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  4. models/embeddings/monolingual/az_128d.meta.json +1 -0
  5. models/embeddings/monolingual/az_128d_metadata.json +13 -0
  6. models/embeddings/monolingual/az_32d.bin +3 -0
  7. models/embeddings/monolingual/az_32d.meta.json +1 -0
  8. models/embeddings/monolingual/az_32d_metadata.json +13 -0
  9. models/embeddings/monolingual/az_64d.bin +3 -0
  10. models/embeddings/monolingual/az_64d.meta.json +1 -0
  11. models/embeddings/monolingual/az_64d_metadata.json +13 -0
  12. models/subword_markov/az_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
  13. models/subword_markov/az_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  14. models/subword_markov/az_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
  15. models/subword_markov/az_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  16. models/subword_markov/az_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
  17. models/subword_markov/az_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  18. models/subword_markov/az_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
  19. models/subword_markov/az_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  20. models/subword_ngram/az_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  21. models/subword_ngram/az_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  22. models/subword_ngram/az_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  23. models/subword_ngram/az_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  24. models/subword_ngram/az_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
  25. models/subword_ngram/az_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
  26. models/tokenizer/az_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
  27. models/tokenizer/az_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
  28. models/tokenizer/az_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
  29. models/tokenizer/az_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
  30. models/tokenizer/az_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
  31. models/tokenizer/az_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
  32. models/tokenizer/az_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
  33. models/tokenizer/az_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
  34. models/vocabulary/az_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
  35. models/vocabulary/az_vocabulary_metadata.json +16 -0
  36. models/word_markov/az_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +3 -0
  37. models/word_markov/az_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  38. models/word_markov/az_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +3 -0
  39. models/word_markov/az_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  40. models/word_markov/az_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +3 -0
  41. models/word_markov/az_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  42. models/word_markov/az_markov_ctx4_word.parquet +3 -0
  43. models/word_markov/az_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  44. models/word_ngram/az_2gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  45. models/word_ngram/az_2gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  46. models/word_ngram/az_3gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  47. models/word_ngram/az_3gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  48. models/word_ngram/az_4gram_word.parquet +3 -0
  49. models/word_ngram/az_4gram_word_metadata.json +7 -0
  50. visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png +0 -0
.gitattributes CHANGED
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  *.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ visualizations/performance_dashboard.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md ADDED
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+ ---
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+ language: az
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+ language_name: AZ
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+ language_family: turkic_oghuz
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+ tags:
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+ - wikilangs
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+ - nlp
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+ - tokenizer
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+ - embeddings
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+ - n-gram
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+ - markov
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+ - wikipedia
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+ - monolingual
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+ - family-turkic_oghuz
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+ license: mit
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+ library_name: wikilangs
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+ pipeline_tag: feature-extraction
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+ datasets:
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+ - omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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+ dataset_info:
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+ name: wikipedia-monthly
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+ description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
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+ metrics:
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+ - name: best_compression_ratio
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+ type: compression
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+ value: 4.560
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+ - name: best_isotropy
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+ type: isotropy
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+ value: 0.8153
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+ - name: vocabulary_size
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+ type: vocab
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+ value: 807823
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+ generated: 2025-12-27
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+ ---
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+
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+ # AZ - Wikilangs Models
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+ ## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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+
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+ This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **AZ** Wikipedia data.
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+ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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+
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+ ## 📋 Repository Contents
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+
44
+ ### Models & Assets
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+
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+ - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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+ - N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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+ - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and 4)
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+ - Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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+ - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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+ - Language Vocabulary
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+ - Language Statistics
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+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
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+
55
+ ### Analysis and Evaluation
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+
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+ - [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
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+ - [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
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+ - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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+ - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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+ - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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+ - [6. Summary & Recommendations](#6-summary--recommendations)
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+ - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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+ - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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+
66
+ ---
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+ ## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
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+
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+ ![Tokenizer Compression](visualizations/tokenizer_compression.png)
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+
71
+ ### Results
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+
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+ | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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+ |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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+ | **8k** | 3.637x | 3.59 | 0.0980% | 1,442,215 |
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+ | **16k** | 4.016x | 3.97 | 0.1082% | 1,305,814 |
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+ | **32k** | 4.326x | 4.27 | 0.1165% | 1,212,431 |
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+ | **64k** | 4.560x 🏆 | 4.50 | 0.1229% | 1,150,092 |
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+
80
+ ### Tokenization Examples
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+
82
+ Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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+
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+ **Sample 1:** `Hadisələr
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+
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+ Doğumlar
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+
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+ Vəfatlar
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+ Soqdian — e.ə. 424–423-cü illərdə hakimiyyət...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁hadisələr ▁doğumlar ▁vəfatlar ▁s oq di an ▁— ▁e . ... (+21 more)` | 31 |
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+ | 16k | `▁hadisələr ▁doğumlar ▁vəfatlar ▁s oq dian ▁— ▁e . ə ... (+19 more)` | 29 |
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+ | 32k | `▁hadisələr ▁doğumlar ▁vəfatlar ▁s oq dian ▁— ▁e . ə ... (+18 more)` | 28 |
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+ | 64k | `▁hadisələr ▁doğumlar ▁vəfatlar ▁soq dian ▁— ▁e . ə . ... (+17 more)` | 27 |
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+
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+ **Sample 2:** `() — aləminin dəstəsinin fəsiləsinin cinsinə aid bitki növü.
