app.py

import streamlit as st
st.set_page_config(layout="wide")

openai_key = st.secrets["openai_key"]
cohere_key = st.secrets['cohere_key']

# clear session state to free up ram
for key in st.session_state.keys():
    del st.session_state[key]

import numpy as np
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from typing import List, Dict, Any, Tuple
from collections import defaultdict
import pandas as pd
from datetime import datetime, date
from datasets import load_dataset, load_from_disk
from collections import Counter

import yaml, json, requests, sys, os, time
import urllib.parse
import concurrent.futures

from langchain import hub
from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI as openai_llm
from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings
from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig, RunnablePassthrough, RunnableParallel
from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
from langchain_community.callbacks import StreamlitCallbackHandler
from langchain_community.utilities import DuckDuckGoSearchAPIWrapper
from langchain_community.vectorstores import Chroma
from langchain_community.document_loaders import TextLoader
from langchain.agents import create_react_agent, Tool, AgentExecutor
from langchain.text_splitter import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
from langchain.callbacks import FileCallbackHandler
from langchain.callbacks.manager import CallbackManager
from langchain.schema import Document

import instructor
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
from typing import List, Literal

from nltk.corpus import stopwords
import nltk
from openai import OpenAI
# import anthropic
import cohere
import faiss
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import spacy
from string import punctuation
import pytextrank
from prompts import *

ts = time.time()

@st.cache_resource
def load_nlp():
    nlp = spacy.load("en_core_web_sm")
    nlp.add_pipe("textrank")
    try:
        stopwords.words('english')
    except:
        nltk.download('stopwords')
        stopwords.words('english')
    return nlp

# @st.cache_resource
# def load_embeddings():
#     return OpenAIEmbeddings(model="text-embedding-3-small", api_key=st.secrets["openai_key"])
#
# @st.cache_resource
# def load_llm():
#     return ChatOpenAI(temperature=0, model_name='gpt-4o-mini', openai_api_key=st.secrets["openai_key"])

st.session_state.gen_llm = openai_llm(temperature=0,
                     model_name='gpt-4o-mini',
                     openai_api_key = openai_key)
st.session_state.consensus_client = instructor.patch(OpenAI(api_key=openai_key))
st.session_state.embed_client = OpenAI(api_key = openai_key)
embed_model = "text-embedding-3-small"
st.session_state.embeddings = OpenAIEmbeddings(model = embed_model, api_key = openai_key)


# @st.cache_data
def load_arxiv_corpus():
    with st.spinner('loading astro-ph corpus'):
        arxiv_corpus = load_from_disk('data/')
        arxiv_corpus.load_faiss_index('embed', 'data/astrophindex.faiss')
        st.toast('loaded data. time taken: %.2f sec' %(time.time()-ts))
    return arxiv_corpus

def get_keywords(text):
    result = []
    pos_tag = ['PROPN', 'ADJ', 'NOUN']
    if 'nlp' not in st.session_state:
        st.session_state.nlp = load_nlp()
    doc = st.session_state.nlp(text.lower())
    for token in doc:
        if(token.text in st.session_state.nlp.Defaults.stop_words or token.text in punctuation):
            continue
        if(token.pos_ in pos_tag):
            result.append(token.text)
    return result




class RetrievalSystem():

    def __init__(self):

        self.dataset = st.session_state.arxiv_corpus
        self.client = OpenAI(api_key = openai_key)
        self.embed_model = "text-embedding-3-small"
        self.generation_client = openai_llm(temperature=0,model_name='gpt-4o-mini', openai_api_key = openai_key)
        self.hyde_client = openai_llm(temperature=0.5,model_name='gpt-4o-mini', openai_api_key = openai_key)
        self.cohere_client = cohere.Client(cohere_key)

    def make_embedding(self, text):
        str_embed = self.client.embeddings.create(input = [text], model = self.embed_model).data[0].embedding
        return str_embed

