add passage n and question n

backend.py

@@ -359,7 +359,8 @@ class Backend:
 
     def process_file_offline(self, questions, answer_type, progress = gr.Progress()):
         # record the questions
-        self.questions = questions
+        # self.questions = questions
+        self.questions = [f"[ Question {i + 1}/{len(questions)} ] {q}" for i, q in enumerate(questions)]
 
         # get the text_list
         if answer_type == 'ChatGPT_txt':

offline_results/exp_test.csv

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ To assess neurodevelopmental outcomes in adolescence, particularly learning and
 Each rat was placed on the platform in the center of the MWM for 30 s and, then released into the water from an assigned release point. The rat was allowed to swim for 90 s or until it landed on the platform. If the rat failed to reach the platform within 90 s, it was placed on the platform for an additional 10 s. The swimming distance and the time required to reach the platform were recorded using video tracking and analyzed by MWM software. After the MWM test, all twenty-four rats were sacrificed without biochemical analysis.
 
 2.10. Statistical analysis
-Data was analyzed using GraphPad Prism 6 software (version 6.0; Graphpad Software, Inc.). Statistical significance was determined by Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey multiple comparison tests as appropriate. Interaction between time and group factors in a two-way ANOVA with repeated measurements was used to analyze the difference of learning curves (based on escape latency) in the MWM. At least three individual trials were performed for each experiment and data represented as mean ± SEM. P <  0.05 was considered statistically significant. Specific p values are indicated in figure legends.",rats,"['A total of 30 Sprague –Dawley (SD) rats(10 males, 20 females), weighting 220–250\u2009g, were purchased from Liaoning Changsheng Bio-Technology Co., Ltd.']",postnatal day 7,"['Postnatal day 7 (P7) male or female rat pups (sex hormones have on effect on the experimental results from 7 day to 14 day because SD rats are in their infancy in this period) weighing 14–18\u2009g, were used in this study.']",Y,"['To assess neurodevelopmental outcomes in adolescence, particularly learning and memory functions, twenty-four rats from four groups including control, control\u2009+\u2009SP600125, sevoflurane and sevoflurane\u2009+\u2009SP600125, were subjected to the MWM after 28 d (six rats in each group), as previously described.']",sevoflurane,"['In the chamber, the rats were exposed to either 3% sevoflurane in a 30% oxygen carrier gas (balanced with nitrogen) or a carrier gas without sevoflurane for 4\u2009h.']",none,[],sprague dawley,"['A total of 30 Sprague –Dawley (SD) rats(10 males, 20 females), weighting 220–250\u2009g, were purchased from Liaoning Changsheng Bio-Technology Co., Ltd.']",True,True,True,True,True,True,10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.111
+Data was analyzed using GraphPad Prism 6 software (version 6.0; Graphpad Software, Inc.). Statistical significance was determined by Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey multiple comparison tests as appropriate. Interaction between time and group factors in a two-way ANOVA with repeated measurements was used to analyze the difference of learning curves (based on escape latency) in the MWM. At least three individual trials were performed for each experiment and data represented as mean ± SEM. P <  0.05 was considered statistically significant. Specific p values are indicated in figure legends.",rats,"['A total of 30 Sprague –Dawley (SD) rats(10 males, 20 females), weighting 220–250\u2009g, were purchased from Liaoning Changsheng Bio-Technology Co., Ltd.']",postnatal day 7,"['Postnatal day 7 (P7) male or female rat pups (sex hormones have on effect on the experimental results from 7 day to 14 day because SD rats are in their infancy in this period) weighing 14–18\u2009g, were used in this study.']",Y,"['To assess neurodevelopmental outcomes in adolescence, particularly learning and memory functions, twenty-four rats from four groups including control, control\u2009+\u2009SP600125, sevoflurane and sevoflurane\u2009+\u2009SP600125, were subjected to the MWM after 28 d (six rats in each group), as previously described.']",sevoflurane,"['In the chamber, the rats were exposed to either 3% sevoflurane in a 30% oxygen carrier gas (balanced with nitrogen) or a carrier gas without sevoflurane for 4\u2009h.']",none,[],sprague dawley,"['A total of 30 Sprague –Dawley (SD) rats(10 males, 20 females), weighting 220–250\u2009g, were purchased from Liaoning Changsheng Bio-Technology Co., Ltd.']",True,True,True,True,True,True,[ Passage 1/12 ] 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.111
 10.1093/toxsci/kfn152,1107.0,Boctor,2008,rats,postnatal day 7,Y,ketamine,none,sprague dawley,"PMID: 18667523 PMCID: PMC2721666 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn152
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 Animals Sprague-Dawley dams (n = 48) had normal vaginal births and on the day of birth (PND 0), each litter was separated by sex, and four males and four females were randomly selected so that each litter was culled to eight. The dams with their natural litters (culled to four/sex/litter) were obtained on PND 0 from the breeding colony at the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR/FDA). Each dam was individually housed in a standard polycarbonate cage lined with wood chip bedding and provided with ad libitum food (NIH-31, Purina Mills, St Louis, MO) and water. The colony room was maintained at 22°C ± 1°C (mean ± SE) and 45–55% humidity on a 12-h light/dark cycle (7:00 a.m.–7:00 p.m.). Each pup was paw tattooed on PND 1 and also identified with a nontoxic marker on the dorsal side and tail tip on PND 4. All animal procedures followed the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Research Council, 1996) and were approved in advance by the NCTR Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
@@ -57,13 +57,13 @@ Statistical Analyses
 Body weight. Offspring body weights were compared using ANOVAs with factors of treatment (control, KET, PCP, and KLC), sex, and the repeated measure of PND (JMP, Version 7.0; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Tukey post hoc tests were used to further analyze significant main effects or interactions.
 Home cage pup behavior. Data from the five observation times on PND 7 (8:00 a.m., 10:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., 2:00 p.m., and 4:00 p.m.) were analyzed separately from the single observation time on PNDs 8–11 (12:00 p.m.). Six behaviors were categorized as abnormal activity: fast activity, paddling, partial paddling, paresis, partial paresis, wall climbing. To analyze abnormal activity, each pup at each observation at each time was assigned a “1” if it exhibited any of the six abnormal behaviors or a “0” for any other behavior. Generalized linear models with a log link and Poisson distribution were used to analyze the counts for each of the two data sets (PND 7 only and PNDs 8–11) with factors of treatment, observation time (e.g., 8:00 a.m., 10:00 a.m.) (PND 7 analysis only), minutes posttreatment (e.g., 5, 14, 23, or 32 min), and sex.
 Slant board behavior. Each pup could exhibit one of three outcomes: a successful turn within 60 s, a fall from the apparatus within 60 s, or an incomplete turn. A failure was categorized as a fall or an incomplete turn. The odds of failure were analyzed using a generalized linear model with repeated measures and a binomial distribution and logit link function. To analyze the latency to turn time, a Cox Proportional Hazards model was run in SAS (SAS Version 9.1; SAS Institute Inc.) using treatment, sex, and PND as factors. Pups that fell or did not complete the turn were accounted for in this analysis by adjusting the empirical distribution function.
-Forelimb hang behavior. To analyze the latency to fall, a Cox Proportional Hazards model was run using SAS (SAS Version 9.1, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with treatment, sex, and PND as factors.",rats,"['Animals Sprague-Dawley dams (n = 48) had normal vaginal births and on the day of birth (PND 0), each litter was separated by sex, and four males and four females were randomly selected so that each litter was culled to eight.']",postnatal day 7,"['Treatment Ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg/ml solutions as Ketaset, Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA) was diluted with saline to produce 2 mg/ml solutions. ... These solutions were combined in a 50 ml conical tube to obtain the KLC dose (250 mg/kg l-carnitine and 20 mg/kg ketamine) injected on PND 7.']",Y,"['Home Cage Pup Behavior To determine the immediate effects of treatment, home cage behavior was assessed on PNDs 7–11.', 'Slant Board Behavior (Negative Geotaxis) Vestibular system integrity and Motor coordination were examined using a slant board test as previously described (Adams et al., 1985).', 'Forelimb Hang Behavior Muscle strength/coordination was examined using a forelimb hang test as previously described (Cada et al., 2000).']",ketamine,"['Treatment Ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg/ml solutions as Ketaset, Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA) was diluted with saline to produce 2 mg/ml solutions.']",none,[],sprague dawley,"['Animals Sprague-Dawley dams (n = 48) had normal vaginal births and on the day of birth (PND 0), each litter was separated by sex, and four males and four females were randomly selected so that each litter was culled to eight.']",True,True,True,True,True,True,10.1093/toxsci/kfn152