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+
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+ İstinadlar
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+
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+ ...`
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+
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+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁() ▁— ▁aləminin ▁dəstəsinin ▁fəsiləsinin ▁cinsinə ▁aid ▁bitki ▁növü . ... (+3 more)` | 13 |
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+ | 16k | `▁() ▁— ▁aləminin ▁dəstəsinin ▁fəsiləsinin ▁cinsinə ▁aid ▁bitki ▁növü . ... (+3 more)` | 13 |
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+ | 32k | `▁() ▁— ▁aləminin ▁dəstəsinin ▁fəsiləsinin ▁cinsinə ▁aid ▁bitki ▁növü . ... (+3 more)` | 13 |
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+ | 64k | `▁() ▁— ▁aləminin ▁dəstəsinin ▁fəsiləsinin ▁cinsinə ▁aid ▁bitki ▁növü . ... (+3 more)` | 13 |
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+
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+ **Sample 3:** `() — aləminin dəstəsinin fəsiləsinin cinsinə aid bitki növü.
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+
113
+ İstinadlar
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+
115
+ ...`
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+
117
+ | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
118
+ |-------|--------|-------|
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+ | 8k | `▁() ▁— ▁aləminin ▁dəstəsinin ▁fəsiləsinin ▁cinsinə ▁aid ▁bitki ▁növü . ... (+3 more)` | 13 |
120
+ | 16k | `▁() ▁— ▁aləminin ▁dəstəsinin ▁fəsiləsinin ▁cinsinə ▁aid ▁bitki ▁növü . ... (+3 more)` | 13 |
121
+ | 32k | `▁() ▁— ▁aləminin ▁dəstəsinin ▁fəsiləsinin ▁cinsinə ▁aid ▁bitki ▁növü . ... (+3 more)` | 13 |
122
+ | 64k | `▁() ▁— ▁aləminin ▁dəstəsinin ▁fəsiləsinin ▁cinsinə ▁aid ▁bitki ▁növü . ... (+3 more)` | 13 |
123
+
124
+
125
+ ### Key Findings
126
+
127
+ - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.560x compression
128
+ - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.0980% unknown tokens
129
+ - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
130
+ - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
131
+
132
+ ---
133
+ ## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
134
+
135
+ ![N-gram Perplexity](visualizations/ngram_perplexity.png)
136
+
137
+ ![N-gram Coverage](visualizations/ngram_coverage.png)
138
+
139
+ ### Results
140
+
141
+ | N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
142
+ |--------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
143
+ | **2-gram** | 116,331 🏆 | 16.83 | 1,418,191 | 12.2% | 25.0% |
144
+ | **2-gram** | 463 🏆 | 8.85 | 22,197 | 55.1% | 96.6% |
145
+ | **3-gram** | 409,514 | 18.64 | 2,779,660 | 7.3% | 16.3% |
146
+ | **3-gram** | 4,354 | 12.09 | 215,243 | 19.6% | 58.8% |
147
+ | **4-gram** | 1,285,123 | 20.29 | 5,336,948 | 4.2% | 9.8% |
148
+ | **4-gram** | 24,655 | 14.59 | 1,308,669 | 10.0% | 31.8% |
149
+
150
+ ### Top 5 N-grams by Size
151
+
152
+ **2-grams:**
153
+
154
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
155
+ |------|--------|-------|
156
+ | 1 | `i ̇` | 824,078 |
157
+ | 2 | `- ci` | 452,530 |
158
+ | 3 | `kateqoriya :` | 365,784 |
159
+ | 4 | `. i` | 236,809 |
160
+ | 5 | `ci ildə` | 221,298 |
161
+
162
+ **3-grams:**
163
+
164
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
165
+ |------|--------|-------|
166
+ | 1 | `. i ̇` | 227,697 |
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+ | 2 | `- ci ildə` | 220,310 |
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+ | 3 | `i ̇ stinadlar` | 171,011 |
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+ | 4 | `- cü ildə` | 76,499 |
170
+ | 5 | `( ) —` | 70,885 |
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+
172
+ **4-grams:**
173
+
174
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
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+ |------|--------|-------|
176
+ | 1 | `. i ̇ stinadlar` | 103,078 |
177
+ | 2 | `i ̇ stinadlar kateqoriya` | 65,368 |
178
+ | 3 | `̇ stinadlar kateqoriya :` | 65,368 |
179
+ | 4 | `i ̇ stinadlar xarici` | 45,918 |
180
+ | 5 | `̇ stinadlar xarici keçidlər` | 45,490 |
181
+
182
+
183
+ ### Key Findings
184
+
185
+ - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with 463
186
+ - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
187
+ - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~32% of corpus
188
+ - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
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+
190
+ ---
191
+ ## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
192
+
193
+ ![Markov Entropy](visualizations/markov_entropy.png)
194
+
195
+ ![Markov Branching](visualizations/markov_branching.png)
196
+
197
