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# Copyright (c) 2021 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
from typing import List
from typing import Tuple
import jieba
from pypinyin import lazy_pinyin
from pypinyin import Style
class ToneSandhi:
def __init__(self):
self.must_neural_tone_words = {
"麻烦",
"麻利",
"鸳鸯",
"高粱",
"骨头",
"骆驼",
"马虎",
"首饰",
"馒头",
"馄饨",
"风筝",
"难为",
"队伍",
"阔气",
"闺女",
"门道",
"锄头",
"铺盖",
"铃铛",
"铁匠",
"钥匙",
"里脊",
"里头",
"部分",
"那么",
"道士",
"造化",
"迷糊",
"连累",
"这么",
"这个",
"运气",
"过去",
"软和",
"转悠",
"踏实",
"跳蚤",
"跟头",
"趔趄",
"财主",
"豆腐",
"讲究",
"记性",
"记号",
"认识",
"规矩",
"见识",
"裁缝",
"补丁",
"衣裳",
"衣服",
"衙门",
"街坊",
"行李",
"行当",
"蛤蟆",
"蘑菇",
"薄荷",
"葫芦",
"葡萄",
"萝卜",
"荸荠",
"苗条",
"苗头",
"苍蝇",
"芝麻",
"舒服",
"舒坦",
"舌头",
"自在",
"膏药",
"脾气",
"脑袋",
"脊梁",
"能耐",
"胳膊",
"胭脂",
"胡萝",
"胡琴",
"胡同",
"聪明",
"耽误",
"耽搁",
"耷拉",
"耳朵",
"老爷",
"老实",
"老婆",
"老头",
"老太",
"翻腾",
"罗嗦",
"罐头",
"编辑",
"结实",
"红火",
"累赘",
"糨糊",
"糊涂",
"精神",
"粮食",
"簸箕",
"篱笆",
"算计",
"算盘",
"答应",
"笤帚",
"笑语",
"笑话",
"窟窿",
"窝囊",
"窗户",
"稳当",
"稀罕",
"称呼",
"秧歌",
"秀气",
"秀才",
"福气",
"祖宗",
"砚台",
"码头",
"石榴",
"石头",
"石匠",
"知识",
"眼睛",
"眯缝",
"眨巴",
"眉毛",
"相声",
"盘算",
"白净",
"痢疾",
"痛快",
"疟疾",
"疙瘩",
"疏忽",
"畜生",
"生意",
"甘蔗",
"琵琶",
"琢磨",
"琉璃",
"玻璃",
"玫瑰",
"玄乎",
"狐狸",
"状元",
"特务",
"牲口",
"牙碜",
"牌楼",
"爽快",
"爱人",
"热闹",
"烧饼",
"烟筒",
"烂糊",
"点心",
"炊帚",
"灯笼",
"火候",
"漂亮",
"滑溜",
"溜达",
"温和",
"清楚",
"消息",
"浪头",
"活泼",
"比方",
"正经",
"欺负",
"模糊",
"槟榔",
"棺材",
"棒槌",
"棉花",
"核桃",
"栅栏",
"柴火",
"架势",
"枕头",
"枇杷",
"机灵",
"本事",
"木头",
"木匠",
"朋友",
"月饼",
"月亮",
"暖和",
"明白",
"时候",
"新鲜",
"故事",
"收拾",
"收成",
"提防",
"挖苦",
"挑剔",
"指甲",
"指头",
"拾掇",
"拳头",
"拨弄",
"招牌",
"招呼",
"抬举",
"护士",
"折腾",
"扫帚",
"打量",
"打算",
"打点",
"打扮",
"打听",
"打发",
"扎实",
"扁担",
"戒指",
"懒得",
"意识",
"意思",
"情形",
"悟性",
"怪物",
"思量",
"怎么",
"念头",
"念叨",
"快活",
"忙活",
"志气",
"心思",
"得罪",
"张罗",
"弟兄",
"开通",
"应酬",
"庄稼",
"干事",
"帮手",
"帐篷",
"希罕",
"师父",
"师傅",
"巴结",
"巴掌",
"差事",
"工夫",
"岁数",
"屁股",
"尾巴",
"少爷",
"小气",
"小伙",
"将就",
"对头",
"对付",
"寡妇",
"家伙",
"客气",
"实在",
"官司",
"学问",
"学生",
"字号",
"嫁妆",
"媳妇",
"媒人",
"婆家",
"娘家",
"委屈",
"姑娘",
"姐夫",
"妯娌",
"妥当",
"妖精",
"奴才",
"女婿",
"头发",
"太阳",
"大爷",
"大方",
"大意",
"大夫",
"多少",
"多么",
"外甥",
"壮实",
"地道",
"地方",
"在乎",
"困难",
"嘴巴",
"嘱咐",
"嘟囔",
"嘀咕",
"喜欢",
"喇嘛",
"喇叭",
"商量",
"唾沫",
"哑巴",
"哈欠",
"哆嗦",
"咳嗽",
"和尚",
"告诉",
"告示",
"含糊",
"吓唬",
"后头",
"名字",
"名堂",
"合同",
"吆喝",
"叫唤",
"口袋",
"厚道",
"厉害",
"千斤",
"包袱",
"包涵",
"匀称",
"勤快",
"动静",
"动弹",
"功夫",
"力气",
"前头",
"刺猬",
"刺激",
"别扭",
"利落",
"利索",
"利害",
"分析",
"出息",
"凑合",
"凉快",
"冷战",
"冤枉",
"冒失",
"养活",
"关系",
"先生",
"兄弟",
"便宜",
"使唤",
"佩服",
"作坊",
"体面",
"位置",
"似的",
"伙计",
"休息",
"什么",
"人家",
"亲戚",
"亲家",
"交情",
"云彩",
"事情",
"买卖",
"主意",
"丫头",
"丧气",
"两口",
"东西",
"东家",
"世故",
"不由",
"不在",
"下水",
"下巴",
"上头",
"上司",
"丈夫",
"丈人",
"一辈",
"那个",
"菩萨",
"父亲",
"母亲",
"咕噜",
"邋遢",
"费用",
"冤家",
"甜头",
"介绍",
"荒唐",
"大人",
"泥鳅",
"幸福",
"熟悉",
"计划",
