mbart-large-cc25-squad-qa-trimmed-en
/
eval
/samples.validation.hyp.paragraph_question.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt
| Denver Broncos | |
| Carolina Panthers | |
| Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California | |
| Denver Broncos | |
| gold | |
| gold | |
| February 7, 2016 | |
| American Football Conference | |
| gold | |
| American Football Conference | |
| February 7, 2016 | |
| Denver Broncos | |
| Levi's Stadium | |
| Levi's Stadium | |
| Super Bowl L | |
| 2015 | |
| 2016 | |
| Levi's Stadium | |
| Levi's Stadium | |
| the champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football | |
| February 7, 2016 | |
| 2015 | |
| Denver Broncos | |
| Carolina Panthers | |
| Denver Broncos | |
| 2015 | |
| Denver Broncos | |
| Levi's Stadium | |
| Super Bowl 50 | |
| Denver Broncos | |
| Cam Newton | |
| eight | |
| 1995 | |
| Arizona Cardinals | |
| New England Patriots | |
| Arizona Cardinals | |
| New England Patriots | |
| New England Patriots | |
| four | |
| Cam Newton | |
| 15–1 record | |
| Cam Newton | |
| 12–4 record | |
| four | |
| New England Patriots | |
| Cam Newton | |
| Arizona Cardinals | |
| eight | |
| New England Patriots | |
| Cam Newton | |
| New England Patriots | |
| Arizona Cardinals | |
| Cam Newton | |
| Arizona Cardinals | |
| 1995 | |
| Denver linebacker Von Miller | |
| two forced fumbles | |
| The Broncos | |
| Miller | |
| five | |
| Newton | |
| seven | |
| Von Miller | |
| three | |
| two forced fumbles | |
| Von Miller | |
| Super Bowl MVP | |
| five | |
| two | |
| Von Miller | |
| five solo tackles | |
| seven | |
| three | |
| Denver's defense | |
| Denver linebacker Von Miller | |
| Super Bowl MVP | |
| seven | |
| three | |
| Von Miller | |
| five solo tackles | |
| CBS | |
| $5 million | |
| Coldplay | |
| Beyoncé and Bruno Mars | |
| Super Bowl XLVIII | |
| CBS | |
| $5 million | |
| Bruno Mars | |
| Bruno Mars | |
| Beyoncé and Bruno Mars | |
| CBS | |
| $5 million | |
| Beyoncé | |
| the third-most watched U.S. broadcast ever | |
| CBS | |
| $5 million | |
| Coldplay | |
| Beyoncé and Bruno Mars | |
| CBS | |
| Beyoncé and Bruno Mars | |
| Beyoncé and Bruno Mars | |
| Super Bowl XLVI | |
| $5 million | |
| Beyoncé and Bruno Mars | |
| Beyoncé and Bruno Mars | |
| Bruno Mars | |
| Roger Goodell | |
| 50th | |
| 2012 | |
| Roger Goodell | |
| 2012 | |
| Roger Goodell | |
| Roger Goodell | |
| Roger Goodell | |
| an important game for us as a league | |
| spectacular | |
| 2012 | |
| Mercedes-Benz Superdome | |
| Miami's Sun Life Stadium | |
| San Francisco Bay Area's Stadium | |
| Miami's Sun Life Stadium | |
| Levi's Stadium | |
| Levi's Stadium | |
| Mercedes-Benz Superdome | |
| Sun Life Stadium | |
| New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium | |
| three | |
| New Orleans | |
| Sun Life Stadium | |
| Miami's Sun Life Stadium | |
| Levi's Stadium | |
| Miami's Sun Life Stadium | |
| Mercedes-Benz Superdome | |
| Levi's Stadium | |
| October 16, 2012 | |
| 10 | |
| Super Bowl XLIV in 2010 | |
| Super Bowl XLIV in 2010 | |
| 1985 | |
| Sun Life Stadium | |
| October 16, 2012 | |
| Stanford Stadium | |
| May 3, 2013 | |
| 1985 | |
| 10 | |
| Super Bowl XIX | |
| Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium | |
| Florida legislature | |
| 1985 | |
| New Orleans | |
| October 16, 2012 | |
| 10 | |
| San Francisco | |
| 1985 | |
| Florida legislature | |
| May 21, 2013 | |
| NFL owners | |
| 2014 | |
| $1.2 billion | |
| Super Bowl XXXVII took place in San Diego | |
| Levi's Stadium | |
| May 21, 2013 | |
| $1.2 billion | |
| Super Bowl XXXVII | |
| San Diego | |
| Levi's Stadium | |
| 2014 | |
| $1.2 billion | |
| Super Bowl XIX in 1985 | |
| Super Bowl XXXVII | |
| Super Bowl XIX in 1985 | |
| 2014 | |
| Super Bowl XXXVII | |
| Levi's Stadium | |
| May 21, 2013 | |
| 2014 | |
| $1.2 billion | |
| Super Bowl XXXVII | |
| John Fox | |
| Carolina Panthers | |
| six | |
| Carolina Panthers | |
| Super Bowl 50 | |
| John Fox | |
| eight | |
| Carolina Panthers | |
| Super Bowl XXXVIII | |
| six | |
| Super Bowls became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss | |
| one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl | |
| Super Bowl 50 | |
| Super Bowl 50 | |
| six | |
| one | |
| four | |
| John Fox | |
| DeAngelo Williams | |
| Kelvin Benjamin | |
| seventh | |
| 1978 | |
| Carolina Panthers | |
| Ten | |
| eight | |
| Carolina Panthers | |
| 1978 | |
| 2009 | |
| 2011 | |
| a torn ACL | |
| Kelvin Benjamin | |
| DeAngelo Williams | |
| 1978 | |
| Ten | |
| Carolina Panthers | |
| 1978 | |
| Carolina Panthers | |
| Ten | |
| six Pro Bowl selections | |
| 45 total touchdowns | |
| career-low 10 | |
| 277 | |
| Greg Olsen | |
| 45 | |
| 99.4. | |
| career-high 77 | |
| key receivers | |
| Jonathan Stewart | |
| six | |
| Cam Newton | |
| 3,837 yards | |
| 45 total touchdowns | |
| six touchdowns | |
| 500 | |
| 3,837 yards | |
| seven touchdowns | |
| 99 | |
| 39 | |
| 308 | |
| 136 | |
| 118 forced two fumbles, and intercepted four passes of his own | |
| four interceptions, two of which were returned for touchdowns | |
| Kawann Short | |
| 24 | |
| Kawann Short | |
| four | |
| four | |
| Josh Norman | |
| 24 | |
| Kony Ealy | |
| Jared Allen | |
| two | |
| Gary Kubiak | |
| Brock Osweiler | |
| Indianapolis Colts | |
| Peyton Manning | |
| Wade Phillips | |
| four | |
| Gary Kubiak | |
| Indianapolis Colts | |
| 39 | |
| plantar fasciitis | |
| Gary Kubiak | |
| Peyton Manning | |
| plantar fasciitis | |
| 39 | |
| 13–7 | |
| Gary Kubiak | |
| Manning | |
| Gary Kubiak | |
| left foot | |
| Wade Phillips | |
| 67.9 | |
| 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns | |
| Demaryius Thomas | |
| C. J. Anderson | |
| 10 touchdowns | |
| 67.9 | |
| 2,249 | |
| 17 | |
| Manning | |
| Veteran receiver | |
| 67.9 | |
| 17 | |
| Demaryius Thomas | |
| five touchdowns | |
| 67.9 | |
| 17 | |
| Emmanuel Sanders | |
| C. J. Anderson | |
| 4.7 | |
| 4,5 | |
| 51⁄2 | |
| Brandon Marshall | |
| three | |
| Linebacker | |
| Linebacker | |
| Defensive ends | |
| fourth | |
| DeMarcus Ware | |
| Brandon Marshall | |
| three interceptions | |
| Miller | |
| Brandon Marshall | |
| Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson | |
| Arizona Cardinals | |
| Arizona Cardinals | |
| 487 yards | |
| seven turnovers | |
| forcing seven turnovers | |
| Arizona Cardinals | |
| 49 yards | |
| 487 yards | |
| The Panthers | |
| The Panthers beat the Seattle Seahawks | |
| seven turnovers | |
| Seattle Seahawks | |
| 49 | |
| Arizona Cardinals | |
| 487 yards | |
| Pittsburgh Steelers | |
| 11 | |
| New England Patriots | |
| 11 points | |
| 17 seconds | |
| The Broncos | |
| 11 points | |
| New England Patriots | |
| 17 seconds | |
| Manning | |
| Pittsburgh Steelers | |
| 11 points | |
| Pittsburgh Steelers | |
| Pittsburgh Steelers | |
| New England Patriots | |
| 17 | |
| Thomas Davis | |
| broken arm | |
| three | |
| 11 | |
| ACL tears | |
| arm | |
| 11 | |
| Super Bowl | |
| three | |
| broken arm | |
| 11-year | |
| Thomas Davis | |
| 39 | |
| Peyton Manning | |
| 38 | |
| Executive President of Football Operations and General Manager | |
| led the Broncos to victory | |
| the Broncos | |
| Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations | |
| 38 | |
| Peyton Manning | |
| two | |
| two | |
| Peyton Manning | |
| Peyton Manning | |
| Super Bowl XXXIII | |
| Peyton Manning | |
| 39 | |
| Peyton Manning | |
| 1998 | |
| Newton was first in 2011 | |
| 26 | |
| 39 | |
| Newton | |
| Manning | |
| Newton | |
| 26 | |
| quarterback | |
| 1998 NFL | |
| Newton was picked first in 2011 | |
| Newton | |
| Newton was first in 2011 | |
| 26 | |
| 39 | |
| Super Bowl XX | |
| Chicago Bears | |
| linebacker | |
| Elway | |
| Elway | |
| linebacker | |
| Kubiak replacing Elway | |
| Kubiak | |
| Super Bowl XX | |
| Justin Tucker | |
| hybrid Bermuda 419 turf | |
| Ed Mangan | |
| Baltimore Ravens | |
| Baltimore Ravens kicker | |
| Justin Tucker | |
| slip and miss a field goal | |
| hybrid Bermuda 419 turf | |
| Justin Tucker | |
| a new playing surface | |
| NFL | |
| their cleats | |
| Justin Tucker | |
| natural grass stadiums | |
| the Broncos | |
| Denver QB | |
| The Broncos | |
| white | |
| Denver QB | |
| Denver QB | |
| Denver | |
| The Broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants | |
| white | |
| road white jerseys | |
| Pittsburgh Steelers | |
| Super Bowl XXXIII | |
| Denver wore blue jerseys | |
| orange jerseys | |
| blue | |
| Stanford | |
| Stanford | |
| Santa Clara | |
| Santa Clara | |
| San Jose Marriott | |
| San Jose Marriott | |
| San Jose State | |
| Stanford University | |
| San Jose State | |
| San Jose Marriott | |
| Stanford University | |
| Santa Clara | |
| San Jose State | |
| Santa Clara Marriott | |
| Stanford University | |
| Santa Clara Marriott | |
| June 4, 2014 | |
| Super Bowl V | |
| Jaime Weston | |
| Super Bowl XLV | |
| Vince Lombardi Trophy | |
| 2014 | |
| Super Bowl LI | |
| Super Bowl L | |
| gold | |
| June 4, 2014 | |
| Arabic numerals | |
| Arabic numerals | |
| underneath | |
| Super Bowl LI | |
| Super Bowl 50 | |
| Super Bowl L | |
| gold | |
| week 7 | |
| 50-yard line | |
| gold | |
| Gold | |
| Golden Super Bowl | |
| Gold footballs | |
| 50-yard line | |
| gold | |
| Moscone Center | |
| San Francisco | |
| Ed Lee | |
| Jane Kim | |
| January 30 | |
| 1 million | |
| Ed Lee | |
| Moscone Center | |
| Super Bowl City | |
| Moscone Center | |
| Super Bowl City | |
| Ed Lee | |
| Super Bowl City | |
| More than 1 million | |
| Ed Lee | |
| $5 million | |
| NFL Experience | |
| Santa Clara University | |
| $2 million | |
| week-long | |
| $2 million | |
| pep rally | |
| the city council | |
| Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University | |
| professional fundraiser | |
| the city council | |
| $2 million | |
| the city council | |
| Monday | |
| Tuesday | |
| SAP Center | |
| San Jose | |
| Golden Gate Bridge | |
| Tuesday | |
| Tuesday | |
| Super Bowl Opening Night | |
| SAP Center | |
| San Jose | |
| Tuesday afternoon | |
| Super Bowl Opening Night | |
| SAP Center in San Jose | |
| Golden Gate Bridge | |
| Monday evening | |
| Super Bowl Opening Night | |
| SAP Center in San Jose | |
| Golden Gate Bridge | |
| February 1, 2016 | |
| Super Bowl program | |
| $40 million | |
| Dignity Health | |
| Apple | |
| Intel, Gap, Chevron, and Dignity Health | |
| the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee | |
| $40 million | |
| host committee has already raised over $40 million through sponsors | |
| Business Connect | |
| Business Connect | |
| over $40 million | |
| 25 percent | |
| the 50 fund | |
| 25 percent | |
| The committee created the 50 fund | |
| giving Super Bowl ever | |
| 25 percent | |
| providing grants | |
| 25 percent | |
| the 50 fund | |
| Lombardi Trophy | |
| 18-karat gold-plated "50" | |
| 18-karat gold-plated | |
| Tiffany & Co | |
| Tiffany & Co | |
| Vince Lombardi Trophy | |
| 18-karat gold | |
| Tiffany & Co | |
| Lombardi Trophy | |
| Tiffany & Co | |
| CBS | |
| Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn | |
| Tracy Wolfson | |
| 36 cameras | |
| 5K | |
| three | |
| Evan Washburn | |
| 360-degree | |
| 5K resolution | |
| on the sidelines | |
| CBS | |
| three | |
| CBS | |
| Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn | |
| Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn | |
| 5K resolution | |
| cameras were upgraded to 5K resolution | |
| CBS | |
| John Sutcliffe | |
| John Sutcliffe | |
| December 28, 2015 | |
| Spanish | |
| NBC and Fox | |
| ESPN Deportes | |
| John Sutcliffe | |
| ESPN Deportes | |
| Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre | |
| John Sutcliffe | |
| NFL Mobile | |
| WatchESPN | |
| CBSSports.com | |
| Windows 10, Xbox | |
| 10 | |
| CBSSports.com | |
| CBS Sports | |
| Verizon Wireless | |
| Verizon Wireless | |
| Verizon Communications | |
| NFL Mobile | |
| digital streams of the game via CBSSports.com | |
| Verizon Wireless | |
| WatchESPN | |
| The Late Show | |
| The Late Show | |
| The Late Show | |
| The Late Show | |
| Late Show | |
| James Corden | |
| a break | |
| $5,000,000 | |
| Anheuser-Busch InBev | |
| Doritos | |
| 20th | |
| $5,000,000 | |
| beer manufacturer | |
| CBS | |
| Nintendo | |
| Nintendo and The Pokémon Company | |
| Anheuser-Busch InBev | |
| Doritos | |
| Anheuser-Busch InBev | |
| CBS | |
| "Crash the Super Bowl" | |
| Small Game | |
| Death wish Coffee | |
| 30-second commercial | |
| nine | |
| QuickBooks | |
| nine | |
| QuickBooks | |
| Death wish Coffee | |
| QuickBooks sponsored a "Small Business Big Game | |
| QuickBooks | |
| QuickBooks | |
| Jason Bourne | |
| 20th Century Fox | |
| Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles | |
| Independence Day: Resurgence | |
| Gods of Egypt | |
| Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows | |
| Jason Bourne | |
| Captain America: Civil War | |
| X-Men: Apocalypse | |
| Universal Studios | |
| Universal Studios | |
| Westwood One | |
| Kevin Harlan | |
| Jim Gray | |
| Boomer Esiason | |
| James Lofton | |
| Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts | |
| Kevin Harlan | |
| Westwood One | |
| Kevin Harlan | |
| Jim Gray | |
| Kevin Harlan | |
| Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts | |
| Lofton and Mark Malone | |
| pre-game and halftime coverage | |
| North America | |
| KRFX | |
| Dave Logan | |
| 1110 AM | |
| Chester | |
| Dave Logan | |
| Dave Logan | |
| Ed McCaffrey | |
| WBT | |
| Mick Mixon | |
| KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM) | |
| WBT | |
| BBC Radio 5 Live | |
| Live | |
| Darren Fletcher | |
| BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra | |
| Greg Brady | |
| Bart Starr | |
| Chuck Howley | |
| Peyton Manning | |
| 2001 | |
| Peyton Manning | |
| 39 | |
| Peyton Manning | |
| Harvey Martin | |
| 43 | |
| 39 | |
| Bart Starr | |
| Peyton Manning | |
| Harvey Martin | |
| Six | |
| national anthem | |
| Academy | |
| American Sign Language (ASL) | |
| American Sign Language (ASL) | |
| Lady Gaga | |
| Marlee Matlin | |
| Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga | |
| Marlee Matlin | |
| Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga | |
| Six | |
| Marlee Matlin | |
| December 3 | |
| British | |
| XL VII | |
| mn for the Weekend | |
| Super Bowl XLVIII | |
| Bruno Mars | |
| Pepsi | |
| mn for the Weekend | |
| Bruno Mars | |
| "Hymn for the Weekend" | |
| mn for the Weekend | |
| Mark Ronson | |
| Denver | |
| Caldwell | |
| Ronnie Hillman | |
| Thomas Davis | |
| C. J. Anderson | |
| 20 yards | |
| Shaq Thompson | |
| Brandon McManus | |
| deficit | |
| Denver | |
| Owen Daniels | |
| J. Anderson | |
| Thomas Davis | |
| deficit | |
| Mike Carey | |
| Cam Newton | |
| Von Miller | |
| Malik Jackson | |
| Super Bowl XXVIII | |
| Cam Newton | |
| referee Mike Carey | |
| linebacker Von Miller | |
| Malik Jackson | |
| Super Bowl XXVIII at the end of the 1993 season. | |
| Mike Carey | |
| Von Miller | |
| Malik Jackson | |
| Super Bowl XXVIII at the end of the 1993 season | |
| Jonathan Stewart | |
| Newton | |
| 28 | |
| 61 | |
| 33 | |
| 51 | |
| Jonathan Stewart | |
| 11:28 | |
| Norwood | |
| 33 | |
| Jonathan Stewart | |
| 10–7 | |
| Darian Stewart | |
| linebacker | |
| Kony Ealy | |
| Newton | |
| DeMarcus Ware | |
| Mike Tolbert | |
| Kony Ealy | |
| 19 yards | |
| Darian Stewart | |
| Mike Tolbert | |
| Darian Stewart | |
| Kony Ealy | |
| left on the clock | |
| DeMarcus Ware | |
| Ted Ginn Jr. | |
| Graham Gano | |
| 44 | |
| Manning | |
| Ward | |
| Ted Ginn Jr. | |
| Graham Gano hit the uprights | |
| safety T. J. Ward | |
| Trevathan | |
| Ted Ginn Jr. | |
| 26-yard line | |
| Graham Gano | |
| Emmanuel Sanders | |
| Ealy | |
| 39 | |
| Devin Funchess | |
| Stewart | |
| 41 | |
| Ealy | |
| Carolina on the 50-yard line | |
| punts | |
| Ealy | |
| Panthers 41 | |
| 39 | |
| three drives | |
| 24-yard | |
| Miller | |
| Josh Norman | |
| Miller | |
| Manning completed a pass to Bennie Fowler | |
| Miller | |
| Ward | |
| Newton | |
| Josh Norman | |
| 3 | |
| 4:51 | |
| Miller | |
| Ward | |
| three | |
| Anderson | |
| five solo | |
| zero | |
| all four | |
| Thomas Davis | |
| 18 of 41 | |
| one | |
| zero | |
| Anderson | |
| Sanders | |
| Thomas Davis | |
| Sanders | |
| Anderson | |
| 11 | |
| 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards | |
| four | |
| 194 yards | |
| 11 | |
| Baltimore Ravens | |
| Jordan Norwood | |
| Manning | |
| 194 | |
| 11 | |
| Kony Ealy | |
| Gary Kubiak became the first head coach to win a Super Bowl | |
| 11 first downs | |
| 11 | |
| Denver | |
| Kony Ealy | |
| two | |
| Nobel Prize | |
| 1745 | |
| Maria Skłodowska-Curie | |
| Famous musicians | |
| seven months old | |
| 100 | |
| Krasiński Palace Garden | |
| The Saxon Garden | |
| east end | |
| Thetówki Park | |
| 15 kilometres (9 miles) | |
| beaver and hundreds of bird species | |
| 13 | |
| several lakes | |
| clean them of plants and sediments | |
| foreign-born inhabitants | |
| 833,500 | |
| 350,000 constituted about 30 percent | |
| Jewish | |
| internal migration and urbanisation. | |
| Warsaw University of Technology | |
| 2,000 | |
| Medical University of Warsaw | |
| 1816 | |
| Warsaw School of Economics | |
| 1816 | |
| over two million | |
| architects | |
| Irena Bajerska | |
| 10,000 m2 | |
| infrastructure | |
| Three-Year Plan to rebuild Poland | |
| solid economic growth | |
| improved markedly | |
| Warsaw | |
| Children's Memorial Health Institute (CMHI) | |
| Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology | |
| 700 | |
| developed | |
| musical venues | |
| events and festivals | |
| Palace of Culture and Science | |
| Warsaw | |
| Jazz Jamboree | |
| Ogród Saski | |
| Ogród Saski | |
| 1870 to 1939 | |
| Momus | |
| Wojciech Bogusławski Theatre | |
| Wianki (Polish for Wreaths) | |
| thousands | |
| Midsummer’s Night | |
| when they would be married | |
| fern flower | |
| art posters | |
| 60 | |
| collections of paintings in the country | |
| paintings | |
| arms | |
| Warsaw Uprising Museum | |
| Katyń Museum | |
| stereoscopic | |
| The Museum of Independence | |
| 60 | |
| Royal Uecznatów Castle | |
| 500 | |
| Zaecznata National Gallery of Art | |
| Polish and international artists | |
| last weekend of September | |
| Polonia Warsaw | |
| 1946 | |
| twice | |
| Konwiki north from the Old Town | |
| disastrous financial situation | |
| syrenka | |
| The mermaid (syrenka) | |
| at least the mid-14th century | |
| 1390 | |
| a sword | |
| best-known legend | |
| depths of the oceans and seas | |
| the coast of Denmark | |
| Warszowa | |
| captured the mermaid | |
| Warsaw | |
| 1916 | |
| Art Deco style | |
| Israeli poet | |
| Warsaw has just now been destroyed | |
| Economist Intelligence Unit | |
| 2012 | |
| FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic and food processing | |
| Warsaw Stock Exchange | |
| Frontex | |
| 1313 | |
| Kraków | |
| 1596 | |
| King Sigismund III Vasa | |
| it has survived many wars, conflicts and invasions throughout its long history | |
| Roman Catholic | |
| Polish Academy of Sciences | |
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| architectural | |
| luxurious parks and royal gardens | |
| Wrocław's name in the Polish language | |
| belonging to Warsz | |
| a 12th/13th-century nobleman | |
| a village located at the modern-day site of Mariens | |
| sto (The Capital City of Warsaw"). | |
| Jazdtów | |
| The Prince of Płock | |
| 1300 | |
| 1413 | |
| 1526 | |
| General Sejm | |
| 1569 | |
| religious freedom in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | |
| its central location between the Commonwealth | |
| 1596 | |
| 1796 | |
| Prussia | |
| Napoleon's | |
| Warsaw became the capital of Vienna of 1815 | |
| 1816 | |
| 4 August 1915 until November 1918 | |
| areas controlled by Russia | |
| Piłsudski | |
| 1920 | |
| the Red Army | |
| 1 September 1939 | |
| German colonial administration | |
| several hundred, some 30% | |
| 19 April 1943 | |
| almost a month | |
| Red Army | |
| Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland | |
| 1 August 1944 | |
| 63 | |
| 150,000 and 200,000 | |
| "Bricks for Warsaw" | |
| large prefabricated housing | |
| an Eastern Bloc city | |
| Palace of Culture and Science | |
| UNESCO's World Heritage list | |
| John Paul II | |
| anti-communist fervor | |
| less a year | |
| Victory Square | |
| the incentive for the democratic changes | |
| 300 km (190 mi) | |
| 5 km (325 mi) | |
| Vistula River | |
| 115.7 metres (379.6 ft) | |
| right bank of the Vistula | |
| two | |
| Vistula Valley | |
| moraine plateau | |
| Vistula River | |
| Warsaw Escarpment | |
| moraine | |
| flooded terraces | |
| valleys and ground depressions | |
| peat swamps or small ponds cover the highest terrace | |
| pine forest | |
| turbulent history of the city and country | |
| During the Second World War | |
| liberation | |
| Leopold Kronenberg Palace | |
| typical of Eastern bloc countries | |
| Gothic | |
| 14th century | |
| Masovian gothic style | |
| Renaissance | |
| mannerist architecture | |
| the 17th century | |
| (1688–1692) | |
| roco architecture | |
| neoclassical architecture in Warsaw | |
| 1775–1795 | |
| bourgeois architecture | |
| restored by the communist authorities after the war | |
| socialist realism | |
| Warsaw University of Technology building | |
| the most distinctive buildings | |
| a Mausoleum of Memory of Martyrdom | |
| Pawiak | |
| The Warsaw Citadel | |
| the children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the Warsaw Uprising | |
| Warsaw Uprising Monument by Wincenty Kućma | |
| green spaces | |
| New Orangery | |
| Pole Mokotowskie | |
| Park Uecznaowski | |
| 1927 | |
| the location of Warsaw within the border | |
| the borders of Warsaw | |
| Masovian Primeval Forest | |
| Kabaty Forest | |
| two | |
| 1,300,000 | |
| 420,000 | |
| 1951 | |
| Varsovians thought of themselves as better only because they lived in the capital. | |
| residency registration | |
| multi-cultural | |
| 711,988 | |
| 56.2% | |
| 2.8% | |
| aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 | |
| commune (gmina) | |
| counties orecznas | |
| Kraków | |
| Warsaw City Council | |
| 60 | |
| every four years. | |
| committees | |
| 30 | |
| President | |
| Jan Andrzej Menich (1695–1696) | |
| 1695–1696 | |
| the City council | |
| Centrum | |
| ródmie | |
| 304,016 | |
| emerging market | |
| 12% | |
| 191.776 billion | |
| 1817 | |
| the end of the post-war communist control | |
| April 1991 | |
| 374 | |
| Polish United Workers' Party | |
| 1951 | |
| FSO 125p | |
| Daewoo | |
| AvtoZAZ | |
| Aveo | |
| Wrocław [varˈava] | |
| Warsaw | |
| Vistula River | |
| 2.666 million | |
| 9th most-populous | |
| Warsaw | |
| Vistula River | |
| 260 kilometres (160 mi) | |
| 2.666 million | |
| 9th | |
| France | |
| 10th and 11th centuries | |
| Denmark, Iceland and Norway | |
| Rollo | |
| 10th | |
| William the Conqueror | |
| Richard I | |
| exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy | |
| Normans/Normanz | |
| 9th century | |
| 911 | |
| Viking III of West Francia | |
| Seine | |
| Rollo | |
| Norse | |
| north | |
| exporting fighting horsemen | |
| 999 | |
| Archangel Michael | |
| Monte Gargano | |
| Drogo | |
| William Iron Arm | |
| Robert Guiscard | |
| 1130 | |
| Squillace | |
| "b Rudjdjar" ("The Book of Roger"). | |
| The Book of Roger | |
| meritocratic | |
| Byzantine Empire | |
| 1050s | |
| the 1060s | |
| Byzantine general Alexius Komnenos | |
| Afranji | |
| Oursel | |
| Turkish forces | |
| Italo-Norman | |
| Robert Guiscard | |
| February 1082 | |
| 30,000 men | |
| Deabolis | |
| Bohemond | |
| Deabolis | |
| 1185 | |
| Dyrrachium | |
| the most important naval bases of the Adriatic | |
| sister Richard II of Normandy, and King Ethelred II of England | |
| Duke Richard II | |
| Normandy | |
| Sweyn Forkbeard | |
| Harthacnut | |
| 1041 | |
| Robert of Jumièges | |
| the Battle of Hastings | |
| Duke William II of Normandy | |
| 1066 | |
| Anglo-Saxons | |
| Modern English | |
| 1169 | |
| Irish | |
| Irish culture | |
| King Malcolm III | |
| King Malcolm III | |
| 1072 | |
| Duncan | |
| Sybilla of Normandy | |
| Normans and Norman culture | |
| Hereford | |
| the Welsh | |
| Edward the Confessor | |
| Welsh | |
| carve out a state | |
| William of Montreuil | |
| 10 | |
| Tancred | |
| Jerusalem | |
| 380 years | |
| a storm | |
| Berengaria | |
| 1191 | |
| Richard the Lion-hearted | |
| his troops being led by Guy de Lusignan | |
| silver | |
| Guy de Lusignan | |
| Richard the Lion-Heart | |
| 12 May 1191 | |
| double coronation | |
| 1489 | |
| Knights Templar | |
| Africa | |
| Bethencourt | |
| Maciot de Bethencourt | |
| Maciot de Bethencourt | |
| Channel Islands | |
| two customaries | |
| Romanesque idiom | |
| rounded arches | |
| Early Gothic | |
| Early Gothic | |
| Kingdom of Sicily | |
| early 11th century | |
| the dukes | |
| 16th century | |
| embroidery | |
| Bayeux Tapestry | |
| Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent | |
| mosaics | |
| 11th | |
| William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna | |
| southern Italy | |
| Sant'Eufemia | |
| Robert Guiscard | |
| singing | |
| 1856 | |
| Serbian American | |
| 1943 | |
| 10 July 1856 | |
| 1943 | |
| Serbian American | |
| alternating current | |
| 1884 | |
| Thomas Edison | |
| George Westinghouse | |
| New York City | |
| War of Currents | |
| 1884 | |
| Thomas Edison | |
| New York City | |
| George Westinghouse | |
| AC induction motor and transformer | |
| 1893 | |
| high-voltage | |
| mechanical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging | |
| Colorado Springs | |
| 1893 | |
| Wardenclyffe Tower | |
| Wardencly Tower | |
| 1943 | |
| SI unit of magnetic flux density | |
| New York | |
| mad scientist | |
| patents earned him a considerable amount of money | |
| 1943 | |
| SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla | |
| the 1990s | |
| showmanship | |
| Croatia | |
| Serbian Orthodox priest | |
| Nikola's progenitors were from western Serbia, near Montenegro | |
| his mother's | |
| Serbian Orthodox priest | |
| Milutin Tesla | |
| Mandić | |
| making home craft tools, mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorize Serbian epic | |
| western Serbia, near Montenegro | |
| three | |
| German | |
| 1862 | |
| Dane | |
| Milka, Angelina and Marica | |
| killed in a horse-riding accident | |
| Goseczna, Austrian Empire | |
| pastor | |
| Martin Sekulić | |
| German | |
| integral calculus | |
| cheating | |
| 1873 | |
| 1870 | |
| to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium | |
| Martin Sekulić | |
| German | |
| 1873 | |
| cholera | |
| nine months | |
| send him to the best engineering school | |
| enter the priesthood | |
| Smiljan | |
| 1873 | |
| cholera | |
| nine months | |
| enter the priesthood | |
| send him to the best engineering school | |
| Tomingaj | |
| Mark Twain | |
| mountains | |
| 1874 | |
| hunter's garb | |
| being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army | |
| 1874 | |
| read many books | |
| Mark Twain | |
| 1875 | |
| Austrian Polytechnic | |
| 1879 | |
| Professor Poeschl over the Gramme dynamo | |
| never graduated from the university | |
| Graz | |
| 1875 | |
| 1879 | |
| addicted to gambling | |
| overwork | |
| left Graz | |
| to hide the fact that he dropped out of school | |
| draftsman | |
| beg his son to return home | |
| nervous breakdown | |
| 1878 | |
| dropped out of school | |
| drowned in the Mur River | |
| draftsman | |
| Nikola suffered a nervous breakdown | |
| not having a residence permit | |
| 24 March 1879 | |
| 60 | |
| a stroke | |
| Higher Real Gymnasium | |
| not having a residence permit | |
| 24 March 1879 | |
| Higher Real Gymnasium | |
| a stroke | |
| Prague | |
| too late | |
| attend lectures | |
| Charles-Ferdinand | |
| Prague | |
| 1880 | |
| Charles-Ferdinand University | |
| two of Tesla's uncles | |
| Budapest | |
| Budapest Telephone Exchange | |
| chief electrician | |
| telephone repeater or amplifier | |
| draftsman | |
| 1881 | |
| Central Telegraph Office | |
| Budapest Telephone Exchange | |
| chief electrician | |
| 1882 | |
| France | |
| New York City | |
| Thomas Edison | |
| Edison Machine Works | |
| Continental Edison Company in France | |
| France | |
| June 1884 | |
| Thomas Edison | |
| Manhattan's lower east side | |
| fifty thousand dollars | |
| a US$10 a week raise over Tesla's US$18 per week | |
| 1885 | |
| fifty thousand dollars | |
| "Tesla, you don't understand our American humor | |
| US$10 a week raise over Tesla's US$18 per week salary | |
| Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail | |
| Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing | |
| electrical arc light based illumination systems | |
| patents issued to Tesla in the US | |
| electrical arc light based illumination systems | |
| Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing | |
| 1886 | |
| Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing | |
| electrical arc light based illumination systems | |
| Tesla | |
| leaving him penniless | |
| penniless | |
| a ditch digger | |
| 1886/87 | |
| assigned them to the company in lieu of stock | |
| ditch digger | |
| a ditch digger for $2 per day | |
| a Western Union superintendent | |
| April 1887 | |
| 1⁄3 to Tesla, 1⁄3 to Peck and Brown | |
| 89 Liberty Street in Manhattan | |
| 1886 | |
| Western Union superintendent | |
| Alfred S. Brown | |
| 89 Liberty Street in Manhattan | |
| 1⁄3 to Peck and 1⁄3 to fund development | |
| an induction motor | |
| May 1888 | |
| commutator | |
| sparking | |
| simple self-starting | |
| May 1888 | |
| polyphase current | |
| commutator | |
| May 1888 | |
| the editor of Electrical World magazine | |
| Electrical Engineers | |
| 1888 | |
| Tesla's patent would probably control the market | |
| Thomas Commerford Martin | |
| Thomas Commerford Martin | |
| George Westinghouse | |
| Westinghouse | |
| rotating magnetic field-based induction motor | |
| Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company | |
| 1888 | |
| $60,000 | |
| George Westinghouse | |
| a consultant at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs | |
| $60,000 in cash | |
| July 1888 | |
| $52,700 | |
| Pittsburgh | |
| Pittsburgh | |
| Pittsburgh | |
| 60-cycle | |
| DC traction motor | |
| to create an alternating current system to power the city's streetcars | |
| DC traction motor | |
| Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse | |
| rival lighting systems with Edison | |
| AC development | |
| General Electric | |
| "AC" | |
| Edison | |
| 1888 | |
| buying up patents and hiring the engineers | |
| Thomas Edison was no longer in control | |
| George Westinghouse | |
| Chicago | |
| General Electric | |
| Tesla Polyphase System | |
| "Tesla Polyphase System" | |
| George Westinghouse | |
| Chicago | |
| 1893 | |
| AC power | |
| Richard Dean Adams | |
| Niagara Falls | |
| Westinghouse Electric | |
| Westinghouse Electric | |
| a two-phased system | |
| Richard Dean Adams | |
| 1893 | |
| a two-phased system | |
| a two-phased system would be the most reliable | |
| 1896 | |
| $216,000 | |
| $2.50 per AC horsepower | |
| $200,000 | |
| J. P. Morgan | |
| $200,000 | |
| $216,000 | |
| 35 | |
| South Fifth Avenue | |
| electric lamps | |
| Tesla coil | |
| 30 July 1891 | |
| Tesla coil | |
| 35 | |
| wireless power transmission | |
| Institute of Electrical Engineers | |
| Institute of Radio Engineers | |
| 1894 | |
| vice president | |
| vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers | |
| Institute of Radio Engineers | |
| damaged film | |
| 5th Avenue laboratory fire | |
| 1895 | |
| the metal locking screw on the camera lens | |
| 1894 | |
| "Roentgen rays" or "X-Rays" | |
| lost in the 5th Avenue laboratory fire | |
| X-ray image | |
| Mark Twain | |
| X-ray and X-ray imaging | |
| March 1896 | |
| radiography | |
| X-rays | |
| the Tesla Coil | |
| March 1896 | |
| the output of the Tesla Coil | |
| radiography | |
| longitudinal waves, such as those produced in waves in plasmas | |
| the ozone generated in contact with the skin, and to a lesser extent, by nitrous acid | |
| damage to the skin was not caused by the Roentgen rays | |
| his circuit and single-node X-producing devices | |
| force-free magnetic fields | |
| Roentgen rays | |
| longitudinal waves | |
| waves in plasmas | |
| his many notes | |
| Benjamin Lamme | |
| 1893 | |
| Westinghouse engineer Benjamin Lamme | |
| Egg of Columbus | |
| Tesla | |
| 11 July 1934 | |
| break off the cathode, pass out of the tube, and physically strike him | |
| physically strike him | |
| bits of metal projected by his "electric gun | |
| National Electric Light Association | |
| Tesla Coil | |
| Franklin Institute | |
| 1898 | |
| teleautomaton | |
| Madison Square Garden | |
| an electrical exhibition | |
| a trained monkey | |
| 1900 | |
| Guglielmo Marconi | |
| 1901 | |
| 1943 | |
| Supreme Court | |
| 1899 | |
| Paris | |
| 15 June 1899 | |
| five inches | |
| atmospheric electricity | |
| stationary | |
| a resonant frequency | |
| lightning | |
| 135 feet | |
| 15 miles away | |
| 100 feet of the lab glowed even when turned off | |
| electrified | |
| power outage | |
| repeated out | |
| heavy sparks to jump through the windings | |
| jump through the windings and destroy the insulation | |
| communications from another planet | |
| Mars | |
| Collier's Weekly | |
| signals from another experimenter in wireless transmission | |
| July 1899 | |
| $100,000 | |
| fund his Colorado Springs experiments | |
| Colorado Springs experiments | |
| 1899 | |
| 7 January 1900 | |
| torn down | |
| 1904 | |
| sold | |
| Wardenclyffe | |
| trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications | |
| Shoreham, Long Island | |
| Morgan | |
| Morgan still owed Tesla money | |
| shocked by the reminder of his part in the stock market crash | |
| over 50 letters | |
| complete the construction of Wardenclyffe | |
| Marconi successfully transmitted the letter S from England to Newfoundland | |
| 187 feet (57 m) | |
| 200 | |
| 100–5,000 hp | |
| 1906 | |
| 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine | |
| steam-powered | |
| Houston Street lab | |
| the machine oscillated at the resonance frequency of his own building | |
| World Today | |
| set the earth's crust into such a state of vibration that it would rise and fall hundreds of feet | |
| electricity | |
| saturating them unconsciously with electricity | |
| superintendent of New York City schools, William H. Maxwell | |
| superintendent of New York City schools | |
| World War I | |
| lost the funding he was receiving from his patents in European countries | |
| sold Wardenclyffe for $20,000 | |
| $20,000 | |
| Edison Medal | |
| Electrical Experimenter | |
| fluorescent screen | |
| fluorescent screen | |
| Émile Girardeau | |
| Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla | |
| The Nobel Foundation | |
| a person has not been given a Nobel Prize because he has made known his intention to refuse the reward | |
