..

app.py

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ with gr.Blocks(theme="dark") as demo:
                 with gr.Group():
                     gr.Markdown(f'<center><h2>Or Load Offline</h2></center>')
                     questions = gr.CheckboxGroup(choices = QUESTIONS, value = QUESTIONS, label="Questions (Please don't change this part now)", info="Please select the question you want to ask")
+                    answer_type = gr.Radio(choices = ["ChatGPT_txt", "GPT4_txt"], label="Answer_type", info="Please select the type of answer you want to show")
                     btn_submit_txt_offline = gr.Button(value='Show Answers')
                     # btn_submit_txt.style(full_width=True)
 
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ with gr.Blocks(theme="dark") as demo:
 
     btn_submit_txt_offline.click(
             backend.process_file_offline,
-            inputs=[questions],
+            inputs=[questions, answer_type],
             outputs=[filename_box, question_box, answer_box, reference_box, highlighted_text, correct_answer, correct_reference],
         )
     

backend.py

@@ -351,17 +351,19 @@ class Backend:
             res_list.append(tmp_res_list)
         return res_list
 
-    def process_file_offline(self, questions):
+    def process_file_offline(self, questions, answer_type):
         # record the questions
         self.questions = questions
 
         # get the text_list
-        df = pd.read_csv('results_all.csv')
+        if answer_type == 'ChatGPT_txt':
+            df = pd.read_csv('./offline_results/results_all.csv')
+        elif answer_type == 'GPT4_txt':
+            df = pd.read_csv('./offline_results/results_all_gpt4.csv')
 
         # make the prompt
         self.res_list = self.phase_df(df)
 
-
         txt_root_path = './20230808-AI coding-1st round'
         self.filename_list = df['fn'].tolist()
         self.text_list = []

offline_results/results_all_gpt4.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+Question 1,Question 1_original_sentences,Question 2,Question 2_original_sentences,Question 3,Question 3_original_sentences,intervention_1,Question 4intervention_1_original_sentences,intervention_2,Question 4intervention_2_original_sentences,Question 5,Question 5_original_sentences,fn,animal type,exposure age,behavior test: Y/N,intervention1,intervention2 （anesthetics only),genetic chain,correct_1,correct_2,correct_3,correct_4,correct_5,correct_6
+rats,"['Male and female Wistar rats, three months of age, weighing 200 ± 20 g, were purchased from the Animal Experimental Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of the Harbin Medical University (Harbin, China).']",postnatal day 14,['The female rats were anesthetized via intravenous ketamine injection (200 mg/Kg) for 3 h on P14 [55].'],Y,"['During B25-B30, Morris water maze task, contextual and cued fear conditioning, and olfactory tasks were used to test learning and memory capacity (n = 120, 5/dam, Figure \u200bFigure11).']",ketamine,['The female rats were anesthetized via intravenous ketamine injection (200 mg/Kg) for 3 h on P14 [55].'],none,[],wistar,"['Male and female Wistar rats, three months of age, weighing 200 ± 20 g, were purchased from the Animal Experimental Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of the Harbin Medical University (Harbin, China).']",1027 – Li 2017.txt,rats,gestational day 14,Y,ketamine,none,wistar,True,False,True,True,True,True
+rats,"['Six adult female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, weighing 180–220 g, were raised with free diet and water intake in polypropylene cages for 7 days.', 'Then the female SD rats were mated with male SD rats with sexual experience at 7:00 PM after adaptive feeding.', 'The pregnant rats were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (control, n = 3) and a sevoflurane group (SeV, n = 3).', 'The six female SD rats were raised to G14.5 (middle pregnancy).']",gestational day 14.5,"['On pregnancy day 14.5, the rats allocated to sevoflurane exposure were put inside a 30 cm × 20 cm × 120 cm box.']",N,[],sevoflurane,"['On pregnancy day 14.5, the rats allocated to sevoflurane exposure were put inside a 30 cm × 20 cm × 120 cm box.']",none,[],sprague dawley,"['Six adult female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, weighing 180–220 g, were raised with free diet and water intake in polypropylene cages for 7 days.']",1043 – Gao 2021.txt,rats,gestational day 14.5,N,sevoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,True,True,True
+mice,['Inbred C57BL/6 mice were used in this study and maintained as described previously.5'],postnatal day 6,"['Sevoflurane anesthesia was carried out as described previously.5  In brief, on postnatal day 6 (P6), pups were placed in a humid chamber immediately after removal of mice from the maternal cage.']",Y,"['Behavioral studies: control, sevoflurane, and sevoflurane + hydrogen groups (n = 10–11 dams for each group); the primary outcome measure was latencies for pup retrieval; in the pup retrieval test, a minimum biologically important difference was set at a 30% increase from the baseline level in the control group.']",sevoflurane,['Sevoflurane anesthesia was carried out as described previously.5'],hydrogen,['Hydrogen gas (1.3%) was supplied as described previously.30'],c57bl/6,['Inbred C57BL/6 mice were used in this study and maintained as described previously.5'],1054 – Takaenoki 2014.txt,mice,postnatal day 6,Y,sevoflurane,none,c57bl/6,True,True,True,True,False,True
+rats,"['Animals Sprague-Dawley dams (n = 48) had normal vaginal births and on the day of birth (PND 0), each litter was separated by sex, and four males and four females were randomly selected so that each litter was culled to eight.']",postnatal day 7,"['The doses and treatment regimens were based on previous reports indicating that similar treatments caused neurodegeneration in rats (Ikonomidou et al., 1999; Scallet et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2001).']",Y,"['Home Cage Pup Behavior To determine the immediate effects of treatment, home cage behavior was assessed on PNDs 7–11.']",ketamine,"['Ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg/ml solutions as Ketaset, Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA) was diluted with saline to produce 2 mg/ml solutions.', 'PCP (NIDA, Bethesda, MD) and l-carnitine (Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St Louis, MO) were dissolved in 0.9% saline.', 'Ketamine hydrochloride (400 μl) and l-carnitine (500 mg) were diluted with 10 ml of saline to produce 40 mg/ml KET and 500 mg/ml l-carnitine solutions, respectively.', 'The l-carnitine dose was based on studies of its protective effects against 1-methyl-phenylpyridinium ion–induced apoptosis (Wang et al., 2007).']",l-carnitine,"['Ketamine hydrochloride (400 μl) and l-carnitine (500 mg) were diluted with 10 ml of saline to produce 40 mg/ml KET and 500 mg/ml l-carnitine solutions, respectively.', 'The l-carnitine dose was based on studies of its protective effects against 1-methyl-phenylpyridinium ion–induced apoptosis (Wang et al., 2007).']",sprague dawley,"['Animals Sprague-Dawley dams (n = 48) had normal vaginal births and on the day of birth (PND 0), each litter was separated by sex, and four males and four females were randomly selected so that each litter was culled to eight.']",1107 – Boctor 2008.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,Y,ketamine,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,True,False,True
+rats,"['Rat HPC model All animal procedures were conducted with the approval of the Animal Care and Use Committee of Guangxi Medical University (Nanning, China).']",postnatal day 7,"['Seven-day-old (P7) male Sprague-Dawley pups (average body weight, 10–15 g, n=70) were identified and numbered using picric acid, which were revealed to the investigator only after the completion of experiments and analyses.']",N,[],propofol,['propofol group (P group) received intraperitoneal injections of 100 mg/kg propofol;'],none,[],sprague dawley,"['Rat HPC model All animal procedures were conducted with the approval of the Animal Care and Use Committee of Guangxi Medical University (Nanning, China).']",1134 – Guan 2019.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,N,propofol,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,True,True,True
+rats,['specific pathogen free SD pregnant rats weighing 380–420 g were purchased from the Experimental Animal Center of Affiliated Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University.'],gestational day 21,['Rats at the gestational age of 21 days (E21) were used in subsequent experiments.'],Y,"['The number of fetuses was recorded, and healthy male neonatal rats were used in the experiments.', 'At day 28 after birth (P28), the male offsprings were randomly assigned into two groups: one for Morris water maze (MWM) test to evaluate memory and learning and the other one were housed until day 90 after birth (P90) to receive the same MWM test.', 'MWM test used a round swimming pool sized 150 cm in diameter and 60 cm in height with a platform sized 10 cm in diameter in the maze.', 'Place navigation test was performed for consecutive 5 days.', 'The spatial navigation test was performed on the 6th day to evaluate memory.']",isoflurane,"['According to the isoflurane dose, rats were divided into 3 groups: the Iso1 group (1.3% isoflurane), the Iso2 group (2.0% isoflurane) and the control group (0% isoflurane; O2).', 'Inhalation of isoflurane at a high concentration may inhibit respiration and cause hypoxia.', 'At E21, rats were placed in a box filled with prefilled gas according to the following groups: 50% O2 was administered in the control group; 1.3% isoflurane was administered in the Iso1 group (50% oxygen, balanced with nitrogen); 2.0% isoflurane was administered in the Iso2 group (50% oxygen, balanced with nitrogen).']",none,[],sprague dawley,['specific pathogen free SD pregnant rats weighing 380–420 g were purchased from the Experimental Animal Center of Affiliated Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University.'],1187 – Huang 2018.txt,rats,gestational day 21,Y,isoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,True,True,True
+rats,"['Seven-day-old (P7) Sprague-Dawley rat pups (Guangdong Medical Laboratory Animal Co, China) with body weight at 16 ± 3 g were exposed to 1.1% isoflurane (about 0.5 MAC in P7 rats [22]) for 4 h to induce neuronal apoptosis, or to air in a temperature-controlled chamber as we described before [21].']",postnatal day 7,"['Seven-day-old (P7) Sprague-Dawley rat pups (Guangdong Medical Laboratory Animal Co, China) with body weight at 16 ± 3 g were exposed to 1.1% isoflurane (about 0.5 MAC in P7 rats [22]) for 4 h to induce neuronal apoptosis, or to air in a temperature-controlled chamber as we described before [21].']",N,[],isoflurane,"['Seven-day-old (P7) Sprague-Dawley rat pups (Guangdong Medical Laboratory Animal Co, China) with body weight at 16 ± 3 g were exposed to 1.1% isoflurane (about 0.5 MAC in P7 rats [22]) for 4 h to induce neuronal apoptosis, or to air in a temperature-controlled chamber as we described before [21].']",none,[],sprague dawley,"['Seven-day-old (P7) Sprague-Dawley rat pups (Guangdong Medical Laboratory Animal Co, China) with body weight at 16 ± 3 g were exposed to 1.1% isoflurane (about 0.5 MAC in P7 rats [22]) for 4 h to induce neuronal apoptosis, or to air in a temperature-controlled chamber as we described before [21].']",1209 – Li 2013.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,N,isoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,True,True,True
