text
stringlengths 1
27.2k
| document_url
stringlengths 63
63
| source_url
stringlengths 27
514
| country
stringclasses 91
values |
|---|---|---|---|
with 6 cc of heavilyin the first group of animals .parasitized rat blood .The first goat received 6 .5 cc and the second received 9.5 ccThe first subinoculation into white rats from these test animalsof rat blood i .v.The second subinoculation was made on the 35thwas made on the 21st P .I .
day .P .I .
day .Observations on thecalf and 2 goats were discontinued on the 35th P .I . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
day.At no time during theexperiment did any of the test animals show signs of infection with P. berghei,as determined by repeated examinations of blood smears .No evidence of infection was noted in the rats .A third group of animals, consisting of 2 puppies and 2 kittens, was inocu-lated with heavily infected rat blood .
One puppy was inoculated i .v.
with 2 cc ofheavily parasitized rat blood and the second puppy was inoculated i .v . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
with 4 ccof heavily parasitized rat blood .The same procedure of subinoculation was usedon all test animals, except that in this group the first subinoculation was madeThe second subinoculation was made intointo white mice on the 6th P.I.
day.
, The only exception was in the case of the secondThat animal showed symptoms of distemper soon after the inoculation ofTheAt no time did any of the animalsAll the subinoculatedObservations on the first puppy werewhite rats on the 25th P.I. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
day .puppy.rat blood ; therefore, the first subinoculation was made on the 3rd P .I .
day .puppy died of distemper on the 8th P .I .
day .in this group show evidence of infection with P .
berghei.rats and mice were negative for parasites.discontinued on the 31st P .I.
day and on the kittens on the 35th P .I .
day.The last group of animals used consisted of 5 ten-day-old chicks .Each birdwas inoculated i .v.
with 0.1 cc of heavily parasitized rat blood.These animalswere observed for 32 P .I . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
days without evidence of P .
berghei infection, as deter-mined by daily examination of blood smears .SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSA group of domestic animals, consisting of 2 lambs, 2 pigs, 1 calf, 2 puppies,2 kittens and 5 chicks, was inoculated i .v . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
with blood of white rats heavily para-The inoculated animals were observed for clinical symp-sitized with P. berghei .Thick and thin blood smears were madetoms of parasitosis with negative results .and found negative for parasites .Subinoculations were made to check for anyinapparent or subpatent infections ; all results were negative .Since attempts to transfer Plasmodium berghei to the animals used in theseexperiments were unsuccessful, it is reasonable to conclude that the hosts listedwere not susceptible to infection with this parasite .LITERATURE CITEDADLER, S ., VOELI, M. AND ZUCKERMAN, A .1950 .Behavior of Plasmodium bergheiin some Rodents .Nature 166 (4222) : 571 :Sept . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
30.VINCKE, I. H .
et LIPS, M .
S .1948 .vage du Congo, Plasmodium berghei n.sp.28 (1) : 97-104 .Un nouveau plasmodium d'un rongeur Sau-Annales soc .
Beige de Med .
Trop .,Observations on the Length of Dormancy in CertainPlant Infecting NematodesMAX J .
FIELDINGU.
S . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
FIELDINGU.
S .
Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering,Salt Lake, UtahNematode-infected plant materials collected at various times have been keptat room temperatures at the Salt Lake City, Utah, station of the Division ofNematology to determine the length of dormancy of the nematodes .Corder [1933,J .
Parasitol.
20 (2) 1 : 104] and McBeth [1937, Proc .
Helminth .
Soc . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Helminth .
Soc .
of Washing-ton 4 (2) : 53] published reports on this material, and the present examination,made in the fall of 1949, constitutes the third report .The reader is referred toCorder (loc .
cit .)
for samples discarded.Samples no . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
cit .)
for samples discarded.Samples no .
19-32 are new .A small portion of each lot of material was soaked in unchlorinated waterover night .The nematodes were then picked out and placed on a slide in a drop ofwater containing a few sand grains, and retained in a moist chamber for severaldays.The specimens were observed for movement and those showing no activitywere taken from the moist chamber and placed on a celluloid slide . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
When cutwith an eye knife the body contents gushed from live nematodes as if they wereunder pressure, while those of dead specimens oozed only slightly, if at all .Many specimens which did not become active in the moist chamber were found TABLE 1 .-Results of examination of dormancy samples, 1949SampleNo .SpeciesHostLocality and DateNo .
Years No . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Years No .
SpecimensDormantExaminedPercentage alive byCuttingMovement3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .10 .17.18.19.20 .14.21 .22.23 .24.25 .26.27 .28.29 .30 .31 .32 .Ditylenchus dipsaci""""""Tylenchus balsamophilusDitylenchus dipsaciDitylenchus phyllobiusAnguina agrostisAnguina triticiDipsacus fullonumAllium sativumPlantago lanceolataDipsacus fullonumAvena sativaHypochoeris radicataBalsamorrhiza sagitattaMedicago sativaSolanum elaeagnifoliumFestuca rubra commutataTriticum aesticum""""Secale cereale" "Santa Clara Co . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Cal ., 1926San Benito Co .
Cal ., 1926Santa Cruz Co .
Cal., 1927Molalla, Oregon, 1927Santa Cruz Co .
Cal ., 1928Salem, Oregon, 1929Wellsville, Utah, 1925Midvale, Utah, 1933Verda Valley, Ariz ., 1930Corvallis, Oregon, 1945Madison, Wis., 1922Fulton County, Ga., 1940Ellicott City, Md ., 1929Arlington, Va ., 1928Pulaski, Va., 1939Pulaski, Va., 1938Pulaski, Va., 1938Leesburg, Va., 1923Arlington, Va., 1924Arlington, Va., 1928Wilkesboro, N . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
C., 1921Timberville, Va ., 1919Arlington, Va ., 192423232222212024161942792021101111262521283025602245606018245041001251001801801502002002002002002002002001 .7045853100400100901004117100961000010010000000001000001008510000100841000010010000 alive when cut .