| he is announced a winner | |
| both rejected any possibility of sharing it | |
| 38 | |
| Edison | |
| 1937 | |
| 1,655,114 | |
| biplane capable of taking off vertically (VTOL aircraft) | |
| $1,000 | |
| turbine engines in rotor aircraft | |
| $125 per month | |
| by one biographer | |
| $125 per month | |
| bad publicity | |
| mechanical energy | |
| any terrestrial distance | |
| minimal loss | |
| mineral deposits | |
| 1935 | |
| to be taken to his hotel | |
| a doctor | |
| three of his ribs were broken | |
| early 1938 | |
| In the fall of 1937 | |
| teleforce | |
| Van de Graaff generator | |
| ground-based infantry | |
| anti-aircraft | |
| death ray | |
| 1937 | |
| a luncheon | |
| tungsten | |
| high voltage | |
| a little time | |
| charged particle beam | |
| Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade | |
| Belgrade | |
| millions of volts | |
| all war | |
| stolen | |
| the teleforce | |
| empty-handed | |
| 86 | |
| 7 January 1943 | |
| maid Alice Monaghan | |
| do not disturb" sign | |
| coronary thrombosis | |
| the FBI ordered the Alien Property Custodian to seize | |
| John G. Trump | |
| nothing | |
| Office of Alien Property (OAP) | |
| Fiorello La Guardia | |
| Louis Adamic | |
| 12 January | |
| two thousand | |
| Cathedral of Saint John the Divine | |
| Belgrade | |
| Sava Kosić | |
| Kosić's secretary Charlotte Muzar | |
| Belgrade | |
| The ashes are displayed in a gold-plated sphere on a marble pedestal | |
| 278 | |
| 26 | |
| Canada | |
| the patents are not accounted for | |
| 8:10 p.m | |
| 8:00 p.m. | |
| 6 p.m | |
| the headwaiter | |
| 8 to 10 miles | |
| 8 to 10 miles per day | |
| squished his toes one hundred times | |
| brain cells | |
| telepathy | |
| newspaper editor | |
| one | |
| feed the pigeons | |
| $2,000 | |
| injured white pigeon | |
| the park | |
| his hotel room to nurse back to health. | |
| 142 pounds | |
| 6 feet 2 inches | |
| 1888 to about 1926 | |
| New York City | |
| eight | |
| blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes | |
| picture thinking | |
| blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes | |
| photographic memory | |
| more than 48 hours | |
| 84 hours | |
| Graz | |
| Swezey | |
| journalist | |
| helpful | |
| Muske and soft-spoken | |
| the end of his life | |
| Dorothy Skerrit | |
| Robert Underwood Johnson | |
| seclude himself | |
| asocial | |
| a scientist | |
| Sylvester | |
| in his lab and elsewhere | |
| late 1920s | |
| overweight | |
| a secretary | |
| her weight | |
| change her dress | |
| an electron | |
| electrons | |
| transmitted electrical energy | |
| 19th | |
| Einstein | |
| antagonistic | |
| relativity | |
| dynamic theory of gravity | |
| 1892 | |
| curved space | |
| 81 | |
| selective breeding version of eugenics | |
| ruthless workings of nature, | |
| pity | |
| 1937 | |
| "Queen Bees." | |
| 1926 | |
| "Queen Bees." | |
| post-World War I | |
| Science and Discovery | |
| 20 December 1914 | |
| the League of Nations | |
| Orthodox Christian | |
| religious fanaticism | |
| Buddhism and Christianity | |
| A Machine to End War | |
| uncertain | |
| War | |
| My Inventions: The Autobiography | |
| Ben Johnston | |
| Ben Johnston | |
| The Century Magazine | |
| 1900 | |
| Inventions, Researches and Writings | |
| science fiction | |
| science fiction | |
| several | |
| Time magazine | |
| Tesla's 75th birthday in 1931 | |
| electrical power generation | |
| Albert Einstein | |
| Albert Einstein | |
| Computational complexity theory | |
| their inherent difficulty | |
| computational problem | |
| significant resources | |
| introducing mathematical models of computation | |
| time and storage | |
| number of gates in a circuit | |
| to determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do | |
| analysis of algorithms and computability theory | |
| computability theory | |
| computability theory | |
| analysis of algorithms | |
| a problem instance | |
| problem | |
| concrete | |
| solution | |
| solution | |
| 2000 kilometres | |
| asking for a round trip through all sites in Milan | |
| computational problems | |
| the binary alphabet | |
| the binary alphabet | |
| bitstrings | |
| binary notation | |
| encoding their adjacency lists in binary | |
| Decision problems | |
| yes or alternately either 1 or 0 | |
| 1 or 0 | |
| yes, and the non-members are those instances whose output is no | |
| yes | |
| arbitrary | |
| formal language | |
| graphs are encoded as binary strings | |
| computational problem | |
| a single output | |
| A function | |
| the integer factorization problem | |
| complex | |
| function problems can be recast as decision problems | |
| the set of triples | |
| size | |
| the instance | |
| as a function of the size | |
| bits | |
| input size | |
| Cobham | |
| the time taken | |
| T(n) | |
| T(n) | |
| polynomial time algorithm | |
| Turing machine | |
| an algorithm | |
| Turing machine | |
| symbols | |
| deterministic | |
| A deterministic Turing machine | |
| non-determinism | |
| non-determinism | |
| randomized algorithms | |
| complexity classes | |
| resources (such as time or may not be | |
| deterministic Turing machines | |
| random access machines | |
| additional computational power | |
| time and memory | |
| deterministically | |
| non-deterministic | |
| non-deterministic time | |
| abstract captures many of the mathematical models | |
| non-deterministic time | |
| "yes" or "no" | |
| difficulty | |
| DTIME(f(n) | |
| DTIME(f(n) | |
| complexity | |
| computational | |
| Blum complexity axioms | |
| complexity | |
| complexity | |
| best, worst and average | |
| The best, worst and average | |
| The best, worst and average case | |
| The best, worst and average | |
| sorting algorithm quicksort | |
| sorting algorithm quicksort | |
| sorted | |
| the most efficient algorithm | |
| analysis of algorithms | |
| proving lower bounds | |
| upper bound | |
| all possible algorithms | |
| big Otation | |
| constant factors and smaller terms | |
| T(n) = O(n2) | |
| the specific details of the computational model | |
| complexity classes | |
| complexity classes | |
| complicated definitions | |
| machine model | |
| quadratic | |
| single-tape | |
| Cobham-Edmonds | |
| FP | |
| time or space | |
| bounding the time or space | |
| complexity classes | |
| AC and NC | |
| Boolean circuits | |
| quantum Turing machines | |
| #P | |
| Interactive | |
| computation time | |
| DTIME(n2) | |
| hierarchy theorems | |
| proper hierarchy | |
| quantitative statements | |
| time and space hierarchy theorems | |
| time hierarchy theorem tells us that P is strictly contained in EXPTIME | |
| PSPACE | |
| a reduction | |
| another problem | |
| reduces to Y | |
| Cook reductions, Karp reductions | |
| log-space reductions | |
| polynomial-time reduction | |
| multiplying two integers | |
| polynomial time | |
| squaring | |
| multiplication | |
| type of reduction being used | |
| every problem in C can be reduced to X | |
| solve any problem in C | |
| NP-hard problems | |
| NP-complete problems | |
| NP-complete problems | |
| P = NP is not solved | |
| NP = NP | |
| class P | |
| Cobham–Edmonds thesis | |
| NP | |
| Boolean satisfiability problem | |
| deterministic Turing machines | |
| more efficient solutions | |
| protein structure prediction | |
| US$1,000,000 | |
| graph isomorphism problem, the discrete NP | |
| NP-intermediate problems | |
| the discrete logarm problem | |
| The graph isomorphism problem | |
| NP-complete | |
| polynomial | |
| second level | |
| Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks | |
| integer factorization problem | |
| k | |
| RSA algorithm | |
| Shor's algorithm | |
| any of these classes are unequal | |
| NP | |
| PSPACE | |
| any of these classes are unequal | |
| co-NP | |
| yes/no answers reversed | |
| NP is not equal to co-NP | |
| P is not equal to NP | |
| L | |
| unkown | |
| distinct or equal classes | |
| NL and NC | |
| distinct or equal classes | |
| intractable problems | |
| polynomial time algorithm | |
| NP-complete problems | |
| Presburger | |
| algorithms have been written that solve the problem in reasonable times in most | |
| NP-complete knapsack | |
| less than quadratic time | |
| NP-complete Boolean satisfiability | |
| research explicitly devoted to the complexity of algorithmic problems | |
| Alan Turing | |
| Turing machines | |
| 1936 | |
| robust and flexible simplification of a computer | |
| "On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms" | |
| Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns | |
| 1965 | |
| time and space | |
| 1965 | |
| John Myhill | |
| 1961 | |
| Hisao Yamada | |
| input encoding | |
| encoding | |
| Manuel Blum | |
| speed-up theorem | |
| "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems" | |
| 21 | |
| the curriculum | |
| pedagogy | |
| university or college | |
| a lesson plan | |
| school or other place of formal education | |
| religion, civics, community roles, or life skills | |
| numeracy | |
| craftsmanship | |
| literacy | |
| a teacher | |
| home schooling | |
| formal education | |
| family member | |
| knowledge or skills | |
| gurus | |
| religious texts | |
| Torah | |
| Religious and spiritual teachers | |
| homeschooling | |
| paid professionals | |
| Chartered | |
| homeschooling | |
| paid professionals | |
| school functions | |
| extracurricular | |
| extracurricular activities | |
| teachers | |
| teacher's colleges | |
| to serve and protect the public interest | |
| certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice | |
| preserve and update the knowledge | |
| standards of practice | |
| complaints involving members | |
| complaints involving members | |
| the college | |
| Teaching Unions | |
| Teaching Unions | |
| a school or academy | |
| tutor | |
| acade | |
| teachers facilitate student learning | |
| informal | |
| pedagogy | |
| pedagogy | |
| the rise of the internet | |
| internet | |
| lesson plan | |
| relevant | |
| learning | |
| infants to adults | |
| standardized | |
| particular skills | |
| self-study | |
| detect and correct individual flaws | |
| deflate | |
| a coach using the whole gamut of psychology | |
| teachers and children | |
| in primary schools each class has a who stays with them for most of the week and will teach them the whole teacher | |
| different subject specialists | |
| primary | |
| form tutor, specialist and surrogate parent | |
| alternative approaches | |
| "platoon" | |
| staying with the same group of peers for all classes. | |
| teacher who teaches many subjects | |
| a teacher who teaches many subjects. | |
| Co-teaching | |
| two or more | |
| learning by providing a social networking support that allows them to reach their full cognitive potential. | |
| create a climate of learning | |
| social networking | |
| corporal punishment | |
| a substitute parent | |
| parental discipline | |
| a child was in school | |
| a substitute parent | |
| one of the most common forms of school discipline | |
| in the United States | |
| banned it | |
| US Supreme Court | |
| physical pain | |
| 30 | |
| in the South | |
| (mostly in the South) | |
| wooden paddle | |
| privately in the principal's office | |
| caning | |
| Asian, African and Caribbean | |
| School corporal punishment | |
| detention | |
| detention | |
| school at a given time in the school day | |
| quietly | |
| lines or a punishment essay | |
| assertive | |
| immediate and fair punishment | |
| appropriate and inappropriate behavior | |
| inappropriate behavior | |
| respect | |
| teachers and parents | |
| East Asia | |
| weakness in school discipline | |
| assertive and confrontational | |
| Japan | |
| Japan | |
| Japan | |
| Japan | |
| 40 to 50 students | |
| instruction | |
| motivated students | |
| attention-seeking and disruptive students | |
| motivated students, facing university entrance examinations | |
| popularly based | |
| governments | |
| persuasion and negotiation | |
| dictatorial authority | |
| good, clear laws | |
| positive learning experience | |
| their passion | |
| teach by rote | |
| higher than teachers who didn't show much enthusiasm for the course materials | |
| nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm | |
| read lecture material | |
| varied, and emotional facial expressions | |
| experimental | |
| intrinsic | |
| self-determined | |
| enthusiasm | |
| emotional contagion | |
| enthusiasm | |
| student-teacher relationships | |
| beneficial relations | |
| personal success | |
| aligning his personal goals with his academic goals | |
| student motivation and attitudes towards school | |
| friendly and supportive | |
| friendly and supportive | |
| interacting and working directly with students | |
| friendly | |
| enthusiasm about the students | |
| enthusiastic | |
| excitement in the student | |
| influential | |
| teaching | |
| sexual misconduct | |
| 9.6% | |
| 9.6% of students in the United States claim to have received unwanted sexual attention | |
| during their educational career | |
| American Association of University Women | |
| England | |
| a group that included priests, religious leaders, and case workers as well as teachers. | |
| 2,869 | |
| AAUW | |
| the United States | |
| increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct. | |
| Fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile | |
| Chris Keates | |
| child protection and parental rights groups | |
| a shortage | |
| sex with pupils over the age of consent | |
| occupational stress | |
| expectations to substitute | |
| occupational burnout | |
| Stress | |
| occupational stress | |
| 42% | |
| UK teachers experienced occupational stress | |
| twice the figure | |
| 2012 | |
| average workers | |
| Organizational interventions | |
| mentoring | |
| Individual-level interventions | |
| occupational stress | |
| Organizational | |
| university or college | |
| certification by a recognized body | |
| elementary school education certificate | |
| background check and psychiatric evaluation | |
| US | |
| individual states and territories | |
| three | |
| secondary schools/high schools | |
| TAFE colleges | |
| primary education (primary schools) | |
| Bachelor's Degree | |
| second Bachelor's Degree | |
| funded by the private sector, businesses and sponsors | |
| Lehramtstudien (Teaching Education Studies) | |
| Lehramtstudien (Teaching Education Studies) | |
| rundschule | |
| Bundesbesoldungsordnung | |
| schule | |
| Gaeltacht area | |
| €27,814 p.a | |
| €53,423 | |
| €90,000 | |
| the Teaching Council | |
| Section 30 | |
| Section 30 | |
| Oireachtas funds | |
| 2006 | |
| appointed or engaged by the school | |
| phased basis | |
| appointed or engaged | |
| £41,004 | |
| experience and extra responsibilities | |
| £20,980 annually | |
| bachelor's degree | |
| September 2007 | |
| alternative licensing programs | |
| hard-to-fill | |
| vary by geographic area and subject taught | |
| Excellent job opportunities | |
| secondary school teachers | |
| Teaching Council for Scotland | |
| Teaching in Scotland | |
| seven Scottish Universities | |
| Scottish Universities | |
| "Standard for Full Registration" | |
| April 2008 | |
| £20 | |
| £32,583 | |
| earn up to £39,942 | |
| trade unions | |
| Education in Wales | |
| Welsh | |
| until the age of 16 | |
| sole or main medium of instruction. | |
| available to all age groups through nurseries, schools, colleges and universities | |
| trade unions | |
| falling with teachers being younger than in previous years. | |
| between 2005 and 2010 | |
| trade unions | |
| cause of concern | |
| each state | |
| ten years | |
| bachelor's degree | |
| charter schools | |
| No Child Left Behind | |
| relatively low salaries | |
| average teacher salaries | |
| state, relative cost of living, and grade taught | |
| elementary school teachers | |
| TeachersTeachers.com | |
| many | |
| Protestant | |
| not always a bishop | |
| (Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational | |
| LDS Church | |
| a trusted friend | |
| spiritual | |
| husband and father | |
| the father of the house | |
| guru | |
| high | |
| their disciples | |
| West | |
| Lama | |
| reborn | |
| Tulku | |
| phowa and siddhi | |
| phowa and siddhi | |
| ulemas | |
| ulemas | |
| Sufism | |
| actions-oriented | |
| Qutb | |
| German | |
| 18 February 1546 | |
| Medieval Catholic Church | |
| freedom from God's punishment for sin | |
| reject several teachings and practices | |
| redeemer from sin | |
| salvation | |
| Pope | |
| the Bible | |
| a holy priesthood | |
| the Bible | |
| a standard version | |
| Tyndale Bible | |
| singing in churches | |
| Protestant clergy to marry | |
| 10 November 1483 | |
| Hans Luder (or Ludher, later Luther) | |
| Holy Roman Empire | |
| Catholic | |
| lawyer | |
| University of Erfurt | |
| beerhouse and whorehouse | |
| four | |
| a day of rote | |
| 1505 | |
| theology | |
| uncertainty | |
| theology and philosophy | |
| by experience | |
| men and institutions, but not God | |
| death | |
| 2 July 1505 | |
| Erfurt | |
| the deaths of two friends | |
| Luther's education | |
| the Augustinian order | |
| deep spiritual despair | |
| the jailer and hangman of my poor soul | |
| Johann von Staupitz | |
| a change of heart | |
| 1507 | |
| von Staupitz | |
| 1508 | |
| 9 March 1508 | |
| Sentences by Peter Lombard | |
| 19 October 1512 | |
| 21 October 1512 | |
| Doctor in Bible | |
| University of Wittenberg | |
| Doctor of Theology | |
| 1516 | |
| to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome | |
| Roman Catholic | |
| active in charity and good works | |
| active in charity and good works | |
| 31 October 1517 | |
| Albert of Mainz | |
| The Ninety-Five Theses | |
| Hans Hillerbrand | |
| Thesis 86 | |
| Johann Tetzel | |
| into heaven | |
| Luther | |
| Luther | |
| God's alone to grant | |
| forgiveness | |
| indulgences | |
| forgiveness | |
| Christ | |
| Tetzel | |
| a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate | |
| indulgences for the living | |
| indulgences for the living | |
| the posting on the door | |
| the posting on the door | |
| Philipp Melanchthon | |
| Wittenberg | |
| little foundation in truth | |
| January 1518 | |
| printing press | |
| friends of Luther | |
| two weeks | |
| two months | |
| 1519 | |
| Students | |
| early part | |
| 1520 | |
| Freedom of a Christian | |
| lectured on the Psalms | |
| penance andeousness | |
| corrupt in its ways | |
| central truths of Christianity | |
| the understanding of all godliness | |
| Luther | |
| 1525 | |
| a gift from God | |
| the Smalcald Articles | |
| faith | |
| Christ and His salvation | |
| Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation" | |
| the Reformation | |
| two | |
| Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg | |
| Rome | |
| a papal dispensation | |
| one half | |
| December 1517 | |
| Pope Leo X | |
| papal theologians | |
| October 1518 | |
| Antichrist | |
| harden the reformer's anti-papal theology | |
| January 1519 | |
| remain silent | |
| Johann Eck | |
| Matthew 16:18 | |
| Jan Hus | |
| 15 June 1520 | |
| recanted 41 sentences drawn | |
| 60 days | |
| Karl von Miltitz | |
| 3 January 1521 | |
| secular | |
| 18 April 1521 | |
| the estates of the Holy Roman Empire | |
| Emperor Charles V | |
| Prince Frederick III, Elector of Saxony | |
| Johann Eck | |
| Archbishop of Trier | |
| their contents | |
| the next day | |
| prayed, consulted friends, and gave his response | |
| raised his arm | |
| traditional salute of a knight | |
| Mullett | |
| classic of epoch-making oratory | |
| recant his writings | |
| Luther | |
| unreliable | |
| dramatic | |
| private conferences | |
| 25 May 1521 | |
| The Emperor | |
| requiring his arrest | |
| kill Luther | |
| Luther's disappearance | |
| Wartburg Castle at Eisenach | |
| my Patmos | |
| New Testament | |
| he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates | |
| a sin | |
| alone can make them just | |
| 1 August 1521 | |
| trust in Christ | |
| justice | |
| 1521 | |
| idolatry | |
| idolatry | |
| private confession and absolution | |
| break their vows without sin | |
| he broadened the foundations of the Reformation placing them on prophetic faith | |
| 1521 | |
| Daniel 8:9–12, 23–25 | |
| the Little Horn | |
| antichrist of 2 Thessalonians 2 | |
| -Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling | |
| June 1521 | |
| disturbances | |
| the Augustinian friars | |
| the town council | |
| 6 March | |
| God's word | |
| preached eight sermons | |
| Invocavit Sermons | |
| reminded the citizens to trust God's word rather than violence | |
| immediate | |
| Jerrf | |
| the sixth sermon | |
| Dr. Martin's return | |
| misguided | |
| public order | |
| conservative | |
| Zwickau prophets | |
| social unrest and violence | |
| reformers | |
| Zwickau prophet | |
| the German Peasants' War | |
| 1524–25 | |
| an attack on the upper classes in general | |
| the upper classes in general | |
| the temporal authorities | |
| Thuringia | |
| mad dogs | |
| the widespread burning of convents, monasteries, bishops, and libraries | |
| the nobles | |
| three | |
| ignoring Christ's counsel | |
| God | |
| Divine Right of Kings | |
| death in body and soul, if only as highwaymen and murderers | |
| their weapons | |
| the Swabian League | |
| 15 May 1525 | |
| Müntzer's execution | |
| the wing of the secular powers | |
| Katharina von Bora | |
| he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels | |
| 26 | |
| 41 | |
| April 1523 | |
| 13 June 1525 | |
| 27 June | |
| wedding banquet | |
| 27 June | |
| Bugenhagen | |
| clerical marriage | |
| clerical | |
| Biblical grounds | |
| insensible to my flesh or sex | |
| reckless | |
| 1525–32 | |
| a former monastery | |
| six children | |
| poverty for the riches of Croesus | |
| farming the land | |
| Biblical ideal of congregations' choosing their own ministers | |
| supervisory church body | |
| a supervisory church body | |
| two catechisms | |
| revolutionary | |
| confusing or upsetting the people | |
| Electorate of Saxony | |
| adviser to churches in new territories | |
| John the Steadfast | |
| the temporal sovereign | |
| 1526 | |
| simple people | |
| Luther | |
| congregational singing of hymns and psalms in German | |
| freedom | |
| 1527 | |
| the Electorate of Saxony | |
| pastoral care | |
| Christian doctrine | |
| teaching | |
| catechism | |
| 1529 | |
| pastors and teachers | |
| the people themselves | |
| questions and answers | |
| catechism | |
| collect my writings in volumes | |
| the Catechism | |
| Small Catechism | |
| Small Catechism | |
| Small Catechism | |
| Larger Catechism | |
| Small Catechism | |
| as persons to be known | |
| the Father | |
| 1522 | |
| 1534 | |
| German translation of the New Testament | |
| "alone" | |
| faith alone | |
| Saxon chancellery | |
| northern and southern Germans | |
| everyday Germans | |
| we are removing impediments and difficulties | |
| impediments and difficulties | |
| German-language publications | |
| Bible translation | |
| evolution of the German language | |
| Lucas Cranach | |
| William Tyndale | |
| hymn-writer | |
| high art and folk music | |
| German hymns | |
| lute | |
| the waldzither | |
| the execution of Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes | |
| Lutheran views | |
| "Ein Lied wir heben an" ("A new song we raise"). | |
| John C. Messenger | |
| "A new song we raise" | |
| 1524 | |
| vernacular Lutheran liturgies | |
| Small Catechism | |
| German creedal hymn | |
| perceived difficulty of its tune | |
| 1538 | |
| Small Catechism | |
| catechism | |
| multiple revisions | |
| Luther's tune | |
| 1523 | |
| evangelical colleagues to write psalm-hymns for use in German worship | |
| write psalm-hymns for use in German worship | |
| the Achtliederbuch | |
| essential Reformation doctrine | |
| "Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland" | |
| Veni redemptor gentium | |
| the main hymn (Hauptlied) | |
| two | |
| the German Te Deum | |
| baptism in the Small Catechism | |
| Johann Walter | |
| grace | |
| J. S. Bach | |
| Halle | |
| Lutheran hymnals | |
| four | |
| 18 | |
| 24 of the 32 songs | |
| First Lutheran hymnal | |
| Johann Sebastian Bach | |
| cantatas | |
| 1707 | |
| BWV 4 | |
| 1725 | |
| penitential suffering | |
| parable of the rich man and Lazarus | |
| penitential suffering | |
| Christian souls undergoing penitential suffering after death | |
| in their graves and in heaven | |
| Franz Pieper | |
| Franz Pieper | |
| Johann Gerhard | |
| 1755 | |
| Commentary on Genesis | |
| Francis Blackburne | |
| 1765 | |
| Gottfried Fritschel | |
| dreams | |
| October 1529 | |
| Landgrave of Hesse | |
| doctrinal unity | |
| fourteen | |
| the sacrament of the Lord's Supper | |
| "This is my body which is for you" | |
| Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ | |
| the sacramental union | |
| spiritually or symbolically present | |
| confrontational | |
| 1530 | |
| Marburg Colloquy | |
| Schmalkaldic League | |
| Swiss | |
| Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach | |
| antithetical | |
| reason | |
| no way contributes to faith | |
| reason | |
| separate spheres of knowledge | |
| Jesus Christ was born a Jew | |
| Jews | |
| the Jews | |
| Zwinglianism, and the papacy | |
| 1543 | |
| a scourge sent to punish Christians by God | |
| punish Christians by God | |
| punish Christians | |
| the papacy | |
| non-religious | |
| Latin translation of the Qur'an | |
| "Mohammedanism" or "the Turk" | |
| Muslim faith as a tool of the devil | |
| Luther saw the Muslim faith as a tool of the devil | |
| exposed to scrutiny | |
| God's wrath to Christians | |
| Agricola | |
| the law is no longer to be taught to Christians but belonged only to city hall | |
| six theses | |
| On the Councils and the Church | |
| the law as the Holy Spirit's tool to work sorrow over sin in man's heart | |
| work sorrow over sin in man's heart | |
| the Holy Spirit's tool to work sorrow over sin | |
| eliminate the accusing law | |
| essentially holy people | |
| live in his or her vocations | |
| natural law | |
| "third use of the law." | |
| illustration of the Ten Commandments | |
| illustration of the Ten Commandments | |
| baptism | |
| The Ten Commandments | |
| the sacrament of baptism | |
| marry one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting | |
| Landgrave of Hesse | |
| Margarethe von der Saale | |
| Luther | |
| lasting damage | |
| expelled | |
| Luther | |
| the murder of Christ | |
| divinity of Jesus | |
| convert them to Christianity | |
| Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen (On the Jews and Their Lies) | |
| 1543 | |
| 1543, three years before his death | |
| "the devil's people" | |
| "the devil's people" | |
| the Jews, Brandenburg, and Silesia | |
| that priest whose name was Martin Luther | |
| whoever would help the Jews | |
| Luther's anti-Jewish works | |
| 1580s | |
| Luther | |
| anti-Jewish rhetoric | |
| 1930s and 1940s | |
| Luther | |
| the most radically anti-Semitic tract ever published | |
| 17 December 1941 | |
| Luther | |
| Diarmaid MacCulloch | |
| Bishop Martin Sasse | |
| a "blueprint." | |
| opportunistic | |
| ch fathers | |
| hatred of the Jews | |
| 18th and 19th centuries | |
| entirely religious and in no respect racial." | |
| Judaism | |
| Ronald Berger | |
| demonizing mentality | |
| Christopher J. Probst | |
| Luther's hostile publications towards the Jews | |
| they were at least partly the product of a declining state of mind | |
| declining state of mind | |
| antisemitic | |
| Catholics | |
| Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46 | |
| the 1980s | |
| least prejudiced toward Jews | |
| Strommen et al. | |
| 1928-1933 | |
| ill health | |
| Philip of Hesse incident | |
| kidney and bladder stones | |
| ki and bladder stones, and arthritis | |
| December 1544, he began to feel the effects of angina. | |
| poor physical health | |
| physical health | |
| harsher | |
| Katharina | |
| three | |
| Eisleben | |
| 15 February 1546 | |
| practice Christian love toward them and pray that they convert | |
| 1546 | |
| practice Christian love | |
| Mansfeld | |
| Hans Luther's copper mining trade | |
| 1545 | |
| 1546 | |
| his siblings' families | |
| 17 February 1546 | |
| chest pains | |
| O Lord, faithful God | |
| the common prayer of the dying | |
| 1 a.m. | |
| An apoplectic stroke | |
| 2:45 a.m. | |
| 18 February 1546 | |
| Castle Church in Wittenberg | |
| Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor | |
| A piece of paper | |
| Latin | |
| beggars | |
| printed | |
| a stout man with a "double chin, strong mouth, piercing deep-set eyes, fleshy face, and squat neck." | |
| a stout man with a "double chin, strong mouth, | |
| frail Catholic saints | |
| the 1530s and 1540s | |
| 18 February | |
| the Lutheran Calendar of Saints | |
| 31 October | |
| Lutheran Calendar of Saints | |
| 31 October | |
| SoCal | |
| eight counties | |
| economic center | |
| demographics and economic ties | |
| demographics and economic ties | |
| Southern California Megaregion | |
| 11 megaregions | |
| Las Vegas, Nevada | |
| Mexican border | |
| Las Vegas, Nevada, and south across the Mexican border into Tijuana | |
| Ventura | |
| seven | |
| over four million inhabitants | |
| Riverside-San Bernardino | |
| 17.5 million | |
| Colorado Desert | |
| Colorado Desert | |
| Mojave Desert | |
| Mexico–United States border | |
| southern California | |
| 3,792,621 | |
| Los Angeles | |
| San Diego | |
| southern | |
| Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino | |
| the top 15 most populous counties in the United States | |
| the top 15 most populous counties in the United States | |
| top 15 | |
| smallest geographical region | |
| Hollywood | |
| Los Angeles | |
| Walt Disney Company | |
| music | |
| Sony | |
| skateboard | |
| Shaun White | |
| Shaun White | |
| Oahu | |
| Transpacific Yacht Race | |
| Palm Springs | |
| Palm Springs | |
| desert | |
| desert city | |
| 37° 9' 58.23" | |
| 11 miles | |
| ten | |
| the northern boundary | |
| northern | |
| Mexico ruled California | |
| Alta California | |
| Monterey | |
| the Compromise | |
| free | |
| inequitable taxes | |
| "Cow Counties" | |
| three times | |
| 75% | |
| Milton Latham | |
| Los Angeles Times | |
| 1900 | |
| In 1999, the Times added a newer county—Imperial | |
| Imperial | |
| seven | |
| regional tourism groups | |
| California State Automobile Association | |
| three-region point of view | |
| South of the Tehachapis | |
| southern California | |
| third most populated | |
| vast areas | |
| suburban communities | |
| highways | |
| San Diego–Tijuana | |
| Camp Pendleton | |
| Inland Empire | |
| Census Bureau | |
| Orange | |
| 1990s | |
| Mediterranean | |
| infrequent rain | |
| winters are 90-50's | |
| snow is very rare | |
| warm or mild and wet | |
| Ocean | |
| geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem | |
| topographic | |
| Peninsular Ranges | |
| deserts | |
| 10,000 | |
| 10,000 | |
| 6.7 | |
| property damage | |
| $20 billion | |
| San Andreas Fault | |
| 6.7+ | |
| Puente Hills Fault | |
| USGS | |
| Earthquake occurrence | |
| economically | |
| global | |
| economic | |
| 2010 | |
| high growth rates | |
| 10.0% | |
| tech-oriented | |
| Greater Sacramento | |
| Metropolitan Statistical Areas | |
| two | |
| five million | |
| Southern Border Region | |
| 17,786,419 | |
| Los Angeles | |
| over 100,000 | |
| twelve | |
| 100,000 | |
| Riverside | |
| abundance of petroleum | |
| Hollywood | |
| housing bubble | |
| dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum | |
| heavily impacted | |
| 1920s | |
| richest | |
| citrus | |
| cattle | |
| aerospace | |
| major business districts | |
| Central business districts | |
| Downtown Los Angeles | |
| business district | |
| Los Angeles Area | |
| San Fernando Valley | |
| Century City | |
| Riverside | |
| Hospitality Business/Financial Centre | |
| Hospitality Business/Financial Centre | |
| Orange County | |
| University of California, Irvine | |
| Irvine | |
| South Coast Metro | |
| Downtown Santa Ana | |
| Downtown San Diego | |
| Downtown San Diego | |
| North County | |
| Downtown San Diego | |
| Los Angeles International Airport | |
| Busiest airports by international passenger volume | |
| Busiest airports in the United States by international passenger traffic | |
| San Diego International Airport | |
| Van Nuys Airport | |
| Metrolink | |
| Six | |
| Six | |
| Orange | |
| Port of Los Angeles | |
| Long Beach | |
| Southern Beach | |
| The Tech Coast | |
| prestigious and world-renowned research | |
| private | |
| 5 | |
| 12 California State University campuses (Bakersfield, Channel Islands, | |
| NFL | |
| NBA | |
| Dodgers | |
| Los Angeles Kings | |
| LA Galaxy | |
| Chivas | |
| two Major League Soccer teams | |
| 2014 | |
| StubHub Center | |
| 2018 | |
| College sports | |
| UCLA | |
| Trojans | |
| Pac-12 | |
| Division I | |
| Rugby | |
| high school | |
| an official school sport | |
| BSkyB | |
| BSkyB | |
| 2014 | |
| British Broadcasting Group plc | |
| British Sky Broadcasting Limited | |
| 2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was awarded two of the six Premier League packages | |
| two of the six Premier League packages | |
| Sky picked up the remaining four for £1.3bn | |
| £4.2bn | |
| the ONdigital consortium | |
| BSkyB | |
| three | |
| Sky Three | |
| 'Pick TV' in 2011 | |
| using a Sky+ PVR | |
| September 2007 | |
| Customers that do not subscribe to BSkyB's | |
| January 2010 | |
| BSkyB | |
| VideoGuard pay-TV | |
| NDS, a Cisco Systems company | |
| Cisco Systems | |
| BSkyB | |
| Sky+) | |
| basic channels | |
| 2007 | |
| removing the basic channels from the network on 1 March 2007 | |
| Video On Demand content | |
| HD channels | |
| In July 2013 | |
| 2013 | |
| cloud service | |
| OneDrive for Business | |
| cloud | |
| Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch | |
| Astra's | |
| 27 September 2001 | |
| the Sky Digital platform | |
| 3.5 million | |
| British Broadcasting or BSkyB | |
| British Broadcasting or BSkyB | |
| 11 million | |
| Freeview | |
| Sky Q Hub | |
| the Sky Q Silver set top boxes | |
| share recordings and other. | |
| 2016 | |
| 2016 | |
| DVB-compliant MPEG-2 | |
| Dolby Digital | |
| MPEG-4 | |
| OpenTV system | |
| DVB-S2 | |
| 1998 | |
| Astra 2A satellite | |
| Astra 2A satellite | |
| hundreds | |
| 28.5°E | |
| 22 May 2006 | |
| 40,000 | |
| Thomson | |
| 17,000 | |
| 4,222,000 | |
| 8 February 2007 | |
| March | |
| digital terrestrial | |
| Virgin Media | |
| English Premier League Football), films, entertainment and news | |
| free-to-air and unencrypted | |
| a VideoGuard UK equipped receiver | |
| VideoGuard UK equipped receiver | |
| LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz) | |
| the Sky service | |
| In the autumn of 1991 | |
| ITV were the current rights holders | |
| £34m per year | |
| The BBC | |
| BSkyB paying £304m for the Premier League rights, would give them a monopoly of all live matches, | |
| Ofcom | |
