report_examples.py

"""Example radiology reports for training the structuring model.

This module contains curated examples of radiology reports with their
corresponding structured extractions. These examples are used for few-shot
learning with LangExtract to train the model on proper categorization of
report sections into prefix, body, and suffix components with appropriate
clinical significance labels.

The examples cover various imaging modalities including CT, MRI, and different
anatomical regions (spine, abdomen, brain, knee) to provide comprehensive
training coverage for the radiology report structuring task.
"""

import textwrap
from enum import Enum

import langextract as lx


class ReportSectionType(Enum):
    PREFIX = "findings_prefix"
    BODY = "findings_body"
    SUFFIX = "findings_suffix"


def get_examples_for_model() -> list[lx.data.ExampleData]:
    """Examples that structure radiology reports into semantic sections.

    Returns:
        List of ExampleData objects containing radiology report examples
        with their corresponding structured extractions for training
        the language model.
    """
    return [
        lx.data.ExampleData(
            text=textwrap.dedent(
                """\
                EXAMINATION: CT ABDOMEN AND PELVIS WITH IV CONTRAST
                CLINICAL INDICATION: Abdominal pain.
                COMPARISON: None.
                TECHNIQUE: Axial images of the abdomen and pelvis were obtained following the administration of intravenous contrast material. Coronal and sagittal reformations were reviewed.

                FINDINGS:
                No acute abnormality is seen in the visualized lung bases. The liver is normal in size and contour. There is a 1.2 cm simple-appearing low-attenuation lesion in hepatic segment VII, consistent with a cyst. The gallbladder contains numerous calcified gallstones, compatible with cholelithiasis.

                IMPRESSION:
                1. Cholelithiasis without evidence of acute cholecystitis.
                2. Hepatic cyst.
                """
            ).rstrip(),
            extractions=[
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="EXAMINATION: CT ABDOMEN AND PELVIS WITH IV CONTRAST",
                    extraction_class="findings_prefix",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Examination",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="CLINICAL INDICATION: Abdominal pain.",
                    extraction_class="findings_prefix",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Clinical Indication",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="COMPARISON: None.",
                    extraction_class="findings_prefix",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Comparison",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="TECHNIQUE: Axial images of the abdomen and pelvis were obtained following the administration of intravenous contrast material. Coronal and sagittal reformations were reviewed.",
                    extraction_class="findings_prefix",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Technique",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="No acute abnormality is seen in the visualized lung bases.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Lungs",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="The liver is normal in size and contour.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Liver",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="There is a 1.2 cm simple-appearing low-attenuation lesion in hepatic segment VII, consistent with a cyst.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Liver",
                        "clinical_significance": "minor",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="The gallbladder contains numerous calcified gallstones, compatible with cholelithiasis.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Gallbladder",
                        "clinical_significance": "minor",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="1. Cholelithiasis without evidence of acute cholecystitis.\n2. Hepatic cyst.",
                    extraction_class="findings_suffix",
                    attributes={},
                ),
            ],
        ),
        lx.data.ExampleData(
            text=textwrap.dedent(
                """\
                CLINICAL HISTORY:
                Low back pain, rule out disc herniation

                MRI LUMBAR SPINE WITHOUT CONTRAST:

                FINDINGS:
                The lumbar lordosis is maintained. Vertebral body heights are preserved.
                
                There is a small hemangioma in the L3 vertebral body.
                
                The conus medullaris terminates at L1 and appears normal.
                
                At L2-L3, there is mild disc desiccation without significant stenosis.
                
                At L3-L4, a small posterior disc bulge causes mild central canal narrowing.
                
                At L4-L5, there is a large posterior disc herniation with severe central canal stenosis and nerve root impingement.
                
                At L5-S1, mild disc bulge without significant stenosis.
                
                The paraspinal musculature appears unremarkable.