Several discrepancies occurring between McBeth Is results(loc.cit .)
and those reported herein are probably due to this cutting technique whichhe did not use . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Results are given in Table 1 .It is well known that certain species of nematodes can remain dormant for longperiods of time, and various investigators have reported on this dormancy, thelongest period recorded being that for Tylenchus polyhypnus Steiner & Albinrevived from rye after 39 years by Steiner and Albin [1946, Journal of the Wash-ington Academy of Sciences 36 (3) : 97-99] .The 1949 examination showed the wheat nematode, Anguina tritici (Stein-buch), alive after 28 years . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
This corroborates the verbal statement to Steiner(loc .
cit .)
by Prof .
Dr .
Heinrich Simroth that the wheat nematode was revivedafter 28 years, and the published record by Needham [1775, in Observ .
Phys.,Hist .
nat .
e. Arts 5 : 226-228] that Baker had revived the wheat nematode after 27However, Goodey (1923, Jour .
Helminth .
1 : 47-52), and Byars (1920, U .
S .years .Dept.
of Agric .
Bul.
842 : 1-40) found that A . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
of Agric .
Bul.
842 : 1-40) found that A .
tritici would not revive after 10years and considered this the longest period of dormancy for that nematode .
Thedormancy period for A . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
tritici in wheat is variable (see Table 1) and undoubtedlydepends on the maturity of the specimens, the time of year collected, the locality,and the storage conditions .The 1949 examination showed Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kahn) alive after 23 years,This constitutes the longest period of dor-in fullers teasel, Dipsacus fullonum .mancy reported for that genus .All samples which contained living specimens were returned to storage forfuture examination .A New Stage in the Life Cycle of the Golden NematodeHeterodera rostochiensis Wollenweber1JOYCE W. HAGEMEYER2Heterodera rostochiensis is one of the most important of the plant parasiticnematodes . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
In England and parts of Europe it is the most serious pest of pota-toes .
H. rostochiensis has been studied by many workers but there is still muchto be learned concerning its life history . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
This paper will deal with only one phaseof the life cycle-the development of the first stage larva and its molt to thesecond and infective stage while inside the egg .Strubell (1888) was the first to report a molt occurring inside the egg ofHis work was confirmed by Chatin in 1891 .Heterodera schachtii Schmidt .Neither of these men considered it to be a separate stage .
Raski (1950) estab-lished the molt in the egg as a separate stage. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
A molt has been reported in theegg of the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne sp .
b y Nagakura (1930) .
Christieand Cobb (1941) also observed this molt .
Jensen (1950) has found a molt in theChitwood and Buhrer (1945) reported that theyegg of Pratylenchus vulnus.could find no molt in the egg of Heterodera rostochiensis .Since the molt in the egg had been observed in several closely related speciesIt was decided that theit seemed likely that it also occurred in H . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
rostochiensis.1 This work was carried on at the Golden Nematode Research Laboratory,Hicksville, New York with funds supplied by the Dept .
of Plant Pathology, CornellUniversity .2 Graduate Student, Division of Entomology and Parasitology, University ofCalifornia, Berkeley.The author wishes to thank Dr .
Bert Lear, of the Dept .
of Plant Pathology,Cornell University, for making the photomicrograph .
FIG. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
FIG.
1 .while molting .First stage larva of Heterodera rostochiensis ruptured from the eggmost favorable material to examine would be cysts containing eggs with bothembryonic and fully developed larvae present .It was found that such cysts wereusually yellow in color .Several yellow cysts were opened up and their contentsexamined under an oil immersion lens . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Many eggs were found which demonstratedthe molt .By pressing lightly on the coverslip as suggested by Raski (1950) itwas possible to rupture the egg shell without damaging the larvae.Figure 1 is aphotomicrograph of a molting larva which has been ruptured from the egg .The first stage larvae have very little resemblance to the succeeding stages .The head region is undifferentiated ; no spear or sclerotized structures are present .The esophagous is just beginning to take form (Fig . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
2A) .As the larvae molt,FIG .
2 .Development of first stage larva of Heterodera rostochiensis .
A-C-First molt,B-Beginning of first molt .First stage larva inside the egg.advanced stage.X 600 .
the prorhabdions of the spear develop and annulations appear on the head .
(Fig .2B) .As the molt progresses the remainder of the spear is formed, the head be-comes set off and its sclerotized framework appears (Fig . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
2C) .The esophaguslikewise completes its differentiation .The first stage larval cuticle now has beencompletely cast off and the second stage larvae complete their development in theegg after which they are ready to hatch .Due to the presence of this molt, descriptions of the life stages of the GoldenNematode should be revised .It is probable that the life cycle of Heteroderarostochiensis is similar to the life cycle of Heterodera schachtii as reported byRaski (1950) .REFERENCES CITEDCHATIN.
JOANNES. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
JOANNES.
1891.
L'Anguillule de la betterave (Heterodera schlachtii)Min .
Agr.
(France) Bull.
Ann .
10 : 457-506 .nematode of potatoes, Heterodera rostochiensis Wollenweber under Long Is-land, New York conditions .CHRISTIE, J. R .
and COBB, GRACE S .Notes on the life history .of the root-Phytopath.
36 : 180-189 .1941 .knot nematode, Heterodera marioni.Proc .
Helm.
Soc .
Wash 8 : 23-26 .JENSEN, H .
J .1950.The biology and morphology of the root lesion nematodeparasitic on walnuts in California . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Ph .D .
Thesis, Univ.
of Calif.NAGAKURA, KWAIICHIRO.1930 .
Ueber den Bau und die Lebengeschichte derHeterodera radicicola (Greeff) Muller .Jap .
Jour .
Zool.
3 : 95-160 .RASKI, D .
J .1950.The life history and morphology of the sugar-beet nematode,Heterodera schachtii Schmidt.Phytopath.
2 : 135-152 .STRUBELL, ADOLPH .
1888 .des Rübennematoden, Heterodera schachtii Schmidt .1 : 1-52 .Untersuchungen fiber den Bau und die EntwecklungBibliotheca Zoologica.The life history of the goldenCHITWOOD, B.1946. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
G. and BUHRER, EDNA MThe Recovery of Encapsulated, Infective Larvae of Trichinellaspiralis Relatively Free of Muscle TissueC.
