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	<section id="module-binascii">
	<span id="binascii-convert-between-binary-and-ascii"></span><h1><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii</span></code> — Convert between binary and ASCII<a class="headerlink" href="#module-binascii" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
	<hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />
	<p>The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii</span></code> module contains a number of methods to convert between
	binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations. Normally, you will not
	use these functions directly but use wrapper modules like
	<a class="reference internal" href="base64.html#module-base64" title="base64: RFC 4648: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings; Base85 and Ascii85"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">base64</span></code></a> instead. The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii</span></code> module contains
	low-level functions written in C for greater speed that are used by the
	higher-level modules.</p>
	<div class="admonition note">
	<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
	<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a2b_*</span></code> functions accept Unicode strings containing only ASCII characters.
	Other functions only accept <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like objects</span></a> (such as
	<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></code></a> and other objects that support the buffer
	protocol).</p>
	<div class="versionchanged">
	<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.3: </span>ASCII-only unicode strings are now accepted by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a2b_*</span></code> functions.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<p>The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii</span></code> module defines the following functions:</p>
	<dl class="py function">
	<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_uu">
	<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">a2b_uu</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">string</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_uu" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
	<dd><p>Convert a single line of uuencoded data back to binary and return the binary
	data. Lines normally contain 45 (binary) bytes, except for the last line. Line
	data may be followed by whitespace.</p>
	</dd></dl>

	<dl class="py function">
	<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_uu">
	<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">b2a_uu</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">backtick</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_uu" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
	<dd><p>Convert binary data to a line of ASCII characters, the return value is the
	converted line, including a newline char. The length of <em>data</em> should be at most
	45. If <em>backtick</em> is true, zeros are represented by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'`'</span></code> instead of spaces.</p>
	<div class="versionchanged">
	<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>Added the <em>backtick</em> parameter.</p>
	</div>
	</dd></dl>

	<dl class="py function">
	<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_base64">
	<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">a2b_base64</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">string</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">strict_mode</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_base64" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
	<dt class="sig sig-object py">
	<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">a2b_base64</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">string</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">strict_mode</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">ignorechars</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></dt>
	<dd><p>Convert a block of base64 data back to binary and return the binary data. More
	than one line may be passed at a time.</p>
	<p>If <em>ignorechars</em> is specified, it should be a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like object</span></a>
	containing characters to ignore from the input when <em>strict_mode</em> is true.
	If <em>ignorechars</em> contains the pad character <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'='</span></code>, the pad characters
	presented before the end of the encoded data and the excess pad characters
	will be ignored.
	The default value of <em>strict_mode</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>ignorechars</em> is specified,
	<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> otherwise.</p>
	<p>If <em>strict_mode</em> is true, only valid base64 data will be converted. Invalid base64
	data will raise <a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.Error" title="binascii.Error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii.Error</span></code></a>.</p>
	<p>Valid base64:</p>
	<ul class="simple">
	<li><p>Conforms to <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648.html"><strong>RFC 4648</strong></a>.</p></li>
	<li><p>Contains only characters from the base64 alphabet.</p></li>
	<li><p>Contains no excess data after padding (including excess padding, newlines, etc.).</p></li>
	<li><p>Does not start with a padding.</p></li>
	</ul>
	<div class="versionchanged">
	<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>Added the <em>strict_mode</em> parameter.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="versionchanged">
	<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.15: </span>Added the <em>ignorechars</em> parameter.</p>
	</div>
	</dd></dl>

