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schroe-deri as being 125 mm .
long, Goodey and Cameron (1923) reported a length of 225mm.
for female A .
columnaris .
Ascaris gulonis females measured by the writerhave been 196-245 mm.
long .
Various textbooks have given the length of maturefemale A .
lumbricoides as 200 mm .
to 350 mm ., though in different units (cf .Chandler, 1949 ; Faust, 1949 ; and Belding, 1942) .
Bhalerao (1935) gives 300mm .
for the maximum length of females of A . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
for the maximum length of females of A .
vitulorum .It was noted that Linsdale (1946) reported a length of 135 mm .
for anAscaris in the California ground squirrel Citellus beecheyi which he tentativelycalled Ascaris columnaris, but which more probably is a variant of A .
laevis.Through the courtesy of Dr. Linsdale it was possible to examine several of theseascarids from C .
beecheyi collected on the Hastings Natural History Reservationof the University of California. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Male specimens measured up to 72 mm .
long,thus exceeding the lengths of the above described Pennsylvania male specimens .The spicules were similar in shape to other specimens identified as A .
laevis, andranged from .410 to .540 mm .
long .
The left spicule was usually a little shorterthan the right.
About 49 pre-cloacal papillae were present on each side .
Thepericloacal roughenings of the male were inconspicuous like those of A . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
laevis .These roughenings were prominent on male ascarids from raccoons at the HastingsNatural History Reservation which were subsequently loaned by Dr .
Linsdale .3 The writer has examined ascarids collected from the wolverine by Dr .
RobertRausch in Alaska and by Mr .
H .
F .
Quick at Ft .
Nelson, B .
C .
Thanks are ex-pressed to Mr. Merle Kuns for forwarding the British Columbia specimens tothe writer.FIGS .
1-7 .
Morphology of Ascaris laevis .Scales for Figs . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Morphology of Ascaris laevis .Scales for Figs .
1, 2, and 3 repre-sent 200 µ ; for Figs .
4 and 5, 30 µ ; for Figs .
6 and 7, 300 g ; for Fig .
8, 50 µ .1-Lateral view, posterior extremity of male .
2-Ventral view, posterior extremityof male .
3-En face view of female .
4-Egg .
5-Tip of tail, female (samespecimen as Fig .
7) .
6-Anterior end of female .
7-Tail of female .
8-Peri-anal region of male .
The identifications of A . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
The identifications of A .
lumbricoides from a fox squirrel reported by Bauschand Tiner (1948) and from a muskrat by Tiner and Chin (1948) are not affectedby proof of the existence of A .
laevis.Both records are based on male wormswhich were more than twice the maximum known length of mature A .
laevis males,and both possessed greater numbers of pre-cloacal papillae than the writer hasbeen able to count on A .
laevis.Spicules of these worms were much longer thanthose known for either A .
laevis or A . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
laevis or A .
columnaris, and no pericloacal rougheningswere found .Through the courtesy of Mr .
Kuns, Department of Biology, Purdue Univer-sity, three additional vials of ascarids from fox squirrels were examined .Twoadditional records of A .
lumbricoides in Sciurus niger rufiventer have resulted,and are listed in the following paragraphs :Passed in feces .
"One vial contained a male and fragments of a female worm, and was labelledAscarids x Fox sq .
#216F Collected by C. G . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
#216F Collected by C. G .
Fredine during fall and winter of1946 .The male specimen was 96 mm .
long, had spicules1 .4 mm.
long, and in excess of 40 pre-cloacal papillae .
An exact count of theselast mentioned was not possible because of infoldings of the cuticle of the curledposterior end of the worm.
Pre- and post-cloacal roughenings were completelyabsent .
Mr . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Mr .
Kuns (personal correspondence, 1949) supplied the following infor-mation : The squirrel was captured in Benton Co ., Indiana, September, 1946, andkept in the wildlife laboratory in a wire mesh cage until it died March 30, 1947 .Ascarids were found in the cage by Mr .
. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
.
Fredine at different times between Oc-tober and December, 1946 ; although there was no apparent exposure to Ascariseggs during captivity .A second vial from fox squirrel 245 F, Cunningham Wildlife Study Area,Tippecanoe Co., Indiana, April 14, 1947 contained a single male 90 mm. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
long inwhich the spicules were .86 (left) and .94 (right) mm ., there were at least 45pre-cloacal papillae on either side, and pre- and post-cloacal roughenings wereabsent .The writer considers this specimen as also belonging to the species A .lumbricoides.A third female ascarid, passed by a captive fox squirrel, Tippecanoe County,Indiana was 125 mm .
long and 2 .5 mm .
wide .This specimen closely resembled theother ascarids from Indiana squirrels examined by the writer, and is most probablyA . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
lumbricoides.Mr .
Kuns writes that there are no records as to the area in Benton Co .
inwhich squirrel 216 F was captured, but that squirrel 245 F was killed at the edgeof a 40-acre woodlot, and that pigs were present around farm buildings in theopposite corner of the woods about 300-400 yards away . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
In view of the distancesof several miles sometimes traveled by fox squirrels during their lifetime (Allen,1943), and the rapidity with which they moved into Allen's study area from othernearby woodlots to restore an experimentally destroyed population, it appearsprobable that, previous to capture, each of the above three squirrels had been ex-posed to A .
lumbricoides eggs on soil frequented by infected pigs .Thanks to Mr . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
James Gilford, collector, an additional record of Ascaris lum-bricoides in the muskrat Ondatra zibethica has also resulted .This- host specieswas first listed for A .
lumbricoides by Tiner and Chin (1948) .A single muskratwas taken April 11, 1951 from the same area where two infected individuals werecollected among the 21 reported on in the previous paper, and a male worm 128 mm .long and 2 .1 mm .
wide with spicules 1 .14 mm . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
wide with spicules 1 .14 mm .
long was recovered .The exactlocality was at the origin of the Embarrass River, 11 miles south of the center ofThe University Pig farm isthe City of Champaign, Ill. on U .