"扑腾",
"蜡烛",
"姥爷",
"照顾",
"喉咙",
"吉他",
"弄堂",
"蚂蚱",
"凤凰",
"拖沓",
"寒碜",
"糟蹋",
"倒腾",
"报复",
"逻辑",
"盘缠",
"喽啰",
"牢骚",
"咖喱",
"扫把",
"惦记",
}
self.must_not_neural_tone_words = {
"男子",
"女子",
"分子",
"原子",
"量子",
"莲子",
"石子",
"瓜子",
"电子",
"人人",
"虎虎",
}
self.punc = ":,;。?!“”‘’':,;.?!"
# the meaning of jieba pos tag: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_44174352/article/details/113731041
# e.g.
# word: "家里"
# pos: "s"
# finals: ['ia1', 'i3']
def _neural_sandhi(self, word: str, pos: str, finals: List[str]) -> List[str]:
# reduplication words for n. and v. e.g. 奶奶, 试试, 旺旺
for j, item in enumerate(word):
if (
j - 1 >= 0
and item == word[j - 1]
and pos[0] in {"n", "v", "a"}
and word not in self.must_not_neural_tone_words
):
finals[j] = finals[j][:-1] + "5"
ge_idx = word.find("个")
if len(word) >= 1 and word[-1] in "吧呢啊呐噻嘛吖嗨呐哦哒额滴哩哟喽啰耶喔诶":
finals[-1] = finals[-1][:-1] + "5"
elif len(word) >= 1 and word[-1] in "的地得":
finals[-1] = finals[-1][:-1] + "5"
# e.g. 走了, 看着, 去过
# elif len(word) == 1 and word in "了着过" and pos in {"ul", "uz", "ug"}:
# finals[-1] = finals[-1][:-1] + "5"
elif (
len(word) > 1
and word[-1] in "们子"
and pos in {"r", "n"}
and word not in self.must_not_neural_tone_words
):
finals[-1] = finals[-1][:-1] + "5"
# e.g. 桌上, 地下, 家里
elif len(word) > 1 and word[-1] in "上下里" and pos in {"s", "l", "f"}:
finals[-1] = finals[-1][:-1] + "5"
# e.g. 上来, 下去
elif len(word) > 1 and word[-1] in "来去" and word[-2] in "上下进出回过起开":
finals[-1] = finals[-1][:-1] + "5"
# 个做量词
elif (
ge_idx >= 1
and (word[ge_idx - 1].isnumeric() or word[ge_idx - 1] in "几有两半多各整每做是")
) or word == "个":
finals[ge_idx] = finals[ge_idx][:-1] + "5"
else:
if (
word in self.must_neural_tone_words
or word[-2:] in self.must_neural_tone_words
):
finals[-1] = finals[-1][:-1] + "5"
word_list = self._split_word(word)
finals_list = [finals[: len(word_list[0])], finals[len(word_list[0]) :]]
for i, word in enumerate(word_list):
# conventional neural in Chinese
if (
word in self.must_neural_tone_words
or word[-2:] in self.must_neural_tone_words
):
finals_list[i][-1] = finals_list[i][-1][:-1] + "5"
finals = sum(finals_list, [])
return finals
def _bu_sandhi(self, word: str, finals: List[str]) -> List[str]:
# e.g. 看不懂
if len(word) == 3 and word[1] == "不":
finals[1] = finals[1][:-1] + "5"
else:
for i, char in enumerate(word):
# "不" before tone4 should be bu2, e.g. 不怕
if char == "不" and i + 1 < len(word) and finals[i + 1][-1] == "4":
finals[i] = finals[i][:-1] + "2"
return finals
def _yi_sandhi(self, word: str, finals: List[str]) -> List[str]:
# "一" in number sequences, e.g. 一零零, 二一零
if word.find("一") != -1 and all(
[item.isnumeric() for item in word if item != "一"]
):
return finals