| £15–100,000 | |
| no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG | |
| BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content | |
| BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues | |
| 1 October 1998 | |
| Sky Digital | |
| Open | |
| BSkyB's | |
| over 100,000 | |
| 2007 | |
| Virgin Media | |
| Video On Demand service | |
| BBC HD | |
| Channel 4 HD | |
| 10 million | |
| 25m | |
| August 2004 | |
| 36% | |
| flattened | |
| "Welfare Cash Card" | |
| "essentials" | |
| damaging | |
| Sky TV bills | |
| subscription to sports channels would betray a man's presence in the household | |
| £30m | |
| no indication as to whether the new deal includes the additional Video On Demand | |
| Virgin Media | |
| BSkyB | |
| the carriage of their respective basic channels | |
| diversified | |
| second | |
| fourth | |
| Melbourne | |
| Melbourne Cricket Ground | |
| Bendigo | |
| New South Wales | |
| Buckland Valley | |
| over 1,000 | |
| cramped and unsanitary | |
| multi-member proportional representation system | |
| eight electorates | |
| five representatives | |
| four years | |
| November every four years | |
| Labor | |
| Australian Labor Party | |
| The Nationals | |
| The Greens | |
| Labor | |
| 61.1% | |
| 61.1% | |
| Buddhism | |
| 168,637 | |
| 168,637 | |
| south-east | |
| most densely populated state | |
| second-most populous state | |
| Melbourne | |
| second-largest | |
| Koori | |
| 1788 | |
| Sullivan Bay | |
| Sullivan Bay | |
| 1803 | |
| 26,000 square kilometres | |
| 50% | |
| 6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi) | |
| 90% | |
| 270,000 tonnes | |
| 1975 | |
| Victoria Constitution Act 1855 | |
| Parliament of Victoria | |
| "entrenched" provisions that require either an absolute majority in both houses, a three-fifths majority in both houses | |
| the Victoria Constitution Act 1855 | |
| hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts | |
| 32 °C (90 °F) | |
| 48.8 °C (119.8 °F) | |
| 48.8 °C | |
| 7 February 2009 | |
| state or government schools | |
| Victoria Department of Education | |
| tuition fees | |
| Roman Catholic Church | |
| curriculum standards | |
| a base for the global car industry | |
| October | |
| October | |
| October 2016 | |
| Fortd's Victorian plants | |
| 2,000 m (6,600 ft) | |
| Mount Bogong | |
| 1,986 m (6,516 ft) | |
| Murray River system | |
| helmeted honeyeater | |
| The Victorian Alps in the northeast | |
| Great Dividing Range | |
| east-west through the centre of Victoria | |
| 0 °C (32 °F) | |
| −11.7 °C (10.9 °F) | |
| the Victorian Government | |
| V/Line | |
| the Victorian Government | |
| CFCL Australia | |
| electrified, passenger system throughout Melbourne and suburbs | |
| 37 | |
| 12 | |
| Legislative Assembly | |
| Legislative Council | |
| Linda Dessau | |
| 1 July 1851 | |
| 1851 | |
| one gold rushes the world has ever seen | |
| sevenfold | |
| 20 million ounces | |
| 1,548 | |
| 489 | |
| 540,800 | |
| 63,519 | |
| 90 per cent | |
| Victoria | |
| 3 million | |
| 60% | |
| two-thirds | |
| Asia | |
| 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) | |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge | |
| 760 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge | |
| mountainous areas | |
| five formerly government-owned lines | |
| 1788 | |
| New South Wales | |
| New Holland | |
| Sydney | |
| 1854 | |
| British troops | |
| ureka Stockade | |
| hated mining licence fees | |
| Colony of Victoria Act 1855 | |
| political party or coalition | |
| The Premier | |
| The Premier of Victoria is the leader of the political party or coalition | |
| Daniels | |
| representatives elected to either house of parliament | |
| 17% to $8.7 billion | |
| 24% | |
| 32,463 | |
| more than 60% of the state's total land surface | |
| 60% | |
| tourism | |
| sports tourism | |
| Melbourne | |
| regional cities | |
| SurfClassic | |
| southern and central parts of France | |
| one-eighth | |
| 1562 to 1598 | |
| the Edict of Nantes | |
| granting of Nantes | |
| unclear origins | |
| Geneva | |
| Besançon Hugues | |
| Huguenot | |
| 1560 | |
| availability of the Bible in vernacular languages | |
| 1294 | |
| Guy de Moulin | |
| 1487 | |
| Paris | |
| villes de sûreté | |
| Montpellier | |
| the Edict of 1598 | |
| 1622 | |
| the Edict of 1598 | |
| Cape of Good Hope | |
| Cape Town | |
| Maria de la Queillerie | |
| Dutch East India Company | |
| 1700 | |
| 1624 | |
| Jessé de Forest | |
| L' Église française à la Nouvelle-Amsterdam | |
| L' Église française à la Nouvelle-Amsterdam | |
| Bushwick | |
| Charleston | |
| Landgrave Edmund Bellinger | |
| Pons | |
| 1697 | |
| Charleston | |
| Stadtholder William III of Orange | |
| King of England | |
| League of Augsburg | |
| Calvinist Dutch Republic | |
| 1672 | |
| Edict of Fontainebleau | |
| Fontaineau (1685) | |
| Edict of Fontaineau | |
| 500,000 | |
| The Catholic Church in France | |
| Stholomew's Day massacre | |
| 5,000 to 30,000 | |
| their own militia | |
| 5,000 to 30,000 were killed | |
| 1621 and 1629 | |
| southwestern France | |
| Louis XIII | |
| Louis XIII | |
| Huguenot rebellions | |
| Approximately one million | |
| 2% | |
| Alsace | |
| the Cévennes mountain region | |
| Australia | |
| New York | |
| New Rochelle | |
| Huguenot Street Historic District | |
| Huguenot Street Historic District | |
| New York | |
| Dutch Republic | |
| 75,000 to 100,000 | |
| ca. 2 million | |
| Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia | |
| the revocation of the Edict of Nantes | |
| Huguon | |
| Huguon | |
| ghost of le roi Huguet | |
| prétendus réformés | |
| night | |
| Kent | |
| The Weavers | |
| weavers | |
| Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone | |
| The Weavers | |
| Cork City | |
| Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford | |
| Dublin | |
| a High Sheriff | |
| 1696 | |
| brain drain | |
| the North American front of the Seven Years' War | |
| non-Catholics | |
| the North American front of the Seven Years' War | |
| 1759-60 | |
| Navarre | |
| 1598 | |
| granted the Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions | |
| the founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions | |
| Protestantism | |
| education of children as Catholics | |
| prohibited emigration | |
| Four thousand | |
| "new converts" | |
| New York and Virginia | |
| Switzerland and the Netherlands | |
| 1555 | |
| Fort Coligny | |
| 1560 | |
| the Guanabara Confession of Faith | |
| Afrikaans | |
| wine | |
| Western Cape province | |
| Afrikaans-speaking | |
| Paul Revere | |
| Henry Laurens | |
| Charleston | |
| Manakin Episcopal Church | |
| Texas | |
| lace industry | |
| 'Bucks Point' | |
| twenty-five widows who settled in Dover | |
| first half of the eighteenth century | |
| Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt | |
| one-fifth | |
| protest against the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon | |
| 1806-07 | |
| Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki, and Emden | |
| the Netherlands | |
| the south | |
| the Camisards | |
| the Catholic Church | |
| 1702 and 1709 | |
| Jacksonville | |
| Jean Ribault | |
| Fort Caroline | |
| French naval attack against the new Spanish colony at St. Augustine | |
| September 1565 | |
| Charlesfort | |
| Fort Caroline | |
| Menéndez de Avilés | |
| 1564 | |
| The Wars of Religion | |
| Lower Norfolk County | |
| Lower Norfolk County | |
| Manakintown | |
| 390 | |
| 12 May 1705 | |
| 1568–1609 | |
| The Dutch Republic | |
| "Apologie" of William the Silent | |
| William the Silent | |
| Calvinist | |
| the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act | |
| 1708 | |
| 50,000 | |
| Andrew Lortie | |
| transubstantiation | |
| William of Orange | |
| William of Orange | |
| Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal | |
| flax | |
| linen | |
| Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken | |
| Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken | |
| glass-making works | |
| the 1890s | |
| 1604 | |
| the Dutch Republic, the Electorate of the Palatinate | |
| they were accepted and allowed to worship freely. | |
| Quebec | |
| the Dutch Cape Colony | |
| Huguenot émigrés | |
| Hugues Capet | |
| Hugues Capet, king of France | |
| Janet Gray | |
| little Hugos, | |
| Gallicans and Protestants | |
| Jacques Lefevre | |
| University of Paris | |
| 1530 | |
| William Farel | |
| Jean Cauvin (John Calvin) | |
| 24 August – 3 October 1572 | |
| Catholics | |
| thousands | |
| 1573 | |
| 25,000 | |
| Louis XIV | |
| he imposed penalties, closed Huguenot schools and excluded them from favored professions | |
| he sent missionaries, backed by a fund to financially reward converts to Catholicism | |
| closed Huguenot schools | |
| dragonnades | |
| Westchester | |
| New Rochelle | |
| John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor | |
| La Rochelle | |
| St. Paul's Episcopal Church | |
| adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate French communities | |
| married outside their immediate French communities | |
| E.I. du Pont | |
| nineteenth century | |
| Eleutherian gunpowder mills | |
| Pierre Bayle | |
| Rotterdam | |
| Historical and Critical Dictionary | |
| US Library of Congress | |
| Saint Nicolas | |
| The French Protestant Church of London | |
| 1550 | |
| Soho Square | |
| Shoreditch | |
| 17 | |
| Lutheran and Reformed states | |
| Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Angermünde | |
| Edict of Potsdam | |
| Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia | |
| furnished two new regiments | |
| Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg | |
| Theodor Fontane | |
| Luftwaffe General and fighter ace Adolf Galland | |
| Lothar de Maizière | |
| Federal Minister of the Interior | |
| solar power | |
| Rankine | |
| steam within a boiler | |
| high | |
| external combustion engines | |
| atmospheric engine | |
| Thomas Newcomen | |
| 1712 | |
| atmospheric engine | |
| Papin | |
| the United Kingdom | |
| 21 February 1804 | |
| Abercynon in south Wales | |
| south Wales | |
| south | |
| water pump | |
| multi-stage centrifugal pumps | |
| 1850s | |
| steam locomotives | |
| lower-pressure boiler feed water | |
| three or four | |
| triple and quadruple expansion engines | |
| 19th | |
| marine expansion engines | |
| Olympic class | |
| cams profiled | |
| Joy | |
| lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve | |
| Lead fusible plugs | |
| present in the crown of the boiler's firebox | |
| manually suppress the fire | |
| manually suppress the fire | |
| dampening the fire | |
| James Watt | |
| rotary | |
| ten | |
| 1883 | |
| Industrial Revolution | |
| first century AD | |
| Hero of Alexandria | |
| Greek | |
| Giovanni Branca | |
| 1606 | |
| compound engines | |
| expansions | |
| shipping | |
| internal combustion engines | |
| coal | |
| steam turbines | |
| late part | |
| several hundred horsepower | |
| 90% | |
| electric power | |
| burning combustible materials | |
| combustion chamber | |
| solar energy | |
| electric heating element | |
| steam engine indicator | |
| 1851 | |
| Charles Richard | |
| Charles Richard | |
| London Exhibition | |
| 90° | |
| 180° | |
| 90° | |
| (counterflow | |
| two piston strokes | |
| one rotation | |
| four events | |
| expansion | |
| Quasiturbine | |
| counterflow | |
| an additional port uncovered by the piston | |
| oscillating cylinder steam engine | |
| true mounting (trunnion) | |
| on ships | |
| ships | |
| recycled continuously | |
| "open loop" | |
| Mercury | |
| recycled continuously | |
| working fluid | |
| 565 °C | |
| stainless steel | |
| 63% | |
| 30 °C | |
| Steam engines | |
| steamboats | |
| Stanley Steamer | |
| powering stations | |
| an increase in the land available for cultivation | |
| Catch Me Who Can | |
| Matthew Murray | |
| twin-cylinder | |
| Middleton Railway | |
| Stockton and Darlington Railway | |
| Arthur Woolf | |
| British | |
| torque variability | |
| bore | |
| 90% | |
| reciprocating steam engines | |
| gas turbines | |
| reciprocating Diesel engines | |
| reduction gearing | |
| Rankine cycle | |
| heat being removed in a condenser | |
| 1990s | |
| biomass | |
| Scottish | |
| duty | |
| 17 | |
| about 7 million | |
| 94 pounds | |
| Watt | |
| reciprocating (piston) steam engines | |
| Reciprocating piston type steam engines | |
| turbine type steam engines | |
| internal combustion engines | |
| Thomas Savery | |
| a water pump | |
| 1698 | |
| Bento de Moura Portugal | |
| John Smeaton | |
| Richard Trevithick | |
| Richard Trevithick | |
| 182 | |
| transport | |
| transport | |
| energi AB in Sweden | |
| Sweden | |
| 5-cylinder engine | |
| 4 kgwatt hour | |
| 26-30% | |
| surface condensers | |
| automobile radiator | |
| water is costly | |
| dry type cooling tower | |
| 3600 | |
| centrifugal governor | |
| Boulton | |
| Boulton & Watt | |
| cotton spinning | |
| handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler | |
| 1880 | |
| railway locomotives | |
| complicated | |
| 1930 | |
| road engines | |
| shortening the cutoff | |
| kick back | |
| evacuate the cylinder, choking it and giving excessive compression ("kick back") | |
| fixed length | |
| imo de Ayanz y Beaumont | |
| Spanish | |
| 1606 | |
| 1698 | |
| 1712 | |
| rotating discs | |
| drive shaft | |
| static discs | |
| turbine casing | |
| 3600 revolutions per minute (RPM) | |
| power-to-weight ratio | |
| electric motors | |
| steam turbine plant | |
| Advanced Steam movement | |
| pollution | |
| Wankel engine | |
| the cylinders and valve gear | |
| thermal | |
| 1775 | |
| a separate condenser | |
| half as John Smeaton's improved version | |
| Newcomen's | |
| partial vacuum generated by condensing steam | |
| two independent mechanisms | |
| a plug valve | |
| adjustable spring-loaded | |
| a seal illegally | |
| more power from the engine | |
| Corliss steam engine | |
| 1849 | |
| 30% less steam | |
| four-valve | |
| Rumford medal | |
| thermodynamic theory | |
| Watt | |
| the separate condenser | |
| Joseph Black | |
| latent heat | |
| little work is required to drive the pump | |
| in its liquid phase | |
| 1% to 3% | |
| 1500 °C | |
| injector | |
| recover the latent heat of vaporisation | |
| superheaters | |
| bunker | |
| screw stoker | |
| feed water | |
| British | |
| dreadnought battleships | |
| dreadnought battleships, and ocean liners | |
| 1905 | |
| heating water | |
| turbine connected to an electrical generator | |
| electrical generator | |
| turbo-electric transmission | |
| U.S.A. | |
| Carnot cycle | |
| in the condenser | |
| stant pressure | |
| isothermal | |
| as a liquid not as a gas | |
| 8 | |
| helium | |
| two atoms | |
| half | |
| Diatomic oxygen gas | |
| 20.8% | |
| Oxygen | |
| 8 | |
| downward trend | |
| hydrogen and helium | |
| 8 | |
| chalcogen group | |
| oxides | |
| third-most abundant | |
| dioxygen | |
| photosynthesis | |
| sunlight | |
| high-altitude ozone layer | |
| oxygen | |
| water | |
| photosynthesis | |
| water | |
| allotrope | |
| Robert Boyle | |
| John Mayow | |
| nitroaereus | |
| 1679 | |
| Robert Boyle | |
| Spiritus nitroaereus | |
| 17th | |
| respiration | |
| John Mayow | |
| Priestley | |
| clergyman | |
| logisticated air | |
| mercuric oxide (HgO) | |
| mercuric oxide | |
| dephlogisticated air | |
| 1775 | |
| given priority in the discovery | |
| more active | |
| Leonardo da Vinci | |
| Philo of Byzantium | |
| 2nd century BCE | |
| Philo of Byzantium | |
| Philo of Byzantium | |
| fire | |
| Pneumatica | |
| Leonardo da Vinci | |
| air | |
| ignition event | |
| the source of most of the chemical energy | |
| Combustion hazards | |
| Oxygen | |
| ignition | |
| oxidant | |
| rapid combustion | |
| most of the chemical energy | |
| dichromates | |
| pure O 2 | |
| Steel pipes and storage vessels | |
| at slightly more than atmospheric pressure | |
| Concentrated O 2 | |
| combustion | |
| ignition sources are minimized | |
| special training | |
| Apollo 1 crew | |
| silicates | |
| carbon dioxide | |
| mantle, of much larger mass than the crust | |
| carbon dioxide | |
| crustal rock | |
| mantle | |
| mantle | |
| silicates of magnesium and iron | |
| monatomic | |
| simplest atomic ratios | |
| HO, giving the atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that of hydrogen | |
| hydrogen | |
| Amedeo Avogadro | |
| phlogiston | |
| non-combustible substances that corrode, such as iron | |
| metals, too, gain weight in rusting | |
| metals | |
| lighter | |
| covalent double bond | |
| filling of molecular orbitals | |
| filling of molecular orbitals | |
| chemically bonded to each other | |
| filling of molecular orbitals | |
| 1773 or earlier | |
| 1774 | |
| his work was published first | |
| Antoine Lavoisier | |
| combustion and corrosion | |
| degenerate | |
| triplet oxygen | |
| unpaired electrons | |
| spontaneous | |
| antibonding | |
| trapped air | |
| the same as the weight of the air that rushed back in | |
| air rushed in when he opened the container | |
| 1777 | |
| azote | |
| Trioxygen | |
| Trioxygen | |
| lung tissue | |
| protective radiation shield | |
| UV | |
| dioxygen, O 2 | |
| dioxygen, O 2 | |
| dioxygen, O 2 | |
| energy content | |
| cellular respiration | |
| James Dewar | |
| 1891 | |
| 1895 | |
| oxyacetylene | |
| Oxygen | |
| temperature-dependent | |
| 6.04 milliliters (mL) | |
| 20 °C | |
| twice as much | |
| most abundant chemical element | |
| third most abundant chemical element | |
| 0.9% | |
| world's oceans | |
| ultraviolet radiation | |
| 19th | |
| compressing and cooling | |
| Louis Paul Cailletet | |
| a few drops | |
| March 29, 1883 | |
| the Sun | |
| oxygen-16 | |
| Genesis | |
| unknown process depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun's disk of protoplanetary material | |
| Earth | |
| Singlet oxygen | |
| common molecules | |
| photosynthesis | |
| photolysis of ozone by light of short wavelength | |
| tissues | |
| Paleoclimatologists | |
| oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 | |
| 12% heavier | |
| oxygen-18 | |
| lower global temperatures | |
| 687 and 760 nm | |
| carbon cycle | |
| satellite platform | |
| global | |
| remote sensing | |
| paramagnetic | |
| liquid oxygen | |
| unpaired electrons | |
| magnetic | |
| laboratory | |
| superoxide ion (O− 2) | |
| destroy invading microbes | |
| pathogen attack | |
| anaerobic | |
| 2.5 billion years ago | |
| 90.20 K (−182.95 °C, −297.31 °F) | |
| light sky-blue color | |
| fractional distillation of liquefied air | |
| liquid nitrogen | |
| combustible | |
| solution in the world's water bodies | |
| lower temperatures | |
| higher oxygen content | |
| algae | |
| biochemical oxygen demand | |
| 3.5 billion years ago | |
| Paleoic eon | |
| banded iron formations | |
| 1.7 billion years ago | |
| 1.7 billion years ago | |
| the oxygen cycle | |
| biogeochemical | |
| three main reservoirs on Earth | |
| photosynthesis | |
| oxygen | |
| pressure swing adsorption | |
| 93% | |
| nitrogen | |
| non-cryogenic | |
| 90% to 93% | |
| Oxygen | |
| molecular oxygen and hydrogen | |
| DC electricity | |
| oxides and hydrogen | |
| chemical oxygen generators | |
| recreational use | |
| doubtful | |
| enriched O 2 mixtures | |
| placebo effect | |
| aerobic exercise | |
| decompression sickness (the 'bends') | |
| carbon monoxide from the heme group of hemoglobin | |
| anaerobic bacteria | |
| Decompression sickness | |
| Oxygen therapy | |
| heart | |
| Oxygen therapy | |
| respiration | |
| gaseous oxygen | |
| electronegativity | |
| chemical bonds | |
| FeO | |
| chemical bonds | |
| corrosion | |
| cabin depressurization | |
| gas is then produced by the exothermic reaction. | |
| exothermic | |
| oxygen gas | |
| high pressure | |
| oxy-fuel | |
| more cylinders containing the compressed gas | |
| stored and shipped in smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas | |
| hospitals | |
| organic solvents | |
| ROH | |
| feeder materials | |
| Epoxides | |
| important organic compounds | |
| organic compounds with biological relevance | |
| a few common biomolecules | |
| carbohydrates | |
| proteins | |
| bones | |
| pulmonary fibrosis | |
| pulmonary fibrosis | |
| Exposure to a O 2 partial pressures | |
| oxygen toxicity | |
| seizures | |
| breathing pure O 2 in space applications, such as in some modern space suits | |
| 30 kPa | |
| 1.4 times | |
| no damage | |
| marginally more than normal sea-level O 2 partial pressure | |
| elevated partial pressures | |
| 50 kilopascals | |
| 50% oxygen composition at standard pressure | |
| gas (O 2) | |
| 30%–50% | |
| October 1973 | |
| US$3 per barrel | |
| 1979 | |
| second oil shock | |
| the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC | |
| to avoid being targeted by the boycott | |
| multilateral negotiations | |
| January 18, 1974 | |
| March | |
| August 15, 1971 | |
| rise and fall according to market demand | |
| oil was priced in dollars | |
| September 1971 | |
| priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased | |
| less than two percent per year | |
| 1971 | |
| 1974 | |
| the oil shock | |
| October 6, 1973 | |
| Iran | |
| ten times more | |
| Iran | |
| [the price of oil] is going to rise | |
| American aid to Israel | |
| October 16, 1973 | |
| the embargo, a cut in production by five percent from September's output | |
| $2.2 billion | |
| a "principal hostile country" | |
| over 100 billion dollars | |
| violent Sunni extremist groups | |
| the Middle East | |
| shrinking Western demand | |
| Wahhabism | |
| excessive inflation | |
| the USSR | |
| 1973 | |
| Kissinger | |
| embargo | |
| automobiles | |
| Macroeconomic | |
| Arctic | |
| five to ten years | |
| Netherlands | |
| America | |
| UK | |
| Israelis | |
| Ted Heath | |
| Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Norway | |
| a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers | |
| 1973–74 | |
| Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Norway | |
| Sweden | |
| Price controls | |
| investment | |
| greater scarcity | |
| rationing | |
| William E. Simon | |
| 1973 | |
| coordinate the response to the embargo | |
| 20% | |
| Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act | |
| Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act | |
| Bill Clinton | |
| November 28, 1995 | |
| 1977 | |
| The energy crisis | |
| market and technology realities | |
| congresses and presidents | |
| U.S. | |
| British | |
| 10 years | |
| the American occupation would need to last 10 years as the West developed alternative energy | |
| Japan | |
| 71% | |
| change its noninvolvement policy | |
| November 22, | |
| December 25 | |
| Afghanistan | |
| Saudi Arabia and Iran | |
| Saudi Arabia | |
| January 1979 | |
| November 1979 | |
| Toyota Corolla | |
| Japanese | |
| V8 and six cylinder engines | |
| Japanese | |
| 1973 oil crisis | |
| Toyota Corona Mark II | |
| passenger space | |
| cura | |
| Toyota Hilux and the Datsun Truck | |
| Dodge D-50 | |
| Ford, Chrysler, and GM | |
| import policy | |
| An increase in imported cars into North America | |
| at least four | |
| 1985 | |
| Cadillac DeVille | |
| GM Bel Air, and Ford Galaxie 500 | |
| 1979 | |
| 1981 | |
| 1974 Mustang I | |
| 1981 | |
| 1973 | |
| recover market share | |
| $40 per barrel | |
| Project Mercury | |
| Apollo | |
| 1968 | |
| John F. Kennedy | |
| two-man Project Gemini (1962–66) | |
| 1961 to 1972 | |
| Gemini missions | |
| the Soviet Union | |
| Skylab | |
| 1967 | |
| manned lunar landing | |
| Budget cuts | |
| Five | |
| prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon | |
| Apollo 8 | |
| Apollo 17 | |
| 842 pounds | |
| technology incidental to rocketry and manned spaceflight | |
| three | |
| three | |
| NASA manager Abe Silverstein | |
| manned lunar landings | |
| 1960 | |
| 1960 | |
| Maxime Faget | |
| three | |
| Hugh L. Dryden | |
| John F. Kennedy | |
| Soviet Union | |
| massive financial commitment required by a manned Moon landing | |
| James E. Webb | |
| missle gap | |
| Yuri Gagarin | |
| Soviet | |
| one day | |
| circumspect | |
| April 20 | |
| Lyndon B. Johnson | |
| one week | |
| we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary | |
| Robert R. Gilruth | |
| Langley Research Center | |
| Houston, Texas | |
| Rice University | |
| Florida | |
| Merritt Island | |
| Kurt H. Debus | |
| Director | |
| Kennedy | |
| at least three | |
| Apollo spacecraft | |
| 250,000 feet | |
| 130 million cubic foot (3.7 million cubic meter) | |
| George E. Mueller | |
| July 23, 1963 | |
| Brainerd Holmes | |
| Mueller | |
| Air Force missile projects | |
| Air Force | |
| Bernard A. Schriever | |
| January 1964, until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969 | |
| Apollo Program Director | |
| a rendezvous | |
| 1961 | |
| Robert Seamans | |
| Nicholas E. Golovin | |
| July 1961 | |
| Manned Spacecraft Center | |
| Joseph Shea | |
| Manned Spacecraft Center | |
| Jersner | |
| Golovin | |
| NASA | |
| July 11, 1962 | |
| Wiesner | |
| "No, that's no good" | |
| Lunar Excursion Module | |
| Grumman | |
| a "lifeboat" | |
| spacecraft to be used as a "lifeboat" | |
| propulsion, electrical power and life support | |
| 1964 | |
| cone-shaped | |
| Command/Service Module | |
| two men | |
| three astronauts | |
| ocean | |
| ablative heat shield | |
| Parachutes | |
| 5,560 | |
| A cylindrical Service Module (SM) | |
| high-gain S-band | |
| The Service Module was discarded | |
| 51,300 | |
| an orbital scientific instrument package | |
| North American Aviation | |
| about twice the thrust | |
| 1964 | |
| Saturn V | |
| two | |
| aerodynamic considerations | |
| 15,100 kg | |
| 3 days | |
| Wernher von Braun | |
| the Army | |
| June 11, 1962 | |
| dummy upper stages filled with water | |
| 1964 and 1965 | |
| Pegasus satellites | |
| frency and severity of micrometeorite impacts | |
| Saturn IB | |
| 2 stage replaced the S-IV with the S-IVB | |
| third stage | |
| 40,000 pounds (18,100 kg) | |
| Saturn V | |
| 33 feet | |
| 3 | |
| burned liquid hydrogen | |
| Mercury and Gemini veterans | |
| two | |
| Harrison Schmitt | |
| Apollo 17 | |
| Schmitt participated in the lunar geology training | |
| 32 | |
| Distinguished Service Medal | |
| 1969 | |
| Walter M. Schirra, Donn Eisele, and Walter Cunningham | |
| Apollo 8 | |
| 1966 | |
| 265.7 nautical miles | |
| (1,142.9 | |
| Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield | |
| unmanned LM | |
| Apollo spacesuit | |
| visor helmet | |
| water-cooled | |
| Lunar Module Pilot | |
| Deke Slayton | |
| Gemini and Apollo programs | |
| 1966 | |
| Deke Slayton | |
| Chaffee | |
| the validation of the CSM would be accomplished on the 14-day first flight | |
| August 1967 | |
| Saturn IB | |
| Apollo 1 backup crew | |
| Samuel Phillips | |
| tiger team | |
| 1967 | |
| Manned Space Administrator George Mueller | |
| the altitude chamber | |
| Grissom, White, and Chaffee | |
| launch countdown | |
| altitude chamber | |
| a strange odor | |
| January 27, 1967 | |
| sealing of the hatch | |
| a strange odor | |
| oxygen | |
| NASA Administrator Webb | |
| Harrison Storms | |
| Webb | |
| NASA immediately | |
| nitrogen/oxygen | |
| flammable cabin and space suit materials | |
| Block I plug-type hatch cover | |
| NASA discontinued the manned Block I spacecraft only for unmanned Saturn V flights | |
| fire-resistant Block II | |
| lunar orbital survey missions | |
| successfully accomplished | |
| letters | |
| Apollo 4 (AS-501) | |
| Block I CSM | |
| April 4, 1968 | |
| a third unmanned test | |
| Apollo 5 | |
| pad 37 | |
| Grumman | |
| successfully test-fired and restarted | |
| fire-in-the-hole | |
| Saturn V | |
| Zond 5 | |
| Christmas Eve | |
| orbit the Moon | |
| human cosmonauts | |
| Gemini | |
| July 1969 | |
| black-and-white television | |
| Armstrong, Michael Aldrin | |
| July 24 | |
| Apollo 12 | |
| Surveyor 3 | |
| removed some parts | |
| accidentally pointed into the Sun | |
| Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) | |
| Block II spacesuit | |
| eight | |
| over three days | |
| Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) | |
| a liquid oxygen tank exploded | |
| Commander | |
| grounded | |
| oxygen tank | |
| April 1970 | |
| Apollo 20 | |
| shrink | |
| museum exhibits | |
| 1971 | |
| extremely old | |
| 3.2 billion years | |
| KREEP | |
| Genesis Rock | |
| thick atmosphere | |
| impact process effects | |
| materials melted near an impact crater | |
| $170 billion | |
| 15 | |
| $20.4 billion | |
| Apollo Extension Series | |
| Apollo Applications Program | |
| Venus | |
| 1973 | |
| on the ground | |
| February 8, 1974 | |
| an Apollo Telescope Mount, the solar telescope | |
| NASA's robotic Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter | |
| Apollo 11 | |
| unknown | |
| Apollo 8 | |
| Genesis | |
| one-quarter | |
| inspiring end | |
| Apollo TV | |
| incompatible | |
| a magnetic tape shortage | |
| newer satellite data | |
| Stan Lebar | |
| Nafzger | |
| processed to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy | |
| kiscope recordings | |
| Lowry Digital | |
| conservative digital enhancements | |
| primary law, secondary law and supplementary law | |
| a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives | |
| Treaties establishing the European Union | |
| regulations and directives | |
| European Parliament and the Council of the European Union | |
| a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives | |
| indirect effect | |
| primary law, secondary law and supplementary law | |
| European Parliament and the Council of the European Union | |
| primary law, secondary law and supplementary law | |
| Treaties establishing the European Union | |
| European Parliament and the Council of the European Union | |
| three | |
| the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union | |
| the courts of member states | |
| Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union | |
| The European Court of Justice | |
| case law by the Court of Justice | |
| member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union | |
| Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union | |
| The European Court of Justice | |
| case law by the Court of Justice | |
| the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union | |
| the courts of member states | |
| The European Court of Justice | |
| case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles | |
| Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) | |
| The European Commission | |
| citizens | |
| The European Court of Justice | |
| European Court of Justice | |
| TEU | |
| Faroe Islands | |
| interpret the Treaties, but it cannot rule on their validity, which is subject to international law | |
| if the Treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear, precise and unconditional. | |
| as soon as they enter into force | |
| Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) | |
| Gibraltar and the Åland islands | |
| as soon as they enter into force | |
| The Court of Justice of the European Union | |
| common rules for coal and then atomic energy | |
| Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 | |
| 1985 | |
| Norway did not end up joining | |
| Greenland | |
| common rules for coal and steel | |
| 1992 | |
| 1986 | |
| 1972 | |
| 1985 | |
| Following the Nice Treaty | |
| France and the referendum in the Netherlands | |
| formally an amending treaty | |
| an amending treaty | |
| alter treaties | |
| constitutional law of the European Union | |
| to reform the constitutional law of the European Union | |
| the 2004 Treaty | |
| the Lisbon Treaty | |
| The European Commission | |
| The European Commission | |
| The Commission's President | |
| one | |
| Federica Mogherini | |
| Article 17(2) | |
| The Commission's President (currently an ex-Luxembourg Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker) | |
| by a simple majority vote | |
| Ireland | |
| Commissioners | |
| Santer Commission | |
| not break any law | |
| a Committee of Independent Experts | |
| the European Council | |
| not have voting rights | |
| 1999 | |
| Commission v Edith Cresson | |
| a Committee of Independent Experts | |
| European Anti-fraud Office | |
| 2012 | |
| European Parliament and the Parliament of the European Union | |
| initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes | |
| every five years | |
| "qualified majorities" or consensus of the Council are required to legislate. | |
| European Parliament and the Council of the European Union | |
| the Commission | |
| European Parliament and the Council of the European Union | |
| 1979 | |
| every five years | |
| European People's Party | |
| different ministers of the member states | |
| former Poland Prime Minister Donald Tusk | |
| weighted inversely to member state | |
| 352 | |
| 260 | |
| the Council | |
| six months | |
| 352 | |
| if not consensus | |
| vote by a majority of all MEPs | |
| qualified majority | |
| harder | |
| TEU articles 4 and 5 | |
| Court of Justice | |
| article 294 | |
| a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Commission | |
| 4 and 5 | |
| a "Conciliation Committee" | |
| judicial branch | |
| the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) | |
| 28 | |
| member state courts | |
| sure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed | |
| assuming the task of interpreting the treaties | |
| the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) | |
| Civil Service Tribunal | |
| three years | |
| sure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed | |
| EU law | |
| the nationalisation law was from 1962, and the treaty was in force | |
| 1962, and the treaty was in force | |
| European Court of Justice and the highest national courts | |
| 1964 | |
| Court of Justice | |
| EU law | |
| foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights | |
| 1972 | |
| the ultimate authority of member states, its factual commitment to human rights, and the democratic will of the people. | |
| if the EU does not comply with its basic constitutional rights | |
| administrative law | |
| 1986 | |
| general principles of law, or fundamental rights are engaged | |
| constitutional law | |
| Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen | |
| article 30 | |
| a postal company | |
| ‘directly applicable in all Member States’ | |
| the Treaties and Regulations | |
| at least 4 weeks | |
| 28 | |
| early 1990s | |
| the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws | |
| the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws | |
| 10 years, from age 18 to 28, | |
| Pubblico Ministero v Ratti | |
| 28 | |
| Fourth, national courts | |
| incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons. | |
| set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages | |
| 6 million Lira | |
| the European Court of Justice | |
| fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity. | |
| 1950s | |
| Article 5 | |
| least onerous | |
| since the 1960s | |
| European Union law | |
| a proper legal basis | |
| legal certainty and good faith | |