S .
Highway 45 .on the same watershed about j mile downstream and the stream runs within 300 ft. of an area pastured by pigs at that point.
It is possible, of course, that the in-fected muskrats had moved in from other farms further downstream .To date we still lack evidence that A . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
lumbricoides which become accidentalparasites of rodents can be of epidemiological significance in spreading eggs (seeRausch and Tiner, 1948) .
There is evidence that parasitic animal species dochange from one host to another (sometimes phylogenetically unrelated) speciesof host whenever two such hosts happen to occupy the same geographical area andwhen the food habits of one happen to be such that there is repeated exposure tothe parasites of the other. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Some workers are of the opinion that the porcine va-riety of A .
lumbricoides was acquired by pigs during their long association withman and constant exposure to the infective eggs .
Evidently a similar process ofexposure is now taking place with native North American rodents selecting outascarids capable of maturing in their intestinal tracts . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
However, human and pigintestines do not differ markedly in size, and there is no reason to suppose that asize barrier existed to impede the change of a strain of A .
lumbricoides from theone environment to the other .
A process of selection toward a shorter and smallervariety would be expected to accompany permanent adaptation of any A .
lumbri-coides progeny to the various wild rodent species which are now known to be occa-sional hosts .LITERATURE CITEDALLEN, D .
L .
1943 . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
L .
1943 .
Michigan fox squirrel management .
Dept.
Conservation,Lansing, Mich., Game Div.
Publ.
100.
404 pp .BELDING, D .
L. 1942 .
Textbook of clinical parasitology .
Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York .BHALERAO, G .
D .
1935 .
Helminth parasites of the domesticated animals inIndia.
The Imperial Council for Agricultural Research .
Scientific MonographNo .
6 .
Delhi .
365 pp .CHANDLER, A.
C .
1949 .
Introduction to parasitology .
8th ed .
J. Wiley & Sons,New York.FAUST, E .
C . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
8th ed .
J. Wiley & Sons,New York.FAUST, E .
C .
1949 .
Human helminthology.
2nd ed.
Lea & Febiger, Phila-delphia.GooDEY, T .
and CAMERON, T .
W. M. 1923 .
Observations on the life history ofAscaris columnaris Leidy, a nematode parasite of the skunk.
J .
Helminthol.1 : 1-8 .LEIDY, JOSEPH.
1856 .
A synopsis of entozoa and some of their ectocogenera ob-served by the author .
Proc.
Acad.
Nat.
Sci .
Phila.
8 : 42-58 .LINSDALE, J .
M .
1946.
The California ground squirrel.
Univ .
Calif . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
The California ground squirrel.
Univ .
Calif .
Press, Ber-keley and Los Angeles.
475 pp .MCINTOSH, ALLEN .
1939 .
A new nematode Ascaris schroederi, from a giantpanda Ailuropoda melanoleuca .Zoologica 24 : 355-357 .BAUSCH, R .
and TINER, J.
D .
1948 .
Studies of the parasitic helminths of theNorth Central States .
I. Helminths of Sciuridae .
Am.
Midl .
Nat .
39728-747 .STILES, C. W. and HASSALL, A .
1894 .
A preliminary catalogue of the parasitescontained in the collections of the U.
S . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
S .
Bureau of Animal Industry, U.
S .
ArmyMedical Museum, Biological Department of the University of Pennsylvania(Coll.
Leidy) and in Coll.
Stiles and Coll .
Hassall.
Vet.
Mag.
1 : 245-253,331-354.TINER, J .
D .
and CHIN, T .
H .
1948.
The occurrence of Ascaric lumbricoides L .1758 in the muskrat Ondatra zibethica L .
J. Parasitol .
34 : 253 .WALTON, A .
C. 1927 .
A revision of the nematodes of the Leidy collection .
Proc .Acad .
Nat.
Sci .
Phila.
79 : 49-163 . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Proc .Acad .
Nat.
Sci .
Phila.
79 : 49-163 .
Counting Nematodirus spathiger Eggs in Sheep Dung'JAMES H .
TURNER2Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, U.
S .
D . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
S .
D .
A .During the course of certain experimental work, already reported in part inabstract by gates and Turner (1949) on Nematodirus spathiger, a trichostrongylidnematode parasite of sheep and other ruminants, accurate counts of the parasiteeggs in the host's feces were made in order to follow the normal course of infec-tion in the experimental animals .
This presented an opportunity of testing theaccuracy of the egg count method employed, the modified direct centrifugal .
flota-tion (D .C .F .) | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
flota-tion (D .C .F .)
method of Stoll (1930) .
Sheep feces, containing eggs of N .
spathi-ger only, was used .
The work of Stoll involving the D .C.F. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
The work of Stoll involving the D .C.F.
method, as applied tosheep dung, was concerned only with eggs of Haemonchus contortus .The purposeof this paper is to present egg count data obtained from 42 different fecal speci-mens containing variable numbers of N. spathiger eggs .MATERIALS AND METHODSIt has been reported by Kauzal (1933), gates (1947) and others that nema-todes of the genus Nematodirus produce relatively few eggs, and that relativelylow egg counts are encountered even in heavy infections . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Consequently, a dilutionegg count method, as described by Stoll or a modification thereof, would not beAs stated -by Stoll "high counts nat-practical for counting Nematodirus eggs.urally favor the dilution method, low counts the D .C .F .
