x\) and \(y\) vary directly. Which of the following equations could represent the relationship between \(x\) and \(y\)? W) (\(1/x=1/y\) [one fifth x equals 1 over y] X) \(x/y=1/5\) [x over y equals one fifth] Y) \(xy=1/5\) [x y equals one fifth] Z) \(xy=5\)

X) \(x/y=1/5\)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

A rock is thrown vertically upwards with speed \( u\) from the edge of a cliff. At the same moment, a second rock is thrown vertically downwards with the same initial speed \( u\). Neglecting air resistance, which of the following statements is true? W) The rock that was thrown upwards reaches the bottom of the cliff with a higher velocity X) The rock that was thrown downwards reaches the bottom of the cliff with a higher velocity Y) Both rocks reach the bottom of the cliff with the same velocity at the same time Z) Both rocks reach the bottom of the cliff with the same velocity but at different times

Z) BOTH ROCKS REACH THE BOTTOM OF THE CLIFF WITH THE SAME

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following mineral properties is most reliable for identification? W) Color X) Density Y) Cleavage Z) Luster

Y) CLEAVAGE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is true of enzymes? W) They increase the activation energy of metabolic reactions X) They have active sites that bind to specific substrate molecules Y) They are made of chitin [KY-tin] protein Z) They generally act on a variety of substrate molecules

X) THEY HAVE ACTIVE SITES THAT BIND TO SPECIFIC SUBSTRATE

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a potential source of biogas? W) Landfills X) Sewage treatment plants Y) Automobile engine Z) Animal waste

Y) AUTOMobile ENGINE

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following catabolic pathways liberates carbon dioxide? W) Electron transport X) Glycolysis [gly-KOL-uh-sis] Y) Citric acid cycle Z) Cori cycle

Y) CITRIC ACID CYCLE

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Providing your answer to one decimal place, find the value of the following fraction: \(\frac{63!}{6213!}\)[the numerator is 63 factorial; the denominator is 62 factorial times 3 factorial].

10.5

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

A string 40 centimeters long produces a fundamental frequency of 384 hertz. To produce a note one octave higher, the tension in the string must be increased by which of the following factors? W) 0.7 X) 1.4 Y) 2 Z) 4

Z) 4

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

A meter stick is held by a low-friction support on a stand. A single weight and an air-filled balloon hang from the left side of the meter stick; a weight hangs from the right side of the meter stick. The fulcrum is adjusted so that the system is balanced and level. If the string holding the balloon is burned so as to exert no torque when the string breaks, identify by number what will happen when the string breaks: the right side of the meter stick will go down; the left side of the meter stick will go down; or the meter stick will remain balanced.

1

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is produced by gas-to-particle conversion in the atmosphere? W) Primary particulate matter X) Secondary particulate matter Y) Tertiary aerosols Z) Primary aerosols

X) SECONDARY PARTICULATE MATTER

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What are the two most abundant minerals in the continental crust?

QUARTZ AND FELDSPAR (ACCEPT: FELDSPAR FAMILY)

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the highest level of protein structure present in collagen, a fibrous protein with three discrete helical polypeptides [HEL-i-kuhl pol-ee-PEP-tyds] supercoiled into a triple helix?

QUATERNARY

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

Estrogen and progesterone [proh-JES-tuh-rohn] are most directly regulated by which two hormones?

FSH AND LH (ACCEPT: FOLICLE-STIMULATING AND LUTEINIZING)

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is typically increased in order for electricity to travel long distances through transmission lines? W) Voltage X) Amperage Y) Wattage Z) Current

W) VOLTAGE

BONUS ENERGY Short Answer

What type of semi-conducting junction is essential to the functioning of a solar cell?

P-N JUNCTION (ACCEPT: P-N)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an aldehyde [AL-duh-hyd]? W) C\({}{11}\)H\({}{20}\) X) C\({}{5}\)H\({}{11}\)OH Y) C\({}{5}\)H\({}{11}\)CHO Z) C\({}{5}\)H\({}{11}\)NH\({}{2}\)

Y) C\({}{5}\)H\({}{11}\)CHO

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Which one of the following five metals would react the least with dilute hydrochloric acid: lead, chromium, manganese, nickel, gold?