	<dl class="py function">
	<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_base64">
	<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">b2a_base64</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">wrapcol</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">0</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">newline</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_base64" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
	<dd><p>Convert binary data to a line(s) of ASCII characters in base64 coding,
	as specified in <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648.html"><strong>RFC 4648</strong></a>.</p>
	<p>If <em>wrapcol</em> is non-zero, insert a newline (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b'\n'</span></code>) character
	after at most every <em>wrapcol</em> characters.
	If <em>wrapcol</em> is zero (default), do not insert any newlines.</p>
	<p>If <em>newline</em> is true (default), a newline character will be added
	at the end of the output.</p>
	<div class="versionchanged">
	<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Added the <em>newline</em> parameter.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="versionchanged">
	<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.15: </span>Added the <em>wrapcol</em> parameter.</p>
	</div>
	</dd></dl>

	<dl class="py function">
	<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_ascii85">
	<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">a2b_ascii85</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">string</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">foldspaces</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">adobe</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">ignorechars</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">b''</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_ascii85" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
	<dd><p>Convert Ascii85 data back to binary and return the binary data.</p>
	<p>Valid Ascii85 data contains characters from the Ascii85 alphabet in groups
	of five (except for the final group, which may have from two to five
	characters). Each group encodes 32 bits of binary data in the range from
	<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">32</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code>, inclusive. The special character <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">z</span></code> is
	accepted as a short form of the group <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!!!!!</span></code>, which encodes four
	consecutive null bytes.</p>
	<p><em>foldspaces</em> is a flag that specifies whether the ‘y’ short sequence
	should be accepted as shorthand for 4 consecutive spaces (ASCII 0x20).
	This feature is not supported by the “standard” Ascii85 encoding.</p>
	<p><em>adobe</em> controls whether the input sequence is in Adobe Ascii85 format
	(i.e. is framed with <~ and ~>).</p>
	<p><em>ignorechars</em> should be a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like object</span></a> containing characters
	to ignore from the input.
	This should only contain whitespace characters.</p>
	<p>Invalid Ascii85 data will raise <a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.Error" title="binascii.Error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii.Error</span></code></a>.</p>
	<div class="versionadded">
	<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
	</div>
	</dd></dl>

	<dl class="py function">
	<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_ascii85">
	<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">b2a_ascii85</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">foldspaces</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">wrapcol</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">0</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pad</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">adobe</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_ascii85" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
	<dd><p>Convert binary data to a formatted sequence of ASCII characters in Ascii85
	coding. The return value is the converted data.</p>
	<p><em>foldspaces</em> is an optional flag that uses the special short sequence ‘y’
	instead of 4 consecutive spaces (ASCII 0x20) as supported by ‘btoa’. This
	feature is not supported by the “standard” Ascii85 encoding.</p>
	<p>If <em>wrapcol</em> is non-zero, insert a newline (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b'\n'</span></code>) character
	after at most every <em>wrapcol</em> characters.
	If <em>wrapcol</em> is zero (default), do not insert any newlines.</p>
	<p>If <em>pad</em> is true, the input is padded with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b'\0'</span></code> so its length is a
	multiple of 4 bytes before encoding.
	Note that the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">btoa</span></code> implementation always pads.</p>
	<p><em>adobe</em> controls whether the encoded byte sequence is framed with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><~</span></code>
	and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~></span></code>, which is used by the Adobe implementation.</p>
	<div class="versionadded">
	<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
	</div>
	</dd></dl>

	<dl class="py function">
	<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_base85">
	<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">a2b_base85</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">string</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_base85" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
	<dd><p>Convert Base85 data back to binary and return the binary data.
	More than one line may be passed at a time.</p>
	<p>Valid Base85 data contains characters from the Base85 alphabet in groups
	of five (except for the final group, which may have from two to five
	characters). Each group encodes 32 bits of binary data in the range from
	<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">32</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code>, inclusive.</p>
	<p>Invalid Base85 data will raise <a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.Error" title="binascii.Error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii.Error</span></code></a>.</p>
	<div class="versionadded">
	<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
	</div>
	</dd></dl>

	<dl class="py function">
	<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_base85">
	<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">b2a_base85</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pad</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_base85" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
	<dd><p>Convert binary data to a line of ASCII characters in Base85 coding.
	The return value is the converted line.</p>
	<p>If <em>pad</em> is true, the input is padded with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b'\0'</span></code> so its length is a
	multiple of 4 bytes before encoding.</p>
	<div class="versionadded">
	<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
	</div>
	</dd></dl>

	<dl class="py function">
	<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_z85">
	<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">a2b_z85</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">string</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_z85" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
	<dd><p>Convert Z85 data back to binary and return the binary data.
	More than one line may be passed at a time.</p>
	<p>Valid Z85 data contains characters from the Z85 alphabet in groups
	of five (except for the final group, which may have from two to five
	characters). Each group encodes 32 bits of binary data in the range from
	<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">32</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code>, inclusive.</p>
	<p>See <a class="reference external" href="https://rfc.zeromq.org/spec/32/">Z85 specification</a> for more information.</p>
	<p>Invalid Z85 data will raise <a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.Error" title="binascii.Error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii.Error</span></code></a>.</p>
	<div class="versionadded">
	<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
	</div>
	</dd></dl>

	<dl class="py function">
	<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_z85">
	<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">b2a_z85</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pad</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_z85" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
	<dd><p>Convert binary data to a line of ASCII characters in Z85 coding.
	The return value is the converted line.</p>
	<p>If <em>pad</em> is true, the input is padded with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b'\0'</span></code> so its length is a
	multiple of 4 bytes before encoding.</p>
	<p>See <a class="reference external" href="https://rfc.zeromq.org/spec/32/">Z85 specification</a> for more information.</p>
	<div class="versionadded">
	<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
	</div>
	</dd></dl>

	<dl class="py function">
	<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_qp">
	<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">a2b_qp</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">header</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_qp" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
	<dd><p>Convert a block of quoted-printable data back to binary and return the binary
	data. More than one line may be passed at a time. If the optional argument
	<em>header</em> is present and true, underscores will be decoded as spaces.</p>
	</dd></dl>

	<dl class="py function">
	<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_qp">
	<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">b2a_qp</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">quotetabs</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">istext</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">header</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_qp" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
	<dd><p>Convert binary data to a line(s) of ASCII characters in quoted-printable
	encoding. The return value is the converted line(s). If the optional argument
	<em>quotetabs</em> is present and true, all tabs and spaces will be encoded. If the
	optional argument <em>istext</em> is present and true, newlines are not encoded but
	trailing whitespace will be encoded. If the optional argument <em>header</em> is
	present and true, spaces will be encoded as underscores per <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1522.html"><strong>RFC 1522</strong></a>. If the
	optional argument <em>header</em> is present and false, newline characters will be
	encoded as well; otherwise linefeed conversion might corrupt the binary data
	stream.</p>
	</dd></dl>

	<dl class="py function">
	<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.crc_hqx">
	<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">crc_hqx</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">value</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.crc_hqx" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
	<dd><p>Compute a 16-bit CRC value of <em>data</em>, starting with <em>value</em> as the
	initial CRC, and return the result. This uses the CRC-CCITT polynomial
	<em>x</em><sup>16</sup> + <em>x</em><sup>12</sup> + <em>x</em><sup>5</sup> + 1, often represented as
	0x1021. This CRC is used in the binhex4 format.</p>
	</dd></dl>

	<dl class="py function">
	<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.crc32">
	<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">crc32</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">value</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.crc32" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
	<dd><p>Compute CRC-32, the unsigned 32-bit checksum of <em>data</em>, starting with an
	initial CRC of <em>value</em>. The default initial CRC is zero. The algorithm
	is consistent with the ZIP file checksum. Since the algorithm is designed for
	use as a checksum algorithm, it is not suitable for use as a general hash
	algorithm. Use as follows:</p>
	<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">crc32</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">"hello world"</span><span class="p">))</span>
	<span class="c1"># Or, in two pieces:</span>
	<span class="n">crc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">crc32</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">"hello"</span><span class="p">)</span>
	<span class="n">crc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">crc32</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">" world"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">crc</span><span class="p">)</span>
	<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'crc32 = </span><span class="si">{:#010x}</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">crc</span><span class="p">))</span>
	</pre></div>
	</div>
	<div class="versionchanged">
	<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.0: </span>The result is always unsigned.</p>
	</div>
	</dd></dl>