"Therefore, only D .C .F .counts were made on feces containing Nematodirus eggs only .The fecal specimens were obtained rectally from five lambs experimentallyinfected with N. spathiger, and stored in an electric refrigerator in small stop-pered bottles until used . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
The D .C .F .
egg count method employed was slightly, butnot essentially, modified from that of Stoll.
It was preliminarily determined thatabout 99 to 100 percent of Nematodirus eggs were recovered when a total of fivesuccessive coverslips were examined from each D .C.F.
preparation .
In some cases,however, negative coverslips were obtained before the fifth one . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Therefore, rou-tinely in the fecal egg counts reported herein, five successive coverslips from eachpreparation were examined for eggs, and the total number so obtained was consid-ered arbitrarily to be all, or 100 percent, of the eggs in the fecal sample examined.Duplicate preparations and counts were made from each fecal sample, so that atotal of ten coverslips were examined for each specimen .
The numbers of eggscounted on the original and duplicate D .C.F . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
preparations of each specimen weretotaled for each of the five successive coverslips per tube, and their respective per-centages of the sum total of all eggs counted were calculated .
The original andduplicate egg counts of the first coverslips and of the totals of all five coverslipswere plotted against a fitted correlation line to show the normal variation betweenoriginal and duplicate counts on the same fecal sample.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIn Fig . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
1A, a scatter diagram of the original counts is plotted against theduplicate counts obtained on the first of five coverslips of the 42 separate samples.A correlation line has been fitted to the series .
The original counts should equalthe duplicate counts in a perfect correlation ; therefore a simple linear equationwas applied . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
This was expressed by the formula Y = a + bX, and calculated to be1 Report of a study made under the Research and Marketing Act of 1946 .2 The writer expresses his appreciation to Dr .
A.
0 .
Foster for helpful advicein formulating the statistical data .
Y = 0 .238 + 1 .067X .The average variation between the number of eggs obtainedon the first original and the first duplicate coverslip was 9 percent, ranging froma low of 1 percent to a high of 43 percent, with the greater number below 15FIG . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
1 .Nematodirus spathiger eggs in .
sheep dung.inal and duplicate egg counts on first coverslips only .and duplicate egg counts, totaled on all coverslips .A-Comparison of orig-B-Comparison of originalpercent.A scatter diagram showing the relationship between the total eggs re-covered on the five original and the five duplicate coverslips of each sample is alsorepresented in Fig .
1B . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
1B .
In this figure the derived equation was Y = 3 .34 + 0.94X .Total counts from the five original and five duplicate coverslips used in these dataFIG.2 .Results of counting Nematodirus spathiger eggs in 42 sheep fecalGraph shows the total of duplicates of 5samples by means of the D .C .F.
method.successive coverslips from each sample .did not vary over 10 percent, except in one instance in which the duplicate countdiffered from the original count by 12 percent ; the majority varied less than5 percent. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
All the egg counts are summarized in Fig .
2 .
These data show that the aver-age percentage of eggs obtained on the first coverslips was 66, varying from 50 to81 percent on different fecal samples ; on the second coverslips the average was22 percent, varying from 9 to 36 percent on different specimens .
The averagepercentage of eggs retained on the third coverslips was 8 .2, ranging from 1 to18 percent . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Eleven samples showed an absence of eggs after the fourth coverslip,the average percentage of eggs on this coverslip being 2 .7 and varying from 0 to 10percent .Two samples were negative on the fourth coverslips and were not in-cluded in the calculation of percentage of eggs on the fifth coverslips . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Twenty-nine of the 42 fecal samples counted were found to have eggs adhering to thefifth coverslips, the percentage averaging 1 .1 and varying from 0 to 4 on differentsamples .The total number of eggs counted for each of the samples in duplicate variedfrom 44 to 524, the average number being 174.
These figures represent the numberof eggs per one-fifth gram of feces . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Thirty-one of the fecal samples containedover 100 eggs, or more than 500 eggs per gram .Farr and Luttermoser (1941) using eggs of the chicken nematodes, Ascaridialineata and Heterakis gallinae, obtained from 78 to 90 percent on the first cover-slip, depending upon the type of flotation medium employed .
However, physicaldifferences between poultry and sheep dung- and the different parasite eggs theystudied may have-been influential in their high reccovery . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Kates (1947) statedthat with careful use of the D .C .F .
technique over 90 percent of various helminthova could be obtained on the first coverslip .
Although Nematodirus ova were in-cluded in his data, they constituted less than 7 percent of the total differentialegg counts on parasites of six genera . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
As eggs were counted on only one coverslipof duplicate samples by this worker, the data presented herein show that hiscounts of Nematodirus eggs probably represent only about 66 percent on theaverage of those actually present in the fecal samples .
Stoll noted that in onegroup of tubes negative for Haemonchus eggs on the third coverslip, 90.1 percentof the eggs occurred on the first coverslip and 9 .9 percent on the second . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Threeother groups containing 173 tubes had 1 percent or less on the third or fourth cover-slip or had none on four or more coverslips . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
When these three groups were com-bined, 87 .3 percent of the Haemonchus eggs were on the first coverslip and 11percent on the second, the total for both being 98 .3 percent.The percentage of Nematodirus eggs recovered on the first coverslip by thewriter was lower than that of Haemonchus, as reported by Stoll, and that of eggsof the poultry nematodes reported by Farr and Luttermoser . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
A reason for thismay be the large size and possibly greater specific gravity of the N. spathiger eggs.These particular eggs vary from 181 µ to 230 p. in length and 91 µ to 170 g inwidth . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
H. contortus measure 65 µ to 82 µ long and 39 µ to 46 µ wide (Kates andShorb 1943) ; Ascaridia lineata, 75 g to 80 µ long and 45 g to 50 g wide ; andHeterakis gallinae, 63 µ to 71 p. long and 38 p to 48 p. wide (Morgan and Hawkins1949) :Stoll was of the opinion that Nematodirus eggs would be "demonstrablewith greater facility" than those of Haemonchus because of the larger size of theformer.