| constitutional traditions common to the member states | |
| fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states | |
| None | |
| member states | |
| 1950 | |
| the European Court of Human Rights | |
| 1999 | |
| 12 December 2007 | |
| Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union | |
| European Union law | |
| European Court of Justice | |
| Treaty of Amsterdam | |
| 1989 | |
| 1989 | |
| 30 | |
| 40 | |
| 11 | |
| The UK | |
| Social Chapter | |
| 1992 | |
| the election of the UK Labour Party to government | |
| 1997 | |
| Works Council Directive | |
| 1996 | |
| workforce consultation in businesses | |
| France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany | |
| 1951 | |
| cartels | |
| article 66 | |
| 1957 | |
| Article 101(1) | |
| abuse of dominant position, such as price discrimination | |
| Articles 106 and 107 | |
| Article 102 | |
| 2007 | |
| since the Treaty of Rome 1957 | |
| consumer prices | |
| free movement of goods | |
| the Court of Justice | |
| a customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination | |
| parallel importers | |
| private actors | |
| Commission v France | |
| any, in France French farmer vigilantes were continually sabotaging shipments of Spanish strawberries | |
| 25 per cent | |
| France | |
| 2003 | |
| cocoa butter | |
| cocoate | |
| Keck and Mithouard | |
| prevent cut throat competition, not to hinder trade | |
| Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini | |
| Commercial Practices | |
| people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement. | |
| the European Community | |
| citizenship | |
| Steymann v | |
| to stay, so long as there was at least an "indirect quid pro quo" | |
| articles 1 to 7 | |
| Jean-Marc Bosman | |
| Gaelic | |
| Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano | |
| 45 | |
| Citizenship of the EU | |
| social services that people can access wherever they move | |
| Commission v Austria | |
| higher education | |
| Functioning of the European Union | |
| non-discriminatory | |
| Reyners v Belgium | |
| 49 | |
| Commission v | |
| 2006 | |
| shipping toxic waste | |
| October 2007 | |
| 2005 | |
| people who give services "for remuneration" | |
| Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice | |
| the Netherlands' regulation of cannabis consumption | |
| treatment | |
| Daily Mail | |
| £1 | |
| £1 | |
| creditor | |
| Overseering BV v Nordic Construction | |
| Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle | |
| 5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 sq mi) | |
| nine | |
| four | |
| half | |
| Amazoneregenwoud | |
| Amazonia | |
| Brazil | |
| half | |
| 16,000 species | |
| moist broadleaf | |
| 7,000,000 square kilometres | |
| nine | |
| Brazil | |
| 390 billion | |
| tropical | |
| Climate fluctuations | |
| Oligocene | |
| glacial maximum | |
| the rainforest still managed to thrive | |
| extinction of the dinosaurs | |
| 45° | |
| Climate fluctuations | |
| Oligocene | |
| expanded again | |
| Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event | |
| Middle Miocene | |
| Middle Miocene | |
| Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction | |
| 34 million years | |
| along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch | |
| toward the Atlantic | |
| Solimões Basin | |
| 5–10 million years | |
| the easterly | |
| mid-Eocene | |
| Atlantic | |
| the Pacific | |
| Amazonas Basin | |
| Solimões Basin | |
| mid-Eocene | |
| middle | |
| the Atlantic | |
| the Pacific | |
| Solimões Basin | |
| Last Glacial Maximum | |
| rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present | |
| rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest | |
| difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest | |
| reasonably well supported by the available data | |
| 21,000 | |
| Last Glacial Maximum | |
| sediment deposits | |
| reduced tropical vegetation cover | |
| 21,000 years | |
| sediment deposits | |
| moist tropical vegetation | |
| open forest | |
| practicals of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin | |
| NASA'sCALSO satellite | |
| 182 million | |
| 1,600 | |
| Amazon | |
| 132 million | |
| NASA's CALIPSO satellite | |
| 182 million tons | |
| 27.7 million tons | |
| 132 million tons | |
| 43 million tons | |
| NASA's CALIPSO satellite | |
| NASA | |
| 182 million tons | |
| 1,600 | |
| 27.7 million | |
| Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise | |
| 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre | |
| agriculture | |
| anthropological findings | |
| 5 million | |
| poor soil | |
| Betty Meggers | |
| 0.2 | |
| Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise | |
| Betty Meggers | |
| Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise | |
| 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre | |
| 5 million | |
| less than 200,000 | |
| Francisco de Orellana | |
| the 1540s | |
| the spread of diseases from Europe | |
| between AD 0–1250 | |
| AD 0–1250 | |
| Francisco de Orellana | |
| 1542 | |
| AD 0–1250 | |
| Ondemar Dias | |
| 11,000 | |
| black earth | |
| black earth | |
| agriculture and silviculture | |
| Xingu | |
| Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida | |
| Terra preta | |
| agriculture and silviculture | |
| Xingu | |
| Michael Heckenberger | |
| roads, bridges and large plazas | |
| 2.5 million | |
| One in five | |
| tens of plants | |
| one in five | |
| between 96,660 and 128,843 | |
| 2.5 million | |
| 2,000 | |
| tens of thousands | |
| 378 | |
| One in five | |
| a quarter square kilometer (62 acres) | |
| 1,100 | |
| 90,790 | |
| 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare | |
| 438,000 | |
| highest | |
| 1,100 | |
| 90,790 | |
| 356 ± 47 tonnes | |
| 438,000 species | |
| eels | |
| black caiman | |
| piranha | |
| lipophilic alkaloid toxins | |
| Vampire bats | |
| slash and burn method | |
| 1960s | |
| slash and burn | |
| loss of soil fertility and weed invasion | |
| cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye | |
| 587,000 | |
| 587,000 | |
| livestock pasture | |
| second-largest | |
| 91% | |
| soy farmers | |
| increased settlement and deforestation | |
| 7,343 | |
| declined significantly | |
| 18% | |
| biodiversity | |
| destruction of the forest | |
| loss of biodiversity | |
| 1.1 × 1011 metric tonnes | |
| 0.62 ± 0.37 | |
| severed rainfall and increased temperatures | |
| greenhouse gas | |
| 2100 | |
| the 21st century | |
| climate change | |
| indigenous | |
| community-based | |
| deforestation and ecocide | |
| the Urarina | |
| lowland | |
| remote sensing | |
| Tribe | |
| southern Suriname | |
| strengthen their territorial claims | |
| protect their tribal lands from commercial interests | |
| growth stages | |
| carbon related emissions | |
| Tatiana Kuplich | |
| 2006 | |
| Synthetic aperture radar | |
| 2005 | |
| Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research | |
| deforestation | |
| savanna or desert | |
| Woods Hole Research Center | |
| 2010 | |
| 1,160,000 square miles | |
| three epicenters | |
| 2005 | |
| 1.5 gigatons | |
| comb jellies | |
| marine | |
| 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) | |
| phylum of animals that live in marine | |
| cilia | |
| water flow through the body cavity | |
| 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) | |
| groups of cilia which they use for swimming | |
| comb jellies | |
| 1.5 m (4 ft) | |
| water flow through the body cavity | |
| comb | |
| marine | |
| ten times their own weight | |
| 100–150 | |
| another 25 | |
| 100–150 | |
| tentilla | |
| ten times their own weight | |
| tentacles and prey on other ctenophores | |
| stiffened cilia | |
| ten times their own weight | |
| egg-shaped bodies | |
| stiffened cilia | |
| sticky cells | |
| 100–150 | |
| hermaphrodites | |
| miniaturippids | |
| juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape. | |
| can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate | |
| produce both eggs and sperm at the same time | |
| sequential hermaphrodites | |
| platyctenids | |
| hermaphroditism and early reproduction | |
| a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm | |
| produce both eggs and sperm at the same time | |
| eggs and sperm mature at different times | |
| platyctenids | |
| , and the platyctenids | |
| Black Sea | |
| Mnemiopsis | |
| long-term environmental changes | |
| fish larvae | |
| Mnemiopsis | |
| fish larvae | |
| bays | |
| bays | |
| marine food chains | |
| Mnemiopsis | |
| causing fish stocks to collapse | |
| Beroe preys on other ctenophores | |
| 66 million years ago | |
| monophyletic | |
| 515 million years ago | |
| many more comb-rows than modern forms | |
| 515 million years ago | |
| Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction | |
| monophyletic | |
| tentacles | |
| cnidarians | |
| colloblasts, which are sticky and adhere to prey | |
| bilaterians | |
| Ctenophores | |
| ctenophores | |
| cnidarians | |
| sensory | |
| Ctenophores | |
| ctenophores and cnidarians | |
| bilaterians | |
| mesoglea | |
| triploblastic | |
| ctenophores | |
| sponges | |
| cilia | |
| locomotion | |
| "ctenes," | |
| "comb-bearing" | |
| Pleurobrachia | |
| Pleurobrachia, Beropsis | |
| withstand waves and swirling sediment particles | |
| Pleurobrachia, Beropsis | |
| epithelium, the gastrodermis | |
| bioluminescence | |
| pharynx | |
| a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles | |
| mouth and pharynx | |
| swimming-plates | |
| "ctenes" or "comb plates" | |
| the extra compact filament is suspected to have a supporting function | |
| the mouth is pointing | |
| 2 millimeters (0.079 in) | |
| osmotic pressure | |
| the mesoglea | |
| increase its bulk and decrease its density, to avoid sinking | |
| pump water out of the mesoglea | |
| aboral organ | |
| the opposite end from the mouth | |
| transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia | |
| statocyst | |
| balancers | |
| goberry | |
| extends a pair of long, slender tentacles | |
| spherical | |
| sheath | |
| the narrow end | |
| tentilla | |
| specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis | |
| striated muscle, a cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum Ctenophora | |
| three | |
| capturing prey | |
| eight | |
| near the body | |
| even round the body | |
| ciliary groove | |
| lobes | |
| muscular, cuplike extensions of the body that project beyond the mouth | |
| four auricles | |
| direct microscopic prey toward the mouth | |
| suspended planktonic prey | |
| clapping their lobes | |
| the jet of expelled water drives backwards very quickly | |
| nerves | |
| nerves | |
| Nuda | |
| The Beroida, also known as Nuda | |
| forming intercellular connections | |
| tight closure streamlines the front of the animal | |
| pharynx | |
| Cestida | |
| Cestum veneris | |
| belt animals | |
| undulating their bodies | |
| Velamen parallelum | |
| tentilla-bearing tentacles | |
| a muscular "foot" | |
| comb-rows | |
| rocks, algae | |
| pores in the epidermis | |
| internal fertilization | |
| Mnemiopsis | |
| internal canal network under the comb rows | |
| internal | |
| tentacles and tentacle sheaths | |
| among the plankton | |
| In the genus Beroe | |
| true larvae | |
| Beroe | |
| secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies | |
| the same wavelengths as their bodies | |
| pinkesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies | |
| juveniles | |
| no vegetarians and only one genus that is partly parasitic | |
| jellyfish | |
| incorporate their prey's nematocysts (stinging cells) into their own tentacles | |
| salt and mollus and crustacean larvae | |
| Lampea | |
| low ratio of organic matter to salt and water | |
| kellyfish | |
| other ctenophores | |
| Red Sea | |
| ctenophores | |
| eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans | |
| ballast tanks | |
| the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata | |
| late 1980s | |
| slowed the animal's metabolism | |
| their soft, gelatinous bodies | |
| comb jelly | |
| mid-Cambrian | |
| Three | |
| tentacles | |
| 515 million years ago | |
| Stromatoveris | |
| Stromatoveris | |
| Vendobionta | |
| Ediacaran period | |
| Bilateria | |
| Porifera (sponges) | |
| beroids | |
| monophyletic | |
| 65.5 million years ago | |
| Richard Harbison | |
| Fresno | |
| 220 miles (350 km) | |
| ash tree | |
| an ash leaf | |
| ash tree" in Spanish | |
| 1872 | |
| convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding | |
| 1885 | |
| 47 | |
| Central Pacific Railroad | |
| 2.7% | |
| Chinatown | |
| Pinedale | |
| North Fresno | |
| assembly center | |
| BankAmericard | |
| BankAmericard | |
| revolve a balance | |
| 1976 | |
| Visa Inc | |
| Bill Aken | |
| Bob Gallion | |
| Madera | |
| The Fresno Barn | |
| Lupe Mayorga | |
| three | |
| Roeding Park | |
| Kearney Park | |
| Woodward Park | |
| Kearney Park | |
| 1880s | |
| Fresno County Courthouse (demolished) | |
| San Joaquin Light & Power Building | |
| Hughes Hotel | |
| 1964 | |
| Fulton Mall | |
| Pierre-Auguste Renoir | |
| near their current locations | |
| wide sidewalks (up to 28' on the east side of the street) | |
| Chestnut Avenue | |
| Kings Canyon and Clovis Avenue | |
| 1950s through the 1970s | |
| Sunnyside | |
| William P. Bell | |
| Tower Theatre | |
| 1939 | |
| water tower | |
| Fresno Normal School | |
| one-half mile | |
| 1970s | |
| second and third run movies, along with classic films | |
| 1978 | |
| Fresno | |
| Evita and The Wiz | |
| live theater | |
| a few hundred feet | |
| Tower District | |
| Tower District | |
| Tower District | |
| twentieth century | |
| Storybook houses | |
| contrasts with the newer areas of tract homes | |
| decades | |
| Huntington Boulevard | |
| William Stranahan | |
| 1914 | |
| 267 | |
| Fresno Traction Company | |
| Southwest Fresno | |
| southwest | |
| African-American | |
| Hmong or Laotian | |
| Downtown Fresno | |
| M. Theo Kearney | |
| tall palm trees | |
| Fresno Street and Thorne Ave | |
| Brookhaven | |
| "Dogg Pound" | |
| between the 1960s and 1990s | |
| Fresno | |
| Foster Farms | |
| West Side | |
| very little | |
| Ralph Woodward | |
| 300 acres (1.2 km2) | |
| 2,500 | |
| 22 miles (35 km) between Highway 99 and Friant Dam | |
| April through October | |
| 1946 | |
| Developer William Smilie | |
| Sierra Sky Park | |
| automobiles | |
| numerous such communities across the United States and around the world. | |
| hot and dry | |
| July | |
| 11.5 inches (292.1 mm) | |
| northwest | |
| December, January and February | |
| 115 °F | |
| January 6, 1913 | |
| 1885 | |
| 2.2 inches | |
| 3.55 inches (90.2 mm) | |
| 494,665 | |
| 30.0% | |
| 8,525 (1.7%) | |
| 30.0% | |
| 4,404.5 | |
| 158,349 | |
| 7.4% | |
| 1,388 | |
| 3.62 | |
| 3.07 | |
| 427,652 | |
| 149,025 | |
| 8.4% | |
| a third | |
| 4,097.9 people per square mile | |
| interference | |
| KMJ-TV | |
| June 1, 1953 | |
| NBC affiliate KSEE | |
| KGPE | |
| State Route 99 | |
| Sierra Freeway | |
| State Route 41 | |
| west | |
| Fresno | |
| 1950s | |
| State Route 99 | |
| signage, lane width, median separation, vertical clearance | |
| Amtrak San Joaquins | |
| Downtown Fresno | |
| Bakersfield-Stockton mainlines of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad | |
| San Joaquin Valley Railroad | |
| Fresno | |
| Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching | |
| provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages | |
| contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth | |
| coining the modern name packet switching | |
| Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching | |
| to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages | |
| Donald Davies | |
| circuit switching | |
| a fee per unit of connection time | |
| pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth | |
| circuit switching | |
| dedicated network bandwidth | |
| a fee per unit of connection | |
| fee per unit of connection | |
| with or without intermediate forwarding nodes | |
| intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-out buffering | |
| a multiple access scheme | |
| with or without intermediate forwarding nodes | |
| intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-out buffering | |
| a multiple access scheme | |
| distributed adaptive message block switching | |
| distributed adaptive message block switching | |
| use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points | |
| store and forward switching | |
| a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network | |
| forward switching | |
| distributed adaptive message block switching | |
| decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points | |
| the same message routing methodology | |
| packet switching | |
| build a nationwide network in the UK | |
| use in the ARPANET | |
| Donald Davies | |
| packet switching | |
| use in the ARPANET | |
| complete addressing information | |
| The packets are routed individually | |
| a destination address, source address, and port numbers | |
| the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet sequence number | |
| The packet header can be small, | |
| Routing a packet requires the connection id in a table | |
| a connection identifier | |
| a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication | |
| a handshake between the communicating parties before any user packets are transmitted | |
| Frame Relay is a modified version of ISDN's layer two | |
| to provide a standardized interface into and out of packet networks | |
| X.25 does it at the network layer of the OSI Model | |
| ARPANET and SITA HLN became operational in 1969 | |
| division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core | |
| UDP) is an example of a datagram model | |
| protocol | |
| a plug-n-play system | |
| local area networks to be established ad hoc | |
| addresses | |
| plug-play system | |
| HORES packet switching network was a French research network | |
| to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data | |
| to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data | |
| ARPANET architecture | |
| a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation | |
| connect two PDP-11 minicomputers | |
| a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol | |
| OSI-compliant networking protocol | |
| a data network based on this voice-phone network | |
| the world's first commercial online service | |
| used a computer service bureaus, offering batch processing | |
| a time-sharing system | |
| Michigan Educational Research Information Triad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan's public universities | |
| connections to the CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing | |
| Merit's role in the mid-1980s | |
| FCC-licensed public data network | |
| former ARPA IPTO director Larry Roberts | |
| Telenet was the first FCC-licensed public data network | |
| ARPANET | |
| sold to GTE | |
| an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA | |
| X.25/.75 gateways | |
| dial-up connections or dedicated async connections | |
| build their own dedicated networks | |
| to reach locations not on the private network | |
| two kinds | |
| Bell Northern Research | |
| interconnection of national X.25 networks | |
| Australia's first public packet-switched data network | |
| on-line betting, financial applications | |
| linking a permanent X.25 node to the network | |
| the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom | |
| Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines | |
| the public PAD service Telepad | |
| this use of the name was incorrect | |
| The Computer Science Network (CSNET) | |
| extend networking benefits | |
| The Computer Science Network | |
| a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium | |
| Level 3 Communications | |
| Abilene | |
| Level 3 Communications | |
| Abilene | |
| The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) was a program of coordinated, evolving projects | |
| advanced research and education networking | |
| to link researchers to the nation's supercomputing centers | |
| Very high-speed Backbone Network Service | |
| high-speed Backbone Network Service | |
| MCI Telecommunications | |
| vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities | |
| (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links in February 1999 | |
| the arid plains of Central Asia | |
| 30–60% of Europe's total | |
| 30–60% | |
| 17th century | |
| 19th century | |
| plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis | |
| 1338–39 | |
| China | |
| 1331 | |
| an estimated 25 million | |
| Genoese traders | |
| Jani Beg | |
| infected corpses | |
| Sicily and the south of Europe | |
| several existing conditions such as war, famine, and weather | |
| northwest | |
| Italy | |
| isolated alpine villages throughout the continent | |
| Germany and Scandinavia | |
| 1349 | |
| serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures | |
| autumn 1347 | |
| through the port's trade with Constantinople | |
| the north | |
| Gasquet | |
| atra mors | |
| Gasquet | |
| 1823 | |
| Scandinavia | |
| bad air | |
| the king of France | |
| Miasma theory | |
| Miasma theory | |
| Yersinia pestis | |
| Hong Kong | |
| Alexandre Yersin | |
| mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted | |
| two populations of rodents | |
| Francis Aidan Gasquet | |
| the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague | |
| 1908 | |
| the 'Great Pestilence' | |
| the Justinian plague | |
| 30–75% | |
| high fevers | |
| 80 percent | |
| 90 to 95 percent | |
| high fevers | |
| October 2010 | |
| Yersinia pestis | |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques | |
| south of France and Germany | |
| Yersinia pestis | |
| ancestral to modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis | |
| Y. p. orientalis | |
| the plague may have entered Europe in two waves | |
| November 1347 | |
| 1349 | |
| been confirmed and amended | |
| East Smithfield | |
| ancestral | |
| October 2011 | |
| zoologist Graham Twigg | |
| rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague | |
| contemporary accounts were exaggerations | |
| zoologist | |
| Samuel K. Cohn, Jr. | |
| an epidemiological account | |
| the lack of reliable statistics | |
| over 100% | |
| the clergy | |
| 1377 | |
| the DNA results may be flawed | |
| marginal significance | |
| too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas | |
| faster | |
| 5 to 15 | |
| cause was a form of anthrax | |
| thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics | |
| typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections | |
| a type of "blood poisoning" | |
| 25 bodies | |
| as 50% | |
| Half of Paris's population | |
| pre-planning | |
| as 50% | |
| isolated areas | |
| 14th to 17th centuries | |
| the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671 | |
| almost a million | |
| propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million | |
| end of 1350 | |
| as much as 10–15% | |
| 1665 | |
| 40,000 people | |
| Russia | |
| Italian Plague of 1629–1631 | |
| 1654 | |
| 22 | |
| 1.7 million | |
| half of Naples' 300,000 | |
| 1.25 million | |
| Sweden v. Russia and allies | |
| 1720 | |
| 1500 and 1850 | |
| 30 to 50 thousand inhabitants | |
| the second quarter of the 19th century | |
| two-thirds | |
| melt (magma and/or lava) | |
| metamorphic | |
| magma | |
| sedimentary, and metamorphic | |
| heat and pressure | |
| seafloor | |
| crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle | |
| asthenosphere | |
| the convection of the mantle | |
| 1960s | |
| divergent boundaries | |
| convergent boundaries | |
| San Andreas fault system | |
| Alfred Wegener | |
| convecting | |
| seismic waves | |
| a crust and lithosphere | |
| 410 and 660 kilometers | |
| wave speeds | |
| a crust and inner core | |
| compresses the most recent era | |
| the Quaternary | |
| Holocene | |
| the Quaternary period | |
| cross-cutting relationships | |
| younger | |
| the key bed | |
| younger | |
| xenoliths | |
| magma or lava flows | |
| clasts | |
| inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation | |
| gravel | |
| faunal succession | |
| William Smith | |
| complex | |
| faunal succession | |
| Charles Darwin | |
| 20th century | |
| stratigraphic | |
| absolute ages | |
| one | |
| fossil ages | |
| Thermochemical techniques | |
| closure temperature | |
| isotope ratios | |
| Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers | |
| horizontal compression | |
| shallow crust | |
| antiforms | |
| antiforms | |
| anticlines | |
| Extension | |
| boudins | |
| Maria Fold and Thrust Belt | |
| metamorphosed | |
| normal faults | |
| Dikes | |
| in large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed | |
| topographic gradients | |
| Continual motion along the fault | |
| Deformattional | |
| layered basaltic lava flows | |
| metamorphosed | |
| sedimentary rocks | |
| Cambrian time | |
| northwestern Canada | |
| rocks | |
| sedimentary layers | |
| positions of rock units and their deformation | |
| soils, rivers, landscapes, and glaciers | |
| identifying rocks in the laboratory | |
| interference properties | |
| geochemical evolution of rock units | |
| in the laboratory | |
| electron microprobe | |
| perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments | |
| perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments | |
| metamorphic processes | |
| Structural | |
| microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections | |
| plot and combine measurements | |
| analog and numerical | |
| orogenic wedges | |
| orogenic wedges | |
| sand | |
| orogenic wedge | |
| numericals model | |
| stratigraphers | |
| geophysical | |
| well logs | |
| computer programs | |
| water, coal, and hydrocarbon | |
| provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition | |
| biostratigraphers | |
| Magnetic stratigraphers | |
| Geochronologists | |
| Persia | |
| Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni | |
| Shen Kuo | |
| Ibn Sina | |
| fossil animal shells | |
| James Hutton | |
| Theory of the Earth | |
| 1795 | |
| Theory of the Earth | |
| William Maclure | |
| 1809 | |
| 1807 | |
| Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map | |
| American Philosophical Society | |
| Principles of Geology | |
| uniformitarianism | |
| Darwin | |
| catastrophism | |
| Charles Lyell | |
| 103 miles | |
| 8.5 mi | |
| Eurocities network | |
| Northumberland | |
| Geordie | |
| Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror's eldest son | |
| wool trade | |
| coal mining area | |
| 16th century | |
| the Great North Run | |
| Pons Aelius | |
| River Tyne | |
| 2,000 | |
| Hadrian's Wall | |
| Pictish tribes | |
| England | |
| Elizabeth | |
| 25-foot (7.6 m) | |
| William the Lion | |
| Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times | |
| coal from Tyne | |
| Hostmen | |
| a pointless pursuit | |
| an eccentric | |
| ruin him | |
| their families | |
| export to London and elsewhere. | |
| one-third | |
| one-third | |
| devastating loss | |
| the King | |
| the Scots | |
| drummes | |
| riumphing by a brave defence | |
| Charles I | |
| urbanization of the city | |
| Maling company | |
| to be lit up by electric lighting | |
| central to the city's prosperity | |
| the steam turbine | |
| medieval | |
| Narrow alleys | |
| Stairs | |
| modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th–18th centuries | |
| a restaurant situated at a Grade I-listed 16th century merchant's house at 28–30 Close | |
| Tyneside Classical | |
| England's best-looking city | |
| Grey Street | |
| the 1960s | |
| Shopping Centre | |
| Town Moor | |
| graze cattle | |
| Hoppings funfair | |
| June | |
| Honorary freemen | |
| Large-scale regeneration | |
| Gateshead Council | |
| Norman Foster | |
| to spearhead the regeneration of the North-East | |
| ten days | |
| Grainger Town area | |
| between 1835 and 1842 | |
| vertical dormers | |
| 244 | |
| Butcher Market | |
| 1835 | |
| 2000 | |
| a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests | |
| English Heritage | |
| oceanic (Köppen Cfb) | |
| warming | |
| rain shadow | |
| August 1990 | |
| the remainder of the British Isles | |
| 2010 | |
| Eldon Square | |
| Newcastle store Bainbridge's | |
| department, giving birth to the name department store | |
| March 2007 | |
| shopping destinations | |
| suburban shopping areas | |
| Tesco store | |
| the MetroCentre | |
| Gateshead | |
| The Tyneside flat | |
| terraces | |
| the Ouseburn valley | |
| Architects | |
| high density | |
| 7.8% | |
| the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9% | |
| overinflated | |
| overinflated markets | |
| Tunbridge Wells | |
| 2001 | |
| metropolitan | |
| student population | |
| Northumbria Universities | |
| student populations | |
| 37.8 | |
| Scottish or Irish ancestors | |
| Border Reiver surnames | |
| 500 and 2,000 | |
| 1% | |
| Geordie | |
| Geordie | |
| many elements | |
| the forerunner | |
| "larn" (from the Anglo-Saxon "laeran", meaning "teach") | |
| Scandinavia | |
| Northern United Kingdom | |
| Scots | |
| "Canny" | |
| Dutch gooien, via West Frisian | |
| a report | |
| noisiest | |
| 80.4 | |
| negative long-term impact on the health | |
| motorway underpass without pedestrian access | |
| Collingwood Street | |
| a new indoor complex | |
| 12-screen | |
| 'The Pink Triangle' | |
| bars, cafés and clubs | |
| theatre | |
| Stephen Kemble | |
| celebrated seasons | |
| 21 January 1788 | |
| Grey Street | |
| theatres | |
| Theatre Royal | |
| Royal Shakespeare Company | |
| local talent | |
| the arts capital of the UK | |
| The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne | |
| 8000 | |
| Benjamin Green | |
| ‘conversation club,’ its lecture theatre | |
| Joseph Swan | |
| Newcastle Beer Festival | |
| May | |
| March | |
| NewcastleGateshead | |
| 2 weeks | |
| Hoppings | |
| June | |
| Temperance Movement | |
| cycling festival | |
| Northern Pride Festival | |
| Newcastle Mela | |
| Sagehead Music and Arts Centre | |
| Design Event | |
| an East Asian cultural festival | |
| NewcastleGateshead | |
| folk-rock | |
| 1971 | |
| Venom | |
| Skyclad | |
| Duran | |
| November 2006 and May 2008 | |
| Old Town Hall | |
| three | |
| Classic | |
| Old Town Hall | |
| Newcastle | |
| Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage | |
| shipbuilding | |
| 2009 | |
| Seven Stories | |
| the Night of the Fire (1939) | |
| Get Carter | |
| gangster | |
| Mike Figgis | |
| Tommy Lee Jones, Melanie Griffith, Sting and Sean Bean | |
| Gosforth Park | |
| Newcastle Eagles | |
| Newcastle Diamonds | |
| Brough Park in Byker | |
| Blaydon Race | |
| 6 miles (9.7 km) | |
| the Metro Light Rail system | |
| 20 minutes | |
| five million | |
| over 90 | |
| Victorian architecture | |
| six | |
| Victoria | |
| Robert Stephenson | |
| Manors | |
| three hours | |
| three hours | |
| Edinburgh | |
| CrossCountry | |
| Northern Rail | |
| the Tyne and Wear Metro | |
| five phases | |
| deep-level tunnels | |
| bridge | |
| 37 million | |
| 'Metro: All Change | |
| smarting | |
| tracks, signalling and overhead wires | |
| procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains | |
| trams as opposed to the current light rail trains | |
| the A1 (Gateshead Newcastle Western Bypass) | |
| the A69 | |
| "Great North Road" | |
| the roads between this and the A1's former alignment through the Tyne Tunnel | |
| the Tyne Tunnel | |
| 3 | |
| two major bus station and Eldon Square bus station | |
| Stagecoach | |
| the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive | |
| Go-Ahead | |
| 1998 | |
| highlighting the usage of cycling | |
| healthy living | |
| one way streets | |
| national networks | |
| DFDS Seaways | |
| October 2006 | |
| high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services | |
| 2008 | |
| Thomson | |
| eleven LEA-funded 11 to 18 schools | |
| seven | |
| Royal Grammar School | |
| Newcastle College | |
| state-Catholic | |
| Newcastle University and Northumbria University | |
| Newcastle University | |
| Sunday Times University of the Year | |
| polytechnics became new universities | |
| Northumbria University | |
| three | |
| 1474 | |
| Coptic Cathedral | |
| Church of St Thomas the Martyr | |
| parish churches | |
| The Parish Church of St Andrew | |
| 1726 | |
| the main porch | |
| the ancient churchyards | |
| The church tower | |
| City Road | |
| The Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead | |
| studio 5 at the City Road complex | |
| the result of its colouring | |
| BBC Radio Newcastle | |
| NE1fm | |
| Newcastle Student Radio | |
| 1951 | |
| Radio Lollipop | |
| Newcastle University's union building | |
| 1770 | |
| Archbishop of Westminster | |
| George Stephenson | |
| the incandescent light bulb Sir Joseph Swan | |
| Thailand | |
| Rutherford Grammar School | |
| entertainers Ant and international footballers | |
| Nobel Prize | |
| Northumbrian smallpipes | |
| Newcastle | |
| London | |
| 4.5 million | |
| 1852 | |
| Queen Victoria and Prince Albert | |
| London | |
| 1852 | |
| Victoria and Prince Albert | |
| Department for Culture, Media and Sport | |
| 2001 | |
| 12.5 acres | |
| 145 | |
| 5,000 years | |
| Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa | |
| post-classical sculpture | |
| Great Exhibition of 1851 | |
| Henry Cole | |
| Museum of Manufactures | |
| Somerset House | |
| Gottfried Semper | |
| Queen Victoria | |
| 22 June 1857 | |
| George Wallis | |
| late night openings | |
| 1949 | |
| September and November 1946 | |
| a million and a half | |
| the Council of Industrial Design | |
| Festival of Britain | |
| 1948 | |
| rock | |
| Gryphon | |
| Roy Strong | |
| contemporary | |
| Dundee | |
| £76 million | |
| the city's waterfront | |
| fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography | |
| within five years | |
| Sheepshanks Gallery | |
| Sheepshanks Gallery | |
| Captain Francis Fowke | |
| 1862 | |
| the offices and board room | |
| Owen Jones | |
| Italian Renaissance | |
| James Gamble & Reuben Townroe | |
| James Gamble & Reuben Townroe | |
| Italian Renaissance | |
| Philip Webb and William Morris | |
| Edward Burne-Jones | |
| James Gamble | |
| Alfred Stevens | |
| Sir Poynter | |
| Colonel (later Major General) Henry Young Darracott Scott | |
| School for Naval Architects | |
| Cadeby | |
| prints and architectural drawings | |
| 2008 | |
| sgraffito | |
| Starkie Gardner | |
| southeast of the garden | |
| the south side of the garden | |
| Reuben Townroe | |
| Aston Webb | |
| red brick and Portland stone | |
| 720 feet (220 m) | |
| an open work crown surmounted by a statue of fame | |
| top row of windows | |
| Alfred Drury | |
| four levels | |
| Webb | |
| marble | |
| Queen Victoria | |
| the Art Library | |
| the Henry Cole wing | |
| entrance building | |
| Christopher Hay and Douglas Coyne | |
| entrance building | |
| Silver Gallery | |
| mosaic floors | |
| "FuturePlan" | |
| South Kensington tube station | |
| Gareth Hoskins | |
| Kim Wilkie | |