    def embed_batch(self, texts: List[str]) -> List[np.ndarray]:
        embeddings = self.client.embeddings.create(input=texts, model=self.embed_model).data
        return [np.array(embedding.embedding, dtype=np.float32) for embedding in embeddings]

    def get_query_embedding(self, query):
        return self.make_embedding(query)

    def calc_faiss(self, query_embedding, top_k = 100):
        # xq = query_embedding.reshape(-1,1).T.astype('float32')
        # D, I = self.index.search(xq, top_k)
        # return I[0], D[0]
        tmp = self.dataset.search('embed', query_embedding, k=top_k)
        return [tmp.indices, tmp.scores, self.dataset[tmp.indices]]

    def rank_and_filter(self, query, query_embedding, top_k = 10, top_k_internal = 1000, return_scores=False):

        self.weight_keywords = self.toggles["Keyword weighting"]
        self.weight_date = self.toggles["Time weighting"]
        self.weight_citation = self.toggles["Citation weighting"]

        topk_indices, similarities, small_corpus = self.calc_faiss(np.array(query_embedding), top_k = top_k_internal)
        similarities = 1/similarities # converting from a distance (less is better) to a similarity (more is better)

        if self.weight_keywords == True:

            query_kws = get_keywords(query)
            input_kws = self.query_input_keywords
            query_kws = query_kws + input_kws
            self.query_kws = query_kws
            sub_kws = [small_corpus['keywords'][i] for i in range(top_k_internal)]
            kw_weight = np.zeros((len(topk_indices),)) + 0.1

            for k in query_kws:
                for i in (range(len(topk_indices))):
                    for j in range(len(sub_kws[i])):
                        if k.lower() in sub_kws[i][j].lower():
                            kw_weight[i] = kw_weight[i] + 0.1
                            # print(i, k, sub_kws[i][j])

            # kw_weight = kw_weight**0.36 / np.amax(kw_weight**0.36)
            kw_weight = kw_weight / np.amax(kw_weight)
        else:
            kw_weight = np.ones((len(topk_indices),))

        if self.weight_date == True:
            sub_dates = [small_corpus['date'][i] for i in range(top_k_internal)]
            date = datetime.now().date()
            date_diff = np.array([((date - i).days / 365.) for i in sub_dates])
            # age_weight = (1 + np.exp(date_diff/2.1))**(-1) + 0.5
            age_weight = (1 + np.exp(date_diff/0.7))**(-1)
            age_weight = age_weight / np.amax(age_weight)
        else:
            age_weight = np.ones((len(topk_indices),))

        if self.weight_citation == True:
            # st.write('weighting by citations')
            sub_cites = np.array([small_corpus['cites'][i] for i in range(top_k_internal)])
            temp = sub_cites.copy()
            temp[sub_cites > 300] = 300.
            cite_weight = (1 + np.exp((300-temp)/42.0))**(-1.)
            cite_weight = cite_weight / np.amax(cite_weight)
        else:
            cite_weight = np.ones((len(topk_indices),))

        similarities = similarities * (kw_weight) * (age_weight) * (cite_weight)

        filtered_results = [[topk_indices[i], similarities[i]] for i in range(len(similarities))]
        top_results = sorted(filtered_results, key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)[:top_k]

        top_scores = [doc[1] for doc in top_results]
        top_indices = [doc[0] for doc in top_results]
        small_df = self.dataset[top_indices]

        if return_scores:
            return {doc[0]: doc[1] for doc in top_results}, small_df