However, results reported here show the opposite to be true . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
It is quitepossible that the large Nematodirus eggs become crowded on the coverslip and inlifting the cover from the tube a number may be retained by the fluid .
Also thereis a certain amount of human error regardless of the exactness with which a sampleis examined .
Assuming the correct amount of salt solution has been added to thetube, the writer has found that the greatest source of error is in the removal ofthe coverslip from the tube . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
At times there will be encountered a slight adhesionbetween the ground lip of the tube and the coverslip, resulting in a none-too-smooth pickup .coverslip into the tube, causing a loss of some eggs on that particular sample .As a result of this movement a small drop of liquid may fall from theSome of the duplicate counts on the first coverslips were not as close as de-As shown in Fig. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
1A there was greater variation between duplicate countssired.in samples containing the higher number of eggs .These data bear out Stoll'sstatement that counts by the D .C .F .
method are less accurate in the samples con-taining the higher number of eggs than in those containing a comparatively lownumber .
In Fig. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
In Fig.
1B, however, the total counts of the original and duplicatecoverslips were more nearly equal than those of the first counts only, indicatingthat the eggs not picked up on the first coverslip were recovered on the succeedingones . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
This is in agreement with Stoll's findings that tubes with low yields on thefirst coverslip "uniformly compensate" on succeeding ones .Counts were made to the fifth coverslip in the work reported herein, but thisis obviously too laborious for ordinary diagnostic work .A majority of N. spath-iger eggs are recoverable on the first count, but it is desirable to count the eggson at least three coverslips to approximate the total number per gram in the stoolof the sheep examined.As can be observed in Fig . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
2, over 96 percent, on theaverage, of the total eggs obtained on five coverslips were on the first three .SUMMARYThe efficiency of the direct centrifugal flotation method was studied in regardto counting Nematodirus spathiger eggs in sheep dung .Duplicate preparationsand counts were made from each of 42 fecal samples, utilizing five coverslips pertube .It was found that an average of 66 percent of the total eggs counted on fivecoverslips were recovered on the first coverslip, 88 percent on first and second com-bined, 96.2 percent on three consecutive coverslips, 98 .9 percent on four, and theremainder on the fifth .The total eggs obtained from all five coverslips was con-sidered to be a 100 percent of the eggs in the fecal sample, as preliminary countsof a sixth coverslip were generally negative .It is concluded, therefore, that if it is desired to count more than 90 percentof the N . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
spathiger eggs in a fecal sample by the D .C .F .
method, the eggs on atleast three coverslips from each preparation should be counted in duplicate .LITERATURE CITEDFARR ; M. M. and LUTTERMOSER, G .
W .1941 .
Comparative efficiency of zinc sul-fate and sugar flotation for the simultaneous flotation of coccidial oocysts andhelminth eggs .Jour.
Parasitol .
27 (5) : 417-424 .KATES, K .
C.Diagnosis of gastro-intestinal nematode parasitism of sheep1947 .by differential egg counts .and SHORB, D .
A .Proc. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
A .Proc.
Helm.
Soc.
of Wash. 14 (1) : 44-53 .1943 .sitic in domestic sheep.
Amer .
Jour .
Vet.
Res .
4 (10) : 54-60 .Identification of eggs of nematodes para-1949 .Observations on the pathogenicity of(Abstract) Jour.
Parasitol .
35 (6), Sect.and TURNER, J .
H .Nematodirus spathiger in lambs.II : 13 .KAUZAL, G. P.1933 .sheep in New South Wales .Seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal parasites of fatAustralian Vet .
Jour .
9 (5) : 179-186.MORGAN, B.
B. and HAWKINS, P. A.
1949. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
B. and HAWKINS, P. A.
1949.
Veterinary Helminthology.
BurgessPub .
Co.STOLL, N .
R .283-287 .1930.Parasitol.
22 (1) : 116-136.On methods of counting nematode ova in sheep dung .Jour.
Some Alcohols and Hydrocarbons as NematocidesWILLIAM A . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
URICCHIO1The Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C .INTRODUCTIONA number of chemicals were tested with the intention of confirming the theoryof Chitwood that chemicals which do not dissolve or dissolve in (penetrate) bees-wax are probably of very little value as nematocides, while those which do dissolve(penetrate) beeswax readily may be of some value provided they have otherfavorable characteristics .In discussing possible nematocides, the principles of soil fumigation shouldPlant parasites may be in the roots, loose in the soil, or in thebe considered .form of eggs enclosed in a mucoid mass .In any case the parasites are coveredby a film of moisture, and, therefore, a fumigant must : disperse through the soil,penetrate all barriers, kill, and leave no phytotoxic residue .Kühn (1881) introduced carbon disulfide as a nematocide, and it was used byBessey (1911) against root-knot nematodes .Bessey found that it could not beused with safety around living trees . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
At the same time, he tried potassium sulpho-carbonate, which was not only unsuccessful but also very expensive .