H .
HILLZoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Agricultural ResearchAdministration, U .
S . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Department of AgricultureTwo techniques for the diagnosis of trichinosis and the recovery of trichinalarvae have been in use since their initial descriptions by Farre (1835) and byThornbury (189.7) .The first, described by Farre, is a simple press preparation inwhich small pieces of muscle tissue, suspected of containing trichinae, are com-pressed between two plates of glass and examined under a microscope for thecharacteristic cysts of the parasite .The second, described by Thornbury andelaborated by Ransom (1916), makes use of an artificial digestive solution to dis-solve muscle tissue surrounding the cysts and to weaken the cyst wall .This re-sults in freeing the contained larvae, which, in the liquid medium, are easily de-tectable.The artificial digestion method, while requiring more time than the presspreparation, gives more accurate results .This comparative accuracy was shown by Schwartz (1938) in a quantitativedetermination of the efficiency of the sampling and subsequent direct microscopicexamination of pork muscle tissue.He found that when less than one larva pergram of muscle tissue was present only one out of 11 positive samples (foundpositive by the digestion technique), examined microscopically three times, showedtrichina larvae.When the infection was characterized by as many as three larvaeper gram of muscle tissue, only approximately 50 per cent of the known positivesshowed trichinae on direct microscopical examination.For many years there has been a need for a more rapid method for a positive diagnosis of trichinosis.the digestion technique.liable and much more rapid than the digestion technique .as follows .This more rapid method should be at least as accurate asThe procedure outlined herein' was found to be as re-The technique is brieflyDESCRIPTION OF TECHNIQUEMeat to be examined is ground through a food chopper or cut into small pieces .From 10 to 25 gms . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
are placed in a Waring blendor with enough cold water to coverthe meat .When small amounts (10to 15 gms .)
are used, the contents of the blendor are diluted with water and pouredthrough a 10-mesh screen (see Fig .
1) into a funnel inserted into a large separatoryThe blendor is run for about four minutes .FIG . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
1 .muscle tissue.Apparatus for the recovery of trichina larvae and cysts from blendedfunnel .The screen is washed with fine streams of water from an inverted Buchnerfunnel connected to a cold water tap, and the washings collected in the separatoryfunnel.AfterThe fibrous connective tissue remaining on the screen is discarded .the material has sedimented for 30 minutes, the stopcock of the separatory funnel1 While this manuscript was in preparation the author's attention was directedto an abstract by Fallis (1943) in which is described briefly a technique of obtain-ing migrating young larval nematodes similar to the method outlined herein . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
is opened and a specimen is collected in an examination dish .An N/10 solutionof sodium hydroxide is added to the content of the dish as a clearing agent .Search is now made under a stereoscopic, wide field microscope for parasites eitherfree or usually within their cysts (Fig. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
2) .When larger amounts of meat are to be examined or the blended material isespecially gelatinous or tends to flocculate, sedimentation in the separatory funnelThe blended material isis dispensed with and washing by screening is employed .screened through the 10-mesh screen to remove large pieces of connective tissue .A sedimentation jar large enough to fit under the 10-mesh screen is used to receivethe blended material and screen washings .After the screen has been washed, thecontents of the sedimentation jar are poured onto a standard screen of 200 meshFIG. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
2 .Cysts of Trichinella spiralis recovered by the method described in thetext .to the inch, a mesh sufficiently fine to prevent the passage of larvae and cysts .After washing and screening, the contents of the screen are washed into an exam-ination dish and the dish examined for parasites if such is desirable, or, if theobject is the recovery of large numbers of cysts, the contents are counted by thedilution technique .The technique of the digestion method employed in these experiments is asfollows : The meat is ground through a food chopper and a weighed amount isplaced in the digestive fluid .The formula used for the digestive solution is givenby Schwartz (1939), who states that for digesting a one-half pound sample, thedigestive fluid was made up as follows : scale or spongy pepsin U .S .P ., 5 to 6 gms . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
;hydrochloric acid, 10 cc .
; water, 600 cc.The water for the digestive fluid shouldDigestion is carried out in an incubator at 37 .50 C .be at a temperature of 37* C .
with periodic stirring of the digest . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
After about 18 hours, the supernatant fluidis decanted and the material in the digesting jar poured through a 50-mesh screen,to remove any undigested particles, into a sedimentation vessel .Water is addedand after 30 minutes' sedimentation the supernatant is decanted and the sedimentpoured into a conical test glass .The concentrated sediment of the test glass isexamined after 30 minutes for possible larvae of Trichinella spiralis .EXPERIMENTAL DATATo test the reliability of the blendor method-the procedure just outlined, theThirteen young pigs were each fed 5 to 100following experiment was performed.The cysts in small pieces of tissue werecysts of Trichinella spiralis (Table 1) .carefully dissected from infected hog meat, counted, and administered to the youngpigs by mouth.In 30 days after infection, the animals were killed and thediaphragm and its pillars were examined for trichinae .One pillar was examinedTABLE 1 . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Number larvae recovered from the diaphragm of pigs, 30 days afterinfection, by the digestion and the blendor methods .Trichinae recovered from the pillars ofdiaphragm by :Blendor methodDigestion methodTrichinae recoveredfrom fibrous diaphragmby digestionWeight(gms.)No.recov-eredLarvaepergramWeight(gms.