5 (ACCEPT: GOLD)

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

If the surface area of a cube is 96 square units, which of the following is the length of a diagonal of a face of the cube? W) 4 X) \(4\sqrt{2}\) Y) \(4\sqrt{3}\) Z) \(16\sqrt{2}\)

X) \(4\sqrt{2}\)

BONUS MATH Short Answer

Determine the largest possible real domain of \(y=\frac{\sqrt{x-1}}{\sqrt{x^{2}-1}}\)[f] equals the fraction with numerator the square root of the quantity x minus 1 and denominator the square root of the quantity x squared minus 1].

\(x>1\)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

If two inductance coils of inductance \(L\) are connected in parallel, but are well separated, the equivalent inductance of the system is which of the following? W) 0.5\(L\) X) \(L\) Y) 2\(L\) Z) \(L^{2}\)

W) 0.5\(L\)

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Two balls are dropped one second apart from a tall building. Given g as 10 meters per second squared and neglecting air resistance, what is the approximate distance in meters between the two balls three seconds after the first ball is dropped? W) 20 X) 25 Y) 45 Z) Depends on the masses

X) 25

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following theories describes the random movement of small particles in the atmosphere? W) Diffusion X) Reynolds number Y) Brownian motion Z) Kinetic

Y) BROWNIAN MOTION

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Igneous [IG-nee-uhs] rocks and magmas are classified into four main compositional groups: ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, and felsic, based on the content of what chemical compound?

SILICA

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the term for the process in which a reptile sheds its outer layer of skin, or an arthropod [AHR-thruh-pod] or crustacean [kruh-STAY-shuhn] sheds its outer shell?

ECDYSIS (ACCEPT: MOLTING)

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

The acronym NAD stands for what phrase?

NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

Cadmium and boron are used in a nuclear reactor to absorb which subatomic particle?

NEUTRON

BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the elements, used as a nuclear fuel, is most abundant in the Earth's crust? W) Uranium X) Plutonium Y) Thorium Z) Americium

Y) THORIUM

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

When hydrogen reacts with 2-butanone, which of the following is the primary product? W) A primary aldehyde [AL-duh-hyd] X) A secondary aldehyde Y) A primary alcohol Z) A secondary alcohol

Z) A SECONDARY ALCOHOL

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

If two 6-sided fair dice are rolled, providing your answer as a fraction in lowest terms, what is the probability that both numbers will be even?

\(\frac{1}{4}\)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

White light is incident on a diffraction grating. Which of the following colors will be diffracted through the largest angle? W) Red X) Yellow Y) Blue Z) Green

W) RED

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following clockwise currents brings warm Caribbean waters into the Gulf of Mexico before joining the Gulf Stream? W) Caribbean system X) Loop Y) North Equatorial Z) Florida

X) LOOP

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

Who discovered the antibiotic nature of penicillin in 1928?

SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING (ACCEPT: ALEXANDER FLEMING, FLEMING)

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Female insects usually lay their eggs near which of the following? W) Light X) Shade Y) Food Z) Water

Y) FOOD

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following biological molecules most directly enables the structural compartmentalization required for cellular respiration and photosynthesis [foh-tuh-SIN-thuh-sis]? W) Amino acids X) Phospholipids [fos-foh-LIP-ids] Y) Glycogen [GLY-kuh-junh] Z) Cholesterol

X) PHOSPHOLIPIDS

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

Which Greek scientist discovered that, when an object is immersed in a fluid, there is a buoyant force acting upward on the object equal to the weight of the displaced fluid?

ARCHIMEDES

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which of the following is true for a cyclist applying her brakes while traveling west on a straight path? W) Her acceleration is zero X) She accelerates to the east Y) She accelerates to the west Z) She accelerates both to the east and the west

X) SHE ACCELERATES TO THE EAST

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

In which of the following ways would oxygen's electrons fill the 3 p subshells? W) 1 pair, 2 unpaired X) 1 pair, 1 unpaired Y) 2 pairs Z) 3 pairs

W) 1 PAIR, 2 UNPAIRED

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What gaseous organic compound is made when ethanol is heated in a concentrated solution of sulfuric acid?

ETHYLENE (ACCEPT: ETHENE)