                IMPRESSION:
                Large L4-L5 disc herniation with severe stenosis.
                """
            ).rstrip(),
            extractions=[
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="CLINICAL HISTORY:\nLow back pain, rule out disc herniation\n\nMRI LUMBAR SPINE WITHOUT CONTRAST:",
                    extraction_class="findings_prefix",
                    attributes={},
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="The lumbar lordosis is maintained. Vertebral body heights are preserved.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Lumbar Spine",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="There is a small hemangioma in the L3 vertebral body.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Bones",
                        "clinical_significance": "minor",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="The conus medullaris terminates at L1 and appears normal.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Spinal Cord",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="At L2-L3, there is mild disc desiccation without significant stenosis.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Lumbar Spine Levels: L2-L3",
                        "clinical_significance": "minor",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="At L3-L4, a small posterior disc bulge causes mild central canal narrowing.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Lumbar Spine Levels: L3-L4",
                        "clinical_significance": "minor",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="At L4-L5, there is a large posterior disc herniation with severe central canal stenosis and nerve root impingement.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Lumbar Spine Levels: L4-L5",
                        "clinical_significance": "significant",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="At L5-S1, mild disc bulge without significant stenosis.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Lumbar Spine Levels: L5-S1",
                        "clinical_significance": "minor",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="The paraspinal musculature appears unremarkable.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Paraspinal Soft Tissues",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="Large L4-L5 disc herniation with severe stenosis.",
                    extraction_class="findings_suffix",
                    attributes={},
                ),
            ],
        ),
        lx.data.ExampleData(
            text=textwrap.dedent(
                """\
                INDICATION: 
                Neck pain, radiculopathy

                MRI CERVICAL SPINE:

                FINDINGS:
                Normal cervical lordosis is maintained. No vertebral body compression fractures.
                
                The cervical spinal cord demonstrates normal signal intensity.
                
                At C3-C4, no significant disc disease or stenosis.
                
                At C4-C5, mild disc osteophyte complex with mild foraminal narrowing.
                
                At C5-C6, moderate disc herniation with moderate central canal stenosis.
                
                At C6-C7, small disc bulge without significant stenosis.

                IMPRESSION:
                Moderate C5-C6 disc herniation and stenosis.
                """
            ).rstrip(),
            extractions=[
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="INDICATION: \nNeck pain, radiculopathy\n\nMRI CERVICAL SPINE:",
                    extraction_class="findings_prefix",
                    attributes={},
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="Normal cervical lordosis is maintained. No vertebral body compression fractures.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Cervical Spine",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="The cervical spinal cord demonstrates normal signal intensity.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Spinal Cord",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="At C3-C4, no significant disc disease or stenosis.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Cervical Spine Levels: C3-C4",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="At C4-C5, mild disc osteophyte complex with mild foraminal narrowing.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Cervical Spine Levels: C4-C5",
                        "clinical_significance": "minor",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="At C5-C6, moderate disc herniation with moderate central canal stenosis.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Cervical Spine Levels: C5-C6",
                        "clinical_significance": "significant",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="At C6-C7, small disc bulge without significant stenosis.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Cervical Spine Levels: C6-C7",
                        "clinical_significance": "minor",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="Moderate C5-C6 disc herniation and stenosis.",
                    extraction_class="findings_suffix",
                    attributes={},
                ),
            ],
        ),
        lx.data.ExampleData(
            text=textwrap.dedent(
                """\
                TECHNIQUE: 
                Multidetector helical CT from lung bases to adrenals with and without intravenous contrast.

                FINDINGS:
                LIVER/GALLBLADDER/SPLEEN: The liver has a normal appearance. Gallbladder wall appears normal. The spleen is normal in size.

                PANCREAS/ADRENALS: The pancreas and bilateral adrenal glands appear unremarkable.

                RETROPERITONEUM: No lymphadenopathy. No fluid collection.

                IMPRESSION:
                Normal abdominal CT.
                """
            ).rstrip(),
            extractions=[
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="TECHNIQUE: \nMultidetector helical CT from lung bases to adrenals with and without intravenous contrast.",
                    extraction_class="findings_prefix",
                    attributes={},
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="The liver has a normal appearance.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Liver",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="Gallbladder wall appears normal.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Gallbladder",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="The spleen is normal in size.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Spleen",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="The pancreas and bilateral adrenal glands appear unremarkable.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Pancreas/Adrenals",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="No lymphadenopathy.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Retroperitoneum",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="No fluid collection.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Retroperitoneum",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="Normal abdominal CT.",
                    extraction_class="findings_suffix",
                    attributes={},
                ),
            ],
        ),
        lx.data.ExampleData(
            text=textwrap.dedent(
                """\
                HISTORY: 
                Lower abdominal pain

                CT ABDOMEN/PELVIS WITH CONTRAST:
                
                FINDINGS:
                LIVER: Multiple hepatic metastases are present, measuring up to 3.2 cm.
                