+ ### Results
198
+
199
+ | Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
200
+ |---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
201
+ | **1** | 0.7520 | 1.684 | 8.95 | 1,994,233 | 24.8% |
202
+ | **1** | 1.3997 | 2.638 | 10.24 | 7,113 | 0.0% |
203
+ | **2** | 0.3489 | 1.274 | 2.24 | 17,848,485 | 65.1% |
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+ | **2** | 0.8515 | 1.804 | 6.20 | 72,786 | 14.8% |
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+ | **3** | 0.1419 | 1.103 | 1.34 | 39,971,548 | 85.8% |
206
+ | **3** | 0.8951 | 1.860 | 5.05 | 451,475 | 10.5% |
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+ | **4** | 0.0656 🏆 | 1.046 | 1.14 | 53,703,949 | 93.4% |
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+ | **4** | 0.7324 🏆 | 1.661 | 3.53 | 2,281,437 | 26.8% |
209
+
210
+ ### Generated Text Samples
211
+
212
+ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
213
+
214
+ **Context Size 1:**
215
+
216
+ 1. `. şerlər əsasən observantlar monastırlarının bəzilərinin əvvəllər per teodor hertslin başlatdığı işğ...`
217
+ 2. `, buenos - dən az saylı xəstəxanada həkim , 316 kvadrat metrdən çox öz qoşunu təbrizi`
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+ 3. `- ci ildə yarananlar kateqoriya : 46 - ci ildə baş verən əsas götürərək . orta`
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+
220
+ **Context Size 2:**
221
+
222
+ 1. `i ̇ stinadlar xarici keçidlər бухарский трактат о каллиграфах и художниках трактат о каллиграфах и х...`
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+ 2. `- ci ildə i ̇ raqa , hindistana və hətta oğlundan dörd il sonra " psm3 "`
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+ 3. `kateqoriya : şuşanın görməli yerləri kateqoriya : sionistlər kateqoriya : germi şəhristanının kəndlə...`
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+
226
+ **Context Size 3:**
227
+
228
+ 1. `. i ̇ ki cilddə . i cild . bakı : nafta - press , 2013 ) (`
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+ 2. `- ci ildə yarananlar kateqoriya : 8 iyunda yarananlar kateqoriya : universitas 21 kateqoriya : azərb...`
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+ 3. `i ̇ stinadlar xarici keçidlər həmçinin bax kateqoriya : yaponiya hüquqşünasları kateqoriya : azərbay...`
231
+
232
+ **Context Size 4:**
233
+
234
+ 1. `. i ̇ stinadlar mənbə " treska " kateqoriya : avropa dağ sistemləri kateqoriya : gürcüstan relyefi k...`
235
+ 2. `̇ stinadlar kateqoriya : traktorçular kateqoriya : azərbaycan pambıqçıları kateqoriya : azərbaycan s...`
236
+ 3. `i ̇ stinadlar kateqoriya : xorvatiyanın olimpiya həndbolçuları kateqoriya : 2016 yay olimpiya oyunla...`
237
+
238
+
239
+ ### Key Findings
240
+
241
+ - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with 93.4% predictability
242
+ - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
243
+ - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (2,281,437 contexts)
244
+ - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
245
+
246
+ ---
247
+ ## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
248
+
249
+ ![Zipf's Law](visualizations/zipf_law.png)
250
+
251
+ ![Top Words](visualizations/top20_words.png)
252
+
253
+ ![Coverage Curve](visualizations/vocab_coverage.png)
254
+
255
+ ### Statistics
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+
257
+ | Metric | Value |
258
+ |--------|-------|
259
+ | Vocabulary Size | 807,823 |
260
+ | Total Tokens | 58,755,251 |
261
+ | Mean Frequency | 72.73 |
262
+ | Median Frequency | 4 |
263
+ | Frequency Std Dev | 2550.61 |
264
+
265
+ ### Most Common Words
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+
267
+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
268
+ |------|------|-----------|
269
+ | 1 | və | 1,490,176 |
270
+ | 2 | i | 892,240 |
271
+ | 3 | ci | 455,280 |
272
+ | 4 | ildə | 414,485 |
273
+ | 5 | ilə | 413,230 |
274
+ | 6 | kateqoriya | 366,496 |
275
+ | 7 | bir | 366,287 |
276
+ | 8 | bu | 362,130 |
277
+ | 9 | azərbaycan | 248,838 |
278
+ | 10 | də | 234,167 |
279
+
280
+ ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
281
+
282
+ | Rank | Word | Frequency |
283
+ |------|------|-----------|
284
+ | 1 | cërrik | 2 |
285
+ | 2 | liamın | 2 |
286
+ | 3 | liamla | 2 |
287
+ | 4 | backstab | 2 |
288
+ | 5 | antonioi | 2 |
289
+ | 6 | nipissinq | 2 |
290
+ | 7 | votivkirche | 2 |
291
+ | 8 | pirtle | 2 |
292
+ | 9 | takaxasinin | 2 |
293
+ | 10 | caporael | 2 |
294
+
295
+ ### Zipf's Law Analysis
296
+
297
+ | Metric | Value |
298
+ |--------|-------|
299
+ | Zipf Coefficient | 0.9771 |
300
+ | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.992093 |
301
+ | Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
302
+
303
+ ### Coverage Analysis
304
+
305
+ | Top N Words | Coverage |
306
+ |-------------|----------|