No practicalMathews (1919) discovered nematocidaldevelopment followed for many years .properties in chloropicrin, and this chemical was developed by Johnson and God-frey (1932) as a soil fumigant. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Taylor and McBeth (1940) found that methylbromide appeared to be • an effective soil nematocide for use against root-knot andCarter (1943) discovered the very effective mixture offree-living nematodes .Meanwhile, various workers were1-3 dichloropropylene, 1-2 dichloropropane .trying to find practical applications in the control of nematodes .Chitwood (1939)showed that the physical constants, including boiling point, vapor pressure, choles-terol solvency, and water solubility are correlated with efficacy and are apparentlylimiting factors .Soil texture was proven by Thorne (1939) to be an importantTemperature and moisture also seem to be factors determining the efficacyfactor .of soil treatment, according to McClellan, Christie, and Horn (1949) .Hoshinoand Godfrey (1932) found that the minimum period of time for killing the larvaeof plant nematodes in water at 40' C . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
is 2 hours and 7 .5 minutes, and for eggs itis 4.5 days ±0 .5 days .Christie (1945) found that Larvacide (chloropicrin) ismore effective when infected roots have undergone decay, but with D-D and Dow-fume G decay does not appear to be so important .
Based on killing range as acriterion, the most pronounced nematocidal action was exhibited by mixtures con-taining dichloropropane (D-D and Dowfume N), by mixtures containing methylbromide (Dowfume G and Iscobrome No . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
1), by carbon disulfide, by ethlene chloro-Ellis et al (1949) found in field experiments thatbromide and allyl bromide .root-knot was effectively reduced and yields were markedly increased by soilAlthough soil treatment with uramon is known to betreatment with uramon .highly effective in control of root-knot, its use often results in stunted plants andpoor yields.PHYSIOLOGYThe egg is the most resistant stage since it is completely covered by a vitel-Regulation of the environmental contact with the nema or nemicline membrane .1 A contribution from the Department of Biology, The Catholic University ofThis paper, prepared under the direction of Dr . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Ben-America, Washington, D .
C .jamin G .
Chitwood, is based on Part I of the author's dissertation submitted inSin-partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science .cere thanks are offered to Dr .
B .
G. Chitwood and Mr. W .
F .
Simpson. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
B .
G. Chitwood and Mr. W .
F .
Simpson.
embryo is apparently governed by a "lipoidal" membrane in the egg and a ther-The vitelline mem-molabile membrane in the larva or adult (Chitwood, 1938a) .brane of eggs of all the investigated ascarid species has been proven to dissolvein substances 'capable of dissolving lipoids.The vitelline membrane is, therefore,of lipoid nature, and only those substances which will dissolve the vitelline mem-brane of the eggs are capable of penetration (Zawadowsky, 1928) . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Timm (1950)showed that the vitelline membrane in the living egg of Ascaris lumbricoides var .suis is similar to myricyl palmitate .He mixed equal amounts of the vitellinemembrane wax and refined beeswax (myricyl palmitate) and found it to melt atChitwood (1951) observed crystallization of the vitelline mem-68* C. to 70* C .These crystals were very similar inbrane in the eggs . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
of Meloidogyne javanica .form and optical behavior to those produced by refined beeswax .Crystals ofboth origins become optically extinct and amorphous on standing .Chitwood(1950) pointed out that the egg shell is commonly covered by a series of mucoidsThis material tends to prevent drying and reduce thewhich are hygroscopic .In the presence of oxygen,penetration of many chemicals, such as fat solvents .this material commonly turns orange (possibly quinone tanning) on the surface,and is, therefore, less permeable to water .EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDUREThe test organism used in this experiment was Rhabditis strongyloides rearedon agar cultures containing bacteria and a small piece of uncooked meat .Thechemicals which gave the best results against R. strongyloides were then testedagainst the root-knot nematode M. javanica . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
By this method of using R .
strongy-loides as a screening organism, it was easy to eliminate the chemicals which wouldIn most cases, it was considered that if the chemicalbe useless for M .
javanica .did not kill the free-living R. strongyloides, it would not bring death to the root-knot nematode .A series of alcohols was tested for possible nematocidal activity, on a waterdilution basis at three different temperatures : 20', 30*, and 36* C. for a durationA series of Wasserman tubes containing 1 cc . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
quantities of dilu-of two hours.tions of the following percentages of various alcohols : 50, 5, 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.05, 0 .01,0 .005, and 0 .001, was set up for each of the three different temperatures .
Abouttwenty-five specimens of R .
strongyloides including adults and larvae of both sexesTwo test tubes containing water were used inwere placed in each of the tubes .each series as controls .The series of tubes was then placed in water baths at theparticular temperatures for a two hour period . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
At the end of this period, theseries of tubes was removed and examined for the effect of the chemicals .
Thecontents of each tube was emptied into a 20 x 8 mm .
watch glass and examinedunder a binocular dissecting scope for the number of dead and living of the adultsA number of mature female worms, both living and dead, wereand larvae .mounted and examined under oil immersion lens to determine the effect on theembryonated eggs . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
The alcohols which gave the best results in the above methodwere tested against M . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
javanica in a similar manner .Results of this test areshown in Table 1 .The hydrocarbons and the hydrocarbon derivatives were tested by a differentmethod because they were only slightly soluble in water .Other solvents or emul-sifiers could have been used, but they were considered unnecessary in this method ofIn testing the various hydrocarbons and derivatives, an effort was madetesting.One half cubicto simulate the problems of a nematocide as much as possible .centimeter of water was placed in a watch glass, which in turn was placed in aTo the watch glass were added : free nematode larvae,50 x 30 mm. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
stender-dish.