# "一" between reduplication words should be yi5, e.g. 看一看
elif len(word) == 3 and word[1] == "一" and word[0] == word[-1]:
finals[1] = finals[1][:-1] + "5"
# when "一" is ordinal word, it should be yi1
elif word.startswith("第一"):
finals[1] = finals[1][:-1] + "1"
else:
for i, char in enumerate(word):
if char == "一" and i + 1 < len(word):
# "一" before tone4 should be yi2, e.g. 一段
if finals[i + 1][-1] == "4":
finals[i] = finals[i][:-1] + "2"
# "一" before non-tone4 should be yi4, e.g. 一天
else:
# "一" 后面如果是标点,还读一声
if word[i + 1] not in self.punc:
finals[i] = finals[i][:-1] + "4"
return finals
def _split_word(self, word: str) -> List[str]:
word_list = jieba.cut_for_search(word)
word_list = sorted(word_list, key=lambda i: len(i), reverse=False)
first_subword = word_list[0]
first_begin_idx = word.find(first_subword)
if first_begin_idx == 0:
second_subword = word[len(first_subword) :]
new_word_list = [first_subword, second_subword]
else:
second_subword = word[: -len(first_subword)]
new_word_list = [second_subword, first_subword]
return new_word_list
def _three_sandhi(self, word: str, finals: List[str]) -> List[str]:
if len(word) == 2 and self._all_tone_three(finals):
finals[0] = finals[0][:-1] + "2"
elif len(word) == 3:
word_list = self._split_word(word)
if self._all_tone_three(finals):
# disyllabic + monosyllabic, e.g. 蒙古/包
if len(word_list[0]) == 2:
finals[0] = finals[0][:-1] + "2"
finals[1] = finals[1][:-1] + "2"
# monosyllabic + disyllabic, e.g. 纸/老虎
elif len(word_list[0]) == 1:
finals[1] = finals[1][:-1] + "2"
else:
finals_list = [finals[: len(word_list[0])], finals[len(word_list[0]) :]]
if len(finals_list) == 2:
for i, sub in enumerate(finals_list):
# e.g. 所有/人
if self._all_tone_three(sub) and len(sub) == 2:
finals_list[i][0] = finals_list[i][0][:-1] + "2"
# e.g. 好/喜欢
elif (
i == 1
and not self._all_tone_three(sub)
and finals_list[i][0][-1] == "3"
and finals_list[0][-1][-1] == "3"
):
finals_list[0][-1] = finals_list[0][-1][:-1] + "2"
finals = sum(finals_list, [])
# split idiom into two words who's length is 2
elif len(word) == 4:
finals_list = [finals[:2], finals[2:]]
finals = []
for sub in finals_list:
if self._all_tone_three(sub):
sub[0] = sub[0][:-1] + "2"
finals += sub
return finals
def _all_tone_three(self, finals: List[str]) -> bool:
return all(x[-1] == "3" for x in finals)
# merge "不" and the word behind it
# if don't merge, "不" sometimes appears alone according to jieba, which may occur sandhi error
def _merge_bu(self, seg: List[Tuple[str, str]]) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
new_seg = []
last_word = ""
for word, pos in seg:
if last_word == "不":
word = last_word + word
if word != "不":
new_seg.append((word, pos))
last_word = word[:]
if last_word == "不":
new_seg.append((last_word, "d"))
last_word = ""
