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Therefore, the one-month group was con-sidered primarily as an "infection control" group, which gave information onthe average degree of the infection established by the method employed and thenumber of cysticercoids fed .Also, this group afforded an opportunity to observeeffects of heavy infections during the major part of the prepatent period whenthe number of tapeworms and quantity of tapeworm material were known .The infected lambs were observed from day to day for clinical effects of theinfections, and once eggs, or proglottids began passing in the feces, the animalswere bagged and all feces collected and examined daily for tapeworm materialThe course of tapeworm infections in lambsuntil the experiment was terminated.cannot be followed to any great advantage by fecal examinations for eggs or byproglottid counts .Therefore, the only practical method found for followingquantitatively the , course of infection in these lambs was to obtain all feceseliminated during patency and collect therefrom all tapeworm material, individualproglottids, and pieces of strobilae, expelled by the lambs .The infected animals were autopsied with care to remove the tapewormsintact, if possible .This was usually successful, but in lamb 2 (Table 1) not oneintact tapeworm was obtained although 75 scoleces and a large quantity of brokenstrobilae were recovered .All intact tapeworms recovered postmortem were al-lowed to relax in water and were then measured . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
The relative quantities of mate-rial thus recovered from the lambs were determined in two ways, as follows :(1) All tapeworms recovered from each lamb were placed in quart fruit jars indilute formalin, allowed to settle, and the quantity estimated as a pint, quart, orfractions thereof .Results obtained by this rather unsatisfactory method arerecorded in the tables only because similar means were employed by certain otherworkers to measure quantities of tapeworms recovered postmortem or after treat-ment. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
(2) Volume of moist tapeworm material was also determined by displace-ment as follows : Tapeworms in dilute formalin were poured from the containeronto a coarse screen and the excess fluid drained off over a uniform period of fiveminutes, the tapeworms not being allowed to dry .Thereafter, they were trans-ferred to a graduated cylinder containing a known volume of water and the tape-worm volume determined by the water displaced .Volume determinations of theproglottids and fragments of strobilae recovered from dung of lambs of the two-month group were made by centrifugation at 1,000 rpm for two minutes ingraduated centrifuge tubes .This method was better than the water displacementmethod for this material because the material measured consisted of large numbersof individual proglottids and small pieces of strobilae, much of which was in poorcondition after being removed from the dung .The lambs were fed measured quantities of a maintenance diet of hay andgrain, so that each group had available the same feed in equal quantities per lambAny uneaten feed was removed daily and weighed before the next dailyper day.allowance was given .Each group of lambs was kept in a concrete-floored pen,All debris was removed daily fromhalf of which had shelter and half did not .the pens, which were then thoroughly washed with hot water .All lambs wereweighed weekly, and the total weight of feed eaten was recorded on a weekly basisand for the entire experiment. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
RESULTSOf the 16 lambs that were fed large numbers of cysticercoids, failure toestablish infection occurred in only two, one in the one-month group (Table 1)and one in the two-month group (Table 2) .The reason for these two failures isnot clear. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
A total of 14 lambs, therefore, were successfully infected experimentallyThe data onseven in the one-month group and seven in the two-month group .the two uninfected lambs are not included in the tables, as their weight gainswere intermediate between the maximum and minimum weight gains of the in-fected lambs, and the writers believe they contributed nothing to the results ofthe experiment .One-Month Group .-Table 1 summarizes the results obtained from the sevenlambs killed approximately one month (30 to 34 days) after 121 to 216 cysticer-coids were fed per lamb . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
No tapeworms or eggs were observed in the feces of theThe percentage of tapeworms recovered at autopsy, on thelambs up to autopsy.basis of the cysticercoids fed, varied from 7 to 76 .The average percentage ofdevelopment for all lambs was 41 .The numbers of tapeworms developing hadno close relationship to the number of cysticercoids fed .The actual numbers oftapeworms recovered varied from 9 to 114, the average being 66, indicating thatheavy experimental infections were established by the method employed .At autopsy it was immediately apparent that there was great variation indevelopment of the tapeworms in the six lambs having over 50 worms each, al-though cysticercoids were fed to each lamb at approximately the same time .Complete tapeworms, with terminal segments, recovered from lambs 1 to 6 variedin development from small, immature specimens to large, gravid ones .Thesmallest complete worm recovered from lamb 5 was only 4 .3 cm long, while thelargest worm was 180 cm long.The largest complete worm from any of the lambswas 420 cm long.The nine tapeworms recovered from lamb 7, which had thesmallest number at autopsy, were more uniform in size, and all were in the samestage of development, with gravid terminal proglottids . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
When the volume of moisttapeworms recovered from each lamb was determined by displacement, there waslittle correlation between the volume and the scolex count .The 9 worms fromlamb 7 had a volume of 55 cc, that of the 56 worms from lamb 6 was only 57 cc,while the 114 worms from lamb 1 had a volume of only 70 cc .Thus, in lambs1 to 7 the heaviest infection by volume was only about three times that of thelightest infection, namely, 160 cc against 55 cc ; by numbers, the heaviest infectionTherefore, thewas almost 13 times the lightest infection, namely, 114 against 9 .data in Table 1 show that when large numbers of tapeworms are present in lambs,their growth is irregularly retarded, and when few worms are present they developmore or less uniformly.Therefore, these observations indicate that in patho-genicity studies volume of tapeworms appears to be a more reliable criterion ofdegree of an infection of M . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
expansa than number of individuals present .It isdifficult to think of the relatively small, unarmed scolex of this species as animportant factor in causing injury to the host.Lambs of the one-month group did not show any effects of their relativelyheavy tapeworm infections during the experiment .At autopsy a considerableportion of the small intestines of these small lambs appeared to be filled withtapeworms, but there were no observable injurious effects on the intestines orother organs .There was considerable variation in weight gains of the lambs,but these did not seem to be related to the degree of infection . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
It is of interestto note, but probably not significant, that lambs 2 and 4, having the heaviestinfection by volume of worms, made the greatest gains .The average gains forboth the infected and control groups, during the same experimental period, were identical, namely, 8 .6 pounds per lamb, and the feed consumption per lamb for thetwo groups was also the same ..Two-Month Group .-Table 2 and Figure 1 summarize the data on the seveninfected lambs observed for about two months . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
These lambs were fed somewhatlarger numbers of cysticercoids than the one-month group, the total per lambvarying from 250 to 411 .
