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	# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

	from __future__ import annotations

	import abc
	import contextlib
	import copy
	import enum
	import functools
	import inspect
	import itertools
	import linecache
	import sys
	import types
	import typing

	from operator import itemgetter

	# We need to import _compat itself in addition to the _compat members to avoid
	# having the thread-local in the globals here.
	from . import _compat, _config, setters
	from ._compat import (
	PY_3_10_PLUS,
	PY_3_11_PLUS,
	PY_3_13_PLUS,
	_AnnotationExtractor,
	_get_annotations,
	get_generic_base,
	)
	from .exceptions import (
	DefaultAlreadySetError,
	FrozenInstanceError,
	NotAnAttrsClassError,
	UnannotatedAttributeError,
	)


	# This is used at least twice, so cache it here.
	_OBJ_SETATTR = object.__setattr__
	_INIT_FACTORY_PAT = "__attr_factory_%s"
	_CLASSVAR_PREFIXES = (
	"typing.ClassVar",
	"t.ClassVar",
	"ClassVar",
	"typing_extensions.ClassVar",
	)
	# we don't use a double-underscore prefix because that triggers
	# name mangling when trying to create a slot for the field
	# (when slots=True)
	_HASH_CACHE_FIELD = "_attrs_cached_hash"

	_EMPTY_METADATA_SINGLETON = types.MappingProxyType({})

	# Unique object for unequivocal getattr() defaults.
	_SENTINEL = object()

	_DEFAULT_ON_SETATTR = setters.pipe(setters.convert, setters.validate)


	class _Nothing(enum.Enum):
	"""
	Sentinel to indicate the lack of a value when `None` is ambiguous.

	If extending attrs, you can use ``typing.Literal[NOTHING]`` to show
	that a value may be ``NOTHING``.

	.. versionchanged:: 21.1.0 ``bool(NOTHING)`` is now False.
	.. versionchanged:: 22.2.0 ``NOTHING`` is now an ``enum.Enum`` variant.
	"""

	NOTHING = enum.auto()

	def __repr__(self):
	return "NOTHING"

	def __bool__(self):
	return False


	NOTHING = _Nothing.NOTHING
	"""
	Sentinel to indicate the lack of a value when `None` is ambiguous.

	When using in 3rd party code, use `attrs.NothingType` for type annotations.
	"""


	class _CacheHashWrapper(int):
	"""
	An integer subclass that pickles / copies as None

	This is used for non-slots classes with ``cache_hash=True``, to avoid
	serializing a potentially (even likely) invalid hash value. Since `None`
	is the default value for uncalculated hashes, whenever this is copied,
	the copy's value for the hash should automatically reset.

	See GH #613 for more details.
	"""

	def __reduce__(self, _none_constructor=type(None), _args=()): # noqa: B008
	return _none_constructor, _args


	def attrib(
	default=NOTHING,
	validator=None,
	repr=True,
	cmp=None,
	hash=None,
	init=True,
	metadata=None,
	type=None,
	converter=None,
	factory=None,
	kw_only=False,
	eq=None,
	order=None,
	on_setattr=None,
	alias=None,
	):
	"""
	Create a new field / attribute on a class.

	Identical to `attrs.field`, except it's not keyword-only.

	Consider using `attrs.field` in new code (``attr.ib`` will never go away,
	though).

	.. warning::

	Does nothing unless the class is also decorated with
	`attr.s` (or similar)!


	.. versionadded:: 15.2.0 convert
	.. versionadded:: 16.3.0 metadata
	.. versionchanged:: 17.1.0 validator can be a ``list`` now.
	.. versionchanged:: 17.1.0
	hash is `None` and therefore mirrors eq by default.
	.. versionadded:: 17.3.0 type
	.. deprecated:: 17.4.0 convert
	.. versionadded:: 17.4.0
	converter as a replacement for the deprecated convert to achieve
	consistency with other noun-based arguments.
	.. versionadded:: 18.1.0
	``factory=f`` is syntactic sugar for ``default=attr.Factory(f)``.
	.. versionadded:: 18.2.0 kw_only
	.. versionchanged:: 19.2.0 convert keyword argument removed.
	.. versionchanged:: 19.2.0 repr also accepts a custom callable.
	.. deprecated:: 19.2.0 cmp Removal on or after 2021-06-01.
	.. versionadded:: 19.2.0 eq and order
	.. versionadded:: 20.1.0 on_setattr
	.. versionchanged:: 20.3.0 kw_only backported to Python 2
	.. versionchanged:: 21.1.0
	eq, order, and cmp also accept a custom callable
	.. versionchanged:: 21.1.0 cmp undeprecated
	.. versionadded:: 22.2.0 alias
	"""
	eq, eq_key, order, order_key = _determine_attrib_eq_order(
	cmp, eq, order, True
	)

	if hash is not None and hash is not True and hash is not False:
	msg = "Invalid value for hash. Must be True, False, or None."
	raise TypeError(msg)

	if factory is not None:
	if default is not NOTHING:
	msg = (
	"The `default` and `factory` arguments are mutually exclusive."
	)
	raise ValueError(msg)
	if not callable(factory):
	msg = "The `factory` argument must be a callable."
	raise ValueError(msg)
	default = Factory(factory)

	if metadata is None:
	metadata = {}

	# Apply syntactic sugar by auto-wrapping.
	if isinstance(on_setattr, (list, tuple)):
	on_setattr = setters.pipe(*on_setattr)

	if validator and isinstance(validator, (list, tuple)):
	validator = and_(*validator)

	if converter and isinstance(converter, (list, tuple)):
	converter = pipe(*converter)

	return _CountingAttr(
	default=default,
	validator=validator,
	repr=repr,
	cmp=None,
	hash=hash,
	init=init,
	converter=converter,
	metadata=metadata,
	type=type,
	kw_only=kw_only,
	eq=eq,
	eq_key=eq_key,
	order=order,
	order_key=order_key,
	on_setattr=on_setattr,
	alias=alias,
	)


	def _compile_and_eval(script, globs, locs=None, filename=""):
	"""
	Evaluate the script with the given global (globs) and local (locs)
	variables.
	"""
	bytecode = compile(script, filename, "exec")
	eval(bytecode, globs, locs)


	def _make_method(name, script, filename, globs, locals=None):
	"""
	Create the method with the script given and return the method object.
	"""
	locs = {} if locals is None else locals

	# In order of debuggers like PDB being able to step through the code,
	# we add a fake linecache entry.
	count = 1
	base_filename = filename
	while True:
	linecache_tuple = (
	len(script),
	None,
	script.splitlines(True),
	filename,
	)
	old_val = linecache.cache.setdefault(filename, linecache_tuple)
	if old_val == linecache_tuple:
	break

	filename = f"{base_filename[:-1]}-{count}>"
	count += 1

	_compile_and_eval(script, globs, locs, filename)

	return locs[name]


	def _make_attr_tuple_class(cls_name, attr_names):
	"""
	Create a tuple subclass to hold `Attribute`s for an `attrs` class.

	The subclass is a bare tuple with properties for names.

	class MyClassAttributes(tuple):
	__slots__ = ()
	x = property(itemgetter(0))
	"""
	attr_class_name = f"{cls_name}Attributes"
	attr_class_template = [
	f"class {attr_class_name}(tuple):",
	" __slots__ = ()",
	]
	if attr_names:
	for i, attr_name in enumerate(attr_names):
	attr_class_template.append(
	f" {attr_name} = _attrs_property(_attrs_itemgetter({i}))"
	)
	else:
	attr_class_template.append(" pass")
	globs = {"_attrs_itemgetter": itemgetter, "_attrs_property": property}
	_compile_and_eval("\n".join(attr_class_template), globs)
	return globs[attr_class_name]


	# Tuple class for extracted attributes from a class definition.
	# `base_attrs` is a subset of `attrs`.
	_Attributes = _make_attr_tuple_class(
	"_Attributes",
	[
	# all attributes to build dunder methods for
	"attrs",
	# attributes that have been inherited
	"base_attrs",
	# map inherited attributes to their originating classes
	"base_attrs_map",
	],
	)


	def _is_class_var(annot):
	"""
	Check whether annot is a typing.ClassVar.

	The string comparison hack is used to avoid evaluating all string
	annotations which would put attrs-based classes at a performance
	disadvantage compared to plain old classes.
	"""
	annot = str(annot)

	# Annotation can be quoted.
	if annot.startswith(("'", '"')) and annot.endswith(("'", '"')):
	annot = annot[1:-1]

	return annot.startswith(_CLASSVAR_PREFIXES)


	def _has_own_attribute(cls, attrib_name):
	"""
	Check whether cls defines attrib_name (and doesn't just inherit it).
	"""
	return attrib_name in cls.__dict__


	def _collect_base_attrs(cls, taken_attr_names):
	"""
	Collect attr.ibs from base classes of cls, except taken_attr_names.
	"""
	base_attrs = []
	base_attr_map = {} # A dictionary of base attrs to their classes.

	# Traverse the MRO and collect attributes.
	for base_cls in reversed(cls.__mro__[1:-1]):
	for a in getattr(base_cls, "__attrs_attrs__", []):
	if a.inherited or a.name in taken_attr_names:
	continue

	a = a.evolve(inherited=True) # noqa: PLW2901
	base_attrs.append(a)
	base_attr_map[a.name] = base_cls

	# For each name, only keep the freshest definition i.e. the furthest at the
	# back. base_attr_map is fine because it gets overwritten with every new
	# instance.
	filtered = []
	seen = set()
	for a in reversed(base_attrs):
	if a.name in seen:
	continue
	filtered.insert(0, a)
	seen.add(a.name)

	return filtered, base_attr_map


	def _collect_base_attrs_broken(cls, taken_attr_names):
	"""
	Collect attr.ibs from base classes of cls, except taken_attr_names.

	N.B. taken_attr_names will be mutated.

	Adhere to the old incorrect behavior.

	Notably it collects from the front and considers inherited attributes which
	leads to the buggy behavior reported in #428.
	"""
	base_attrs = []
	base_attr_map = {} # A dictionary of base attrs to their classes.

	# Traverse the MRO and collect attributes.
	for base_cls in cls.__mro__[1:-1]:
	for a in getattr(base_cls, "__attrs_attrs__", []):
	if a.name in taken_attr_names:
	continue

	a = a.evolve(inherited=True) # noqa: PLW2901
	taken_attr_names.add(a.name)
	base_attrs.append(a)
	base_attr_map[a.name] = base_cls

	return base_attrs, base_attr_map


	def _transform_attrs(
	cls, these, auto_attribs, kw_only, collect_by_mro, field_transformer
	):
	"""
	Transform all `_CountingAttr`s on a class into `Attribute`s.

