README.md

---
configs:
- config_name: default
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: data/train-*
  - split: valid
    path: data/valid-*
  - split: test
    path: data/test-*
dataset_info:
  features:
  - name: image
    dtype: image
  - name: label
    dtype: bool
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 6114271847
    num_examples: 262144
  - name: valid
    num_bytes: 768518807
    num_examples: 32768
  - name: test
    num_bytes: 750794905
    num_examples: 32768
  download_size: 7639680898
  dataset_size: 7633585559
task_categories:
- image-classification
tags:
- camelyon
- biology
- Histopathology
- Histology
- Digital Pathology
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
license: cc0-1.0
---

[![DOI](https://zenodo.org/badge/DOI/10.1007/978-3-030-00934-2_24.svg)](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00934-2_24)

![](https://github.com/basveeling/pcam/raw/master/pcam.jpg)

# PatchCamelyon (PCam)

**Homepage**: https://github.com/basveeling/pcam \
**Publication Date**: 2018-09-26 \
**License**: [Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode) \
**Citation**:
```bibtex
@ARTICLE{Veeling2018-qh,
  title         = "Rotation Equivariant {CNNs} for Digital Pathology",
  author        = "Veeling, Bastiaan S and Linmans, Jasper and Winkens, Jim and Cohen, Taco and Welling, Max",
  month         =  jun,
  year          =  2018,
  archivePrefix = "arXiv",
  primaryClass  = "cs.CV",
  eprint        = "1806.03962"
}
```

## Description

The PatchCamelyon benchmark is a new and challenging image classification dataset. It consists of 327.680 color images (96 x 96px) extracted from histopathologic scans of lymph node sections. Each image is annoted with a binary label indicating presence of metastatic tissue. PCam provides a new benchmark for machine learning models: bigger than CIFAR10, smaller than imagenet, trainable on a single GPU

## Why PCam

Fundamental machine learning advancements are predominantly evaluated on straight-forward natural-image classification datasets. Think MNIST, CIFAR, SVHN. Medical imaging is becoming one of the major applications of ML and we believe it deserves a spot on the list of _go-to_ ML datasets. Both to challenge future work, and to steer developments into directions that are beneficial for this domain.
We think PCam can play a role in this. It packs the clinically-relevant task of metastasis detection into a straight-forward binary image classification task, akin to CIFAR-10 and MNIST. Models can easily be trained on a single GPU in a couple hours, and achieve competitive scores in the Camelyon16 tasks of tumor detection and WSI diagnosis. Furthermore, the balance between task-difficulty and tractability makes it a prime suspect for fundamental machine learning research on topics as active learning, model uncertainty and explainability.

## Details

### Numbers

The dataset is divided into a training set of 262.144 (2^18) examples, and a validation and test set both of 32.768 (2^15) examples. There is no overlap in WSIs between the splits, and all splits have a 50/50 balance between positive and negative examples.

### Labeling

A positive label indicates that the center 32x32px region of a patch contains at least one pixel of tumor tissue. Tumor tissue in the outer region of the patch does not influence the label. This outer region is provided to enable the design of fully-convolutional models that do not use any zero-padding, to ensure consistent behavior when applied to a whole-slide image. This is however not a requirement for the PCam benchmark.

### Patch selection 

PCam is derived from the Camelyon16 Challenge, which contains 400 H\&E stained WSIs of sentinel lymph node sections. The slides were acquired and digitized at 2 different centers  using a 40x objective (resultant pixel resolution of 0.243 microns). We undersample this at 10x to increase the field of view.
We follow the train/test split from the Camelyon16 challenge, and further hold-out 20% of the train WSIs for the validation set. To prevent selecting background patches, slides are converted to HSV, blurred, and patches filtered out if maximum pixel saturation lies below 0.07 (which was validated to not throw out tumor data in the training set).
The patch-based dataset is sampled by iteratively choosing a WSI and selecting a positive or negative patch with probability _p_. Patches are rejected following a stochastic hard-negative mining scheme with a small CNN, and _p_ is adjusted to retain a balance close to 50/50.