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ogy, Cambridge, MA

Jonathan W.

Mink University of Rochester School of

Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY

Robert Y.

Moore University of Pittsburgh School of

Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA

Esther A.

Nimchinsky Rutgers University, Newark,

NJ

Dennis D.

M.

O’Leary The Salk Institute, La Jolla,

CA

Carl R.

Olson Carnegie Mellon University,

Pittsburgh, PA

Ronald W.

Oppenheim Wake Forest University

School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC

Edward F.

Powley Purdue University, West Lafayette,

IN

Todd M.

Preuss University of Louisiana at Lafayette,

New Iberia, LA

Peter R.

Rapp Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New

York, NY

R.

Clay Reid Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

Steven M.

Reppert University of Massachusetts

Medical School, Worcester, MA

John H.

Reynolds The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA

Trevor W.

Robbins University of Cambridge,

Cambridge, United Kingdom

Robert H.

Stricker University of Pittsburg,

Pittsburg, PA

Larry W.

Swanson University of Southern

California, Los Angeles, CA

Juan C.

Thomas Thach Washington University School of

Medicine, St.

Louis, MO

Roger B.H.

Trapp Cleveland Clinic Foundation,

Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH

Leslie G.

Ungerlieder National Institute of Mental

Health, Bethesda, MD

W.

Verbalis Georgetown University Medical

Center, Washington, DC

Christopher S.

von Bartheld University of Nevada

School of Medicine, Reno, NV

Jonathan D.

Wallis University of California at

Berkeley, Berkeley, CA

M.

Neal Waxham University of Texas Health Science

Center, Houston, TX

David R.

Weaver University of Massachusetts

Medical School, Worcester, MA

Stephen C.

For a more com-

plete, but concise, history of the neurosciences see

Kandel and Squire (2000).

Neuroscience is currently one of the most rapidly

growing areas of science.

Indeed, the brain is some-

times referred to as the last frontier of biology.

In 1971,

1100 scientists convened at the fi rst annual meeting of

the Society for Neuroscience.

4 1.

FUNDAMENTALS OF NEUROSCIENCE

I.

Most neurons have one axon,

often branched, to transmit signals to interconnected

target neurons.

These specialized sites are

presumed to be the active zone for transmitter release

and response.

These are termed boutons

en passant.

The release of a transmitter may not always

occur at such sites.

FUNDAMENTALS OF NEUROSCIENCE

I.

Local circuit neurons establish their connections

mainly within their immediate vicinity.

Such local

circuit neurons frequently are small and may have