	If these is passed, use that and don't look for them on the class.

	If collect_by_mro is True, collect them in the correct MRO order,
	otherwise use the old -- incorrect -- order. See #428.

	Return an `_Attributes`.
	"""
	cd = cls.__dict__
	anns = _get_annotations(cls)

	if these is not None:
	ca_list = list(these.items())
	elif auto_attribs is True:
	ca_names = {
	name
	for name, attr in cd.items()
	if isinstance(attr, _CountingAttr)
	}
	ca_list = []
	annot_names = set()
	for attr_name, type in anns.items():
	if _is_class_var(type):
	continue
	annot_names.add(attr_name)
	a = cd.get(attr_name, NOTHING)

	if not isinstance(a, _CountingAttr):
	a = attrib() if a is NOTHING else attrib(default=a)
	ca_list.append((attr_name, a))

	unannotated = ca_names - annot_names
	if len(unannotated) > 0:
	raise UnannotatedAttributeError(
	"The following `attr.ib`s lack a type annotation: "
	+ ", ".join(
	sorted(unannotated, key=lambda n: cd.get(n).counter)
	)
	+ "."
	)
	else:
	ca_list = sorted(
	(
	(name, attr)
	for name, attr in cd.items()
	if isinstance(attr, _CountingAttr)
	),
	key=lambda e: e[1].counter,
	)

	own_attrs = [
	Attribute.from_counting_attr(
	name=attr_name, ca=ca, type=anns.get(attr_name)
	)
	for attr_name, ca in ca_list
	]

	if collect_by_mro:
	base_attrs, base_attr_map = _collect_base_attrs(
	cls, {a.name for a in own_attrs}
	)
	else:
	base_attrs, base_attr_map = _collect_base_attrs_broken(
	cls, {a.name for a in own_attrs}
	)

	if kw_only:
	own_attrs = [a.evolve(kw_only=True) for a in own_attrs]
	base_attrs = [a.evolve(kw_only=True) for a in base_attrs]

	attrs = base_attrs + own_attrs

	# Mandatory vs non-mandatory attr order only matters when they are part of
	# the __init__ signature and when they aren't kw_only (which are moved to
	# the end and can be mandatory or non-mandatory in any order, as they will
	# be specified as keyword args anyway). Check the order of those attrs:
	had_default = False
	for a in (a for a in attrs if a.init is not False and a.kw_only is False):
	if had_default is True and a.default is NOTHING:
	msg = f"No mandatory attributes allowed after an attribute with a default value or factory. Attribute in question: {a!r}"
	raise ValueError(msg)

	if had_default is False and a.default is not NOTHING:
	had_default = True

	if field_transformer is not None:
	attrs = field_transformer(cls, attrs)

	# Resolve default field alias after executing field_transformer.
	# This allows field_transformer to differentiate between explicit vs
	# default aliases and supply their own defaults.
	attrs = [
	a.evolve(alias=_default_init_alias_for(a.name)) if not a.alias else a
	for a in attrs
	]

	# Create AttrsClass after applying the field_transformer since it may
	# add or remove attributes!
	attr_names = [a.name for a in attrs]
	AttrsClass = _make_attr_tuple_class(cls.__name__, attr_names)

	return _Attributes((AttrsClass(attrs), base_attrs, base_attr_map))


	def _make_cached_property_getattr(cached_properties, original_getattr, cls):
	lines = [
	# Wrapped to get `__class__` into closure cell for super()
	# (It will be replaced with the newly constructed class after construction).
	"def wrapper(_cls):",
	" __class__ = _cls",
	" def __getattr__(self, item, cached_properties=cached_properties, original_getattr=original_getattr, _cached_setattr_get=_cached_setattr_get):",
	" func = cached_properties.get(item)",
	" if func is not None:",
	" result = func(self)",
	" _setter = _cached_setattr_get(self)",
	" _setter(item, result)",
	" return result",
	]
	if original_getattr is not None:
	lines.append(
	" return original_getattr(self, item)",
	)
	else:
	lines.extend(
	[
	" try:",
	" return super().__getattribute__(item)",
	" except AttributeError:",
	" if not hasattr(super(), '__getattr__'):",
	" raise",
	" return super().__getattr__(item)",
	" original_error = f\"'{self.__class__.__name__}' object has no attribute '{item}'\"",
	" raise AttributeError(original_error)",
	]
	)

	lines.extend(
	[
	" return __getattr__",
	"__getattr__ = wrapper(_cls)",
	]
	)

	unique_filename = _generate_unique_filename(cls, "getattr")

	glob = {
	"cached_properties": cached_properties,
	"_cached_setattr_get": _OBJ_SETATTR.__get__,
	"original_getattr": original_getattr,
	}

	return _make_method(
	"__getattr__",
	"\n".join(lines),
	unique_filename,
	glob,
	locals={
	"_cls": cls,
	},
	)


	def _frozen_setattrs(self, name, value):
	"""
	Attached to frozen classes as __setattr__.
	"""
	if isinstance(self, BaseException) and name in (
	"__cause__",
	"__context__",
	"__traceback__",
	"__suppress_context__",
	"__notes__",
	):
	BaseException.__setattr__(self, name, value)
	return

	raise FrozenInstanceError


	def _frozen_delattrs(self, name):
	"""
	Attached to frozen classes as __delattr__.
	"""
	if isinstance(self, BaseException) and name in ("__notes__",):
	BaseException.__delattr__(self, name)
	return

	raise FrozenInstanceError


	def evolve(args, *changes):
	"""
	Create a new instance, based on the first positional argument with
	changes applied.

	.. tip::

	On Python 3.13 and later, you can also use `copy.replace` instead.

	Args:

	inst:
	Instance of a class with attrs attributes. inst must be passed
	as a positional argument.

	changes:
	Keyword changes in the new copy.

	Returns:
	A copy of inst with changes incorporated.

	Raises:
	TypeError:
	If attr_name couldn't be found in the class ``__init__``.

	attrs.exceptions.NotAnAttrsClassError:
	If cls is not an attrs class.

	.. versionadded:: 17.1.0
	.. deprecated:: 23.1.0
	It is now deprecated to pass the instance using the keyword argument
	inst. It will raise a warning until at least April 2024, after which
	it will become an error. Always pass the instance as a positional
	argument.
	.. versionchanged:: 24.1.0
	inst can't be passed as a keyword argument anymore.
	"""
	try:
	(inst,) = args
	except ValueError:
	msg = (
	f"evolve() takes 1 positional argument, but {len(args)} were given"
	)
	raise TypeError(msg) from None

	cls = inst.__class__
	attrs = fields(cls)
	for a in attrs:
	if not a.init:
	continue
	attr_name = a.name # To deal with private attributes.
	init_name = a.alias
	if init_name not in changes:
	changes[init_name] = getattr(inst, attr_name)

	return cls(**changes)


	class _ClassBuilder:
	"""
	Iteratively build one class.
	"""

	__slots__ = (
	"_attr_names",
	"_attrs",
	"_base_attr_map",
	"_base_names",
	"_cache_hash",
	"_cls",
	"_cls_dict",
	"_delete_attribs",
	"_frozen",
	"_has_custom_setattr",
	"_has_post_init",
	"_has_pre_init",
	"_is_exc",
	"_on_setattr",
	"_pre_init_has_args",
	"_slots",
	"_weakref_slot",
	"_wrote_own_setattr",
	)

	def __init__(
	self,
	cls,
	these,
	slots,
	frozen,
	weakref_slot,
	getstate_setstate,
	auto_attribs,
	kw_only,
	cache_hash,
	is_exc,
	collect_by_mro,
	on_setattr,
	has_custom_setattr,
	field_transformer,
	):
	attrs, base_attrs, base_map = _transform_attrs(
	cls,
	these,
	auto_attribs,
	kw_only,
	collect_by_mro,
	field_transformer,
	)

	self._cls = cls
	self._cls_dict = dict(cls.__dict__) if slots else {}
	self._attrs = attrs
	self._base_names = {a.name for a in base_attrs}
	self._base_attr_map = base_map
	self._attr_names = tuple(a.name for a in attrs)
	self._slots = slots
	self._frozen = frozen
	self._weakref_slot = weakref_slot
	self._cache_hash = cache_hash
	self._has_pre_init = bool(getattr(cls, "__attrs_pre_init__", False))
	self._pre_init_has_args = False
	if self._has_pre_init:
	# Check if the pre init method has more arguments than just `self`
	# We want to pass arguments if pre init expects arguments
	pre_init_func = cls.__attrs_pre_init__
	pre_init_signature = inspect.signature(pre_init_func)
	self._pre_init_has_args = len(pre_init_signature.parameters) > 1
	self._has_post_init = bool(getattr(cls, "__attrs_post_init__", False))
	self._delete_attribs = not bool(these)
	self._is_exc = is_exc
	self._on_setattr = on_setattr

	self._has_custom_setattr = has_custom_setattr
	self._wrote_own_setattr = False

	self._cls_dict["__attrs_attrs__"] = self._attrs

	if frozen:
	self._cls_dict["__setattr__"] = _frozen_setattrs
	self._cls_dict["__delattr__"] = _frozen_delattrs

	self._wrote_own_setattr = True
	elif on_setattr in (
	_DEFAULT_ON_SETATTR,
	setters.validate,
	setters.convert,
	):
	has_validator = has_converter = False
	for a in attrs:
	if a.validator is not None:
	has_validator = True
	if a.converter is not None:
	has_converter = True

	if has_validator and has_converter:
	break
	if (
	(
	on_setattr == _DEFAULT_ON_SETATTR
	and not (has_validator or has_converter)
	)
	or (on_setattr == setters.validate and not has_validator)
	or (on_setattr == setters.convert and not has_converter)
	):
	# If class-level on_setattr is set to convert + validate, but
	# there's no field to convert or validate, pretend like there's
	# no on_setattr.
	self._on_setattr = None

	if getstate_setstate:
	(
	self._cls_dict["__getstate__"],
	self._cls_dict["__setstate__"],
	) = self._make_getstate_setstate()

	def __repr__(self):
	return f"<_ClassBuilder(cls={self._cls.__name__})>"

	def build_class(self):
	"""
	Finalize class based on the accumulated configuration.

	Builder cannot be used after calling this method.
	"""
	if self._slots is True:
	cls = self._create_slots_class()
	else:
	cls = self._patch_original_class()
	if PY_3_10_PLUS:
	cls = abc.update_abstractmethods(cls)

	# The method gets only called if it's not inherited from a base class.
	# _has_own_attribute does NOT work properly for classmethods.
	if (
	getattr(cls, "__attrs_init_subclass__", None)
	and "__attrs_init_subclass__" not in cls.__dict__
	):
	cls.__attrs_init_subclass__()

	return cls

	def _patch_original_class(self):
	"""
	Apply accumulated methods and return the class.
	"""
	cls = self._cls
	base_names = self._base_names

	# Clean class of attribute definitions (`attr.ib()`s).
	if self._delete_attribs:
	for name in self._attr_names:
	if (
	name not in base_names
	and getattr(cls, name, _SENTINEL) is not _SENTINEL
	):
	# An AttributeError can happen if a base class defines a
	# class variable and we want to set an attribute with the
	# same name by using only a type annotation.
	with contextlib.suppress(AttributeError):
	delattr(cls, name)

	# Attach our dunder methods.
	for name, value in self._cls_dict.items():
	setattr(cls, name, value)

	# If we've inherited an attrs __setattr__ and don't write our own,
	# reset it to object's.
	if not self._wrote_own_setattr and getattr(
	cls, "__attrs_own_setattr__", False
	):
	cls.__attrs_own_setattr__ = False

	if not self._has_custom_setattr:
	cls.__setattr__ = _OBJ_SETATTR

	return cls

	def _create_slots_class(self):
	"""
	Build and return a new class with a `__slots__` attribute.
	"""
	cd = {
	k: v
	for k, v in self._cls_dict.items()
	if k not in (*tuple(self._attr_names), "__dict__", "__weakref__")
	}

	# If our class doesn't have its own implementation of __setattr__
	# (either from the user or by us), check the bases, if one of them has
	# an attrs-made __setattr__, that needs to be reset. We don't walk the
	# MRO because we only care about our immediate base classes.
	# XXX: This can be confused by subclassing a slotted attrs class with
	# XXX: a non-attrs class and subclass the resulting class with an attrs
	# XXX: class. See `test_slotted_confused` for details. For now that's
	# XXX: OK with us.
	if not self._wrote_own_setattr:
	cd["__attrs_own_setattr__"] = False

	if not self._has_custom_setattr:
	for base_cls in self._cls.__bases__:
	if base_cls.__dict__.get("__attrs_own_setattr__", False):
	cd["__setattr__"] = _OBJ_SETATTR
	break

	# Traverse the MRO to collect existing slots
	# and check for an existing __weakref__.
	existing_slots = {}
	weakref_inherited = False
	for base_cls in self._cls.__mro__[1:-1]:
	if base_cls.__dict__.get("__weakref__", None) is not None:
	weakref_inherited = True
	existing_slots.update(
	{
	name: getattr(base_cls, name)
	for name in getattr(base_cls, "__slots__", [])
	}
	)

	base_names = set(self._base_names)

	names = self._attr_names
	if (
	self._weakref_slot
	and "__weakref__" not in getattr(self._cls, "__slots__", ())
	and "__weakref__" not in names
	and not weakref_inherited
	):
	names += ("__weakref__",)

	cached_properties = {
	name: cached_property.func
	for name, cached_property in cd.items()
	if isinstance(cached_property, functools.cached_property)
	}

	# Collect methods with a `__class__` reference that are shadowed in the new class.
	# To know to update them.
	additional_closure_functions_to_update = []
	if cached_properties:
	class_annotations = _get_annotations(self._cls)
	for name, func in cached_properties.items():
	# Add cached properties to names for slotting.
	names += (name,)
	# Clear out function from class to avoid clashing.
	del cd[name]
	additional_closure_functions_to_update.append(func)
	annotation = inspect.signature(func).return_annotation
	if annotation is not inspect.Parameter.empty:
	class_annotations[name] = annotation

	original_getattr = cd.get("__getattr__")
	if original_getattr is not None:
	additional_closure_functions_to_update.append(original_getattr)

	cd["__getattr__"] = _make_cached_property_getattr(
	cached_properties, original_getattr, self._cls
	)

	# We only add the names of attributes that aren't inherited.
	# Setting __slots__ to inherited attributes wastes memory.
	slot_names = [name for name in names if name not in base_names]

	# There are slots for attributes from current class
	# that are defined in parent classes.
	# As their descriptors may be overridden by a child class,
	# we collect them here and update the class dict
	reused_slots = {
	slot: slot_descriptor
	for slot, slot_descriptor in existing_slots.items()
	if slot in slot_names
	}
	slot_names = [name for name in slot_names if name not in reused_slots]
	cd.update(reused_slots)
	if self._cache_hash:
	slot_names.append(_HASH_CACHE_FIELD)

	cd["__slots__"] = tuple(slot_names)

	cd["__qualname__"] = self._cls.__qualname__

	# Create new class based on old class and our methods.
	cls = type(self._cls)(self._cls.__name__, self._cls.__bases__, cd)

	# The following is a fix for
	# <https://github.com/python-attrs/attrs/issues/102>.
	# If a method mentions `__class__` or uses the no-arg super(), the
	# compiler will bake a reference to the class in the method itself
	# as `method.__closure__`. Since we replace the class with a
	# clone, we rewrite these references so it keeps working.
	for item in itertools.chain(
	cls.__dict__.values(), additional_closure_functions_to_update
	):
	if isinstance(item, (classmethod, staticmethod)):
	# Class- and staticmethods hide their functions inside.
	# These might need to be rewritten as well.
	closure_cells = getattr(item.__func__, "__closure__", None)
	elif isinstance(item, property):
	# Workaround for property `super()` shortcut (PY3-only).
	# There is no universal way for other descriptors.
	closure_cells = getattr(item.fget, "__closure__", None)
	else:
	closure_cells = getattr(item, "__closure__", None)

	if not closure_cells: # Catch None or the empty list.
	continue
	for cell in closure_cells:
	try:
	match = cell.cell_contents is self._cls
	except ValueError: # noqa: PERF203
	# ValueError: Cell is empty
	pass
	else:
	if match:
	cell.cell_contents = cls
	return cls

	def add_repr(self, ns):
	self._cls_dict["__repr__"] = self._add_method_dunders(
	_make_repr(self._attrs, ns, self._cls)
	)
	return self

	def add_str(self):
	repr = self._cls_dict.get("__repr__")
	if repr is None:
	msg = "__str__ can only be generated if a __repr__ exists."
	raise ValueError(msg)

	def __str__(self):
	return self.__repr__()

	self._cls_dict["__str__"] = self._add_method_dunders(__str__)
	return self

	def _make_getstate_setstate(self):
	"""
	Create custom __setstate__ and __getstate__ methods.
	"""
	# __weakref__ is not writable.
	state_attr_names = tuple(
	an for an in self._attr_names if an != "__weakref__"
	)

	def slots_getstate(self):
	"""
	Automatically created by attrs.
	"""
	return {name: getattr(self, name) for name in state_attr_names}

	hash_caching_enabled = self._cache_hash

	def slots_setstate(self, state):
	"""
	Automatically created by attrs.
	"""
	__bound_setattr = _OBJ_SETATTR.__get__(self)
	if isinstance(state, tuple):
	# Backward compatibility with attrs instances pickled with
	# attrs versions before v22.2.0 which stored tuples.
	for name, value in zip(state_attr_names, state):
	__bound_setattr(name, value)
	else:
	for name in state_attr_names:
	if name in state:
	__bound_setattr(name, state[name])

	# The hash code cache is not included when the object is
	# serialized, but it still needs to be initialized to None to
	# indicate that the first call to __hash__ should be a cache
	# miss.
	if hash_caching_enabled:
	__bound_setattr(_HASH_CACHE_FIELD, None)

	return slots_getstate, slots_setstate

	def make_unhashable(self):
	self._cls_dict["__hash__"] = None
	return self

	def add_hash(self):
	self._cls_dict["__hash__"] = self._add_method_dunders(
	_make_hash(
	self._cls,
	self._attrs,
	frozen=self._frozen,
	cache_hash=self._cache_hash,
	)
	)

	return self

	def add_init(self):
	self._cls_dict["__init__"] = self._add_method_dunders(
	_make_init(
	self._cls,
	self._attrs,
	self._has_pre_init,
	self._pre_init_has_args,
	self._has_post_init,
	self._frozen,
	self._slots,
	self._cache_hash,
	self._base_attr_map,
	self._is_exc,
	self._on_setattr,
	attrs_init=False,
	)
	)

	return self

	def add_replace(self):
	self._cls_dict["__replace__"] = self._add_method_dunders(
	lambda self, changes: evolve(self, changes)
	)
	return self

	def add_match_args(self):
	self._cls_dict["__match_args__"] = tuple(
	field.name
	for field in self._attrs
	if field.init and not field.kw_only
	)

	def add_attrs_init(self):
	self._cls_dict["__attrs_init__"] = self._add_method_dunders(
	_make_init(
	self._cls,
	self._attrs,
	self._has_pre_init,
	self._pre_init_has_args,
	self._has_post_init,
	self._frozen,
	self._slots,
	self._cache_hash,
	self._base_attr_map,
	self._is_exc,
	self._on_setattr,
	attrs_init=True,
	)
	)

	return self

	def add_eq(self):
	cd = self._cls_dict

	cd["__eq__"] = self._add_method_dunders(
	_make_eq(self._cls, self._attrs)
	)
	cd["__ne__"] = self._add_method_dunders(_make_ne())

	return self

	def add_order(self):
	cd = self._cls_dict

	cd["__lt__"], cd["__le__"], cd["__gt__"], cd["__ge__"] = (
	self._add_method_dunders(meth)
	for meth in _make_order(self._cls, self._attrs)
	)

	return self

	def add_setattr(self):
	if self._frozen:
	return self

	sa_attrs = {}
	for a in self._attrs:
	on_setattr = a.on_setattr or self._on_setattr
	if on_setattr and on_setattr is not setters.NO_OP:
	sa_attrs[a.name] = a, on_setattr

	if not sa_attrs:
	return self

	if self._has_custom_setattr:
	# We need to write a __setattr__ but there already is one!
	msg = "Can't combine custom __setattr__ with on_setattr hooks."
	raise ValueError(msg)

	# docstring comes from _add_method_dunders
	def __setattr__(self, name, val):
	try:
	a, hook = sa_attrs[name]
	except KeyError:
	nval = val
	else:
	nval = hook(self, a, val)