        # Only keep the document IDs
        top_results = [doc[0] for doc in top_results]
        return top_results, small_df

    def generate_doc(self, query: str):
        prompt = """You are an expert astronomer. Given a scientific query, generate the abstract of an expert-level research paper
                            that answers the question. Stick to a maximum length of {} tokens and return just the text of the abstract and conclusion.
                            Do not include labels for any section. Use research-specific jargon.""".format(self.max_doclen)

        messages = [("system",prompt,),("human", query),]
        return self.hyde_client.invoke(messages).content

    def generate_docs(self, query: str):
        docs = []
        for i in range(self.generate_n):
            docs.append(self.generate_doc(query))
        return docs

    def embed_docs(self, docs: List[str]):
        return self.embed_batch(docs)

    def retrieve(self, query, top_k, return_scores = False,
                 embed_query=True, max_doclen=250,
                 generate_n=1, temperature=0.5,
                 rerank_top_k = 250):

        if max_doclen * generate_n > 8191:
            raise ValueError("Too many tokens. Please reduce max_doclen or generate_n.")

        query_embedding = self.get_query_embedding(query)

        if self.hyde == True:
            self.max_doclen = max_doclen
            self.generate_n = generate_n
            self.hyde_client.temperature = temperature
            self.embed_query = embed_query
            docs = self.generate_docs(query)
            st.expander('Abstract generated with hyde', expanded=False).write(docs)
            doc_embeddings = self.embed_docs(docs)
            if self.embed_query:
                query_emb = self.embed_docs([query])[0]
                doc_embeddings.append(query_emb)
            query_embedding = np.mean(np.array(doc_embeddings), axis = 0)

        if self.rerank == True:
            top_results, small_df = self.rank_and_filter(query,
                                           query_embedding,
                                           rerank_top_k,
                                           return_scores = False)
            # try:
            docs_for_rerank = [small_df['abstract'][i] for i in range(rerank_top_k)]
            if len(docs_for_rerank) == 0:
                return []
            reranked_results = self.cohere_client.rerank(
                query=query,
                documents=docs_for_rerank,
                model='rerank-english-v3.0',
                top_n=top_k
            )
            final_results = []
            for result in reranked_results.results:
                doc_id = top_results[result.index]
                doc_text = docs_for_rerank[result.index]
                score = float(result.relevance_score)
                final_results.append([doc_id, "", score])
            final_indices = [doc[0] for doc in final_results]
            if return_scores:
                return {result[0]: result[2] for result in final_results}, self.dataset[final_indices]
            return [doc[0] for doc in final_results], self.dataset[final_indices]
            # except:
                # print('heavy load, please wait 10s and try again.')
        else:
            top_results, small_df = self.rank_and_filter(query,
                                               query_embedding,
                                               top_k,
                                               return_scores = return_scores)

        return top_results, small_df

    def return_formatted_df(self, top_results, small_df):

        df = pd.DataFrame(small_df)
        df = df.drop(columns=['umap_x','umap_y','cite_bibcodes','ref_bibcodes'])
        links = ['https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/'+i+'/abstract' for i in small_df['bibcode']]
        
        # st.write(top_results[0:10])
        scores = [top_results[i] for i in top_results]
        indices = [i for i in top_results]
        df.insert(1,'ADS Link',links,True)
        df.insert(2,'Relevance',scores,True)
        df.insert(3,'indices',indices,True)
        df = df[['ADS Link','Relevance','date','cites','title','authors','abstract','keywords','ads_id','indices','embed']]
        df.index += 1
        return df

# @st.cache_resource
def load_ret_system():
    with st.spinner('loading retrieval system...'):
        ec = RetrievalSystem()
        st.toast('loaded retrieval system. time taken: %.2f sec' %(time.time()-ts))
    return ec


st.image('local_files/pathfinder_logo.png')

st.expander("What is Pathfinder / How do I use it?", expanded=False).write(
        """
        # Welcome to Pathfinder

        ## Discover the Universe Through AI-Powered Astronomy ReSearch

        ### What is Pathfinder?

        Pathfinder (https://pfdr.app) harnesses the power of modern large language models (LLMs) in combination with papers on the [arXiv](https://arxiv.org/) and [ADS](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/) to navigate the vast expanse of astronomy literature.
        Our tool empowers researchers, students, and astronomy enthusiasts to get started on their journeys to find answers to complex research questions quickly and efficiently.

        This is not meant to be a replacement to existing tools like the [ADS](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/), [arxivsorter](https://www.arxivsorter.org/), semantic search or google scholar, but rather a supplement to find papers that otherwise might be missed during a literature survey. It is trained on astro-ph papers up to July 2024.

        ### How to Use Pathfinder

        You can use pathfinder to find papers of interest with natural-language questions, and generate basic answers to questions using the retrieved papers. Try asking it questions like

        - What is the value of the Hubble Constant?
        - Are there open source radiative transfer codes for planetary atmospheres?
        - Can I predict a galaxy spectrum from an image cutout? Please reply in Hindi.
        - How would galaxy evolution differ in a universe with no dark matter?

        **👈 Use the sidebar to tweak the search parameters to get better results**. Changing the number of retrieved papers (**top-k**), weighting by keywords, time, or citations, or changing the prompt type might help better refine the paper search and synthesized answers for your specific question.

        1. **Enter Your Query**: Type your astronomy question in the search bar & hit `run pathfinder`.
        2. **Review Results**: Pathfinder will analyze relevant literature and present you with a concise answer.
        3. **Explore Further**: Click on provided links to delve deeper into the source material on ADS.
        4. **Refine Your Search**: Use our advanced filters to narrow down results by date, author, or topic.
        5. **Download results:** You can download the results of your query as a json file.

        ### Why Use Pathfinder?

        - **Time-Saving**: Get started finding answers that would take hours of manual research.
        - **Comprehensive**: Access information from papers across a large database of astronomy literature.
        - **User-Friendly**: Intuitive interface designed for researchers at all levels.
        - **Constantly Updated**: Our database is regularly refreshed with the latest publications.

        ### Learn More

        - Read our paper on [arXiv](https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.01556) to understand the technology behind Pathfinder.
        - Discover how Pathfinder was developed in collaboration with [UniverseTBD](https://www.universetbd.org) on its mission is to democratise science for everyone, and [JSALT](https://www.clsp.jhu.edu/2024-jelinek-summer-workshop-on-speech-and-language-technology/).

        ---

        ### Copyright and Terms of Use

        © 2024 Pathfinder. All rights reserved.

        Pathfinder is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind. By using this service, you agree to our [Terms of Service] and [Privacy Policy].

        ### Contact Us

        Have questions or feedback? We'd love to hear from you!
        - Email: pfdr@universetbd.org
        - Twitter: [@universe_tbd](https://twitter.com/universe_tbd)
        - Huggingface: [https://huggingface.co/spaces/kiyer/pathfinder/](https://huggingface.co/spaces/kiyer/pathfinder/)

        ---

        *Empowering astronomical discoveries, one query at a time.*
        """
    )

st.sidebar.header("Fine-tune the search")
top_k = st.sidebar.slider("Number of papers to retrieve:", 1, 30, 10)
extra_keywords = st.sidebar.text_input("Enter extra keywords (comma-separated):")
keywords = [kw.strip() for kw in extra_keywords.split(',')] if extra_keywords else []

st.sidebar.subheader("Toggles")
toggle_a = st.sidebar.toggle("Weight by keywords", value = False)
toggle_b = st.sidebar.toggle("Weight by date", value = False)
toggle_c = st.sidebar.toggle("Weight by citations", value = False)
toggles = {'Keyword weighting': toggle_a, 'Time weighting': toggle_b, 'Citation weighting': toggle_c}

method = st.sidebar.radio("Retrieval method:", ["Semantic search", "Semantic search + HyDE", "Semantic search + HyDE + CoHERE"], index=2)
method2 = st.sidebar.radio("Generation complexity:", ["Basic RAG","ReAct Agent"])

st.session_state.top_k = top_k
st.session_state.keywords = keywords
st.session_state.toggles = toggles
st.session_state.method = method
st.session_state.method2 = method2