)No.recov-eredLarvaepergramWeight( gms . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
)No .recov-eredLarvaepergram2628223728161942261441721001031341110472990000.04.1.81.21.26.383.35.71 .28018201832162326412217339250010231119375118112000.05.12.13.42.461 .683 .0.541 .22.0810496891151028383125112521278110200101510948572001451054000.01.15.12.11.38.513.81 .11 .3.04PigNo .Lar-vaeFed520021019711519732020042519813019723520014019854519845020035519791983601974 100by the peptic digestion method and the other by the blendor method .The remain-der of the diaphragm was digested and the number of larvae recovered recorded .As can be seen from Table 1, no larvae were recovered by either method from thediaphragms of three pigs fed 5, 10, and 20 cysts, respectively .Larvae were recov-ered from the remaining 10 pigs, fed 15 to 100 cysts of the parasite, using bothmethods for their discovery.No significant differences were noted in the effi-ciency of the two methods in detecting trichina larvae from very light infections .In two other experiments designed to compare the number of larvae or cystsrecovered from infested flesh by the digestion and blendor methods, two lots ofmeat were used, one comparatively lightly infected and the other heavily infected .Ten 25-gm . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
samples were used for each method .For the digestion method, the 10samples, equally divided between the two lots of meat, were digested, screened andNumbers of larvae in each sample were estimated by dilution count anddiluted.The second 10 samples, equally divided between the two lotsrecorded (Table 2) .of meat, were blended for four minutes each and, because of the large amount ofblended material, were treated by passing first through a 10-mesh screen and then through a 200-mesh screen as described above .The contents of the 200-meshscreen were washed into a dish and the cysts and larvae recovered were counted,using the dilution technique (Table 2) .Although the average number of larvaerecovered from each lot of meat is somewhat greater for the digestion method, theaverages for the two groups are within 10 per cent of each other .TABLE 2 . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Showing the number of larvae or cysts per gram of pork recovered bydigestion and blendor techniques from p5-gram samples of eitherlightly or heavily infected meatLarvae recovered from :Lightly infected meat by :Heavily infected meat by :BlendortechniqueDigestiontechniqueBlendortechniqueDigestiontechnique7210480939344288TotalAverage981308773734619266066086466079936437297448269067737564005801The question arose as to the viability and infectivity of the encapsulated larvaeIn order to answer this question, 20 rats wereThe first group was infectedThe second groupobtained by use of the blendor .selected and divided into two groups of 10 each .with decapsulated larvae obtained by digesting infected meat .TABLE 3 .-Number of adult worms or larvae recovered from rats fed either 1,000decapsulated larvae or 1,000 encapsulated larvae of T . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
spiralis eachRats killed 5 days after infectionRats killed 29 days after infectionAdult worms recoveredLarvae recoveredRat No .FemaleMaleTotalRat No .No.123451234580120804020139120120160440RATS INFECTED WITH DECAPSULATED LARVAE1201808040204060000678910RATS INFECTED WITH ENCAPSULATED LARVAE2131401202004606789107420040202,5004,0006,0005,00019,00023,00013,00023,00022,00024,000was infected with encapsulated larvae obtained by blending infected meat.Eachrat of the two groups received 1,000 larvae (estimated by dilution technique) .Five days after infection, five rats from each group were killed and the small in-The worms foundtestine of each was opened and examined for adult trichinae .Twenty-ninewere counted by the dilution technique and recorded (Table 3) . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
days after infection the remaining 10 rats of the two groups were killed and theDecapsulated larvaecarcass of each was ground in a food chopper and digested .resulting from this procedure were counted by the dilution technique and recorded(Table 3) .The experiment shows evidence that the encapsulatd larvae obtainedby use of the blendor were not only as vigorous as decapsulated larvae obtained bythe digestion technique, but were also superior in their infectivity.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONSThe recovery of larvae from muscle tissue suspected of harboring trichinae isof the utmost importance from the standpoint of diagnosis .Schwartz (1938) ina discussion of the diagnosis of trichinosis, states that "a positive diagnosis oftrichinosis in human beings can be made with certainty only when the parasitesare actually found in the patient, usually following a biopsy . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
"In the human orin the animal subject the tissue for examination is excised with a knife or with aharpoon .The harpooning of food animals for biopsy specimens was developed bythe Germans and has been described by Leuckart (1860) and by Althaus (1864) .Friedreich (1862) was apparently the first to use the harpoon to demonstratetrichinae in the living human muscle . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
The press preparation is extensively usedto examine biopsy specimens owing to the small pieces of biopsied flesh available .If larger amounts of muscle tissue can be secured, the peptic digestion methodwill give the more accurate and conclusive results .In experiments reported herein,the blendor method equals the digestion method in accuracy in detecting infectionsof small intensity, and approximates it in the recovery of larvae from larger in-fections.In addition, the larvae recovered from the blendor process seem to beof greater infectivity than those recovered from the peptic digestive procedure .Whether this is due to the greater vitality of the larvae from the blendor processor to their single exposure to gastric juice was not ascertained .In favor of the new method is the comparatively short time required for itscompletion .Accurate examinations can be made in about five minutes with thescreen-washing technique and the 200-mesh screen and from 35 to 50 minutes withthe sedimentation technique .The digestion technique ordinarily requires 18 hours .SUMMARYThe first and simplest method for the examination of muscle tissue for thepresence of trichinae-the press preparation-was described the year the trichinaworm was discovered and named.Sixty-two years later the digestion method wasdescribed .Nineteen years after its description, Ransom elaborated the method intoA new method of quickly determiningthe accurate technique of modern procedure .the presence of Trichinella spiralis in muscle tissue has been described .The recov-ery of large numbers of trichina cysts from heavily infected meat is possible withIn employing it, a choice of sedimentation, which requires 35 to 50this method .minutes and a small amount of blended material, and of screening, which requiresabout 5 minutes and the use of either gelatinous or voluminous blended material,is offered . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
]Experimental evidence is given that the new technique is equal to the diges-tion technique in its ability to detect infections of small intensity and is approxi-mate to it in the numbers of larvae recovered from heavier infections .Larvaeso recovered by the new technique seem to possess greater infectivity than thoserecovered by the digestion method .LITERATURE CITEDALTHAUS, J .1864 .On trichina disease, its prevention and cure .
Med .
Timesand Gaz ., London, 1 (Apr.
2) : 362-364, (Apr .
9) : 390-392 . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
2) : 362-364, (Apr .
9) : 390-392 .
FALLIS, A .
M. 1943 .
Use of the Waring blendor to separate small parasites fromtissues .
(Abstract) Canad .
J .
Pub.
Health, 34 (1) : 44 .FARRE, A .1835 .
Observations on the Trichina spiralis.
(Dec .
12) : 382-387 .Lond .
Med .