                KIDNEYS: The left kidney shows moderate hydronephrosis. The right kidney appears normal.
                
                LYMPH NODES: Enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes, largest measuring 2.1 cm.

                IMPRESSION:
                1. Multiple hepatic metastases
                2. Left hydronephrosis  
                3. Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy
                """
            ).rstrip(),
            extractions=[
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="HISTORY: \nLower abdominal pain\n\nCT ABDOMEN/PELVIS WITH CONTRAST:",
                    extraction_class="findings_prefix",
                    attributes={},
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="Multiple hepatic metastases are present, measuring up to 3.2 cm.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Liver",
                        "clinical_significance": "significant",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="The left kidney shows moderate hydronephrosis.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Kidneys",
                        "clinical_significance": "significant",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="The right kidney appears normal.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Kidneys",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="Enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes, largest measuring 2.1 cm.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Lymph Nodes",
                        "clinical_significance": "significant",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="1. Multiple hepatic metastases\n2. Left hydronephrosis  \n3. Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy",
                    extraction_class="findings_suffix",
                    attributes={},
                ),
            ],
        ),
        lx.data.ExampleData(
            text=textwrap.dedent(
                """\
                EXAMINATION:
                MRI brain without contrast

                CLINICAL HISTORY:
                Headaches

                FINDINGS:
                The brain parenchyma demonstrates normal signal intensity. No mass lesions are identified.
                
                The ventricular system is normal in size and configuration.
                
                No midline shift is present.

                IMPRESSION:
                Normal brain MRI.
                """
            ).rstrip(),
            extractions=[
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="EXAMINATION:\nMRI brain without contrast\n\nCLINICAL HISTORY:\nHeadaches",
                    extraction_class="findings_prefix",
                    attributes={},
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="The brain parenchyma demonstrates normal signal intensity.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Brain Parenchyma",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="No mass lesions are identified.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Brain Parenchyma",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="The ventricular system is normal in size and configuration.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Ventricular System",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="No midline shift is present.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Brain Parenchyma",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="Normal brain MRI.",
                    extraction_class="findings_suffix",
                    attributes={},
                ),
            ],
        ),
        lx.data.ExampleData(
            text=textwrap.dedent(
                """\
                INDICATION:
                Right knee pain

                MRI RIGHT KNEE:

                FINDINGS:
                MENISCI: There is a complex tear of the medial meniscus. The lateral meniscus appears intact.

                LIGAMENTS: The ACL shows complete rupture. The PCL, MCL, and LCL are intact.

                BONES: Mild bone marrow edema is present in the medial femoral condyle.

                IMPRESSION:
                1. Complex medial meniscal tear
                2. Complete ACL rupture
                3. Bone marrow edema in medial femoral condyle
                """
            ).rstrip(),
            extractions=[
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="INDICATION:\nRight knee pain\n\nMRI RIGHT KNEE:",
                    extraction_class="findings_prefix",
                    attributes={},
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="There is a complex tear of the medial meniscus.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Menisci",
                        "clinical_significance": "significant",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="The lateral meniscus appears intact.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Menisci",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="The ACL shows complete rupture.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Ligaments",
                        "clinical_significance": "significant",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="The PCL, MCL, and LCL are intact.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Ligaments",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="Mild bone marrow edema is present in the medial femoral condyle.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Bones",
                        "clinical_significance": "minor",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="1. Complex medial meniscal tear\n2. Complete ACL rupture\n3. Bone marrow edema in medial femoral condyle",
                    extraction_class="findings_suffix",
                    attributes={},
                ),
            ],
        ),
        lx.data.ExampleData(
            text=textwrap.dedent(
                """\
                EXAMINATION: CT CHEST
                
                FINDINGS:
                The longs are clear bilaterally. The hart size is normal. No pleural effushion.

                IMPRESSION:
                Normal chest CT.
                """
            ).rstrip(),
            extractions=[
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="EXAMINATION: CT CHEST",
                    extraction_class="findings_prefix",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Examination",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="The lungs are clear bilaterally.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Lungs",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="The heart size is normal.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Heart",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="No pleural effusion.",
                    extraction_class="findings_body",
                    attributes={
                        "section": "Pleura",
                        "clinical_significance": "normal",
                    },
                ),
                lx.data.Extraction(
                    extraction_text="Normal chest CT.",
                    extraction_class="findings_suffix",
                    attributes={},
                ),
            ],
        ),
    ]