307
+ | Top 100 | 22.3% |
308
+ | Top 1,000 | 46.6% |
309
+ | Top 5,000 | 66.6% |
310
+ | Top 10,000 | 74.5% |
311
+
312
+ ### Key Findings
313
+
314
+ - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9921 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
315
+ - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 22.3% of corpus
316
+ - **Long Tail:** 797,823 words needed for remaining 25.5% coverage
317
+
318
+ ---
319
+ ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
320
+
321
+ ![Embedding Isotropy](visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png)
322
+
323
+ ![Similarity Matrix](visualizations/embedding_similarity.png)
324
+
325
+ ![t-SNE Words](visualizations/tsne_words.png)
326
+
327
+ ![t-SNE Sentences](visualizations/tsne_sentences.png)
328
+
329
+ ### Model Comparison
330
+
331
+ | Model | Vocab Size | Dimension | Avg Norm | Std Norm | Isotropy |
332
+ |-------|------------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|
333
+ | **mono_32d** | 509,900 | 32 | 3.229 | 0.928 | 0.8153 🏆 |
334
+ | **mono_64d** | 509,900 | 64 | 3.675 | 0.940 | 0.8024 |
335
+ | **mono_128d** | 509,900 | 128 | 4.156 | 0.943 | 0.7626 |
336
+ | **embeddings_enhanced** | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0000 |
337
+
338
+ ### Key Findings
339
+
340
+ - **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.8153 (more uniform distribution)
341
+ - **Dimension Trade-off:** Higher dimensions capture more semantics but reduce isotropy
342
+ - **Vocabulary Coverage:** All models cover 509,900 words
343
+ - **Recommendation:** 100d for balanced semantic capture and efficiency
344
+
345
+ ---
346
+ ## 6. Summary & Recommendations
347
+
348
+ ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
349
+
350
+ ### Production Recommendations
351
+
352
+ | Component | Recommended | Rationale |
353
+ |-----------|-------------|-----------|
354
+ | Tokenizer | **32k BPE** | Best compression (4.56x) with low UNK rate |
355
+ | N-gram | **5-gram** | Lowest perplexity (463) |
356
+ | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (93.4%) |
357
+ | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
358
+
359
+ ---
360
+ ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
361
+
362
+ This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
363
+
364
+ ### Tokenizer Metrics
365
+
366
+ **Compression Ratio**
367
+ > *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
368
+ >
369
+ > *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
370
+ >
371
+ > *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
372
+
373
+ **Average Token Length (Fertility)**
374
+ > *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
375
+ >
376
+ > *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
377
+ >
378
+ > *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
379
+
380
+ **Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
381
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
382
+ >
383
+ > *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
384
+ >
385
+ > *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
386
+
387
+ ### N-gram Model Metrics
388
+
389
+ **Perplexity**
390
+ > *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
391
+ >
392
+ > *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
393
+ >
394
+ > *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
395
+
396
+ **Entropy**
397
+ > *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
398
+ >
399
+ > *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
400
+ >
401
+ > *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
402
+
403
+ **Coverage (Top-K)**
404
+ > *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
405
+ >
406
+ > *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
407
+ >
408
+ > *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
409
+
410
+ ### Markov Chain Metrics
411
+
412
+ **Average Entropy**
413
+ > *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
414
+ >
415
+ > *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
416
+ >
417
+ > *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
418
+
419
+ **Branching Factor**
420
+ > *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
421
+ >
422
+ > *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
423
+ >
424
+ > *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
425
+
426
+ **Predictability**
427
+ > *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
428
+ >
429
+ > *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
430
+ >
431
+ > *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
432
+
433
+ ### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
434
+
435
+ **Zipf's Coefficient**
436
+ > *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
437
+ >
438
+ > *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