if (method == "Semantic search"):
    st.session_state.hyde = False
    st.session_state.cohere = False
elif (method == "Semantic search + HyDE"):
    st.session_state.hyde = True
    st.session_state.cohere = False
elif (method == "Semantic search + HyDE + CoHERE"):
    st.session_state.hyde = True
    st.session_state.cohere = True

if method2 == "Basic RAG":
    st.session_state.gen_method = 'rag'
elif method2 == "ReAct Agent":
    st.session_state.gen_method = 'agent'

question_type = st.sidebar.selectbox("Prompt specialization:", ["Multi-paper (Default)", "Single-paper", "Bibliometric", "Broad but nuanced"])
st.session_state.question_type = question_type
# store_output = st.sidebar.button("Save output")

query = st.text_input("Ask me anything:")
st.session_state.query = query
st.write(query)
submit_button = st.button("Run pathfinder!", key='runpfdr')

search_text_list = ['rooting around in the paper pile...','looking for clarity...','scanning the event horizon...','peering into the abyss...','potatoes power this ongoing search...']
gen_text_list = ['making the LLM talk to the papers...','invoking arcane rituals...','gone to library, please wait...','is there really an answer to this...']

if 'arxiv_corpus' not in st.session_state:
    st.session_state.arxiv_corpus = load_arxiv_corpus()

# @st.fragment()
def run_query_ret(query):
    tr = time.time()
    ec = load_ret_system()
    ec.query_input_keywords = st.session_state.keywords
    ec.toggles = st.session_state.toggles
    ec.hyde = st.session_state.hyde
    ec.rerank = st.session_state.cohere
    rs, small_df = ec.retrieve(query, top_k = st.session_state.top_k, return_scores=True)
    formatted_df = ec.return_formatted_df(rs, small_df)
    st.toast('got top-k papers. time taken: %.2f sec' %(time.time()-tr))
    return formatted_df

def Library(query):
    papers_df = run_query_ret(st.session_state.query)
    op_docs = ''
    for i in range(len(papers_df)):
        op_docs = op_docs + 'Paper %.0f:' %(i+1) + papers_df['title'][i+1]  + '\n' + papers_df['abstract'][i+1] + '\n\n'

    return op_docs

def run_agent_qa(query):

    search = DuckDuckGoSearchAPIWrapper()
    tools = [
        Tool(
            name="Library",
            func=Library,
            description="A source of information pertinent to your question. Do not answer a question without consulting this!"
        ),
        Tool(
            name="Search",
            func=search.run,
            description="useful for when you need to look up knowledge about common topics or current events",
        )
    ]

    if 'tools' not in st.session_state:
        st.session_state.tools = tools

    prompt = hub.pull("hwchase17/react")
    prompt.template = react_prompt

    file_path = "agent_trace.txt"
    try:
        os.remove(file_path)
    except:
        pass
    file_handler = FileCallbackHandler(file_path)
    callback_manager=CallbackManager([file_handler])

    tool_names = [tool.name for tool in st.session_state.tools]
    if 'agent' not in st.session_state:
        # agent = ZeroShotAgent(llm_chain=llm_chain, allowed_tools=tool_names)
        agent = create_react_agent(llm=st.session_state.gen_llm, tools=tools, prompt=prompt)
        st.session_state.agent = agent

    if 'agent_executor' not in st.session_state:
        # agent_executor = AgentExecutor(agent=st.session_state.agent, tools=st.session_state.tools, verbose=True, handle_parsing_errors=True, callbacks=CallbackManager([file_handler]))
        agent_executor = AgentExecutor(agent=st.session_state.agent, tools=st.session_state.tools, handle_parsing_errors=True, callbacks=CallbackManager([file_handler]))
        st.session_state.agent_executor = agent_executor

    answer = st.session_state.agent_executor.invoke({"input": query,})
    return answer

def run_rag_qa(query, papers_df):

    # try:
        loaders = []

        documents = []
        my_bar = st.progress(0, text='adding documents to LLM context')

        for i, row in papers_df.iterrows():
            content = f"Paper {i+1}: {row['title']}\n{row['abstract']}\n\n"
            metadata = {"source": row['ads_id']}
            doc = Document(page_content=content, metadata=metadata)
            documents.append(doc)
            my_bar.progress((i)/len(papers_df), text='adding documents to LLM context')

        text_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=150, chunk_overlap=50, add_start_index=True)

        splits = text_splitter.split_documents(documents)
        vectorstore = Chroma.from_documents(documents=splits, embedding=st.session_state.embeddings, collection_name='retdoc4')
        # retriever = vectorstore.as_retriever(search_type="similarity", search_kwargs={"k": 6,  "fetch_k": len(splits)})
        retriever = vectorstore.as_retriever(search_type="similarity", search_kwargs={"k": 6})

        
        
        if st.session_state.question_type == 'Bibliometric':
            template = bibliometric_prompt
        elif st.session_state.question_type == 'Single-paper':
            template = single_paper_prompt
        elif st.session_state.question_type == 'Broad but nuanced':
            template = deep_knowledge_prompt
        else:
            template = regular_prompt
        prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template(template)

        def format_docs(docs):
            return "\n\n".join(doc.page_content for doc in docs)

        rag_chain_from_docs = (
            RunnablePassthrough.assign(context=(lambda x: format_docs(x["context"])))
            | prompt
            | st.session_state.gen_llm
            | StrOutputParser()
        )

        rag_chain_with_source = RunnableParallel(
            {"context": retriever, "question": RunnablePassthrough()}
        ).assign(answer=rag_chain_from_docs)
        rag_answer = rag_chain_with_source.invoke(query, )
        vectorstore.delete_collection()

    # except:
    #     st.subheader('heavy load! please wait 10 seconds and try again.')

        return rag_answer

def guess_question_type(query: str):

    gen_client = openai_llm(temperature=0,model_name='gpt-4o-mini', openai_api_key = openai_key)
    messages = [("system",question_categorization_prompt,),("human", query),]
    return gen_client.invoke(messages).content

class OverallConsensusEvaluation(BaseModel):
    rewritten_statement: str = Field(
        ...,
        description="The query rewritten as a statement if it was initially a question"
    )
    consensus: Literal[
        "Strong Agreement Between Abstracts and Query",
        "Moderate Agreement Between Abstracts and Query",
        "Weak Agreement Between Abstracts and Query",
        "No Clear Agreement/Disagreement Between Abstracts and Query",
        "Weak Disagreement Between Abstracts and Query",
        "Moderate Disagreement Between Abstracts and Query",
        "Strong Disagreement Between Abstracts and Query"
    ] = Field(
        ...,
        description="The overall level of consensus between the rewritten statement and the abstracts"
    )
    explanation: str = Field(
        ...,
        description="A detailed explanation of the consensus evaluation (maximum six sentences)"
    )
    relevance_score: float = Field(
        ...,
        description="A score from 0 to 1 indicating how relevant the abstracts are to the query overall",
        ge=0,
        le=1
    )

def evaluate_overall_consensus(query: str, abstracts: List[str]) -> OverallConsensusEvaluation:
    prompt = f"""
    Query: {query}
    You will be provided with {len(abstracts)} scientific abstracts. Your task is to do the following:
    1. If the provided query is a question, rewrite it as a statement. This statement does not have to be true. Output this as 'Rewritten Statement:'.
    2. Evaluate the overall consensus between the rewritten statement and the abstracts using one of the following levels:
        - Strong Agreement Between Abstracts and Query
        - Moderate Agreement Between Abstracts and Query
        - Weak Agreement Between Abstracts and Query
        - No Clear Agreement/Disagreement Between Abstracts and Query
        - Weak Disagreement Between Abstracts and Query
        - Moderate Disagreement Between Abstracts and Query
        - Strong Disagreement Between Abstracts and Query
    Output this as 'Consensus:'
    3. Provide a detailed explanation of your consensus evaluation in maximum six sentences. Output this as 'Explanation:'
    4. Assign a relevance score as a float between 0 to 1, where:
        - 1.0: Perfect match in content and quality
        - 0.8-0.9: Excellent, with minor differences
        - 0.6-0.7: Good, captures main points but misses some details
        - 0.4-0.5: Fair, partially relevant but significant gaps
        - 0.2-0.3: Poor, major inaccuracies or omissions
        - 0.0-0.1: Completely irrelevant or incorrect
    Output this as 'Relevance Score:'
    Here are the abstracts:
    {' '.join([f"Abstract {i+1}: {abstract}" for i, abstract in enumerate(abstracts)])}
    Provide your evaluation in the structured format described above.
    """