+rats,"['Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were purchased from the animal science research department of the Jiangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine College (JZDWNO: 2011‐0030; Nanchang, Jiangxi,China).']",e7,"['On E7, pregnant rats received intravenous infusion of propofol (n = 10 dams) with the rate of 20 mg kg−1 h−1 for 4 hours, equal volume of saline (n = 10 dams) or intralipid (n = 5 dams), respectively.']",Y,"['Spatial learning and memory were assessed by the MWM test from post‐natal day 30 (P30) to P36 according to previously described5, 30 with SLY‐WMS Morris water maze test system (Beijing Sunny Instruments Co. Ltd., Beijing, China).']",propofol,"['On E7, pregnant rats received intravenous infusion of propofol (n = 10 dams) with the rate of 20 mg kg−1 h−1 for 4 hours, equal volume of saline (n = 10 dams) or intralipid (n = 5 dams), respectively.']",none,[],none,[],1256 – Lin 2018.txt,rats,e7,Y,propofol,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,True,True,False
+mice,"['A total of 24 C57BL/6 male mouse pups, aged 7 days (P7) and weighing 3.5–4.5 g were obtained from Guangdong Medical Laboratory Animal Center (Guangdong, China; permission no. SCXK2011-0029).']",postnatal day 7,"['The mouse pups at P7 were exposed to 2.6% sevoflurane (Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China) for 6 h [~1.0 minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) in P7 mice] in 50% oxygen in a temperature-controlled chamber, following a previously described protocol (n=12) (17).']",N,[],sevoflurane,"['The mouse pups at P7 were exposed to 2.6% sevoflurane (Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China) for 6 h [~1.0 minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) in P7 mice] in 50% oxygen in a temperature-controlled chamber, following a previously described protocol (n=12) (17).']",none,[],c57bl/6,"['A total of 24 C57BL/6 male mouse pups, aged 7 days (P7) and weighing 3.5–4.5 g were obtained from Guangdong Medical Laboratory Animal Center (Guangdong, China; permission no. SCXK2011-0029).']",1395 – Liu 2018.txt,mice,postnatal day 7,Y,sevoflurane,none,c57bl/6,True,True,False,True,True,True
+mice,"['A total of 174 C57BL/6 mice (sex ratio, 1:1), were provided by the Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University (Nanjing, China).']",postnatal day 7,"['Following exposure to sevoflurane or O2 for 6 h, the mice from all 3 groups were sacrificed by intraperitoneal injection of 1.5% pentobarbital sodium (375 mg/kg) (Dalian Idery Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dalian, China).']",Y,"['For protocol two, a total of 60 mice were randomly assigned into 3 groups with 20 mice in each group: 2.6, 1.3% sevoflurane and control groups.', 'Following exposure to sevoflurane for 4 weeks, the MWM test was performed in half of the mice in each group.', 'The MWM test was performed on the remaining mice at week 12.']",sevoflurane,"['For protocol one, 36 mice were randomly assigned into 3 groups with 12 mice in each group: The 2.6 and 1.3% sevoflurane groups and the control group (exposed to 30% O2).', 'Following exposure to sevoflurane or O2 for 6 h, the mice from all 3 groups were sacrificed by intraperitoneal injection of 1.5% pentobarbital sodium (375 mg/kg) (Dalian Idery Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dalian, China).', 'To evaluate whether hypoxia and respiratory depression occurred in mice during anesthesia, blood gas analysis was performed in another 78 mice, which were randomly assigned into 3 groups: 2.6% sevoflurane (n=36), 1.3% sevoflurane (n=36) and control (n=6) groups.', 'For mice in the 1.3 and 2.6% sevoflurane groups, mixed gas (5% sevoflurane and 30% O2) was pre-aerated at a flow rate of 10 l/min until the concentration of sevoflurane reached 5% in the chamber and prior to placing mice in the chamber.', 'Following maintenance of 5% sevoflurane for 30 sec, mice were exposed to 1.3 or 2.6% sevoflurane for the indicated time periods (1–6 h), during which 30% O2 was continually gassed into the chamber at a flow rate of 3 l/min.']",none,[],c57bl/6,"['A total of 174 C57BL/6 mice (sex ratio, 1:1), were provided by the Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University (Nanjing, China).']",1455 – Lu 2018.txt,mice,postnatal day 7,Y,sevoflurane,isoflurane,c57bl/6,True,True,True,True,False,True
+rats,"['A total of 240 male and female clean Sprague-Dawley rats, 7 days of age and weighting 12–16 g, (Shanghai Slac Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd., China) were used in this study.']",postnatal day 7,"['The animals were randomly allocated into 10 groups (n=24 per group; Fig. 1): (1) Sham, without hypoxia-ischemia; (2) HI/Control, received cerebral hypoxia-ischemia; (3) HI+Atractyloside (Atr), (4) HI+Cyclosporin A (CsA), treated like the control and respectively injected with Atr (10 mg/kg) and CsA (5 mg/kg); (5) HI+sevoflurane (Sev), treated like the control and received sevoflurane postconditioning; (6) HI+Sev+LY, (7) HI+Sev+L-N, (8) HI+Sev+SB, (9) HI+Sev+Atr, (10) HI+Sev+CsA, treated like the HI+Sev group and respectively injected with LY294002 (0.3 mg/kg), L-NAME (10 mg/kg), SB216763 (0.2 mg/kg), Atr (10 mg/kg), and CsA (5 mg/kg).']",Y,"['The rats were evaluated with a nonspatial object recognition memory task 25 days after the intervention as described by Ennaceur and Delacour (1988) and Bruel-Jungerman et al. (2005).', 'After the novel object recognition test, the Morris water maze was used to test spatial learning and memory (Peng et al., 2012, Jiang et al., 2004).']",sevoflurane,"['HI+sevoflurane (Sev), treated like the control and received sevoflurane postconditioning;']",none,[],sprague dawley,"['A total of 240 male and female clean Sprague-Dawley rats, 7 days of age and weighting 12–16 g, (Shanghai Slac Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd., China) were used in this study.']",1730 – Lai 2016.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,Y,sevoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,True,True,True
+mice,['The C57BL/6 WT mice and heterozygous Fmr1 KO (HET) mice were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory.'],postnatal day 7,['P7 mice were randomly divided into two experimental groups: an isoflurane exposure group and a control group.'],N,[],isoflurane,"['All mice in the isoflurane exposure group underwent an induction period, in which they were exposed with 3% isoflurane (Baxter Healthcare, Cooperation, Deerfield, IL, USA) for 3 min or until loss of righting reflex, whichever was first.', 'The isoflurane group mice were exposed to 1.5% isoflurane carried in 50% oxygen continuously for 4 h via a nosecone designed to minimize rebreathing of exhaled gases.']",none,[],fmr-1 ko,['The C57BL/6 WT mice and heterozygous Fmr1 KO (HET) mice were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory.'],214 – Wen 2021.txt,mice,postnatal day 7,N,isoflurane,none,fmr1-ko,True,True,True,True,True,False
+mice,"['We used 7-day-old (PND7) CD-1 mice (Harlan Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN) for all experiments.']",postnatal day 7,['Our ketamine anesthesia protocol was as follows: experimental mouse pups were exposed to 6h of ketamine anesthesia and controls were exposed to 6h of mock anesthesia (vehicle) injected I.M.'],N,[],ketamine,['Our ketamine anesthesia protocol was as follows: experimental mouse pups were exposed to 6h of ketamine anesthesia and controls were exposed to 6h of mock anesthesia (vehicle) injected I.M.'],none,[],cd-1,"['We used 7-day-old (PND7) CD-1 mice (Harlan Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN) for all experiments.']",230 – Obradovic 2018.txt,mice,postnatal day 7,N,ketamine,none,cd-1,True,True,True,True,True,True
+mice,"['Adult C57BL/6 mice in breeding age were purchased from Zhaoyan Laboratory (Taicang, Suzhou, China).', 'Their offspring mice were correspondingly assigned as the testing mice.', 'Several pregnant mice without any treatment were chosen to produce the offspring mice as the stranger mice.', 'The pups were fostered by their own dams till weaning on postnatal day 21.', 'All mice were raised in a controlled condition (21–22 °C, 12 h light/dark cycle, light on at 7 a.m.), with access to standard mouse chow and water ad libitum.']",gestational day 14,['Six pregnant mice on gestational day 14 were randomly assigned to receive either 2.5% sevoflurane in 100% oxygen or just 100% oxygen as the control.'],Y,"['The three-chambered social box (40L × 60W × 22H cm) with two enclosures (7D × 15H cm) was used for social interaction test (Fig. 1A–C).', 'Given the testing mouse initiates social approaching to the stranger mouse by nose-to-nose or nose-to-tail sniffing (Fig. 1D), the animal’s head was tracked by the video-tracking system.', 'Four behavioral parameters was automatically measured by ANY-maze program, including the time sniffing at the enclosure and number of sniffs at the enclosure, the time exploring in the side-chamber and number of entries into side chamber.', 'Social interaction test is composed of three 10-min sessions of habituation, sociability, and preference for social novelty.', 'Firstly, the testing mouse was allowed to freely explore in social box with two doorways opening.', 'Next, an unfamiliar conspecific (Stranger 1) was introduced into one enclosure, and the testing mouse was allowed to sniff the stranger 1 or explore the empty enclosure (Fig. 1E, G).', 'After that, another unfamiliar conspecific (Stranger 2) was introduced into the other enclosure, and the testing mouse was allowed to sniff the stranger 1 and stranger 2 (Fig. 1F, H).', 'Placement of the stranger 1 on the left or right side was systematically altered between trials, and social apparatus was cleaned after each trial to minimize olfactory disturbance.']",sevoflurane,"['Six pregnant mice on gestational day 14 were randomly assigned to receive either 2.5% sevoflurane in 100% oxygen or just 100% oxygen as the control.', 'Sevoflurane anesthesia on pregnant mice in this study was strictly performed by the protocols of previous study [10], in which arterial blood pressure and blood gas analysis were demonstrated within normal limits.', 'Sevoflurane was washed out with pure oxygen for 15 min, and the pregnant mice with right reflex were put back to home cages.']",none,[],c57bl/6,"['Adult C57BL/6 mice in breeding age were purchased from Zhaoyan Laboratory (Taicang, Suzhou, China).']",234 – Chen 2021.txt,mice,gestational day 14,Y,sevoflurane,none,c57bl/6,True,True,True,True,True,True
+mice,['Male and female C57/BL6 mice were provided by the Third Military Medical University and housed under a 12 h light/dark cycle in a temperature-controlled room with free access to food and water.'],postnatal day 7,"['On P7, pups received a vehicle or propofol injection intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a subanesthetic dose of 30 or 60 mg/kg (Cattano et al., 2008; Yang B. et al., 2014), according to our previous study (Huang et al., 2016).']",N,[],propofol,"['On P7, pups received a vehicle or propofol injection intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a subanesthetic dose of 30 or 60 mg/kg (Cattano et al., 2008; Yang B. et al., 2014), according to our previous study (Huang et al., 2016).']",none,[],c57bl/6,['Male and female C57/BL6 mice were provided by the Third Military Medical University and housed under a 12 h light/dark cycle in a temperature-controlled room with free access to food and water.'],243 – Xiao 2017.txt,mice,postnatal day 7,N,propofol,none,c57bl/6,True,True,True,True,True,True