+Forelimb hang behavior. To analyze the latency to fall, a Cox Proportional Hazards model was run using SAS (SAS Version 9.1, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with treatment, sex, and PND as factors.",rats,"['Animals Sprague-Dawley dams (n = 48) had normal vaginal births and on the day of birth (PND 0), each litter was separated by sex, and four males and four females were randomly selected so that each litter was culled to eight.']",postnatal day 7,"['Treatment Ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg/ml solutions as Ketaset, Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA) was diluted with saline to produce 2 mg/ml solutions. ... These solutions were combined in a 50 ml conical tube to obtain the KLC dose (250 mg/kg l-carnitine and 20 mg/kg ketamine) injected on PND 7.']",Y,"['Home Cage Pup Behavior To determine the immediate effects of treatment, home cage behavior was assessed on PNDs 7–11.', 'Slant Board Behavior (Negative Geotaxis) Vestibular system integrity and Motor coordination were examined using a slant board test as previously described (Adams et al., 1985).', 'Forelimb Hang Behavior Muscle strength/coordination was examined using a forelimb hang test as previously described (Cada et al., 2000).']",ketamine,"['Treatment Ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg/ml solutions as Ketaset, Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA) was diluted with saline to produce 2 mg/ml solutions.']",none,[],sprague dawley,"['Animals Sprague-Dawley dams (n = 48) had normal vaginal births and on the day of birth (PND 0), each litter was separated by sex, and four males and four females were randomly selected so that each litter was culled to eight.']",True,True,True,True,True,True,[ Passage 2/12 ] 10.1093/toxsci/kfn152
 10.1093/bja/aet073,794.0,Boscolo,2013,rats,postnatal day 7,Y,"midazolam, isoflurane, nitrous oxide",none,sprague dawley,"PMID: 23616588 PMCID: PMC3732064 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aet073
 Methods
 We exposed postnatal day 7 (P7) Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes to one of four treatment protocols: (i) sham controls (mock GA-vehicle, 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide+21% oxygen for 6 h); (ii) GA-treated (midazolam, 9 mg kg−1, i.p.; single injection immediately before administration of 0.75% isoflurane+75% nitrous oxide+24% oxygen for 6 h); (iii) GA+PPX-treated (PPX, 1 mg kg−1 i.p.; four doses—at 9 h before, immediately before, immediately after, and 9 h after 6 h of GA); and (iv) PPX alone (same dosing regimen but mock GA). At the end of the treatments, rat pups were reunited with their mothers. Rats were housed using standard housing on a 12 h light/dark cycle with ad libitum access to food and water. All experiments were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Virginia Health System and were done in accordance with the Public Health Service's Policy on Human Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. All efforts were made to minimize the number of animals used.
 R(+)PPX doses and the dosing regimen were selected based on results from our prior work7 and the half-life of R(+)PPX which is estimated to be 8–12 h9 [i.e. R(+)PPX was dosed ∼every half-life around the time of anaesthesia exposure]. An adult rodent dose of 1 mg kg−1 is equivalent to a human dose of 0.2 mg kg−1.9 10 Thus, these doses are very small and clinically feasible. Based on high-pressure liquid chromatography assays, R(+)PPX was >99.9% chemically and >99% enantiomerically pure.11
 We found no differences among the groups in general appearance or body weight over the next 7 months (data not shown). Cognitive abilities were assessed between 5 and 7 months of age using the Morris water maze test with the adult size pool (180 cm inner diameter).1 To examine their ability to swim, animals were tested in cued trials using a visible platform that was switched to a new location for each trial. During the place trials, rats were tested on their ability to learn the location of a platform (submerged, not visible), which remained in the same location during all trials. Two acquisition place trials were performed, each four blocks long (2 days per block). Probe trials were performed after each acquisition place trial (after blocks four and nine). During these trials, the platform was removed and times and patterns of swimming were analysed with special attention focused on time spent in the target quadrant.
-Data were analysed by analysis of variance using treatment and sex as between-subject variables and blocks of trials as within-subject variables. Pairwise comparisons were done after analysis of significant treatment effects and P-values exceeding Bonferroni corrected levels were noted. We considered P<0.05 to be statistically significant.",rats,['We exposed postnatal day 7 (P7) Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes to one of four treatment protocols:'],postnatal day 7,['We exposed postnatal day 7 (P7) Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes to one of four treatment protocols:'],Y,['Cognitive abilities were assessed between 5 and 7 months of age using the Morris water maze test with the adult size pool (180 cm inner diameter).'],midazolam,"['GA-treated (midazolam, 9 mg kg−1, i.p.; single injection immediately before administration of 0.75% isoflurane+75% nitrous oxide+24% oxygen for 6 h);']",isoflurane,"['GA-treated (midazolam, 9 mg kg−1, i.p.; single injection immediately before administration of 0.75% isoflurane+75% nitrous oxide+24% oxygen for 6 h);']",sprague dawley,['We exposed postnatal day 7 (P7) Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes to one of four treatment protocols:'],True,True,True,False,False,True,10.1093/bja/aet073
+Data were analysed by analysis of variance using treatment and sex as between-subject variables and blocks of trials as within-subject variables. Pairwise comparisons were done after analysis of significant treatment effects and P-values exceeding Bonferroni corrected levels were noted. We considered P<0.05 to be statistically significant.",rats,['We exposed postnatal day 7 (P7) Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes to one of four treatment protocols:'],postnatal day 7,['We exposed postnatal day 7 (P7) Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes to one of four treatment protocols:'],Y,['Cognitive abilities were assessed between 5 and 7 months of age using the Morris water maze test with the adult size pool (180 cm inner diameter).'],midazolam,"['GA-treated (midazolam, 9 mg kg−1, i.p.; single injection immediately before administration of 0.75% isoflurane+75% nitrous oxide+24% oxygen for 6 h);']",isoflurane,"['GA-treated (midazolam, 9 mg kg−1, i.p.; single injection immediately before administration of 0.75% isoflurane+75% nitrous oxide+24% oxygen for 6 h);']",sprague dawley,['We exposed postnatal day 7 (P7) Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes to one of four treatment protocols:'],True,True,True,False,False,True,[ Passage 3/12 ] 10.1093/bja/aet073
 10.1093/bja/aes121,505.0,Feng,2012,rats,postnatal day 7,N,sevoflurane,none,sprague dawley,"PMID: 22535834 PMCID: PMC3393078 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aes121
 Methods
 Animals
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ Histopathological examination
 Sevoflurane-treated (n=6) and air-treated (n=6) rats (P7–8, 16–17 g) were killed for the Nissl staining at 6 h after a 6 h exposure to either sevoflurane or air. Animals were anaesthetized with a lethal dose of 10% chloral hydrate and transcardially perfused with saline through the left cardiac ventricle until the liver and lungs were cleared of blood, followed by 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M PB (NaH2PO4.2H2O 2.96 g, Na2HPO4.12H2O 29 g dissolved in 1000 ml water, PH 7.4). The perfusion lasted for 15–25 min. The brains were removed and incubated overnight in the same fixative. Paraffin blocks of brain tissue (0.5 mm thick) included sections of the hippocampus at different levels along the septotemporal axis and associated areas.29 Coronal hippocampal sections 5 μm in thickness were Nissl-stained, and examined under a light microscope (Nikon ECLIPSE, 50i, Japan) to study the morphological changes of pyramidal neurones in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. We counted cells imaged from three sections per animal (n=3 for each group). Nissl-positive cells were counted only if the structures were of the appropriate size and shape, possessed a Nissl-positive nucleus and cytoplasmic Nissl-positive particles. The number of Nissl-positive neurones in the pyramidal cell layers of the bilateral CA1 regions was counted at ×400 magnification by two individuals in a blinded manner.30 Questionable structures were examined under ×1000 magnification and were not counted if identification remained uncertain.
 
 Statistical analysis
-Values are presented as mean (sem). The SPSS 13.0 software was used for statistical analysis. We tested for normality using the Shapiro–Wilk test and homogeneity of variance by Levene's test. Comparisons of means between two groups were performed using Student's t-test or the Wilcoxon W-test. Statistical significance was assessed using multivariate analysis of variance followed by the Bonferroni multiple comparison testing. When appropriate, 2×2 comparisons were made using a least significant difference test. P-values of ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant.",rats,['Male Sprague–Dawley (sd) rats were obtained from the Experimental Animal Centre of Sun Yat-sen University.'],postnatal day 7,"['Rats at postnatal day 7 (P7, 16–17 g) were randomly divided into a sevoflurane-treated group (51 rats) and an air-treated control group (48 rats).']",Y,"['The Fox battery test was used to assess the cerebral maturation of P1–21 rats,23,24 and the Morris water maze (MWM) was used to test spatial learning and memory performance in P28–32 rats.']",sevoflurane,['Rats in the sevoflurane-treated group were placed in a plastic container and continuously exposed to 2.3% sevoflurane for 6 h using air as a carrier with a gas flow of 2 litre min−1.'],none,[],sprague dawley,['Male Sprague–Dawley (sd) rats were obtained from the Experimental Animal Centre of Sun Yat-sen University.'],True,True,False,True,True,True,10.1093/bja/aes121
+Values are presented as mean (sem). The SPSS 13.0 software was used for statistical analysis. We tested for normality using the Shapiro–Wilk test and homogeneity of variance by Levene's test. Comparisons of means between two groups were performed using Student's t-test or the Wilcoxon W-test. Statistical significance was assessed using multivariate analysis of variance followed by the Bonferroni multiple comparison testing. When appropriate, 2×2 comparisons were made using a least significant difference test. P-values of ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant.",rats,['Male Sprague–Dawley (sd) rats were obtained from the Experimental Animal Centre of Sun Yat-sen University.'],postnatal day 7,"['Rats at postnatal day 7 (P7, 16–17 g) were randomly divided into a sevoflurane-treated group (51 rats) and an air-treated control group (48 rats).']",Y,"['The Fox battery test was used to assess the cerebral maturation of P1–21 rats,23,24 and the Morris water maze (MWM) was used to test spatial learning and memory performance in P28–32 rats.']",sevoflurane,['Rats in the sevoflurane-treated group were placed in a plastic container and continuously exposed to 2.3% sevoflurane for 6 h using air as a carrier with a gas flow of 2 litre min−1.'],none,[],sprague dawley,['Male Sprague–Dawley (sd) rats were obtained from the Experimental Animal Centre of Sun Yat-sen University.'],True,True,False,True,True,True,[ Passage 4/12 ] 10.1093/bja/aes121
 10.1038/s41598-021-85125-5,966.0,Hogarth,2021,rats,postnatal day 7,N,sevoflurane,none,sprague dawley,"PMID: 33707598 PMCID: PMC7952562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85125-5
 Materials and methods
 Experimental animals
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ Inflammatory cytokine ELISA
 Inflammatory cytokines were quantified using the Rat Inflammation ELISA Strip Assay, as per manufacturer’s instructions (Product EA-1201, Signosis, Santa Clara, CA). Briefly, cortical tissue was lysed in Lysis Buffer and 10 µg total protein loaded into wells coated with primary antibodies against inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, IL-1α, IL-1β, IFNγ, MCP-1, CCL3 and CCL5). Following incubation with enzyme-linked antibodies, HRP substrate was added to produce a colorimetric response, which was quantified spectrophotometrically at 450 nm. Cytokine quantification was derived using a standard curve (Product EA-1202, Signosis).
 
 Statistical analysis
-Unless otherwise noted, all results are presented as means ± SEM. Following a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for normalcy, statistical significance was determined using either un-paired Student’s t-test with Welsh correction or un-paired Mann–Whitney U-test, as appropriate. Where more than one comparison was performed, significance was determined using an ANOVA, using the Dunnett method for multiple comparison correction. Statistical significance was calculated using GraphPad Prism 6.0 using a p-value of < 0.05 as a cut-off for significance.",rats,"['Experiments were performed using male Sprague Dawley rats (total N\u2009=\u200912), randomly assigned to experimental (sevoflurane exposed) and control groups.']",postnatal day 7,"['Briefly, on postnatal day 7 (P7), rat pups were randomly assigned to either exposed to 1 minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane (corresponding to\u2009~\u20095% atm), or identical environment without anesthetic agent as sham controls (6 animals per group) for a total of 4 h (FiO2\u2009=\u20090.5), as we performed previously11,13,21,22,47.']",N,"[""The document does not mention any behavior tests such as 'Open field test', 'Morris water task', 'fear conditioning test', 'Dark/light avoidance'; 'passive/active avoidance test'; 'elevated maze', 'Forced swim test', 'Object recognition test', 'Social interaction/preference'.""]",sevoflurane,"['Experimental animals Experiments were performed using male Sprague Dawley rats (total N\u2009=\u200912), randomly assigned to experimental (sevoflurane exposed) and control groups.']",isoflurane,"['Ten months following anesthetic exposure (P300), all animals were euthanized following deep anesthetization with isoflurane (greater than 5% with loss of pedal pain reflex) by subsequent transcardial perfusions of 0.9% saline and 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4).']",sprague dawley,"['Experiments were performed using male Sprague Dawley rats (total N\u2009=\u200912), randomly assigned to experimental (sevoflurane exposed) and control groups.']",True,True,True,True,False,True,10.1038/s41598-021-85125-5
+Unless otherwise noted, all results are presented as means ± SEM. Following a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for normalcy, statistical significance was determined using either un-paired Student’s t-test with Welsh correction or un-paired Mann–Whitney U-test, as appropriate. Where more than one comparison was performed, significance was determined using an ANOVA, using the Dunnett method for multiple comparison correction. Statistical significance was calculated using GraphPad Prism 6.0 using a p-value of < 0.05 as a cut-off for significance.",rats,"['Experiments were performed using male Sprague Dawley rats (total N\u2009=\u200912), randomly assigned to experimental (sevoflurane exposed) and control groups.']",postnatal day 7,"['Briefly, on postnatal day 7 (P7), rat pups were randomly assigned to either exposed to 1 minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane (corresponding to\u2009~\u20095% atm), or identical environment without anesthetic agent as sham controls (6 animals per group) for a total of 4 h (FiO2\u2009=\u20090.5), as we performed previously11,13,21,22,47.']",N,"[""The document does not mention any behavior tests such as 'Open field test', 'Morris water task', 'fear conditioning test', 'Dark/light avoidance'; 'passive/active avoidance test'; 'elevated maze', 'Forced swim test', 'Object recognition test', 'Social interaction/preference'.""]",sevoflurane,"['Experimental animals Experiments were performed using male Sprague Dawley rats (total N\u2009=\u200912), randomly assigned to experimental (sevoflurane exposed) and control groups.']",isoflurane,"['Ten months following anesthetic exposure (P300), all animals were euthanized following deep anesthetization with isoflurane (greater than 5% with loss of pedal pain reflex) by subsequent transcardial perfusions of 0.9% saline and 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4).']",sprague dawley,"['Experiments were performed using male Sprague Dawley rats (total N\u2009=\u200912), randomly assigned to experimental (sevoflurane exposed) and control groups.']",True,True,True,True,False,True,[ Passage 5/12 ] 10.1038/s41598-021-85125-5
 10.1159/000369698,570.0,Huang,2015,rats,postnatal day 7,N,ketamine,none,sprague dawley,"PMID: 25591773 DOI: 10.1159/000369698
 Materials and Methods
 Animals treatment
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ Western blot analysis
 The expressions of nestin, β-tubulin III and GFAP were measured using Western blot analysis. Briefly, the brain tissues from the subventricular zone (SVZ) were homogenized with lysis buffer and protease inhibitors (Beyotime, China). The lysates were centrifuged at 14000 rpm for 15 min at 4°C. Equal amounts of the proteins (25μg) were resolved on a sodium dodecyl sulfate 10% or 12% polyacrylamide gel, and the separated proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The blots were incubated with blocking buffer for 2 h at room temperature and then incubated for 24 h with the primary antibodies against nestin (1:1000, Abcam), β-tubulin III (1:1000, Abcam), GFAP (1:1000, Millipore) and GAPDH. Then, the membranes were incubated with appropriate secondary antibodies for 1 h. The immunoreactive bands were visualized with a chemiluminescence detection system. The band intensity was quantified using Image J software.
 
 Statistical analysis
-The data are presented as the means ± SD. The statistical analysis and the graphs were completed using GraphPad Prism 5. The significant differences between the groups were analyzed with an unpaired two-tailed t-test or one-way ANOVA. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.",rats,['Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were housed at 24°C on a 12-hr:12-hr light:dark cycle with free access to food and water.'],postnatal day 7,['The PND-7 male rats (11-14g) selected from all the pups were used in the experiments.'],N,"[""The document does not mention any behavior tests such as 'Open field test', 'Morris water task', 'fear conditioning test', 'Dark/light avoidance'; 'passive/active avoidance test'; 'elevated maze', 'Forced swim test', 'Object recognition test', 'Social interaction/preference'.""]",ketamine,"['These rats were randomly assigned to control groups and ketamine groups.', 'Ketamine was diluted in 0.9 % normal saline.', 'PND-7 rats in treated group were administered intraperitoneally by four injections of 40 mg/kg ketamine with 1h intervals.']",none,[],sprague dawley,['Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were housed at 24°C on a 12-hr:12-hr light:dark cycle with free access to food and water.'],True,True,True,True,True,True,10.1159/000369698
+The data are presented as the means ± SD. The statistical analysis and the graphs were completed using GraphPad Prism 5. The significant differences between the groups were analyzed with an unpaired two-tailed t-test or one-way ANOVA. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.",rats,['Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were housed at 24°C on a 12-hr:12-hr light:dark cycle with free access to food and water.'],postnatal day 7,['The PND-7 male rats (11-14g) selected from all the pups were used in the experiments.'],N,"[""The document does not mention any behavior tests such as 'Open field test', 'Morris water task', 'fear conditioning test', 'Dark/light avoidance'; 'passive/active avoidance test'; 'elevated maze', 'Forced swim test', 'Object recognition test', 'Social interaction/preference'.""]",ketamine,"['These rats were randomly assigned to control groups and ketamine groups.', 'Ketamine was diluted in 0.9 % normal saline.', 'PND-7 rats in treated group were administered intraperitoneally by four injections of 40 mg/kg ketamine with 1h intervals.']",none,[],sprague dawley,['Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were housed at 24°C on a 12-hr:12-hr light:dark cycle with free access to food and water.'],True,True,True,True,True,True,[ Passage 6/12 ] 10.1159/000369698
 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.03.011,359.0,Lee,2014,rats,postnatal day 7,Y,isoflurane,none,sprague dawley,"PMID: 24704083 PMCID: PMC4077337 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.03.011
 2. Materials and methods
 2.1. Subjects
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ Subjects were evaluated in their ability to recognize familiar stimuli, reflecte
 
 To identify and control for possible confounding effects of varying investigation times on subsequent object/animal recognition, the investigation times during the exposure phase were compared between the groups. These times were compared using one-way ANOVA for normally distributed data and Kruskal–Wallis test for nonparametric data. Bonferonni's post-test with multiple comparisons was used following one-way ANOVA, and Dunn's post-test was used with the Kruskal–Wallis test.
 
