README.md

---
language: []
library_name: sentence-transformers
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:1100
- loss:CoSENTLoss
base_model: WhereIsAI/UAE-Large-V1
datasets: []
metrics:
- pearson_cosine
- spearman_cosine
- pearson_manhattan
- spearman_manhattan
- pearson_euclidean
- spearman_euclidean
- pearson_dot
- spearman_dot
- pearson_max
- spearman_max
widget:
- source_sentence: booking_reference
  sentences:
  - Person
  - Person
  - Organization
- source_sentence: supply
  sentences:
  - Time
  - Quantity
  - Person
- source_sentence: spouse
  sentences:
  - ID
  - Person
  - Person
- source_sentence: blood_type
  sentences:
  - Person
  - Geographical
  - Organization
- source_sentence: account_id
  sentences:
  - ID
  - Organization
  - Quantity
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
model-index:
- name: SentenceTransformer based on WhereIsAI/UAE-Large-V1
  results:
  - task:
      type: semantic-similarity
      name: Semantic Similarity
    dataset:
      name: sts dev
      type: sts-dev
    metrics:
    - type: pearson_cosine
      value: 0.8924660010011639
      name: Pearson Cosine
    - type: spearman_cosine
      value: 0.8235197032172585
      name: Spearman Cosine
    - type: pearson_manhattan
      value: 0.8606201562664572
      name: Pearson Manhattan
    - type: spearman_manhattan
      value: 0.8165407226815192
      name: Spearman Manhattan
    - type: pearson_euclidean
      value: 0.8607526008409677
      name: Pearson Euclidean
    - type: spearman_euclidean
      value: 0.8151449265743713
      name: Spearman Euclidean
    - type: pearson_dot
      value: 0.8740992356806746
      name: Pearson Dot
    - type: spearman_dot
      value: 0.8339881740208678
      name: Spearman Dot
    - type: pearson_max
      value: 0.8924660010011639
      name: Pearson Max
    - type: spearman_max
      value: 0.8339881740208678
      name: Spearman Max
  - task:
      type: semantic-similarity
      name: Semantic Similarity
    dataset:
      name: sts dev test
      type: sts-dev_test
    metrics:
    - type: pearson_cosine
      value: 0.7742742031598305
      name: Pearson Cosine
    - type: spearman_cosine
      value: 0.7349811537106432
      name: Spearman Cosine
    - type: pearson_manhattan
      value: 0.8011822405747617
      name: Pearson Manhattan
    - type: spearman_manhattan
      value: 0.7482240573811053
      name: Spearman Manhattan
    - type: pearson_euclidean
      value: 0.7973589089683236
      name: Pearson Euclidean
    - type: spearman_euclidean
      value: 0.7482240573811053
      name: Spearman Euclidean
    - type: pearson_dot
      value: 0.7745895614088659
      name: Pearson Dot
    - type: spearman_dot
      value: 0.7482240573811053
      name: Spearman Dot
    - type: pearson_max
      value: 0.8011822405747617
      name: Pearson Max
    - type: spearman_max
      value: 0.7482240573811053
      name: Spearman Max
---

# SentenceTransformer based on WhereIsAI/UAE-Large-V1

This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [WhereIsAI/UAE-Large-V1](https://huggingface.co/WhereIsAI/UAE-Large-V1). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

## Model Details

### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [WhereIsAI/UAE-Large-V1](https://huggingface.co/WhereIsAI/UAE-Large-V1) <!-- at revision 52d9e291d9fc7fc7f5276ff077b26fd1880c7c4f -->
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 512 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 1024 tokens
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
<!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **Language:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **License:** Unknown -->

### Model Sources

- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)

### Full Model Architecture

```
SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)
```

## Usage

### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```

Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("Naveen20o1/UAE_Large_V1_nav2")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'account_id',
    'ID',
    'Quantity',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```

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## Evaluation

### Metrics

#### Semantic Similarity
* Dataset: `sts-dev`
* Evaluated with [<code>EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator)

| Metric              | Value      |
|:--------------------|:-----------|
| pearson_cosine      | 0.8925     |
| **spearman_cosine** | **0.8235** |
| pearson_manhattan   | 0.8606     |
| spearman_manhattan  | 0.8165     |
| pearson_euclidean   | 0.8608     |
| spearman_euclidean  | 0.8151     |
| pearson_dot         | 0.8741     |
| spearman_dot        | 0.834      |
| pearson_max         | 0.8925     |
| spearman_max        | 0.834      |

#### Semantic Similarity
* Dataset: `sts-dev_test`
* Evaluated with [<code>EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator)

| Metric              | Value     |
|:--------------------|:----------|
| pearson_cosine      | 0.7743    |
| **spearman_cosine** | **0.735** |
| pearson_manhattan   | 0.8012    |
| spearman_manhattan  | 0.7482    |
| pearson_euclidean   | 0.7974    |
| spearman_euclidean  | 0.7482    |
| pearson_dot         | 0.7746    |
| spearman_dot        | 0.7482    |
| pearson_max         | 0.8012    |
| spearman_max        | 0.7482    |

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## Training Details

### Training Dataset

#### Unnamed Dataset


* Size: 1,100 training samples
* Columns: <code>sentence1</code>, <code>sentence2</code>, and <code>score</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | sentence1                                                                        | sentence2                                                                       | score                                                          |
  |:--------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                           | string                                                                          | float                                                          |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 3 tokens</li><li>mean: 4.32 tokens</li><li>max: 10 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 3 tokens</li><li>mean: 3.12 tokens</li><li>max: 4 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 0.0</li><li>mean: 0.51</li><li>max: 1.0</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | sentence1                | sentence2                 | score            |
  |:-------------------------|:--------------------------|:-----------------|
  | <code>enrollment</code>  | <code>Quantity</code>     | <code>1.0</code> |
  | <code>instrument</code>  | <code>Artifact</code>     | <code>1.0</code> |
  | <code>stock_level</code> | <code>Geographical</code> | <code>0.0</code> |
* Loss: [<code>CoSENTLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#cosentloss) with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "pairwise_cos_sim"
  }
  ```

### Evaluation Dataset

#### Unnamed Dataset


* Size: 100 evaluation samples
* Columns: <code>sentence1</code>, <code>sentence2</code>, and <code>score</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | sentence1                                                                       | sentence2                                                                       | score                                                          |
  |:--------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                          | string                                                                          | float                                                          |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 3 tokens</li><li>mean: 4.29 tokens</li><li>max: 7 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 3 tokens</li><li>mean: 3.09 tokens</li><li>max: 4 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 0.0</li><li>mean: 0.56</li><li>max: 1.0</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | sentence1              | sentence2                 | score            |
  |:-----------------------|:--------------------------|:-----------------|
  | <code>review</code>    | <code>Quantity</code>     | <code>0.0</code> |
  | <code>machinery</code> | <code>Artifact</code>     | <code>1.0</code> |
  | <code>locality</code>  | <code>Geographical</code> | <code>1.0</code> |
* Loss: [<code>CoSENTLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#cosentloss) with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "pairwise_cos_sim"
  }
  ```

### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters

- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
- `learning_rate`: 2e-05
- `num_train_epochs`: 11
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `fp16`: True

#### All Hyperparameters
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 2e-05
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
- `num_train_epochs`: 11
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `warmup_steps`: 0
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: False
- `fp16`: True
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: None
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: False
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: False
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`: 
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `dispatch_batches`: None
- `split_batches`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
- `batch_sampler`: batch_sampler
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional

</details>

### Training Logs
| Epoch   | Step | Training Loss | loss   | sts-dev_spearman_cosine | sts-dev_test_spearman_cosine |
|:-------:|:----:|:-------------:|:------:|:-----------------------:|:----------------------------:|
| 0.7246  | 50   | 2.9649        | -      | -                       | -                            |
| 1.4493  | 100  | 1.0967        | 1.4481 | 0.8368                  | -                            |
| 2.1739  | 150  | 0.5062        | -      | -                       | -                            |
| 2.8986  | 200  | 0.3909        | 1.3760 | 0.8242                  | -                            |
| 3.6232  | 250  | 0.2006        | -      | -                       | -                            |
| 4.3478  | 300  | 0.0324        | 2.3098 | 0.8124                  | -                            |
| 5.0725  | 350  | 0.0564        | -      | -                       | -                            |
| 5.7971  | 400  | 0.0729        | 1.5758 | 0.8193                  | -                            |
| 6.5217  | 450  | 0.0051        | -      | -                       | -                            |
| 7.2464  | 500  | 0.0091        | 2.2818 | 0.8165                  | -                            |
| 7.9710  | 550  | 0.0084        | -      | -                       | -                            |
| 8.6957  | 600  | 0.0319        | 1.9056 | 0.8144                  | -                            |
| 9.4203  | 650  | 0.0023        | -      | -                       | -                            |
| 10.1449 | 700  | 0.0136        | 2.1295 | 0.8235                  | -                            |
| 10.8696 | 750  | 0.0156        | -      | -                       | -                            |
| 11.0    | 759  | -             | -      | -                       | 0.7350                       |


### Framework Versions
- Python: 3.10.12
- Sentence Transformers: 3.0.1
- Transformers: 4.41.2
- PyTorch: 2.3.0+cu121
- Accelerate: 0.31.0
- Datasets: 2.20.0
- Tokenizers: 0.19.1

## Citation

### BibTeX

#### Sentence Transformers
```bibtex
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
```

#### CoSENTLoss
```bibtex
@online{kexuefm-8847,
    title={CoSENT: A more efficient sentence vector scheme than Sentence-BERT},
    author={Su Jianlin},
    year={2022},
    month={Jan},
    url={https://kexue.fm/archives/8847},
}
```

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