Gaz ., 17FRIEDREICH, N .1862 .
Ein Beitrag zur Pathologic der Trichinenkrankheit beimMenschen .
Arch .
fur Path .
Anat., 25 (2F), 5 (3-4 : 399-413 .LEUCKART, R .RANSOM, B .
H .
1916. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
H .
1916.
Effect of refrigeration upon larvae of Trichinella spiralis.1860 .
Untersuchungen uber Trichina spiralis .Leipzig.
57 pp .Jour.
Agric .
Research, 5 (18) : 819-854 .SCHWARTZ, B .1938 .
Trichinosis in swine and its relation to public health .
Jour.Amer.
Vet .
Med .
Assoc ., 92 (3) : 317-337 .1939 .
Freedom from viable trichinae of frankfurters preparedunder Federal meat inspection .
Proc .
Helminth .
Soc .
Wash. 6 (2) : 35-37.THORNBURY, F. L .
1897 .
The pathology of trichinosis . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
1897 .
The pathology of trichinosis .
Original observations .Univ .
Med .
Mag., 10 (2) : 64-79 .Wellcomia evaginata (Smith, 1908) (Oxyuridae : Nematode) ofPorcupines -in Mule Deer, Odocoileus hemionus, in ColoradoZoology Department, Colorado A & M College and Pathology Section, ColoradoExperiment Station, Fort Collins, ColoradoO.
WILFORD OLSEN1andC.
D .
TOLMAN1Colorado Game and Fish Department, Denver, ColoradoSpecies of the nematode genus Wellcomia are parasites of rodents . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Porcu-pines are both commonly and heavily parasitized by them .
Approximately 30,500of these nematodes were collected from one pregnant and apparently healthy por-cupine, Erethrizon epixanthum, taken near Gunnison in western Colorado .
Withsuch heavy infection of Wellcomia occurring in porcupines, it is apparent thatlarge numbers of eggs are produced and scattered over areas where these animalsforage. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
In regions where both porcupines and deer occupy the same range, thelatter are exposed to infection by these parasites .During the course of a study of the parasites of the mule deer in Colorado,two individuals from the Gunnison area were found to be infected with nematodesof the same type as those in porcupines.
There were approximately 20 and 70worms, respectively, in the deer .
Both male and female nematodes were present ;the females were large but not gravid . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Comparison of the specimens from thedeer and porcupine revealed similar morphological details .Following a study of the species of Wellcomia Sambon, 1907, it was theopinion of Mao (1939 : Ann .
Parasitol.
Comp .
et Hum .
17 : 336-354) that themembers of this genus found in American porcupines, Erethrizon dorsatum andE . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
epixanthum, is different from W. evoluta (Linstow, 1899) from the Malayanporcupine, Hystrix brachyura.His conclusion was based on two points, namely,(1) that Linstow's description is too vague to make a positive identification and,therefore, the name W. evoluta should be retained for the species from Hystrixbrachyura, and (2) that the great difference in geographic distribution of thehosts is justification for considering the nematodes as being different species .For the species of Wellcomia reported from Erethrizon by Smith (1908, Univ .Penn . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Med .
Bull .
20 : 266-267), Hall (1916, Proc .
U .
S. Nat.
Mus .
50 : 70-74),and Jellison (1932, Trans .
Am .
Micro .
Soc.
52 : 43-44), he assigned the name W .
'Appreciation is expressed by the authors to Mr .
Gilbert Hunter, Game Man-ager, Colorado Game and Fish Department, for making this study possible .
FIGS .
1-2 .Wellcomia evaginata from deer .gravid female .
2-En face view of adult male.1-En face view of large non-evaginata (Smith, 1908) . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
The specimens reported in this paper from both deerand porcupines are designated as W. evaginata .This is the first record knownto the authors of W. evaginata occurring in deer .Hall (loc .
cit.)
identified as Oxyurus evoluta Linstow, 1899 nematodes col-lected from Erethrizon epixanthum and E .
dorsatum .He described and figuredthe mouth and lips.
His description and figure, however, do not agree .
He statedthat "there are three broad lips (Fig . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
He statedthat "there are three broad lips (Fig .
80) and between them three other inter- mediate lip structures projecting nearer to the median longitudinal axis ."
Hisfigure does not show the intermediate lips mentioned in the description .
More-over, examination of our specimens from both deer and porcupines showed labialstructures very different from those figured by Hall . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
It is the opinion of thewriters that Hall's mounts of the head were not good and, therefore, did not showthe true nature of these structures.Inasmuch as no accurate figures of the mouth and lips of W .
evaginata exist,the character of these structures in our material is shown by drawings of a largenon-gravid female (Fig .
1) and an adult male (Fig .
2) from deer, and a photo-micrograph (Fig.
3) of a gravid female from the porcupine .Studies on the Helminth Fauna of Alaska .
VIII . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
VIII .
Some CestodeParasites of the Pacific Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla Ridgway)with the Description of Haploparaxis rissae n. sp .EVERETT L. SCHILLER'Thirty-seven adult Pacific kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla Ridgway) were col-lected at St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea, Alaska, during the latter part of August,1950 .Parasitological examinations revealed that 25 (70%) of these gulls con-Tetrabothrium erostretained cestodes representing three genera and four species . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
(Lönnberg, 1889), previously recorded from this host, was found in two of thebirds .
This species has been adequately described in the literature and thereforewill not be considered further here .The majority of the gulls positive for cestodes harbored both Anomotaenialarina (Krabbe, 1869) and A .
micracantha (Krabbe, 1869) .
Although these spe-cies have also been previously recorded from the kittiwake, they are poorly knownand incompletely described . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
The present specific identifications were made pri-marily on the basis of rostellar hook number, size, and shape, together with cirrussac size .
A redescription of each species, resulting from a study of this material,is presented.Several cestodes of the genus Haploparaxis Clerc, 1902, were recovered fromthe small intestine of a single host .
These worms constitute an hitherto unknownspecies which is herein described as new .Anomotaenia micracantha (KRABBE, 1869)(Figs .
1-2)Diagnosis.-Dilepididae. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
1-2)Diagnosis.-Dilepididae.
