app.py

import streamlit as st
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer, TfidfVectorizer
import numpy as np
from gensim.models import Word2Vec

# Title
st.title(":red[Introduction to NLP]")

# Section: What is NLP?
st.header(":blue[What is NLP?]")
st.write("""
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial intelligence that enables computers to process, understand, and generate human language.

### Applications of NLP:
- **Chatbots & Virtual Assistants** (e.g., Siri, Alexa)
- **Sentiment Analysis** (e.g., Product reviews, Social Media monitoring)
- **Machine Translation** (e.g., Google Translate)
- **Text Summarization** (e.g., News article summaries)
- **Speech Recognition** (e.g., Voice commands)
""")

# Section: NLP Terminologies
st.header(":blue[NLP Terminologies]")
st.write("""
- **Corpus**: A collection of text documents used for NLP tasks.
- **Tokenization**: Splitting text into individual words or phrases.
- **Stop Words**: Common words (e.g., "the", "is") that are often removed.
- **Stemming**: Reducing words to their base form (e.g., "running" → "run").
- **Lemmatization**: More advanced than stemming; it converts words to their dictionary form.
- **Named Entity Recognition (NER)**: Identifies entities like names, dates, and locations.
- **Sentiment Analysis**: Determines the sentiment (positive, negative, neutral) of a text.
- **n-grams**: Sequences of 'n' consecutive words (e.g., "New York" is a bi-gram).
""")

# Section: Text Representation Methods
st.header(":blue[Text Representation Methods]")
methods = [
    "Bag of Words",
    "TF-IDF",
    "One-Hot Encoding",
    "Word Embeddings (Word2Vec)"
]
selected_method = st.radio("Select a text representation method:", methods)

if selected_method == "Bag of Words":
    st.subheader(":blue[Bag of Words (BoW)]")
    st.write("""
    **Definition**: Bag of Words (BoW) is a simple text representation technique that converts text into numerical data by counting the occurrence of each word in a document. It ignores grammar, word order, and context.

    **How it works**:
    - Each unique word in a dataset becomes a feature.
    - The text is converted into a frequency-based numerical representation.
    - The more a word appears in a document, the higher its count.

    **Uses**:
    - Sentiment analysis
    - Document classification
    - Spam detection
    - Information retrieval

    **Advantages**:
    ✅ Simple and easy to implement  
    ✅ Works well with traditional machine learning models  

    **Disadvantages**:
    ❌ Ignores word order and meaning  
    ❌ High-dimensionality for large vocabularies  
    ❌ Cannot differentiate between synonyms (e.g., "happy" and "joyful")  
    """)

elif selected_method == "TF-IDF":
    st.subheader(":blue[Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF)]")
    st.write("""
    **Definition**: TF-IDF is an advanced version of Bag of Words that assigns importance to words based on how frequently they appear in a document while reducing the importance of common words.

    **How it works**:
    - **Term Frequency (TF)**: Measures how often a word appears in a document.
    - **Inverse Document Frequency (IDF)**: Reduces the weight of words that are very common across all documents.
    - The final score is calculated as: **TF × IDF**.

    **Uses**:
    - Information retrieval (e.g., search engines)
    - Text classification
    - Keyword extraction
    - Document similarity detection

    **Advantages**:
    ✅ Reduces the impact of common words like "the", "is", etc.  
    ✅ Highlights important words in a document  
    ✅ Better than BoW for capturing relevance  

    **Disadvantages**:
    ❌ Still ignores word order  
    ❌ Cannot capture deep semantic meanings  
    ❌ Computationally expensive for very large datasets  
    """)

elif selected_method == "One-Hot Encoding":
    st.subheader(":blue[One-Hot Encoding]")
    st.write("""
    **Definition**: One-hot encoding is a simple representation method where each unique word in a vocabulary is represented as a binary vector.

    **How it works**:
    - Each word is assigned a unique index in a vocabulary.
    - A word is represented as a vector where all values are 0 except for the position of that word, which is 1.
    - For example, if the vocabulary consists of ["NLP", "is", "great"], then "NLP" is represented as **[1, 0, 0]**.

    **Uses**:
    - Simple NLP tasks
    - Word-level feature engineering
    - Early-stage text processing in machine learning models

    **Advantages**:
    ✅ Simple and easy to understand  
    ✅ Works well for small vocabulary sizes  

    **Disadvantages**:
    ❌ Inefficient for large vocabularies (results in sparse vectors)  
    ❌ Does not capture word meaning or relationships  
    """)

elif selected_method == "Word Embeddings (Word2Vec)":
    st.subheader(":blue[Word Embeddings (Word2Vec)]")
    st.write("""
    **Definition**: Word embeddings convert words into dense numerical vectors that capture semantic meaning. Unlike BoW and TF-IDF, word embeddings preserve relationships between words.

    **How it works**:
    - Words are represented as high-dimensional vectors (e.g., 100 or 300 dimensions).
    - Words with similar meanings have closer vectors.
    - It is trained using techniques like **CBOW (Continuous Bag of Words)** and **Skip-gram**.

    **Uses**:
    - Machine translation
    - Speech recognition
    - Sentiment analysis
    - Document clustering

    **Advantages**:
    ✅ Captures semantic relationships between words  
    ✅ Works well with deep learning models  
    ✅ Can detect synonyms and analogies (e.g., "king" - "man" + "woman" = "queen")  

    **Disadvantages**:
    ❌ Requires large datasets to train  
    ❌ Computationally expensive  
    ❌ Needs domain-specific tuning for best performance  
    """)

# Footer
st.write("---")
st.write("Developed with ❤️ using Streamlit for NLP enthusiasts.")