	<dl class="py function">
	<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_hex">
	<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">b2a_hex</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">sep</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">bytes_per_sep=1</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_hex" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
	<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.hexlify">
	<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">hexlify</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">sep</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">bytes_per_sep=1</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.hexlify" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
	<dd><p>Return the hexadecimal representation of the binary <em>data</em>. Every byte of
	<em>data</em> is converted into the corresponding 2-digit hex representation. The
	returned bytes object is therefore twice as long as the length of <em>data</em>.</p>
	<p>Similar functionality (but returning a text string) is also conveniently
	accessible using the <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes.hex" title="bytes.hex"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes.hex()</span></code></a> method.</p>
	<p>If <em>sep</em> is specified, it must be a single character str or bytes object.
	It will be inserted in the output after every <em>bytes_per_sep</em> input bytes.
	Separator placement is counted from the right end of the output by default,
	if you wish to count from the left, supply a negative <em>bytes_per_sep</em> value.</p>
	<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">binascii</span>
	<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b2a_hex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="se">\xb9\x01\xef</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
	<span class="go">b'b901ef'</span>
	<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hexlify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="se">\xb9\x01\xef</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'-'</span><span class="p">)</span>
	<span class="go">b'b9-01-ef'</span>
	<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b2a_hex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="se">\xb9\x01\xef</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'_'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
	<span class="go">b'b9_01ef'</span>
	<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b2a_hex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="se">\xb9\x01\xef</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">' '</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
	<span class="go">b'b901 ef'</span>
	</pre></div>
	</div>
	<div class="versionchanged">
	<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.8: </span>The <em>sep</em> and <em>bytes_per_sep</em> parameters were added.</p>
	</div>
	</dd></dl>

	<dl class="py function">
	<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_hex">
	<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">a2b_hex</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">hexstr</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_hex" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
	<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.unhexlify">
	<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">unhexlify</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">hexstr</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.unhexlify" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
	<dd><p>Return the binary data represented by the hexadecimal string <em>hexstr</em>. This
	function is the inverse of <a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.b2a_hex" title="binascii.b2a_hex"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b2a_hex()</span></code></a>. <em>hexstr</em> must contain an even number
	of hexadecimal digits (which can be upper or lower case), otherwise an
	<a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.Error" title="binascii.Error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Error</span></code></a> exception is raised.</p>
	<p>Similar functionality (accepting only text string arguments, but more
	liberal towards whitespace) is also accessible using the
	<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes.fromhex" title="bytes.fromhex"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes.fromhex()</span></code></a> class method.</p>
	</dd></dl>

	<dl class="py exception">
	<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.Error">
	<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">exception</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Error</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.Error" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
	<dd><p>Exception raised on errors. These are usually programming errors.</p>
	</dd></dl>

	<dl class="py exception">
	<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.Incomplete">
	<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">exception</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Incomplete</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.Incomplete" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
	<dd><p>Exception raised on incomplete data. These are usually not programming errors,
	but may be handled by reading a little more data and trying again.</p>
	</dd></dl>

	<div class="admonition seealso">
	<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
	<dl class="simple">
	<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="base64.html#module-base64" title="base64: RFC 4648: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings; Base85 and Ascii85"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">base64</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Support for RFC compliant base64-style encoding in base 16, 32, 64,
	and 85.</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="quopri.html#module-quopri" title="quopri: Encode and decode files using the MIME quoted-printable encoding."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quopri</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Support for quoted-printable encoding used in MIME email messages.</p>
	</dd>
	</dl>
	</div>
	</section>


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