-Two-way ANOVA was used to assess the effects of sex and treatment on neuronal death. Neuronal death for each brain region was compared using two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test. The fold-increase in neuroapoptosis was determined for each structure by dividing the total FJ-positive cells of each treatment animal (n = 20) by the average number of FJ-positive cells per structure for the whole control group (n = 20).",rats,"['Sprague Dawley dams with litters containing male-only and female-only pups were obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Gilroy, CA).']",postnatal day 7,"['On postnatal day (P)7, animals were randomly assigned to control or treatment groups (Fig. 1).']",Y,"['All behavioral testing occurred during the light cycle between 0800 and 1700 h.', 'Testing began at postnatal day 38 (P38) with novel object recognition (Fig. 3).', 'Social interaction and recognition were assessed using a discrimination paradigm.']",isoflurane,"['Briefly, isoflurane was delivered into the anesthetic chamber, and gas concentrations were continuously monitored.']",none,[],sprague dawley,"['Sprague Dawley dams with litters containing male-only and female-only pups were obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Gilroy, CA).']",True,True,True,True,True,True,10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.03.011
+Two-way ANOVA was used to assess the effects of sex and treatment on neuronal death. Neuronal death for each brain region was compared using two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test. The fold-increase in neuroapoptosis was determined for each structure by dividing the total FJ-positive cells of each treatment animal (n = 20) by the average number of FJ-positive cells per structure for the whole control group (n = 20).",rats,"['Sprague Dawley dams with litters containing male-only and female-only pups were obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Gilroy, CA).']",postnatal day 7,"['On postnatal day (P)7, animals were randomly assigned to control or treatment groups (Fig. 1).']",Y,"['All behavioral testing occurred during the light cycle between 0800 and 1700 h.', 'Testing began at postnatal day 38 (P38) with novel object recognition (Fig. 3).', 'Social interaction and recognition were assessed using a discrimination paradigm.']",isoflurane,"['Briefly, isoflurane was delivered into the anesthetic chamber, and gas concentrations were continuously monitored.']",none,[],sprague dawley,"['Sprague Dawley dams with litters containing male-only and female-only pups were obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Gilroy, CA).']",True,True,True,True,True,True,[ Passage 7/12 ] 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.03.011
 10.3892/etm.2017.5004,4315.0,Ling,2017,rats,postnatal day 7,Y,sevoflurane,none,sprague dawley,"PMID: 29042986 PMCID: PMC5639422 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5004
 Materials and methods
 Animals According to previous observations (15), a total fo 49, male Wistar rats (14.54±1.52 g) at postnatal day 7 (P7) were selected for experimental analyses. The Wistar rats at P7 were purchased from the Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University (Nanjing, China). Rats were housed in polypropylene cages under a 12-h alternating light/dark cycle, with food and water supplied ad libitum in the institutional animal facilities. All the experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College (Anhui, China) and performed according to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (16). All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and to reduce the number of animals used.
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ Upon collection of signal, technical quality control was performed using dChip v
 Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) Total RNA was reversely transcribed into cDNA using a PrimeScript RT Reagent kit with gDNA Eraser (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dalian, China) following the manufacturer's instructions, as previously described (21). Next, qPCR was performed using a SYBR Green PCR kit (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) on a CFX96 Real-Time PCR Detection System (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). The PCR conditions included an initial step at 95°C for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles of annealing and extension, prior to quantification at 95°C for 15 sec and 60°C for 30 sec. Each cDNA sample was analyzed in triplicate, in a final volume of 25 µl, containing 1 µl cDNA, 400 nM of the forward and reverse gene-specific primers (1 µl), 12.5 µl 2x SYBR Green master mix (catalogue no. 639676; Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) and 10.5 µl distilled water. The relative gene expression level was quantified based on the cycle threshold values (22) and normalized to the reference gene, which was glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Primer sequences used were listed as follows: KIF2A: F 5′-ATTTTCTCTCATTGACCTGGCTG-3′, R 5′-ACTCCTTGAGTGCTAAAAGGC-3′; RYBP: F 5′-CGACCAGGCCAAAAAGACAAG-3′, R 5′-CACATCGCAGATGCTGCAT-3′; DOCK7: F 5′-CCATCTGGAAGCGCCTTTG-3′, R 5′-ACGATGATCTCTAGCGTGTCT-3′; CDC40: F 5′-CTCTAGCTGCTTCGTATGGCT-3′, R 5′-CAAGTGCATGAGAGAGTCCGC-3′; PTBP3: F 5′-CCAGCCATTGGATTTCCTCAA-3′, R 5′-AAAAAGCCCATGTGGTGTGATA-3′; NRTN: F 5′-GGGCTACACGTCGGATGAG-3′, R 5′-CCAGGTCGTAGATGCGGATG-3′; TMEM205: F 5′-CACTTGCTGGTCTTGTCTGGT-3′, R 5′-GGAGACGTGAAAATAGACTGGG-3′; SLC39A3: F 5′-GGTGGCGTATTCCTGGCTAC-3′, R 5′-CTGCTCCACGAACACAGTGA-3′; CDCA3: F 5′-GAGTAGCAGACCCTCGTTCAC-3′, R 5′-TCTCTACCTGAATAGGAGTGCG-3′; KIF1C: F 5′-AGTGTGGGTTTGTGTGTATGAG-3′, R 5′-CCAGCATCGCACCATGTAGA-3′; CAS P3: F 5′-ATGGAGAACAACAAAACCTCAGT-3′, R 5′-TTGCTCCCATGTATGGTCTTTAC-3′; GAP DH: F 5′-AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG3′, R 5′-TGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA-3′.
 Immunohistochemical assay Following sacrifice, the entire rat brain was rapidly removed, washed with phosphate-buffered saline, incubated for at least 48 h in 4% paraformaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and embedded in paraffin. Next, the paraffin-embedded tissues were sectioned into 4-µm slices, and sections with the hippocampus structure were used for immunohistochemical analyses. Slices were incubated with rabbit anti-caspase-3 primary antibody (Catalogue no. AC030; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology; 1:200) at 4°C overnight, then incubated with biotinylated anti-rabbit secondary antibody (catalogue no. A0277; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology; 1:1,000) for 30 min at 37°C, and immunoreactivity was then visualized by addition of a streptavidin-peroxidase complex and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (both from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Counterstaining was performed with hematoxylin (Zhongshan Golden Bridge, Beijing, China). Subsequent to each incubation step, slices were washed with Tris-buffered saline/Tween 20 three times for 5 min each. All images were captured using an Axioskop fluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany).
 Western blotting The preparation of hippocampal tissues for protein extraction was performed as described in previous studies (23,24). Briefly, total proteins were extracted using the radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). The hippocampus tissue proteins were separated by 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then electrotransferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. After blocking with 5% non-fat milk for 1 h at room temperature and being washed three times (10 min each) using 1x TBST, the membrane was incubated with primary antibodies at 4°C overnight and then with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) at room temperature for 2 h. The primary antibodies used were as follows: Rabbit anti-cleaved-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) antibody (catalogue no. AP102; 1:200) and rat anti-GAPDH antibody (catalogue no. AG019; 1:5,000; both from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Subsequently, the target proteins were visualized by an enhanced chemiluminescence method (catalogue no. W1001, Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA) and analyzed with the Gel Image Documentation System (Wealtec Corp., Sparks, NV, USA). The relative level of PARP was normalized to that of GAPDH, as presented by band intensity.
-Statistical analysis All data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean, and all statistical analyses were conducted using GraphPad Prism (version 5.0; GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA) and SPSS (version 17.0; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software. For behavioral tests and RT-qPCR results, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to compare intergroup differences with Bonferroni post hoc tests. The correlation analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficients. For western blotting and immunohistochemistry results, two-tailed Student's t-test was applied for comparison. A P-value of <0.05 was considered to indicate differences that were statistically significant. Any additional experimental data not provided in the current study are indicated by ‘data not shown’ and can be obtained upon request.",rats,"['According to previous observations (15), a total fo 49, male Wistar rats (14.54±1.52 g) at postnatal day 7 (P7) were selected for experimental analyses.']",postnatal day 7,"['According to previous observations (15), a total fo 49, male Wistar rats (14.54±1.52 g) at postnatal day 7 (P7) were selected for experimental analyses.']",Y,"['Behavioral experiments As described in our previous study (9), three tests were conducted in sequence, including the elevated plus-maze (EPM), O-maze and Y-maze.']",sevoflurane,"['Anesthesia methods A total of 48 Wistar rats at P7 were randomly divided into four groups (n=12), including the 0, 2, 4 and 6-h treatment group, in which Wistar rats were exposed to 3% sevoflurane for 0, 2, 4 and 6 h, respectively.']",isoflurane,"['Rats were anaesthetized by isoflurane with an induction dosage of 4%, maintained at 2% (RuiTaibio, Beijing, China) and decapitated to obtain the hippocampus.']",wistar,"['According to previous observations (15), a total fo 49, male Wistar rats (14.54±1.52 g) at postnatal day 7 (P7) were selected for experimental analyses.']",True,True,True,True,False,False,10.3892/etm.2017.5004
+Statistical analysis All data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean, and all statistical analyses were conducted using GraphPad Prism (version 5.0; GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA) and SPSS (version 17.0; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software. For behavioral tests and RT-qPCR results, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to compare intergroup differences with Bonferroni post hoc tests. The correlation analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficients. For western blotting and immunohistochemistry results, two-tailed Student's t-test was applied for comparison. A P-value of <0.05 was considered to indicate differences that were statistically significant. Any additional experimental data not provided in the current study are indicated by ‘data not shown’ and can be obtained upon request.",rats,"['According to previous observations (15), a total fo 49, male Wistar rats (14.54±1.52 g) at postnatal day 7 (P7) were selected for experimental analyses.']",postnatal day 7,"['According to previous observations (15), a total fo 49, male Wistar rats (14.54±1.52 g) at postnatal day 7 (P7) were selected for experimental analyses.']",Y,"['Behavioral experiments As described in our previous study (9), three tests were conducted in sequence, including the elevated plus-maze (EPM), O-maze and Y-maze.']",sevoflurane,"['Anesthesia methods A total of 48 Wistar rats at P7 were randomly divided into four groups (n=12), including the 0, 2, 4 and 6-h treatment group, in which Wistar rats were exposed to 3% sevoflurane for 0, 2, 4 and 6 h, respectively.']",isoflurane,"['Rats were anaesthetized by isoflurane with an induction dosage of 4%, maintained at 2% (RuiTaibio, Beijing, China) and decapitated to obtain the hippocampus.']",wistar,"['According to previous observations (15), a total fo 49, male Wistar rats (14.54±1.52 g) at postnatal day 7 (P7) were selected for experimental analyses.']",True,True,True,True,False,False,[ Passage 8/12 ] 10.3892/etm.2017.5004
 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.02.008,618.0,Liu,2014,rats,postnatal day 7,N,sevoflurane,none,sprague dawley,"PMID: 24518287 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.02.008
 4. Experimental procedures
 4.1. Animals
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ In current experiment, as described in detail (Taketo and Yoshioka, 2000), whole
 Under inverted microscope (BX51-WI, Olympus, Japan), we selected randomly pyramidal neurons with a smooth and bright appearance and no visible organelles for recording. During the recording, neurons were bathed in an extracellular solution, which contains 110 mM Choline chloride, 20 mM TEA-Cl, 10 mM 4-AP, 1 mM MgCl2, 10 mM BaCl2, 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM Glucose and 0.001 mM TTX, PH=7.4, with HCl. Voltage-clamp recordings were obtained with Axon patch 200B patch-clamp amplifier (Molecular Devices, Foster City, CA, USA) and Digidata 1440 interface (Molecular Devices, Foster City, CA, USA). After establishing a gigaseal (>2 GΩ), the membrane was broken to form whole-cell configuration. Series resistance and membrane capacitance were routinely compensated by 60–80%, leakage and capacity currents were subtracted on-line using a P/4 protocol. The data were acquired using pCLAMP 10.0 (Molecular Devices, Foster City, CA, USA) running on a computer. Recording signals were low-pass filtered at 2 kHz and digitized at 10 kHz. In this study, whole-cell recording was voltage-clamped at −50 mV. Data were obtained from 10 to 14 cells per group.
 
 4.6. Data analysis
-Current density was calculated by dividing current at membrane potential by the cell-membrane capacitance (i.e. pA/pF). All data were analyzed by pCLAMP Clampfit 10.0 (Molecular Devices, Foster City, CA, USA), Origin 6.0 (OriginLab Corp, Northampton, MA, USA). The data were presented as means±standard error of the mean (S.E.M.), one way ANOVA followed by SNK post hoc test (SPSS, Chicago, IL) were used for statistical analysis. Significant level was set to 0.05.",rats,"['Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (both male and female) were obtained from the Experimental Animal Centre of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.']",postnatal day 7,"['1-week-old SD rats were randomly assigned to control group, 2.1% sevoflurane group and 3% sevoflurane group to receive gas exposure.']",N,"['After gas exposure, electrophysiological recording were performed on rats of 5 different ages (from 1 week to 5 weeks).', 'During sevoflurane exposure, the gas concentration of carbon dioxide, oxygen and sevoflurane in the chamber were monitored by gas monitor (Detex-Ohmeda, Louisville, KY, USA).', 'After anesthesia, rats were exposed to oxygen only until they recovered from anesthetic.', 'In this study, hippocampal pyramidal neurons were acutely isolated as described previously by Zhang et al. (2009) with some modifications.', 'In current experiment, as described in detail (Taketo and Yoshioka, 2000), whole-cell patch clamp recordings were performed to record voltage-gated calcium channel currents at room temperature (21–24 °C).']",sevoflurane,"['Rats in 3% sevoflurane group and 2.1% sevoflurane group were respectively exposed to 3% and 2.1% sevoflurane for 6 h using oxygen as gas carrier with a gas flow of 4 L/min, while the rats in control group breathed independently oxygen with a gas flow of 4 L/min for 6 h in the same induction chamber.']",none,[],sprague dawley,"['Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (both male and female) were obtained from the Experimental Animal Centre of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.']",True,True,True,True,True,True,10.1016/j.brainres.2014.02.008
+Current density was calculated by dividing current at membrane potential by the cell-membrane capacitance (i.e. pA/pF). All data were analyzed by pCLAMP Clampfit 10.0 (Molecular Devices, Foster City, CA, USA), Origin 6.0 (OriginLab Corp, Northampton, MA, USA). The data were presented as means±standard error of the mean (S.E.M.), one way ANOVA followed by SNK post hoc test (SPSS, Chicago, IL) were used for statistical analysis. Significant level was set to 0.05.",rats,"['Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (both male and female) were obtained from the Experimental Animal Centre of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.']",postnatal day 7,"['1-week-old SD rats were randomly assigned to control group, 2.1% sevoflurane group and 3% sevoflurane group to receive gas exposure.']",N,"['After gas exposure, electrophysiological recording were performed on rats of 5 different ages (from 1 week to 5 weeks).', 'During sevoflurane exposure, the gas concentration of carbon dioxide, oxygen and sevoflurane in the chamber were monitored by gas monitor (Detex-Ohmeda, Louisville, KY, USA).', 'After anesthesia, rats were exposed to oxygen only until they recovered from anesthetic.', 'In this study, hippocampal pyramidal neurons were acutely isolated as described previously by Zhang et al. (2009) with some modifications.', 'In current experiment, as described in detail (Taketo and Yoshioka, 2000), whole-cell patch clamp recordings were performed to record voltage-gated calcium channel currents at room temperature (21–24 °C).']",sevoflurane,"['Rats in 3% sevoflurane group and 2.1% sevoflurane group were respectively exposed to 3% and 2.1% sevoflurane for 6 h using oxygen as gas carrier with a gas flow of 4 L/min, while the rats in control group breathed independently oxygen with a gas flow of 4 L/min for 6 h in the same induction chamber.']",none,[],sprague dawley,"['Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (both male and female) were obtained from the Experimental Animal Centre of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.']",True,True,True,True,True,True,[ Passage 9/12 ] 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.02.008
 10.1007/s11064-015-1529-x,460.0,Liu,2015,rats,postnatal day 7,N,sevoflurane,none,sprague dawley,"PMID: 25663300 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1529-x
 Materials and Methods
 Chemicals and Reagents for Metabolomic Analysis
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ Electron Microscopy
 The rat brain was perfused with normal saline solution followed by phosphate-buffered 2.5 % glutaraldehyde and 4 % paraformaldehyde 12 h after sevoflurane treatment, then the frontal cortex was sliced into sections of approximately 1 mm2, and kept in the same glutaraldehyde solution for 12 h at room temperature. Samples were postfixed in 1 % osmium tetroxide for 2 h, dehydrated in a series of alcohol solutions at 4 °C, immersed in propylene oxide, and embedded in Araldite 502 resin at 60 °C. Ultrathin (0.5 μm) sections were placed on grids and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate before examination with a transmission electron microscope (Philips CM-120, Eindhoven, The Netherlands). The organelles of neuronal cells were observed and imaged at 10,000× magnification.
 
 Statistical Analysis
-We performed one-way ANOVA to determine differences in caspase-3 activation and cardiolipin contents, and independent Student’s t test to compare the difference in arterial blood gas analysis and ROS levels. Independent t tests with Welch’s correction were then used for statistical comparison of discriminant metabolite levels between Group C and Group S, which determined for sevoflurane-induced alteration of metabolic profiling in neonatal rat model. The significance level was set at p < 0.05.",rats,['Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats used in the present study were obtained from the Animal Care Center of Fudan University.'],postnatal day 7,"['According to the flow chart of the experimental protocol (Fig. 1), the rat pups (body weight: 12.1 ± 0.1 g) at postnatal day 7 (P7) were divided into two groups: control (Group C) and sevoflurane-treated (Group S).']",N,"[""The document does not mention any behavior tests such as 'Open field test', 'Morris water task', 'fear conditioning test', 'Dark/light avoidance'; 'passive/active avoidance test'; 'elevated maze', 'Forced swim test', 'Object recognition test', 'Social interaction/preference'.""]",sevoflurane,"['P7 rats in group S were placed in a sealed chamber ventilated with 3 % sevoflurane in 100 % oxygen for 6 h and sevoflurane concentration was continuously measured through a gas sample line by using a monitor (Datex Ohmeda S/5, Helsinki, Finland) whereas those in group C were placed in a similar chamber for 6 h under identical experimental conditions without sevoflurane exposure.']",none,['The document only mentions the use of sevoflurane as an intervention.'],sprague dawley,['Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats used in the present study were obtained from the Animal Care Center of Fudan University.'],True,True,True,True,True,True,10.1007/s11064-015-1529-x
+We performed one-way ANOVA to determine differences in caspase-3 activation and cardiolipin contents, and independent Student’s t test to compare the difference in arterial blood gas analysis and ROS levels. Independent t tests with Welch’s correction were then used for statistical comparison of discriminant metabolite levels between Group C and Group S, which determined for sevoflurane-induced alteration of metabolic profiling in neonatal rat model. The significance level was set at p < 0.05.",rats,['Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats used in the present study were obtained from the Animal Care Center of Fudan University.'],postnatal day 7,"['According to the flow chart of the experimental protocol (Fig. 1), the rat pups (body weight: 12.1 ± 0.1 g) at postnatal day 7 (P7) were divided into two groups: control (Group C) and sevoflurane-treated (Group S).']",N,"[""The document does not mention any behavior tests such as 'Open field test', 'Morris water task', 'fear conditioning test', 'Dark/light avoidance'; 'passive/active avoidance test'; 'elevated maze', 'Forced swim test', 'Object recognition test', 'Social interaction/preference'.""]",sevoflurane,"['P7 rats in group S were placed in a sealed chamber ventilated with 3 % sevoflurane in 100 % oxygen for 6 h and sevoflurane concentration was continuously measured through a gas sample line by using a monitor (Datex Ohmeda S/5, Helsinki, Finland) whereas those in group C were placed in a similar chamber for 6 h under identical experimental conditions without sevoflurane exposure.']",none,['The document only mentions the use of sevoflurane as an intervention.'],sprague dawley,['Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats used in the present study were obtained from the Animal Care Center of Fudan University.'],True,True,True,True,True,True,[ Passage 10/12 ] 10.1007/s11064-015-1529-x
 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000380,276.0,Peng,2014,rats,postnatal day 7,N,isoflurane,none,sprague dawley,"PMID: 25099925 PMCID: PMC4169313 DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000380
 Methods
 Animals
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ Immunohistochemistry
 Immunohistochemical localization of caspase-3 was performed in a separate group of P7 rats, as previously described.15 Briefly, 2 hours after the ISO exposure, P7 pups were deeply anesthetized with ISO and transcardially perfused with ice cold saline before the brains were removed, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, cryprototected in 30% sucrose, frozen in isopentane and stored at −80°C. Coronal cryosections (10µm) were incubated in 3% hydrogen peroxide, 10% normal goat serum and cleaved caspase-3 antibody (1:400; Cell Signaling Technology, #9664) overnight at room temperature. The next day, the sections were incubated with Alexa Fluor® 594 goat anti-rabbit IgG and coverslipped using ProLong® Gold Antifade Reagent containing the nuclear stain, DAPI (Invitrogen). Quantitative imaging was conducted on an Olympus IX70 microscope equipped with a Cooke SensiCam camera (Applied Scientific Instrumentation, Eugene, OR) and IP lab 4.0 software (Biovision Technologies, Exton, PA). Caspase-positive and total number of cells were counted in the CA1 region of the hippocampus and the adjacent parietal cortex at 20× magnification. The brain sampled and analyzed in parietal cortex was the same region used in the Western blot from the opposite brain hemisphere. The mean number of cells was calculated from 3 sections per animal and the data expressed as the percentage of caspase-3 positive cells in each region.
 
 Statistical analysis
-All data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test to determine between-group differences and exact p-values using STATA statistical software. Differences were considered statistically significant at p<0.01.",rats,"['Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA) were housed with a 12-hour light-dark cycle at 22°C, with food and water provided ad libitum.']",postnatal day 7,"['Thirty-eight postnatal day 7 (P7) rats were used for the ELISA and Western blots and 11 for immunohistochemistry, with approximately equal numbers of male and female rat pups randomly assigned to each condition.']",N,"[""The document does not mention any behavior tests such as 'Open field test', 'Morris water task', 'fear conditioning test', 'Dark/light avoidance'; 'passive/active avoidance test'; 'elevated maze', 'Forced swim test', 'Object recognition test', 'Social interaction/preference'.""]",isoflurane,"['The rat pups were exposed in these chambers to carrier gas (30% oxygen balanced in nitrogen) for 30 min and then 1.5% ISO for 6 h the following day (1.5% ISO), or preconditioned (PC) with a 30 min 1.5% ISO exposure and then exposed to 1.5% ISO for 6 h the following day (PC + 1.5% ISO).', 'Two hours after the completion of the anesthetic treatment, P7 rats from the control, 1.5% ISO and PC+1.5%ISO groups were deeply anesthetized with 2–3% ISO.']",none,[],sprague dawley,"['Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA) were housed with a 12-hour light-dark cycle at 22°C, with food and water provided ad libitum.']",True,True,True,True,True,True,10.1213/ANE.0000000000000380
+All data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test to determine between-group differences and exact p-values using STATA statistical software. Differences were considered statistically significant at p<0.01.",rats,"['Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA) were housed with a 12-hour light-dark cycle at 22°C, with food and water provided ad libitum.']",postnatal day 7,"['Thirty-eight postnatal day 7 (P7) rats were used for the ELISA and Western blots and 11 for immunohistochemistry, with approximately equal numbers of male and female rat pups randomly assigned to each condition.']",N,"[""The document does not mention any behavior tests such as 'Open field test', 'Morris water task', 'fear conditioning test', 'Dark/light avoidance'; 'passive/active avoidance test'; 'elevated maze', 'Forced swim test', 'Object recognition test', 'Social interaction/preference'.""]",isoflurane,"['The rat pups were exposed in these chambers to carrier gas (30% oxygen balanced in nitrogen) for 30 min and then 1.5% ISO for 6 h the following day (1.5% ISO), or preconditioned (PC) with a 30 min 1.5% ISO exposure and then exposed to 1.5% ISO for 6 h the following day (PC + 1.5% ISO).', 'Two hours after the completion of the anesthetic treatment, P7 rats from the control, 1.5% ISO and PC+1.5%ISO groups were deeply anesthetized with 2–3% ISO.']",none,[],sprague dawley,"['Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA) were housed with a 12-hour light-dark cycle at 22°C, with food and water provided ad libitum.']",True,True,True,True,True,True,[ Passage 11/12 ] 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000380
 10.1007/s11064-021-03301-5,214.0,Wen,2021,mice,postnatal day 7,N,isoflurane,none,fmr1-ko,"PMID: 33791908 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03301-5
 
 Methods
@@ -285,4 +285,4 @@ Imaging and Analyzing
 For evaluating synaptogenesis in vivo, 5 sections representing different coronal level of the dentate gyrus were picked randomly from each animal. For each section, 3 images were randomly taken in the dentate gyrus defined by DAPI staining by an experimenter blind to condition. For evaluating synaptogenesis in vitro, 5 neurons were picked randomly from the 4 quadrants and the center of each coverslip. The image of each dendrite segment defined by MAP2 immunolabeling was taken 20 μm apart from the nucleus defined by DAPI immunolabeling. Representative images were taken using a 63 × 1.0 N.A. objective with an additional 5.0x magnification lens under a Leica SP8 confocal microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany), and the settings were consistent for each capture. Synaptic puncta were quantified using ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA). For evaluating the activation of mTOR signaling in vivo, 5 sections representing different coronal level of the dentate gyrus were picked randomly from each animal by an investigator blind to condition. Images of the dentate gyrus were taken using a 20 × 1.0 N.A. objective with an additional 0.75x magnification lens on a Leica SP8 confocal microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). For evaluating the activation of mTOR signaling in vitro, 5 fields were picked randomly from the 4 quadrants and center of each coverslip by an investigator blind to condition, and images were taken with a 20 × 1.0 N.A. objective. Cell counts to determine the proportion of cells positive for markers being analyzed were conducted using ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA). All imaging and analysis were conducted by an investigator blind to the conditions.
 
 Statistical Analysis
-Results were expressed as mean± SEM. Data were analyzed by GraphPad Prism 8 (GraphPad, San Diego, CA, USA). Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons. Statistical significance was set a priori at p <0.05.",mice,['The C57BL/6 WT mice and heterozygous Fmr1 KO (HET) mice were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory.'],postnatal day 7,['P7 mice were randomly divided into two experimental groups: an isoflurane exposure group and a control group.'],N,[],isoflurane,"['All mice in the isoflurane exposure group underwent an induction period, in which they were exposed with 3% isoflurane (Baxter Healthcare, Cooperation, Deerfield, IL, USA) for 3 min or until loss of righting reflex, whichever was first.', 'The isoflurane group mice were exposed to 1.5% isoflurane carried in 50% oxygen continuously for 4 h via a nosecone designed to minimize rebreathing of exhaled gases.', 'At 5DIV, the cell-coated plates were randomly divided into three groups: control group (CON), isoflurane group (ISO), and isoflurane with 100nM rapamycin group (ISO+Rapa).', 'Cell-coated plates for the ISO and ISO+Rapa groups were placed in humidified, sealable chamber, a 15 min equilibration period was performed, in which 1.8% Isoflurane (Baxter Healthcare, Cooperation, Deerfield, IL, USA) in the carrier gas (5% CO2, 21% O2 and 74%N2) was continuously delivered.']",none,[],c57bl/6,['The C57BL/6 WT mice and heterozygous Fmr1 KO (HET) mice were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory.'],True,True,True,True,True,False,10.1007/s11064-021-03301-5
+Results were expressed as mean± SEM. Data were analyzed by GraphPad Prism 8 (GraphPad, San Diego, CA, USA). Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons. Statistical significance was set a priori at p <0.05.",mice,['The C57BL/6 WT mice and heterozygous Fmr1 KO (HET) mice were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory.'],postnatal day 7,['P7 mice were randomly divided into two experimental groups: an isoflurane exposure group and a control group.'],N,[],isoflurane,"['All mice in the isoflurane exposure group underwent an induction period, in which they were exposed with 3% isoflurane (Baxter Healthcare, Cooperation, Deerfield, IL, USA) for 3 min or until loss of righting reflex, whichever was first.', 'The isoflurane group mice were exposed to 1.5% isoflurane carried in 50% oxygen continuously for 4 h via a nosecone designed to minimize rebreathing of exhaled gases.', 'At 5DIV, the cell-coated plates were randomly divided into three groups: control group (CON), isoflurane group (ISO), and isoflurane with 100nM rapamycin group (ISO+Rapa).', 'Cell-coated plates for the ISO and ISO+Rapa groups were placed in humidified, sealable chamber, a 15 min equilibration period was performed, in which 1.8% Isoflurane (Baxter Healthcare, Cooperation, Deerfield, IL, USA) in the carrier gas (5% CO2, 21% O2 and 74%N2) was continuously delivered.']",none,[],c57bl/6,['The C57BL/6 WT mice and heterozygous Fmr1 KO (HET) mice were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory.'],True,True,True,True,True,False,[ Passage 12/12 ] 10.1007/s11064-021-03301-5