+rats,"['Seven-day-old (P7) Wistar rats (male and female) rat pups (body weight, 12–15\u2009g) were used in this study.']",postnatal day 7,"[""After 30\u2009min intraperitoneal injection on P7, the pups were put into a plastic chamber, exposed to 3% sevoflurane with 2\u2009L/min of 21% oxygen for 4\u2009h, and returned to their mother's cage.""]",Y,"['Spatial memory retention was examined using the Morris water maze by blinded observer as described previously (Goyagi, 2018).', 'Fear conditioning was performed to evaluate contextual memory retention using the fear conditioning system (MK-450RSQ; Muromachi Kikai Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) as described previously (Goyagi, 2018).']",sevoflurane,"[""After 30\u2009min intraperitoneal injection on P7, the pups were put into a plastic chamber, exposed to 3% sevoflurane with 2\u2009L/min of 21% oxygen for 4\u2009h, and returned to their mother's cage.""]",none,[],wistar,"['Seven-day-old (P7) Wistar rats (male and female) rat pups (body weight, 12–15\u2009g) were used in this study.']",248 – Goyagi 2019.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,Y,sevoflurane,none,wistar,True,True,True,True,True,True
+mice,"['A total of 120 (61 male and 59 female) immature C57BL/6 mice (body weight = 4.4±0.9 g. at postnatal day 7) were used in this study.', '84 (44 male and 40 female) of them were randomly selected for the rapamycin experiment and 36 (17 male and 19 female) for the clemastine experiment.']",postnatal day 7,"['At postnatal day 7, animals were exposed to isoflurane or room air for 4 hours.', 'At postnatal day 7, two-thirds of the mice were evenly distributed across littermate groups and were randomly selected for isoflurane exposure.']",Y,"['After behavior tests, two mice from each group were processed for electron microscopy at postnatal day 63.', 'The novel object position recognition test and Y-maze test were performed at the last week of the survival period (postnatal days 56-62).']",isoflurane,"['At postnatal day 7, animals were exposed to isoflurane or room air for 4 hours.', 'Volatile anesthesia exposure was accomplished using a Supera tabletop portable non-rebreathing anesthesia machine. 3% isoflurane mixed in 100% oxygen was initially delivered in a closed chamber for 3-5 min and after loss of righting reflex, animals were transferred to the specially designed plastic tubes.', 'During isoflurane exposure, mice were monitored for change in physiological state using the non-invasive MouseOx plus instrument (STARR Life Sciences, Holliston, MA, USA).']",none,[],c57bl/6,['A total of 120 (61 male and 59 female) immature C57BL/6 mice (body weight = 4.4±0.9 g. at postnatal day 7) were used in this study.'],263 – Li 2019.txt,mice,postnatal day 7,Y,isoflurane,none,c57bl/6,True,True,True,True,True,True
+mice,"['Three-month-old C57BL/6J female mice (The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) were mated with male mice.', 'The offspring mice were weaned 21 days after birth.', 'Twenty pregnant mice were included in the experiments, which generated a sufficient number of fetal mice for the biochemistry studies (n = 6 per arm), and offspring mice for the biochemistry (n = 6 per arm) and behavioral studies (n = 15 per arm).']",gestational day 14,"['At gestational day (G) 14, the pregnant mice were assigned randomly to an anesthesia group or a control group.']",Y,['The P31 offspring mice were tested in the Morris water maze (MWM) four times per day for 7 days.'],sevoflurane,"['Mice randomized to the anesthesia group received 2.5% sevoflurane in 100% oxygen for 2 h in an anesthetizing chamber.', 'The anesthesia with 2.5% sevoflurane (approximately 1.1 minimum alveolar concentration) for 2 h in mice was used to demonstrate whether clinically relevant sevoflurane anesthesia in pregnant mice, which had been shown to induce neurotoxicity in adult mice,9could also induce neurotoxicity in fetal mice and then neurobehavioral deficits in offspring mice.']",none,[],c57bl/6,"['Three-month-old C57BL/6J female mice (The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) were mated with male mice.']",268 – Zheng 2013.txt,mice,gestational day 14,Y,sevoflurane,none,c57bl/6,True,True,True,True,True,True
+Sprague-Dawley,"['All experiments were conducted with approval from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of California, San Francisco. Five Sprague-Dawley dams with litters of postnatal day 6 (P6) pups from were obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Gilroy, CA).']",postnatal day 7,"['On P7, animals from each litter were randomly assigned to control and treatment groups.']",Y,"['Object recognition was assessed using similar arrangements as others [19], [28].', 'All animals underwent all behavioral tasks.']",isoflurane,"['Anesthesia was delivered as described previously [14], [30], [31]. Briefly, animals in the treatment groups received either isoflurane or desflurane as a single agent in air and oxygen (FiO250%) at 1 Minimum Alveolar Concentration [27] for four hours.']",desflurane,"['Anesthesia was delivered as described previously [14], [30], [31]. Briefly, animals in the treatment groups received either isoflurane or desflurane as a single agent in air and oxygen (FiO250%) at 1 Minimum Alveolar Concentration [27] for four hours.']",none,[],269 – Lee 2014.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,Y,isoflurane,desflurane,sprague dawley,False,True,True,True,True,False
+rats,"['Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA) were housed with a 12-hour light-dark cycle at 22°C, with food and water provided ad libitum.', 'Thirty-eight postnatal day 7 (P7) rats were used for the ELISA and Western blots and 11 for immunohistochemistry, with approximately equal numbers of male and female rat pups randomly assigned to each condition.']",postnatal day 7,"['Thirty-eight postnatal day 7 (P7) rats were used for the ELISA and Western blots and 11 for immunohistochemistry, with approximately equal numbers of male and female rat pups randomly assigned to each condition.', 'P7 rats were placed in plexiglass chambers resting in a 37°C water bath to maintain a constant environmental temperature.']",N,[],isoflurane,"['The rat pups were exposed in these chambers to carrier gas (30% oxygen balanced in nitrogen) for 30 min and then 1.5% ISO for 6 h the following day (1.5% ISO), or preconditioned (PC) with a 30 min 1.5% ISO exposure and then exposed to 1.5% ISO for 6 h the following day (PC + 1.5% ISO).']",none,[],none,[],276 – Peng 2014.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,N,isoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,True,True,False
+rats,"['A total of 30 Sprague –Dawley (SD) rats(10 males, 20 females), weighting 220–250\u2009g, were purchased from Liaoning Changsheng Bio-Technology Co., Ltd.']",postnatal day 7,"['Postnatal day 7 (P7) male or female rat pups (sex hormones have on effect on the experimental results from 7 day to 14 day because SD rats are in their infancy in this period) weighing 14–18\u2009g, were used in this study.']",N,[],sevoflurane,"['The following anesthetics and substances were used: sevoflurane (Abbott, Wiesbaden, Germany)']",none,[],sprague dawley,"['A total of 30 Sprague –Dawley (SD) rats(10 males, 20 females), weighting 220–250\u2009g, were purchased from Liaoning Changsheng Bio-Technology Co., Ltd.']",279 – Bi 2018.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,Y,sevoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,True,False,True,True,True
+rats,['seven-day-old male Wistar-Albino rats were obtained from the Experimental Research Centre.'],postnatal day 7,['seven-day-old male Wistar-Albino rats were obtained from the Experimental Research Centre.'],Y,"['The behaviour, anxiety states and spatial learning abilities of the subjects during the long-term period (6 weeks later) were evaluated by using the plus arm test and the Morris water test, respectively.']",sevoflurane,['anaesthesia was achieved with 2.3 % sevofl urane in 50 % oxygen (O2 )-air mixture.'],none,[],wistar-albino,['seven-day-old male Wistar-Albino rats were obtained from the Experimental Research Centre.'],282 – Ozer 2017.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,N,sevoflurane,none,wistar-albino,True,True,False,True,True,True
+mice,['C57/BL6 mice were used throughout the study'],postnatal day 7,"['At P7, all male pups from each litter (ranging from 2 to 6 pups) were randomly assigned to either the sevo or the no sevo (control) group']",Y,"['The mice that were involved in the behavior tests had undergone a 2‐h sevo or no sevo treatment at P7 without tail clamping.', 'The behavior tests were given sequentially for the active place avoidance (APA), reciprocal social interaction, and olfaction habituation/dishabituation.', 'After completion of these tests, we then introduced three‐chamber interaction, open field, and novel object recognition (NOR).']",sevoflurane,['Treatment with sevoflurane'],none,[],c57bl/6,['C57/BL6 mice were used throughout the study'],299 – Lin 2016.txt,mice,postnatal day 7,Y,sevoflurane,none,c57bl/6,True,True,True,True,True,True
+rats,['Ten dams were randomly divided into a control and an isoflurane group (n = 5).'],gestational day 14,"['The dams at gestational day 14 were used for all experiments, because this time corresponds approximately to midgestation in humans (Clancy et al., 2001, Clancy et al., 2007), the period when most nonobstetric surgeries and fetal interventions are performed (Goodman, 2002, Tran, 2010).']",Y,"['Four rat pups (2 females and 2 males) from each dam were selected to determine cognitive function at postnatal day 28 with a Morris Water Maze test with minor modifications (Jevtovic-Todorovic et al., 2003).']",isoflurane,"['The dams were either exposed to 1.3% isoflurane (Lot 826005U, ABBOTT, USA) in a humidified 30% oxygen carrier gas or simply humidified 30% oxygen without any inhalational anesthetic for 4 h.']",none,[],none,[],307 – Kong 2011.txt,rats,gestational day 14,Y,isoflurane,none,none,True,True,True,True,True,True
+rats,['All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Nanjing Medical University. The timed-pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were housed in a temperature-controlled (22–23 °C) room on a 12 h:12 h light:dark cycle (light on at 8:00 AM) with free access to food and water. The PND-7 male rat pups (11–14 g) were randomly assigned to ketamine-treated and control groups.'],postnatal day 7,"['In the treated group, ketamine was diluted in 0.9 % normal saline, and PND-7 rats were intraperitoneally administered with 40 mg/kg doses of ketamine in four injections at 1 h intervals (40 mg/kg × 4 injections).']",Y,['The hippocampal-dependent spatial memory abilities were tested by using the Morris water maze (MWM).'],ketamine,"['In the treated group, ketamine was diluted in 0.9 % normal saline, and PND-7 rats were intraperitoneally administered with 40 mg/kg doses of ketamine in four injections at 1 h intervals (40 mg/kg × 4 injections).']",none,[],sprague dawley,['All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Nanjing Medical University. The timed-pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were housed in a temperature-controlled (22–23 °C) room on a 12 h:12 h light:dark cycle (light on at 8:00 AM) with free access to food and water.'],341 – Huang 2016.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,Y,ketamine,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,True,True,True
+rats,"['Sprague Dawley dams with litters containing male-only and female-only pups were obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Gilroy, CA).']",postnatal day 7,"['On postnatal day (P)7, animals were randomly assigned to control or treatment groups (Fig. 1).']",Y,"['All behavioral testing occurred during the light cycle between 0800 and 1700 h.', 'Using object recognition as the premise, the tasks were then made increasingly complex.']",isoflurane,"['Briefly, isoflurane was delivered into the anesthetic chamber, and gas concentrations were continuously monitored.']",none,[],sprague dawley,"['Sprague Dawley dams with litters containing male-only and female-only pups were obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Gilroy, CA).']",359 – Lee 2014.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,Y,isoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,True,True,True