439
+ >
440
+ > *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
441
+
442
+ **R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
443
+ > *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
444
+ >
445
+ > *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
446
+ >
447
+ > *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
448
+
449
+ **Vocabulary Coverage**
450
+ > *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
451
+ >
452
+ > *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
453
+ >
454
+ > *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
455
+
456
+ ### Word Embedding Metrics
457
+
458
+ **Isotropy**
459
+ > *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
460
+ >
461
+ > *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
462
+ >
463
+ > *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
464
+
465
+ **Average Norm**
466
+ > *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
467
+ >
468
+ > *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
469
+ >
470
+ > *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
471
+
472
+ **Cosine Similarity**
473
+ > *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
474
+ >
475
+ > *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
476
+ >
477
+ > *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
478
+
479
+ **t-SNE Visualization**
480
+ > *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
481
+ >
482
+ > *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
483
+ >
484
+ > *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
485
+
486
+ ### General Interpretation Guidelines
487
+
488
+ 1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
489
+ 2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
490
+ 3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
491
+ 4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
492
+ 5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
493
+
494
+
495
+ ### Visualizations Index
496
+
497
+ | Visualization | Description |
498
+ |---------------|-------------|
499
+ | Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
500
+ | Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
501
+ | Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
502
+ | Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
503
+ | N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
504
+ | N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
505
+ | N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
506
+ | N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
507
+ | Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
508
+ | Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
509
+ | Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
510
+ | Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
511
+ | Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
512
+ | Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
513
+ | Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
514
+ | Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
515
+ | Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
516
+ | Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
517
+ | Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
518
+ | t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
519
+ | t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
520
+ | Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
521
+ | Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
522
+ | Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
523
+
524
+ ---
525
+ ## About This Project
526
+
527
+ ### Data Source
528
+
529
+ Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.
530
+
531
+ ### Project
532
+
533
+ A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.
534
+
535
+ ### Maintainer
536
+
537
+ [Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
538
+
539
+ ### Citation
540
+
541
+ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
542
+
543
+ ```bibtex
544
+ @misc{wikilangs2025,
545
+ author = {Kamali, Omar},
546
+ title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
547
+ year = {2025},
548
+ publisher = {HuggingFace},
549
+ url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
550
+ institution = {Omneity Labs}
551
+ }
552
+ ```
553
+
554
+ ### License
555
+
556
+ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
557
+
558
+ ### Links
559
+
560
+ - 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
561
+ - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
562
+ - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
563
+ - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
564
+ ---
565
+ *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
566
+
567
+ *Report Date: 2025-12-27 22:29:22*
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