Length of strobila 100-120 mm .
; maximum width2 mm ., attained at posterior end of strobila .
Scolex 325 N, in diameter .
Evagi-nated rostellum 288 g in length by 72 µ in diameter .
Knob-like apex of rostellumbears 20-22 hooks measuring 25-32 Ft in length and disposed alternately in twoSuckers unarmed, very muscular, directed forward, 160 µ in diameter.rows.Strobila 160 µ, wide immediately posterior to base of scolex .
Genital pores irregu-larly alternate. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Genital pores irregu-larly alternate.
Genital ducts pass between ventral and dorsal excretory canals.Cirrus sac about 216 it long by 24 µ in width .
Vas deferens tightly coiled prior tojuncture with cirrus sac .
Protrusible unarmed cirrus 8 µ in diameter .
Testes16-20 in number contained within boundaries of excretory canals posterior to allfemale reproductive organs . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Testes 72 µ in diameter in mature proglottids .Ovary located in anterior part of proglottid aporal to median line and composedi Arctic Health Research Center, U .
S .
Public Health Service, FSA, Anchorage,Alaska.
of numerous short thick lobes .Vitelline gland lies ventral to ovary, prominent inmiddle of proglottid about 240X130µ.
Piriform seminal receptacle lies justanterior to vitelline gland and measures 90X75µ in mature segments. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Saccateuterus fills entire proglottid within boundaries of ventral excretory canals whengravid .
Eggs about 40-45 1A in diameter ; hooks of onchosphere, 16 µ in length .Host .
Rissa tridactyla Ridgway.Locality .-St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea, Alaska .Habitat.-Duodenum .One slide, No .
47088, containing an entire specimen has been deposited in theHelminthological Collection of the U .
S .
National Museum.Anomotaenia larina (KRABBE, 1869)(Figs . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
3-4)Diagnosis .-Dilepididae .Scolex 500 µ in diameter.Genital pores irregularly alternate .Length of strobila about 80 mm.
; maximum width3 mm. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
attained at posterior end of strobila .Suckersunarmed, weakly muscled, about 216 µ in diameter.Evaginated rostellum 360 µ inlength and 144 µ in diameter .Rostellum provided with 20-22 hooks, 96-110 µ inin length and arranged alternately in two rows .Strobila about 390 j in diameterimmediately posterior to scolex .Genitalducts pass between dorsal and ventral excretory canals .Cirrus sac 240-288 µ longCirrus unarmed, protrusible, about 10 µ in diameter .by 72 p in greatest diameter.Testes about 30 to 40 in number measure 72 µ in diameter -in mature proglottids .Testes all situated posterior to ovary within boundaries of ventral excretory canals .Ovary deeply lobed with long finger-Ovary occurs in anterior part of proglottid .like projections which extend to excretory canals on either side .Vitelline gland,located directly posterior to ovary in middle of proglottid, measures about 1 .80 x 95 µUterus sacculate and develops by lateral branching andin mature proglottids .enlargement, filling entire proglottid when gravid.Eggs about 32-36 µ in diam-eter .Ventral longitudinal excretory canals 12 µ in diameter ; dorsal canals 8 µin diameter .Host .Rissa tridactyla Ridgway.Locality .-St . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Lawrence Island, Bering Sea, Alaska .Habitat .-Duodenum .One slide, No .
47087, containing an entire specimen, has been deposited in theHelminthological Collection of the U.
S .
National Museum .Scolex 170 µ in diameter.Diagnosis .-Hymenolepididae .Rostellum provided with 10 hooks, 21 µ in length .Haploparaxis rissae n .
sp .
(Figs.
5-7)Length of strobila about 20 mm . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
; maximumwidth 600 g .Suckers 75 It in diameter, unarmed,strongly muscled and directed forward .Evaginated rostellum 225 µ long and 72 µin diameter at apex .Strobila130 µ wide immediately posterior to base of scolex .Genital pores unilateral anddextral .Saccate external sem-inal vesicle 50 µ long by 20 µ in greatest diameter.Single ovoid testis 95 x 80 µin mature proglottids and located in middle of segment .Ovary usually trilobed,230 µ long, contained within boundaries of excretory canals .Vitelline gland,75 x 30 µ, situated ventral and posterior to ovary, usually between posterior lateralVagina about 5 µ in diameter ; position variable, occurring posterior,lobes .directly ventral, or anterior to cirrus sac, and approaching ovary dorsally .Sem-inal receptacle not observed .Completely gravid segmentsnot observed.Cirrus spinose . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Muscular cirrus sac 160 x 35 g .Ventral longitudinal excretory canals measure 6 g in diameter.Uterus sacculate .
FIGS .
1-7.Morphological details of some cestode parasites of the Pacifickittiwake .1-Rostellar hook of Anomotaenia micracantha .
2-Mature prog-lottid of A .
micracantha (ventral view) .
3-Rostellar hook of A .
larina .
4-Ma-ture proglottid of A .
larina (ventral view) .5-Rostellar hook of Haploparaxisrissae n .
sp .7-Mature proglottid of H .
rissae (ventralview) .6-Scolex of H . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
rissae (ventralview) .6-Scolex of H .
rissae.Host .
Rissa tridactyla Ridgway.Locality .-St .
Lawrence Island, Bering Sea, Alaska.Habitat .-Duodenum.
Type.-One slide, No .
47086, containing an entire specimen, has been depositedin the Helminthological Collection of the U .
S. National Museum .Discussion .-Six of the 25 known species of the genus Haploparaxis occurringin birds (24 as reported by Schiller, 1951, and one since described, H. galli Bausch,1951)2 possess a spinose cirrus . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
These are : H. fuliginosa Solowiow, 1911 ; H .veitchi Baylis, 1934 ; H .
clerci Yamaguti, 1935 ; H .
scolopacis Yamaguti, 1935 ;H. xemae Schiller, 1951 ; and H. galli Rausch, 1951 .
Of these, H. rissae n .
sp .most closely resembles H .
clerci and H .
xemae .
H .
xemae is the only member ofthis group reported from lariforms .