| John Madejski Garden | |
| elliptical | |
| receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes | |
| Sweetgum | |
| 2004 | |
| Royal Institute of British Architects | |
| 600,000 | |
| RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection | |
| 700,000 | |
| Andrea Palladio | |
| Antonio Visentini | |
| 330 | |
| Andrea Palladio | |
| Sir Gate in New Delhi | |
| Bishopsgate | |
| the Great Fire of London | |
| c1600 | |
| Montal | |
| the Alhambra | |
| 19,000 | |
| 2006 | |
| Ardabil Carpet | |
| Spain | |
| 1909 | |
| 60,000 | |
| about 10,000 | |
| 6000 | |
| 1991 | |
| Jawaharlal Nehru | |
| 70,000 | |
| China, Japan and Korea | |
| The T. T. Tsui Gallery | |
| 1991 | |
| Ming and Qing | |
| Toshiba | |
| 1986 | |
| 13th | |
| 1550 to 1900 | |
| bronze incense burner | |
| 14th to the 19th | |
| Thailand, Burma, Cambodia | |
| Hindu and Buddhist sculptures | |
| mother-pearl | |
| ivory | |
| Leonardo da Vinci | |
| Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III | |
| 14,000 | |
| 1869 | |
| 1876 | |
| Charles Dickens | |
| Charles Dickens | |
| 12th to 16th | |
| the trial and rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, Rouen | |
| Lucas Horenbout | |
| Word and Image Department | |
| MODES | |
| Encoded Archival Description (EAD) | |
| newly accessioned into the collection | |
| "search the Collections," | |
| 2007 | |
| Factory Project | |
| Andy Warhol | |
| 15,000 | |
| to catalog everything | |
| British patrons | |
| Asia | |
| Gian Lorenzo Bernini | |
| Horace Walpole | |
| porcelain, cloth and wallpaper | |
| the increase in tea drinking | |
| the Tudor period | |
| John Ruskin | |
| mass production | |
| the Arts and Crafts movement | |
| Trajan's Column | |
| cut in half | |
| David | |
| sculptures, friezes and tombs | |
| replica glass case | |
| 1731 | |
| Frederick II the Great | |
| 1762 | |
| 1909 | |
| the finest collection of East Asian pottery and porcelain in the world | |
| De Morgan and Bernard Leach | |
| Britain and Holland | |
| a series of elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries | |
| the 16th and 17th centuries | |
| Germany and Switzerland | |
| 4000 years | |
| 6000 items | |
| Ancient Egypt | |
| René Lalique | |
| René Lalique | |
| 1994 | |
| Danny Lane | |
| 2004 | |
| Dale Chihuly | |
| 13th | |
| 10,000 | |
| 2,000 | |
| Germain Renaissance artists | |
| Thomas Rowlandson | |
| Thomas Rowlandson, William Girtin, | |
| 1,442 costumes | |
| Word and Image department | |
| everyday eras has not generally survived | |
| 1913 | |
| Harrods | |
| 2002 | |
| Vivienne Westwood | |
| 178 Vivienne Westwood costumes | |
| Vivienne Westwood | |
| modern fashion | |
| Italian and French Renaissance | |
| 1859 and 1865 | |
| French 18th-century art and furnishings | |
| 1882 | |
| £250,000 | |
| 1580 | |
| Hans Vredeman de Vries | |
| c1750 | |
| Germany | |
| Le Corbusier, Marcel Breuer, Charles and Ray Eames, and Giò Ponti | |
| 6000 | |
| Egypt | |
| 1869 | |
| 154 | |
| William and Judith Bollinger | |
| Christian (Roman Catholic, Anglican and Greek Orthodox) and Jewish liturgical vessels | |
| 1496–97 | |
| nearly 8 tonnes | |
| Sir Gilbert Scott | |
| over 10,000 | |
| c1110 | |
| gilt bronze | |
| St Thomas Becket | |
| c1180 | |
| copper | |
| 5,100 | |
| Bryan Davies | |
| Horniman Museum | |
| 35 | |
| 2010 | |
| 1130 | |
| 650 | |
| 6800 | |
| Her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth II | |
| Andrés Marzal De Sax | |
| 1857 | |
| 233 | |
| forming a National Gallery of British Art | |
| The Hay Wain | |
| British | |
| continental art 1600–1800 | |
| Madame de Pompadour | |
| Carlo Crivelli's Virgin and Child | |
| Duc d'Alençon | |
| Eadweard Muybridge | |
| 1887 | |
| 781 | |
| different animals and humans performimg various actions | |
| James Lafayette | |
| 400 AD to 1914 | |
| 22,000 | |
| about 400 AD to 1914 | |
| tomb and memorial | |
| National Galleries of Scotland | |
| Sang (Neptune and Triton c. 1622–3) | |
| Chancel Chapel from Santa Chiara | |
| Giuliano | |
| 14–1500 | |
| 20 | |
| the sculptor | |
| 1914 | |
| World War I | |
| St John the Baptist | |
| Nicholas Stone | |
| Nicholas Stone | |
| Nicholas Stone | |
| British and Europeans | |
| Dorothy and Michael Hintze | |
| 1950 | |
| tomb sculpture, portraiture, garden sculpture | |
| Dorothy and Michael Hintze | |
| Tate Britain | |
| 53,000 | |
| western European | |
| from the 1st century AD to the present | |
| western European | |
| technique | |
| Cloth of St Gereon | |
| 15th | |
| the Netherlands | |
| hunting of various animals | |
| John Vanderbank | |
| 14th-century | |
| William Morris | |
| 1887 | |
| Marion | |
| Serge Chermayeff | |
| Theatre Museum | |
| 2009 | |
| the UK's biggest national collection | |
| Shakespeare | |
| research, exhibitions and other shows | |
| Conservation | |
| temperature and light | |
| "interventive" | |
| Museum of Childhood | |
| "preventive" | |
| Disney–ABC Television Group | |
| 1957 | |
| Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan | |
| Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street | |
| Disney Media Networks | |
| October 12, 1943 | |
| a radio network | |
| 1948 | |
| ESPN | |
| Capital Cities Communications | |
| 232 | |
| Citadel Broadcasting | |
| eight | |
| Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission | |
| Citadel Broadcasting | |
| Radio Corporation of America (RCA) | |
| NBC Blue and NBC Red | |
| major cities | |
| drama series | |
| NBC Blue Network | |
| Mutual | |
| 1938 | |
| 1940 | |
| NBC Red Network | |
| NBC Blue | |
| Mark Woods | |
| NBC Blue Network | |
| Dillon, Read & Co | |
| David Sarnoff | |
| $7.5 million | |
| Life Savers candy | |
| October 12, 1943 | |
| George B. Storer | |
| president and CEO | |
| June 30, 1951 | |
| Magnetophon | |
| Paul Whiteman | |
| ABC | |
| Bing Crosby | |
| public service | |
| $155 million | |
| ABC1 | |
| September 8, 2007 | |
| ABC International | |
| United States | |
| 1959 | |
| The arrival of satellite television | |
| Japan and Latin America | |
| Japan and Latin America | |
| the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II | |
| Beirut | |
| Mainichi Broadcasting System | |
| technical problems | |
| technical problems | |
| Peanuts | |
| Emmy Awards | |
| 1965 | |
| Academy Awards | |
| A Charlie Brown Christmas | |
| 1974 | |
| Ryan Seacrest | |
| 1954 to 1956, 1997 to 2005 | |
| ABC | |
| cable channel TLC | |
| General Hospital | |
| 1975 | |
| Procter & Gamble | |
| The View and The Chew | |
| 1963 | |
| X Games | |
| 2006 | |
| 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time (9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. Pacific) | |
| NBA | |
| The Open Championship golf and The Wimbledon tennis | |
| Frank Marx | |
| low-band VHF frequencies | |
| 1947 | |
| VHF channel 7 | |
| 108 | |
| 108 | |
| DuMont Television Network | |
| CBS and NBC | |
| the U.S. Supreme Court | |
| Paramount Theatres | |
| nine full-time affiliates | |
| CBS | |
| Prud Insurance Company of America | |
| Leonard Goldenson | |
| William S. Paley | |
| June 6, 1951 | |
| 1952 | |
| February 9, 1953 | |
| American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc | |
| Paramount Building at 1501 Broadway in Manhattan | |
| August 10, 1948 | |
| 1948 | |
| Mount Wilson | |
| Prospect Studios | |
| September 30, 1960 | |
| 1960 | |
| William Hanna and Joseph Barbera | |
| 1960s | |
| 1959 | |
| NBC | |
| 1961 | |
| 1985 | |
| its circle logo | |
| Troika Design Group | |
| black-yellow | |
| "the dot" | |
| Pittard Sullivan | |
| 2015 | |
| We Love TV | |
| ABC on Demand | |
| 1993–94 | |
| 1995–96 season | |
| 1983 | |
| Special Feeling | |
| 1977 | |
| black | |
| glossy gold | |
| Paul Rand | |
| Bauhaus | |
| Herbert Bayer | |
| 1962 | |
| ABC Radio | |
| October 19, 2005 | |
| Entertainment Communications, Communications Resources, News Communications, Corporate Communications, and International Communications | |
| 2004 | |
| Dancing with the Stars | |
| Anne Sweeney | |
| NASCAR | |
| 2002 | |
| Michael Eisner | |
| The Bachelor | |
| The Bachelorette | |
| Time Warner Cable | |
| ABC | |
| NBC | |
| May 2 | |
| 2000 | |
| The WB | |
| CBS | |
| August 1999 | |
| Regis Philbin | |
| Buena Vista Television | |
| Meredith Vieira | |
| January 4, 1996 | |
| ABC Inc | |
| Knight Ridder | |
| Robert Iger | |
| Sports Night | |
| 1965–66 | |
| third place | |
| "Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC" | |
| May 1, 1953 | |
| 7 66th Street | |
| Baltimore | |
| Robert Kintner | |
| DuMont Television Network | |
| ABC-DuMont | |
| $5 million | |
| Paramount Pictures | |
| The Lone Ranger | |
| The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet | |
| Cheyenne | |
| Sugarfoot | |
| Walt Disney | |
| Warner Bros | |
| Roy | |
| $500,000 | |
| 1954 | |
| Disneyland | |
| Allen Shaw | |
| Harold L. Neal | |
| "LOVE Radio" | |
| seven | |
| 1969 | |
| Duel | |
| 1971 | |
| $400,000–$450,000 | |
| 1970s | |
| ABC | |
| behavioral and demographic | |
| Monday Night Football | |
| 2006 | |
| NBC | |
| 15%–16% | |
| 1970 | |
| 1972 | |
| Worldvision Enterprises | |
| cigarette advertising | |
| January 2, 1971 | |
| Plitt | |
| Elton Rule | |
| 1966 | |
| Happy Days | |
| developing youth-oriented programming | |
| Paramount Pictures | |
| Fred Pierce | |
| Fred Silverman | |
| S.W.A.T | |
| November 3, 1975 | |
| president of NBC's entertainment division | |
| Laverne & Shirley | |
| "jiggle TV" | |
| Alex Haley | |
| Aaron Spelling | |
| nine | |
| 1976–77 | |
| Soap | |
| Roone Arledge | |
| ABC Sports | |
| "7 Lincoln Square" | |
| June 1979 | |
| June 1978 | |
| Hugh Downs | |
| Barbara Walters | |
| MCA Inc. | |
| ABC Cable News | |
| ABC News Now | |
| WJRT-TV and WTVG in Toledo, Ohio | |
| WJRT-TV and WTVG | |
| Writers Guild of America | |
| Duel | |
| Caris & Co | |
| ABC Entertainment Group | |
| ABC Entertainment Group | |
| Citadel Media | |
| iTunes | |
| 2004 | |
| 2004 | |
| Fridays | |
| Wednesdays | |
| 1970 | |
| Worldvision Enterprises | |
| ABC Circle Films | |
| Turner Broadcasting System | |
| Disney–ABC Domestic Television | |
| Buena Vista Television | |
| Buena Vista International Television | |
| Selznick library | |
| WABC-TV and WPVI-TV | |
| eight | |
| 235 | |
| 96.26% | |
| 1946 | |
| seal of the Federal Communications Commission | |
| 1953 | |
| 2011 | |
| Extreme Makeover: Home Edition | |
| HD | |
| Litton's Weekend Aventure | |
| 720p high definition | |
| 1080i HD | |
| 11 | |
| ABC's master feed | |
| Body of Proof | |
| Happy Endings | |
| NBC | |
| Body of Proof | |
| All My Children and One Life to Live | |
| Prospect Park | |
| Hulu | |
| The Revolution | |
| 18–49 | |
| 2004 | |
| ABC | |
| Agents of S.I.L.D. and Resurrection | |
| The Neighbors | |
| The Middle and Modern Family | |
| Dragon's Den | |
| Sundays | |
| Tim Allen | |
| Daniel Burke | |
| Thomas Murphy | |
| NYPD Blue | |
| Steven Bochco | |
| ten | |
| 1993 | |
| DIC Entertainment | |
| Time Warner Cable | |
| 23.63% | |
| WLS | |
| May 9, 1960 | |
| John Bassett | |
| CFTO-TV | |
| Wide World of Sports | |
| Edgar Scherick | |
| Roone Arledge | |
| Sports Programs, Inc | |
| American Broadcasting Companies | |
| The Dating Game | |
| The Newlywed Game | |
| 1330 Avenue of the Americas in Manhattan | |
| 90% | |
| Dynasty | |
| Mork & Mindy | |
| Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS) | |
| Infinity Broadcasting Corporation | |
| Getty Oil | |
| The Entertainment Channel | |
| Arts & Entertainment Television (A&E) | |
| Thomas S. Murphy | |
| chairman and CEO | |
| $465 million | |
| America's Funniest Home videos | |
| Home Improvement | |
| General Hospital | |
| The View and The Chew | |
| 8:00 a.m. weekdays | |
| Jimmy Kimmel Live! | |
| New Jersey, Rhode Island and Delaware | |
| WBMA-LD | |
| WBND-LD | |
| WLQP-LP | |
| ABC Circle Films | |
| ABC Studios | |
| The Prospect Studios | |
| ABC Television Center, East | |
| Times Square Studios | |
| Morning America and Nightline | |
| Peter Jennings Way | |
| World News Tonight | |
| ABC on Demand | |
| Hulu | |
| July 6, 2009 | |
| 27% | |
| the day after their original broadcast | |
| eight | |
| fast forwarding of accessed content | |
| January 7, 2014 | |
| LoyalKaspar | |
| four variants | |
| ABC Modern | |
| ESPN on ABC | |
| 14 | |
| 14 | |
| the All-Channel Receiver Act | |
| UHF | |
| Youngstown | |
| five times | |
| WTRF-TV | |
| 1960s | |
| Walt Disney Presents | |
| Desilu Productions | |
| rejected the show because of its use of violence | |
| April 1959 | |
| ABC Sunday Night Movie | |
| $15.5 million | |
| ABC | |
| The Jetsons | |
| April 1, 1963 | |
| ITT to ABC management | |
| Donald F. Turner | |
| Department of Justice | |
| January 1, 1968 | |
| Capital Cities | |
| $3.5 billion | |
| Warren Buffett | |
| E. W. Scripps Company | |
| 12 television stations | |
| September 5, 1985 | |
| Capital Cities/ABC, Inc | |
| president of ABC's broadcasting division | |
| Michael P. Millardi | |
| Roone Arledge | |
| Laverne & Shirley | |
| Happy Days and Three's Company | |
| NBC | |
| The Love Boat | |
| The Cosby Show, Cheers and Miami Vice | |
| "TGIF" | |
| Thankness It's Funny | |
| Miller-Boyett Productions | |
| Warner Bros. | |
| seven | |
| Ralph Nelson-directed Charly | |
| Ralph Nelson | |
| 1985 | |
| Redwood City, California | |
| westerns and detective series | |
| 500% | |
| 18% | |
| Ollie Treiz | |
| Ollie Treiz | |
| counterprogramming against its competitors | |
| Zorro | |
| Life | |
| detective shows | |
| WA | |
| New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV | |
| Hearst Television | |
| WatchESPN | |
| Sinclair Broadcast Group | |
| WBMA-LD | |
| E. W. Scripps Company | |
| 28 ABC affiliates | |
| 15 | |
| Start Here | |
| Troika | |
| entertainment | |
| ABC News | |
| WFTS-TV and WWSB | |
| KMBC-TV and KQTV | |
| WM and WOTV | |
| WTSP | |
| Mongol Empire | |
| Mongol Empire | |
| Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands | |
| Central Asia and China. | |
| Western Xia and Jin | |
| Genghis Khan | |
| 1227 | |
| Mongol Empire | |
| Genghis Khan | |
| Mongolia | |
| Delüün Boldog | |
| Yesügei | |
| 1162 | |
| his father | |
| Temülen | |
| Hasar, Hachiun, and Te Müge | |
| Börte | |
| Khongirad | |
| Dai Setsen | |
| Begter | |
| Temujin's mother Hoelun | |
| Khasar | |
| at one hunting excursion | |
| Tayichi'ud | |
| with the help of a sympathetic guard | |
| Chilaun | |
| Bo'orchu | |
| river crevice | |
| temporary | |
| Temüjin's mother Hoelun | |
| Chinese dynasties | |
| the need for alliances. | |
| Onggirat | |
| Merkits | |
| Jamukha | |
| Jochi | |
| 1185–1226 | |
| three | |
| Genghis Khan | |
| 1241 | |
| Genghis Khan | |
| at least six | |
| worn brother or blood brother | |
| Toghrul | |
| Jadaran | |
| 20,000 | |
| Jamukha | |
| Mongolian aristocracy | |
| Kokochu | |
| 1186 | |
| Battle of Dalan Balz | |
| Qara Khitai | |
| the Yassa code | |
| civilians and soldiers wealth from future possible war spoils | |
| phans | |
| orphans | |
| Jochi | |
| Jamukha | |
| Jamukha | |
| ite | |
| his own men | |
| 1201 | |
| universal ruler | |
| Subutai | |
| 1206 | |
| reunion | |
| he did not want disloyal men in his army | |
| noble death | |
| noble | |
| Jamukha | |
| Jamukha | |
| Khasar | |
| siege warfare from the Chinese | |
| Wang Khan | |
| 1206 | |
| Khuruldai | |
| Khagan | |
| Ögedei | |
| Genghis Khan | |
| the Jin dynasty | |
| Ming-Tan | |
| 1215 | |
| Kaifeng | |
| Ögedei Khan | |
| Genghis Khan | |
| Liao | |
| two tumen (20,000 soldiers) | |
| The Arrow | |
| The Arrow | |
| hunted down by Jebe's army | |
| Kuchlug fled again, but was soon hunted down by Jebe's army | |
| Lake Balkhash | |
| Lake Balkhash | |
| Muslim state | |
| Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad | |
| Genghis Khan | |
| the Muslim | |
| 100,000 | |
| Silk Road | |
| Tien Shan | |
| three | |
| southeast part of Khwarzemia | |
| Tolui | |
| Samarkand | |
| unified defense | |
| Subutai and Jebe | |
| molten silver | |
| fled | |
| Subutai and Jebe | |
| Samarkand | |
| Bukhara | |
| divert a river through the Khwarezmid emperor's birthplace | |
| captured enemies | |
| reneged on his surrender terms and executed every soldier that had taken arms against him | |
| severed heads | |
| opened the gates to the Mongols | |
| Turkish defenders | |
| artisans and craftsmen | |
| flail of God, sent to punish them for their sins | |
| young men who had not fought | |
| 1220 | |
| Subutai | |
| Russia | |
| Battle of Kalka River | |
| Mstislav the Bold of Halych | |
| Genghis Khan | |
| Volga | |
| Transoxiana and Persia | |
| 1225 | |
| Samarkand | |
| 1226 | |
| autumn | |
| Genghis Khan | |
| Yellow River | |
| a line of five stars | |
| Ning Hia | |
| Ma Jianlong | |
| arrows | |
| Liupanshan (Qingshui County, Gansu Province) | |
| executed | |
| Jochi | |
| Chagatai | |
| the invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire | |
| Ögedei | |
| Chagatai and Jochi | |
| Chagatai | |
| Tolui | |
| Ögedei | |
| 1226 | |
| Khorasan | |
| Urgench | |
| Genghis Khan | |
| Jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from Genghis Khan | |
| Yinchuan | |
| hunting | |
| an arrow wound | |
| Mongol | |
| Oirads | |
| buried without markings | |
| Khentii Aimag | |
| Onon River | |
| Genghis Khan Mausoleum | |
| Lord's Enclosure | |
| Dongshan Dafo Dian | |
| Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er | |
| 1954 | |
| Red Guards | |
| October 6, 2004 | |
| permafrost | |
| Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun | |
| horses | |
| Genghis Khan | |
| Yassa | |
| meritocracy | |
| Genghis Khan | |
| Muhammad Khan | |
| religious tolerance | |
| Ong Khan | |
| a personal concept | |
| Shaman, Buddhist or Christian | |
| Töregene Khatun | |
| Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace) | |
| lifting of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the Chinese | |
| create a civil state under the Great Yassa | |
| Chu'Tsai | |
| nomads | |
| Jin | |
| Genghis Khan | |
| Genghis Khan | |
| Karakorum | |
| Hayali, a trusted lieutenant | |
| Subutai and Jebe | |
| unwavering loyalty | |
| rivers | |
| Muslim and Chinese | |
| feigned retreat to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group | |
| taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the army | |
| Sea of Japan | |
| Sea of Japan | |
| Genghis's successor Ögedei Khan | |
| 1279 | |
| Silk Road | |
| Turkey | |
| tolerant of religions | |
| expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas | |
| 1990s | |
| one of the central figures of the national identity | |
| father of the Mongols | |
| his butchery | |
| "Genghis Khan's children" | |
| Mongolian tögrög | |
| Genghis Khan | |
| Chinggis Khaan International Airport | |
| trivialization | |
| Ulaanbaatar | |
| Ikh Zasag | |
| corruption and bribery | |
| Elbegdorj | |
| traditional Mongolian script | |
| Inner Mongolia | |
| 5 million, almost twice the population | |
| Kublai Khan | |
| Yuan | |
| great military leader and established the Yuan dynasty | |
| Iran | |
| three-fourths | |
| 10 to 15 million | |
| Hulagu Khan | |
| Ghazan Khan | |
| Ghazan Khan | |
| 1237 | |
| Novgorod and Pskov | |
| Mughal emperors | |
| Timur | |
| Nishapur | |
| "oceanic" | |
| Baikal | |
| "just", or "true" | |
| Zhèng | |
| Chis | |
| Chinggis Khaan | |
| Turkin in variety of ways in different languages such as Mongolian Chinggis Khaan, English Chinghiz | |
| Tiěn | |
| Ching | |
| Chéngjí Hán | |
| root pharma | |
| tobacco and patent medicines | |
| sorcery or even poison | |
| outdated or only approproriate | |
| other herbs | |
| healthcare | |
| optimal health outcomes | |
| optimisation of a drug | |
| optimisation of a drug | |
| specialised education and training | |
| other senior pharmacy technicians | |
| General Pharmaceutical Council | |
| regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians | |
| health care | |
| manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice | |
| writing a five volume book | |
| De Materia Medica (Concerning medical substances) | |
| materia medica | |
| Diocles of Carystus | |
| Pedanius Dioscorides | |
| highly respected | |
| Taihō Code (701) | |
| Meiji Restoration | |
| Ranked positions | |
| ranked above | |
| Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi | |
| Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi | |
| Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi | |
| Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi | |
| carbonate and potass | |
| at least 1422 | |
| Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy | |
| a museum | |
| prescription books and antique drugs | |
| 1221 | |
| pharmacy legislation | |
| automation | |
| automation | |
| patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues | |
| storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment | |
| in hospitals | |
| various disciplines of pharmacy | |
| patient compliance | |
| clinical pharmacists | |
| within the premises of the hospital | |
| unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine | |
| high risk preparations | |
| high cost of medications | |
| more specialized medications, than would be feasible in the community setting | |
| direct patient care | |
| inside hospitals and clinics | |
| physicians and other healthcare professionals | |
| patient care rounds drug product selection | |
| hospitals and clinics | |
| creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan | |
| an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy | |
| drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration | |
| potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and assess patient drug allergies | |
| full independent prescribing | |
| North Carolina and New Mexico | |
| 2011 | |
| Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist | |
| the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH | |
| medication regimen review | |
| nursing homes | |
| Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica | |
| many elderly people are now taking numerous medications | |
| consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services | |
| about the year 2000 | |
| brick-and-mortar | |
| online | |
| homebound | |
| the method by which the medications are requested and received | |
| to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor | |
| those feel that only doctors were unwilling to prescribe | |
| potentially dangerous | |
| sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription | |
| sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription | |
| obtain controlled substances | |
| a licensed practitioner | |
| obtain controlled substances | |
| a licensed practitioner | |
| ensure that the prescription is valid | |
| individual state laws | |
| Vicodin | |
| reduce consumer costs | |
| Canada | |
| international drug suppliers | |
| no known case | |
| legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries | |
| practice science and applied information science | |
| information departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies | |
| national and international patient information projects | |
| practice area and specialist domain | |
| to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects | |
| specialty drugs | |
| 28 | |
| cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis | |
| high cost injectable, oral, infused, or inhaled | |
| lab monitoring, adherence counseling | |
| separately from physicians | |
| pharmacists | |
| American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics | |
| 7 to 10 percent | |
| supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public | |
| Austria | |
| some rural areas in the United Kingdom | |
| 1.6 kilometres | |
| 1.6 kilometres | |
| high risk of a conflict of interest | |
| financial-interest | |
| checks and balances system | |
| in exaggerating their seriousness, because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient | |
| obtaining cost-effective medication | |
| more integral within the health care system | |
| compensated for their patient care skills | |
| clinical services | |
| Medication Therapy Management (MTM) | |
| increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system. | |
| Alberta and British Columbia | |
| Australian Government | |
| medicine use reviews | |
| pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy | |
| Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.) | |
| mortar and pestle | |
| show globe | |
| the Netherlands | |
| Germany and Austria | |
| France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India | |
| a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease | |
| disease | |
| innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system | |
| neuroimmune system | |
| a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease | |
| disease | |
| innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system | |
| disease | |
| pathogens | |
| neuroimmune system | |
| blood–brain barrier, blood–cebrain barrier | |
| pathogens | |
| innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system | |
| adaptive immune | |
| neuroimmune system | |
| neutralization by the immune system | |
| rudimentary | |
| eukaryotes | |
| an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen | |
| bacteriophage | |
| defensins | |
| vaccination | |
| adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently | |
| autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer | |
| immune system is less active than normal | |
| recurring and life-threatening infections | |
| severed immunodeficiency | |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis | |
| Immunodeficiency | |
| autoimmunity | |
| Immunology | |
| HIV/AIDS | |
| plague of Athens | |
| scorpion | |
| Louis Pasteur | |
| Walter Reed | |
| Robert Koch | |
| microorganisms | |
| yellow fever | |
| 430 BC | |
| adaptive immune system | |
| innate immune system | |
| adaptive immune system | |
| Innate immune systems | |
| adaptive immune system | |
| an immune system | |
| physical barriers | |
| self and non-self molecules | |
| self molecules | |
| non-self molecules | |
| antigens | |
| specific immune receptors | |
| pattern recognition receptors | |
| innate immune system | |
| microorganisms | |
| pathogens | |
| waxy cuticle of many leaves | |
| waxy cuticle | |
| coughing and sneezing | |
| mucus | |
| tears and urine | |
| β-defensins | |
| lysozyme and phospholipase A2 | |
| defensins and zinc | |
| gastric acid and proteases | |
| menarche | |
| commensal flora | |
| fungi | |
| lactobacilli | |
| pH or available iron | |
| Inflammation | |
| increased blood flow into tissue | |
| eicosanoids and cytokines | |
| prostaglandins | |
| interleukins | |
| phagocytes | |
| cytokines | |
| a phagosome | |
| a phagolysosome | |
| acquiring nutrients | |
| Neutrophils and macrophages | |
| Neutrophils | |
| 50% to 60% | |
| chemotaxis | |
| interleukin | |
| leukocytes | |
| leukocytes | |
| adaptive | |
| macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells | |
| Dendritic cells | |
| neuronal dendrites | |
| Dendritic cells | |
| T cells | |
| missing self | |
| Natural killer cells | |
| MHC I | |
| immunoglobulin receptors | |
| vertebrates | |
| antigen presentation | |
| pathogens or pathogen-infected cells | |
| killer T cell and the helper T cell | |
| regulatory T cells | |
| Class I MHC | |
| Class II MHC | |
| γ T cells | |
| Killer T cells | |
| CD8 | |
| T cell receptor (TCR) | |
| granulysin | |
| perforin | |
| CD4 | |
| 200–300 | |
| 200–300 | |
| cytokines | |
| CD40 ligand | |
| cytotoxic T cells and NK cells | |
| TCR | |
| γ T cells | |
| receptor diversity | |
| Vγ9/Vδ2 | |
| B cell | |
| proteolysis | |
| lymphokines | |
| long-lived memory cells | |
| passive short-term memory or active long-term memory. | |
| passive short-term memory or active long-term memory. | |
| B cells and T cells | |
| microbes | |
| IgG | |
| Breast milk or colostrum | |
| passive immunity | |
| immunomodulators | |
| adaptive and innate immune responses | |
| lupus erythematosus | |
| immunosuppressive | |
| NFIL3 | |
| heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma | |
| sleep deprivation | |
| progressive decline in hormone levels | |
| vitamin D | |
| thyroid hormone | |
| cholecalciferol | |
| killer T cells | |
| MHC class I | |
| viral antigens | |
| antibodies | |
| phacytic | |
| Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs | |
| rapid apoptosis | |
| acquired resistance | |
| RNA silencing | |
| autoimmune disorders | |
| self and non-self | |
| in the thymus and bone marrow | |
| self" peptides | |
| Immunodeficiencies | |
| 50 years of age | |
| 50 years | |
| obesity, alcoholism, and drug use | |
| malnutrition | |
| vaccination | |
| immunization | |
| antigen from a pathogen | |
| natural specificity | |
| enzymes | |
| type III secretion system | |
| insert a hollow tube into the host | |
| host immune responses | |
| Frank Burnet | |
| (nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary | |
| histocompatibility | |
| Niels Jerne | |
| Glucocorticoids | |
| cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs | |
| methotrexate or azathioprine | |
| cyclosporin | |
| cytotoxic natural killer cells | |
| cortisol and catecholamines | |
| melatonin | |
| free radical | |
| vitamin D receptor | |
| calcitriol | |
| symbiotic | |
| CYP27B1 | |
| keratinocytes and macrophages | |
| Pattern recognition receptors | |
| defensins | |
| phagocytic | |
| RNA interference | |
| immunoglobulins and T cell receptors | |
| lamprey and hagfish | |
| Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) | |
| adaptive | |
| lymphocytes | |
| the restriction modification system | |
| bacteriophages | |
| CRISPR | |
| "cellular" and "humoral" | |
| Elie Metchnikoff | |
| phagocytes | |
| Robert Koch and Emil von Behring | |
| soluble components (molecules) | |
| cancers | |
| MHC class I molecules | |
| TGF-β | |
| macrophages and lymphocytes | |
| Hypersensitivity | |
| four | |
| Type I hypersensitivity | |
| IgE | |
| cytotoxic | |
| intracellular pathogenesis | |
| Salmonella | |
| plasmodium falciparum | |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | |
| protein A | |
| antigenic variation | |
| HIV | |
| Trypanosoma brucei | |
| antigens | |
| immune surveillance | |
| oncogenic | |
| tyrosinase | |
| melanomas | |
| melanocytes | |
| >500 Da | |
| hydrophilic | |
| Immunomics | |
| B cells | |
| immunoinformatics | |
| leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin | |
| Th1, an increase in overall Th cell proliferation, | |
| Th1/Th2 | |
| Th1 | |
| carbohydrates | |
| disrupting their plasma membrane | |
| sequential proteolytic activation | |
| catalytic | |
| Civil disobedience | |
| the American Civil Rights Movement, in the Singing Revolution to bring independence to the Baltic countries from the Soviet Union | |
| the Singing Revolution | |
| Ukraine | |
| Georgia | |
| Egyptians | |
| Egyptians | |
| unfair laws | |
| unfair laws | |
| the American Civil Rights Movement | |
| Antigone | |
| Oedipus | |
| Creon | |
| Antigone | |
| giving her brother Polynices a proper burial | |
| Antigone | |
| Oedipus | |
| one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus | |
| giving her brother Polynices a proper burial | |
| one of the daughters of former King of Thebes | |
| Percy Shelley | |
| nonviolent | |
| Satyagraha | |
| quote Shelley's Masque of Anarchy to vast audiences during the campaign for a free India. | |
| Henry Thoreau | |
| Percy Shelley | |
| nonviolent protest | |
| nonviolent protest | |
| Civil Disobedience | |
| Gandhi | |
| muggers, arsonists, draft hecklers | |
| Marshall Cohen | |
| ambiguity | |
| utterly debased | |
| utterly debased | |
| Marshall Cohen | |
| utterly debased | |
| Vice President Agnew | |
| ambiguity | |
| LeGrande | |
| the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition | |
| all-encompassing definition | |
| semantical problems | |
| more (or no less) meaning than the individual orator intends it to have | |
| LeGrande | |
| voluminous | |
| semantical problems and grammatical niceties | |
| nonviolent civil disobedience | |
| violent civil disobedience | |
| civil disobedience | |
| private citizen | |
| pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws | |
| if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country's highest court | |
| Civil disobedience | |
| a citizen's relation to the state and its laws | |
| head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision | |
| private citizen | |
| citizen's relation to the state and its laws | |
| private citizen | |
| Thoreau | |
| confused taxman | |
| powerful | |
| “Resign.” | |
| elite politicians | |
| Thoreau | |
| Thoreau | |
| Thoreau | |
| “Resign.” | |
| powerful | |
| civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities | |
| trade unions, banks, and private universities | |
| governmental entities | |
| breaches of law in protest against international organizations and foreign governments. | |
| Brownlee | |
| a larger challenge to the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken | |
| civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities | |
| private universities | |
| civil disobedience | |
| covert lawbreaking | |
| disobedience | |
| Exodus | |
| Shiphrah and Puah | |
| publicly announced | |
| public civil disobedience | |
| assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury | |
| hiding a Jew in their house | |
| Exodus | |
| non-violent | |
| Black's Law Dictionary | |
| rebellion | |
| rebellion | |
| non-violent | |
| non-violent | |
| non-violent | |
| constitutional defects | |
| civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent. | |
| Revolutionary civil disobedience | |
| Hungarians | |
| Ferenc Deák | |
| Gandhi | |
| cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs | |
| Non-revolutionary | |
| to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal | |
| render one's political wishes | |
| Non-revolutionary | |
| Gandhi's acts | |
| during the Roman Empire | |
| prevent the installation of pagan images | |
| not covered in any newspapers | |
| higher political office | |
| after the end of the Mexican War | |
| during the Roman Empire | |
| prevent the installation of pagan images | |
| jail solidarity | |
| solitary | |
| after the end of the Mexican War | |
| illegal acts | |
| propaganda | |
| Voice in the Wilderness | |
| 738 days | |
| cut down | |
| harassment | |
| Voice in the Wilderness, which brought medicine to Iraq without the permission of the U.S. Government | |
| symbolic illegal | |
| social | |
| Julia Butterfly Hill | |
| allegedly sending an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire city councilors | |
| up or die | |
| engaging in the forbidden speech | |
| the 1978 Supreme Court v. Pacifica Foundation | |
| 1978 | |
| engaging in the forbidden speech | |
| engaging in the forbidden speech | |
| engaging in the forbidden speech | |
| engaging in the forbidden speech | |
| denial-of-service attacks | |
| padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate | |
| sickles to deflate | |
| limited coercion | |
| coercive | |
| illegal boycotts | |
| illegal boycotts | |
| coercive | |
| employ limited coercion in order to get their issue onto the table. | |
| criminal investigations | |
| make an impression | |
| harmful | |
| a lack of understanding of the legal ramifications, or due to a fear of seeming rude | |
| a lack of understanding of the legal ramifications | |
| no need to accept punishment | |
| a violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others. | |
| existence of government | |
| anarchists | |
| violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others | |
| whether or not to plead guilty | |
| submit to the punishment prescribed by law | |
| not guilty | |
| illegally protesting nuclear | |
| plead for the beauty that surrounds us | |
| Camp Mercury nuclear test site | |
| pre-arranged announced time, one at a time they stepped across the "line" | |
| The arrested persons were found "guilty," | |
| no contendere" as an alternative to pleading either guilty or not-guilty | |
| suspended sentences | |
| reminding their countrymen of injustice | |
| part of a rule connected with civil disobedience | |
| remaining in jail | |
| reminding their countrymen of injustice | |
| plead guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time | |
| civil disobedients | |
| solidarity | |
| plead guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time | |
| Mohandas Gandhi | |
| make a defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions | |
| explaining their actions | |
| a lack of remorse, an attempt to avoid responsibility for her actions | |
| the ones who are violating the greater law are the members of the Navy | |
| desobedience | |
| win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment | |
| to win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment | |
| use the proceedings as a forum to inform the jury and the public of the political circumstances | |
| Vietnam War | |
| judge need not allow defendants to openly seek jury nullification | |
| attribution | |
| conscientious nor of social benefit | |
| conscientious nor of helpful | |
| not being a civil disobedient | |
| to create a test case as to the constitutionality of a law | |
| civil disobedience | |
| civil disobedience | |
| Vietnam War | |
| a shadow defense | |
| admonitions | |
| crime control via incapacitation and deterrence | |
| crime control via incapacitation and deterrence | |
| Leonard Hoffmann | |
| utilitarian grounds | |
| Construction | |
| manufacturing | |
| six to nine | |
| planning,[citation needed] design, and financing | |
| a known client | |
| An architect | |
| An architect | |
| effective planning | |
| megaprojects | |
| Those involved with the design and execution of building materials | |
| buildings, infrastructure and industrial | |
| residential and non-residential (commercial/institutional) | |
| heavy/highway | |
| industrial | |
| Industrial | |
| trade magazine | |
| INR | |
| 2014 | |
| transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water | |
| building, heavy engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors | |
| construction service firms | |
| Standard Industrial Classification | |
| firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion | |
| Building construction | |
| small renovations | |
| the owner of the property | |
| structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation | |
| make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project | |
| local building authority regulations and codes of practice | |
| readily available in the area | |
| waste | |
| Cost of construction on a per square meter (or per square foot) | |
| 3D printing technology | |
| 20 hours | |
| 2014 | |
| 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) | |
| plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings | |
| designs into reality | |
| the property owner | |
| quantity surveyor | |
| the most cost efficient bidder | |
| separated specialties | |
| separate companies | |
| "one-stop shopping" | |
| "design build" | |
| design-build, partnering and construction management | |
| architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors | |
| establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process | |
| preventable financial problems | |
| builders ask for too little money to complete the project | |
| present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour | |
| Fraud | |
| Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers | |
| mortgage banker | |
| Accountants | |
| change orders | |
| Cost engineers and estimators | |
| zoning and building code requirements | |
| the owner | |
| prohibitum | |
| isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district | |
| An attorney | |
| A construction project | |
| contract | |
| a delay costs money | |
| that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out | |
| poorly drafted contracts | |
| relationship contracting | |
| Public-Private Partnering | |
| Public-Private Partnering | |
| co-operation | |
| architect or engineer | |
| architect or engineer | |
| the architect's client | |
| the main contractor | |
| building is ready to occupy | |
| The owner | |
| Several D&B contractors | |
| The owner | |
| a consortium of several contractors | |
| design phase 2 | |
| contractors | |
| damage to the existing electrical, water, sewa, phone, and cable facilities | |
| electrical, water, sewa, phone, and cable facilities | |
| municipal building inspector | |
| occupancy permit | |
| $960 billion | |
| $680 billion | |
| 667,000 | |
| fewer than 10 | |
| 828,000 | |
| £42,090 | |
| £26,719 | |
| US/Canada | |
| Construction | |
| Falls | |
| electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins | |
| Proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails | |
| independent schools | |
| academic scholarship | |
| public (government) funding | |
| select their students | |
| $45,000 | |
| tuition-free | |
| Australia | |
| North America | |
| lower sixth | |
| pper sixth | |
| "prep schools" | |
| peer tuitions | |
| High tuition | |
| Roman Catholic | |
| Orthodox Christians | |
| academic subjects | |
| expulsion | |
| a compulsory blazer | |
| more expensive | |
| Presbyterian Church | |
| Gregory Terrace | |
| Southampton | |
| girls | |
| Paragraph 4 | |
| a second Gleichschaltung | |
| 11.1% | |
| 11.1% | |
| 11.1% | |
| Sonderungsverbot | |
| primary or secondary schools | |
| very low | |
| Ergänzungsschulen | |
| vocational schools | |
| charging their students tuition fees | |
| religious groups | |
| unaided | |
| CBSE | |
| Prominent Examination Boards that are present in multiple states | |
| union government | |
| societies | |
| India | |
| Annual Status of Education Report | |
| evaluates learning levels in rural India | |
| English | |
| phríoideach | |
| relatively low in Ireland compared to the rest of the world | |
| €5,000 | |
| Society of Jesus | |
| €25,000 per year | |
| 1957 | |
| English-medium | |
| English-medium | |
| the National School system | |
| Over 60 schools | |
| aided | |
| fully funded by private parties | |
| Kathmandu | |
| Nepali | |
| Nepali | |
| 88 | |
| 28,000 | |
| 3.7% | |
| Catholic | |
| uckland | |
| Anglican | |
| Wellington | |
| Presbyterian | |
| Christchurch | |
| Society of St Pius X | |
| 7.5% | |
| 3 | |
| 80% | |
| August 1992 | |
| natural science | |
| The Education Service Contracting scheme | |
| Tuition Fee Supplement | |
| Private Education Student Financial Assistance | |
| "public" (state-controlled) and "independent" | |
| 1996 | |
| state-controlled | |
| traditional private schools | |
| nineteenth | |
| formerly reserved for white children | |
| better academic results than government schools formerly reserved for other race groups | |
| higher school fees than other public schools | |
| 10% | |
| 10,000 | |
| 700 | |
| The Knowledge School | |
| school voucher model | |
| 13 years old | |
| public schools | |
| 9 per cent | |
| 13 per cent | |
| £3,000 to £21,000 | |
| Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka | |
| gregation academies | |
| U.S. South | |
| African-American | |
| African-American | |
| endowments | |
| Establishment Clause of the First Amendment | |
| Blaine Amendments | |
| charter status | |
| Massachusetts | |
| 18 | |
| 1972 | |
| 268 U.S. 510 | |
| Runyon v. McCrary, 427 U.S. 160 | |
| $40,000 | |
| $50,000 | |
| Groton School | |
| tuition did not cover operating expenses | |
| John Harvard | |
| 1977 | |
| James Bryant Conant | |
| the Association of American Universities | |
| Charles W. Eliot | |
| Harvard Library | |
| 79 | |
| over 18 million | |
| eight | |
| 150 | |
| Harvard Yard in Cambridge | |
| $37.6 billion | |
| Charles River | |
| eleven | |
| Harvard Yard | |
| 1636 | |
| the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony | |
| 1638 | |
| 1639 | |
| 1650 | |
| Puritan | |
| classic curriculum on the English university model | |
| affiliated with any particular denomination | |
| 1804 | |
| Samuel Webber | |
| 1805 | |
| Louis Agassiz | |
| intuition | |
| Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart | |
| Charles W. Eliot | |
| Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions | |
| William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson | |
| James Bryant Conant | |
| devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented | |
| 1945 | |
| about four men | |
| 1977 | |
| segregated | |
| 3 miles (5 km) west-northwest | |
| twelve | |
| south of Harvard Yard | |
| half a mile northwest | |
| Allston | |
| John W. Weeks Bridge | |
| Longwood Medical School | |
| fifty percent | |
| new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram | |
| shuttles open to the public, and park space | |
| 2,400 | |
| 7,200 | |
| 14,000 | |
| 1875 | |
| 1858 | |
| $32 billion | |
| 30% | |
| Allston Science Complex | |
| $4.0 million | |
| $159 million | |
| late 1980s | |
| Kent-Brown | |
| $230 million | |
| 5.3% | |
| 2007 | |
| disadtage low-income and under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities | |
| 2016 | |
| seven | |
| eight | |
| its reliance on teaching fellows | |
| semester calendar beginning in early September and ending in mid-May | |
| four-course rate average | |
| awarded degrees summa cum laude | |
| 60% | |
| $38,000 | |
| $57,000 | |
| $60,000 | |
| $414 million | |
| 8 | |
| Widener Library | |
| Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library | |
| Pusey Library | |
| 18 million | |
| three | |
| Western art from the Middle Ages | |
| Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology | |
| 2003 | |
| 2011 | |
| Harvard is the second most commonly named "dream college" | |
| 42 | |
| Yale University | |
| Harvard–Yale Regatta | |
| 1903 | |
| 1903 | |
| 1906 | |
| Yale | |
| Malkin Athletic Center | |
| Malkin Athletic Center | |
| three weight rooms | |
| 23 | |
| Thames River | |
| Cornell | |
| 2003 | |
| General Ban Ki-moon | |
| Juan Manuel Santos | |
| María | |
| Benazir Bhutto | |
| Conan O'Brien | |
| Leonard Bernstein | |
| Yo Ma | |
| W. E. Du Bois | |
| Shing-Tung Yau | |
| Alan Deritz and Lawrence Lessig | |
| Stephen Greenblatt | |
| Jacksonville | |
| 1,345,596 | |
| 12th | |
| Duval County | |
| 1968 | |
| St. Johns River | |
| 340 miles (550 km) | |
| Fort Caroline | |
| Timucua | |
| Andrew Jackson | |
| the third largest | |
| golf | |
| two | |
| "Jacksonians" or "Jaxsons" (also spelled "Jaxons"). | |
| thousands | |
| Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve | |
| Timucuan | |
| historical era | |
| Ossachite | |
| Jean Ribault | |
| France | |
| Pedro Menéndez de Avilés | |
| San Mateo | |
| Fort Caroline | |
| American Revolutionary War | |
| prospered economically more than it had under the Spanish | |
| cattle were brought across the river | |
| Britain ceded control of the territory back to Spain | |
| February 9, 1832 | |
| Confederate | |
| the Battle of Olustee | |
| Battle of Olustee | |
| Warfare and the long occupation left the city disrupted after the war. | |
| 1864 | |
| Reconstruction and the Gilded Age | |
| Grover Cleveland | |
| yellow fever outbreaks | |
| extension of the Florida East Coast Railway | |
| railroad | |
| Spanish moss | |
| over 2,000 buildings | |
| Governor Jennings declare martial law | |
| "Great Fire of 1901" | |
| New York–based filmmakers | |
| silent film | |
| Film Capital of the World | |
| the emergence of Hollywood as a major film production center | |
| construction of highways | |
| 55.1% | |
| white flight | |
| Mayor W. Haydon Burns | |
| World War II | |
| education, sanitation, and traffic control | |
| unincorporated suburbs | |
| annexing outlying communities | |
| Voters outside the city limits | |
| traditional boy network | |
| 11 | |
| Jacksonville Consolidation | |
| Lower taxes | |
| Consolidated City of Jacksonville | |
| Hans Tanzler | |
| Consolidated City of Jacksonville | |
| The Better Jacksonville Plan | |
| a blueprint for Jacksonville's future | |
| 86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2) | |
| St. Johns River | |
| The Trout River | |
| 13.34% (116.7 sq mi or 302 km2) | |
| Baldwin | |
| tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline | |
| Barnett Center | |
| 617 ft | |
| 28 | |
| flared base | |
| humid subtropical climate | |
| May through September | |
| mild and sunny | |
| low latitude | |
| 104 °F | |
| thunderstorms | |
| extremely high humidity | |
| July 11, 1879 | |
| Hurricane Dora | |
| 110 mph | |
| Tropical Storm Beryl | |
| Saffir-Simpson Scale | |
| 2008 | |
| Arab | |
| 821,784 | |
| 25,033 | |
| Jacksonville | |
| 29.7% | |
| 10.5% | |
| females | |
| 91.3 | |
| 40% | |
| 3.5 billion | |
| $759,900 | |
| using net wealth (adding up assets and subtracting debts) | |
| the basis of the methodology used | |
| 40% | |
| financial assets | |
| $41 trillion | |
| more than half | |
| a greater tendency to take on debts | |
| 400 | |
| New Times | |
| substantial head start | |
| more wealth than half of all Americans combined | |
| wealth | |
| richest 1 percent | |
| Inherited wealth | |
| 60 percent | |
| Policy Studies | |
| Neoclassical economics | |
| highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions | |
| differences in value added | |
| inequality | |
| inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions. | |
| differences in value added by labor, capital and land. | |
| differences in value added by different classifications of workers | |
| wages and profits | |
| workers, capitalist/business owner, landlord | |
| highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions | |
| Marxian analysis | |
| The substitution of capital equipment | |
| unemployment (the "reserve army of labour"). | |
| relatively stagnant wages | |
| labor inputs (workers) | |
| reduce costs and maximize profits | |
| capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment | |
| productivity | |
| stagnant | |
| workers wages | |
| law of supply and demand | |
| chronic understaffed | |
| offering a higher wage the best of their labor | |
| unfair | |
| the market | |
| prices | |
| wages | |
| markets | |
| high levels of inequality | |
| Competition amongst employers | |
| low demand | |
| highly developed skills, rare abilities, or a high wage | |
| collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption | |
| Professional and labor organizations | |
| low wage | |
| competition between workers | |
| expendable nature of the worker | |
| high wages | |
| employers for employees will drive up the wage | |
| entrepreneurship rates | |
| push" motivations | |
| nullsity-based entrepreneurship | |
| achievement-oriented | |
| redistributive | |
| higher economic inequality | |
| necessity | |
| Necessity-based | |
| achievement-oriented motivations | |
| redistributive | |
| progressive tax | |
| the level of the top tax rate | |
| steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending | |
| progressive tax rate | |
| tax rate | |
| the level of the top tax rate | |
| steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending | |
| Gini index | |
| Education | |
| aggregate savings and investment | |
| lower incomes | |
| the poor | |
| optional education | |
| variation in individuals' access to education | |
| high wages | |
| much lower wages | |
| lower incomes | |
| education raises incomes and promotes growth | |
| increasing access to education | |
| $105 billion | |
| boom-and-bust cycles | |
| economists | |
| 2014 | |
| the 2008-2009 recession | |
| increasing access to education | |
| $105 billion | |
| boom-and-bust cycles | |
| 1910–1940 | |
| a decrease in the price of skilled labor | |
| decrease in the price of skilled workers | |
| compression | |
| compression | |
| 1910–1940 | |
| a decrease in the price of skilled labor | |
| stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees | |
| Education | |
| gender inequality in education | |
| intensive Anglo-American liberal policies | |
| continental European | |
| little support for the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes | |
| Anglo-American liberal policies | |
| economic inequality | |
| social exclusion | |
| economic liberalism | |
| little | |
| lower | |
| Scandinavia | |
| high inequality | |
| organized labor | |
| organized labor | |
| Sociologist | |
| University of Washington | |
| organized labor | |
| very low levels of inequality | |
| weak labor movements | |
| reduced wages | |
| reduced wages | |
| trade liberalisation | |
| trade liberalisation | |
| a global scale | |
| low-skilled workers in the rich countries | |
| trade liberalisation | |
| technological innovation | |
| machine labor in wealthier nations | |
| 53% | |
| -40% | |
| a difference in earnings between women and men | |
| males in the labor | |
| Gender pay gap | |
| males in the labor market | |
| women | |
| Thomas Sowell | |
| a difference in earnings | |
| social welfare programs | |
| lower levels of wealth | |
| acquires more capital | |
| various redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs | |
| Economist | |
| levels of economic inequality | |
| it acquires more capital | |
| wealth and income | |
| lower levels of inequality | |
| 1910 to 1940 | |
| after the 1970s | |
| the service sector | |
| the service sector | |
| Kuznets | |
| the Kuznets curve | |
| very weak | |
| income inequality will eventually decrease | |
| the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector. | |
| Wealth concentration | |
| invest in new sources of creating wealth | |
| wealth condensation | |
| larger fortunes | |
| already-wealthy individuals or entities | |
| Thomas Piketty | |
| wealth condensation | |
| Thomas Piketty | |
| higher returns | |
| market forces | |
| Economist | |
| rare and desired skills | |
| rent-seeking | |
| rent-seeking | |
| inequality researchers | |
| human capital is neglected for high-end consumption | |
| life expectancy | |
| economic utility | |
| -.907 | |
| 2013 | |
| rising inequality | |
| negative effect | |
| social dislocation | |
| economic growth | |
| British | |
| lower rates of social goods | |
| lower rates of social goods | |
| 23 | |
| social goods | |
| better health and longer lives. | |
| poorer countries, | |
| life expectancy | |
| Americans | |
| equally distributed | |
| income inequality | |
| Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett | |
| ni | |
| countries with bigger income inequalities | |
| greater equality but not per capita income | |
| inequality | |
| homicides | |
| fifty | |
| differences in the amount of inequality in each province or state. | |
| about half | |
| economic inequality | |
| distributive efficiency | |
| a great deal of utility to that person | |
| the additional dollar | |
| higher aggregate utility | |
| income inequality | |
| the run-up inequality has been considerably less dramatic than the rise in income inequality | |
| 2001 | |
| Thomas B. Edsall | |
| journalist | |
| Central Banking economist | |
| Central Banking economist Raghuram Rajan | |
| Financial crisis of 2007–08 | |
| easier credit to the lower and middle income earners | |
| unsustainable monetary stimulation | |
| inequality in wealth and income | |
| the quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education | |
| GDP growth actually declines over the medium term | |
| higher GDP growth | |
| The poor and the middle class | |
| increasing inequality | |
| economic growth | |
| long-run economic growth | |
| it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions, drives people to poverty | |
| inequality-associated effects | |
| limiting aggregate demand | |
| limiting aggregate demand | |
| inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth | |
| increasing importance of human capital in development | |
| widespread education | |
| 1993 | |
| detrimental | |
| inequality may affect economic growth | |
| redistributive taxation | |
| politically and socially unstable | |
| reduce growth in relatively poor countries | |
| encourage growth in relatively poor countries | |
| growth and investment | |
| Harvard | |
| 1960 and 2000 | |
| Kuznets curve hypothesis | |
| increases, then decreases | |
| Thomas Piketty | |
| Economist | |
| violent economic and political shocks | |
| the 1970s | |
| reduced consumer demand | |
| risen with increased income inequality | |
| several years | |
| more equality in the income. | |
| special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth | |
| level of inequality | |
| nearly 60 years | |
| economic growth is necessary, it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty | |
| reducing poverty | |
| land and housing | |
| various associations | |
| extra-legal | |
| 200 | |
| government land | |
| affordable housing | |
| quality rental units | |
| the demand for higher quality housing increased | |
| landlords found new residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing | |
| ad valueem property tax policy | |
| housing, pensions, education and health care | |
| manage their finances | |
| aspirational consumption | |
| taking on debt | |
| economic instability | |
| environmental degradation | |
| multiplier | |
| environmental degradation | |
| addressed/corrected | |
| private ownership of production by a class of owners | |
| capital equipment, financial assets and corporate stock. | |
| wa or salary | |
| socially owned | |
| reflective of individual contributions | |
| Robert Nozick | |
| taxation | |
| force | |
| forceful taking of property | |
| they improve society as a whole | |
| “capability deprivation” | |
| the end itself | |
| “wid[en] people’s choices | |
| “wid[en] people’s choices | |
| pursue valued goals | |
| deprived of earning as much income | |
| earn as much as a healthy man | |
| gender roles and customs | |
| fear of their lives | |
| a better relevant income | |
| the BBC | |
| 1963 | |
| a Time Lord | |
| blue police box | |
| science-fiction | |
| 1963 to 1989 | |
| Russell T Davies | |
| K-9 and Company (1981) | |
| BBC Wales in Cardiff | |
| Russell T Davies | |
| Twelve actors | |
| Peter Capaldi | |
| "The Time of the Doctor" | |
| the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality | |
| personality | |
| Gallifrey | |
| Mark I Type 40 TARDIS | |
| Time and Relative Dimension in Space | |
| chaon circuit | |
| a blue Police box | |
| rarely | |
| regenerate when his body is mortally damaged | |
| regenerate | |
| humans | |
| Time Lord | |
| Saturday, 23 November 1963 | |
| aliens | |
| not permitted to contain any "bug-eyed monsters" | |
| C. E. Webber | |
| 25 minutes of transmission length | |
| 26 seasons | |
| Jonathan Powell | |
| Doctor Who: More Than 30 Years in the TARDIS | |
| the series would return | |
| BBC 1 | |
| relaunch the show | |
| Philip Segal | |
| Fox Network | |
| 9.1 million | |
| United States | |
| "Rose" | |
| 2005 | |
| 2009 | |
| Chris Chibnall | |
| Christmas Day | |
| 1963–1989 | |
| The 2005 version of Doctor Who | |
| 2005 | |
| Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman | |
| Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman | |
| 30 November 1963 | |
| ten minutes | |
| ten minutes | |
| assassination of US President John F. Kennedy | |
| a new series | |
| "Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind' | |
| Museum of the Moving Image in London | |
| "Behind the Sofa" | |
| a "scariest TV show of all time" | |
| Digital Spy | |
| Doctor Who | |
| 3% | |
| Philip Howard | |
| comparing Monopoly | |
| The Times | |
| the TARDIS | |
| blue police box | |
| a time | |
| the Metropolitan Police Authority | |
| 2002 | |
| 26 seasons | |
| 6 December 1989 | |
| 12 episodes | |
| The Trial of a Time Lord | |
| Black Guardian Trilogy | |
| 2005 | |
| 60 minutes | |
| Christmas Day | |
| "Journey's End" | |
| 2010 | |
| 826 | |
| 25-minute | |
| eight Christmas specials | |
| 60 minutes' duration, one of 72 minutes | |
| 826 | |
| William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton | |
| 97 | |
| seasons 3, 4, & 5 | |
| 1978 | |
| 1964 and 1973 | |
| returned to the BBC from the archives | |
| fans | |
| "Mission to the Unknown" | |
| 8 mm cine film | |
| home viewers | |
| the BBC | |
| animation studio Cosgrove Hall | |
| 1968 | |
| Theta-Sigma | |
| November 2006 | |
| "renewal," | |
| the Doctor's third on-screen regeneration | |
| William Hartnell's poor health | |
| regeneration | |
| "change of appearance" | |
| 12 times | |
| 13 incarnations | |
| "The Time of the Doctor" | |
| The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead | |
| 1996 | |
| John Hurt | |
| The Day of the Doctor | |
| Michael Jayston | |
| The Trial of a Time Lord | |
| McGann and Eccleston | |
| War Doctor | |
| The Three Doctors | |
| Peter Davison | |
| Day of the Daleks | |
| "The Day of the Doctor" | |
| Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy | |
| Zagreus | |
| Paul McGann, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy | |
| Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy | |
| 2003 | |
| "The Time of the Doctor," | |
| The Brain of Morbius | |
| Mawdryn Undead | |
| "The Time of the Doctor," | |
| 1983 | |
| An Unearthly Child | |
| Susan Foreman | |
| 2005 | |
| destroyed | |
| "Smith and Jones" | |
| human | |
| The Deadly Assassin | |
| Susan Foreman | |
| audience surrogates | |
| Romana | |
| female | |
| Rose Tyler (Billie Piper), Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman) | |
| Eleventh Doctor | |
| Pearl Mackie | |
| Caroline Tate | |
| Russell T Davies | |
| series 1 | |
| Cybermen | |
| series 3 | |
| Zygons | |
| The Dalek race | |
| Skaro | |
| "exterminate" all non-Dalek beings | |
| Davros | |
| eyestalk | |
| The Master | |
| "Professor to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes" | |
| Eric Roberts | |
| Doctor's archenemy | |
| Peter Pratt and Geoffrey Beevers | |
| Derek Jacobi | |
| "Utopia" | |
| 2014 | |
| Time Lady | |
| Michelle Gomez | |
| Ron Grainer | |
| BBC Radiophonic Workshop | |
| musique concrète techniques | |
| end of season 17 (1979–80 | |
| "Did I write that?" | |
| Peter Howell | |
| John Debney | |
| Seventh Doctor | |
| Murray Gold | |
| "The Christmas Invasion" | |
| "Voya of the Damned" | |
| Classic FM's Hall of Fame | |
| "Voge of the Damned" | |
| 228 | |
| Gold | |
| Jon Pertwee | |
| Jon Pertwee | |
| 24 | |
| "Doctorin' the Tardis" | |
| Who Is the Doctor | |
| Dud Simpson | |
| Planet of Giants | |
| the first 15 years | |
| Planet of Giants | |
| The Talons of Weng-Chiang | |
| BBC National Orchestra of Wales | |
| David Tennant | |
| 27 July 2008 | |
| Music of the Spheres | |
| Murray Gold and Ben Foster | |
| Six | |
| Series 5 | |
| The Next Doctor to End of Time | |
| "A Christmas Carol" | |
| 8 November | |
| The Day of the Doctor | |
| Twelfth Doctor | |
| Doctor Who logo | |
| 1973–80 | |
| Doctor Who logo is used for all merchandise relating to the current Doctor | |
| the assassination of John F. Kennedy | |
| the BBC's mainstream BBC One channel | |
| 1970s | |
| (circa 1964–1965) | |
| BBC Three | |
| 2005 | |
| late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers was seen as poor | |
| Coronation Street | |
| the most popular show | |
| 2005 | |
| PBS | |
| New Zealand | |
| Edmonton, Canada | |
| 15 | |
| 23 November | |
| ABC | |
| partial funding | |
| SyFy | |
| screenings of all available classic episodes | |
| ABC1 | |
| 1976 | |
| The Three Doctors | |
| Space | |
| The Talons of Weng-Chiang | |
| Judith Merril | |
| Christopher Eccleston | |
| Doctor Who Confidential documentary | |
| "The Christmas Invasion" | |
| 9 October 2006 | |
| Thanksgiving | |
| United Kingdom, Canada and the United States | |
| Eight original series serials | |
| The Infinite Quest | |
| Spearhead from Space | |
| 2009 onwards | |
| Trevor Martin | |
| Jon Pertwee | |
| Terry Nation | |
| Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday | |
| Pertwee | |
| Torchwood | |
| 22 October 2006 | |
| 2008 | |
| Children of Earth | |
| Torchwood: Miracle Day | |
| Elisabeth Sladen | |
| 24 September 2007 | |
| 2009 | |
| 2010 | |
| the death of Elisabeth Sladen | |
| Dimensions in Time | |
| Dimensions in Time | |
| EastEnders | |
| darkened lens | |
| Pulfrich | |
| Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death | |
| four segments | |
| Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley | |
| Joanna Lumley | |
| head writer and executive producer | |
| The Next Generation ("The Neutral Zone") | |
| "Blue Harvest" and "420" | |
| Queer as Folk | |
| Vince | |
| Brisingr and High Wizardry | |
| State of Decay | |
| 21-minute | |
| The Chase | |
| 1981 | |
| Slipback | |
| Fifth, Sixth Doctors | |
| Destiny of the Doctor | |
| Big Finish Productions | |
| 1999 | |
| 2012 | |
| 1991 | |
| 1965 to 1991 | |
| since 1979 | |
| Panini | |
| BBC Books | |
| the early 1960s | |
| BBC Television | |
| producers | |
| the BBC | |
| 2006 | |
| 2005 | |
| Matt Smith became the first Doctor to be nominated for a BAFTA Television Award | |
| Michelle Simpson became the first Doctor to be nominated for a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actor | |
| Best Supporting Actress | |
| Guinness World Records | |
| Guinness World Records | |
| electronic music | |
| 2013 | |
| Peabody | |
| Season 11 | |
| Doctor Who was voted as the "Best Popular Drama" | |
| third | |
| SFX magazine | |
| third | |
| Best International Series | |
| five | |
| 3rd greatest show of the 2000s | |
| 2009 | |
| Mind Mental Health Media Awards | |
| six times | |
| over 200 | |
| over a hundred of them | |
| Matt Smith | |
| The Waters of Mars | |
| Spike Milligan | |
| Jon Culshaw | |
| soap sponge | |
| Doctor Who fandom | |
| BBC Ringers | |
| private research university | |
| 1890 | |
| seven professional schools | |
| four academic research divisions | |
| 15,000 | |
| various academic disciplines | |
| Chicago's physics department | |
| the university's Stagg Field | |
| University of Chicago Press | |
| 2020 | |
| Baptist Education Society | |
| American Baptist Education Society | |
| William Rainey Harper | |
| William Rainey Harper became the university's first president in 1891 | |
| 1892 | |
| John D. Rockefeller | |
| Silas Bbb | |
| Cobb Lecture Hall | |
| $100,000 | |
| Charles L. Hutchinson | |
| the University of Chicago | |
| 1896 | |
| confer a degree on any graduating senior from an affiliated school | |
| Several University of Chicago | |
| 1910 | |
| Robert Maynard Hutchins | |
| Common Core | |
| to emphasize academics over athletics | |
| 24-year | |
| 1929 | |
| 1950s | |
| increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood | |
| their second year | |
| Hyde Park | |
| very young students to attend college | |
| 1962 | |
| students occupied President George Beadle's office | |
| 1967 | |
| two-page | |
| social and political action | |
| the mid-2000s | |
| Milton Friedman Institute | |
| $200 million | |
| the Chicago Theological Seminary | |
| David G. Booth | |
| the Main Quadrangles | |
| six quadrangles | |
| Cobb | |
| Oxford's Magdalen Tower | |
| Christ Church Hall | |
| 1940s | |
| Saarinen | |
| Social Service Administration | |
| Harris School of Public Policy Studies by Edward Durrell Stone | |
| 2003 | |
| Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago | |
| Seine | |
| 2010 | |
| Renmin University's campus in Haidian District | |
| 2015 | |
| a board of trustees | |
| 50 members including the university President | |
| fourteen | |
| Andrew Alper | |
| Daniel Diermeier | |
| The Higher Learning Commission | |
| four divisions of graduate research | |
| seven | |
| 50 academic majors | |
| 28 | |
| five divisions | |
| the New Collegiate Division | |
| Common Core | |
| 17 | |
| rigorous, intense | |
| Uni in the USA | |
| University of Chicago Laboratory Schools | |
| Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School | |
| four | |
| four public charter schools on the South Side of Chicago | |
| University of Chicago | |
| 9.8 million | |
| 9.8 million | |
| Regenstein Library | |
| 2011 | |
| 1.3 million | |
| 12 research institutes | |
| 113 | |
| Oriental Institute | |
| Fermilab | |
| Sunspot | |
| shaping ideas about the free market | |
| Chicago Pile-1 | |
| Miller–Urey experiment | |
| 1953 | |
| 1933 | |
| 2000 | |
| 2000 | |
| 2002 | |
| Several thousand | |
| 5,792 | |
| 3,468 | |
| 5,984 | |
| 15,244 | |
| international students | |
| University Athletic Association (UAA) | |
| NCAA's Division III | |
| Big Ten Conference | |
| Jay Berwanger | |
| University President Robert Maynard Hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics | |
| 400 | |
| Recognized Student Organizations (RSOs) | |
| University College Bowl Team | |
| Doc Films | |
| Off-Off Campus | |
| an Executive Committee | |
| an Executive Committee | |
| two | |
| greater than $2 million | |
| fifteen | |
| seven | |
| Alpha Phi Omega | |
| Four | |
| ten | |
| May | |
| 1987 | |
| Festival of the Arts | |
| Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko | |
| Summer Breeze | |
| Satya Nadella | |
| Larry Ellison | |
| Larry Ellison | |
| Satya Nadella | |
| James O. McKinsey | |
| Saul Alinsky | |
| Bill Clinton David Axelrod | |
| Robert Bork | |
| Masaaki Shirakawa | |
| Eliot Ness | |
| Allan Bloom | |
| Kurt Vonnegut | |
| Kurt Vonnegut | |
| Studs Terkel | |
| Philip Roth | |
| Philip Glass | |
| Alex Seropian | |
| the Halo | |
| Ed Asner | |
| Mike Nichols | |
| astronomers Carl Sagan | |
| John M. Grunsfeld | |
| David Suzuki | |
| John B. Goodenough | |
| Clair Cameron Patterson | |
| Milton Friedman | |
| Margaret Thatcher | |
| Paul Samuelson | |
| Eugene Fama | |
| David Graeber and Donald Johanson | |
| Samuel Reshevsky | |
| White House Coordinator of Security Planning | |
| Robert A. Millikan | |
| Robert A. Millikan | |
| Edward Teller | |
| Edward Teller | |
| Maria Goeppert-Mayer | |
| James Henry Breasted | |
| Alberto Calderón | |
| Ted Fujita | |
| Glenn T. Seaborg | |
| Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet | |
| Steven Levitt | |