    response = st.session_state.consensus_client.chat.completions.create(
        model="gpt-4o-mini", # used to be "gpt-4",
        response_model=OverallConsensusEvaluation,
        messages=[
            {"role": "system", "content": """You are an assistant with expertise in astrophysics for question-answering tasks.
            Evaluate the overall consensus of the retrieved scientific abstracts in relation to a given query.
            If you don't know the answer, just say that you don't know.
            Use six sentences maximum and keep the answer concise."""},
            {"role": "user", "content": prompt}
        ],
        temperature=0
    )

    return response

def calc_outlier_flag(papers_df, top_k, cutoff_adjust = 0.1):

    cut_dist = np.load('pfdr_arxiv_cutoff_distances.npy') - cutoff_adjust
    pts = np.array(papers_df['embed'].tolist())
    centroid = np.mean(pts,0)
    dists = np.sqrt(np.sum((pts-centroid)**2,1))
    outlier_flag = (dists > cut_dist[top_k-1])

    return outlier_flag

def make_embedding_plot(papers_df, consensus_answer):

    plt_indices = np.array(papers_df['indices'].tolist())

    if 'arxiv_corpus' not in st.session_state:
        st.session_state.arxiv_corpus = load_arxiv_corpus()

    xax = np.array(st.session_state.arxiv_corpus['umap_x'])
    yax = np.array(st.session_state.arxiv_corpus['umap_y'])

    outlier_flag = calc_outlier_flag(papers_df, top_k, cutoff_adjust=0.25)
    alphas = np.ones((len(plt_indices),)) * 0.9
    alphas[outlier_flag] = 0.5

    fig = plt.figure(figsize=(9*1.8,12*1.8))
    plt.scatter(xax,yax, s=1, alpha=0.01, c='k')

    clkws = np.load('kw_tags.npz')
    all_x, all_y, all_topics, repeat_flag = clkws['all_x'], clkws['all_y'], clkws['all_topics'], clkws['repeat_flag']
    for i in range(len(all_topics)):
        if repeat_flag[i] == False:
            plt.text(all_x[i], all_y[i], all_topics[i],fontsize=9,ha="center", va="center",
                         bbox=dict(facecolor='white', edgecolor='black', boxstyle='round,pad=0.3',alpha=0.81))
    plt.scatter(xax[plt_indices], yax[plt_indices], s=300*alphas**2, alpha=alphas, c='w',zorder=1000)
    plt.scatter(xax[plt_indices], yax[plt_indices], s=100*alphas**2, alpha=alphas, c='dodgerblue',zorder=1001)
    # plt.scatter(xax[plt_indices][outlier_flag], yax[plt_indices][outlier_flag], s=100, alpha=1., c='firebrick')
    plt.axis([0,20,-4.2,18])
    plt.axis('off')
    plt.title('Query: '+st.session_state.query+'\n'+r'N$_{\rm outliers}: %.0f/%.0f$, Consensus: ' %(np.sum(outlier_flag), len(outlier_flag)) + consensus_answer.consensus + ' (%.1f)' %consensus_answer.relevance_score)
    st.pyplot(fig)