return new_seg
# function 1: merge "一" and reduplication words in it's left and right, e.g. "听","一","听" ->"听一听"
# function 2: merge single "一" and the word behind it
# if don't merge, "一" sometimes appears alone according to jieba, which may occur sandhi error
# e.g.
# input seg: [('听', 'v'), ('一', 'm'), ('听', 'v')]
# output seg: [['听一听', 'v']]
def _merge_yi(self, seg: List[Tuple[str, str]]) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
new_seg = []
# function 1
for i, (word, pos) in enumerate(seg):
if (
i - 1 >= 0
and word == "一"
and i + 1 < len(seg)
and seg[i - 1][0] == seg[i + 1][0]
and seg[i - 1][1] == "v"
):
new_seg[i - 1][0] = new_seg[i - 1][0] + "一" + new_seg[i - 1][0]
else:
if (
i - 2 >= 0
and seg[i - 1][0] == "一"
and seg[i - 2][0] == word
and pos == "v"
):
continue
else:
new_seg.append([word, pos])
seg = new_seg
new_seg = []
# function 2
for i, (word, pos) in enumerate(seg):
if new_seg and new_seg[-1][0] == "一":
new_seg[-1][0] = new_seg[-1][0] + word
else:
new_seg.append([word, pos])
return new_seg
# the first and the second words are all_tone_three
def _merge_continuous_three_tones(
self, seg: List[Tuple[str, str]]
) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
new_seg = []
sub_finals_list = [
lazy_pinyin(word, neutral_tone_with_five=True, style=Style.FINALS_TONE3)
for (word, pos) in seg
]
assert len(sub_finals_list) == len(seg)
merge_last = [False] * len(seg)
for i, (word, pos) in enumerate(seg):
if (
i - 1 >= 0
and self._all_tone_three(sub_finals_list[i - 1])
and self._all_tone_three(sub_finals_list[i])
and not merge_last[i - 1]
):
# if the last word is reduplication, not merge, because reduplication need to be _neural_sandhi
if (
not self._is_reduplication(seg[i - 1][0])
and len(seg[i - 1][0]) + len(seg[i][0]) <= 3
):
new_seg[-1][0] = new_seg[-1][0] + seg[i][0]
merge_last[i] = True
else:
new_seg.append([word, pos])
else:
new_seg.append([word, pos])
return new_seg
def _is_reduplication(self, word: str) -> bool:
return len(word) == 2 and word[0] == word[1]
# the last char of first word and the first char of second word is tone_three
def _merge_continuous_three_tones_2(
self, seg: List[Tuple[str, str]]
) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
new_seg = []
sub_finals_list = [
lazy_pinyin(word, neutral_tone_with_five=True, style=Style.FINALS_TONE3)
for (word, pos) in seg
]
assert len(sub_finals_list) == len(seg)
merge_last = [False] * len(seg)
for i, (word, pos) in enumerate(seg):
if (
i - 1 >= 0
and sub_finals_list[i - 1][-1][-1] == "3"
and sub_finals_list[i][0][-1] == "3"
and not merge_last[i - 1]
):
# if the last word is reduplication, not merge, because reduplication need to be _neural_sandhi
if (
not self._is_reduplication(seg[i - 1][0])
and len(seg[i - 1][0]) + len(seg[i][0]) <= 3
):
new_seg[-1][0] = new_seg[-1][0] + seg[i][0]
merge_last[i] = True
else:
new_seg.append([word, pos])
else:
new_seg.append([word, pos])
return new_seg
def _merge_er(self, seg: List[Tuple[str, str]]) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
new_seg = []
for i, (word, pos) in enumerate(seg):
if i - 1 >= 0 and word == "儿" and seg[i - 1][0] != "#":
new_seg[-1][0] = new_seg[-1][0] + seg[i][0]
else:
new_seg.append([word, pos])
return new_seg
def _merge_reduplication(self, seg: List[Tuple[str, str]]) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
new_seg = []
for i, (word, pos) in enumerate(seg):
if new_seg and word == new_seg[-1][0]:
new_seg[-1][0] = new_seg[-1][0] + seg[i][0]
else:
new_seg.append([word, pos])
return new_seg
def pre_merge_for_modify(self, seg: List[Tuple[str, str]]) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
seg = self._merge_bu(seg)
try:
seg = self._merge_yi(seg)
except:
print("_merge_yi failed")
seg = self._merge_reduplication(seg)
seg = self._merge_continuous_three_tones(seg)
seg = self._merge_continuous_three_tones_2(seg)
seg = self._merge_er(seg)
return seg
def modified_tone(self, word: str, pos: str, finals: List[str]) -> List[str]:
finals = self._bu_sandhi(word, finals)
finals = self._yi_sandhi(word, finals)
finals = self._neural_sandhi(word, pos, finals)
finals = self._three_sandhi(word, finals)
return finals