| Goldman Sachs | |
| David Bevington | |
| John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape | |
| Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno | |
| Great Yuan | |
| Great Yuan | |
| Kublai Khan | |
| Kublai Khan | |
| 1271 | |
| Mongol Empire | |
| Ming | |
| Mandate of Heaven | |
| Genghis Khan | |
| 1271 | |
| Kublai Khan | |
| "Mongol dynasty" or "Mongol Dynasty of China" | |
| "Great Yuan Great Mongol State" | |
| Great Khan | |
| Mongol and Turkic | |
| 1206 | |
| Ögedei Khan | |
| 1206 | |
| Kublai built schools for Confucian scholars | |
| Khitan | |
| Liu Heima | |
| Liu Heima | |
| 10,000 | |
| 3 | |
| Han Chinese | |
| Jin | |
| Interethnic marriage between Han and Jurchen | |
| Shi Bingzhi | |
| the Song dynasty | |
| Möngke Khan | |
| southern China | |
| 1259 | |
| Ariq Böke | |
| Zhongtong | |
| Ogedei's grandson Kaidu | |
| the south | |
| prince Wonjong | |
| northeast | |
| 1262 | |
| preserving Mongol interests in China | |
| Imperial Secretariat | |
| Kublai | |
| three, later four, | |
| salt and iron | |
| Karakorum in Mongolia | |
| Khanbaliq | |
| 1264 | |
| Zhongdu | |
| Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration | |
| commercial, scientific, and cultural | |
| Mongol peace | |
| Daidu | |
| Daidu | |
| Marco Polo | |
| the Song Emperor | |
| 1115 | |
| 1234 | |
| Kong Duancao | |
| 30,000 | |
| northern China | |
| 1268 and 1273 | |
| Yangzi River basin | |
| Hangzhou | |
| Song emperor drowned | |
| 1279 | |
| inauspicious typhoon | |
| Annam (Dai Viet) | |
| Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288) | |
| 1288 | |
| 1253 | |
| Zhenjin | |
| 1307 | |
| Emperor Chengzong | |
| 1294 to 1307 | |
| Buyantu Khan | |
| adopt mainstream Chinese culture | |
| Li Meng | |
| State Affairs | |
| 1313 | |
| Gegeen Khan | |
| 1321 to 1323 | |
| Baiju | |
| the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan | |
| five | |
| Shangdu | |
| War of the Two Capitals | |
| four days | |
| El Temür | |
| Ragibagh | |
| his cultural contribution | |
| Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature | |
| 1329 | |
| Jingshi Dadian | |
| Confucianism | |
| 1332 | |
| Emperor Ningzong | |
| 13year | |
| nine | |
| Liao, Jin, and Song dynasties | |
| struggle, famine, and bitterness | |
| Kublai Khan's successors lost all influence on other Mongol lands across Asia | |
| both the army and the populace | |
| Outlaws | |
| administration | |
| late 1340s | |
| the Red Turban Rebellion | |
| fear of betrayal | |
| Toghtogha led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels | |
| 1368–1644 | |
| political unity | |
| communications between Yuan dynasty and its ally and subordinate in Persia, the Ilkhanate | |
| Ilkhanate | |
| carrots, turn, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons | |
| Western musical instruments | |
| Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism | |
| Taoism | |
| Confucian | |
| travel literature, cartography, geography | |
| Marco Polo | |
| Travels of Marco Polo | |
| Travels of Marco Polo | |
| contact with Persian traders | |
| Guo Shoujing | |
| 365.24 | |
| granaries were ordered built throughout the empire | |
| Beijing | |
| sorghum | |
| non-native Chinese people | |
| Eternal Heaven | |
| Song dynasty | |
| Ming | |
| a period of foreign domination | |
| Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists | |
| Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties | |
| Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu | |
| traditional Chinese tripartite division of authority among civil, military, and censorial offices | |
| Central Secretariat (Zhongshu Sheng) to manage civil affairs | |
| Privy Council | |
| the Sui and Tang dynasties | |
| Mongols and Semuren | |
| Privy Council | |
| 1269 | |
| Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese | |
| generally converse well in the language | |
| Tugh Temur | |
| Emperor Wenzong | |
| 1290 | |
| Kublai in 1291 | |
| equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty | |
| painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater | |
| painting, poetry, and calligraphy | |
| Song dynasty | |
| qu, which was used among other poetic forms | |
| zaju | |
| Yuan dynasty | |
| Buddhism | |
| Tibetan Buddhism | |
| Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs | |
| Sakya | |
| 1249 | |
| 1314 | |
| modern matrices | |
| polynomial algebra | |
| 1303 | |
| applied mathematics | |
| cubic interpolation formula | |
| Shoushi Li | |
| the Shoushi Li | |
| 1281 | |
| Healers | |
| herbal remedies | |
| herbal remedies | |
| Imperial Academy of Medicine | |
| ensured a high income | |
| four | |
| from the Jin dynasty | |
| other parts of the empire | |
| acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis | |
| 1347 | |
| Muslim medicine | |
| Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter | |
| 1263 | |
| humoral system | |
| yin-yang and wuxing | |
| Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries | |
| Wang Zhen | |
| the 12th century | |
| Töregene Khatun | |
| 1273 | |
| chao | |
| mulberry trees | |
| 1275 | |
| woodblocks | |
| 1294 | |
| feudalism | |
| autocratic system | |
| allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire | |
| transferring power to the ethnic Chinese | |
| Southerners reaching the highest-post in the Ilkhanate | |
| Central Asian Muslims | |
| Khitans | |
| Bukhara | |
| artisans and farmers | |
| Qara-Khitay (Khitan) | |
| Halal slaughter | |
| Kosher butchering | |
| Zhu Yuanzhang | |
| thanks | |
| Muslims | |
| Frederick W. Mote | |
| social power and wealth | |
| rich Mongol and Semu | |
| less rich | |
| Northern Chinese | |
| southern China | |
| southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in | |
| southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in | |
| southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants | |
| Uighurs of the Kingdom of Qocho | |
| Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler | |
| the Korean King of Qocho | |
| Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler | |
| Central Region | |
| Central Secretariat | |
| Khanshu Sheng | |
| Beijing | |
| Zhongshu Sheng | |
| Africa | |
| the East African Community (EAC) | |
| Kenya (/ˈkɛnjə; locally [ˈkɛʎa] | |
| Tanzania | |
| 45 million | |
| warm and humid tropical climate | |
| cooler | |
| Mount Kenya | |
| arid and semi-arid | |
| safaris, diverse climate and geography | |
| Lower Paleolithic period | |
| first millennium AD | |
| Bantu and Nilotic | |
| 19th century | |
| December 1963 | |
| Mount Kenya | |
| Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa and Kiriyoa | |
| God's resting place | |
| Kenia | |
| very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation /ˈkɛnjə/ | |
| Joseph Thompsons | |
| Mt. Kenia, 1862 | |
| Big Five | |
| lion, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant | |
| the Masai Mara | |
| between June and September | |
| 2,900 kilometres | |
| 20 million years | |
| Pleistocene epoch | |
| Kamoya Kimeu | |
| 1.6-million-year | |
| Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey | |
| Swahili | |
| Mombasa | |
| Duarte Barbosa | |
| Kenyan Coast | |
| City of Malindi | |
| 14th century | |
| August 1914 | |
| British East Africa | |
| Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck | |
| guerrilla warfare campaign | |
| Northern Rhodesia (today Zambia) | |
| central highlands | |
| itinerant farmers | |
| the settlers banned the growing of coffee | |
| 80,000 | |
| 15 January 1954 | |
| better understanding of the Mau command structure. | |
| 24 April 1954 | |
| 4,686 | |
| Swynnerton Plan | |
| 1957 | |
| Jomo | |
| 12 December 1963 | |
| 1963 | |
| "Republic of Kenya" | |
| voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot | |
| widespread agitation for constitutional reform | |
| Daniel arap Moi | |
| presidential representative democratic republic | |
| head of state and head of government | |
| the government | |
| Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly | |
| The Judiciary | |
| low | |
| the prevalence of public sector corruption | |
| 139th | |
| Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index (CPI) | |
| National Unity | |
| Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) | |
| complicity | |
| Odinga | |
| programmes to avoid similar disasters | |
| Justice and Reconciliation Commission | |
| Evangelical Lutheran Church | |
| the Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation process | |
| 28 February 2008 | |
| Kenya's second Prime Minister | |
| both PNU and ODM camps | |
| cabinet ministers | |
| until the end of the current Parliament | |
| co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the Government | |
| Annan and his UN-backed panel | |
| Washington's Harambee House | |
| 29 February 2008 | |
| the two political parties would share power equally | |
| eliminate the position of Prime Minister | |
| 4 August 2010 | |
| the new constitution delegates more power to local governments | |
| 27 August 2010 | |
| the Second Republic | |
| December 2014 | |
| to guard against armed groups | |
| Opposition politicians, human rights groups, and nine Western countries | |
| it infringed on democratic freedoms | |
| The governments of the United States, Britain, Germany and France | |
| not to visit the country | |
| Barack Obama | |
| China | |
| July 2015 | |
| peacekeeping | |
| national elections | |
| human rights violations | |
| Kenya’s armed forces | |
| the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of “state security | |
| recruitment and procurement of Armoured Personnel Carriers | |
| wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement | |
| Human Development Index | |
| Kenya | |
| $1.25 | |
| frontier market or occasionally an emerging market | |
| rapid expansion in telecommunication | |
| food security | |
| Industry and manufacturing | |
| 75% | |
| 61% | |
| tourism | |
| steady growth | |
| coastal beaches and the game reserves | |
| Germany and the United Kingdom | |
| 24% | |
| tea, horticultural produce, and coffee | |
| Agriculture | |
| weather-related fluctuations | |
| International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) | |
| drought resistant | |
| stimulating the growth of local seed production | |
| 20–25% | |
| commercialisation of the pigeon pea | |
| Africa | |
| Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat | |
| semi-arid savanna | |
| 5 | |
| Kenya initiative | |
| Kenya | |
| 14% | |
| Kenya is the most industrially developed country in the African Great Lakes | |
| small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements | |
| Kenya's inclusion among the beneficiaries | |
| AGOA took effect in 2000 | |
| hydroelectric stations along the upper Tana River | |
| upper Tana River | |
| 1997 | |
| Turkana | |
| 10 billion barrels | |
| Exploration | |
| 20% to 25% | |
| $474 million | |
| foreign direct investment | |
| gain support from China | |
| China | |
| environmental and social problems | |
| Asian Economic Tigers | |
| an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the Asian Economic Tigers | |
| National Climate Change Action Plan | |
| omitting climate as a key development issue | |
| climate change is treated as an economy-wide issue | |
| agriculture | |
| 30% | |
| 9–18 | |
| poverty, the lack of access to education and weak government institutions | |
| Kenya's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities | |
| English and Swahili | |
| commerce, schooling and government | |
| the country | |
| Christian | |
| Protestant | |
| 3 million | |
| Nairobi | |
| 2.4% | |
| Sixty percent | |
| Christian | |
| 50% | |
| Nurses | |
| private clinics | |
| 65,000 | |
| 7,000 | |
| Diseases of poverty | |
| Half | |
| child-killers | |
| weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management and poor leadership | |
| 15 million | |
| British colonists | |
| 12 December 1963 | |
| Ominde Commission | |
| identity and unity | |
| 7–2–3 | |
| setting up a second university in Kenya | |
| an 8–4–4 | |
| an 8–4–4 system | |
| 1992 | |
| January 1985 | |
| vocational subjects | |
| school drop-outs at all levels either to be self-employed | |
| 2003 | |
| about 70% | |
| six years | |
| basic formal education starts at age six years | |
| join vocational youth/village polytechnic | |
| join a polytechnic or other technical college | |
| 85% | |
| three to five | |
| admission to Standard One (First Grade). | |
| secondary school or vocational training | |
| Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) | |
| Kenya National Library Service | |
| establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country | |
| a peoples university | |
| it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life | |
| cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing | |
| its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics | |
| Kenyan athletes | |
| Morocco and Ethiopia | |
| six gold, four bronze | |
| several medals | |
| the women's 800m gold medalist | |
| the defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries, chiefly Bahrain and Qatar | |
| economic or financial factors | |
| volleyball | |
| Cricket | |
| 2003 | |
| Rakep Patel | |
| March 2007 | |
| Safari Rally | |
| one of the toughest rallies in the world | |
| Björn Waldegaard, Hannu Mikkola, Tommi Mehta | |
| three meals | |
| 10 o'clock | |
| tea or porridge with bread, chapati, mahamri, boiled sweet potatoes or yams | |
| Ugali with vegetables, sour milk, meat, fish or any other stew | |
| The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | |
| the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) | |
| greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere | |
| United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) | |
| Resolution 43/53 | |
| Hoesung Lee | |
| Korean | |
| Hoesung Lee | |
| Hoesung Lee | |
| February 2015 | |
| representatives appointed by governments and organizations | |
| 322 | |
| seven-eighths of participants being from governmental organizations. | |
| seven-eighths | |
| 1989 | |
| United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization | |
| UNEP | |
| Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO | |
| UNEP | |
| carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data | |
| published sources | |
| non-peer-reviewed sources | |
| "grey literature" | |
| two "coordinating leads" ten to fifteen | |
| two "coordinating leads" ten to fifteen | |
| two "coordinating lead authors" ten to fifteen | |
| coordinating lead authors | |
| Working Group chairs | |
| substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations | |
| warming of the Earth's surface | |
| over half | |
| business as usual | |
| 0.3 to 0.6 °C | |
| 2001 | |
| 16 | |
| Science | |
| at least 90% | |
| 1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels | |
| Richard Lindzen | |
| faithfully summarize the full WGI report | |
| John Houghton | |
| co-chair of TAR WGI | |
| scientific evidence | |
| approval process | |
| 2011 | |
| 2011 | |
| Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation | |
| Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme | |
| default emission factors | |
| fuel consumption, industrial production | |
| WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council | |
| the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures | |
| the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance | |
| the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures | |
| WWF report "Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale". | |
| chairman | |
| climate change is more serious | |
| climate expert who had been co-chair of the IPCC working group II | |
| climate change | |
| unfounded and also marginal to the assessment | |
| 1999 | |
| Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes | |
| "hockey stick graph" | |
| Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa | |
| between 1000 and 1900 | |
| Fred Singer | |
| Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C. | |
| 18 July 2000 | |
| Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation hearing | |
| Joe Barton | |
| Ed Whitfield | |
| 23 June 2005 | |
| Sherwood Boehlert | |
| Sherwood Boehlert | |
| 2007 | |
| 2007 | |
| Ten | |
| divergence | |
| 14 reconstructions | |
| 1 February 2007 | |
| IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change with observations | |
| compared IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change with observations | |
| the actual sea level change was above the top of the range of the IPCC projection | |
| projected rises in sea | |
| 0.5–1.4 m [50–140 cm] above 1990 levels | |
| 0.5–1.4 m [50–140 cm] above 1990 levels | |
| 2001 | |
| lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report | |
| Science Magazine | |
| the IPCC consensus approach | |
| Montreal Protocol | |
| climate change | |
| states and governments | |
| Sheldon Ungar | |
| regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions | |
| regional burden sharing | |
| UK government | |
| scientific papers | |
| submissions prior to the report's final release | |
| IPCC | |
| five climate scientists | |
| Nature | |
| tightening the selection of lead authors and contributors | |
| employ a full-time staff and remove government oversight from its processes | |
| conduct photosynthesis | |
| energy-storage molecules | |
| oxygen | |
| Calvin cycle | |
| 1 | |
| pinch in two | |
| light color and intensity | |
| contain their own DNA | |
| photosynthetic cyanobacterium | |
| inherited by each daughter cell | |
| plants and algae | |
| Russian | |
| chloroplasts | |
| 1905 | |
| Andreas Schimper | |
| Cyanobacteria | |
| gram-negative | |
| two cell membranes | |
| peptidoglycan | |
| blue-green algae | |
| eukaryotic | |
| around a billion years ago | |
| lipid-bilayer membranes | |
| phagosomal membrane | |
| the cyanobacterium | |
| almost the same thing as chloroplast | |
| three | |
| glaucophyte chloroplast lineage | |
| green chloroplast lineage | |
| green chloroplast lineage | |
| glaucophyte | |
| glaucophyte | |
| glaucophyte chloroplasts | |
| carboxysome | |
| icosahedral | |
| chlorophyll a and phycobilins for photosynthetic pigments | |
| phyll a and other pigments | |
| phycoerytherin | |
| catch more sunlight in deep water | |
| starch | |
| phyll b | |
| accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors | |
| matococcus pluvialis | |
| the synthesis | |
| chlorophyll b | |
| double membrane | |
| additional membranes outside of the original two | |
| nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga | |
| chloroplasts | |
| chloroplast | |
| flagellated protists | |
| common flagellated | |
| stacked in groups of three | |
| Starch | |
| endosymbiont | |
| cryptomonads | |
| red-algal derived chloroplasts | |
| nucleomorph | |
| in granules found in the periplastid space | |
| stacks of two | |
| helicosproidia | |
| chromalveolates | |
| malaria parasite | |
| vestigial red algal derived chloroplast | |
| amypectin starch granules | |
| fatty acids | |
| apicomplexan-related | |
| isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis | |
| photosynthetic pigments | |
| four membranes | |
| Peridinin | |
| any other chloroplasts | |
| triplet-stacked | |
| red algal endosymbiont's original cell membrane | |
| dinophyte | |
| dinophyte | |
| four membranes | |
| six membraned chloroplast | |
| a cryptophyte | |
| obtain new chloroplasts to replace the old ones | |
| kleptoplast | |
| stripped of its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes | |
| heterophyte | |
| diatom (hetero phyte) derived chloroplast | |
| up to five membranes | |
| diatom endosymbiont | |
| in granules in the dinophyte host's cytoplasm | |
| dinophyte nucleus | |
| Lepidodinium | |
| peridinin chloroplast | |
| green algal derived chloroplast | |
| green algal derived chloroplast | |
| Paulinella chromatophora | |
| a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont | |
| about a million | |
| 850 protein encoding genes | |
| three million | |
| cpDNA | |
| cpDNA | |
| 1962 | |
| 1986 | |
| two Japanese research teams | |
| inverted repeat regions | |
| direct repeats | |
| stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome | |
| electron microscopy | |
| two main models | |
| theta intermediary form | |
| double displacement loop | |
| rolling circle mechanism | |
| A → G deamination gradients | |
| replication forks form | |
| linear and replicates through homologous recombination | |
| replicates through homologous recombination | |
| circular chromosomes | |
| bacteriophage T4 | |
| linear | |
| circular | |
| a D loop mechanism | |
| Endosymbiotic gene transfer | |
| the lost chloroplast's existence | |
| red algal derived chloroplast | |
| red algal derived chloroplast | |
| nonfunctional pseudogenes | |
| half | |
| participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance | |
| cell membrane | |
| a ribosome in the cytosol | |
| on a ribosome in the cytosol | |
| many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely | |
| Phosphorylation | |
| lens-shaped | |
| 5–8 μm in diameter | |
| 1–3 μm | |
| shaped like a net | |
| ribbon-like spiral around the edges | |
| chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane | |
| the product of the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium | |
| homologous | |
| mitochondrial double membrane | |
| regulates metabolite passage | |
| generate ATP energy | |
| thylakoid system | |
| inner chloroplast membrane | |
| chromoplasts | |
| stroma-containing tubule | |
| to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport | |
| 1962 | |
| chloroplasts of C4 plants | |
| some C3 angiosperms | |
| chloroplast peripheral reticulum | |
| increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport | |
| thylakoids and intermembrane space | |
| synthesize a small fraction of their proteins | |
| two-thirds the size | |
| 17 nm vs 25 nm | |
| Small subunit ribosomal RNAs | |
| essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes | |
| plastoglobulus | |
| spherical bubbles | |
| lipids and proteins | |
| 45–60 nanometers | |
| lipid monolayer | |
| a thylakoid | |
| thylakoid network | |
| attached directly to their parent thylakoid | |
| stressed chloroplasts | |
| higher plants | |
| spherical | |
| spherical and highly refractive bodies | |
| starch | |
| divide to form new pyrenoids | |
| helical thylakoid model | |
| flattened circular | |
| two to a hundred | |
| 10–20 | |
| helicoid stromal thylakoids | |
| light energy | |
| light energy | |
| energize electrons | |
| pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space | |
| a dam turbine | |
| two | |
| pancake-shaped circular disks | |
| pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter | |
| pancake-shaped circular disks | |
| 300–600 nanometers | |
| thirty | |
| transfer and dissipate excess energy | |
| override the chlorophyll green | |
| bright red-orange carotenoid | |
| orange-red zeaxanthin | |
| pigments found in cyanobacteria | |
| red | |
| red algae red | |
| large protein complexes | |
| 40 nanometers | |
| rubisco | |
| accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors | |
| oxygen starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors | |
| Calvin cycle | |
| ATP energy | |
| the light reactions | |
| rubisco | |
| light reactions | |
| four-carbon compound | |
| the light reactions | |
| parenchyma cells | |
| chlorophyll | |
| parenchyma cells | |
| collenchyma tissue | |
| A plant which contains chlorenchyma cell | |
| in the stems | |
| the leaves | |
| 8–15 per cell | |
| half a million | |
| mesophyll | |
| In low-light conditions | |
| seek shelter | |
| photooxidative damage | |
| reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage | |
| Mitochondria | |
| two | |
| infected cells seal off and undergo programmed resistance | |
| infected cells release signals warning the rest of a pathogen's presence | |
| purposely damaging their photosynthetic system | |
| reactive oxygen species | |
| salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide | |
| After detecting stress in a cell | |
| pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger | |
| regulate gene expression in the nucleus | |
| photosynthesis | |
| photosynthesis | |
| food | |
| light and oxygen (O2) | |
| Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) | |
| energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient | |
| the thylakoid space | |
| more hydrogen ions (up to a thousand times as many) | |
| adenosine triphosphate | |
| adenosine triphosphate | |
| NADP+ | |
| phosphorylation | |
| C4 plants | |
| more ATP than NADPH | |
| Calvin cycle | |
| unstable six-carbon molecules | |
| 3-phosphoglyceric acid, or 3-PGA | |
| one out of every six produced | |
| glucose monomers in the chloroplast | |
| high atmospheric CO2 concentrations | |
| grow very large | |
| Waterlogged | |
| photosynthesis-depressing factor | |
| add O2 to RuBP | |
| oxygen concentration is too high | |
| consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2 | |
| up to half the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle | |
| chloroplast dimorphism | |
| in their stroma | |
| Chloroplasts | |
| crossing membranes to get to where it is needed | |
| whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway | |
| Chloroplasts | |
| undifferentiated proplastids | |
| plant's apical meristems | |
| starch-storing amyplasts | |
| proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts | |
| a plastid that lacks chlorophyll | |
| invaginations | |
| yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked | |
| Gymnosperms | |
| proplastids | |
| pigment-filled plastids | |
| chloroplasts | |
| chromoplasts | |
| chloroplasts | |
| filaments | |
| filaments | |
| a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma | |
| within the chloroplast's stroma | |
| The Min system | |
| the two plastid-dividing rings | |
| two plastid-dividing rings | |
| 5 nanometers | |
| 5 nanometers | |
| chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring located in the chloroplast's intermembrane space | |
| exposure to bright white light | |
| bright white light | |
| large dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts | |
| bright white light | |
| chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent | |
| environmental risks | |
| 3 in 1,000,000 | |
| biologically contained | |
| positive divisors | |
| composite number | |
| arithmetic | |
| primes | |
| because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization | |
| Primality | |
| trial division | |
| trial division | |
| trial division | |
| 22,338,618 | |
| infinitely many | |
| Euclid | |
| statistical | |
| prime number theorem | |
| end of the 19th century | |
| Goldbach's conjecture | |
| the twin prime conjecture | |
| algebraic | |
| public-key cryptography | |
| prime ideals | |
| 2 | |
| 1, 3, 7, or 9 | |
| odd prime | |
| 9 | |
| even numbers ending in 0 or 5 are multiples of 5. | |
| 1 | |
| Christian Goldbach | |
| Christian Goldbach | |
| 10,006,721 | |
| a prime | |
| Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic | |
| 1 were considered a prime | |
| divisors function | |
| ient function | |
| single number 1 | |
| Rhind papyrus | |
| Ancient Greeks | |
| Euclid's Elements | |
| Euclid | |
| compute primes | |
| 1640 | |
| Euler | |
| 22n + 1 | |
| 2p − 1 | |
| with proof | |
| trial division | |
| a completes up to is known | |
| 1 and less than or equal to the square root of n | |
| only three divisions | |
| square root of n | |
| two main classes | |
| Monte Carlo | |
| Monte Carlo | |
| deterministic | |
| 1/(-p)n | |
| if p is a prime number | |
| Fermat's little theorem | |
| composite numbers (the Carmichael numbers) | |
| Baillie-PSW | |
| Solovay-Strassen tests | |
| 2p + 1 with p | |
| 2p − 1 | |
| Lucas–Lehmer test | |
| p − 1 | |
| p − 1 | |
| distributed computing | |
| 2009 | |
| US$100,000 | |
| Electronic Foundation | |
| [256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1) − 1 | |
| floor function | |
| Chebyshev | |
| p <n − 3 | |
| p < 2n − 2 | |
| Wilson's theorem | |
| Dirichlet's theorem | |
| Dirichlet's theorem | |
| 1/6 | |
| infinitely many primes | |
| infinitely many primes only when a and q are coprime | |
| zeta function | |
| finite value | |
| infinitely many primes | |
| exceeds | |
| algebraic number | |
| 1859 | |
| −2, −4,... | |
| random noise | |
| asymptotic | |
| asymptotic | |
| Goldbach's | |
| 1912 | |
| 2 · 1017 | |
| sufficiently large odd integer | |
| Chen's theorem | |
| conjectured that there are infinitely many twin primes | |
| pairs of primes with difference 2 | |
| Polignac's conjecture | |
| n2 + 1 | |
| Brocard's | |
| number theory | |
| G. H. Hardy | |
| 1970s | |
| pseudorandom number generators | |
| pseudorandom | |
| a recurring decimal | |
| p − 1 or a divisor of p − 1 | |
| + 1 | |
| (n − 1 | |
| a divisor of p − 1 | |
| RSA | |
| Diffie–Hellman | |
| 512-bit | |
| modulentiation | |
| 512-bit | |
| cicadas | |
| grubs underground | |
| 17 years | |
| intervals between emergences | |
| 2% | |
| minimality or indecomposability | |
| smallest subfield | |
| uniquely expressed as a connected sum of prime knots | |
| any object can be, essentially, decomposed into its prime components | |
| two nontrivial knots | |
| prime elements and irreducible elements | |
| prime elements | |
| irreducible | |
| neither zero nor a unit (i.e. does not have a multiplicative inverse) | |
| it is not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units | |
| arithmetic | |
| Gaussian integers Z[i] | |
| a + bi where i denotes the imaginary unit | |
| arbitrary integers | |
| 4k + 1 | |
| ring theory | |
| Prime ideals | |
| algebraic | |
| arithmetic | |
| Noetherian | |
| Prime ideals | |
| ramification | |
| integers of quadratic number fields | |
| solvability | |
| smaller | |
| completed (or local) fields | |
| the p-adic norm | |
| local-global principle | |
| Messiaen | |
| La Nativité du Seigneur | |
| Quatre studies de rythme | |
| third | |
| movements of nature, movements of free and unequal durations | |
| Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps | |
| the North Sea in the Netherlands | |
| Cologne, Germany | |
| The Rhine | |
| 1,230 km | |
| the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps | |
| empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands | |
| 1,230 km | |
| the Gaulish name Rēnos | |
| French Rhin | |
| *Rīnaz | |
| 1st century BC | |
| Rēnos | |
| French Rhin | |
| Rhine | |
| Rīnaz | |
| Rhijn | |
| -kilometers | |
| 1939 | |
| Old Rhine Bridge at Constance | |
| Hoek van Holland | |
| number of canalisation projects | |
| -kilometers | |
| 1939 | |
| Old Rhine Bridge at Constance | |
| number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century | |
| Hoek van Holland | |
| north | |
| 86 km | |
| the Rhine Valley (German: Rheintal) | |
| Sargans | |
| Liechtenstein | |
| Chur | |
| 86 km | |
| 396 m | |
| the Rhine Valley (German: Rheintal) | |
| Liechtenstein | |
| Lake Constance | |
| Rhein ("Old Rhine") | |
| a modern canalized section | |
| "Isel" | |
| precipitating sediments | |
| Lake Constance | |
| a modern canalized section | |
| the Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine") | |
| small islands | |
| Alemannic | |
| Diepoldsau | |
| counteract the constant flooding | |
| strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta | |
| into the lake | |
| silt up the lake | |
| the western Rhine | |
| counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation | |
| Diepoldsau | |
| Dornbirner Ach | |
| sediment | |
| three bodies | |
| Lower lake | |
| the Seerhein | |
| Swiss-Austrian | |
| pper lake | |
| three bodies | |
| Austria near the Alps | |
| the Alps | |
| Lake Constance | |
| Baden-Württemberg | |
| greater density of cold water | |
| Lake Überlingen | |
| Upper Lake | |
| this flow of the Rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake. | |
| Lindau | |
| Upper Lake | |
| Rheinrinne ("Rhine Gutter") | |
| Rheinrinne ("Rhine Gutter") | |
| Rhine Gutter | |
| the water level | |
| west | |
| river Aare | |
| 1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s) | |
| Finsteraarhorn | |
| Basel | |
| westward | |
| Aare | |
| 1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s) | |
| Finsteraarhorn | |
| Switzerland | |
| Rhine kne | |
| "Rhine kne" | |
| Central Bridge | |
| 300 km | |
| 40 km | |
| Rhine kne | |
| "Rhine kne" | |
| North | |
| High Rhine | |
| Central Bridge | |
| 19th Century | |
| increased | |
| fell significantly | |
| Grand Canal d'Alsace | |
| large compensation pools | |
| Upper Rhine | |
| 19th Century | |
| increased | |
| the ground water plain level fell significantly | |
| Grand Canal d'Alsace | |
| the Main | |
| 300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s) | |
| The Rhine | |
| the Moselle | |
| 400 m (1,300 ft) | |
| Germany | |
| Germany | |
| The Rhine | |
| Northeastern France | |
| 2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s) | |
| the Middle Rhine | |
| Rhine | |
| erosion | |
| the Romantic Rhine | |
| the Middle Rhine | |
| Between Bingen and Bonn | |
| castles and vineyards | |
| the Romantic Rhine | |
| 70 m3/s (2,500 cu ft/s) | |
| Duisburg | |
| The Ruhr | |
| drinking water | |
| Lower Rhine | |
| water pollution | |
| Lower Rhine | |
| Switzerland | |
| Duisburg | |
| Ruhr | |
| tourism | |
| Rüdesheim am Rhein | |
| Lorelei | |
| the Middle Rhine Valley | |
| tourism | |
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| Rüdesheim am Rhein | |
| Lorelei | |
| Near Sankt Goarshausen | |
| Duisburg | |
| -Datteln Canal | |
| the Lippe | |
| Emmerich Rhine Bridge | |
| the longest suspension bridge in Germany | |
| The Lower Rhine | |
| Rhine-Ruhr region | |
| Duisburg | |
| Emmerich Rhine Bridge | |
| 400 m | |
| the Meuse | |
| Rijn | |
| Two thirds | |
| west | |
| the Waal | |
| the Meuse | |
| Oude Maas | |
| Pannerdens Kanaal | |
| Nederrijn | |
| Lek | |
| Wijk bij Duurstede | |
| Pannerdens Kanaal | |
| IJssel | |
| one ninth | |
| Lek | |
| Wijk bij Duurstede | |
| Rhine | |
| draining the surrounding land and polders | |
| Kromme Rijn ("Bent Rhine") | |
| Kromme Rijn ("Bent Rhine") | |
| a sluice | |
| Rhine-Meuse Delta | |
| Millingen | |
| Rhine-Meuse delta | |
| Nederrijn at Angeren | |
| three | |
| Waal | |
| Old Meuse | |
| the Rip | |
| St. Elizabeth's flood | |
| 1421 | |
| the North Sea | |
| 1421 to 1904 | |
| archipelago-like estuary | |
| drainage channels | |
| The construction of Delta Works | |
| drainage channels | |
| second half of the 20th Century | |
| tidal delta | |
| tidal currents | |
| strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea | |
| Zaltbommel | |
| Tethys | |
| Jurassic Period | |
| Mediterranean geography | |
| Triassic Period | |
| Iberia | |
| a N–S rift system | |
| the Upper Rhine Graben | |
| the Miocene | |
| Danube | |
| stream capture | |
| Pliocene period | |
| down to the Vosges Mountains | |