# ---------------------------------------

if st.session_state.get('runpfdr'):
    with st.spinner(search_text_list[np.random.choice(len(search_text_list))]):
        st.write('Settings: [Kw:',toggle_a, 'Time:',toggle_b, 'Cite:',toggle_c, '] top_k:',top_k, 'retrieval: `',method+'`')

        papers_df = run_query_ret(st.session_state.query)
        st.header(st.session_state.query)
        st.subheader('top-k relevant papers:')
        st.data_editor(papers_df, column_config = {'ADS Link':st.column_config.LinkColumn(display_text= 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/(.*?)/abstract')})

    with st.spinner(gen_text_list[np.random.choice(len(gen_text_list))]):

        if st.session_state.gen_method == 'agent':
            answer = run_agent_qa(st.session_state.query)
            answer_text = answer['output']
            st.subheader('Answer with '+method2)
            st.write(answer_text)
            file_path = "agent_trace.txt"
            with open(file_path, 'r') as file:
                intermediate_steps = file.read()
            st.expander('Intermediate steps', expanded=False).write(intermediate_steps)

        elif st.session_state.gen_method == 'rag':
            answer = run_rag_qa(query, papers_df)
            st.subheader('Answer with '+method2)
            answer_text = answer['answer']
            st.write(answer_text)

        query_kws = get_keywords(query)
        input_kws = st.session_state.keywords
        query_kws = query_kws + input_kws
        triggered_keywords = query_kws + input_kws
        st.write('**Triggered keywords:** `'+ "`, `".join(triggered_keywords)+'`')

    col1, col2 = st.columns(2)

    with col1:
        with st.spinner("Evaluating question type"):
            with st.expander("Question type", expanded=True):
                st.subheader("Question type suggestion")
                question_type_gen = guess_question_type(query)
                if '<categorization>' in question_type_gen:
                    question_type_gen = question_type_gen.split('<categorization>')[1]
                if '</categorization>' in question_type_gen:
                    question_type_gen = question_type_gen.split('</categorization>')[0]
                question_type_gen = question_type_gen.replace('\n','  \n')
                st.markdown(question_type_gen)

        with st.spinner("Evaluating abstract consensus"):
            with st.expander("Abstract consensus", expanded=True):
                consensus_answer = evaluate_overall_consensus(query, [papers_df['abstract'][i+1] for i in range(len(papers_df))])
                st.subheader("Consensus: "+consensus_answer.consensus)
                st.markdown(consensus_answer.explanation)
                st.markdown('Relevance of retrieved papers to answer: %.1f' %consensus_answer.relevance_score)

    with col2:
        make_embedding_plot(papers_df, consensus_answer)

    session_vars = {
        "runtime": "pathfinder_v1_online",
        "query": query,
        "question_type": question_type,
        'Keyword weighting': toggle_a,
        'Time weighting': toggle_b,
        'Citation weighting': toggle_c,
        "rag_method" : method,
        "gen_method" : method2,
        "answer" : answer_text,
        "question_type": question_type_gen,
        "consensus": consensus_answer.explanation,
        "topk" : list(papers_df['ads_id']),
        "topk_scores" : list(papers_df['Relevance']),
        "topk_papers": list(papers_df['ADS Link']),
    }

    @st.fragment()
    def download_op(data, prefill_data):
        json_string = json.dumps(data)
        st.download_button(
            label='Download output',
            file_name="pathfinder_data.json",
            mime="application/json",
            data=json_string,
            use_container_width=True)

        encoded_data = urllib.parse.urlencode(prefill_data)
        prefilled_url = f"{form_url}?{encoded_data}"
        st.link_button('Feedback: Help make pathfinder better!',
            prefilled_url,
            use_container_width=True)


    form_url = "https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScaPKbW1fiwksX-UewovCLwx6EArl7bxbVmdWMDBs_0Ct3i6g/viewform"
    prefill_data = {
        "entry.1224637570": query,  # Replace with your actual field ID
        "entry.872565685": answer_text,   # Replace with your actual field ID
    }

    download_op(session_vars, prefill_data)

else:
    st.info("Use the sidebar to tweak the search parameters to get better results.")