A critical- comparison of these species withH .
rissae resulted in the following major differences :H . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
clerci Yamaguti, 1935, (parasitic in Charadriiformes) has a strobila ofmuch greater length (130 mm.
), and a considerably shorter rostellum (63-96 µ),which bears hooks of a characteristically different shape .
This species differs, aswell, in having an elongate ovary which extends laterally beyond the excretorycanals when fully developed.H. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
xemae Schiller, 1951, (parasitic in Lariformes) differs in the structure ofthe cirrus sac (extends past the median line of the proglottid), the shape of theovary (subspherical), and in the greater size of the rostellar hooks (25 µ) .LITERATURE CITEDKRABBE, H .1869 .
Bidrag til Kundskab om Fuglenes Baendelorme .
Dansk.Vidensk .
Selsk .
Skr ., naturvid .
math .
Afd .
8 : 249-363 .RAUSCH, R .
1951 .
Studien an der Helminthenfauna von Alaska .
IV.
Haplo-paraxis galli n . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
IV.
Haplo-paraxis galli n .
sp., ein Cestode aus dem Schneehuhn, Lagopus rupestris(Gmelin) .
Zeitschr.
Parasitenk .
15 : 1-3.SCHILLER, E .
L .1951 .
Studies on the helminth fauna of Alaska .
I.
Two newcestodes from Sabines gull (Xema sabini) .
J .
Parasit . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
J .
Parasit .
37 : 266-292 .2 The writer misplaced a data sheet during the preparation of an earlier manu-script (1951) relative to this group which later resulted in an erroneus report byBausch of 23 species of the genus Haploparaxis occurring in birds.A Note on the Cell Inclusions of Syringolaimussmarigdus Cobb, 1928RICHARD W .
TIMMThe Catholic University of America, Washington, D . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
C .Numerous specimens of the' marine nematode, Syringolaimus smarigdus, werecollected from the common mud snail, Nassa obsoleta, at Woods Hole, Massachu-setts, in the summer of 1950 .
The nemas occur in great abundance among thealgae on the shell of the snail, confirming Cobb's report of this association (J .Wash .
Acad .
Sci., 18 (9) : 249-253, 1928) .
There is an encrusting orange alga(genus Ralfsia?) | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
There is an encrusting orange alga(genus Ralfsia?)
which adheres closely to the shell of the snail and a filamentousgreen alga which forms a thick felt over the orange alga .
Cobb noted the brightgreen intestinal cell inclusions in S .
smarigdus and designated them granulumHe maintained that the nemas obviously feed upon theviride intestinalis (sic) .orange alga, since the intestinal content of the syringolaims has the same color asthe alga. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
However, for several reasons we feel that the cell inclusions are due topigment from the green alga .
Firstly, there is an obvious difference in color be-tween the orange alga and the cell inclusions.
Secondly, the orange pigment inthe intestine is uniform in density and color intensity from the esophagus to theanus . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Thirdly, the majority of specimens examined had no orange -pigment or only scattered patches.Fourthly, masses of green, algae were often observed inthe intestine.Finally, chemical tests showed that the cell inclusions were not de-rived from the orange alga.The standard tests for chlorophyll using concen-trated sulfuric and nitric acids and potassium iodide were run .No blue colorresulted, but when concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids were diffused slowly underthe cover slip as the nematodes were being observed under oil immersion a remark-able color change took place . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
The cell inclusions slowly passed from bright greento dark green, dark blue, red, orange, pink and eventually became colorless .Inthe same time the bright orange pigment of the intestinal lumen remained un-changed but the color gradually faded to a pale orange .These tests are suggested for the demonstration of similar cell inclusions inFor example, Oncholaimium oxyure (Ditl., 1911)other alga-eating nematodes .var .
domesticum (Chitw., 1938) n .
comb .
(syn.
0 .
oxyuris var . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
comb .
(syn.
0 .
oxyuris var .
domesticus Chitw .,1938), cultured for an entire year in an unaerated aquarium on filamentous greenalgae, showed no color changes of the olivaceous sphaeroids under similar tests .Perhaps the recent techniques of chromatography (vid .
Ann .
N .
Y .
Acad . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Ann .
N .
Y .
Acad .
Sci ., 18(9) : 141-326, 1948) could be effectively applied to the precise determination ofpigment cell inclusions in certain nematodes, since the limit of identification ofsome tests is often below one gamma .The Morphology of Ascaris laevis Leidy 1856,and Notes on Ascarids in Rodents'JACK D. TINERDuring the summer of 1949 Dr . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Asa Chandler, Rice Institute, Houston, Texas,informed the writer that he had obtained a bottle of ascarids from a woodchuckMarmota [Arctomys] monax in Pennsylvania .2 At about the same time Dr .Robert Rausch, Alaska Health and Sanitation Activities, U .
S .
Public Health Serv-ice, collected several Ascaris sp .
from ground squirrels Citellus richardsoni on theArctic Slope of Alaska .
Inasmuch as neither of these groups of roundwormscould be identified, Dr . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Chandler generously loaned his specimens to the writer forcomparison .It is now evident that there is a distinct species of Ascaris naturallyparasitic in North American woodchucks and ground squirrels .Leidy (1856) described an Ascaris laevis from the woodchuck .Inasmuch ashe stated "lips prominent" in his description, it seems probable that he was deal-ing with a member of the Ascaroidea .Leidy's measurements indicate that A .laevis is shorter and wider than Ascaris columnaris which he named and redescribedin the immediately preceding paragraph of the same paper .Consequently, itappears that he was dealing with a species which he regarded as distinct from, butpossibly similar to, A . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
columnaris .The writer has often observed that the wood-chuck and ground squirrel ascarid is proportionately of greater diameter thaneither the Ascaris spp.
of North American carnivores or Ascaris lumbricoides .In female specimens of the North American members of the genus Ascaris themucronate tail which Leidy noted on A . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
laevis has been observed only on the species1 A contribution from the Department of Zoology, University of Illinois,Urbana, Ill.2 These specimens were collected by the Pennsylvania Mammal Survey, whichis a Pittman-Robertson Project, and is a cooperative feature between the Penn-sylvania Game Commission, the U .