Infections in the seven lambs were shown by thepresence in their feces of individual proglottids or pieces or strobilae, beginningFIG .
1.Detailed summary of the tapeworm infections established in each ofthe lambs of the "two-month group" (Table 2 . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
), showing the daily output oftapeworm material by volume in the feces, and the extent of the patent period ofinfection and tapeworms recovered, if any, from lambs at autopsy .on the 30th to 40th day after cysticercoids were fed.
Six of the lambs ceasedpassing tapeworm material in their dung between the 51st and 68th days afterinfection .
Lamb 12 was still passing some proglottids in the feces on the 65thday, when it was killed and examined . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
This lamb was the only one of the groupretaining some of its tapeworms to the time of autopsy, 68 tapeworms being re- covered at that time .The other six lambs were tapeworm-free when autopsiedTherefore, six of the lambs of this63 to 68 days after cysticercoids were fed.group spontaneously expelled their tapeworms at some time during the secondmonth after infection between the 30th and 68th days .An accurate check was obtained on the infections, even though at autopsysix of the lambs were tapeworm-free .All the tapeworm material passed in theTable 2feces of the lambs was collected daily and measured volumetrically .gives the total volume of material obtained after centrifugation from each lambThis method of measuring the quantity of tapewormduring the patent period .material expelled in the feces is roughly comparable to the displacement methodemployed for the one-month group (Table 1), but because the material collectedfrom the feces is not in as good condition as similar material collected directlyfrom the small intestine at autopsy, the figures in table 2 are probably lower thanThe seven lambs passed 40 cc to 200 cc ofthey would be for fresh tapeworms .tapeworm material each during patent periods of 20 to 33 days.These totalsshow that heavy parasitism was established in all cases. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
In addition, as alreadystated, lamb 12 retained 68 tapeworms, amounting to 80 cc by displacement, whenautopsied 65 days after infection, making a total of 280 cc of tapeworm materialfrom this lamb .Tapeworm material passed in the feces was examined to ascertain how muchconsisted of gravid segments and strobilae and how much was non-gravid ; con-siderable quantities of non-gravid strobilae is indicative that more or less completeTable 2 shows that in six of the lambs moretapeworms were being expelled .than 50 percent was non-gravid ; in one lamb only 31 percent was non-gravid.The data show that whole tapeworms were being spontaneously lost from time totime during the patent period, even though it was not possible to identify scolecesin 24-hour fecal collections .Figure 1 shows the daily record of tapeworm material expelled from eachlamb .The first material expelled was almost entirely non-gravid, which showeda tendency early, in the infection toward expulsion of entire immature worms orIn lambs 9, 13, and 14, the percentages of non-gravid materialparts thereof .passed in the dung were respectively 89, 84, and 86, indicating that for theselambs most of the tapeworms were expelled before reaching the gravid stage .In lamb 9, over 60 percent of the total tapeworm material recovered during patencyIn lambs 13 and 14was expelled on the 45th day after cysticercoids were fed .the tapeworms were expelled over a more or less extended period .Figure 1 also shows that the greatest quantities of gravid segments andstrobilae were expelled from lambs 8, 10, 11, and 12 . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Lamb 11 was the only oneof the group which expelled more gravid than non-gravid material, and had thelongest prepatent period (40 days) for its tapeworm infection .The tapewormsin this lamb probably became more firmly established than in the others, and alarger proportion of the worms were able to reach the gravid stage before beingexpelled.However, many worms were probably expelled on the 51st day and theremainder on the 67th day after infection, as indicated by the large quantities ofnon-gravid material expelled during these two days .In lambs 8, 9, 10, 13, and 14,all of which spontaneously expelled their entire infection before autopsy, the massof tapeworms was lost as follows : Lamb 8, on the 63rd day after infection ; lamb9, on the 45th day ; lamb 10, between the 58th and 61st days ; lamb 13, betweenthe 55th and 57th days, and lamb 14, during the 55th and 56th days .These observations on relatively heavy infections show a strong tendency forspontaneous expulsion of all tapeworms from the host . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
However, there is evidencethat this is not necessarily true in relatively light infections, for in one infection,produced by feeding only a few cysticercoids to a lamb, elimination of gravid proglottids in the feces began after the usual prepatent period and continued ata relatively steady pace for about ten and one half months, when .
the animal .
waskilled.At that time two large gravid specimens of M . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
expansa were recoveredfrom the small intestine.There was no evidence of clinical effects of parasitism in the seven lambs ofthis group. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
during the entire experiment .As shown in Table- 2, there was con-siderable variation in weight gains of the lambs, but this was not related tovariations in degree of infection, as determined volumetrically .In fact, lamb 12,which expelled the greatest volume of tapeworm material, and still retained 68tapeworms having a volume of 80 cc, made the greatest gain .In contrast,lamb 13, which expelled the least tapeworm material and was tapeworm-free atautopsy, made the smallest gain .It is believed, however, that these data onindividual gains are of value only in showing that the heaviest infections did notdepress the gains of the lambs ; they are not interpreted to mean that heavyinfections have favorable effects on growth or on feed utilization by lambs .Theaverage gain of the infected lambs during the experiment was 10 .25 pounds,while the control lambs gained an average of 10 .75 pounds.The total feed con-sumption of the control lambs averaged one half pound higher than that of theinfected lambs .The slightly higher average gain by the controls than by theinfected lambs is not . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
significant .DISCUSSIONPathogenicity of Moniezia .-The literature on the pathogenicity of theMoniezia spp .t o ruminants, especially sheep, which has been summarized earlierin this paper, does not afford a strong case that tapeworms alone are the causeof clinically acute disease and death of the host.Most of the reports of tape-worm disease resulting from natural infections leave much to be desired, espe-cially in regard to detailed accounts of the disease conditions observed by thevarious authors and the possible causative organisms, which may have been presentin the animals .The nature of the disease conditions reported in the past forsheep and cattle and ascribed to tapeworms will probably never be determinedwith certainty.It is safe to conclude, however, that the acute symptoms anddeath losses reported as caused by tapeworms by Cox (1855), Cross (1877),Anonymous (1877), Lafenêtre (1948), Link et al . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
(1950), Radeleff (1944),Skriabin and Schultz (1934), Tableman (1946), and others are not confirmed bycritical observations, involving both experimental and naturally acquired infec-tions .
. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
For instance, it is not possible to take seriously, on the basis of availableevidence today, the claims of Skriabin and Schultz (1934) that tapeworms causeda mortality as high as 80 percent of young animals in certain areas in Russia, andthat of Radeleff (1944), who claimed that moniezioses caused a mortality of 50percent in kids and calves and 25 percent in lambs in Texas .Neither of thesereports was documented with data to show that tapeworms were the sole cause ofthese losses.Many similar reports must also be discounted because of insufficientsupporting data.The writers of this paper believe that a strong case can be made today, onthe basis of evidence now available, that Moniezia infections of sheep are rela-tively innocuous, even when the parasites are present in large numbers in younglambs.This belief is supported by the work of Shorb (1939), Hawkins (1946),that of the writers of this paper and to some extent by the work of Hansen et al . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
(1950) .Shorb made the first report on experimental infections, employing asmall number of lambs, and no significant evidence of tapeworm pathogenicityHawkins carefully studied an experimental .
flock of ewes and theirwas obtained.lambs during a four-year period under conditions very favorable to the develop- ment of heavy natural tapeworm infections in the lambs, and reported that nodistinct symptoms ascribable to tapeworms alone were observed . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
The lambsusually developed heavy infections in May or June, which usually were spon-taneously lost by August or September .The writers of this paper producedinfections in 14 young lambs, most of them being the heaviest experimental tape-worm infections thus far reported .However, no injurious effects were observed .Hansen et al. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
also infected experimentally six lambs, using smaller numbers ofcysticercoids per lamb than those used by the present writers .They reportedonly slight retardation in growth and slight depression of haemoglobin andhaematocrit values in the infected animals, which they considered significant . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Innone of this admittedly limited experimental work has any sign appeared thatheavy tapeworm infections in lambs can cause serious disease, with acute symp-toms and death.Furthermore, no proof has been presented by anyone that grossor histopathological changes, or both, in the small intestines or other organsaccompany, heavy infections of M. expansa alone.Certainly, no such changeswere observed by the present writers in 14 infected lambs, seven of which wereknown to retain from 53 to 114 tapeworms at autopsy .This does not mean, however, that there is conclusive proof that Monieziainfections of lambs and older animals are at all times innocuous and can beignored .The contention of Gordon (1950) that heavy tapeworm infections ofyoung, malnourished sheep are of some consequence should be investigatedfurther . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Also, the assertion by such an authority as Monnig (personal com-munication) that young lambs before weaning show the most serious effects ofheavy tapeworm infections should be thoroughly ., investigated .Variation in growth and development of M .
expansa in heavy infections.--Measurements and observations of complete tapeworms obtained at autopsy oflambs fed large numbers of cysticercoids approximately one month earlier, showedgreat variation in size and degree of development. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
As all the cysticercoids werefed at approximately the same time, in most cases as a single dose, it was ofinterest to note that complete worms obtained from these lambs varied in lengthfrom less than two inches to six or more feet, and in development from smallworms having a scolex and only a few immature proglottids to very large wormswith strobilae consisting of hundreds of proglottids, many of which were matureand gravid. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
If this great variation in growth of tapeworms in heavy infections is acommon phenomenon in sheep, as it seems to be, it is obvious that the actual scolexcount of tapeworms at autopsy does not give an accurate quantitative picture ofthe infection in individual cases. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Therefore, in estimating the degree of infectiona more accurate method appears to be a measurement of volume of tapewormmaterial by some appropriate method, rather than by a count of the scoleces .Datapresented in Table 1 show that the scolex count in different lambs varied greatly,from 9 to 114, but the volume of tapeworm material varied only from 55 to 160cc.In addition, the lamb having the largest number of worms did not have thegreatest volume of tapeworm material .The great variation in development of tapeworms in heavy infections hasbeen ascribed by some authors to the so-called "crowding effect", which has notbeen fully elucidated .The suggested explanations of this phenomenon of re-tarded growth in heavy infections were summarized by Reid (1942) as follows" (1) that a local immunity is developed in the host, (2) that insufficient food isavailable for all tapeworms, (3) that excretory products of the worms inhibitgrowth, (4) that an actual physical crowding takes place .There is some evi-dence against certain of these suggestions but no positive supporting evidenceis available . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
"Recently, Read (1951) agreed with Reid (1942) in that previously suggested causes of the "crowding effect" are unsupported by evidence, and stated " thatthe hypothetical limiting factor in the crowding effect is probably not a foodsubstance obtained from foodstuffs ingested by the hosts . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
"He suggested thatthe substance now known to be present in small, variable quantities in the smallintestine, which may fulfill the criteria for a growth limiting factor on tapeworms,is oxygen .This explanation is hypothetical and supported by a minimum ofevidence, but deserves as much consideration as the others .Spontaneous loss of infections .-Hawkins ( 1946), Hansen et al. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
(1950), andothers have noted the tendency of spontaneous loss of tapeworms from sheep .This phenomenon has been demonstrated as a fairly consistent one in heavyinfections by the data presented in Table 2 and Figure 1 .Six of seven lambsspontaneously lost their tapeworms some time during the second month afteracquiring them ; one lamb did not, retaining 68 parasites on the 65th day afterinfection.These observations and those of others show that sheep tapeworms(M. expansa) in heavy infections apparently lead a precarious existence in thesmall intestine of lambs, and may be expelled before or soon after they reachtheir full development.Infections of a few worms, or rarely heavy infections,may be retained by sheep for long periods .This evidence of spontaneous lossof M . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
expansa, especially in heavy infections of lambs, should be taken intoconsideration in all critical work on tapeworm anthelmintics, and adds furthersupport to the contention that this parasite is of little consequence as a pathogen .SUMMARY1 .