TABLE . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
1 .-Minimum lethal concentration in per cent against Rhabditis strongy-loides (water dilution)Alcohol200 C.300 C.36° C .Nematocidal ratingAllylAmyl3-hexanolHexanol2-pentanoln-butyl carbinol2-pentanol-4-methylMethyl n-butyl carbinolEthylMethylSec-butyln-propylIsopropyln-butylAmylAllyl3-hexanol2-pentanolHexanol2-pentanol-4-methyln-butyl carbinolMethyl n-butyl carbinol110.5*.111*5555550 .10.50.10 .5511*1555550 .1_0 .50 .10 .510 .510.5111555Against Meloidogyne javanica1 +5551155*****1 +555****GoodGoodGoodModerateModerateModerateModerateModeratePoorPoorPoorVery poorVery poorVery poorGoodGoodModerateModeratePoorPoorPoorPoor* Did not kill nematodes at highest concentration in water_free eggs, and a mucoid egg mass of M . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
javanica.Since the hydrocarbons andtheir derivatives were effective against R. strongyloides, the testing against M .javanica is emphasized here .Amounts of 1, 0 .5, 0.1, 0.05, and 0 .01 cubic centi-meters of the chemical were then added to the stender-dishes and lids were put onand sealed with vaseline.After a period of two hours at 24 ° C. the watch glassesTABLE 2.Minimum lethal concentration in cc . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
against Rhabditis strongyloides at24' C. (vapor method)ChemicalCyclohexyl bromideCyclohexyl chlorideAllyl acetoneCyclohexanePetroleum hexaneSynthetic hexaneLindaneBenzene hexachlorideCyclohexyl bromideCyclohexyl chlorideAllyl acetone-CyclohexanePetroleum hexaneSynthetic hexaneAmt . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
in 30 cc .stender-dishNematocidal rating0 .010 .010 .010 .11 .1**Against Meloidogyne javanica0 .010 .010 .010 .11GoodGoodGoodModeratePoorPoorVery poorVery poorGoodGoodGoodModeratePoorVery poor* Did not kill with highest concentration used . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
were removed and examined under a binocular dissecting scope and the number oflarvae, dead and living, was recorded .The eggs were then mounted and examinedunder oil immersion lens for the effect of the chemicals .Allyl acetone, a com-pound which is neither an alcohol nor a hydrocarbon, was also tested in the samemanner as the hydrocarbons .Results of this test are shown in Table 2 .A beeswax solvency test was performed on each of the chemicals used in thisexperiment .One hundred milligrams of beeswax was placed in each test tube andone cubic centimeter of the chemical was added every 24 hours until the beeswaxwas either dissolved or a total of twelve cubic centimeters of the chemical hadbeen added .It was found that the chemicals which gave the best results as pos-sible nematocides either dissolved or emulsified beeswax at 24* C . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
in proportionsof 1 to 6 to 1 to 10 .Of the alcohols tested, see-butyl, allyl, and amyl almost completely dissolvedthe beeswax ; hexanol, 3-hexanol, and 2-pentanol produced a slight change ; andethyl, methyl, isopropyl, n-propyl, n-butyl carbinol, 2-pentanol-4-methyl, and methylTwelve cubic centimeters of the above alcoholsn-butyl carbinol gave no change .was used in each test .All the hydrocarbons dissolved the beeswax and gave acloudy emulsion .Only six cubic centimeters of each of the chemicals was re-quired .Twelve cubic centimeters of allyl acetone produced only a slight changein the beeswax.2SUMMARYAmong the alcohols tested as possible nematocides, amyl and allyl were themost toxic, followed by 3-hexanol and 2-pentanol . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
The following alcohols wereleast toxic : methyl, butyl, n-propyl, sec-propyl, isopropyl, hexanol, ethyl, 2-pentanol-4-methyl, normal butyl carbinol, and methyl n-butyl carbinol .Among the hydrocarbons tested, the best results were obtained with cyclo-The least toxic were : petro-Allyl acetonehexane, cyclohexyl chloride, and cyclohexyl bromide .leum, hexane, synthetic hexane, lindane, and benzene hexachloride .tested as favorably as the best hydrocarbons and their derivatives .From this experiment it can be seen that the chemicals which dissolved beeswaxalso tested favorably as nematocides, with the exception of allyl acetone which didnot dissolve beeswax .LITERATURE CITEDBESSEY, E. A.1911 .Root-knot and its control. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
U. S. Dept.
Agric.
Bur.
PlantInd .
Bull.
No .
217 : 1-89 .1943 .CARTER, W.(2521) : 383-384 .CHITWOOD, B. G .1938a.A promising new soil amendment and disinfectant.Science 97cance in the chemical control of nemic pests .68-75 .Further studies on nemic skeletoids and their signifi-Proc.
Helm .
Soc .
Wash .
5 (2)1941 .Soil treatments with volatile liquids for control of nema-todes.
Phytopath. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Phytopath.
31 : 818-824 .and CHITWOOD, M. B .1939.Treatment of soil for the control of thebulb or stem nematode.and I-Anatomy.CHITWOOD, M .
D .Third Internat .
Cong.
Microbiol .
N. Y .169-170 .1950.An Introduction to Nematology, Section.Monumental Printing Co ., Baltimore, Maryland .1951 .
Notes on the physiology of Meloidogyne javanica (Nema-186-187 .toda : Heteroderidae) .J .
Parasitol . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Parasitol .
37 (1) : 96-98 .CHRISTIE, J. R.1945 .Some preliminary tests to determine the efficacy of certainsubstances when used as soil fumigants against the root-knot nematode,Heterodera marioni (Cornu) Goodey .Proc .
Helm .
Soc .
Wash. 12 (2) : 14-19 .2 Detailed tables of all the experiments may be found in the original thesisin the library of The Catholic University of America, Washington, D .
C .
ELLIS, D .
E., CLAYTON, C . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
C .
ELLIS, D .
E., CLAYTON, C .
N. and OWENS, R. G .Effects of soil treatmentswith uramon and certain fumigants upon plant growth and incidence of root-knot.1949 .Phytopath .
39 : 590-597 .HOSHINO, H .
M. and GODFREY, G. H .radicicola in relation to time.JOHNSON, M .
O .
and GODFREY, G .
H .Indust.
and Eng.
Chem .
24 : 311-313 .1933.Thermal death point of HeteroderaPhytopath .
23 : 260-270 .1932 .Chloropicrin for nematode control.MATHEWS, D .
J .sistant .1919 .
Report on the work of the W . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
J .sistant .1919 .
Report on the work of the W .
B .
Randall research as-Expt .
and Res .
Sta., Chestnut, Herts, Ann .
Rpt .
5 : 18-21 .MCCLELLAN, W. D ., CHRISTIE, J .
R .
and HORN, N .
L .1949 .Efficacy of soil fumi-gants as affected by soil temperature and moisture .
Phytopath .
39 (4)272-283 .TAYLOR, A .
L. and McBETH, C .
W.1940 .Preliminary tests of methyl bromideas a nematocide .Proc .
Helm .
Soc.
Wash . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Helm .
Soc.
Wash .
7 (2) : 94-96 .THORNE, G .1939 .Some factors governing the success of chemical treatment ofsoil for nematode control.
Proc .
Helm .
Soc .
Wash. 6 (2) : 60-62 .TIMM, R. W.1950 .caris lumbricoides v. suis .ZAWADOWSKY, M. M.Ascaris eggs.1928 .The chemical composition of the .vitelline membrane of As-Science 112 (2920) : 167-168 .The nature of the egg shell of various species ofTrans .
Lab .
Expt.
Biol. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Lab .
Expt.
Biol.
Zoopark Moscow 4 : 201-206.MinutesTwo Hundred Ninety-third to Three Hundredth MeetingsThe 293rd meeting was held at the Lee House, Washington, D .
C. on October11, 1950, and was a dinner in celebration of the 40th Anniversary of the Society .Dr.
F .
G .
Brooks, a corresponding member, was transferred to non-resident mem-bership .The following were elected to membership : Mr .
B .
B. Babero, Mr .
V .
G .Perry, Mr. E .
L. Schiller, Mr .
W. A .
Uricchio, Lt .
T . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
L. Schiller, Mr .
W. A .
Uricchio, Lt .
T .
A. Jackowski, Jr ., Miss R. A .Buckner, Dr .
S .
Goto, Dr .
P. V. Gustavson, and Dr. J .
F .
Kent.
Dr .
Foster actedas toastmaster for the evening, introducing the following speakers : Dr. PaulBartsch, Dr .
W. W. Cort, Dr. E .
B .
Cram, Dr. G .
Steiner and Dr .
B . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
B .
Cram, Dr. G .
Steiner and Dr .
B .
Schwartz .The 294th meeting was held at the Zoological Division Laboratory, Bureau ofThe followingAnimal Industry, Beltsville, Maryland, on November 22, 1950 .were elected to membership : Dr. M .
C .
Meyer, Miss Ruth H .
Bancroft, Dr .Benjamin F. Lownsbery, Mrs. Joyce W .
Lownsbery, and 'Dr .
C .
A .
Loos .
Paperswere presented by Dr .
R .
Rausch, Dr .
D .
A .
Shorb, Mr .
J .
T .
Lucker, Mr .
J .
R.Elsea, Dr. G. Dikmans, and Dr .
K. C . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
J .
R.Elsea, Dr. G. Dikmans, and Dr .
K. C .
gates .The 295th meeting was held at McMahon Hall, Catholic University of Amer-ica, on December 13, 1950 .
The officers elected to serve during the year 1950were : Miss Marion M .
Farr, President ; Dr .
Leon Jacobs, Vice President ; Mr .A .
L .
Taylor, Recording Secretary ; Miss Edna M. Buhrer, Cor .-Secretary andPapers were presented by Dr. C .
G .
Durbin, Dr. Thomas Burch, Dr .Treasurer .B .
F .
Lownsbery, Mr. A .
C . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
F .
Lownsbery, Mr. A .
C .
Tarjan and Dr. E. G. Reinhard.The 296th meeting was held at McMahon Hall, Catholic University of Amer-ica, Washington, D. C .
on January 18, 1951.The following new members wereelected : Dr .
George Dubois, Mr .
Henry F .
Mengoli, Mr. John V .
Owens, Dr .
W .
D .Valleau and Dr. Richard A .
Chapman .
Dr. L. A .
Spindler was elected to representthe Society as a vice-president of the Washington Academy of Science, succeedingDr . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Price .The society voted to commemorate the deaths of the following mem-bers : Dr. H .
E .
Ewing, Dr.
Banner Bill Morgan and Dr .
A.
B .
Hardcastle .Papers were presented by Father R. W. Timm, Mr .
William A. Uricchio, MissRita Buckner, Mr .
J .
V .
Owens, and Mr. Donald Valentine ..The 297th meeting was held at McMahon Hall, Catholic University of Amer-ica, Washington, D .
C., on February 21, 1951 .
Mr. James W. Ingalls, Jr., and Dr .
Dewey J .
Raski were elected to membership . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Dewey J .
Raski were elected to membership .
Papers were presented by Dr .F .
D .
Enzie, Dr .
L .
R .
Sinclair, Mr. Ralph Barr, and Dr .
C. G .
Durbin .
Shortnotes were presented by Dr .
B. G .
Chitwood and Dr .
E .
E .
Wehr .The 298th meeting was held at the Auditorium of the National Institutes ofHealth, Bethesda, Maryland, on March 21, 1951 .
On the recommendation of theExecutive Committee, it was voted that :1 .
Annual dues are not be increased .2 . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Annual dues are not be increased .2 .
Subscription to future members of the proceedings, starting with volume 19 in1952 is to be $3 .00 for subscribers residing in the United States and $3 .25 forsubscribers residing in foreign countries .
3 .
Prices for back numbers of theproceedings to non-members are to be $3 .00 domestic and $3 .50 foreign for volumes1, 2, 3 and 4, and $1 .75 domestic and $2.00 foreign for volumes 5 to 18, inclusive .Papers were presented by Dr. P. P. Weinstein, Dr. J. R . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
M. Innes, Drs .
Josephson,Greenberg and Taylor, and Mr .
Goldman.The 299th meeting of the Helminthological Society of Washington was heldat the Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore,Maryland on April 20, 1951 .
Dr. William F. Mai, Mr .
Harry Herlich and Mr .David T .
Clark were elected to membership .
An invitation from Dr .
Paul Bartschto hold a meeting at his home was accepted by the Society .
Dr. W .
W .
Cortintroduced the following speakers : Mr . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
W .
Cortintroduced the following speakers : Mr .
Eli Chernin, Mr .
A .
R. Barr, Mr .
R. C .Wallis, Mr .
R .
E. Thorson, Mr. R. H .
Foote and Dr. G .
F. Otto .The 300th meeting was a picnic held at "Lebanon", the home of Dr .
andMrs.
Paul Bartsch near Lorton, Va ., on June 16, 1951 .
Mr. A.
S .
Evans, Dr. BertLear, Mr. Julius Feldmesser and Dr .
Alfred Edward A .
Hudson were elected tomembership.
Dr .
N. R . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Hudson were elected tomembership.
Dr .
N. R .
Stoll, formerly a corresponding member, was transferredto nonresident membership .A .
L .
TAYLORRecording SecretaryReport of the Brayton H. Ransom Memorial Trust FundFUNDS ON HAND, Jan .
1, 1950 RECEIPTS : Interest rec'd in 1950 DISBURSEMENTS : Expenses and grant to Helminthological Society ofWashington BALANCE ON HAND, Dec .
31, 1950 $1696.1759.2331 .001724 .40Secretary-TreasurerCRAM,.BELOISEHENRY ELLSWORTH EWING1883-1951Dr. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Henry Ellsworth Ewing, retired entomologist and life member of the Hel-minthological Society of Washington, died January 5, 1951 .Dr .
Ewing was born in Arcola, Illinois, February 11, 1883 .
He received hisA .B .
degree from the University of Illinois in 1906 and his M .A .
from the sameinstitution in 1908 .
The Ph .D .
degree was conferred upon him in 1911 by CornellUniversity.From 1911 to 1914, Dr . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Ewing was assistant Entomologist for the OregonAgricultural Experiment Station ; from 1914 to 1919, he taught Entomology at theIowa State College ; and from 1919 until his retirement in 1945, he was a spe-cialist on arachnids and lice in what is now the Bureau of Entomology and PlantQuarantine of the U .
S .
Department of Agriculture .
Dr . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
S .
Department of Agriculture .
Dr .
Ewing was a member of many scientific societies, including the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement of Science ; Entomological Society of America ;Association of Economic Entomologists ; American Society of Mammalogists ; Amer-ican Society of Parasitologists (Pres . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
1944) ; American Society of Ichthyologistsand Herpetologists ; Biological Society of Washington ; Washington Academy ofSciences ; Entomological Society of Washington ; and others.He was elected tomembership in the Helminthological Society of Washington, October 18, 1924,was its President in 1931, served as a member of the Editorial Committee of itsProceedings from 1934 to 1946, and was elected to life membership November 21,1945 .From the time of his election to membership until poor health prevented,Dr . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Ewing rarely missed a meeting of the Society and took an active interest inits activities .Dr . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Ewing was a tireless worker and made many important contributions toHis 'publications in the field ofthe systematics of lice and parasitic arachnids .parasitology consisted of one book and about 90 papers and notes .In his death parasitology and entomology in general have lost a distinguishedThe Helminthological Society extendsscientist and his fellow workers a friend .to his family its sincerest expression of sympathy .E . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
W. PRICE MEMBERS OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETYOF WASHINGTONThe following membership list, arranged geographically, includes life, resideand nonresident members, as defined in Art .
3 of the Constitution (Vol .
13, Noof the Proceedings) .AlabamaChamberlain, R .
W.Porter, D .
A .AlaskaBabero, B .
B .Bausch, R .CaliforniaAllen, M .
W.Dougherty, E .
C.McBeth, C. W .Youngson, C .
R .ColoradoOlsen, .
O .
W.DelawareJaquette, D .
S .Lincicome, D. R .Spaeth, F. W .District of ColumbiaAbbott, R . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
T .Ballantyne, D .
L .Ballard, E. L .Bauman, P .
M .Buckner, R .
A.Chaffee, E .
F .Chitwood, B .
G.Cole, B .
A .Connolly, E .
H.Elsea, J. R .Fife, E .HFrick, L .
P .
JonesHodges, E .
P .Jahnes, W .
G.Kent, J. F.Mengoli, H .
F.Mollari, M .Reinhard, E .
G .Schwartz, B .Sonnenberg, B .Timm, R .
W.Traub, R .FloridaChristie, J .
R.Kincaid .
R .
R.Perry, V .
G.Swanson, L .
E.GeorgiaAndrews, J.
S .Denton, J .
F.Machmer, J .
H.IllinoisElishewitz, H .Harrington, R .
F.Linford, M . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |