Update README.md

README.md

@@ -294,6 +294,159 @@ Players in Survival, Adventure, or Spectator have access to the 2×2 crafting gr
   ]
 }
 ```
+
+### Dopamine example
+```text
+Below is an part of larger text. Your task is to extract information about entities and relations to the JSON format.
+### Text Part to Extract From:
+Dopamine is synthesized in a restricted set of cell types, mainly neurons and cells in the medulla of the adrenal glands.[23] The primary and minor metabolic pathways respectively are:
+
+Primary: L-Phenylalanine → L-Tyrosine → L-DOPA → Dopamine[20][21]
+Minor: L-Phenylalanine → L-Tyrosine → p-Tyramine → Dopamine[20][21][22]
+Minor: L-Phenylalanine → m-Tyrosine → m-Tyramine → Dopamine[22][24][25]
+The direct precursor of dopamine, L-DOPA, can be synthesized indirectly from the essential amino acid phenylalanine or directly from the non-essential amino acid tyrosine.[26] These amino acids are found in nearly every protein and so are readily available in food, with tyrosine being the most common. Although dopamine is also found in many types of food, it is incapable of crossing the blood–brain barrier that surrounds and protects the brain.[27] It must therefore be synthesized inside the brain to perform its neuronal activity.[27]
+
+L-Phenylalanine is converted into L-tyrosine by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, with molecular oxygen (O2) and tetrahydrobiopterin as cofactors. L-Tyrosine is converted into L-DOPA by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, with tetrahydrobiopterin, O2, and iron (Fe2+) as cofactors.[26] L-DOPA is converted into dopamine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (also known as DOPA decarboxylase), with pyridoxal phosphate as the cofactor.[26]
+
+Dopamine itself is used as precursor in the synthesis of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine.[26] Dopamine is converted into norepinephrine by the enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase, with O2 and L-ascorbic acid as cofactors.[26] Norepinephrine is converted into epinephrine by the enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase with S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the cofactor.[26]
+
+Some of the cofactors also require their own synthesis.[26] Deficiency in any required amino acid or cofactor can impair the synthesis of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.[26]
+
+Degradation
+Dopamine is broken down into inactive metabolites by a set of enzymes—monoamine oxidase (MAO), catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), acting in sequence.[28] Both isoforms of monoamine oxidase, MAO-A and MAO-B, effectively metabolize dopamine.[26] Different breakdown pathways exist but the main end-product is homovanillic acid (HVA), which has no known biological activity.[28] From the bloodstream, homovanillic acid is filtered out by the kidneys and then excreted in the urine.[28] The two primary metabolic routes that convert dopamine into HVA are:[29]
+
+Dopamine → DOPAL → DOPAC → HVA – catalyzed by MAO, ALDH, and COMT respectively
+Dopamine → 3-Methoxytyramine → HVA – catalyzed by COMT and MAO+ALDH respectively
+In clinical research on schizophrenia, measurements of homovanillic acid in plasma have been used to estimate levels of dopamine activity in the brain. A difficulty in this approach however, is separating the high level of plasma homovanillic acid contributed by the metabolism of norepinephrine.[30][31]
+
+Although dopamine is normally broken down by an oxidoreductase enzyme, it is also susceptible to oxidation by direct reaction with oxygen, yielding quinones plus various free radicals as products.[32] The rate of oxidation can be increased by the presence of ferric iron or other factors. Quinones and free radicals produced by autoxidation of dopamine can poison cells, and there is evidence that this mechanism may contribute to the cell loss that occurs in Parkinson's disease and other conditions.[33]
+
+### Extracted Relations:
+{
+  "section_description":  "Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating movement, motivation, and reward processing. It is produced in several regions of the brain, including the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and hypothalamus. Dopamine is involved in several physiological functions such as motor control, cognition, and emotional responses. Low levels of dopamine have been linked to several neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and addiction. Dopamine is also involved in the reward system, which is responsible for motivation and pleasure. The brain's reward system is activated by the release of dopamine in response to pleasurable experiences, such as eating, sex, and drugs. Dopamine is synthesized from the amino acid L-tyrosine, which is derived from dietary sources. The primary precursor of dopamine is L-DOPA, which is synthesized from L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. Dopamine is then converted into norepinephrine and epinephrine by the enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase. Dopamine is broken down into inactive metabolites by a set of enzymes, including monoamine oxidase (MAO), catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). The two primary metabolic routes that convert dopamine into HVA are: Dopamine → DOPAL → DOPAC → HVA - catalyzed by MAO, ALDH, and COMT respectively Dopamine → 3-Methoxytyramine → HVA - catalyzed by COMT and MAO+ALDH respectively In clinical research on schizophrenia, measurements of homovanillic acid in plasma have been used to estimate levels of dopamine activity in the brain. A difficulty in this approach however, is separating the high level of plasma homovanillic acid contributed by the metabolism of norepinephrine. Dopamine is also susceptible to oxidation by direct reaction with oxygen, yielding quinones plus various free radicals as products. The rate of oxidation can be increased by the presence of ferric iron or other factors. Quinones and free radicals produced by autoxidation of dopamine can poison cells, and there is evidence that this mechanism may contribute to the cell loss that occurs in Parkinson's disease and other conditions. ",
+  "list_of_entities": [
+    "motivation",
+    "Parkinson's disease",
+    "cognition",
+    "pleasure",
+    "dopamine",
+    "L-tyrosine",
+    "schizophrenia",
+    "emotional responses",
+    "L-DOPA",
+    "dopamine β-hydroxylase",
+    "dopamine β-hydroxylase",
+    "L-DOPA",
+    "dopamine",
+    "L-tyrosine",
+    "dopamine β-hydroxylase",
+    "L-DOPA",
+    "L-tyrosine",
+    "L-DOPA",
+    "dopamine",
+    "L-DOPA",
+    "dopamine"
+  ],
+  "relations": [
+    {
+      "description": "Dopamine is synthesized from the amino acid L-tyrosine, which is derived from dietary sources.",
+      "source_entities": [
+        "dopamine"
+      ],
+      "target_entities": [
+        "L-tyrosine"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "description": "The primary precursor of dopamine is L-DOPA, which is synthesized from L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase.",
+      "source_entities": [
+        "L-DOPA"
+      ],
+      "target_entities": [
+        "dopamine"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "description": "Dopamine is then converted into norepinephrine and epinephrine by the enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase.",
+      "source_entities": [
+        "dopamine"
+      ],
+      "target_entities": [
+        "dopamine β-hydroxylase"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "description": "Dopamine is broken down into inactive metabolites by a set of enzymes, including monoamine oxidase (MAO), catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH).",
+      "source_entities": [
+        "dopamine"
+      ],
+      "target_entities": [
+        "monoamine oxidase (MAO)",
+        "catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT)",
+        "aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "description": "The two primary metabolic routes that convert dopamine into HVA are: Dopamine → DOPAL → DOPAC → HVA - catalyzed by MAO, ALDH, and COMT respectively Dopamine → 3-Methoxytyramine → HVA - catalyzed by COMT and MAO+ALDH respectively",
+      "source_entities": [
+        "dopamine"
+      ],
+      "target_entities": [
+        "HVA",
+        "MAO",
+        "ALDH",
+        "COMT"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "description": "In clinical research on schizophrenia, measurements of homovanillic acid in plasma have been used to estimate levels of dopamine activity in the brain.",
+      "source_entities": [
+        "dopamine"
+      ],
+      "target_entities": [
+        "homovanillic acid"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "description": "A difficulty in this approach however, is separating the high level of plasma homovanillic acid contributed by the metabolism of norepinephrine.",
+      "source_entities": [
+        "homovanillic acid"
+      ],
+      "target_entities": [
+        "norepinephrine"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "description": "Dopamine is also susceptible to oxidation by direct reaction with oxygen, yielding quinones plus various free radicals as products.",
+      "source_entities": [
+        "dopamine"
+      ],
+      "target_entities": [
+        "oxidation"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "description": "The rate of oxidation can be increased by the presence of ferric iron or other factors.",
+      "source_entities": [
+        "dopamine"
+      ],
+      "target_entities": [
+        "ferric iron"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "description": "Quinones and free radicals produced by autoxidation of dopamine can poison cells, and there is evidence that this mechanism may contribute to the cell loss that occurs in Parkinson's disease and other conditions.",
+      "source_entities": [
+        "dopamine"
+      ],
+      "target_entities": [
+        "cell loss"
+      ]
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
 ### Longer example (dirt block)
 ```text
 Below is an part of larger text. Your task is to extract information about entities and relations to the JSON format.