| Ice Ages | |
| six | |
| 120 m (390 ft) | |
| northwest | |
| offshore of Brest, France | |
| ~74,000 (BP = Before Present), until the end of the Pleistocene (~11,600 BP) | |
| the end of the Pleistocene (~11,600 BP) | |
| west | |
| 120 m (390 ft) | |
| English Channel | |
| a glacier | |
| A tundra | |
| 22,000–14,000 | |
| ice-sheets | |
| loess | |
| 22,000 years ago | |
| thaw and fall-winter snow covers melted in spring | |
| the Rhine | |
| about 13,000 BP | |
| 9000 BP | |
| 7500 | |
| coastal processes together | |
| 7000 years | |
| tectonic subsidence | |
| 1–3 cm | |
| ~11,700 years ago | |
| ~8,000 years ago | |
| Late-Glacial valley | |
| the Netherlands | |
| ~3000 year BP | |
| flooding | |
| sediment load | |
| 11–13th century AD | |
| 80 | |
| North Sea | |
| North Sea | |
| the north and enters the IJssel | |
| freshwater lake | |
| three branches | |
| the 1st century BC | |
| Germania | |
| the 6th century BC | |
| Herodotus | |
| AD 70 | |
| upper Danube | |
| the empire fell | |
| eastwards | |
| between the modern Baden and Württemberg | |
| eight | |
| Germania Inferior | |
| two legions at oppidum Ubiorum | |
| whether a state or threat of war | |
| town of the Ubii | |
| the Migration period | |
| kingdoms of Francia on the Lower Rhine | |
| dragon rock | |
| Siegfried | |
| Hagen | |
| the 6th century | |
| the 10th century | |
| Lower Lorraine | |
| Archduke Sigismund of Austria | |
| 1469 | |
| the Peace of Westphalia | |
| Establishing "natural borders" | |
| Napoleon | |
| 1806 | |
| 1840 | |
| end of World War I | |
| 1930 | |
| the German army | |
| helping Adolf Hitler's rise to power | |
| 1936 | |
| Arnhem | |
| a formidable natural obstacle to the invasion of Germany | |
| September 1944 | |
| Ludendorff Bridge | |
| Seven Days to the River Rhine | |
| 1,230 kilometres | |
| German Rijkswaterstaat | |
| generally accepted lengths | |
| 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) | |
| 2010 | |
| 1998 | |
| the Scotland Act 1998 | |
| the areas in which it can make laws | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Westminster | |
| the lack of a Parliament of Scotland | |
| three hundred years | |
| outbreak of the First World War | |
| the late 1960s | |
| a directly elected Scottish Assembly | |
| North Sea | |
| "It's Scotland's oil" | |
| 1974 | |
| benefitting Scotland as much as they should | |
| 1978 | |
| Edinburgh | |
| 40% | |
| 51.6% | |
| Scottish devolution referendum to established Scottish Assembly failed | |
| 32.9% | |
| Scottish Parliament | |
| the Conservative Party | |
| 1989 | |
| Scottish Constitutional Convention | |
| the Holyrood area of Edinburgh | |
| Enric Miralles | |
| Spanish | |
| leaf-shaped | |
| Queen Elizabeth II | |
| the meeting of the Church's General Assembly | |
| General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland | |
| the courtyard | |
| University of Aberdeen | |
| Strathclyde Regional Council | |
| Edinburgh Council | |
| Lothian Regional Council on George IV Bridge | |
| demolished | |
| Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge | |
| main hall | |
| Scottish Parliament | |
| Tricia Marwick | |
| a secret ballot of the 129 MSPs | |
| 129 | |
| Presiding Officer | |
| Presiding Officer | |
| Convening the Parliamentary Bureau | |
| five or more seats | |
| The Presiding Officer | |
| hemicycle | |
| to encourage consensus amongst elected members | |
| 131 | |
| not elected members | |
| attend and speak in the plenary meetings | |
| Scottish rivers | |
| silver and inlaid with gold | |
| the Queen | |
| Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity | |
| glass case suspended from the lid | |
| April | |
| debating chamber | |
| the public | |
| free | |
| the Official Report | |
| Wednesdays | |
| up to four minutes | |
| Presiding Officer | |
| religious beliefs according to the Scottish census | |
| make direct representations | |
| The Presiding Officer (or Deputy Presiding Officer) | |
| what speaks in chamber debates | |
| different viewpoints and political parties | |
| ministers or party leaders | |
| Gaelic | |
| 5 pm | |
| Decision Time | |
| return and vote | |
| by means of electronic consoles on their desks | |
| in seconds | |
| outcome of most votes | |
| political parties | |
| Parties entrust some MSPs, known as whips | |
| moral | |
| MSPs do vote against such instructions | |
| after Decision Time | |
| Members Business | |
| 45 minutes | |
| relevant minister | |
| the debate and motion relate to "winds up" the debate | |
| committees | |
| stronger | |
| no revising chamber | |
| conduct inquiries | |
| other locations throughout Scotland | |
| a small number of MSPs | |
| the balance of parties across Parliament | |
| their functions | |
| Mandatory Committees | |
| fourth | |
| at the beginning of each parliamentary session | |
| one (or more) | |
| Subject Committees | |
| Economy, Energy and Tourism; Education and Culture; Health and Sport; | |
| A further type of committee | |
| large-scale development projects | |
| Scottish Government | |
| Private Bill Committees | |
| The Scotland Act 1998 | |
| Queen Elizabeth II | |
| devolved competencies | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster | |
| the Parliament | |
| Scottish Parliament | |
| Scottish Parliament | |
| Scottish Parliament has the ability to alter income tax in Scotland | |
| 3 pence in the pound | |
| The 2012 Act | |
| reserved matters | |
| Scottish Parliament | |
| Westminster | |
| Scottish Parliament | |
| Bills | |
| Scottish Government | |
| a private member | |
| an outside | |
| in a number of stages | |
| introductory stage | |
| Explanatory Notes | |
| whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament | |
| in the relevant committee or committees | |
| Stage 2 | |
| Stage 3 | |
| amendments to the bill as a general debate, and a final vote | |
| a final vote | |
| "wrecking amendments" | |
| Decision Time | |
| Monarch | |
| Royal assent | |
| 4-week period has elapsed | |
| the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom | |
| a conventional enacting formula | |
| The party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament | |
| Any member can put their name forward to be First Minister | |
| First Minister | |
| the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General | |
| Sovereign | |
| Thursday | |
| May | |
| the Presiding Officer | |
| supplant it | |
| 28 | |
| Several procedures | |
| First Minister or members of the cabinet | |
| a statement to the chamber setting out the Government's legislative programme | |
| the substance of the statement | |
| Parliamentary time | |
| 11:40 a.m | |
| any member of the Scottish Government | |
| issues under their jurisdiction | |
| four | |
| 129 | |
| 2005 | |
| one | |
| their dispersed population | |
| 55,000 | |
| proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'Hondt method | |
| dt | |
| quotient | |
| constituency seats | |
| iteratively | |
| a number of qualifications | |
| 1981 | |
| over the age of 18 | |
| the police and the armed forces | |
| the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003 | |
| Scottish Parliament | |
| Labour | |
| 151 votes | |
| eight | |
| Scottish independence | |
| the Conservatives | |
| Edinburgh Pentlands | |
| five seats | |
| Annabel Goldie | |
| Cameron | |
| vote on domestic legislation | |
| Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish | |
| West Lothian question | |
| Conservative | |
| England | |
| Islam | |
| implement Islamic values in all spheres | |
| reordering | |
| two poles | |
| revolution or invasion | |
| democratic | |
| Palestine | |
| abolish the state of Israel | |
| democracy | |
| a religious basis | |
| vanguard of change and Islamic reform | |
| sunni pan-Islamism | |
| sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions | |
| democracy | |
| to maintain their legitimacy | |
| political role | |
| Islam | |
| Scholars and observers | |
| illiberal Islamic regimes | |
| religion from politics | |
| Islamism | |
| Americans to explain the Iranian Islamic Revolution | |
| quietist/non-political Islam | |
| 1945 and 1970 | |
| quietist/non-political Islam | |
| dangerous enemies | |
| 1970s and sometimes later | |
| ideology, and weapons | |
| mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan enemies | |
| pro-Western governments | |
| ideology, and weapons | |
| Anwar Sadat | |
| peace | |
| peace with Israel | |
| 1975 | |
| assassinated | |
| Wahhabism | |
| "hate them for their religion... for Allah's sake | |
| wars | |
| the "gold standard" | |
| Saudi-interpretation | |
| Islamist | |
| incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful | |
| housing | |
| rhetoric | |
| prohibitive dowry demands | |
| law and philosophy | |
| All India Muslim League | |
| Indian National Congress | |
| 1908 | |
| The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam | |
| secularism and secular nationalism | |
| crowd out | |
| nationalist differences | |
| 1930 | |
| the Pakistan movement | |
| Sayy Abul Ala Maududi | |
| journalism | |
| 1941 | |
| his writing | |
| in a modern context | |
| Sayy Abul Ala Maududi | |
| journalism | |
| his writing | |
| in a modern context | |
| Sharia | |
| an Islamic state | |
| of God | |
| Islamic revolution | |
| an educational process or da'wah | |
| 1928 | |
| Ismail al Banna | |
| Hassan al Banna | |
| the Qur'an | |
| imperialist | |
| violence | |
| 1949 | |
| Mahmud Fami Naqrashi | |
| 1948 | |
| Gamal Abdul Nasser | |
| one of the most influential movements | |
| 75% | |
| Semi-legal | |
| field candidates | |
| Mohamed Morsi | |
| secular Arab nationalism of the ruling regimes | |
| pivotal event | |
| economic | |
| steep and steady decline | |
| different democratic and anti-democratic Islamist movements | |
| ideological | |
| Ali Shariati | |
| between beliefs of Sunni Islamic thinkers | |
| Ali | |
| conspiracy against Islam | |
| Islamic Republic | |
| Shia terrorist groups | |
| economic | |
| 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict | |
| Mahmoud Ahmadinejad | |
| Soviet Union | |
| Islamic rebellion | |
| send aid and sometimes to go to fight for their faith | |
| marginal | |
| 16,000 to 35,000 | |
| radicalize the Islamist movement | |
| Saddam Hussein's | |
| Islamist groups | |
| Saudi | |
| a puppet of the west. | |
| conservative Muslims | |
| domestic Islamists | |
| the kingdom | |
| Algeria | |
| Osama bin Laden | |
| Qutb | |
| 1966 | |
| the Brotherhood | |
| Fringe or splinter | |
| the 1970s | |
| Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization | |
| 1981 | |
| "apostate" leaders of Muslim states | |
| introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies | |
| Muhammad al-Salaam Farag | |
| Islamic Group | |
| al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya | |
| 2003 | |
| unsuccessful | |
| political figures | |
| "quiescent" | |
| HAMAS ("zeal") | |
| destruction of Israel | |
| alcohol | |
| Palestine | |
| Hamas | |
| 542 | |
| majority of the seats | |
| 2007 | |
| driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip | |
| Islamist | |
| Hassan al-Turabi | |
| His National Islamic Front | |
| money from foreign Islamist banking systems | |
| military academy | |
| 1985 | |
| overthrow the elected post-al-Nimeiry government with the help of the military | |
| sharia law | |
| Osama bin Laden | |
| the American attack on Iraq in the 1991 Gulf War | |
| gender segregation | |
| 1989 | |
| Algeria | |
| Front Islamique de Salut | |
| a military coup d'état | |
| justice and prosperity | |
| a vicious and destructive civil war | |
| 1992 | |
| the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan ruled by communist forces collapsed | |
| 80% | |
| Taliban | |
| neighboring Pakistan | |
| Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist | |
| Sharia | |
| Wahhabism | |
| July 1977 | |
| alcohol and nightclubs | |
| Islamism | |
| seizing power | |
| 1988 | |
| Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant group | |
| Sunni Arabs | |
| ten million | |
| a self-described state | |
| caliphate | |
| 2004 | |
| March 2003 | |
| complained of its failure to consult and "notorious intransigence" | |
| March 2011 | |
| terrorist organisation | |
| Muhammad Qutb | |
| the 7th century | |
| 1924 | |
| Islamic | |
| disbelieving (Kafir) colonial powers | |
| armed | |
| take power through "ideological struggle" to change Muslim public opinion | |
| elites | |
| Egypt | |
| terrorist groups | |
| 900,000 | |
| Islamist | |
| 2007 | |
| Londonistan | |
| incitement to terrorism | |
| since 2001 | |
| the State Department | |
| Christian Whiton | |
| Defense Secretary | |
| undermining the communist ideology | |
| Latin | |
| extending a country's power and influence through colonization | |
| Japanese | |
| technologies and ideas | |
| influence through diplomacy or military. | |
| full-fledged | |
| diplomacy | |
| direct | |
| informal | |
| full-fledged | |
| aggressiveness | |
| technological superiority | |
| informal | |
| distinction of an empire | |
| how developed and developing nation are portrayed through the world systems theory | |
| Lenin | |
| empires | |
| seaborne empires | |
| colonialism | |
| political focus | |
| ideological as for settlement or commercial intentions | |
| Ottoman | |
| one's superiority, domination and influence upon a person or group of people | |
| Imperialism and colonialism | |
| exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered | |
| conquering the other state's lands | |
| exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered | |
| Colonialism | |
| defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds | |
| imperialism | |
| the earth should be peopled, governed, and developed | |
| Social Darwinism | |
| whiteness | |
| Germany | |
| Britain | |
| Political | |
| necessary for a state’s survival | |
| to fund travelers who would come back with tales of their discoveries. | |
| environmental determinism | |
| temperate | |
| Edward Said’s Orientalism | |
| uncivilized people | |
| the superior and the norm | |
| Terra nullius | |
| eighteenth century | |
| British | |
| Aboriginal | |
| empty land | |
| imaginative geography | |
| inferior | |
| a negative vision of itself, as its inferior | |
| Orientalism | |
| inferior | |
| nineteenth-century maps | |
| information to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps | |
| denote unknown or unexplored territory | |
| nineteenth-century maps | |
| French | |
| pre-Columbian | |
| Genghis Khan | |
| dozens | |
| British Empire | |
| Africa | |
| Cultural | |
| "foreign" music, television or film | |
| Dallas | |
| Roman | |
| with bans on foreign popular culture | |
| 1700 | |
| colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world | |
| thousands of years | |
| (generally European) industrializing nations | |
| Open Door Policy | |
| 1919 | |
| 1999 | |
| historians | |
| the world's economy | |
| the many imperial powers | |
| economic growth | |
| mid-18th century | |
| military and political means | |
| British exploited the political weakness of the Mughal state | |
| advancements in communication | |
| deadly explosives | |
| the machine gun | |
| arrows, swords, and leather shields | |
| Southern Africa | |
| British | |
| in the late 1870s | |
| philanthropy | |
| need for capitalist economies | |
| aristocracy | |
| 1950s | |
| World War I | |
| disease | |
| domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation | |
| environmental determinism | |
| the environment in which they lived | |
| "less civilized" | |
| Africa | |
| orientalism and tropicality | |
| geographic scholars | |
| Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic | |
| guidance and intervention | |
| orientalism | |
| colonizing empires | |
| 1599 | |
| 15 | |
| Queen Elizabeth | |
| bankruptcy | |
| Portuguese | |
| 1830 | |
| 1850 | |
| Catholicism | |
| North and West Africa | |
| first hostile to empire | |
| civilize the inferior | |
| assimilation | |
| Contrasting from Britain, France sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies | |
| Christianity and French culture | |
| Algeria | |
| overseas colonies | |
| anti-colonial movements | |
| Vietnam | |
| Vietnam in the 1950s | |
| 1960 | |
| Scandinavia and northern Europe | |
| Muslim Iberia | |
| the middle period of classical antiquity | |
| 800 CE | |
| central Europe | |
| 19th century | |
| 1862 | |
| after the Franco-German War | |
| Napoleonssia | |
| Europe | |
| South Pacific | |
| German colonial empire | |
| 1884 | |
| German New Guinea | |
| Hamburg merchants and traders | |
| Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia | |
| 1894 | |
| Thailand | |
| Manchuria | |
| the People’s Republic of China | |
| 1932 | |
| Lenin | |
| 1919–20 in the old Tsarist Empire | |
| Bolshevik leaders | |
| the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. | |
| Lenin | |
| Mao Zedong | |
| Nikita Khrushchev | |
| 'socialism in one country' | |
| mercantilism | |
| 1776 | |
| free trade | |
| 1820 | |
| 1815 | |
| British | |
| pseudo-sciences | |
| writer | |
| Middle East | |
| Monroe Doctrine | |
| Theodore Roosevelt’s interventionism in Central America | |
| a war erupted in the Philippines causing business, labor and government leaders | |
| Philippines | |
| "racket" | |
| Bowman | |
| 1917 | |
| President Wilson and the American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference | |
| U.S authorship of a 'new world' | |
| Wilson's geographer | |
| internal strife | |
| internal colonialism | |
| 12 to 15 million | |
| the contemporary Orient | |
| 1299 to 1923 | |
| Suleiman the Magnificent | |
| 32 provinces | |
| the Horn of Africa | |
| 16th and 17th centuries | |
| Istanbul | |
| Germany | |
| modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states | |
| Turkey | |
| The United Methodist Church | |
| mainline Protestant Methodist denomination | |
| 1968 | |
| the union of the Methodist Church (USA) | |
| Wesleyan | |
| The United Methodist Church | |
| 80 million | |
| mainline Protestant denomination | |
| 3.6% | |
| mid-18th century | |
| the mid-18th century within the Church of England | |
| methodical and exceptionally detailed in their Bible | |
| 1735 | |
| the American Indians in the colony of Georgia | |
| American Indians | |
| salvation by God's grace | |
| the American Revolution | |
| 1784 | |
| Thomas Coke | |
| Lovely Lane Methodist Church | |
| Lovely Lane Methodist Church | |
| St. George's United Methodist Church | |
| St. George's United Methodist Church | |
| 1767 | |
| sail loft on Dock Street | |
| 1784 | |
| Richard Allen and Absalom Jones | |
| St. George's Church | |
| 1784 | |
| 1830 | |
| laity having a voice and vote in the administration | |
| 1844 | |
| tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination | |
| April 23, 1968 | |
| The United Methodist Church | |
| Bishop Christ Wicke | |
| the holy catholic (or universal) church | |
| Discipline | |
| all believers in every age belong to the Nicene Creed | |
| the American Revolution | |
| Dr. Thomas Coke | |
| Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat | |
| 1968 | |
| John Wesley and Charles Wesley | |
| Albert C. Outler | |
| Albert C. Outler | |
| Prevenient grace | |
| Prevenient grace | |
| the grace that "goes before" | |
| sin | |
| Justifying Grace | |
| justifying grace | |
| conversion | |
| "accepting Jesus as your personal Lord and Savior," | |
| New Birth | |
| grace of God | |
| Sanctifying Grace | |
| a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and a genuine love of our neighbors | |
| Sanctifying Grace | |
| Wesleyan theology | |
| The United Methodist Church | |
| UMC | |
| The Book of Discipline | |
| 2008 | |
| pro-choice | |
| Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice | |
| The General Board of Church and Society, and the United Methodist | |
| all women | |
| the mother | |
| Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality | |
| 2012 | |
| Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth | |
| temperance | |
| 2011 and 2012 | |
| The Use of Money | |
| unfermented grape juice | |
| capital punishment | |
| John 8:7 | |
| 5:38-39 | |
| General Conference | |
| same-sex | |
| 1999 | |
| 2016 | |
| Connectional Table | |
| LGBT | |
| same-gender marriages | |
| 1987 | |
| 2005 | |
| Baltimore-Washington Conference of the UMC | |
| conscription | |
| inaction | |
| all war, or any particular war | |
| Christ's message and teachings | |
| national foreign policy | |
| disarmament | |
| The Sexual Ethics Task Force | |
| violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion | |
| girls and women | |
| IVF | |
| stem cells | |
| research | |
| the Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America | |
| Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America | |
| The Book of Common Prayer | |
| Africa | |
| Book of Common Prayer | |
| anointing with oil | |
| Methodist institutions | |
| William Booth | |
| Wesley | |
| The United Methodist Church | |
| The United Methodist Church | |
| The Book of Discipline | |
| General Conference | |
| four years | |
| five | |
| seven | |
| elect and appoint bishops, the chief administrators | |
| bishops | |
| Episcopal Areas | |
| Mission Council | |
| church bishops | |
| 36 acres | |
| Bush Presidential Library | |
| Southern Methodist University | |
| nine | |
| The Judicial Council | |
| an eight-year term | |
| twice | |
| various locations throughout the world | |
| The Annual Conference | |
| geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting | |
| their Annual Conference | |
| The Book of Discipline | |
| nine | |
| nine | |
| church conference | |
| pensation packages for tax purposes | |
| one hundred | |
| three hundred sixty | |
| International Association of Methodist | |
| John Wesley | |
| pastors | |
| Annual Conference Order of Elders | |
| Annual Conference Order of Deacons | |
| Annual Conference Cabinet | |
| one year | |
| the bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference | |
| Elders | |
| a bishop | |
| 2–3 | |
| District Superintendents | |
| 2–3 | |
| Deacons | |
| Deacons | |
| sacramental authority | |
| 1996 | |
| provisional elder/deacon | |
| General Conference | |
| License Local Pastor | |
| licensed local pastor | |
| five-year | |
| Associate Membership | |
| Baptized Members | |
| confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith | |
| transfer from another Christian denomination | |
| Baptism | |
| confirmation and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition | |
| The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church | |
| Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition | |
| lay servant | |
| recommended by their pastor and Church Council or Charge Conference | |
| annually | |
| at least one advanced course every three years | |
| The United Methodist Church | |
| observer status | |
| the "blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity." | |
| 2000 | |
| May 2012 | |
| 1985 | |
| 11 million | |
| 42,000 | |
| about 8 million | |
| about 8 million members in over 34,000 | |
| Texas | |
| 11.4 million | |
| 11.4 million | |
| 3.5 million | |
| Wesleyan Holiness Consortium | |
| World Methodist Council | |
| July 18, 2006 | |
| 1754–1763 | |
| the colonies of British America and New France | |
| 60,000 European settlers | |
| 2 million | |
| primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies | |
| Forks of the Ohio, | |
| Jumonville Glen in May 1754 | |
| 1755 | |
| Braddock was a disaster | |
| poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies | |
| Fort Beauséjour | |
| four-way attack | |
| William Pitt | |
| British military resources | |
| the European theatre | |
| Sainte Foy in Quebec | |
| Britain of Florida (Spain had ceded this to Britain | |
| Florida (Spain had ceded this to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba). | |
| The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo-French conflict. | |
| the 1740s | |
| obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides | |
| a larger conflict between France and Great Britain | |
| Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War | |
| the official declaration of war in 1756 to the peace treaty in 1763 | |
| six years | |
| 1760 | |
| Battle of Jumonville Glen | |
| about 75,000 | |
| St. Lawrence River valley | |
| St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds | |
| 20 to 1 | |
| Nova Scotia and Newfoundland | |
| along the coast | |
| native tribes | |
| Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki | |
| Upstate New York and the Ohio Country | |
| Iroquois rule | |
| Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw | |
| western portions of the Great Lakes region | |
| the Iroquois Six Nations, and also by the Cherokee | |
| French regular army troops were stationed in North America | |
| few British troops | |
| ill trained | |
| 3,000 miles | |
| the French claims on the territory | |
| crossed the French claims on the territory and told them to leave | |
| Céloron that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French. | |
| Pickawillany | |
| "Old Briton" ignored the warning | |
| "Old Briton" ignored the warning | |
| devoted to the English | |
| a brisk trade in European colonial captives | |
| British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present. | |
| 1749 | |
| the Ohio Company of Virginia | |
| Christopher Gist | |
| Treaty of Logstown | |
| at the mouth of the Monongahela River | |
| The War of the Austrian Succession (whose North American theater is known as King George's War | |
| 1748 | |
| conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies | |
| it reached no decision | |
| Marquis de la Jonquière | |
| 300 men, including French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa | |
| to punish the Miami people of la Marine | |
| Pickawillany | |
| Paul Marin de la Malgue | |
| Fort Presque Isle (near present-day Erie, Pennsylvania) | |
| Fort Le Bœuf | |
| to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British | |
| Tanaghrisson | |
| Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York | |
| Warraghiggey | |
| Warraghiggey | |
| Mohawk Chief Hendrick | |
| Ohio Company | |
| Major George Washington | |
| Jacob Van Braam | |
| December 12 | |
| Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre | |
| Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal | |
| the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal | |
| France's claim to the region was superior to that of the British | |
| Duquesne sent additional French forces under Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecœur | |
| 1754 | |
| Fort Duquesne | |
| surprised the Canadians | |
| their commanding officer, Joseph Coulonville | |
| to gain the support of the British and regain authority over his own people | |
| dislodge the French | |
| Braddock's departure for North America. | |
| King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau | |
| blockade French ports | |
| Albany Congress | |
| formalize a unified front in trade | |
| ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown | |
| to formalize a unified front in trade | |
| Braddock | |
| a disaster | |
| 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured | |
| Washington and Thomas Gage | |
| Shirley and Johnson | |
| logistical | |
| Fort Niagara | |
| Fort Bull | |
| Marquis de Vaudreuil | |
| Vaudreuil sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric | |
| Fort Edward and Fort William Henry | |
| Fort William Henry | |
| Ticonderoga Point | |
| Colonel Monckton | |
| Nova Scotia's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population | |
| Petitcodiac | |
| William Shirley | |
| Albany | |
| Fortenac | |
| the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River | |
| James Abercrombie | |
| Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm | |
| May 18, 1756 | |
| Oneida Carry | |
| an attack against the forts Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry | |
| 45,000 pounds | |
| hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario | |
| Abercrombie | |
| Ticonderoga | |
| Abercrombie pinned down at Albany | |
| disposition of prisoners' personal effects | |
| an attack on New France's capital, Quebec | |
| distract Montcalm | |
| William Pitt | |
| outnumbering the British | |
| French irregular forces | |
| Lake George | |
| attacked the British column | |
| a poor harvest | |
| allegedly corrupt machinations | |
| St. Lawrence | |
| Duke of Cumberland | |
| Abercrombie | |
| three major offensive actions | |
| Two | |
| 3,600 | |
| Ticonderoga | |
| Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst | |
| recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst | |
| draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland | |
| generally poor | |
| Lagos and Quiberon Bay | |
| James Wolfe | |
| successfully cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south | |
| Battle of Sainte-Foy | |
| British were able to prevent the arrival | |
| Governor Vaudreuil | |
| medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers | |
| Governor Vaudreuil | |
| 15 February 1763 | |
| 15 February 1763 | |
| The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique | |
| North American possessions east of the Mississippi | |
| 80,000 | |
| 1755 | |
| its North American provinces | |
| New Orleans | |
| King George III | |
| division and administration of the newly conquered territory | |
| west of the Appalachian Mountains | |
| Cuba | |
| legal settlement due to the construction of military roads | |
| 1769 | |
| Spanish Catholic population | |
| a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion | |
| force | |
| fundamental error | |
| Sir Isaac Newton | |
| nearly three hundred years | |
| Einstein | |
| particle physics | |
| gauge bosons | |
| electromagnetic | |
| electromagnetic | |
| electroweak interaction | |
| Aristotle | |
| Aristotlean cosmology | |
| four | |
| ground | |
| unnatural | |
| the 17th century | |
| Galileo Galilei | |
| an innate force of impetus | |
| Galileo | |
| friction | |
| Newton | |
| constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force | |
| Newton | |
| Newton's First Law | |
| the same inertial frame of reference, that is, in all frames related by a Galilean transformation | |
| laws of physics | |
| curving parabolic path | |
| outside world | |
| Inertia | |
| inertia | |
| rotational inertia | |
| Albert Einstein | |
| weightlessness | |
| principle of equivalence | |
| Newton's Second Law | |
| kimatic measurements | |
| General relativity | |
| General relativity offers an equivalence between space-time | |
| units of force and mass are fixed. | |
| Newton's Third Law | |
| Newton's Third Law | |
| unidirectional | |
| equal in magnitude and opposite in direction | |
| the center of mass | |
| closed system | |
| acceleration proportional to the magnitude | |
| intuitive understanding | |
| a standard measurement scale | |
| Newtonian mechanics | |
| fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force | |
| "vector quantities" | |
| scalar quantities | |
| associating forces with vectractors | |
| ambiguous | |
| impossible to determine what the acceleration of the rope | |
| staticum | |
| magnitude and direction | |
| net force | |
| lines of application | |
| parallelogram | |
| independent components | |
| two | |
| unique determined by the scalar addition of the individual vectors | |
| orthogonal components | |
| three-dimensional | |
| static friction | |
| static friction | |
| applied force | |
| increases or decreases | |
| weighing scales | |
| spring reaction force | |
| weight | |
| gravity | |
| Isaac Newton | |
| Galileo | |
| motion in a constant velocity was completely equivalent to rest | |
| Aristotle | |
| behind the foot of the mast of a moving ship | |
| behind the foot of the mast of a moving ship | |
| dynamic equilibrium | |
| kitic friction | |
| kitic friction | |
| Aristotle | |
| Schrödinger equation | |
| Schrödinger equation | |
| classical position variables | |
| "quantized" | |
| "force" | |
| spin | |
| Pauli principle | |
| spin | |
| parallel spins the position variables must be symmetric | |
| parallel spins | |
| a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons | |
| force | |
| conservation of momentum | |
| Feynman diagrams | |
| straight line (see world line) | |
| four fundamental interactions | |
| strong and weak forces | |
| electromagnetic | |
| masses | |
| Pauli exclusion principle | |
| Isaac Newton | |
| 20th century | |
| unification models | |
| particle physics | |
| Isaac Newton | |
| Newton | |
| 9.81 meters per second squared | |
| sea level | |
| gravity | |
| Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in larger distances | |
| ascribed to the same force of gravity | |
| the mass of the attracting body | |
| radius | |
| Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant | |
| Henry Cavendish | |
| 1798 | |
| Newton | |
| Mercury | |
| ulcan | |
| general relativity | |
| Albert Einstein | |
| Albert Einstein | |
| general relativity | |
| the straight line path | |
| gravitational force | |
| a global sense | |
| electric current | |
| electromagnetic force | |
| Lorentz's Law | |
| to the electric field | |
| James Clerk Maxwell | |
| 1864 | |
| 20 scalar equations | |
| 4 | |
| Maxwell | |
| electromagnetic theory | |
| quantum mechanics | |
| quantum electrodynamics | |
| photons | |
| quantum electrodynamics | |
| stiffness | |
| Pauli exclusion principle | |
| energy | |
| a structural force | |
| stiffness | |
| Pauli exclusion principle | |
| energy | |
| a structural force | |
| elementary particles | |
| a residual of the force | |
| gluns in atomic nuclei | |
| gluons | |
| color confinement | |
| weak force | |
| beta decay | |
| neutrons in atomic nuclei | |
| 1013 times | |
| 1015 kelvins | |
| normal force | |
| Pauli repulsion | |
| fermionic nature of electrons | |
| normal force | |
| ideal strings | |
| ideal pulleys | |
| action-reaction pairs | |
| conservation of mechanical energy | |
| tandem effects | |
| point particles | |
| three-dimensional objects | |
| extended fluids | |
| extended structure | |
| extended structure | |
| stresses | |
| stress-tensor | |
| pressure terms | |
| formalism | |
| rotation | |
| acted upon by an unbalanced torque | |
| Newton's Second Law of Motion | |
| the center of the curving path | |
| perpendicular | |
| radial (centripetal) | |
| centripetal | |
| tanges | |
| kitic | |
| potential | |
| mechanical energy | |
| the difference in potential energy | |
| an artifact | |
| gradient of potentials | |
| gradient of potentials | |
| force model that is independent of any macroscale position vector | |
| Nonconservative | |
| statistical mechanics | |
| nonconservative forces | |
| nonconservative forces | |
| the Second law of thermodynamics | |
| nonconservative forces | |
| pound-force | |
| kilopond | |
| pound-force | |
| kilogrampond | |
| pound-force |