	_OBJ_SETATTR(self, name, nval)

	self._cls_dict["__attrs_own_setattr__"] = True
	self._cls_dict["__setattr__"] = self._add_method_dunders(__setattr__)
	self._wrote_own_setattr = True

	return self

	def _add_method_dunders(self, method):
	"""
	Add __module__ and __qualname__ to a method if possible.
	"""
	with contextlib.suppress(AttributeError):
	method.__module__ = self._cls.__module__

	with contextlib.suppress(AttributeError):
	method.__qualname__ = f"{self._cls.__qualname__}.{method.__name__}"

	with contextlib.suppress(AttributeError):
	method.__doc__ = (
	"Method generated by attrs for class "
	f"{self._cls.__qualname__}."
	)

	return method


	def _determine_attrs_eq_order(cmp, eq, order, default_eq):
	"""
	Validate the combination of cmp, eq, and order. Derive the effective
	values of eq and order. If eq is None, set it to default_eq.
	"""
	if cmp is not None and any((eq is not None, order is not None)):
	msg = "Don't mix `cmp` with `eq' and `order`."
	raise ValueError(msg)

	# cmp takes precedence due to bw-compatibility.
	if cmp is not None:
	return cmp, cmp

	# If left None, equality is set to the specified default and ordering
	# mirrors equality.
	if eq is None:
	eq = default_eq

	if order is None:
	order = eq

	if eq is False and order is True:
	msg = "`order` can only be True if `eq` is True too."
	raise ValueError(msg)

	return eq, order


	def _determine_attrib_eq_order(cmp, eq, order, default_eq):
	"""
	Validate the combination of cmp, eq, and order. Derive the effective
	values of eq and order. If eq is None, set it to default_eq.
	"""
	if cmp is not None and any((eq is not None, order is not None)):
	msg = "Don't mix `cmp` with `eq' and `order`."
	raise ValueError(msg)

	def decide_callable_or_boolean(value):
	"""
	Decide whether a key function is used.
	"""
	if callable(value):
	value, key = True, value
	else:
	key = None
	return value, key

	# cmp takes precedence due to bw-compatibility.
	if cmp is not None:
	cmp, cmp_key = decide_callable_or_boolean(cmp)
	return cmp, cmp_key, cmp, cmp_key

	# If left None, equality is set to the specified default and ordering
	# mirrors equality.
	if eq is None:
	eq, eq_key = default_eq, None
	else:
	eq, eq_key = decide_callable_or_boolean(eq)

	if order is None:
	order, order_key = eq, eq_key
	else:
	order, order_key = decide_callable_or_boolean(order)

	if eq is False and order is True:
	msg = "`order` can only be True if `eq` is True too."
	raise ValueError(msg)

	return eq, eq_key, order, order_key


	def _determine_whether_to_implement(
	cls, flag, auto_detect, dunders, default=True
	):
	"""
	Check whether we should implement a set of methods for cls.

	flag is the argument passed into @attr.s like 'init', auto_detect the
	same as passed into @attr.s and dunders is a tuple of attribute names
	whose presence signal that the user has implemented it themselves.

	Return default if no reason for either for or against is found.
	"""
	if flag is True or flag is False:
	return flag

	if flag is None and auto_detect is False:
	return default

	# Logically, flag is None and auto_detect is True here.
	for dunder in dunders:
	if _has_own_attribute(cls, dunder):
	return False

	return default


	def attrs(
	maybe_cls=None,
	these=None,
	repr_ns=None,
	repr=None,
	cmp=None,
	hash=None,
	init=None,
	slots=False,
	frozen=False,
	weakref_slot=True,
	str=False,
	auto_attribs=False,
	kw_only=False,
	cache_hash=False,
	auto_exc=False,
	eq=None,
	order=None,
	auto_detect=False,
	collect_by_mro=False,
	getstate_setstate=None,
	on_setattr=None,
	field_transformer=None,
	match_args=True,
	unsafe_hash=None,
	):
	r"""
	A class decorator that adds :term:`dunder methods` according to the
	specified attributes using `attr.ib` or the these argument.

	Consider using `attrs.define` / `attrs.frozen` in new code (``attr.s`` will
	never go away, though).

	Args:
	repr_ns (str):
	When using nested classes, there was no way in Python 2 to
	automatically detect that. This argument allows to set a custom
	name for a more meaningful ``repr`` output. This argument is
	pointless in Python 3 and is therefore deprecated.

	.. caution::
	Refer to `attrs.define` for the rest of the parameters, but note that they
	can have different defaults.

	Notably, leaving on_setattr as `None` will not add any hooks.

	.. versionadded:: 16.0.0 slots
	.. versionadded:: 16.1.0 frozen
	.. versionadded:: 16.3.0 str
	.. versionadded:: 16.3.0 Support for ``__attrs_post_init__``.
	.. versionchanged:: 17.1.0
	hash supports `None` as value which is also the default now.
	.. versionadded:: 17.3.0 auto_attribs
	.. versionchanged:: 18.1.0
	If these is passed, no attributes are deleted from the class body.
	.. versionchanged:: 18.1.0 If these is ordered, the order is retained.
	.. versionadded:: 18.2.0 weakref_slot
	.. deprecated:: 18.2.0
	``__lt__``, ``__le__``, ``__gt__``, and ``__ge__`` now raise a
	`DeprecationWarning` if the classes compared are subclasses of
	each other. ``__eq`` and ``__ne__`` never tried to compared subclasses
	to each other.
	.. versionchanged:: 19.2.0
	``__lt__``, ``__le__``, ``__gt__``, and ``__ge__`` now do not consider
	subclasses comparable anymore.
	.. versionadded:: 18.2.0 kw_only
	.. versionadded:: 18.2.0 cache_hash
	.. versionadded:: 19.1.0 auto_exc
	.. deprecated:: 19.2.0 cmp Removal on or after 2021-06-01.
	.. versionadded:: 19.2.0 eq and order
	.. versionadded:: 20.1.0 auto_detect
	.. versionadded:: 20.1.0 collect_by_mro
	.. versionadded:: 20.1.0 getstate_setstate
	.. versionadded:: 20.1.0 on_setattr
	.. versionadded:: 20.3.0 field_transformer
	.. versionchanged:: 21.1.0
	``init=False`` injects ``__attrs_init__``
	.. versionchanged:: 21.1.0 Support for ``__attrs_pre_init__``
	.. versionchanged:: 21.1.0 cmp undeprecated
	.. versionadded:: 21.3.0 match_args
	.. versionadded:: 22.2.0
	unsafe_hash as an alias for hash (for :pep:`681` compliance).
	.. deprecated:: 24.1.0 repr_ns
	.. versionchanged:: 24.1.0
	Instances are not compared as tuples of attributes anymore, but using a
	big ``and`` condition. This is faster and has more correct behavior for
	uncomparable values like `math.nan`.
	.. versionadded:: 24.1.0
	If a class has an inherited classmethod called
	``__attrs_init_subclass__``, it is executed after the class is created.
	.. deprecated:: 24.1.0 hash is deprecated in favor of unsafe_hash.
	"""
	if repr_ns is not None:
	import warnings

	warnings.warn(
	DeprecationWarning(
	"The `repr_ns` argument is deprecated and will be removed in or after August 2025."
	),
	stacklevel=2,
	)

	eq_, order_ = _determine_attrs_eq_order(cmp, eq, order, None)

	# unsafe_hash takes precedence due to PEP 681.
	if unsafe_hash is not None:
	hash = unsafe_hash

	if isinstance(on_setattr, (list, tuple)):
	on_setattr = setters.pipe(*on_setattr)

	def wrap(cls):
	is_frozen = frozen or _has_frozen_base_class(cls)
	is_exc = auto_exc is True and issubclass(cls, BaseException)
	has_own_setattr = auto_detect and _has_own_attribute(
	cls, "__setattr__"
	)

	if has_own_setattr and is_frozen:
	msg = "Can't freeze a class with a custom __setattr__."
	raise ValueError(msg)

	builder = _ClassBuilder(
	cls,
	these,
	slots,
	is_frozen,
	weakref_slot,
	_determine_whether_to_implement(
	cls,
	getstate_setstate,
	auto_detect,
	("__getstate__", "__setstate__"),
	default=slots,
	),
	auto_attribs,
	kw_only,
	cache_hash,
	is_exc,
	collect_by_mro,
	on_setattr,
	has_own_setattr,
	field_transformer,
	)
	if _determine_whether_to_implement(
	cls, repr, auto_detect, ("__repr__",)
	):
	builder.add_repr(repr_ns)
	if str is True:
	builder.add_str()

	eq = _determine_whether_to_implement(
	cls, eq_, auto_detect, ("__eq__", "__ne__")
	)
	if not is_exc and eq is True:
	builder.add_eq()
	if not is_exc and _determine_whether_to_implement(
	cls, order_, auto_detect, ("__lt__", "__le__", "__gt__", "__ge__")
	):
	builder.add_order()

	builder.add_setattr()

	nonlocal hash
	if (
	hash is None
	and auto_detect is True
	and _has_own_attribute(cls, "__hash__")
	):
	hash = False

	if hash is not True and hash is not False and hash is not None:
	# Can't use `hash in` because 1 == True for example.
	msg = "Invalid value for hash. Must be True, False, or None."
	raise TypeError(msg)

	if hash is False or (hash is None and eq is False) or is_exc:
	# Don't do anything. Should fall back to __object__'s __hash__
	# which is by id.
	if cache_hash:
	msg = "Invalid value for cache_hash. To use hash caching, hashing must be either explicitly or implicitly enabled."
	raise TypeError(msg)
	elif hash is True or (
	hash is None and eq is True and is_frozen is True
	):
	# Build a __hash__ if told so, or if it's safe.
	builder.add_hash()
	else:
	# Raise TypeError on attempts to hash.
	if cache_hash:
	msg = "Invalid value for cache_hash. To use hash caching, hashing must be either explicitly or implicitly enabled."
	raise TypeError(msg)
	builder.make_unhashable()

	if _determine_whether_to_implement(
	cls, init, auto_detect, ("__init__",)
	):
	builder.add_init()
	else:
	builder.add_attrs_init()
	if cache_hash:
	msg = "Invalid value for cache_hash. To use hash caching, init must be True."
	raise TypeError(msg)

	if PY_3_13_PLUS and not _has_own_attribute(cls, "__replace__"):
	builder.add_replace()

	if (
	PY_3_10_PLUS
	and match_args
	and not _has_own_attribute(cls, "__match_args__")
	):
	builder.add_match_args()

	return builder.build_class()

	# maybe_cls's type depends on the usage of the decorator. It's a class
	# if it's used as `@attrs` but `None` if used as `@attrs()`.
	if maybe_cls is None:
	return wrap

	return wrap(maybe_cls)


	_attrs = attrs
	"""
	Internal alias so we can use it in functions that take an argument called
	attrs.
	"""


	def _has_frozen_base_class(cls):
	"""
	Check whether cls has a frozen ancestor by looking at its
	__setattr__.
	"""
	return cls.__setattr__ is _frozen_setattrs


	def _generate_unique_filename(cls, func_name):
	"""
	Create a "filename" suitable for a function being generated.
	"""
	return (
	f"<attrs generated {func_name} {cls.__module__}."
	f"{getattr(cls, '__qualname__', cls.__name__)}>"
	)


	def _make_hash(cls, attrs, frozen, cache_hash):
	attrs = tuple(
	a for a in attrs if a.hash is True or (a.hash is None and a.eq is True)
	)

	tab = " "

	unique_filename = _generate_unique_filename(cls, "hash")
	type_hash = hash(unique_filename)
	# If eq is custom generated, we need to include the functions in globs
	globs = {}

	hash_def = "def __hash__(self"
	hash_func = "hash(("
	closing_braces = "))"
	if not cache_hash:
	hash_def += "):"
	else:
	hash_def += ", *"

	hash_def += ", _cache_wrapper=__import__('attr._make')._make._CacheHashWrapper):"
	hash_func = "_cache_wrapper(" + hash_func
	closing_braces += ")"

	method_lines = [hash_def]

	def append_hash_computation_lines(prefix, indent):
	"""
	Generate the code for actually computing the hash code.
	Below this will either be returned directly or used to compute
	a value which is then cached, depending on the value of cache_hash
	"""

	method_lines.extend(
	[
	indent + prefix + hash_func,
	indent + f" {type_hash},",
	]
	)

	for a in attrs:
	if a.eq_key:
	cmp_name = f"_{a.name}_key"
	globs[cmp_name] = a.eq_key
	method_lines.append(
	indent + f" {cmp_name}(self.{a.name}),"
	)
	else:
	method_lines.append(indent + f" self.{a.name},")

	method_lines.append(indent + " " + closing_braces)

	if cache_hash:
	method_lines.append(tab + f"if self.{_HASH_CACHE_FIELD} is None:")
	if frozen:
	append_hash_computation_lines(
	f"object.__setattr__(self, '{_HASH_CACHE_FIELD}', ", tab * 2
	)
	method_lines.append(tab * 2 + ")") # close __setattr__
	else:
	append_hash_computation_lines(
	f"self.{_HASH_CACHE_FIELD} = ", tab * 2
	)
	method_lines.append(tab + f"return self.{_HASH_CACHE_FIELD}")
	else:
	append_hash_computation_lines("return ", tab)

	script = "\n".join(method_lines)
	return _make_method("__hash__", script, unique_filename, globs)


	def _add_hash(cls, attrs):
	"""
	Add a hash method to cls.
	"""
	cls.__hash__ = _make_hash(cls, attrs, frozen=False, cache_hash=False)
	return cls


	def _make_ne():
	"""
	Create __ne__ method.
	"""

	def __ne__(self, other):
	"""
	Check equality and either forward a NotImplemented or
	return the result negated.
	"""
	result = self.__eq__(other)
	if result is NotImplemented:
	return NotImplemented

	return not result

	return __ne__


	def _make_eq(cls, attrs):
	"""
	Create __eq__ method for cls with attrs.
	"""
	attrs = [a for a in attrs if a.eq]

	unique_filename = _generate_unique_filename(cls, "eq")
	lines = [
	"def __eq__(self, other):",
	" if other.__class__ is not self.__class__:",
	" return NotImplemented",
	]

	globs = {}
	if attrs:
	lines.append(" return (")
	for a in attrs:
	if a.eq_key:
	cmp_name = f"_{a.name}_key"
	# Add the key function to the global namespace
	# of the evaluated function.
	globs[cmp_name] = a.eq_key
	lines.append(
	f" {cmp_name}(self.{a.name}) == {cmp_name}(other.{a.name})"
	)
	else:
	lines.append(f" self.{a.name} == other.{a.name}")
	if a is not attrs[-1]:
	lines[-1] = f"{lines[-1]} and"
	lines.append(" )")
	else:
	lines.append(" return True")

	script = "\n".join(lines)

	return _make_method("__eq__", script, unique_filename, globs)


	def _make_order(cls, attrs):
	"""
	Create ordering methods for cls with attrs.
	"""
	attrs = [a for a in attrs if a.order]

	def attrs_to_tuple(obj):
	"""
	Save us some typing.
	"""
	return tuple(
	key(value) if key else value
	for value, key in (
	(getattr(obj, a.name), a.order_key) for a in attrs
	)
	)

	def __lt__(self, other):
	"""
	Automatically created by attrs.
	"""
	if other.__class__ is self.__class__:
	return attrs_to_tuple(self) < attrs_to_tuple(other)

	return NotImplemented

	def __le__(self, other):
	"""
	Automatically created by attrs.
	"""
	if other.__class__ is self.__class__:
	return attrs_to_tuple(self) <= attrs_to_tuple(other)

	return NotImplemented

	def __gt__(self, other):
	"""
	Automatically created by attrs.
	"""
	if other.__class__ is self.__class__:
	return attrs_to_tuple(self) > attrs_to_tuple(other)

	return NotImplemented

	def __ge__(self, other):
	"""
	Automatically created by attrs.
	"""
	if other.__class__ is self.__class__:
	return attrs_to_tuple(self) >= attrs_to_tuple(other)

	return NotImplemented

	return __lt__, __le__, __gt__, __ge__


	def _add_eq(cls, attrs=None):
	"""
	Add equality methods to cls with attrs.
	"""
	if attrs is None:
	attrs = cls.__attrs_attrs__

	cls.__eq__ = _make_eq(cls, attrs)
	cls.__ne__ = _make_ne()

	return cls


	def _make_repr(attrs, ns, cls):
	unique_filename = _generate_unique_filename(cls, "repr")
	# Figure out which attributes to include, and which function to use to
	# format them. The a.repr value can be either bool or a custom
	# callable.
	attr_names_with_reprs = tuple(
	(a.name, (repr if a.repr is True else a.repr), a.init)
	for a in attrs
	if a.repr is not False
	)
	globs = {
	name + "_repr": r for name, r, _ in attr_names_with_reprs if r != repr
	}
	globs["_compat"] = _compat
	globs["AttributeError"] = AttributeError
	globs["NOTHING"] = NOTHING
	attribute_fragments = []
	for name, r, i in attr_names_with_reprs:
	accessor = (
	"self." + name if i else 'getattr(self, "' + name + '", NOTHING)'
	)
	fragment = (
	"%s={%s!r}" % (name, accessor)
	if r == repr
	else "%s={%s_repr(%s)}" % (name, name, accessor)
	)
	attribute_fragments.append(fragment)
	repr_fragment = ", ".join(attribute_fragments)

	if ns is None:
	cls_name_fragment = '{self.__class__.__qualname__.rsplit(">.", 1)[-1]}'
	else:
	cls_name_fragment = ns + ".{self.__class__.__name__}"

	lines = [
	"def __repr__(self):",
	" try:",
	" already_repring = _compat.repr_context.already_repring",
	" except AttributeError:",
	" already_repring = {id(self),}",
	" _compat.repr_context.already_repring = already_repring",
	" else:",
	" if id(self) in already_repring:",
	" return '...'",
	" else:",
	" already_repring.add(id(self))",
	" try:",
	f" return f'{cls_name_fragment}({repr_fragment})'",
	" finally:",
	" already_repring.remove(id(self))",
	]

	return _make_method(
	"__repr__", "\n".join(lines), unique_filename, globs=globs
	)


	def _add_repr(cls, ns=None, attrs=None):
	"""
	Add a repr method to cls.
	"""
	if attrs is None:
	attrs = cls.__attrs_attrs__

	cls.__repr__ = _make_repr(attrs, ns, cls)
	return cls


	def fields(cls):
	"""
	Return the tuple of attrs attributes for a class.

	The tuple also allows accessing the fields by their names (see below for
	examples).

	Args:
	cls (type): Class to introspect.

	Raises:
	TypeError: If cls is not a class.

	attrs.exceptions.NotAnAttrsClassError:
	If cls is not an attrs class.

	Returns:
	tuple (with name accessors) of `attrs.Attribute`

	.. versionchanged:: 16.2.0 Returned tuple allows accessing the fields
	by name.
	.. versionchanged:: 23.1.0 Add support for generic classes.
	"""
	generic_base = get_generic_base(cls)

	if generic_base is None and not isinstance(cls, type):
	msg = "Passed object must be a class."
	raise TypeError(msg)

	attrs = getattr(cls, "__attrs_attrs__", None)

	if attrs is None:
	if generic_base is not None:
	attrs = getattr(generic_base, "__attrs_attrs__", None)
	if attrs is not None:
	# Even though this is global state, stick it on here to speed
	# it up. We rely on `cls` being cached for this to be
	# efficient.
	cls.__attrs_attrs__ = attrs
	return attrs
	msg = f"{cls!r} is not an attrs-decorated class."
	raise NotAnAttrsClassError(msg)

	return attrs


	def fields_dict(cls):
	"""
	Return an ordered dictionary of attrs attributes for a class, whose keys
	are the attribute names.

	Args:
	cls (type): Class to introspect.

	Raises:
	TypeError: If cls is not a class.

	attrs.exceptions.NotAnAttrsClassError:
	If cls is not an attrs class.

	Returns:
	dict[str, attrs.Attribute]: Dict of attribute name to definition

	.. versionadded:: 18.1.0
	"""
	if not isinstance(cls, type):
	msg = "Passed object must be a class."
	raise TypeError(msg)
	attrs = getattr(cls, "__attrs_attrs__", None)
	if attrs is None:
	msg = f"{cls!r} is not an attrs-decorated class."
	raise NotAnAttrsClassError(msg)
	return {a.name: a for a in attrs}


	def validate(inst):
	"""
	Validate all attributes on inst that have a validator.

	Leaves all exceptions through.

	Args:
	inst: Instance of a class with attrs attributes.
	"""
	if _config._run_validators is False:
	return

	for a in fields(inst.__class__):
	v = a.validator
	if v is not None:
	v(inst, a, getattr(inst, a.name))


	def _is_slot_attr(a_name, base_attr_map):
	"""
	Check if the attribute name comes from a slot class.
	"""
	cls = base_attr_map.get(a_name)
	return cls and "__slots__" in cls.__dict__


	def _make_init(
	cls,
	attrs,
	pre_init,
	pre_init_has_args,
	post_init,
	frozen,
	slots,
	cache_hash,
	base_attr_map,
	is_exc,
	cls_on_setattr,
	attrs_init,
	):
	has_cls_on_setattr = (
	cls_on_setattr is not None and cls_on_setattr is not setters.NO_OP
	)

	if frozen and has_cls_on_setattr:
	msg = "Frozen classes can't use on_setattr."
	raise ValueError(msg)

	needs_cached_setattr = cache_hash or frozen
	filtered_attrs = []
	attr_dict = {}
	for a in attrs:
	if not a.init and a.default is NOTHING:
	continue

	filtered_attrs.append(a)
	attr_dict[a.name] = a

	if a.on_setattr is not None:
	if frozen is True:
	msg = "Frozen classes can't use on_setattr."
	raise ValueError(msg)

	needs_cached_setattr = True
	elif has_cls_on_setattr and a.on_setattr is not setters.NO_OP:
	needs_cached_setattr = True

	unique_filename = _generate_unique_filename(cls, "init")

	script, globs, annotations = _attrs_to_init_script(
	filtered_attrs,
	frozen,
	slots,
	pre_init,
	pre_init_has_args,
	post_init,
	cache_hash,
	base_attr_map,
	is_exc,
	needs_cached_setattr,
	has_cls_on_setattr,
	"__attrs_init__" if attrs_init else "__init__",
	)
	if cls.__module__ in sys.modules:
	# This makes typing.get_type_hints(CLS.__init__) resolve string types.
	globs.update(sys.modules[cls.__module__].__dict__)

	globs.update({"NOTHING": NOTHING, "attr_dict": attr_dict})

	if needs_cached_setattr:
	# Save the lookup overhead in __init__ if we need to circumvent
	# setattr hooks.
	globs["_cached_setattr_get"] = _OBJ_SETATTR.__get__

	init = _make_method(
	"__attrs_init__" if attrs_init else "__init__",
	script,
	unique_filename,
	globs,
	)
	init.__annotations__ = annotations

	return init


	def _setattr(attr_name: str, value_var: str, has_on_setattr: bool) -> str:
	"""
	Use the cached object.setattr to set attr_name to value_var.
	"""
	return f"_setattr('{attr_name}', {value_var})"


	def _setattr_with_converter(
	attr_name: str, value_var: str, has_on_setattr: bool, converter: Converter
	) -> str:
	"""
	Use the cached object.setattr to set attr_name to value_var, but run
	its converter first.
	"""
	return f"_setattr('{attr_name}', {converter._fmt_converter_call(attr_name, value_var)})"


	def _assign(attr_name: str, value: str, has_on_setattr: bool) -> str:
	"""
	Unless attr_name has an on_setattr hook, use normal assignment. Otherwise
	relegate to _setattr.
	"""
	if has_on_setattr:
	return _setattr(attr_name, value, True)

	return f"self.{attr_name} = {value}"


	def _assign_with_converter(
	attr_name: str, value_var: str, has_on_setattr: bool, converter: Converter
	) -> str:
	"""
	Unless attr_name has an on_setattr hook, use normal assignment after
	conversion. Otherwise relegate to _setattr_with_converter.
	"""
	if has_on_setattr:
	return _setattr_with_converter(attr_name, value_var, True, converter)

	return f"self.{attr_name} = {converter._fmt_converter_call(attr_name, value_var)}"


	def _determine_setters(
	frozen: bool, slots: bool, base_attr_map: dict[str, type]
	):
	"""
	Determine the correct setter functions based on whether a class is frozen
	and/or slotted.
	"""
	if frozen is True:
	if slots is True:
	return (), _setattr, _setattr_with_converter

	# Dict frozen classes assign directly to __dict__.
	# But only if the attribute doesn't come from an ancestor slot
	# class.
	# Note _inst_dict will be used again below if cache_hash is True

	def fmt_setter(
	attr_name: str, value_var: str, has_on_setattr: bool
	) -> str:
	if _is_slot_attr(attr_name, base_attr_map):
	return _setattr(attr_name, value_var, has_on_setattr)

	return f"_inst_dict['{attr_name}'] = {value_var}"

	def fmt_setter_with_converter(
	attr_name: str,
	value_var: str,
	has_on_setattr: bool,
	converter: Converter,
	) -> str:
	if has_on_setattr or _is_slot_attr(attr_name, base_attr_map):
	return _setattr_with_converter(
	attr_name, value_var, has_on_setattr, converter
	)

	return f"_inst_dict['{attr_name}'] = {converter._fmt_converter_call(attr_name, value_var)}"

	return (
	("_inst_dict = self.__dict__",),
	fmt_setter,
	fmt_setter_with_converter,
	)

	# Not frozen -- we can just assign directly.
	return (), _assign, _assign_with_converter


	def _attrs_to_init_script(
	attrs: list[Attribute],
	is_frozen: bool,
	is_slotted: bool,
	call_pre_init: bool,
	pre_init_has_args: bool,
	call_post_init: bool,
	does_cache_hash: bool,
	base_attr_map: dict[str, type],
	is_exc: bool,
	needs_cached_setattr: bool,
	has_cls_on_setattr: bool,
	method_name: str,
	) -> tuple[str, dict, dict]:
	"""
	Return a script of an initializer for attrs, a dict of globals, and
	annotations for the initializer.

	The globals are required by the generated script.
	"""
	lines = ["self.__attrs_pre_init__()"] if call_pre_init else []

	if needs_cached_setattr:
	lines.append(
	# Circumvent the __setattr__ descriptor to save one lookup per
	# assignment. Note _setattr will be used again below if
	# does_cache_hash is True.
	"_setattr = _cached_setattr_get(self)"
	)

	extra_lines, fmt_setter, fmt_setter_with_converter = _determine_setters(
	is_frozen, is_slotted, base_attr_map
	)
	lines.extend(extra_lines)

	args = []
	kw_only_args = []
	attrs_to_validate = []

	# This is a dictionary of names to validator and converter callables.
	# Injecting this into __init__ globals lets us avoid lookups.
	names_for_globals = {}
	annotations = {"return": None}

	for a in attrs:
	if a.validator:
	attrs_to_validate.append(a)

	attr_name = a.name
	has_on_setattr = a.on_setattr is not None or (
	a.on_setattr is not setters.NO_OP and has_cls_on_setattr
	)
	# a.alias is set to maybe-mangled attr_name in _ClassBuilder if not
	# explicitly provided
	arg_name = a.alias

	has_factory = isinstance(a.default, Factory)
	maybe_self = "self" if has_factory and a.default.takes_self else ""

	if a.converter is not None and not isinstance(a.converter, Converter):
	converter = Converter(a.converter)
	else:
	converter = a.converter

	if a.init is False:
	if has_factory:
	init_factory_name = _INIT_FACTORY_PAT % (a.name,)
	if converter is not None:
	lines.append(
	fmt_setter_with_converter(
	attr_name,
	init_factory_name + f"({maybe_self})",
	has_on_setattr,
	converter,
	)
	)
	names_for_globals[converter._get_global_name(a.name)] = (
	converter.converter
	)
	else:
	lines.append(
	fmt_setter(
	attr_name,
	init_factory_name + f"({maybe_self})",
	has_on_setattr,
	)
	)
	names_for_globals[init_factory_name] = a.default.factory
	elif converter is not None:
	lines.append(
	fmt_setter_with_converter(
	attr_name,
	f"attr_dict['{attr_name}'].default",
	has_on_setattr,
	converter,
	)
	)
	names_for_globals[converter._get_global_name(a.name)] = (
	converter.converter
	)
	else:
	lines.append(
	fmt_setter(
	attr_name,
	f"attr_dict['{attr_name}'].default",
	has_on_setattr,
	)
	)
	elif a.default is not NOTHING and not has_factory:
	arg = f"{arg_name}=attr_dict['{attr_name}'].default"
	if a.kw_only:
	kw_only_args.append(arg)
	else:
	args.append(arg)

	if converter is not None:
	lines.append(
	fmt_setter_with_converter(
	attr_name, arg_name, has_on_setattr, converter
	)
	)
	names_for_globals[converter._get_global_name(a.name)] = (
	converter.converter
	)
	else:
	lines.append(fmt_setter(attr_name, arg_name, has_on_setattr))

	elif has_factory:
	arg = f"{arg_name}=NOTHING"
	if a.kw_only:
	kw_only_args.append(arg)
	else:
	args.append(arg)
	lines.append(f"if {arg_name} is not NOTHING:")

	init_factory_name = _INIT_FACTORY_PAT % (a.name,)
	if converter is not None:
	lines.append(
	" "
	+ fmt_setter_with_converter(
	attr_name, arg_name, has_on_setattr, converter
	)
	)
	lines.append("else:")
	lines.append(
	" "
	+ fmt_setter_with_converter(
	attr_name,
	init_factory_name + "(" + maybe_self + ")",
	has_on_setattr,
	converter,
	)
	)
	names_for_globals[converter._get_global_name(a.name)] = (
	converter.converter
	)
	else:
	lines.append(
	" " + fmt_setter(attr_name, arg_name, has_on_setattr)
	)
	lines.append("else:")
	lines.append(
	" "
	+ fmt_setter(
	attr_name,
	init_factory_name + "(" + maybe_self + ")",
	has_on_setattr,
	)
	)
	names_for_globals[init_factory_name] = a.default.factory
	else:
	if a.kw_only:
	kw_only_args.append(arg_name)
	else:
	args.append(arg_name)

	if converter is not None:
	lines.append(
	fmt_setter_with_converter(
	attr_name, arg_name, has_on_setattr, converter
	)
	)
	names_for_globals[converter._get_global_name(a.name)] = (
	converter.converter
	)
	else:
	lines.append(fmt_setter(attr_name, arg_name, has_on_setattr))

	if a.init is True:
	if a.type is not None and converter is None:
	annotations[arg_name] = a.type
	elif converter is not None and converter._first_param_type:
	# Use the type from the converter if present.
	annotations[arg_name] = converter._first_param_type

	if attrs_to_validate: # we can skip this if there are no validators.
	names_for_globals["_config"] = _config
	lines.append("if _config._run_validators is True:")
	for a in attrs_to_validate:
	val_name = "__attr_validator_" + a.name
	attr_name = "__attr_" + a.name
	lines.append(f" {val_name}(self, {attr_name}, self.{a.name})")
	names_for_globals[val_name] = a.validator
	names_for_globals[attr_name] = a

	if call_post_init:
	lines.append("self.__attrs_post_init__()")

	# Because this is set only after __attrs_post_init__ is called, a crash
	# will result if post-init tries to access the hash code. This seemed
	# preferable to setting this beforehand, in which case alteration to field
	# values during post-init combined with post-init accessing the hash code
	# would result in silent bugs.
	if does_cache_hash:
	if is_frozen:
	if is_slotted:
	init_hash_cache = f"_setattr('{_HASH_CACHE_FIELD}', None)"
	else:
	init_hash_cache = f"_inst_dict['{_HASH_CACHE_FIELD}'] = None"
	else:
	init_hash_cache = f"self.{_HASH_CACHE_FIELD} = None"
	lines.append(init_hash_cache)

	# For exceptions we rely on BaseException.__init__ for proper
	# initialization.
	if is_exc:
	vals = ",".join(f"self.{a.name}" for a in attrs if a.init)

	lines.append(f"BaseException.__init__(self, {vals})")

	args = ", ".join(args)
	pre_init_args = args
	if kw_only_args:
	# leading comma & kw_only args
	args += f"{', ' if args else ''}*, {', '.join(kw_only_args)}"
	pre_init_kw_only_args = ", ".join(
	[
	f"{kw_arg_name}={kw_arg_name}"
	# We need to remove the defaults from the kw_only_args.
	for kw_arg_name in (kwa.split("=")[0] for kwa in kw_only_args)
	]
	)
	pre_init_args += ", " if pre_init_args else ""
	pre_init_args += pre_init_kw_only_args

	if call_pre_init and pre_init_has_args:
	# If pre init method has arguments, pass same arguments as `__init__`.
	lines[0] = f"self.__attrs_pre_init__({pre_init_args})"

	# Python <3.12 doesn't allow backslashes in f-strings.
	NL = "\n "
	return (
	f"""def {method_name}(self, {args}):
	{NL.join(lines) if lines else "pass"}
	""",
	names_for_globals,
	annotations,
	)


	def _default_init_alias_for(name: str) -> str:
	"""
	The default __init__ parameter name for a field.

	This performs private-name adjustment via leading-unscore stripping,
	and is the default value of Attribute.alias if not provided.
	"""

	return name.lstrip("_")


	class Attribute:
	"""
	Read-only representation of an attribute.

	.. warning::

	You should never instantiate this class yourself.

	The class has all arguments of `attr.ib` (except for ``factory`` which is
	only syntactic sugar for ``default=Factory(...)`` plus the following:

	- ``name`` (`str`): The name of the attribute.
	- ``alias`` (`str`): The __init__ parameter name of the attribute, after
	any explicit overrides and default private-attribute-name handling.
	- ``inherited`` (`bool`): Whether or not that attribute has been inherited
	from a base class.
	- ``eq_key`` and ``order_key`` (`typing.Callable` or `None`): The
	callables that are used for comparing and ordering objects by this
	attribute, respectively. These are set by passing a callable to
	`attr.ib`'s ``eq``, ``order``, or ``cmp`` arguments. See also
	:ref:`comparison customization <custom-comparison>`.

	Instances of this class are frequently used for introspection purposes
	like:

	- `fields` returns a tuple of them.
	- Validators get them passed as the first argument.
	- The :ref:`field transformer <transform-fields>` hook receives a list of
	them.
	- The ``alias`` property exposes the __init__ parameter name of the field,
	with any overrides and default private-attribute handling applied.


	.. versionadded:: 20.1.0 inherited
	.. versionadded:: 20.1.0 on_setattr
	.. versionchanged:: 20.2.0 inherited is not taken into account for
	equality checks and hashing anymore.
	.. versionadded:: 21.1.0 eq_key and order_key
	.. versionadded:: 22.2.0 alias

	For the full version history of the fields, see `attr.ib`.
	"""

	# These slots must NOT be reordered because we use them later for
	# instantiation.
	__slots__ = ( # noqa: RUF023
	"name",
	"default",
	"validator",
	"repr",
	"eq",
	"eq_key",
	"order",
	"order_key",
	"hash",
	"init",
	"metadata",
	"type",
	"converter",
	"kw_only",
	"inherited",
	"on_setattr",
	"alias",
	)

	def __init__(
	self,
	name,
	default,
	validator,
	repr,
	cmp, # XXX: unused, remove along with other cmp code.
	hash,
	init,
	inherited,
	metadata=None,
	type=None,
	converter=None,
	kw_only=False,
	eq=None,
	eq_key=None,
	order=None,
	order_key=None,
	on_setattr=None,
	alias=None,
	):
	eq, eq_key, order, order_key = _determine_attrib_eq_order(
	cmp, eq_key or eq, order_key or order, True
	)

	# Cache this descriptor here to speed things up later.
	bound_setattr = _OBJ_SETATTR.__get__(self)

	# Despite the big red warning, people do instantiate `Attribute`
	# themselves.
	bound_setattr("name", name)
	bound_setattr("default", default)
	bound_setattr("validator", validator)
	bound_setattr("repr", repr)
	bound_setattr("eq", eq)
	bound_setattr("eq_key", eq_key)
	bound_setattr("order", order)
	bound_setattr("order_key", order_key)
	bound_setattr("hash", hash)
	bound_setattr("init", init)
	bound_setattr("converter", converter)
	bound_setattr(
	"metadata",
	(
	types.MappingProxyType(dict(metadata)) # Shallow copy
	if metadata
	else _EMPTY_METADATA_SINGLETON
	),
	)
	bound_setattr("type", type)
	bound_setattr("kw_only", kw_only)
	bound_setattr("inherited", inherited)
	bound_setattr("on_setattr", on_setattr)
	bound_setattr("alias", alias)

	def __setattr__(self, name, value):
	raise FrozenInstanceError

	@classmethod
	def from_counting_attr(cls, name, ca, type=None):
	# type holds the annotated value. deal with conflicts:
	if type is None:
	type = ca.type
	elif ca.type is not None:
	msg = "Type annotation and type argument cannot both be present"
	raise ValueError(msg)
	inst_dict = {
	k: getattr(ca, k)
	for k in Attribute.__slots__
	if k
	not in (
	"name",
	"validator",
	"default",
	"type",
	"inherited",
	) # exclude methods and deprecated alias
	}
	return cls(
	name=name,
	validator=ca._validator,
	default=ca._default,
	type=type,
	cmp=None,
	inherited=False,
	**inst_dict,
	)

	# Don't use attrs.evolve since fields(Attribute) doesn't work
	def evolve(self, **changes):
	"""
	Copy self and apply changes.

	This works similarly to `attrs.evolve` but that function does not work
	with :class:`attrs.Attribute`.

	It is mainly meant to be used for `transform-fields`.

	.. versionadded:: 20.3.0
	"""
	new = copy.copy(self)

	new._setattrs(changes.items())

	return new

	# Don't use _add_pickle since fields(Attribute) doesn't work
	def __getstate__(self):
	"""
	Play nice with pickle.
	"""
	return tuple(
	getattr(self, name) if name != "metadata" else dict(self.metadata)
	for name in self.__slots__
	)

	def __setstate__(self, state):
	"""
	Play nice with pickle.
	"""
	self._setattrs(zip(self.__slots__, state))

	def _setattrs(self, name_values_pairs):
	bound_setattr = _OBJ_SETATTR.__get__(self)
	for name, value in name_values_pairs:
	if name != "metadata":
	bound_setattr(name, value)
	else:
	bound_setattr(
	name,
	(
	types.MappingProxyType(dict(value))
	if value
	else _EMPTY_METADATA_SINGLETON
	),
	)


	_a = [
	Attribute(
	name=name,
	default=NOTHING,
	validator=None,
	repr=True,
	cmp=None,
	eq=True,
	order=False,
	hash=(name != "metadata"),
	init=True,
	inherited=False,
	alias=_default_init_alias_for(name),
	)
	for name in Attribute.__slots__
	]

	Attribute = _add_hash(
	_add_eq(
	_add_repr(Attribute, attrs=_a),
	attrs=[a for a in _a if a.name != "inherited"],
	),
	attrs=[a for a in _a if a.hash and a.name != "inherited"],
	)


	class _CountingAttr:
	"""
	Intermediate representation of attributes that uses a counter to preserve
	the order in which the attributes have been defined.

	Internal data structure of the attrs library. Running into is most
	likely the result of a bug like a forgotten `@attr.s` decorator.
	"""

	__slots__ = (
	"_default",
	"_validator",
	"alias",
	"converter",
	"counter",
	"eq",
	"eq_key",
	"hash",
	"init",
	"kw_only",
	"metadata",
	"on_setattr",
	"order",
	"order_key",
	"repr",
	"type",
	)
	__attrs_attrs__ = (
	*tuple(
	Attribute(
	name=name,
	alias=_default_init_alias_for(name),
	default=NOTHING,
	validator=None,
	repr=True,
	cmp=None,
	hash=True,
	init=True,
	kw_only=False,
	eq=True,
	eq_key=None,
	order=False,
	order_key=None,
	inherited=False,
	on_setattr=None,
	)
	for name in (
	"counter",
	"_default",
	"repr",
	"eq",
	"order",
	"hash",
	"init",
	"on_setattr",
	"alias",
	)
	),
	Attribute(
	name="metadata",
	alias="metadata",
	default=None,
	validator=None,
	repr=True,
	cmp=None,
	hash=False,
	init=True,
	kw_only=False,
	eq=True,
	eq_key=None,
	order=False,
	order_key=None,
	inherited=False,
	on_setattr=None,
	),
	)
	cls_counter = 0

	def __init__(
	self,
	default,
	validator,
	repr,
	cmp,
	hash,
	init,
	converter,
	metadata,
	type,
	kw_only,
	eq,
	eq_key,
	order,
	order_key,
	on_setattr,
	alias,
	):
	_CountingAttr.cls_counter += 1
	self.counter = _CountingAttr.cls_counter
	self._default = default
	self._validator = validator
	self.converter = converter
	self.repr = repr
	self.eq = eq
	self.eq_key = eq_key
	self.order = order
	self.order_key = order_key
	self.hash = hash
	self.init = init
	self.metadata = metadata
	self.type = type
	self.kw_only = kw_only
	self.on_setattr = on_setattr
	self.alias = alias

	def validator(self, meth):
	"""
	Decorator that adds meth to the list of validators.

	Returns meth unchanged.

	.. versionadded:: 17.1.0
	"""
	if self._validator is None:
	self._validator = meth
	else:
	self._validator = and_(self._validator, meth)
	return meth

	def default(self, meth):
	"""
	Decorator that allows to set the default for an attribute.

	Returns meth unchanged.

	Raises:
	DefaultAlreadySetError: If default has been set before.

	.. versionadded:: 17.1.0
	"""
	if self._default is not NOTHING:
	raise DefaultAlreadySetError

	self._default = Factory(meth, takes_self=True)

	return meth


	_CountingAttr = _add_eq(_add_repr(_CountingAttr))


	class Factory:
	"""
	Stores a factory callable.

	If passed as the default value to `attrs.field`, the factory is used to
	generate a new value.

	Args:
	factory (typing.Callable):
	A callable that takes either none or exactly one mandatory
	positional argument depending on takes_self.

	takes_self (bool):
	Pass the partially initialized instance that is being initialized
	as a positional argument.

	.. versionadded:: 17.1.0 takes_self
	"""

	__slots__ = ("factory", "takes_self")

	def __init__(self, factory, takes_self=False):
	self.factory = factory
	self.takes_self = takes_self

	def __getstate__(self):
	"""
	Play nice with pickle.
	"""
	return tuple(getattr(self, name) for name in self.__slots__)

	def __setstate__(self, state):
	"""
	Play nice with pickle.
	"""
	for name, value in zip(self.__slots__, state):
	setattr(self, name, value)


	_f = [
	Attribute(
	name=name,
	default=NOTHING,
	validator=None,
	repr=True,
	cmp=None,
	eq=True,
	order=False,
	hash=True,
	init=True,
	inherited=False,
	)
	for name in Factory.__slots__
	]

	Factory = _add_hash(_add_eq(_add_repr(Factory, attrs=_f), attrs=_f), attrs=_f)


	class Converter:
	"""
	Stores a converter callable.

	Allows for the wrapped converter to take additional arguments. The
	arguments are passed in the order they are documented.

	Args:
	converter (Callable): A callable that converts the passed value.

	takes_self (bool):
	Pass the partially initialized instance that is being initialized
	as a positional argument. (default: `False`)

	takes_field (bool):
	Pass the field definition (an :class:`Attribute`) into the
	converter as a positional argument. (default: `False`)

	.. versionadded:: 24.1.0
	"""

	__slots__ = (
	"__call__",
	"_first_param_type",
	"_global_name",
	"converter",
	"takes_field",
	"takes_self",
	)

	def __init__(self, converter, *, takes_self=False, takes_field=False):
	self.converter = converter
	self.takes_self = takes_self
	self.takes_field = takes_field

	ex = _AnnotationExtractor(converter)
	self._first_param_type = ex.get_first_param_type()

	if not (self.takes_self or self.takes_field):
	self.__call__ = lambda value, _, __: self.converter(value)
	elif self.takes_self and not self.takes_field:
	self.__call__ = lambda value, instance, __: self.converter(
	value, instance
	)
	elif not self.takes_self and self.takes_field:
	self.__call__ = lambda value, __, field: self.converter(
	value, field
	)
	else:
	self.__call__ = lambda value, instance, field: self.converter(
	value, instance, field
	)

	rt = ex.get_return_type()
	if rt is not None:
	self.__call__.__annotations__["return"] = rt

	@staticmethod
	def _get_global_name(attr_name: str) -> str:
	"""
	Return the name that a converter for an attribute name attr_name
	would have.
	"""
	return f"__attr_converter_{attr_name}"

	def _fmt_converter_call(self, attr_name: str, value_var: str) -> str:
	"""
	Return a string that calls the converter for an attribute name
	attr_name and the value in variable named value_var according to
	`self.takes_self` and `self.takes_field`.
	"""
	if not (self.takes_self or self.takes_field):
	return f"{self._get_global_name(attr_name)}({value_var})"

	if self.takes_self and self.takes_field:
	return f"{self._get_global_name(attr_name)}({value_var}, self, attr_dict['{attr_name}'])"

	if self.takes_self:
	return f"{self._get_global_name(attr_name)}({value_var}, self)"

	return f"{self._get_global_name(attr_name)}({value_var}, attr_dict['{attr_name}'])"

	def __getstate__(self):
	"""
	Return a dict containing only converter and takes_self -- the rest gets
	computed when loading.
	"""
	return {
	"converter": self.converter,
	"takes_self": self.takes_self,
	"takes_field": self.takes_field,
	}

	def __setstate__(self, state):
	"""
	Load instance from state.
	"""
	self.__init__(**state)


	_f = [
	Attribute(
	name=name,
	default=NOTHING,
	validator=None,
	repr=True,
	cmp=None,
	eq=True,
	order=False,
	hash=True,
	init=True,
	inherited=False,
	)
	for name in ("converter", "takes_self", "takes_field")
	]

	Converter = _add_hash(
	_add_eq(_add_repr(Converter, attrs=_f), attrs=_f), attrs=_f
	)


	def make_class(
	name, attrs, bases=(object,), class_body=None, **attributes_arguments
	):
	r"""
	A quick way to create a new class called name with attrs.

	.. note::

	``make_class()`` is a thin wrapper around `attr.s`, not `attrs.define`
	which means that it doesn't come with some of the improved defaults.

	For example, if you want the same ``on_setattr`` behavior as in
	`attrs.define`, you have to pass the hooks yourself: ``make_class(...,
	on_setattr=setters.pipe(setters.convert, setters.validate)``

	Args:
	name (str): The name for the new class.

	attrs (list \| dict):
	A list of names or a dictionary of mappings of names to `attr.ib`\
	s / `attrs.field`\ s.

	The order is deduced from the order of the names or attributes
	inside attrs. Otherwise the order of the definition of the
	attributes is used.

	bases (tuple[type, ...]): Classes that the new class will subclass.

	class_body (dict):
	An optional dictionary of class attributes for the new class.

	attributes_arguments: Passed unmodified to `attr.s`.

	Returns:
	type: A new class with attrs.

	.. versionadded:: 17.1.0 bases
	.. versionchanged:: 18.1.0 If attrs is ordered, the order is retained.
	.. versionchanged:: 23.2.0 class_body
	"""
	if isinstance(attrs, dict):
	cls_dict = attrs
	elif isinstance(attrs, (list, tuple)):
	cls_dict = {a: attrib() for a in attrs}
	else:
	msg = "attrs argument must be a dict or a list."
	raise TypeError(msg)

	pre_init = cls_dict.pop("__attrs_pre_init__", None)
	post_init = cls_dict.pop("__attrs_post_init__", None)
	user_init = cls_dict.pop("__init__", None)

	body = {}
	if class_body is not None:
	body.update(class_body)
	if pre_init is not None:
	body["__attrs_pre_init__"] = pre_init
	if post_init is not None:
	body["__attrs_post_init__"] = post_init
	if user_init is not None:
	body["__init__"] = user_init

	type_ = types.new_class(name, bases, {}, lambda ns: ns.update(body))

	# For pickling to work, the __module__ variable needs to be set to the
	# frame where the class is created. Bypass this step in environments where
	# sys._getframe is not defined (Jython for example) or sys._getframe is not
	# defined for arguments greater than 0 (IronPython).
	with contextlib.suppress(AttributeError, ValueError):
	type_.__module__ = sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get(
	"__name__", "__main__"
	)

	# We do it here for proper warnings with meaningful stacklevel.
	cmp = attributes_arguments.pop("cmp", None)
	(
	attributes_arguments["eq"],
	attributes_arguments["order"],
	) = _determine_attrs_eq_order(
	cmp,
	attributes_arguments.get("eq"),
	attributes_arguments.get("order"),
	True,
	)

	cls = _attrs(these=cls_dict, **attributes_arguments)(type_)
	# Only add type annotations now or "_attrs()" will complain:
	cls.__annotations__ = {
	k: v.type for k, v in cls_dict.items() if v.type is not None
	}
	return cls


	# These are required by within this module so we define them here and merely
	# import into .validators / .converters.


	@attrs(slots=True, unsafe_hash=True)
	class _AndValidator:
	"""
	Compose many validators to a single one.
	"""

	_validators = attrib()

	def __call__(self, inst, attr, value):
	for v in self._validators:
	v(inst, attr, value)


	def and_(*validators):
	"""
	A validator that composes multiple validators into one.

	When called on a value, it runs all wrapped validators.

	Args:
	validators (~collections.abc.Iterable[typing.Callable]):
	Arbitrary number of validators.

	.. versionadded:: 17.1.0
	"""
	vals = []
	for validator in validators:
	vals.extend(
	validator._validators
	if isinstance(validator, _AndValidator)
	else [validator]
	)

	return _AndValidator(tuple(vals))


	def pipe(*converters):
	"""
	A converter that composes multiple converters into one.

	When called on a value, it runs all wrapped converters, returning the
	last value.

	Type annotations will be inferred from the wrapped converters', if they
	have any.

	converters (~collections.abc.Iterable[typing.Callable]):
	Arbitrary number of converters.

	.. versionadded:: 20.1.0
	"""

	return_instance = any(isinstance(c, Converter) for c in converters)

	if return_instance:

	def pipe_converter(val, inst, field):
	for c in converters:
	val = (
	c(val, inst, field) if isinstance(c, Converter) else c(val)
	)

	return val

	else:

	def pipe_converter(val):
	for c in converters:
	val = c(val)

	return val

	if not converters:
	# If the converter list is empty, pipe_converter is the identity.
	A = typing.TypeVar("A")
	pipe_converter.__annotations__.update({"val": A, "return": A})
	else:
	# Get parameter type from first converter.
	t = _AnnotationExtractor(converters[0]).get_first_param_type()
	if t:
	pipe_converter.__annotations__["val"] = t

	last = converters[-1]
	if not PY_3_11_PLUS and isinstance(last, Converter):
	last = last.__call__

	# Get return type from last converter.
	rt = _AnnotationExtractor(last).get_return_type()
	if rt:
	pipe_converter.__annotations__["return"] = rt

	if return_instance:
	return Converter(pipe_converter, takes_self=True, takes_field=True)
	return pipe_converter