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relatively few processes.

Glia Are Supportive Cells to Neurons

Neurons are not the only cells in the CNS.

A second prominent category of mac-

roglia is the myelin-producing cells, the oligodendro-

glia.

Some microglia reside quiescently within the

brain.

Another major domain of

our fi eld is nervous system development (Section III).

ORGANIZATION OF THIS TEXT 7

8 1.

FUNDAMENTALS OF NEUROSCIENCE

I.

How do neurons grow processes that

fi nd appropriate targets some distance away?

How do

nascent neuronal activity and embryonic experience

shape activity?

In many cases, advanced

undergraduate students will fi nd this book useful

as well.

We invite all of you

to join us in the adventure of studying the nervous

system.

I.

The complexity of the human brain is enormous,

describable only in astronomical terms.

What is at stake is not only the pos-

sibility of discovering how the brain works.

What has been determined still contains a very large

number of interruptions and gaps.

However, having even this draft

has provided some important realities.

Two major future vistas can be imagined.

FUNDAMENTALS OF NEUROSCIENCE

I.

NEUROSCIENCE

protein.

The information pre-

sented in this book is the culmination of hundreds of

years of research.

The pursuit of science has not always been a com-

munal endeavor.

Initially, research was conducted in

relative isolation.

It is this interdependence

across space and time that gives science much of its

power.

With interdependence, however, comes vulnerabil-

ity.

Let us begin by examining how new knowledge is

created.

Often,

new experimental pathways are launched when one

I.

Variability and random

chance may also contribute to the experimental results.

Given that one can never prove a hypothesis, how

do “facts” arise?

Publication is an essential component

of the advancement of science.

Thus, it is not surprising that much

emphasis is placed on the responsible conduct of

research.

Research ethics encompasses a broad spectrum of

behaviors.

Each of these acts signifi cantly harms the scientifi c

community.

Moreover,

when fraud is discovered, a retraction of the paper

RESPONSIBLE CONDUCT 11

12 1.

FUNDAMENTALS OF NEUROSCIENCE

I.

Plagiarism is also a major ethical infraction.

Scien-

tifi c publications provide a mechanism for establishing

priority for a discovery.

Plagiarism denies

the original author of credit for his or her work.

Scientifi c Misconduct Has Been Formally

Defi ned by U.S.

There are

several sources of this variation.

The defi nition of responsible conduct may change

over time.

Indeed, ethics evolve

alongside knowledge.

Having determined what is acceptable practice, we

then must be vigilant.

Have all the appropriate

references been cited and are all the authors appropri-

ate?

Might the graphic representation of data mislead

the viewer?

Are research funds being used effi ciently?

I.

NEUROSCIENCE

SUMMARY