+rats,"['Wistar rat pups were purchased from the Bundesinstitut für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärmedizin BgVV, Berlin, Germany.']",postnatal day 6,['Six-day-old Wistar rats received either intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of propofol or underwent inhalational anesthesia with sevoflurane and were separated from their mother during the experimental phase.'],Y,"['Morris Water Maze (MWM) Test', 'Hole Board Test']",propofol,['For propofol anesthesia doses of 30 mg/kg body weight were given every 90 min up to a cumulative dose of 90 mg/kg.'],sevoflurane,"['For gas administration rats were placed into an incubation chamber (Billups Rothenberg Inc., Del Mar, USA), which was connected to an anesthesia system (F.Stephan GmBH, Gackenbach) for 6 h.']",wistar,"['Wistar rat pups were purchased from the Bundesinstitut für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärmedizin BgVV, Berlin, Germany.']",365 – Bercker 2009.txt,rats,postnatal day 6,Y,propofol,sevoflurane,wistar,True,True,True,True,True,True
+mice,"['The breeding pairs of C57BL/6J mice were initially obtained from Jackson Laboratory (New Harbor, ME, USA).', 'Neonatal mice (P7, both male and female) from various litters were randomly assigned into four groups: (1) control (Con) group, which received intranasal administration of saline instead of insulin and were not anesthetized; (2) sevoflurane (Sevo) group, which received intranasal saline followed by anesthesia with sevoflurane; (3) sevoflurane plus insulin (Sevo+Ins) group, which received both; and (4) control insulin (Ins) group, which received insulin but not sevoflurane.']",postnatal day 7,"['Induction of anesthesia was carried out by placing neonatal mice at the age of postnatal (P) days 7 in an anesthesia chamber (25 cm × 15 cm × 13 cm) filled with 5% sevoflurane in a mixture of O2 and N2 (50%/50%).', 'Neonatal mice received a total of 7.0 μl insulin (140 mU/mouse) or saline treatment through intranasal delivery 30 min before the beginning of anesthesia.']",N,[],sevoflurane,"['Sevoflurane was purchased from Henry Schein, Inc. (Melville, NY, USA), and insulin (Humulin R U-100) from Eli Lily (Indianapolis, IN, USA).']",none,[],c57bl/6,"['The breeding pairs of C57BL/6J mice were initially obtained from Jackson Laboratory (New Harbor, ME, USA).']",3744 – Li 2021.txt,mice,postnatal day 7,N,sevoflurane,none,c57bl/6,True,True,True,True,True,True
+mice,"['All study protocols involving mice were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee at the Johns Hopkins University (protocol MO14M315) and conducted in accordance with the NIH guidelines for care and use of animals.', 'C57BL/6 mice were housed in a temperature- and humidity-controlled room with a 12:12 hour light:dark cycle, and provided with ad libitum access to water and food. Both sexes were equally represented in all experiments. No animals were excluded.']",postnatal day 18,"['P18 mouse littermates were randomly assigned to 2 groups. In Group 1 (isoflurane), mice were exposed to 1.5% isoflurane carried in 100% oxygen for 4 hours. A calibrated flowmeter was used to deliver oxygen at a flow rate of 5 L/min and an agent-specific vaporizer was used to deliver isoflurane. In Group 2 (control), mice were exposed to room air for 4 hours. Animals were returned to their cages together with their littermates upon regaining righting reflex. Mice were continually monitored and recorded for skin temperature, heart rate, and oxygen saturation during the 4-hour isoflurane treatment (PhysioSuite; Kent Scientific, Torrington, CT).']",Y,"['Behavioral tests\nSixty-day-old mice housed in groups (5 mice per cage) were handled for at least 2 minutes per day for 3 days before the start of the behavioral experiments. All behavioral tests were performed during the light phase of the cycle between 8:00am and 6:00pm. Experimenters were blind to the samples when behavioral tests were carried out and quantified. The numbers of mice per condition are indicated in the figure legends.', 'Object-place recognition test Object-place recognition was performed as previously described [37]. Briefly, the test was assessed in a 27.5 cm × 27.5 cm × 25 cm opaque chamber with a prominent cue on 1 of the walls. Each mouse was habituated to the chamber for 15 minutes daily for 2 days. During the training phrase, each mouse was allowed to explore 2 identical objects (glass bottle, 2.7 cm diameter, 12 cm height, and colored paper inside) for 10 minutes. The mouse was then returned to its home cage for a retention period of 24 hours. The mouse was reintroduced to the training context and presented with 1 object that stayed in the same position as during training while the other object was moved to a new position. Movement and interaction with the objects was recorded with a video camera that was mounted above the chamber and exploratory behavior was measured by a blinded observer. Exploratory behavior was defined as sniffing, licking, or touching the object while facing the object.', 'Y-maze test In the Y-maze test, mice were released from the start arm (no visual cue) and allowed to habituate to only 1 out of 2 possible choice arms (overt visual cue) for 15 minutes. This was followed at 24 hours later by the recognition phrase in which the animal could choose between the 2 choice arms after being released from the start arm. The timed trials (5 minutes) were video recorded as well as graded by an observer blind to condition for total exploration time in each choice arm.']",isoflurane,"['In Group 1 (isoflurane), mice were exposed to 1.5% isoflurane carried in 100% oxygen for 4 hours. A calibrated flowmeter was used to deliver oxygen at a flow rate of 5 L/min and an agent-specific vaporizer was used to deliver isoflurane.']",none,[],c57bl/6,"['C57BL/6 mice were housed in a temperature- and humidity-controlled room with a 12:12 hour light:dark cycle, and provided with ad libitum access to water and food. Both sexes were equally represented in all experiments. No animals were excluded.']",384 – Kang 2017.txt,mice,postnatal day 18,Y,isoflurane,none,c57bl/6,True,True,True,True,True,True
+mice,"['Seven day old C57BL/6 male mice (Beijing Vital River Company, Beijing, China) were used in this study.']",postnatal day 7,"['BRL-50481 (Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, United Kingdom) was dissolved in 2.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) with 0.9% NaCl and injected intraperitoneally into pups before subjecting them to sevoflurane, with a vehicle injection as control.']",Y,['The spatial memory ability of control and treated mice was determined using the Morris water maze test developed by Richard Morris.'],brl-50481,"['BRL-50481 (Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, United Kingdom) was dissolved in 2.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) with 0.9% NaCl and injected intraperitoneally into pups before subjecting them to sevoflurane, with a vehicle injection as control.']",sevoflurane,"['Thirty minutes later, the injected pups were put into a semiclosed chamber and exposed to 3% sevoflurane for 4 h.']",c57bl/6,"['Seven day old C57BL/6 male mice (Beijing Vital River Company, Beijing, China) were used in this study.']",3879 – Chen 2020.txt,mice,postnatal day 7,Y,sevoflurane,none,c57bl/6,True,True,True,False,False,True
+mice,['Breeding pairs of male CD1 and female C57BL/6 mice were housed in a 12/12-hour light-dark cycle at 22°C with free access to food and water.'],7-day-old,"['For caspase 3 immunohistochemistry, 7-day-old CD1 and C57BL/6 hybrid littermates (n = 14) were randomly assigned to a 6-hour exposure to 1.5% isoflurane (approximately 0.6 minimum alveolar concentration in these mice) in 30% oxygen (anesthesia, n = 8) or to 6 hours in room air (control, n = 6).']",N,[],isoflurane,"['For caspase 3 immunohistochemistry, 7-day-old CD1 and C57BL/6 hybrid littermates (n = 14) were randomly assigned to a 6-hour exposure to 1.5% isoflurane (approximately 0.6 minimum alveolar concentration in these mice) in 30% oxygen (anesthesia, n = 8) or to 6 hours in room air (control, n = 6).']",none,[],c57bl/6,['Breeding pairs of male CD1 and female C57BL/6 mice were housed in a 12/12-hour light-dark cycle at 22°C with free access to food and water.'],407 – Istaphanous 2013.txt,mice,postnatal day 7,N,isoflurane,none,none,True,False,True,True,True,False
+rats,"['A total of 80 healthy 7-day-old SD rats, male or female, weighing 12-18 g were selected.']",postnatal day 7,"['All young rats received the adaptive breeding for 1 week in animal room.', 'The animals in the control group received 0.9% saline l mL by intraperitoneal injection every 2 h, continuous for 3 times.', 'The animals in experiment group A received 80 mg/kg ketamine l mL by intraperitoneal injection every 2 h, continuous for 3 times.', 'The animals in experiment group B received 80 mg/kg propofol 1 mL by intraperitoneal injection every 2 h, continuous for 3 times.', 'The animals in experiment group C received 80 mg/kg ketamine and propofol 1 mL by intraperitoneal injection every 2 h, continuous for 3 times.']",Y,"['The other half young rats cerebral was obtained quickly by sterile opening cranium, and brain tissue was mixed with ice normal saline by homogenizer.', 'Behavior of rats was observed by Morris water maze[3].']",ketamine,"['The animals in experiment group A received 80 mg/kg ketamine l mL by intraperitoneal injection every 2 h, continuous for 3 times.', 'The animals in experiment group C received 80 mg/kg ketamine and propofol 1 mL by intraperitoneal injection every 2 h, continuous for 3 times.']",propofol,"['The animals in experiment group B received 80 mg/kg propofol 1 mL by intraperitoneal injection every 2 h, continuous for 3 times.', 'The animals in experiment group C received 80 mg/kg ketamine and propofol 1 mL by intraperitoneal injection every 2 h, continuous for 3 times.']",sprague dawley,"['A total of 80 healthy 7-day-old SD rats, male or female, weighing 12-18 g were selected.', 'All animals were provided by XX University Experimental Animal Center, and were kept in a constant temperature 25 ℃, constant humidity 40% -50% environment, and had freely drank autoclaved water.']",408 – Cao 2014.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,Y,ketamine,propofol,sprague dawley,True,True,True,True,True,True
+mice,"['C57BL/6J mice were maintained in a specific pathogen-free (SPF) room maintained at 22°C, with a 12 h light/dark cycle, and fed ad libitum.']",postnatal day 16/17,"['PND 16/17 mice were randomly divided into three groups: control, sevoflurane, and sevoflurane plus rapamycin groups.']",N,[],sevoflurane,"['Mice in the sevoflurane and sevoflurane plus rapamycin groups were placed in a 1-l plastic chamber and exposed to a constant flow of fresh gas [fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) 0.4, 4 L/min] containing 2.5% sevoflurane for 2 h.']",rapamycin,"['Rapamycin (LC Laboratories, Woburn, MA, USA) was reconstituted in ethanol at a concentration 10 μg/μl and then diluted in 5% Tween-80 (Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 5% PEG-400 (Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), as described (Chen et al., 2009).']",c57bl/6,"['C57BL/6J mice were maintained in a specific pathogen-free (SPF) room maintained at 22°C, with a 12 h light/dark cycle, and fed ad libitum.']",415 – Ju 2020.txt,mice,postnatal day 16,N,sevoflurane,none,c57bl/6,True,False,True,True,False,True
+rats,"['Animals According to previous observations (15), a total fo 49, male Wistar rats (14.54±1.52 g) at postnatal day 7 (P7) were selected for experimental analyses.', 'The Wistar rats at P7 were purchased from the Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University (Nanjing, China).', 'Rats were housed in polypropylene cages under a 12-h alternating light/dark cycle, with food and water supplied ad libitum in the institutional animal facilities.', 'All the experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College (Anhui, China) and performed according to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (16).', 'All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and to reduce the number of animals used.']",postnatal day 7,"['A total of 48 Wistar rats at P7 were randomly divided into four groups (n=12), including the 0, 2, 4 and 6-h treatment group, in which Wistar rats were exposed to 3% sevoflurane for 0, 2, 4 and 6 h, respectively.']",Y,"['Behavioral experiments As described in our previous study (9), three tests were conducted in sequence, including the elevated plus-maze (EPM), O-maze and Y-maze.', 'For each behavioral test, the movement tracks of experimental rats were recorded by a video-tracking software (Any-Maze version 5.1; Stoelting Co., Wood Dale, IL, USA) and analyzed by an additional researcher who was blinded to the experimental protocols.', 'All the test were performed during the dark phase (active period of rats) between 1 a.m. and 4 p.m.', 'The experimental details of EPM test, O-maze and Y-maze were as described in previous studies (9,17–19).', 'Briefly, the EPM and O-maze tests were used to assess the anxiety-like behavior in rodents, while the Y-maze test was used to investigate the immediate spatial working memory (a pattern of manifestation of cognitive function) of rodents.']",sevoflurane,"['A total of 48 Wistar rats at P7 were randomly divided into four groups (n=12), including the 0, 2, 4 and 6-h treatment group, in which Wistar rats were exposed to 3% sevoflurane for 0, 2, 4 and 6 h, respectively.', 'For anesthesia, Wistar rats were placed in a temperature-controlled (37±0.5°C) plexiglas anesthesia chamber.', 'First, the rats were subject to 5% sevoflurane exposure for 30 sec, provided in a gas mixture of 5% carbon dioxide, 21% oxygen and balanced nitrogen at a flow rate of 10 l/min.', 'Next, the rats were exposed to 3% sevoflurane for the specified time period at a rate of 1.5 l/min.', 'During the anesthesia process, the concentrations of sevoflurane, carbon dioxide and oxygen in the gas mixture were monitored with an anesthetic gas monitor (Datex-Ohmeda S/5; GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA).']",none,[],wistar,"['Animals According to previous observations (15), a total fo 49, male Wistar rats (14.54±1.52 g) at postnatal day 7 (P7) were selected for experimental analyses.', 'The Wistar rats at P7 were purchased from the Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University (Nanjing, China).']",4315 – Ling 2017.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,Y,sevoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,True,True,False
+rats,['PND 7 and embryonic day 18–19 Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Laboratory Animal Centre of Xi’an Jiaotong University.'],postnatal day 7,"['The PND 7 rats, weighing 13–18 g, were housed with their mother and maintained at a temperature of 24°C in a 12 h/12 h light/dark cycle with free access to food and water.']",Y,"['The spatial learning and memory function of rats after ketamine exposure were tested by MWM experiments as described in a previous study (Shen et al., 2013).']",ketamine,"['(ii) the rats in ketamine group received 40 mg/kg ketamine, diluted in normal saline and administrated by intraperitoneal injection (ketamine, Sigma–Aldrich Inc. St. Louis, MO, United States), the initial injection was considered to be the loading dose, 30% of it was injected at approximately 40 min intervals to maintain the anesthesia for 4 h (Lu et al., 2017);']",17β-estradiol,"['(iii) the rats in the 17β-estradiol group received 17β-estradiol (17β-estradiol, Tocris, Minneapolis, MN, United States; DMSO, Sigma–Aldrich, St Louis, MO, United States) dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at a concentration of 100 ug/ml, 100 ug/kg 17β-estradiol administered intraperitoneally 8 h, 1 h prior to and 3 h after ketamine’s initial injection (Liu et al., 2007).']",sprague dawley,['PND 7 and embryonic day 18–19 Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Laboratory Animal Centre of Xi’an Jiaotong University.'],435 – Li 2019.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,N,ketamine,none,sprague dawley,True,True,False,True,False,True
+rats,"['Sprague-Dawley multiparous dams (n =\u200931) with litters containing male pups (n =\u2009135) were purchased from Experimental Animal Center of Sun Yat-sen University, China. We only used male offspring to exclude the influence of estrogen on the biochemical data and neurocognitive functions.']",postnatal day 7,"['SD rats at P7 (weight 14–16 g) were randomly divided into the air-treated control (C group), the 1.2% sevoflurane-exposed (1.2% sevo group), and the 2.4% sevoflurane-exposed (2.4% sevo group).']",Y,"['On P35, the rats were tested for spatial learning and memory ability using the Morris water maze (MWM).']",sevoflurane,"['Rats in the 1.2% sevo group and the 2.4% sevo group were placed in a plastic container and exposed to 1.2 or 2.4% sevoflurane continuously for 6 h, using air as a carrier, with a total gas flow of 2 L min−1.']",none,['Rats in the C group were exposed to the same container as the rats in the 1.2% sevo and 2.4% sevo group but were exposed to air alone for 6 h.'],sprague dawley,"['Sprague-Dawley multiparous dams (n =\u200931) with litters containing male pups (n =\u2009135) were purchased from Experimental Animal Center of Sun Yat-sen University, China.']",437 – Chen 2018.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,Y,sevoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,True,True,True
+rats,['Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats used in the present study were obtained from the Animal Care Center of Fudan University.'],postnatal day 7,"['According to the flow chart of the experimental protocol (Fig. 1), the rat pups (body weight: 12.1 ± 0.1 g) at postnatal day 7 (P7) were divided into two groups: control (Group C) and sevoflurane-treated (Group S).']",N,[],sevoflurane,"['P7 rats in group S were placed in a sealed chamber ventilated with 3 % sevoflurane in 100 % oxygen for 6 h and sevoflurane concentration was continuously measured through a gas sample line by using a monitor (Datex Ohmeda S/5, Helsinki, Finland) whereas those in group C were placed in a similar chamber for 6 h under identical experimental conditions without sevoflurane exposure.']",none,[],sprague dawley,['Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats used in the present study were obtained from the Animal Care Center of Fudan University.'],460 – Liu 2015.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,N,sevoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,True,True,True
+mice,"['Twenty-four female and six male C57BL/6 mice in breeding age were purchased from Zhaoyan Laboratory (Taicang, Jiangsu, China) for producing next generation of mice.', 'Four male and four female mice were specifically used as the stranger mice, which were trained to stay calmly in the enclosure before social interaction test.', 'All the mice were raised with free access to food and water in a controlled environment (room temperature 21–22 °C, 12/12 h light/dark cycle, and light on at 7 a.m.).']",postnatal day 6,"['On postnatal day 6, the neonatal mice were randomly assigned into two groups.', 'Another battery of neonatal mice were treated with the air condition (control) or 60% oxygen (oxyg) or 3.0% sevoflurane in 60% oxygen (sevo) for 2 h on PND 6, and then killed for harvesting brain tissues 24 h after treatment.']",Y,"['These subject mice were tested for social interaction behavior at one- and two-month-old.', 'Social interaction test is performed with the three-chambered social box, with three chambers (40 L × 20 W × 22 H cm) and two enclosures (7 ID × 15 H cm).', ""The subject mouse initiates social interaction with the stranger mouse by nose-to-nose or nose-to-tail sniffing, thus the animal's head is tracked by the ANY-maze program."", 'First of all, the stranger mice were transferred into behavioral room and hidden 2 m away from social apparatus.', 'Each subject mouse was taken into behavioral room about 45 min before social interaction test.', 'In the first session (Habituation, 10-min), the subject mouse was gently placed into the middle chamber, and allowed to freely explore in three chambers.', 'In the second session (Sociability, 10-min), the subject mouse was guided into the middle chamber and transiently confined there.', 'An unfamiliar conspecific (Stranger 1) was introduced into one enclosure, the subject mouse was allowed to explore in three chambers and sniff at two enclosures containing Stranger 1 or not.', 'In the third session (Preference for social novelty 10-min), the subject mouse was again confined into the middle chamber.', 'Another unfamiliar conspecific (Stranger 2) was introduced into the other enclosure, and the subject mouse was allowed to explore in three chambers and sniff at two enclosures containing Stranger 2 or Stranger 1.', 'Placement of Stranger 1 on left and right side were balanced between trials, and two stranger mice were the same gender as the subject mice.', 'Sociability is characteristic of the mouse taking more time sniffing its conspecific mouse compared with an inanimate object.', 'Preference for social novelty is characteristic of the mouse taking more time sniffing an unfamiliar mouse compared with a familiar one.', 'Four parameters were measured for judging social choice, including 1) time sniffing at the enclosure, 2) number of sniffs, 3) time exploring in the chamber, and 4) number of entries.', 'Sniffing time at the enclosure was primary outcome, number of sniffs at the enclosure and time exploring in the chamber were secondary outcomes.', 'In social interaction test, “at the enclosure” is defined as the head of mouse entering an area about 3 cm around the enclosure, as described in similar social study [13].', 'And “in the chamber” is defined as the head of mouse entering into the chamber.']",sevoflurane,['Twenty-eight mice (17 males and 11 female) received 3.0% sevoflurane in 60% oxygen for 2 h (Sevo)'],60% oxygen,['Thirty-one mice (11 males and 20 female) inhaled merely 60% oxygen for 2 h (Oxyg).'],c57bl/6,"['Twenty-four female and six male C57BL/6 mice in breeding age were purchased from Zhaoyan Laboratory (Taicang, Jiangsu, China) for producing next generation of mice.']",462 – Liu 2022.txt,mice,postnatal day 6,Y,sevoflurane,none,c57bl/6,True,True,True,True,False,True