S .
Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh .The worms were made available for study by Dr .
J .Kenneth Doutt, Curator of Mammals, Carnegie Museum . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
from the woodchuck.The following original description of A .
laevis quoted in itsentirety from Leidy (1856) was very probably based on a specimen of the wood-chuck Ascaris11113 .ASCARIS LAEVIS Leidy.ties .
Head naked ; lips prominent.female 3J inches, breadth 1} lines .Male not seen.Body cylindrical, narrowing at the extremi-Length ofTail conical, mucronate.
"A single specimen was obtained by Mr .
Packard, from the intestine ofArctomys monax . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Packard, from the intestine ofArctomys monax .
"No type locality was specified and no mention was made of the disposal of thetype specimen of A .
laevis.Neither Stiles and Hassall (1894) nor Walton (1927)made any reference to it in their listings of the Leidy collection specimens .Pre-sumably the original specimen and any accompanying labels or notes have beenlost .Dr .
D .
H . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
D .
H .
Wenrich of the Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania,(personal correspondence, 1950) stated that there are a considerable number ofLeidy's specimens at the University of Pennsylvania, but that he could not findany record of the specimen or the host of A .
laevis.Dr .
E'.
W. Price, U .
S .Bureau of Animal Industry has informed the writer that there is no type speci-men of A .
laevis in the U .
S .
N. M .
collection, and Dr. A . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
S .
N. M .
collection, and Dr. A .
C. Walton, Knox College,writes that he did not encounter this species when he restudied the Leidy collection .Owing to the apparent scarcity of adult Ascaris collected from rodents, Bauschand Tiner (1948) considered the possibility that the specimen which Leidy de-scribed as A . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
laevis might have been an accidental Ascaris lumbricoides or Ascariscolumnaris which happened to mature in the woodchuck's intestine.However, aredescription based entirely on the specimens from Marmota monax in Pennsyl-vania is possible, and is given belowCervical alae absent.projections or diverticula .Ascaris laevis LEIDY 1856Oesophagus without ventriculus, and intestine withoutFemale .-Length 80-100 mm ., width 2 .4-2 .8 mm., in middle of body.Esoph-agus, 4 .5-5 .1 mm .
long, and .59- .71 mm. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
long, and .59- .71 mm.
wide in posterior one fourth.Nerve ring.75-.90 mm ., excretory pore 1.12-1 .16 mm.
(Fig .
6), and vulva 20-28 mm.
fromanterior end.Anus .56-.83 mm .
from posterior end of body (Figs .
5 and 7) .Eggs .067-.069 mm .
long by .051-.054 mm.
wide (Fig .
4) .Spicules equal or subequal, .36-.55 mm.
long.Male .-Length 30-48 mm., width 1.2-1 .8 mm.
in middle of body.Esophagus2 .45-3 .64 mm.
long with a maximum width of .315- .500 mm .
in its posterior onefourth. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
in its posterior onefourth.
Nerve ring .44-.55 mm ., and excretory pore .63-.73 mm.
from anteriorend.Cloaca .375-.410 mm .
fromFive pairs post-cloacal papillae, of which most anteriorposterior end (Fig .
1) .About 50 pairs pre-cloacal papillae in irregular rowstwo are doubled (Fig .
2) .beginning beside cloaca on each side and running anteriorly.Roughened patchesof cuticle present just anterior to and just posterior to cloaca, extending intocloaca on its posterior wall (Fig . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
1) .forms slight caudal alae (Fig.
2) .Cuticle on sides of worm in cloacal regionHosts.-Marmota monax in Pennsylvania, and Citellus parryi barrowensis inAlaska.Localities .-Benson Swamp, 5 mi.
East of Columbus, Warren Co ., Pennsyl-vania ; Anaktuvuk Pass (Tolugak Lake), Alaska, and Umiat, Alaska .Location .-Small intestine.Specimens .-Neosyntypes, Carnegie Museum Number NR-CG 2108 ; Alaskanspecimens, U.
S .
National Museum Helminthological Collection No . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
National Museum Helminthological Collection No .
47359.When the ordinary morphological criteria are used, the nearest relatives ofA .
laevis might be A .
columnaris in North American skunks, badgers, and raccoons, Ascaris schroederi McIntosh 1939 from an Asiatic panda in the New York Zoologi-cal Park, and Ascaris gulonis Gmelin 1790 of the wolverine Gulo luscus (L . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
1766) .3The male of Ascaris laevis differs from males of these carnivore parasitizing as-carids by having smaller and less extensive roughenings in the vicinity of thecloaca .
It also differs from the male A .
lumbricoides which has no pericloacalcuticular roughenings.
The spicule length of A .
laevis ( .36- .55 mm .)
can be usedto separate it from A .
schroederi for which the original description gives thespicule length as .60 mm ., and from A . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
gulonis in which the writer has measuredspicules .60-.63 mm .
long .
However, the spicule lengths of A .
laevis would coin-cide with those of A .
columnaris.Measurements of numerous specimens of A .columnaris from skunks and raccoons indicate that its spicules range from .45 to.55 mm.
long.
The " .8- .9 mm." | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
long.
The " .8- .9 mm."
recorded for the length of the spicules of A .columnaris by the writer in a previous note (Tiner and Chin, 1948) was evidentlymeasured through a 10 x instead of a 6 x ocular and should have been multipliedby a factor of .6 to give .48 to .54 mm ., which falls in the correct range .Probably the size of the host species to which an ascarid is adapted as anintestinal parasite can be correlated to some extent with the maximum size of theworm .
Specimens of A . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Specimens of A .
laevis, a parasite of rodents, tend to be shorter thanthose members of the genus parasitic in carnivores, or in man and pig (A .
lumbri-coides), or in cattle (A .
vitulorum) .Maximum lengths of A .
laevis of either sexmeasured by the writer were less than maximum lengths of specimens of the cor-responding sex of other Ascaris.One of the female worms from the Umiat squir-rel measured 116 mm.
long .
McIntosh (1939) described the female of A .
schroe-deri as being 125 mm . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |