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With modification this model could also be used to address function, but than a programming model which has team based at Michigan's Center for Research on Economica non-linear(Barnum et al, 1980). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
Althoughincludescost constraints,linear cost constraints the SPH model, the CRED model neveztheless the strategy choice problem.to incorporate nonlinear Given the available computer time and resources, models patterned afterthe SPH and CRED models would be useful indeveloping countries to address almost any health planning problem.
However,the suze and complexity of these models makes thess costly and unwieldy andmay reduce they are understood, believed and used bydecisionmakers. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
available, andbelieved, smaller, special purpose models such as the present one may play animportant role demand amongdecision-makers in guiding policy decisions for modelling exercises.these models are generally for health planners and generating the degree understood to which Until tools A consideration which is difficult but must be addressed strategy the future. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
Two variables are particularly opposite directions on the preferrred is the degree of uncertainty in to introduce the choice of primary health explicitly into care the model,integrationin the present about various aspects ofin this regard and act inimportanc strategy choice. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
page 26there First, suppose is uncertainty the appear optimal given region under consideradon today's them may be unjustified tofixedinhabit impactcenters parameters, thepopulation might migrate either out of the region or to new population centerswithin the region.
is athe substantial argument in in five or ten years. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
Even if estimates In this situation favor.flexibility of the mobile teams large proportion of of cost and health the population regarding creating likely if a their A second dimension of uncertainty is the regional If this budpet of operating both on healthy-life-days level of funding must be considered.
is often cut markedly from programmed levels, cotstraint.
the effect lower is the one that saves the budget varies back and forth at random from its full level level. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
Even if here and the assumption of full funding, its productivity much more sensitive the considered likely.in over a series of years whenlowestseems best based on the model presentedits absolute need for fuel may makethan would beoption when such crises arethe most healthy-life-days the mobile strategy The best strategy less preferred fixed center, to recurrent .his situationcost crises strategies .o its thus and the at rural health budgetthenthis muchIn view of the is evident. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
tentaciveness of the Section IV estimates, research efforts?
Which parameter estimates would provide the greatest least cost?But which parameters should be the forthe need focus of prioritybenefit at theare effort.
However, represented here by the parameter The benefits of immunization, less well-understood, the statistdcal b, arethe best known portion of the model and of the data, so they are not at thetop of the list of research priorities. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
As discussed in Section IV, the benefitsneed ofof VHW services inresearch estimating is necessary, Ut mustproceed deliberately, without two areas, to these services health care perform.
Thus the countries planning models can better serve as practical guides to policy.In contrastfor multiple primarytosector of developingthatthe rural areas top research priority joint cost function is both in lacking and relatively the health thus and political problems are immense. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
This research research on in should be estimation of a quick payoff. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
the expectation these benefits of a set of these cost in greater functions, inherent easy and so page 27NOTES(1] While an LDC might choose Strategy F in one region of the country and Strategyto see how a combination of both strategiesregion, it is hard M in another could be implemented mixture of strategies would require management necessary.time cost-effectively to reach each village more often in same the MOH to provide expensive the region, because such aandthan would otherwise betransport t21 One argument for different weights is that atding healthy-life-days of a productively dependents. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
The political for establishing question.employed adult may save additional sensitivity of such relative weights them within the decision-making apparatus to the lifelife-days of his or heris an argumentinof the country [31 For some purposes for different consultations disaggregation diaggregation present an approach problems in an ambulatory setting.it would be desirable preventive straightforward amongand curative problems.
Such a furtherthree-foldpresented here. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
Over and Smith (1980) and Smith and Over (1981)of patientof homogeneous aggregates to disaggragate generalization the creation further the of to is a [41 To the extent of for the initial future future relevant includes cost and investment cost constraint healthy-life-days, to modify the objective the eventual cost expenses plus the value of all discounted capital have a positive opportunity the planner that cost of the project's the capital Then it would be necessary stream all However, donors frequently make funds available health projects which are not available country. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
Furthermore, many developing capital will be provided by donors, an expectation The assumption here zero so that recurrent the intertemporal discount Martens (1980) aad Over (1980) on the recurrent cost problem in LDCs.aspect of the problem can be ignored and there This assumption makes every year for other countries behave is that the only relevant also discounted for the opportunity cost constraint future capital expenditures or future healthy-life-days. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
replacementto the country,the value of aU theseexpenses.thethe present.costs ofsamethe investment in isfor the developing country is thethe same so thatis no need toSee Gray andreplacementthat has often been fulfiled.cost of capital expenditures expenditures to capture recurrent function. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
function cost the as to if developed technology best technique [5l Although not derived from profit maximizing assumptions, sustainable managerial represent by the production the space spanned by vectors e and v, then a continuous curve fitted points may be inappropriate.
turned nonlinearides. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
turned nonlinearides.
technology by a piace-wise Smith and Over (1981).these cost functionsthus should be estimatedfor thefor only a limited number of discrete points into thesethat must bejoint production and otherof a nonlinear productionseeto in this situation can, of course, capture For an example of the representation integer-programming model in health, The integer-programming functions". | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
production is defined approach "frontier practice linear and If [61 The problem of joint cost allocation in the production of e and v with other health sector activities other activities of the fixed centers).
incurred is jointness(such as thecostsjointly in the production of these other activities with e and v is smallIf the amount of total its head again if there recurrent raises rules can be used as suggested then standard allocation in deFeranti 31-33). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
However if joint costs are so large chat different allocation the choice between the fixed and mobile strategy, must be expanded to include a vector of these other activities function as veU as in the cost functions.
(1983, pp.rules alterthe scope of the modelin the objecdLvethen page 28(7] a reduction influences intervention typically diminishes with In fact h(e, v, x) is likely to be nonlinear both because the health impact of anygiven intensityand because from one diseasetypically from other diseases. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
Barnum etal (1980, Chapters 2, 3) specify a programming model with a nonlinear objectivefunction though data theyare its 221 parameters responses of 16experts.
Section V and its notes discuss a nonlinear version of h(e, v, x) in thepresent modeLthe morbidity or mortality the morbidity and mortality lack of appropriate these problems, to estimate for from the survey to capture increased coverage forced or in function with form of equation production (8] The functional substitution curvature, reversed. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
complementarity) is given by percentage increase resulting vaccinations separable in prices and output.from a one percent The elasticity -in the optimal o to that of encounters (2) is that of tae constant the sign of its exponent, of product transformation 1/(3 - 1) and can be interpreted ratio of vaccinations to encounters elasticity thus and (or elasticity increase in the (b/a). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
By assumption ratio of the effectiveness the cost function ofitsofas the(v/e)ofisL9] Under this hypothesis:/ ~ * v/sf) * (1/Sm)Thus for given p, Af(j), A (2), Under constant returns , V to scale A4j) - 2 Am(5) and V - C /Af(p).s and s is an ifcreaFng function of C(10] For example, Walker and Gish (1977) found mobile services to be substantiallyless cost-effective than fixed services at the delivery of curative care.
(111 See note 9. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
(111 See note 9.
(121 The assumption of complementatity in the Strategy M production process woouldlikewise render that strategy more competitive.due Team presents Assessment to and disease-specific each disease.
(1981, Tables mortality (131 The Ghaci Health healthy-life-days-lost measured by age- rates days-lost in the populacton, the total burdea of a disease on society cannot beused directly Instead toestimate itsmarginal oflife-days-saved (ibid., pp.76, 77; Creese, 1979, pp.
24, 25). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
24, 25).
Tables 1 and 3 of this paper provide examplesof possible estimatesfrom Ghana into impact measures of this sort.interventions.
the marginal number of life-days-saved cost resources by an so across all is necessary and number that interventions. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
allocate is equalized the healthy-days-of-life-lost total2) Whetherintervention the or by healthy-life-per unit cost to prioritize approaches translating estimates disease then and of to 1, it [141 The programming model of rural orimary health care in developing countries byBarnum et al (1980) has the advantage of modeling disease interdependence. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
However, escimates of the parameters the results reported for that model.a and b cannot be easily deduced frompage 29[151 Assuming the costs of this program analyzed by Michigan, cost-effective incidence of measles assumed by the Michigan study for unvaccinated children would have to be carefully substantiated.than a program like that analyzed total LDS would make that of thelessit for Ghana. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
However, the lowJavaneserevised program would be larger smaller than the (16] All figures drawn from Sanoh (1983) are preliminary and, like the other figurespresented here, are for illustrative purposes only.
(17] With the addition of one more experimental vaccination and VHW services, an interaction objective function. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
Equation (1) of the model would then be modified to read:into group, one term could be introduced receiving boththeH - ho + a e + b v + d e v .A new version of deision rule (9) would then have to be derived accordingly.
(181 Two modifications of Creese's unit of analysis healthy-life-day and vaccinations should be changed and procedures to be treated as joint products. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
(1979) costing guidelines would be helpfuL Thethefor allowing encountersthe "fully-im munised-child' should be suggested from to [191 For example, Chiang and Friedlander (1984) use a translog function to specify ageneral multiproduct cost function. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
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(1982a) "Estimating offrom Retrospective Household Surveys: Method andMeasles Vaccination forto Rural Zones in ths Ivory Coast," Project Preliminary Application Stengthening Health Delivery Systems, Boston University and Center forthe AnalyLs of Health Practices, Harvard School of Health, September.the Effectiveness Shepard, D.S., L. Sanoh and E Coffi (1982b) "The Cost-Effectiveness Expanded Program of Immunization: A Preliminary Report," Project Stengthening Health Delivery Systems, Boston University and Center the Analyss Septem ber.of theforforof Health Practices, Harvard School of Public Health,Smith, KR. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
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Kiguel61761E. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
Zamora33706PPR Working Paper SeriesTitle Author Date ContactWPSI Imports Under a Foreign Exchange Constraint Cristiat Moran March 1988 WPS2 Issues In Adjustment Lending Vinod Thomas March 1988 WPS3 CGE Models for the Analysis of TradePolicy in Developing Countries Jaime de Melo March 1988 WPS4 Inflationary Rigidities andStabilizeflon Policies WPS5 Comparisons of Real Output inManufacturing WPS6 Farm-Nonfarm Linkages in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa WPS7 Institutional Analysis of CreditCooperatives WPS8 Prospects for Equitable Growth inRural Sub-Saharan Africa Miguel A. Kiguel Nissan Liviatan April 1988 Angus Maddison Bart van Ark April 1988 Steven Haggblade Peter B. Hazell James BrownApril 1988 C. Spooner37570Avishay Braverman J. Luis Guasch April 1988 C. Spooner37570Steven Haggblade Peter B. Hazell April 1988 C. Spooner37570J. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
Israel31285WPS9 Can We Return to Rapid Growth? | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
Andrea Boltho June 1988 WPS1O Optimal Export Taxes for Exportersof Perennial Crops WPS11 The Selection and Use of Pesticidesin Bank Financed Public HealthProjects WPS12 Teacher-NonTeacher Pay Differencesin Cote d'lvoire Mudassar lmran Ron Duncan June 1988 A. Kitson-Walters33712Norman Gratz Bernhard Liese June 1988 C. Knorr33611Andre Komenan Christiaan Grootaert June 1988 R. Vartanian34678 PPR Working Paper SeriesTitle Author Date ContactWPS13 Objectives and Methods of a WorldHealth Survey Trudy Harph.,m Ian Timaeus June 1988 A. Menciano33612WPS14 The Optimal Currency Composition ofExternal Debt Stijn Claes-c's June 1988 S. Bertelsme33768WPS15 Stimulating Agricultural Growth andRural Development in Sub-SaharanAfrica Vijay S. Vyas Dennis Casley June 1988 H. Vallanasco37591WPS16 Antidumping Laws and DevelopingCtA ifre Patr.ck .s.c_r! | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
Juno 1988 WPS17 Economic Development and the DebtCrisis Stanley Fischer June 1988 S. T.orr}J33709C. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
Papik33792WPS18 China's Vocational and TechnicalTraining WPS19 Coie d'ivoire's Vocational andTechnical Education Harold Noah John Middleton June 1988 W. Ketema33651Christiaan Grootaert June 1988 R. Vartanian34678WPS20 Imports and Growth in Africa Ramon Lopez Vinod ThomasJune 1988 61679WPS21 Effects of European VERs on JapaneseAutos WPS22 Methodological Problems in Cross-Country Analyses of Economic Growth WPS23 Cost-Effective Integration ofImmunization and Basic Health Servicesin Developing Countries: The Problemof Joint Costs Jaime de Melo Patrick Messerlin June 1988 S. Fallon61680jean-Paul Azam Patrick Guillaumont Sylvi3ne GuillaumontJune 1988 E. Zamora33706A. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
Mead Over, Jr. July 1988 N. Jose33688 | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799763133.pdf | https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/928621468765588258/pdf/multi0page.pdf | Central African Republic |
VOLUME 18JULY, 195]NUMBER 2PROCEEDINGSofThe Helminthological Societyof WashingtonA semi-annual journal of research devoted toHelminthology and all branches of ParasitologySupported in part by theBrayton H .
Ransom Memorial Trust FundEDITORIAL COMMITTEEEDWARD G. REINHARD, EditorThe Catholic University of AmericaEMMETT W. PRICEU .
S. Bureau of Animal IndustryGILBERT F. OTTOJohns Hopkins UniversityWILLARD H .
WRIGHTNational Institutes of HealthGOTTHOLD STEINERU .
S . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Bureau of Plant Industry ,Soils, and Agricultural EngineeringSubscription $1 .75 a Volume ; Foreign, $2 .00Published byTHE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOLUME 18JULY, 1951NUMBER 2THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTONThe Helminthological Society of Washington meets monthly from October toMay for the presentation and discussion of papers .Persons interested in anybranch of parasitology or related science are invited to attend the meetings andparticipate in the programs and are eligible for membership.Candidates, uponsuitable application, are nominated for membership by the Executive Committeeand elected by the Society .The annual dues for resident and nonresident members,including subscription to the Society's journal and privilege of publishing' thereinordinarily without charge, are four dollars .Officers o f the Society for 1951LEON JACOBSPresident : MARION M. FARRVice president :Corresponding Secretary-Treasurer : EDNA M.BUHRERRecording Secretary : A . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
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Eachvolume of the Proceedings consists of two numbers, issued in January and July.Manuscripts may be sent to any member of the Editorial Committee . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
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Pricesfor individual back volumes or for complete sets from 1934 on may be obtained bywriting to the corresponding secretary-treasurer.Remittances should be made payable to The Helminthological Society of Wash-ington and sent to the corresponding secretary-treasurer .Correspondence may be addressed to the corresponding secretary-treasurer,Edna M. Buhrer, Division of Nematology, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md .,or to the editor, Edward G . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Reinhard, Department of Biology, Catholic Universityof America, Washington 17, D .
C .The subscription price, beginning with volume 19, will be $3 .00 (domesticU.S.A .)
and $3 .25 (foreign) .Increase in Subscription Rates PROCEEDINGS OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETYOF WASHINGTONVOLUME 18JULY, 1951NUMBER 2The Pathogenicity of the Common Sheep Tapeworm,Moniezia expansaK.
C .
KATES and A. GOLDBERG1U.
S . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
C .
KATES and A. GOLDBERG1U.
S .
Bureau of Animal Industry, Beltsville, Md .The tapeworm, Moniezia expansa, occurs in sheep and certain other ruminantsthroughout the world and, because of its large size, has probably been known toman since sheep became domesticated .Much uncertainty and difference ofopinion still exist among sheepmen, veterinarians, parasitologists, and others con-cerning the role of this parasite as a pathogen . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
There are several reasons for thisstate of affairs .Heavy infections have been observed in apparently healthy sheep,and, conversely, moderate to severe clinical symptoms, and even death, in somecases, have been ascribed to this parasite when no other cause was apparent .Until recently it was impossible to obtain experimental proof of pathogenicity orlack thereof, because the life cycle of the parasite was not known .Transmissionby oribatid mites was first reported by Stunkard (1937) .Some reports ofpathogenicity have appeared in connection with the successful use of anthelminticsfor expulsion of the worms from sheep and the coincident alleviation of variousclinical conditions .Reports of this kind, particularly in regard to use of leadarsenate as an anthelmintic, were recently summarized by Foster and Habermann(1948) .There have been only two reports, exclusive of the present one, of ex-periments designed to determine the possible pathogenicity of Moniezia by meansof experimentally induced infections, namely, those of Shorb (1939) and Hansenet al. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
(1950) .The purpose of this paper is to present a reasonably completesurvey of the literature on this subject and the results of experimental workwhich have been published previously only in abstract form by us (1949) .REVIEW OF-LITERATUREA summary of the widely scattered literature on this subject is not now avail-able, and an attempt is made here to bring these reports together .Opinions ex-pressed and observations reported in the past may be conveniently summarizedunder three categories as follows : (a) General statements in various publications,particularly in well-known books on veterinary medicine and helminthology ;(b) field observations and case reports many of which are concerned with the useof ruminant teniacides ; and (c) experimental work not primarily concernedwith anthelmintic medication.Many of the observations on the effect of M .expansa infections on ruminants were made before the life cycle of the parasitewas known, and before reasonably adequate information on the effects of otherparasites, such as gastrointestinal nematodes, coccidia, and other pathogens, wasavailable. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Moreover, little or no information derived from experimentally inducedinfections was available to the earlier workers .General statements .-The following writers, among others, have consideredM.
expansa a serious pathogen of domestic ruminants under certain conditions1 A considerable part of this work was done with the technical assistance ofMr .
C .
E .
Runkel.87 88PROCEEDINGS OF THE[VOL . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
18Curtice (1890), Neumann (1905), Daubney (1923), Skriabin and Schultz (1934),Neveu-Lemaire (1936), Monnig (1947), and Hutyra, Marek, Manninger, et al .-(1949) .The symptoms ascribed to infections by this parasite vary slightly indetail and wording in the different publications of these authors, but may besummarized for all of them as follows : Light infections, especially in olderanimals, usually do not cause serious symptoms, but because of the large size ofthe worms, even small numbers on rare occasions may cause various manifestationsof disease . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Heavy infections in young animals cause serious digestive disturbances,diarrhea, and sometimes constipation ; stunting, emaciation, edema, anemia, andconsiderable loss of wool may occur.
Death may ensue after a time as a resultof the cumulative effects of the tapeworms or suddenly after a period of con-vulsions or acute toxemia . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
The specific cause has been variously ascribed toreduction in available nourishment for the host as a result of the utilization offood by the rapidly growing worms, elimination of waste products and toxins bythe parasites, and mechanical blockage of the alimentary tract by masses of worms.Skriabin and Schultz (1934), for example, assert that in Russia enormous lossesare caused annually by moniezioses, and that in certain areas, in unfavorable years,a mortality of 80 percent of the young animals has occurred .On the other hand, the opinion that M . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
expansa is seldom the cause of seriousdisease of sheep, with the reservation that reliable information on the subject islacking, has been expressed by Cameron (1934), Clunies Riss and Gordon (1936),Dikmans and Shorb (1942), and Morgan and Hawkins (1949) .
Some of theseauthors believe that in supposed losses or serious effects thought to be due totapeworms, less obvious and more injurious parasites or other pathogens may havebeen present but were undetected . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Furthermore, it has been expressed that untilmore proof is forthcoming that experimentally induced infections can causedefinite injury to the hosts, and that satisfactory evidence is brought forward ofimprovement in condition of sheep or alleviation of symptoms following removalof tapeworms only by anthelmintics under controlled conditions, it will not bepossible to reach any reliable conclusions concerning the pathogenicity of thistapeworm . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
In this connection, a recent statement by Gordon (1950) follows :"There is little doubt that heavy infestations (of tapeworms) in young sheepexposed to malnutrition are of some consequence ." | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
To the writers' knowledge,no work to support this statement has been published .Field observations and case reports.-Reports of original observations in thefield in which M. expansa and its close relative, M. benedeni, were thought to bethe primary cause of disease have appeared for almost a century, from 1855 to1950 .However, their total number is surprisingly small, considering the cosmo-politan distribution of the parasites . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
These reports are summarized in chrono-logical order.Cox (1855) reported the loss in England of hundreds of lambs that wereunder his care.
Before death they went off feed, became emaciated, and developeddiarrhea .
On postmortem examination of the lambs, large quantities of tape-worms, which he considered the cause of the deaths, were recovered . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
No mentionwas made of other parasites present, if any, but reference was made to an un-usually severe winter preceding the losses and to the poor nutritional conditionof the lambs .
Some years later-in 1877-Cross reported from England therelief of scouring in lambs when large quantities of tapeworms were removed byadministering a ruminant teniacide then in use .
The same year there appearedan anonymous report of heavy losses in a large flock of lambs grazed in CentralPark, New York City . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Many lambs in this flock became sick for two or threedays, developed convulsions, turned around in circles, and dropped dead .
Onlyone lamb was examined postmortem and contained enough tapeworms to fill a 12-ounce measure.No other significant details were mentioned in this report .InNeumann (1905) cited these reports as evidence of tapeworm pathogenicity .the discussion of the general paper by Daubney (1923), J . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
F. Craig spoke of asimilar disease outbreak in lambs and ewes which he had observed ; diarrheaoccurred and death of some of the lambs was preceded by convulsions .
One lambwas autopsied and "a large tract of the intestines was almost completely impactedwith tapeworms."
A Mr. Martin, also participating in the discussion of Daub-ney's paper, said that "as regarded tapeworms, he did not think much of it . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
"In his own words : "The results were spectacular.Since these early observations on alleged tapeworm disease under natural con-ditions, there has been, to the writers' knowledge, a dearth of reports of asimilar nature up to the last decade, when a revival of reports, somewhat reminis-McCulloch and McCoy (1941) reported treat-cent of the earlier ones, occurred .ing diarrheic, unthrifty lambs with lead arsenate, which removed "enormousnumbers" of tapeworms, and two months thereafter the owner reported the lambswere making better gains than in previous years .Baywater (1942) treated aflock of sheep, many of which showed clinical symptoms of parasitic gastritis,(gastroenteritis) accompanied by diarrhea, with a two percent solution of coppersulphate.Within an hour offbeing dosed the animals began to pass large numbers of tapeworms and there-after recovery was rapid, .No mention was made of other parasites whichLikewise,may have been present and may have been affected by the medication .Radeleff (1944) reported a mortality, resulting from monieziasis, as high as 50percent in herds of kids and calves and 25 percent in lambs, and prompt relief ofsymptoms and reduction of losses by use of lead arsenate as a ruminant teniacide .He made no mention of any other parasites or pathogens which may have beenpresent in the animals .Further tests of the value of lead arsenate in treatmentof lamb scours, and simultaneous removal of quantities of M . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
expansa from lambs,were reported by Habermann and Carlson (1946) .A few scouring lambs weretreated, tapeworms were effectively removed, scouring ceased shortly after treat-No other cause of the scouringment, and the condition of the animals improved .These workers did not note any signs ofother than tapeworms was observed .convulsions and sudden deaths, as reported by some other authors ..
. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
.
".Two reports have appeared recently in which acute symptoms and suddendeaths in sheep were ascribed to tapeworms .Tableman (1946) observed thedeath of several lambs on a farm in Illinois, supposedly as a result of heavy tape-worm infections .He stated that "the outstanding characteristics of these caseswere : (1) the absence of stomach worms or intestinal roundworms, (2) the excel-lent condition of the lambs, and (3) the f act that all the lambs died in convulsions .. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
The cause of death in these cases was probably an intoxication due to absorp-.tion of metabolic products of the worms-or was it?
"Four dead lambs wereexamined on the farm, and, although it was stated that no parasites other thantapeworms were present, a very rare phenomenon for sheep, no mention was madeof a microscopic examination of the contents of the alimentary tract or feces orother diagnostic procedures . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Lafenêtre (1948) reported heavy death losses insheep in numerous flocks pastured in southern France between Beziers and theSome of the affected flocks were locally owned, while somePyrenees Mountains .wintered in this area but came from summer pastures in the mountains of theRepublic of Andorra and the provinces of Pyrénées-Orientales and Ariège .Thedisease, affecting sheep of all ages, was characterized by sudden onset and rapidprogress.Some 250 to 300 deaths occurred among 3,000 to 3,500 animals . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Theaffected animals isolated themselves from the flock, stood stiff-legged with headsdown, and mucoid saliva flowed from their lips .The mucous membranes wereBody temperatures were normal, but diarrhea was oftennormal or congested .
seen with abundant and fetid feces .
Terminally, convulsions occurred, and theanimals became comatose and died . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Recovery from the disease was exceptional .Animals killed during the acute phase of the disease showed no macroscopiclesions, tapeworms were present in all cases, some animals had a "few strongyles ",and no liver flukes were found .
Bacteriological and other diagnostic proceduresgave negative results .
Further observations were presented, supposedly to supportthe thesis that tapeworms were the primary cause of these losses .
Some 85 animalsleft from an affected flock were sold for slaughter . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
These were examined fortapeworms, and "massive" (?)
infestations of six to ten tapeworms were ob-served.Except for a few animals, the carcasses rated top grade .
Also, medica-tion of several flocks with copper sulphate was tried, following the dosage recom-mended by Skriabin and Schultz (1934) .
The author noted that treatment hadbeen instituted in these flocks when the number of death losses was declining, andthat losses had ceased in some flocks spontaneously. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
It was postulated that tape-worms may cause disease in sheep as a result of teniatoxins produced, or massiveinfections may favor infection by pathogenic organisms not yet known . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
In 1948,shortly after Lafenêtre's paper appeared, an anonymous editorial was published,which referred to Lafenêtre's report and certain other selected references, andthe suggestion was made that the current view of certain authorities that tape-worms of sheep are of little consequence should be restudied .A recent report by Link et al .
(1950) was summarized by the authors asfollows : "An extensive outbreak of Moniezia expansa infection in dairy calvesis reported. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Out of a herd of 79, 19 had died, and 42 were emaciated, lackedvigor, and grew slowly .
Treatment with lead arsenate removed the tapewormsand permitted the calves to make an uneventful recovery."
The animals wereanemic, pot-bellied, and had profuse diarrhea .
Pneumonia was present and wasconsidered a probable contributory cause of death .
An autopsy was performedon one calf only, and areas of congestion were observed in the lungs and thesmall intestine . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
From the latter organ, which was markedly inflamed, 32 tape-worms were recovered .
No other details were given regarding the affectedanimals, except that at the time of medication the yards and calf barn werecleaned and the calves moved to another pasture .Experimental work .-As already stated, exclusive of the work reportedherein, there have been only two reports of work on experimentally induced, puretapeworm infections of lambs. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Shorb (1939) fed four lambs 51 to 203 cysticer-coids of M. expansa each, over variable periods of time .
Three lambs becameinfected, but no significant clinical symptoms developed during two to two andone half months.
Weight gains of the infected lambs were slightly less thanthose of the controls, but these were not considered significant by the authorbecause of the small number of animals employed .
The three infected lambscontained 4, 9, and 39 tapeworms, respectively, at autopsy .
Hansen et al. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Hansen et al.
(1950a)fed one lamb 5 cysticercoids, another lamb 60, and kept one uninfected lamb as acontrol.
Later (1950b) in an abstract they stated that six lambs were infected .It was concluded on the basis of this work that infected lambs were retarded ingrowth, and it was reported that there was some depression in haemoglobin andhaematocrit values in comparison with the control lamb or lambs .Three other reports of an experimental nature are of interest . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Freeborn andBerry (1934) studied the weight gains of naturally infected lambs in comparisonwith the gains of exposed but uninfected lambs (i), and no significant differenceswere observed .
When these lambs were assigned numerical grades at the time ofslaughter, the negative controls graded higher than lambs made negative for tape-worms by treatment and those that were infected .
No mention was made of otherparasites which may have been, and probably were, present in many of the animals . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Shorb (1940) recorded the grades made by a group of .71 tapeworm infected,seven-month-old lambs .
Most of these had Thysanosoma actinioides infections,a few had M .
expansa only, and some had both species.No significant gradedifferences were noted between parasitized and non-parasitizd animals .Hawkins(1946) studied the effect of M . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
expansa infections in a flock of ewes and theirlambs over a four-year period .Heavy infections were acquired by the lambs inNo distinct symp-May or June and were usually lost by August or September .toms could be ascribed to tapeworms alone, and infected and uninfected lambsappeared much the same .It was concluded that for tapeworms alone treatmentwas not justified, because of the lack of marked symptoms or lesions and spon-taneous loss of worms.MATERIALS AND METHODSFrom the preliminary work of Shorb (1939) it was clear that the majorlimiting factor in making a study involving a larger number of experimentallyinfected animals than had been used by previous investigators, was the readyavailability of several thousand cysticercoids of M . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
expansa, which had to beobtained from oribatid mites .It was also necessary to have this source of infec-tive material available at the time young, parasite-free lambs were also availablefor the experiment .Details of the method used in this Bureau for securingadequate infective material have been described elsewhere by Kates and Runkel(1948) .Because over 3,000 cysticercoids were required for the work reportedherein, and the best yield of cysticercoids that could be expected from previousmite dissections was somewhat less than 100 from an equal number of mitescollected, it was necessary to collect over 4,000 mites, mainly of the speciesGalumna virginiensis, from a contaminated plot before dissecting the cysticercoidstherefrom and starting the experiment .Therefore, mites were collected for fiveto six weeks before the experiment was begun .This was done by means of abattery of modified Berlese funnels . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
The mites collected were placed in 50 ccweighing bottles with a small piece of moist filter paper on the bottom, and thebottle tops tightly inserted .Most of the mites remained alive in these bottles untildissected one to six weeks later, and were readil y , available as a source of cysticer-coids when needed.When enough mites had been collected from the contaminated plot, and- mites for cysticercoids was' begun,parasite-free lambs were available, dissection o€as described by Kates and Runkel (1948) .The living cysticercoids were ac-cumulated in physiological .saline solution in small watch glasses until enough hadbeen obtained to infect one or more lambs, and then they were placed in smallgelatin capsules partially filled with moist, pulverized small animal feed .Thissmall capsule was then placed within a slightly larger one and given to the lambwith a balling gun. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Cysticercoids were thus fed lambs within a few hours of thetime they were removed from the mites .A total of 16 lambs were fed 121 to 411cysticercoids per lamb.The total dose was given to each lamb as a single feeding,except that two lambs were given two feedings separated by only two days in onecase and three days in another .Although it was not possible to feed the desirednumbers of cysticercoids to all the lambs on the same day, infection of all lambswas accomplished during the first week of the experiment after the initial weightsof the animals were taken and rations established .The plan of the experiment was as follows : 16 lambs, two to three months ofage and previously weaned, were fed cysticercoids in numbers indicated in Tables1 and 2 .These lambs were divided into two groups of eight each . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
One groupwas killed and autopsied approximately one month after infection (Table 1), andthe other group approximately two months after infection (Table 2) .A thirdgroup of four lambs, of approximately similar age and weight, was not infected TABLE 1 .Postmortem results on lambs approximately one month after being fed cysticercoids .LambCysticer-coids Fed1234567150165142216160166121ScolexCountatAutopsyPercentDevelopmentVolume ofMonieziain DiluteFormalin(quarts)Volumeof MoistWorms byDisplacement(cc)11475675389b56976454724555370 .501 .000 .751 .000 .660 .500 .5070160100140805755Variationin WormLength(cm)37 to 270All wormsfragmented67 to 420 .50 to 3604.3 to 18022 to 360175 to 420Variationin WormDevelopmentaImmature-GraviddododododoAll GravidWeightGains ofLambs(lbs . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
)5 .5014 .508 .5011 .756 .006 .008 .00a Eggs or proglottids had not appeared in the feces of the lambs before autopsy .b Nine of these tapeworms were less than 30 cm long.
TABLE 2 .Postmortem results on lambs approximately two months after being fed cysticercoids .Feces PositiveaLambCysticer-coids Fed891011121314411334357344256250264FirstDay30th31st32nd40th34th34th33rdLastDay63rd51st61st68th.
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.57th56thDay ofAutopsyScolexCount atAutopsyWorm Material Recovered in FecesTotal cc(centrifuged)Estimated PercentGravidNon-GravidWeightGainsof Lambs(lbs . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
)65th66th66th68th65th63rd63rd000068b0010440173117200348329113969491614718961315184861012 .7510 .59 .513 .56 .59a For non-gravid or gravid proglottids or pieces of strobilae ; non-gravid material usually passed in feces before gravid material or eggs .b Apparent volume of tapeworms in dilute formalin one pint ; volume of moist worms by displacement 80 cc .
No terminal proglottids present, no eggs infeces ; only one piece of strobila contained a few eggs, all other worms non-gravid . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
Intact strobilae with scoleces varied in length from 5 to 250 cm . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |
and used as controls .The reason for having both one-month and two-monthgroups concerned the fact that in the living animal it is difficult to determine thesize of infections established, not only because of the often rapid spontaneous lossof tapeworms from heavily infected animals, but also because of the poor correla-tion between the production of eggs and proglottids, or both, and the degree ofinfection.From preliminary infections of several lambs fed variable numbers ofcysticercoids, it was observed that tapeworms were not usually lost spontaneouslyduring the first month of infection . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1709799914683.pdf | http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V18_N2_1951I.pdf | Central African Republic |