+rats,"['All of the animals were treated according to the guidelines of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (China Ministry of Health).', 'The dams were housed in polypropylene cages, and the room temperature was maintained at 22 °C, with a 12-h light–dark cycle.', 'The dams at gestational day 14 were used for all experiments, because this time corresponds approximately to mid-gestation in humans [15], [16], the period when most non-obstetric surgeries and fetal interventions are performed [9], [10].', 'The dams were randomly divided into three groups: control, low concentration of isoflurane (1.3%), and high concentration of isoflurane (3%) treatment groups (n = 8).', 'We chose 1.3% because it represents 1 MAC in the pregnant rats [17], and 3% is equal to ∼2 MAC.', 'After exposure, all the dams were returned to their cages and allowed to deliver naturally.', 'Four rat pups (2 females and 2 males) from each dam were selected to determine cognitive function at postnatal day 28 with a Morris Water Maze test with minor modifications [1].', 'The place trials were performed at postnatal day 29 for 4 days to determine the rats’ ability to obtain spatial information.']",gestational day 14,"['The dams at gestational day 14 were used for all experiments, because this time corresponds approximately to mid-gestation in humans [15], [16], the period when most non-obstetric surgeries and fetal interventions are performed [9], [10].']",Y,"['Four rat pups (2 females and 2 males) from each dam were selected to determine cognitive function at postnatal day 28 with a Morris Water Maze test with minor modifications [1].', 'The place trials were performed at postnatal day 29 for 4 days to determine the rats’ ability to obtain spatial information.']",isoflurane,"['The dams were randomly divided into three groups: control, low concentration of isoflurane (1.3%), and high concentration of isoflurane (3%) treatment groups (n = 8).', 'In these boxes, pregnant rats in isoflurane treatment groups were exposed to 1.3 or 3% isoflurane (Lot 826005U, Abbott Laboratories Limited, USA) in a humidified 30% oxygen carrier gas for 1 h; the control group was exposed to simply humidified 30% oxygen without any inhalational anesthetic for 1 h.']",none,[],rats,"['All of the animals were treated according to the guidelines of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (China Ministry of Health).', 'The dams were housed in polypropylene cages, and the room temperature was maintained at 22 °C, with a 12-h light–dark cycle.', 'The dams at gestational day 14 were used for all experiments, because this time corresponds approximately to mid-gestation in humans [15], [16], the period when most non-obstetric surgeries and fetal interventions are performed [9], [10].', 'The dams were randomly divided into three groups: control, low concentration of isoflurane (1.3%), and high concentration of isoflurane (3%) treatment groups (n = 8).', 'We chose 1.3% because it represents 1 MAC in the pregnant rats [17], and 3% is equal to ∼2 MAC.', 'After exposure, all the dams were returned to their cages and allowed to deliver naturally.', 'Four rat pups (2 females and 2 males) from each dam were selected to determine cognitive function at postnatal day 28 with a Morris Water Maze test with minor modifications [1].', 'The place trials were performed at postnatal day 29 for 4 days to determine the rats’ ability to obtain spatial information.']",470 – Kong 2012.txt,rats,gestational day 14,Y,isoflurane,none,none,True,True,True,True,True,False
+mice,"['C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China).']",postnatal day 14,"['Young C57BL/6 mice, postnatal 14 days, were intraperitoneally administrated with repeated dosage of 75\u2009mg/kg ketamine per day for six consecutive days (n\u2009=\u200928).']",N,[],ketamine,"['Young C57BL/6 mice, postnatal 14 days, were intraperitoneally administrated with repeated dosage of 75\u2009mg/kg ketamine per day for six consecutive days (n\u2009=\u200928).']",none,[],none,[],4738 – Cao 2015.txt,mice,postnatal day 14,Y,ketamine,none,c57bl/6,True,True,False,True,True,False
+rats,"['Brain HI was performed in 7-day-old male and female Sprague–Dawley rats as described previously [10, 11].']",postnatal day 7,"['In brief, neonates were anesthetized by isoflurane and their left common carotid arteries were permanently ligated with a double 7-0 surgical silk.']",N,[],isoflurane,"['In brief, neonates were anesthetized by isoflurane and their left common carotid arteries were permanently ligated with a double 7-0 surgical silk.']",sevoflurane,['Sevoflurane postconditioning was performed by exposing neonates to various concentrations of sevoflurane in 30 % O2 for 1 h immediately after brain HI.'],sprague dawley,"['Brain HI was performed in 7-day-old male and female Sprague–Dawley rats as described previously [10, 11].']",4902 – Ren 2014.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,N,isoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,True,False,True
+rats,['Male Sprague–Dawley (sd) rats were obtained from the Experimental Animal Centre of Sun Yat-sen University.'],postnatal day 7,"['Rats at postnatal day 7 (P7, 16–17 g) were randomly divided into a sevoflurane-treated group (51 rats) and an air-treated control group (48 rats).']",Y,"['The Fox battery test was used to assess the cerebral maturation of P1–21 rats,23,24 and the Morris water maze (MWM) was used to test spatial learning and memory performance in P28–32 rats.25,26']",sevoflurane,['Rats in the sevoflurane-treated group were placed in a plastic container and continuously exposed to 2.3% sevoflurane for 6 h using air as a carrier with a gas flow of 2 litre min−1.'],none,['Rats in the control group were placed into the container and were exposed to air only for 6 h.'],sprague dawley,['Male Sprague–Dawley (sd) rats were obtained from the Experimental Animal Centre of Sun Yat-sen University.'],505 – Feng 2012.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,N,sevoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,True,False,True,True,True
+mice,"['Organotypic hippocampal slices were derived from postnatal day 8 or 9 C57Bl/6 mice pups (Harlan Laboratories, Huntingdon, United Kingdom) and cultured by the interface method21,22with some modifications.']",postnatal day 8 or 9,"['Organotypic hippocampal slices were derived from postnatal day 8 or 9 C57Bl/6 mice pups (Harlan Laboratories, Huntingdon, United Kingdom) and cultured by the interface method21,22with some modifications.']",N,[],isoflurane,"['The groups of slices (n = 15 per group) were assigned to control (air + 5% carbon dioxide), dexmedetomidine 1 μm, gabazine 50 μm, 0.75% isoflurane, 0.75% isoflurane + dexmedetomidine 1 μm, and 0.75% isoflurane + gabazine 50 μm.']",none,[],c57bl/6,"['Organotypic hippocampal slices were derived from postnatal day 8 or 9 C57Bl/6 mice pups (Harlan Laboratories, Huntingdon, United Kingdom) and cultured by the interface method21,22with some modifications.']",5173 – Liu 2012.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,N,isoflurane,none,sprague dawley,False,False,True,True,True,False
+rats,"['Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles Rivers, USA) arrived on gestational day 5.', 'Four animals, 2 males and 2 females, were selected from each litter.']",postnatal day 7,"['On PND 7, rats were exposed to vehicle gas alone (75% oxygen/25% nitrogen) or 2.5% Sevo (in vehicle gas) for 6 h.']",N,[],sevo,"['One animal of each sex was randomly assigned to the Sevo group with the other being assigned to the vehicle condition.', 'On PND 7, rats were exposed to vehicle gas alone (75% oxygen/25% nitrogen) or 2.5% Sevo (in vehicle gas) for 6 h.']",none,[],sprague dawley,"['Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles Rivers, USA) arrived on gestational day 5.']",520 – Burks 2020.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,N,sevoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,False,True,True
+rats,"['Sprague–Dawley pregnant rats (Charles River Laboratories, Inc Wilmington, MA) were housed in polypropylene cages and the room temperature was maintained at 22 °C, with a 12 h light–dark cycle.']",gestational day 21,"['Pregnant rats at gestation day 21 (E21) were used for all experiments because it approximately corresponds to mid-gestation in human beings according to the theory of brain growth spurt (Dobbing and Sands, 1979, Jevtovic-Todorovic et al., 2003), and is a common time for most fetal surgeries (18–25 weeks) (Myers et al., 2002).']",Y,['The behavioral study was performed to investigate the effects of fetal exposure to isoflurane on postnatal memory and learning.'],isoflurane,"['Isoflurane is used clinically at a wide range of concentrations (about 0.2–3%), depending on the presence of other kinds of anesthetics or narcotics and the type and duration of surgery.', 'Due to our concern that the physiological side effects of these drugs would contaminate the interpretation, we conducted a pilot study to determine the highest anesthetic concentration we could use without invasive support (tracheal intubation and ventilation) that would not significantly affect arterial blood gas (ABG) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) in the mothers, and then used this concentration in the subsequent formal study.', 'Therefore, 1.3% isoflurane was used in the ensuing neurodegeneration and behavioral studies.', 'After the pregnant rat was exposed to 1.3% isoflurane for 6 h, the brains of both mother and fetuses were removed and the brain tissue was immediately placed into 4 ml of 0.02 M phosphate buffer (with 1 mM halothane as internal standard) and homogenized in a glass homogenizer.']",none,[],sprague dawley,"['Sprague–Dawley pregnant rats (Charles River Laboratories, Inc Wilmington, MA) were housed in polypropylene cages and the room temperature was maintained at 22 °C, with a 12 h light–dark cycle.']",531 – Li 2007.txt,rats,gestational day 21,Y,isoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,True,True,True
+rats,['The rats used in the present study were obtained from the Animal Care Center of Fudan University.'],postnatal day 7,"['On postnatal day 7 (P7), the rat pups in the sevoflurane and sevoflurane with n-3 PUFAs groups received sevoflurane anesthesia.']",Y,"['Morris water maze spatial reference memory Probe training: Rats trained for 4 consecutive days (postnatal days 35–38, P35–38) in the Morris water maze following treatment with a vehicle or 3% sevoflurane for 6 h.', 'Probe test: A probe trial was performed with the platform removed from the tank to assess memory retention for the hidden platform location.', 'Fear conditioning test Rats underwent fear conditioning tests on postnatal days 63–64 (P63–64).']",sevoflurane,"['P7 rats were placed in a sealed box ventilated with 3% sevoflurane in 60% oxygen and treated for 6 h.', 'Rats trained for 4 consecutive days (postnatal days 35–38, P35–38) in the Morris water maze following treatment with a vehicle or 3% sevoflurane for 6 h.', 'Rats underwent fear conditioning tests on postnatal days 63–64 (P63–64).']",none,[],sprague dawley,['The rats used in the present study were obtained from the Animal Care Center of Fudan University.'],564 – Lei 2013.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,Y,sevoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,True,True,True
+rats,"['Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were housed at 24°C on a 12-hr:12-hr light:dark cycle with free access to food and water.', 'The PND-7 male rats (11-14g) selected from all the pups were used in the experiments.', 'These rats were randomly assigned to control groups and ketamine groups.']",postnatal day 7,"['After anesthesia, neonatal rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of BrdU (5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine; Sigma, 100 mg/kg) in 0.9% NaCl solution at PND-7, 9 and 13.']",N,[],ketamine,"['Ketamine was diluted in 0.9 % normal saline.', 'PND-7 rats in treated group were administered intraperitoneally by four injections of 40 mg/kg ketamine with 1h intervals.', 'Animals in control group received equal volume of saline at the same time points.', 'To evaluate the effect of ketamine on apoptosis in the NSCs and astrocytes, a double-immunofluorescence detection of nestin/caspase-3 and GFAP/caspase-3 was performed.', 'The animals were transcardially perfused with 0.9% saline followed by 4% paraformaldehyde at 12 h after the end of ketamine anesthesia.']",none,[],sprague dawley,['Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were housed at 24°C on a 12-hr:12-hr light:dark cycle with free access to food and water.'],570 – Huang 2015.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,N,ketamine,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,True,True,True
+rats,"['Because peak anesthesia-induced neurodegeneration in rodents occurs on postnatal day (PND) 7 [22], Sprague-Dawley (SD) PND7 rats weighing 14–18 g, provided by the Animal Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Shanghai, China) were used in this study.']",postnatal day 7,"['Because peak anesthesia-induced neurodegeneration in rodents occurs on postnatal day (PND) 7 [22], Sprague-Dawley (SD) PND7 rats weighing 14–18 g, provided by the Animal Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Shanghai, China) were used in this study.']",Y,"['To assess neurodevelopmental outcomes, particularly the learning and memory functions of juveniles, rats from all groups were subjected to Morris water maze after reaching 6 weeks of age (n = 12), as previously described [24].', 'Finally, to investigate cognitive function during development, the passive avoidance test was performed at 3 months.']",sevoflurane,"['Rats in the other two groups were exposed to either 2% sevoflurane (SEVOFRANE®, Osaka, Japan) for 3 h (Sevo1 group) or 3% sevoflurane for 6 h (Sevo2 group) under 100% oxygen in the same chamber at 37 °C as described previously [13].']",none,[],sprague dawley,"['Because peak anesthesia-induced neurodegeneration in rodents occurs on postnatal day (PND) 7 [22], Sprague-Dawley (SD) PND7 rats weighing 14–18 g, provided by the Animal Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Shanghai, China) were used in this study.']",579 – Lu 2016.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,N,sevoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,True,False,True,True,True
+mice,"['Postnatal day five C57BL/6 mice (average body weight: 2.7 g), as a litter with their mother, were purchased from SLC (SLC Japan Inc., Shizuoka, Japan).', 'For the behavioural study, male mice were weaned at three or four weeks of age and housed four mice per cage for each experimental group.', 'Behavioural testing was carried out only on male mice to avoid potential variability caused by the oestrous cycle.']",postnatal day six,"['On postnatal day six, mice were placed in a humidified chamber (180×180×200 mm) heated to 38 (1)°C, and were exposed to 3% sevoflurane in 40% oxygen for 6 h.']",Y,"['To assess long-term cognitive impairment induced by sevoflurane exposure, the fear conditioning test was performed.']",sevoflurane,"['We used sevoflurane anaesthesia protocol as previously published.', 'For the experimental treatments, the pups from the same litter were randomly divided into four groups; (1) non-anaesthesia (NA group, control mice), (2) NADPH oxidase inhibitor treatment (apocynin) group where mice received intraperitoneal apocynin, 50 mg kg−1,17,18 in a total injection volume of 10 µl, (3) 3% sevoflurane exposure (SEVO group, where mice received 3% sevoflurane for 6 h), and (4) apocynin in combination with sevoflurane (apocynin+SEVO group, where mice received 3% sevoflurane for 6 h in addition to intraperitoneal apocynin, 50 mg kg−1).']",none,[],c57bl/6,"['Postnatal day five C57BL/6 mice (average body weight: 2.7 g), as a litter with their mother, were purchased from SLC (SLC Japan Inc., Shizuoka, Japan).']",588 – Sun 2016.txt,mice,postnatal day 6,Y,sevoflurane,none,c57bl/6,True,False,True,True,True,True
+rats,"['Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (both male and female) were obtained from the Experimental Animal Centre of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.']",1 week to 5 weeks,"['After gas exposure, electrophysiological recording were performed on rats of 5 different ages (from 1 week to 5 weeks).']",N,[],sevoflurane,['Rats in 3% sevoflurane group and 2.1% sevoflurane group were respectively exposed to 3% and 2.1% sevoflurane for 6 h using oxygen as gas carrier with a gas flow of 4 L/min'],none,[],sprague dawley,"['Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (both male and female) were obtained from the Experimental Animal Centre of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.']",618 – Liu 2014.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,N,sevoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,False,True,True,True,True
+mice,"['At postnatal day 7 (P7), male C57BL/6 mice (weight, 3–5 g; Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center, Shanghai, China) were randomly divided into a sevoflurane-treated group (n=6) and an air-treated control group (n=6) for analysis of the effects of sevoflurane on CREB phosphorylation, BDNF expression and MeCP2 phosphorylation levels.', 'For further experiments, male C57BL/6 mice at postnatal day 7 (P7) were randomly divided into four groups: The sevoflurane-saline group (sevo group, n=7); the air-saline group (control group, n=6); the sevoflurane-memantine group (sevo+mem group, n=7); and the air-memantine group (mem group, n=6).']",postnatal day 7,"['At postnatal day 7 (P7), male C57BL/6 mice (weight, 3–5 g; Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center, Shanghai, China) were randomly divided into a sevoflurane-treated group (n=6) and an air-treated control group (n=6) for analysis of the effects of sevoflurane on CREB phosphorylation, BDNF expression and MeCP2 phosphorylation levels.', 'For further experiments, male C57BL/6 mice at postnatal day 7 (P7) were randomly divided into four groups: The sevoflurane-saline group (sevo group, n=7); the air-saline group (control group, n=6); the sevoflurane-memantine group (sevo+mem group, n=7); and the air-memantine group (mem group, n=6).']",N,[],sevoflurane,"['At postnatal day 7 (P7), male C57BL/6 mice (weight, 3–5 g; Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center, Shanghai, China) were randomly divided into a sevoflurane-treated group (n=6) and an air-treated control group (n=6) for analysis of the effects of sevoflurane on CREB phosphorylation, BDNF expression and MeCP2 phosphorylation levels.', 'Mice were placed in a plastic container and continuously exposed to 1.5% sevoflurane (Maruishi Pharmaceutical Co., Osaka, Japan) in air, or to air alone for 2 h, with a gas flow of 2 l/min.', 'For further experiments, male C57BL/6 mice at postnatal day 7 (P7) were randomly divided into four groups: The sevoflurane-saline group (sevo group, n=7); the air-saline group (control group, n=6); the sevoflurane-memantine group (sevo+mem group, n=7); and the air-memantine group (mem group, n=6).', 'Mice received 1 mg/kg saline or memantine intraperitoneally prior to sevoflurane or air treatment.', 'The mice were then placed in a plastic container and continuously exposed to 1.5% sevoflurane in air or to air alone for 2 h, with a gas flow of 2 l/min.']",memantine,"['For further experiments, male C57BL/6 mice at postnatal day 7 (P7) were randomly divided into four groups: The sevoflurane-saline group (sevo group, n=7); the air-saline group (control group, n=6); the sevoflurane-memantine group (sevo+mem group, n=7); and the air-memantine group (mem group, n=6).', 'Mice received 1 mg/kg saline or memantine intraperitoneally prior to sevoflurane or air treatment.']",c57bl/6,"['At postnatal day 7 (P7), male C57BL/6 mice (weight, 3–5 g; Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center, Shanghai, China) were randomly divided into a sevoflurane-treated group (n=6) and an air-treated control group (n=6) for analysis of the effects of sevoflurane on CREB phosphorylation, BDNF expression and MeCP2 phosphorylation levels.', 'For further experiments, male C57BL/6 mice at postnatal day 7 (P7) were randomly divided into four groups: The sevoflurane-saline group (sevo group, n=7); the air-saline group (control group, n=6); the sevoflurane-memantine group (sevo+mem group, n=7); and the air-memantine group (mem group, n=6).']",623 – Han 2015.txt,mice,postnatal day 7,N,sevoflurane,none,c57bl/6,True,True,True,True,False,True
+rats,['Seven-day-old male and female Sprague Dawley rats (body weight 11.1–17.5 g) were housed in plastic cages with their mothers and maintained on a 12: 12 h light/dark cycle at 22–25°C ambient temperature with food and water available ad libitum for the mothers.'],postnatal day 7,['Rats (n = 40) were divided into two random groups. In one group (n = 20) the rats were injected with ketamine intraperitoneally (i.p.) at PND 7 [8] and sacrificed within 24 h. In the other group (n = 20) the rats were also injected with ketamine at PND 7 and were sacrificed at PND 28.'],N,[],ketamine,"['In one group (n = 20) the rats were injected with ketamine intraperitoneally (i.p.) at PND 7 [8] and sacrificed within 24 h.', 'The other four groups received i.p. injections of ketamine (K1–K4) [9] (see Table 1).']",none,[],sprague dawley,['Seven-day-old male and female Sprague Dawley rats (body weight 11.1–17.5 g) were housed in plastic cages with their mothers and maintained on a 12: 12 h light/dark cycle at 22–25°C ambient temperature with food and water available ad libitum for the mothers.'],667 – Han 2010.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,N,ketamine,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,True,True,True
+mice,"['Pregnant C57BL/6 mice were purchased from SLC (SLC Japan Inc., Shizuoka, Japan).', 'Only the male offspring were used in this study.']",postnatal day 6,['Postnatal day 6 (P6) male mice were placed in an acrylic box and exposed to 3% sevoflurane or no anesthetics for 6 h.'],Y,"['As described previously for CBF and histopathologic studies, some sets of mice for behavioral studies were exposed to 3% or 0% sevoflurane for 6 h at P6.', 'They were allowed to mature, and at the appropriate ages, sevoflurane and control mice underwent behavioral tests, namely, open-field, elevated plus-maze, Y-maze, fear conditioning, social recognition, social interaction, olfactory, and novelty tests.']",sevoflurane,['Postnatal day 6 (P6) male mice were placed in an acrylic box and exposed to 3% sevoflurane or no anesthetics for 6 h.'],none,[],c57bl/6,"['Pregnant C57BL/6 mice were purchased from SLC (SLC Japan Inc., Shizuoka, Japan).']",722 – Satomoto 2009.txt,mice,postnatal day 6,Y,sevoflurane,none,c57bl/6,True,True,True,True,True,True
+rats,"['Sprague-Dawley rats were housed under controlled illumination (12-h light/dark, lights on at 7:00AM) and temperature (23–24°C) with free access to food and water.']",postnatal day 5,['The P5 male and female rat pups were kept in a temperature-controlled chamber (37ºC) with a continuous supply of 30% oxygen in air (1.5 L min−1) during anaesthesia with 6 vol% sevoflurane for 3 min for induction and 2.1 vol% sevoflurane for 357 min as maintenance (sevoflurane group).'],Y,"['The F0 male and female rats were sequentially evaluated on the elevated plus maze (EPM) starting on P60, for prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response on P70, and for corticosterone responses to physical restraint for 30 min on ≥P160 followed by isolation of brain and gamete tissue samples for further analyses (Fig. 1).', 'The F1 rats, 144 in total [n=18 per sex (two) per group (four)], which were subjected to facility rearing only, were evaluated in the EPM starting on P60, PPI of startle on P70, Morris water maze (MWM) testing starting on P79, and for the corticosterone responses to restraint for 30 min on ≥P90, followed by isolation of brain tissue samples for further analyses.']",sevoflurane,['The P5 male and female rat pups were kept in a temperature-controlled chamber (37ºC) with a continuous supply of 30% oxygen in air (1.5 L min−1) during anaesthesia with 6 vol% sevoflurane for 3 min for induction and 2.1 vol% sevoflurane for 357 min as maintenance (sevoflurane group).'],none,[],sprague dawley,"['Sprague-Dawley rats were housed under controlled illumination (12-h light/dark, lights on at 7:00AM) and temperature (23–24°C) with free access to food and water.']",740 – Ju 2018.txt,rats,postnatal day 5,Y,sevoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,True,True,True
+rats,['We exposed postnatal day 7 (P7) Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes to one of four treatment protocols:'],postnatal day 7,['We exposed postnatal day 7 (P7) Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes to one of four treatment protocols:'],Y,['Cognitive abilities were assessed between 5 and 7 months of age using the Morris water maze test with the adult size pool (180 cm inner diameter).'],midazolam,"['GA-treated (midazolam, 9 mg kg−1, i.p.; single injection immediately before administration of 0.75% isoflurane+75% nitrous oxide+24% oxygen for 6 h)']",none,[],sprague dawley,['We exposed postnatal day 7 (P7) Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes to one of four treatment protocols:'],794 – Boscolo 2013.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,Y,"midazolam, isoflurane, nitrous oxide",none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,False,True,True
+rats,"['Thirty-six neonatal male Wistar rats aged 7 days were purchased from Zhejiang Academy of Medical Science (Hangzhou, China) (SYXK(zhe)2005-0072).']",postnatal day 7,"['Thirty-six 7-day-old male rats were allocated by computer-generated random numbers to a 6 h exposure in an anesthesia chamber with either 3% sevoflurane (H20100586; Abbott, Chicago, IL, USA) plus 60% oxygen (group S) or air as a normal control (group NC).']",N,[],sevoflurane,"['Thirty-six 7-day-old male rats were allocated by computer-generated random numbers to a 6 h exposure in an anesthesia chamber with either 3% sevoflurane (H20100586; Abbott, Chicago, IL, USA) plus 60% oxygen (group S) or air as a normal control (group NC).']",none,[],wistar,"['Thirty-six neonatal male Wistar rats aged 7 days were purchased from Zhejiang Academy of Medical Science (Hangzhou, China) (SYXK(zhe)2005-0072).']",801 – Hu 2013.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,N,sevoflurane,none,wistar,True,True,True,True,True,True
+rats,"['Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats (n\u202f=\u202f36) were purchased from Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.']",gestational day 14,['The control group (n\u202f=\u202f12) received an i.p. injection of the same volume of saline on gestational day 14 (E14).'],Y,['The newborns were weaned at P21 and then P25 offspring were subjected to the following behavior tests.'],propofol,"['The propofol group (n\u202f=\u202f24, two batches) received 80\u202fmg/kg propofol intraperitoneally (i.p.) (Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH D-61346 Bad Hourg v.d.H. Germany).']",none,[],sprague dawley,"['Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats (n\u202f=\u202f36) were purchased from Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.']",807 – Chen 2019.txt,rats,gestational day 14.5,Y,propofol,none,sprague dawley,True,False,True,True,True,True
+rats,"['Pregnant Wistar/ST rats were obtained from Shizuoka Laboratory Animal Center (Hamamatsu, Japan).']",postnatal day 7,"['At postnatal day 7, male pups were divided into 4 treatment groups as follows:']",N,[],sevoflurane,"['animals exposed to (1) 1% sevoflurane with oxygen (O2), (2) 2% sevoflurane with O2']",none,[],wistar/st,"['Pregnant Wistar/ST rats were obtained from Shizuoka Laboratory Animal Center (Hamamatsu, Japan).']",815 – Kato 2013.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,N,sevoflurane,none,wistar/st,True,True,True,True,True,True
+rats,"['Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were housed in individual sterile plastic cages under standard animal house conditions (12-h day/night cycle, 23℃±2℃) at 55~65% humidity levels.', 'The pups were housed in sterile cages and carefully maintained under the same conditions as described above.']",postnatal day 7,"['On P7, the pups were exposed to 0.75% isoflurane (6 h) in 30% oxygen or air [~0.3 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC)] as described by Orliaguet et al.[36] in a temperature-controlled chamber [5].', 'P7 was chosen for anesthetic exposure based on previous studies suggesting that rats are most sensitive to anesthesia-induced neuronal damage during this period [1].']",Y,['Behavioral analysis: open field test P35 rats exposed to anesthesia on P7 were subjected to open field tests to evaluate their anxiety behavior and general locomotory activity.'],genistein,"['Separate groups of rat pups were treated orally with genistein at 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg body weight every day from P3 to P15 along with the standard diet.']",isoflurane,"['On P7, the pups were exposed to 0.75% isoflurane (6 h) in 30% oxygen or air [~0.3 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC)] as described by Orliaguet et al.[36] in a temperature-controlled chamber [5].']",sprague dawley,"['Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were housed in individual sterile plastic cages under standard animal house conditions (12-h day/night cycle, 23℃±2℃) at 55~65% humidity levels.']",827 – Jiang 2017.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,Y,isoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,False,False,True
+rats,"['Briefly, 7-day-old male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized by isoflurane in 30% O2–70% N2, and their left common carotid arteries were permanently ligated with a double 7-0 surgical silk.']",postnatal day 7,"['Seven-day-old male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized by isoflurane in 30% O2–70% N2, and their left common carotid arteries were permanently ligated with a double 7-0 surgical silk.']",N,[],isoflurane,"['Six-day-old rats were placed in a chamber containing 1.5% isoflurane carried by 30% O2–70% N2for 30 min at 24 h before the cerebral hypoxia–ischemia.', 'Neonates in groups 2, 4, and 6 were pretreated with isoflurane, whereas the others from the same mother were placed in a chamber containing 30% O2–70% N2but no isoflurane for 30 min and were assigned to groups 1, 3, and 5.', 'The results in the groups after isoflurane exposure were then normalized to those of control animals.']",none,[],sprague dawley,"['Briefly, 7-day-old male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized by isoflurane in 30% O2–70% N2, and their left common carotid arteries were permanently ligated with a double 7-0 surgical silk.']",845 – Zhao 2007.txt,rats,postnatal day 6,Y,isoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,False,False,True,True,True
+rats,['Seven-day-old Sprague–Dawley rats were used in this study.'],postnatal day 7,['Seven-day-old Sprague–Dawley rats were used in this study.'],N,[],sevoflurane,"['Sevoflurane was used to anesthetize rats as previously described (Zhou et al., 2017).']",none,[],none,[],878 – Chen 2022.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,Y,sevoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,True,False,True,True,False
+mice,"['Six- to 8-week-old CD-1 pregnant female mice (20–30 grams) were acquired (Charles River, Wilmington, MA) to yield newborn pups.', 'CD-1 mice were chosen because pups have been shown to reliably demonstrate neuronal changes consistent with human neonatal injury in specific experimental models.']",postnatal day 7,"['On postnatal day 7 (P7), we exposed male CD-1 mouse pups to 0 ppm CO (air), 5 ppm CO in air, or 100 ppm CO in air with and without isoflurane (2%) for 1 hour in a 7-L Plexiglas chamber (25 × 20 × 14 cm).', 'P7 was chosen because synaptogenesis peaks at day 7 in rodents and is completed by the second or third week of life.', 'One hour exposure to 2% isoflurane has been shown to activate brain capsase-3 in 7-day-old mice and is a brief anesthetic exposure.']",N,[],isoflurane,"['On postnatal day 7 (P7), we exposed male CD-1 mouse pups to 0 ppm CO (air), 5 ppm CO in air, or 100 ppm CO in air with and without isoflurane (2%) for 1 hour in a 7-L Plexiglas chamber (25 × 20 × 14 cm).']",none,[],cd-1,"['Six- to 8-week-old CD-1 pregnant female mice (20–30 grams) were acquired (Charles River, Wilmington, MA) to yield newborn pups.']",903 – Cheng 2014.txt,mice,postnatal day 7,N,isoflurane,none,cd-1,True,True,True,True,True,True
+rats,"['Sprague–Dawley rat pups (Harlan Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN) at P7 were used for all experiments.']",postnatal day 7,['This postnatal day is when rat pups are most vulnerable to anesthesia-induced neuronal damage.4'],N,[],isoflurane,['Isoflurane was administered using an agent-specific vaporizer that delivers a set percentage of anesthetic into the anesthesia chamber.'],none,[],sprague dawley,"['Sprague–Dawley rat pups (Harlan Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN) at P7 were used for all experiments.']",905 – Boscolo 2013.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,N,nitrous oxide,isoflurane,sprague dawley,True,True,True,False,False,True
+rats,['Seventy-day-old female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (maternal rats) were supplied by the animal science research department of the Jiangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine College (JZDWNO: 2011–0030).'],gestational day 18,"['On E18, gravid rats in the I2, I4 and I8 groups were exposed to 1.5% isoflurane (Abbott laboratories Ltd, Worcester, MA, USA) in 100% oxygen for 2, 4 and 8 hours, respectively, while those in the control group received 100% oxygen only.']",Y,"['The Morris water maze is a black circular steel pool with a diameter of 150 cm and a height of 60 cm, filled with 24 ± 1°C water to a depth of 20 cm.', 'The swimming trail and speed of the rats was automatically recorded by the SLY-WMS Morris water maze test system (Beijing Sunny Instruments Co. Ltd., Beijing, China).', 'The escape latency (time needed to find the platform), platform crossing times (number of times the rat swam across the submerged platform), and the target quadrant traveling time (time spent in the platform-hidden quadrant) were recorded automatically by the test system.', 'The tests were begun at 9:00 am, one time per day for seven consecutive days.', 'Each offspring rat was put into the pool to search for the platform one time per day for six days (training trial).', 'On the seventh day, the platform was removed. Rats were allowed to swim for 120s to test their memory (platform-crossing times and target quadrant traveling time).']",isoflurane,"['On E18, gravid rats in the I2, I4 and I8 groups were exposed to 1.5% isoflurane (Abbott laboratories Ltd, Worcester, MA, USA) in 100% oxygen for 2, 4 and 8 hours, respectively, while those in the control group received 100% oxygen only.']",none,[],sprague dawley,['Seventy-day-old female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (maternal rats) were supplied by the animal science research department of the Jiangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine College (JZDWNO: 2011–0030).'],935 – Luo 2016.txt,rats,gestational day 18,N,isoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,True,False,True,True,True
+rats,"['Experiments were performed using male Sprague Dawley rats (total N\u2009=\u200912), randomly assigned to experimental (sevoflurane exposed) and control groups.']",postnatal day 7,"['Briefly, on postnatal day 7 (P7), rat pups were randomly assigned to either exposed to 1 minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane (corresponding to\u2009~\u20095% atm), or identical environment without anesthetic agent as sham controls (6 animals per group) for a total of 4 h (FiO2\u2009=\u20090.5), as we performed previously11,13,21,22,47.', 'P7 was used as the exposure time point as it represents the period of peak synaptogenesis and the most vulnerable period for GA mediated neurotoxicity in rodent models48.']",N,[],sevoflurane,"['Anesthetic exposure was performed according to our previously described protocol13. Briefly, on postnatal day 7 (P7), rat pups were randomly assigned to either exposed to 1 minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane (corresponding to\u2009~\u20095% atm), or identical environment without anesthetic agent as sham controls (6 animals per group) for a total of 4 h (FiO2\u2009=\u20090.5), as we performed previously11,13,21,22,47.']",none,[],sprague dawley,"['Experiments were performed using male Sprague Dawley rats (total N\u2009=\u200912), randomly assigned to experimental (sevoflurane exposed) and control groups.']",966 – Hogarth 2021.txt,rats,postnatal day 7,N,sevoflurane,none,sprague dawley,True,True,True,True,True,True