The important literature on the pathogenicity of Moniezia spp .
t o ruminants,especially that of M. expansa to sheep, is briefly summarized .2 . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Heavy infections of M. expansa were induced experimentally in 14 lambsby feeding 121 to 411 cysticercoids per lamb .Six of these lambs had over 50 tapeworms each .3 . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Seven of the parasitized lambs were autopsied approximately one monthafter being fed cysticercoids, and from 9 to 114 tapeworms were recovered fromeach lamb .The volume of moistThe tapeworms obtainedtapeworm material varied from 55 to 160 cc per lamb .from the lamb having only 9 parasites were all large and gravid, while those fromthe other six lambs varied greatly in size and in developmentfrom immature togravid specimens .4 . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Seven of the infected lambs were observed for approximately two monthsSix were tapeworm-free atbefore they were killed and examined for tapeworms .autopsy, while one lamb still retained 68 tapeworms of variable sizes .All theselambs expelled rather large quantities of tapeworm material in the feces, much ofit being non-gravid pieces of strobilae, and some probably were complete wormsalthough not identifiable as such .5. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
The infections did not result in any observable injurious effects to thelambs, or any significant retardation in growth in comparison with that of thecontrols .LITERATURE CITEDANONYMOUS .1877 .1948.Enzootic amongst lambs .
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B .
and BERRY, L. J .
1934 . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
B .
and BERRY, L. J .
1934 .
Observations on the sheep tapeworm,Moniezia expansa, in California .
Ibid .
85 : 611-616 .GORDON, H .
McL .
1950 .
Some aspects of parasitic gastro-enteritis of sheep .Austral .
Vet.
Jour .
26 : 14-28 .HABERMANN, R. T .
and CARLSON, F .
N .
1946 .
Lead arsenate relieves scouring inlambs due to tapeworm infestation.
.
Vet.
Med.
41 : 306-310 .HANSEN, M .
F., KELLEY, G .
W ., and TODD, A .
C .
1950 . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
F., KELLEY, G .
W ., and TODD, A .
C .
1950 .
(a) Observations on theeffects of a pure infection of Moniezia expansa on lambs .
Trans .
Amer .Microscop .
Soc.
69 : 148-155 ; (b) Effects of a pure infection of the tapewormMoniezia expansa, on lambs .
Jour.
Parasitol.
36 (6, sec .
2) : 45 .HAWKINS, P .
A .
1946.
Studies of sheep parasites .
VII .
Moniezia expansainfections .
Ibid.
32 (6, see .
2) : 14.HUTYRA, MAREK, MANNINGER, et al .1949 . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
2) : 14.HUTYRA, MAREK, MANNINGER, et al .1949 .
Special pathology and therapeuticsof the diseases of domestic animals.
Chicago, Vol .
II, 5th ed .
p .
284 .KATES, K .
C .
and RUNKEL, C. E .
1948 .
Observations on oribatid nite vectorsof Moniezia expansa on pastures, with a report of several new vectors fromthe United States .
Proc .
Helminthol .
Soc .
Wash .
15 : 19-33 .and GOLDBERG, A.
1949 .
Experimental tapeworm (Moniezia ex-pansa) infections in young lambs .
Jour .
Parasitol . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Jour .
Parasitol .
35 (6, see .
2) : 38 .LAFENÊTRE, H .
1948 .
A propos d'une enzoitie de rnonieziose ovine.
Bull.
Acad .Vet .
France 21 : 152-156 .LINK, R .
P ., DEVINE, N. D ., DANKS, A-G .
and WOELFFER, E .
A.
1950 .
Monieziainfection in a calf herd .
J.
A .
V. M .
A .
117 : 52-53 .MCCULLOCH, E .
C .
and McCoy, J .
E .
1941 .
Treatment of ovine teniasis withlead arsenate.
Ibid .
99 : 496-497 .MONNIG, H. O .
1947 .
Veterinary helminthology and entomology . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
1947 .
Veterinary helminthology and entomology .
Baltimore .MORGAN, B .
B .
and HAWKINS, P .
A .
1949 .
Veterinary helminthology.
Min-neapolis .NEUMANN, L .
G .
1905 .
Treatise on the parasites and parasitic diseases ofdomesticated animals .
London, 2nd ed.
(English) .NEVEU-LEMAIRE, M .
1936 .
Traité D'Helminthologie Médicale et Vétérinaire .Paris.RADELEFF, R .
D .
1944 .
Lead arsenate an effective taeniacide for domesticruminants .
Vet .
Med.
39 : 453-454 .READ, C .
P .
1951 . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Vet .
Med.
39 : 453-454 .READ, C .
P .
1951 .
The "crowding effect" in tapeworm infections.
Jour .Parasitol.
37 : 174-178 .REID, W. M. 1942 .
Certain nutritional requirements of the fowl cestodeRaillietina cesticillus (Molin) as demonstrated by short periods of starvationof the host .
Ibid.
28 : 319-340 .SHORB, D .
A .
1939 .
Preliminary observations of the effect on sheep of pureProc .
Helminthol .
Soc .infestation with the tapeworm, Moniezia expansa .Wash.
6 : 77-79 ..1940 . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
6 : 77-79 ..1940 .
A note on the effect of tapeworm infestation on the con-dition of sheep .
Vet.
Med .
35 : 180-181 .SKRIABIN, K .
I .
and SCHULTZ, R. E .
1934.
La lutte contre les moniezioses .Invasions des moutons par les vers rubanes .
Bull .
Office Internat.
Epizoot .8 : 355-378 .STUNKARD, H. W .
1937 .
The life cycle of Moniezia expansa.TABLEMAN, H .
G .
1946 .
Taeniasis in lambs .
Vet .
Med .
41 : 455-456 .Science 86 : 312 . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Vet .
Med .
41 : 455-456 .Science 86 : 312 .
Tests with a Phenothiazine-Salt Mixture as aGrowth Stimulant for SheepREX W .
ALLEN and PATRICIA M .
KYLESZoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Agricultural ResearchAdministration, U .
S .
Department of AgricultureThat the administration of a phenothiazine-salt mixture to sheep is often fol-lowed by an increased gain in weight of the treated animals has been demonstrated,by Britton and Miller (1944), Seghetti and Marsh (1945), and others . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
So far asthe writers have been able to ascertain, this effect has been observed only in con-junction with roundworm control, and the increased gains in weight have been at-tributed to the anthelmintic action of the phenothiazine .
Apparently no attemptshave been made to determine whether phenothiazine possesses growth stimulatingproperties in the absence of nematode infections of consequence . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
The present re-port describes experiments which clarify this problem .DATAThe observations were made for two consecutive years, starting in November,Lambs were made available by Professor P .
E. Neale of the Animal Hus-1949 .bandry Department of New Mexico State College .In each year 40 lambs, ranging in age from 8 to 10 months, were divided into4 groups of 10 each, and placed in dry lots . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Their diet consisted of alfalfa cubes .Some of the lambs in each group came from the range and some came from drylots or small irrigated pastures . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Two groups of the lambs had available to themthroughout the test period a mixture consisting of 1 part phenothiazine and 9parts common salt, while the other two groups received only salt.During the first year one experimental group (Lot 6), with controls (Lot 5),was on test for 25 days, while the other experimental group (Lot 8), with controls(Lot 7), was on test for 46 days . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Corresponding periods for the second year were33 days (Lots 6 and 5) and 47 days (Lots 8 and 7) .Differential egg counts, based on the descriptions published by Kates andShorb (1943), were made on individual lambs at the beginning and end of eachtest.They indicated the presence of only small numbers of nematodes of thefollowing species : Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp., Nematodirusspathiger, and Strongyloides papillosus .All lambs were weighed individually at the beginning and end of each test .During the first year the average daily gains in weight in pounds were as follows :Lot 6, 0 .5 ; Lot 5, 0 .52 ; Lot 8, 0 .4 ; and Lot 7, 0 .49 . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
During the second year thegains were : Lot 6, 0 .41 ; Lot 5, 0 .48 ; Lot 8, 0 .41 ; and Lot 7, 0 .56 .
Thus, in eachinstance greater gains in weight were made by lambs receiving salt only than bylambs receiving the phenothiazine-salt mixture. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Treatment of the data by analy-sis of variance showed that the differences during the first year were not signifi-Those of the second year were found to be significant, but this was due tocant.the fact that 3 lambs in the groups receiving the phenothiazine-salt mixture forsome unknown reason made gains in weight far below the average .CONCLUSIONSIt is concluded on the basis of these experiments that a mixture containing 1part phenothiazine and 9 parts common salt does not, in itself, possess propertiescapable of stimulating the growth of sheep . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
It seems probable, therefore, that theincreased growth rates which have been observed by other workers following theadministration of this mixture are due solely to the anthelmintic action of "the drug .
LITERATURE CITEDBRITTON, J .
W .
and MILLER, R. F. 1944 .
The practical application .
of anthel-mintic medication of lambs .J .
Am.
Vet .
Med.
Assoc .
104 : 170-172 .KATES, K .
C .
and SHORB, D. A .1943 .
Identification of eggs of nematodes para-sitic in domestic sheep .
Am.
J .
Vet .
Res . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Am.
J .
Vet .
Res .
4 : 54-60 .SEGHETTI, L .
and MARSH, H.1945 .
Control of intestinal parasitism in lambs bywinter treatment of ewes as compared with the use of phenothiazine in saltin summer.
Am .
J. Vet .
Res.
6 : 159-164 .Notes on the Trematode Genus Glypthelmins Stafford, 1905BERT B. BABEROArctic Health Research Center, U .
S . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Public Health Service, FSA,Anchorage, AlaskaMuch of the controversy concerning the validity of species assigned to thetrematode genus Glypthelmins Stafford, 1905, may be considered to have resultedfrom : (1) the inadequate generic characterization ; (2) insufficient informationavailable to investigators who have reviewed or commented on the species of thegenus ; and (3) the close relationship of other genera of the subfamily Plagi-It is the purpose of this paper to presentorchiinae Pratt, 1902, to Glypthelmins .a brief historical review of the genus and to propose suggestions which mightaid in clarifying the systematics of this group .The gnus Glypthelmins was erected by Stafford (1905) with the speciesDistomum quietum Stafford, 1900 . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
As genotype, it may be considered that theinadequate description given by him laid the groundwork for much of the confu-sion concerning the validity of species later assigned to the genus .
Recognizingthe controversy regarding the uncertainty of species assigned to Glypthelmins,Miller in 1930 redescribed the type species G .
quieta (Stafford, 1900) .
Althoughhe listed seven species [G . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Althoughhe listed seven species [G .
quieta ; linguatula (Rud., 1819) Travassos, 1924 ; parvaTravassos, 1924 ; repandum (Rud ., 1819) Travassos, 1924 ; elegans Travassos, 1926 ;staffordi Tubanqui, 1928 ; and californiensis (Cort, 1919) Miller, 1930] he recom-mended that the genus be revised, since it was apparent that some of the speciesdid not fit the genus as originally described by Stafford . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Olsen (1937), acceptingMiller's emendation to include species without, as well as with, pharyngeal glands,presented a key to the genus Glypthelmins to which he added two species, G .
sub-tropica Harwood, 1931, and G .
shastai Ingles, 1936.
Caballero (1938), in his re-view of the genus and the presentation of his key, considered ten valid species-those listed by Miller and Olsen and one additional, G .
rugocaudata (Yoshida,1916) Yahata, 1934 .
(This . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
rugocaudata (Yoshida,1916) Yahata, 1934 .
(This .
species had been returned to the genus EndiotremaLooss, 1900, by Syôgaki in 1937 .)
G. palmipedis (Lutz, 1928) was omitted fromthe keys of Olsen and Caballero .
Review of the literature revealed that this specieswas briefly described as Haplometra palmipedis Lutz, 1928 ; Travassos (1930),after having examined the original material of Lutz, transferred it to the genusGlypthelmins .In 1941, de Freitas described two new species, G .
simulans andG. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
simulans andG.
proximus .In this same work, de Freitas redescribed G .
palmipedis and G .
sub-tropica.The addition of these new species brought the total number assigned tothe genus to thirteen .Following the suggestion of Miller (1930) that the genus be revised, Rankin(1944) made a systematic study of "hundreds of specimens from about seventy-five individual hosts."
Employing the keys of Olsen and Caballero, Rankin stated,"Attempts to identify specimens found by the use of these keys failed ." | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Usingcharacters relating to the metraterm, uterine coils, and vitellaria, he concluded that G. quieta, elegans, linguatula, and repandum were valid and that G. californiensis,parva, rugocaudata, shastai, staffordi, and subtropica were synonyms of the typespecies.Cordero (1944) described as new G. festina and G .
sera.Ruiz (1949) removedG .
elegans to the genus Choledocystus Pereira and Cuocolo, 1941, and regardedC. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
eucharis Pereira and Cuocolo, 1941, and C. vesicalis Ruiz and Leão, 1942, assynonyms of Choledocystus elegans n .
comb ., which, because of the law of priority,became the genotype .
Byrd (1930) accepted Rankin's revision but removed G .repandum to the genus Microderma Mehra, 1931, retaining as valid G .
quieta, lin-guatula, and elegans.Apparently, Byrd considered Glypthelmins a more suitablegenus for elegans than Choledocystus . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Glypthelmins africana Dollfus, 1950, wasthe more recent species assigned to the genus .The brief historical background of the species which have been assigned toGlypthelmins) indicates that the characters used in classification of the genusshould be more explicit .
From the examination of available types and paratypesassigned to this genus, a study of literature, and discussions with several . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
investi-gators who have worked with the genus, two alternatives appear possible for cor-recting the systematics of the group : (1) create a new genus for the South Amer-ican species ; or (2) amend the genus so as to include these species.It was pointed out by de Freitas (personal communication) that the speciesof Glypthelmins are divisable into two groupsa.species with peripharyngeal glands and without uterine coils developedin the pretesticular zone .b . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
species without peripharyngeal glands and with uterine coils developedin the pretesticular zone .On the basis of point b, a new genus could be created to include the species G.The species repandumlinguatula, repandum, palmipedis, simulans, and proximus .does not belong in the genus Microderma, since that genus is characterized by theabsence of an esophagus and the possession of a coiled seminal vesicle .
To thefirst group a belong G . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
To thefirst group a belong G .
quieta, californiensis, rugocaudata, shastai, staffordi, andThe species G. parva might be considered intermediate, since it doessubtropica.not have peripharyngeal glands nor uterine coils in the pretesticular zone .
Thisspecies appears to have been described from specimens which were not properlyfixed ; consequently, proper interpretation of its morphological details has beendifficult . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
The species elegans need not be considered since it has been removedfrom the genus .Employing the characters used by Rankin in his determination of valid speciesof Glypthelmins, Caballero (personal communication) and the writer found thespecies G. simulans and G. sera to be synonyms of G . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
linguatula, the species G .proximus to be a synonym of G. repandum, and that the species G. festina could beplaced in the genus Choledocystus, since it possesses generic characters making itresemble very closely the type species, C .
elegans.It must be pointed out that inmaking this study only the characters listed by Rankin were employed in derivingthe above conclusions .Apparent generic relationships of the adult trematodes alone are often notsubstantiated when larval characters are considered . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
McMullen (1931), and Byrd,Parker, and Reiber (1940) have shown the advantage of studying the excretorysystem of a group in attempting to determine its systematic position.
Baer (1924)pointed out, "If the .
excretory systems were better known, it might perhaps beshown that the relationship between various families can be established by thei Rankin (1944) and Ruiz (1949) offer extensive historical accounts of mostof the species assigned to this genus .
shape of the excretory vesicle . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
''In this same work, Baer diagrammed what heconsidered the ontogeny of the excretory vesicle, showing that the remotely dif-ferent Y-shaped and I-shaped vesicles are derived from a common stem and thatsimilarity does exist during certain stages of its evolution.The genera, Choledo-cystus and Astiotrema Looss, 1900, appear to be phylogenetically related to Glyp-thelmins when a general morphological study of these groups is made .It hasprobably been due to this close relationship that specimens have been erroneouslyassigned to these groups .The excretory vesicle in Astiotrema is Y-shaped, inGlypthelmins it is I-shaped, and in Choledocystus there is a reduction in thebranches of the Y so as to make the appearance of the vesicles in the form of an I .Choledocystus, therefore, may be considered as being in a state of transition inter-mediate between Astiotrema and Glypthelmins .Ruiz (1949) made a similar anal-ogy, but apparently considered Choledocystus closer related to Plagiorchis Lühe,1899, than Astiotrema.It has been shown that the genus Glypthelmins has been complicated by specieswhich do not fit the genus as originally described by Stafford .This, to a largeextent, has been due to the inadequate description of the characters of the genuswhich should readily serve to distinguish this genus from others of the subfamilyPlagiorchiinae.Two alternatives have been suggested to correct the systematicsof this group and to insure that differentiation of Glypthelmins from other generaUntil additional material becomes available so that a moreis sufficiently explicit .comprehensive morphological study may be continued, the writer feels no justifica-tion for making revisions at this time .The writer extends his sincere gratitude to Drs . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Eduardo Caballero y C .,Teixiera de Freitas, and Elon E .
Byrd for their numerous comments in connectionwith this work .LITERATURE CITEDBAER, J .
G .1924 .Description of a new genus of Lepodermatidae (Trematoda)BYRD, E .
E .with a systematic essay on the family.Parasit.
16 : 22-31 .1950 .trematode (Plagiorchiinae) from the chameleon .69 : 280-287 .Allogyptus crenshawi, a new genus and species of digeneticTrans .
Amer.
Mic .
Soc ., PARKER, M . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Amer.
Mic .
Soc ., PARKER, M .
V., and REIBER, R. J .A new genus and twonew species of digenetic trematodes, with a discussion on the systematics ofthese and certain related forms .
J. Parasit .
26 : 111-122 .1940 .CABALLERO Y C., E .
1938 .Revision y clave de las especies del genero Glypthel-mins.
An.
Inst .
Biol ., Mexico.
9 : 121-149 .CORDERO, E. H .1944 .Dos nuevas especies de tremátódos del genero Glypthelminsde los bactracios del Uruguay .
An .
Acad .
Brasil .
Cienc . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
An .
Acad .
Brasil .
Cienc .
16 : 1-8 .Sobre alguns tremátódeos parasitos de rãs .DE FREITAS, J .
F .
TEIXEIRA.Rev .
Brasil.
Biol .
1 : 31-40 .1941 .DOLLFUS, R .
PH.Paul Brien (mai-août 1937) .
Ann.
Mus.
Congo Belge .Trematodes recóltés au Congo Belge par le ProfesseurC, Ser.
V, 1 : 1-136 .In : Es-Estudios sobre tremátódeos observados en Venezuela.1950 .LUTZ, A .
1928 .tudios de Zoologia y Parasitologia Venezolanas .pp .
101-125 .MCMULLEN, D .
B .chiidae Lühe, 1901, and related trematodes . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
B .chiidae Lühe, 1901, and related trematodes .
J .
Parasit .
23 : 244-258 .1937 .A discussion of the taxonomy of the family Plagior-On a new trematode Microderma elinquis, n .g ., n .s .Par-Studies on Glypthelmins quieta Stafford .
J. Parasit .
16 :MEHRA, H .
R. 1931 c.asit .
23 : 191-195 .1930 .MILLER, E .
L .237-243 .OLSEN, O. W .RANKIN, J.
S .1937 .inae Pratt, 1902 .1944.A systematic study of the trematode subfamily Plagiorchi-Trans.
Amer .
Mic .
Soc . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Amer .
Mic .
Soc .
56 : 311-339 .A review of the trematode genus Glypthelmins Stafford,1905, with an account of the life cycle of G .
quieta (Stafford, 1900) Stafford,1905 .Trans .
Amer.
Mic.
Soc.
63 : 30-43 .Ruiz, J. M .1949 .
Consideracões sobre o gênero Choledocystus Pereira and Cuo-colo, 1941 .
(Trematoda, Plagiorchiidae .
)Rev .
Brasil .
Biol .
9 : 167-174 .
STAFFORD, J .414 .681-694 .1900.Some undescribed trematodes.Zool .
Jahrb .
Sys. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Jahrb .
Sys.
13 : 399-.1905.Trematodes from Canadian vertebrates .Zool.
Anz .
28 :TRAVASSOS, L.I .Genero Haplometra Looss, 1899 (Trematoda : Plagiorchiidae) .
Mem .
Inst .Oswaldo Cruz .
23 : 163-168 .Pesquisas helmintologicas realizadas em Hamburgo .1930 .Removing Nematodes from SoilJ .
R .
CHRISTIE' and V . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
G. PERRY2The investigation of plant parasitic nematodes has always been hampered bylack of a simple and efficient technique for removing these organisms from theWhen working with species that feed on the surface of roots without pene-soil.trating the tissues, some method of determining their abundance, distribution, andOur present ignorance of the enormoushabits in the soil is an absolute necessity .importance of nematodes in this category is largely attributable to lack of a meansfor securing such pertinent information . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
The two methods most commonly usedfor removing nematodes from soil are sieving and the Baermann technique.Bothhave been described in various publications, the most recent description being thatWhat is needed, however, is a method whereby the nematodes can beof Goodey.3obtained in clear water reasonably free from debris ; sieving does not accomplishthis nor does the Baermann technique, as this method is ordinarily employed .The writers have been using a combination of these two methods with very goodsuccess and have found it exceedingly useful .Such a combination seems an ob-vious and logical procedure but it does not appear to be in use, nor does Goodey(loc . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
cit .)
mention such a possibility . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
In view of this, and believing that others willfind the method useful, the writers present the following description .Equipment.-Two sieves are needed, a coarse one of about 20 to 24 meshes tothe inch that will allow the nematodes to pass through but will retain the coarsercomponents of the soil, and a fine one that will retain the nematodes .When it isnot necessary to retain the very small forms, such as larval stages, a sieve with150 meshes to the inch may be adequate .When it is desirable to retain as manyas possible of the small forms, a sieve with 200 meshes to the inch should be used .Even with such a sieve many of the very small nematodes will be lost, but with itthe writers have had no difficulty in removing larvae of the root knot nematodes(Meloidogyne spp .) | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
and of the citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semi-penetrans Cobb)For special purposes, sieves of silk bolting cloth, as describedin large numbers.For the sieving operationby Cobb4 and Goodey (loc .
cit .) | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
cit .)
may be found useful .The operation can bea piece of rubber hose or tubing is attached to a faucet .accomplished somewhat more efficiently if the free end of the hose is attached to aSprinklers used for moisten-device that will throw a fine spray over a small area .The hose should be firmlying clothes before ironing serve this purpose very well .1 Senior Nematologist and 2 Agent, Nematologist ; Division of Nematology,Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, U .
S . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
S .
Departmentof Agriculture, stationed at Sanford, Florida, in cooperation with the FloridaAgricultural Experiment Station, University of Florida .Report of a study madeunder the Research and Marketing Act of 1946 .3 Goodey, T.Laboratory methods for work with plant and soil nema-Tech.
Bull .
2, Nematology Dept., Rothamstead Expt.
Sta ., Min.
Agr .
and1949 .todes .Fisheries .4 Cobb, N. A .1918 .Estimating the nema population of the soil .
Agr.Technology Cir .
1, U.
S .
Dept .
Agr ., Bur. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
1, U.
S .
Dept .
Agr ., Bur.
Plant Indust.
attached, to both the faucet and the sprinkling device, otherwise it will be blownoff when pressure is applied .The Baermann apparatus consists of a funnel, the snout of which is insertedinto a short piece of thin-walled rubber tubing equipped with a clamp .Supportsare provided for as many funnels as are needed .The writers use glass funnels6 inches in diameter across the top .Cloth sacks (Fig . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
1) are prepared from aThese are fitted in the form of smallfairly heavy weight, closely woven muslin .skullcaps and each is finished with a hem around the edge . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Rings about 5-a' inches indiameter are made from number JO galvanized iron wire .The ends forming aring abut but are not soldered or otherwise fastened together .A ring is insertedinto the hem of a cloth sack and the sack placed in the top of a funnel .Suitablereceptacles such as buckets and beakers, paddles for roiling soil, and a block ofwood for rapping the side of a sieve, complete the necessary equipment .FIG .
1 . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
A set of ten Baermann funnels used for removing nematodes fromsoil.Funnel on right shows sack in place and how cloth is sewn .Procedure .-Thoroughly wet the fine sieves and place the coarse sieve on topof it .Place the sample of soil in a suitable container, add water equal to aboutthree or four times the volume of soil, and thoroughly roil .Allow the containerto stand a few seconds while the sand and heavier particles settle, then carefullypour off the water into the sieves .If this operation is repeated three times, mostWash the material caught in theof the nematodes will be removed from the sand .coarse sieve with a spray of water to carry through any nematodes that may havebeen caught on it, then discard .In the same manner, wash the material caughtin the fine sieve, which contains the nematodes, to carry through colloidal matterand fine particles and continue until the water from the sieve runs clear, then washWhen the sieve is tiltedthe material to the side of the sieve and into a beaker.for removing this material it is sometimes helpful to direct a spray, without toomuch force, against the bottom from the outside .When the water does not runthrough the sieve, rap it sharply on the side with a block of wood .Pour tepid water into the funnel until the cloth sack is partly filled but stillRoilhas enough room to receive the contents of the beaker without overflowing .Afterthe contents of the beaker and pour it into this water, not onto the cloth .about five minutes, open the clamp and draw off a few milliliters of water .Thiswill remove most of the debris that may have been washed through the cloth sackduring the filling operation .Next, allow the material thus prepared in the funnelThe usual practice is to set upto stand where it will not be disturbed or jarred .the funnels during late afternoon and draw off the nematodes the following morn- ing .However, if vigorous, living specimens are needed for experimental pur-poses, set up the funnels in the morning and draw off the nematodes every houror two .Do not use cheesecloth in the funnels .Just as many nematodes will burrowIn coolthrough a more closely woven fabric and far less debris will go through .weather fill the funnels with water heated to a temperature of about 90' F .For sandy soils, one-pint samples are a convenient and satisfactory size .Claysoils are much more difficult to sieve but the difficulties are not insurmountable .When working with such soils it may be necessary to modify' the sieving pro-cedure somewhat and to use smaller samples of soil, or to divide a sample and sieveeach part separately .Standard sieves, as fine as 200 meshes to the inch, can be purchased from com-panies that sell laboratory supplies . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Very satisfactory sieves can be made bycutting the bottoms from tin pans and soldering on copper screening .The sidesof such sieves should be painted with asphalt varnish or some similar waterproofSquare sieves made in this way are very convenient because the materialpaint .Fine sieves should always be thor-caught in them can be poured from a corner .oughly washed and dried immediately after using .Attempts to Transfer Plasmodium berghei Vincke andLips to Domesticated Animals'CHARLES G . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
DURBINZoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, U .
S .
Department of Agriculture,Beltsville, MarylandINTRODUCTIONPlasmodium berghei was first described in 1948 by Vincke and Lips from thered blood cells of a wild tree rat, Thomnomys surdaster, in the vicinity of Elisa-bethville, Belgian Congo .Vincke and Lips were able to transfer the parasitesby blood inoculations to Rattus rattus, R .
frugivorus, R . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
rattus alexandrinus,and white mice.They were unable to transfer the organism to guinea pigs andAdler and associates (1950), working with P. berghei at the Hebrewrabbits .University in Jerusalem, found this organism infective for the golden hamster,Mesocricetus auratus, and the field vole, Microtus guntheri .According to Vincke and Lips, the insect vector is probably Anopheles dureniEdw., a mosquito native to the area in which the parasitized rats were captured .This mosquito is very difficult to raise in the laboratory, and so far as the presentwriter is aware passages through the mosquito to rats have not been successful .Since P. berghei can easily be maintained in laboratory rats it is particularlyFor this reason the Division ofuseful for the testing of antimalarial drugs .Tropical Medicine, National Institutes of Health, requested the Bureau of AnimalIndustry, U . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
S .
Department of Agriculture, for permission to bring this organisminto the United States.
This Bureau is charged by law with supervision over theintroduction of disease organisms into the United States and their distributionPermission to do so was granted .
Whenwithin this country after introduction .this became known, other research organizations interested in the study of malarialorganisms and the chemotherapy of malaria, requested that P . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
berghei be placed atBefore acceding to these requests, the Division of Tropical Diseases,their disposal.1 The writer wishes to express his thanks to Miss Nancy Allen, formerly of theDivision of Tropical Diseases, National Institutes of Health, for her assistance incarrying out the work reported in this paper . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
National Institutes of Health, consulted the Bureau of Animal Industry .TheBureau, charged with protecting the livestock industry from diseases and disease-producing organisms not present in the United States, and mindful of the disas-trous results that on previous occasions have followed the introduction into thiscountry of foreign pests and their later dissemination, accidental or otherwise,hesitated to grant permission for the distribution of P . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
berghei to laboratoriesother than those of the National Institutes of Health .It was pointed out thatthere was no information available on the susceptibility of domestic animals toP .
berghei, even though it was recognized that the various species of Plasmodiumare, generally speaking, rather definitely host specific .It was decided that suchinformation should be obtained concerning the possible transmission of P . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
bergheito domestic animals before permission for the distribution of the organism to re-search laboratories could be granted .In accordance with that decision the ex-periments described in this paper were carried out .EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND RESULTSThe parasitized blood used in these experiments was obtained from white rats,Each rat was inoculated intravenously (i.v.) | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
with about 5,000 para-On the sixth day after inoculation the rats were bled out and destroyed .This heavily parasitizedRattus rattus.sites .Blood smears were made and checked for parasites .blood was used to inoculate experimental animals .Two young lambs were each inoculated i .v .
with 4 cc of blood from the afore-One young pig was inoculated i .v. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
with 5 cc of blood andmentioned white rats .another was given 1 .5 cc of blood subcutaneously and 3 cc intraperitoneally .Tem-perature readings were taken on all inoculated animals beginning on the 4th day(P .I .) | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
day.after inoculation and continuing through the 20th post-inoculationThick and thin smears of peripheral blood were taken every other day, beginning onthe 4th day and continuing through the 20th day, and then every 4th day until the41st day .All blood smears were negative for parasites .In order to determine whether any inapparent or subpatent infection waspresent in the lambs or pigs, blood was drawn on the 20th P .I .
day and on theTwo rats were injected41st P.I .
day and injected i.v . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
day and injected i.v .
into four young white rats .All the rat re-with blood from each animal, each rat receiving 0 .2 cc of blood .cipients were observed for 3 weeks following the subinoculations .Blood smearswere examined daily for parasites, and at no time did they show any evidence ofinfection with P .
berghei.A similar procedure was carried out using a calf and 2 young goats .Theamount of blood used for the initial inoculation varied somewhat from that usedThe calf was inoculated i.v. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |