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ื“ืืก ื‘ืจืืกืœืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื– ื ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื”'ืชืงืž"ื— (1780) ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืฆื“ื™ืง ืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืžืŸ, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื‘ืจืืกืœืขื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ. ืจ' ื ื—ืžืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜ ืจืžื–ื™ื ืคืืจื•ื•ืืก ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื–ืืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืืžืขืŸ "ื‘ืจืกืœื‘". ืกืžืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืกืœื‘ืจืก ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืกืœื‘ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืกืœืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช' ืื™ื– ืื™ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขืœื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช'ืŸ, ืืœืก ืื™ืจืข ื ื™ื™ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช'ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืงืจื™ื’ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจ' ื ื—ืžืŸ; ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื•ื˜ืื’ืก ื ืืจ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื.
ื”ืขื‘ืขื™ ืžื™ื ื’ื“ืึท ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืขืจ ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ื ื’ ืงืึธื•, ืœื˜ื“ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 2000, ืœืึธื•ืงื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทื–ืฉื•ืึทื ื’ ืกื™ื˜ื™, ื”ืขื‘ืขื™ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื ืฅ. ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท. ืคึฟื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ื”ื•ื™ืš-ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื– ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึท ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืคึผืจื™ืกืขืก ื•ื•ื™ ืคึผืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื– 'ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืžืข ื“ืขืงืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืงืึทื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš, ื•ื•ืึทื ืข ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš, ื•ื•ืึทื ืข ืงื™ื˜ืœ, ื‘ืขื˜ื’ืขื•ื•ืึทื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืข ืื•ื™ืš ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ. ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ึทืš ืฆื• ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื–. ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจื“ื™ืง ืžื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื™ืฃ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืงื•ื•ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืข ืžืึทื ื™ืึทืคืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท. ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืงื•ื ื” ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืœืขืงื˜ืึทื“ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื ืข ืก ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืคึผืขืจืžืึธื•ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœืข ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืœื™ืขื ื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืœืขืงืกืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ื™ืœ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืคึผืจื™ืกืขืก ืฆื• ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื– 'ืึธืจื“ืขืจืก ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื– ืฉืคึผืึธืจืŸ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื™ืœ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜. PRICE ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ ืฆื• ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท ืกื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœ ืกืึทืคึผืœื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืฉืขื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื– ืคึฟื•ืŸ USA, ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข, ืขืกื˜ืจื™ื™ึทืš, ืžื™ื˜ืœ-ืžื–ืจื— ืฉื˜ื—, ื™ืึทืคึผืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืึธื•ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืฉื•ื˜ืขืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ึท ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื–. ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื–. ืคื™ืจืžืข ืžื™ืกื™ืข ืขืก ืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืžืึธื•ืกื˜ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ืฆื• ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืงืึทื ืกืึทืœืึทื“ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื ืึธื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ, ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ "ืงื•ื ื” & ืฉืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ" ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ. ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืœืื‘ืืœืข ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ืง ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’, ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืึทื“ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกืึทืžืึทื˜ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื™ื ืงืจื™ืกื™ื ื’ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกืžืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ืคืึธืจืกื™ื ื’ ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืขืงืกืคึผืœืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึธื•ื™ื ื’ ืงืึทืžืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืึธืคืŸ-ืžื™ื™ื ื“ืึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ-ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ึท, ืžื™ื ื’ื“ืึท ืกื˜ืึทืคืก ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืึทื ื˜ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื–!
ืื™ื™ืื˜ืืœื ืจื•ื—ืืœื ื›ื•ืžืขื™ื ื™ (3ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1989 - 17ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื™ 1990) ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื™ืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืกืœืืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืžืื ืื•ืŸ ื ืคืืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 1979 ืื™ืจืืŸืขืจ ืจืขื•ื•ืขืœืืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ืืจืืคื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืฉืืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืืŸ. ืจื•ื—ืืœื ื›ื•ืžืขื™ื ื™ ื ืื›ืคืืœื’ื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ ืจืขื•ื•ืืœื•ืฆื™ืข, ืื™ื– ื›ื•ืžืขื™ื ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืขืจ ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืœืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ืืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืข ืื™ืกืœืื'ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ื›ื•ืžืขื™ื ื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืืœืก ืืŸ ืื ื˜ื™-ืงืืœืื ื™ืข'ืืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืจืขืจ ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืš-ืงืืœื ื™ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜, ืื™ืกืœืื'ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืคืื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืืŸ ื ืืš ื ืจืขืคืขืจืขื ื“ื•ื. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆื“ื™ืง ืื“ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ืฆืขืคื˜ ืื– ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื–ืืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื”ื™ื™ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืืœืก ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืชื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคืืจ ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืกื•ืœืžืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืืจืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืื’ืื–ื™ืŸ'ืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืืจ ืื™ืŸ 1979 ืื•ื™ืš ืืœืก ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืื’ืื–ื™ืŸ'ืก 100 ืžืขืจืกื˜ืข ืื™ื™ืคืœื•ืกืจื™ื™ื›ืกื˜ืข ืžืขื ืฉื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคืื›ืข ืœื™ืกื˜ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 20'ืกื˜ืข ื™ืืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜.
ืึท ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืฒึทืขืกึพื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืกื™ื ืึทื’ืึธื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืึธื ืขื–ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื™ืึธืจ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ Indoweb.nl, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœ โ€žื‘ื™ืชึพืฉืœื•ืโ€Ÿ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืจืึทื‘ืึทื™ืึท, ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื–ืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึท. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ โ€žื“ื–ืฉืึทืงืึทืจื˜ืึท ื’ืœืึธื•ื‘โ€Ÿ, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคึฟืจื™ึดืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฆืึธืœ ืึทื ื˜ื™ึพื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœื“ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืžืึธื ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืขืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 2009 ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืกืœืึทืžื™ืฉืข ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื ื™ืฉื˜ึพืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ืœืขืš. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืœ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ืึธื ืขื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืึธืš ื“ื•ืจืš Indoweb.nl, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ โ€žืกื•ืจืึทื‘ืึทื™ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึฟื˜โ€Ÿ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื“ืขื” ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึฟืึธืจืžืขืœืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื™ืฆื™ืข ื‘ืขืช ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ึพื‘ืึทืึทืžื˜ืข. โ€žืกืณืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ,โ€Ÿ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ, ืคึฟืจืขื“ื™ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ืึธ. ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื™ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ืจืึทื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืกื•ืจืึทื‘ืึทื™ืึท ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ืึธืจื˜. โ€žื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจืคึฟืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคึฟื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื ื™ืŸ,โ€Ÿ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ืึธ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืกืึทื›ื™ืจืึธืขืœ ืึทืœื™ื, ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืกื•ืจืึทื‘ืึทื™ืขืจ ืœืขื’ื™ืกืœืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืจืึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืกืณืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ, ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ืžื•ืกื•ืœืžืขื ื™ืฉืข ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจื—ึพื“ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึท, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื ืขื 19ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื‘ืขืช ืื™ื ื“ืึธื ืขื–ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืขื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืฒึทืกืขืจ ืฆื™ื’ืœื ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึท ืžื’ืŸึพื“ื•ื“. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืึธื ืขื–ื™ืข ืื™ื ืขื 17ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ โ€žื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ื–ืจื—ึพืื™ื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขโ€Ÿ. ื‘ืขืช ื“ื™ 1930ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 1940ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืึทื ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคึฟืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื“ื™ืคึฟื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืึธื ืขื–ื™ืข, ื“ืึธืก ืœืึทื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ืกื•ืœืžืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 20 ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ โ€žื‘ื™ืชึพื”ืชึผืคึฟื•ืฆื•ืชโ€Ÿ ืื™ืŸ ืชึผืœึพืึธื‘ึฟื™ื‘ึฟ. Share On Facebook Twitter ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ The Yiddish Daily Forward welcomes reader comments in order to promote thoughtful discussion on issues of importance to the Jewish community. In the interest of maintaining a civil forum, The Yiddish Daily Forwardrequires that all commenters be appropriately respectful toward our writers, other commenters and the subjects of the articles. Vigorous debate and reasoned critique are welcome; name-calling and personal invective are not. While we generally do not seek to edit or actively moderate comments, our spam filter prevents most links and certain key words from being posted and The Yiddish Daily Forward reserves the right to remove comments for any reason. '); //j171('#IDCNavGuest2 > div').append(j171('#IDCNavList')); //j171('.idc-loginbtn_intensedebate, .idc-loginbtn_twitter').text(''); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').text('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’.'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').children('a').wrap(' '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('div');}); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').before(' ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv').css({"text-align":"left", "direction":"ltr"}); /* $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').on('load', function() { $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').text('To post a comment, please login or enter your name and email address'); }); */ $('#IDNewThreadSubmitLI > a > span.idc-r > strong').text('ืฉื™ืงื˜'); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').wrap(' ');}); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').before('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’. ').wrap(' ');}).css({"text-align":"right", "direction":"rtl"}); } else { $(setTimeout(yiddishcomments, 3000)); } return; }
ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืก ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื›ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืœืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื™ึท ื–ืื›ืŸ, ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’ ืึทืœืข ืกืึธืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืžืึธื•ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืกืขื ืกื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–. ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืžืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ. ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ืึทื– ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’. ื˜ืจืึธืฅ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง, ืคื™ืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื™ื‘ื”. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ืื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ื•ืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืฉื™ื ื’ ืึท ืคึฟื™ืœื. ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™. ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคึฟืึทืจ ืœืึธื•ื ืœื™ื ืึทืก. ืžืืœ ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืก ืžืึธืœ. ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืึทื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืก, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืจืึทื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึทืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ. ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืข ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื”ืื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื•ืคื™ื™ืœื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขืก. ื“ืืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ืกืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™. ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืข ืื™ื– ืึท ืจื™ื–ื™ืง ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’, ืกืš ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืข ืจืขื–ื™ื“ืึทื ืฅ. ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื, ื•ื•ื• ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉืžืึธืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ"ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืŸ"ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึท ืึท ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ื™, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง. ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืึธืจื˜ ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืคึฟื™ืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื”ืœ. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืคื™ืœืŸ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื ืึธืขื ื˜, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ. ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ"ื•ื•ื• ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ?"ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืึทืคึผื•ื™ื ื˜ืžืึทื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืงืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜, ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ. ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ึทืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืคื™ืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ืจื”. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึฟืจื™ื™ึท ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ, ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜"ื•ื•ื• ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ? ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืึทื ื˜ื™ื“ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืขืŸ. ืืคืฉืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื˜ืึทืžืึทืกื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜. ืคื™ืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืงืึทืคึผืึทืœื– ื ืึธืš ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึท ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”. ื–ื™ื™ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืขืกืขืจ: ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืึทื˜, ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืœืฉืึธื™ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคึผืึทืจืง - ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืข ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื•ื•ื• ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงื™ื™ึทื˜, ืืœื˜ืข ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืžืึทื ื™ื•ืžืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืžืึทืกื˜ืขืจืคึผื™ืกื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ. ื’ืขืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืึทืœ ื’ืขืฉืœืขื›ื˜ เคญเคฟเคกเคฟเคฏเฅ‹ เคšเฅเคฏเคพเคŸ เคตเคฐเฅเคท เคชเฅเคฐเคพเคจเฅ‹ เคฌเคพเคฒเคฟเค•เคพ เคตเคฏเคธเฅเค•, เคตเคฐเฅเคท เคชเฅเคฐเคพเคจเฅ‹ เค•เฅ‡เคŸเฅ€ เคตเคฏเคธเฅเค• เคญเคฟเคกเคฟเคฏเฅ‹ เคšเฅเคฏเคพเคŸ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืขืœื ื˜ ืคืจื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื‘ืื”ืขืคื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืขืจืึธื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื˜ืฉืึทืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืคึฟืจื™ื™ึท ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืจื•ืžื– ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคึฟืจื™ื™ึท ืึธืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขืจืึทื˜ื™ ืงื•ืง ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธื ื™ืจืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึฟืจื™ื™ึท ืึธืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืข
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ื•ื•ืึธื›ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืฒึท ืึธืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคึฟืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’-ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืขื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื’ืœ: ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉืคึผืฒึทืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืึทืŸ ืึธื•ื•ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืึท ืงืึธื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•-ืงืึทืกื˜ืŸ โ€” ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทื ืึท. ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึทืจืงืข. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืงืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื: ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ โ€” ืึท ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ืขืจ ื™ืึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉื•ืคึผืจื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื™ื™ึดืฉ ืคึผื ื™ื โ€” ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื˜ืฉืžืข; ื“ื™ ืคึฟืจื•ื™, ืงื•ืจืฅึพืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื•ื™ืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจืึทื‘ืœื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’-ืคึฟืึทืจื—ืœื•ืžื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืกืฒึท ื”ืึธืคึฟืขื ื•ื ื’, ืกืฒึท ืึทืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ. ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจื•ืงื ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืึท ื ืึทืงืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืจื’, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืกืณืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืึทืžืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืฆื•ื•ืฒึทื’ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื˜ืฉืขืจืขื“ืข ืฉืึธืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืจื•ื™ึดืง ื’ืขืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ-ืงื•ื•ืึทืœ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ. ืึทื ืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ืฉืึทืœืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื–, ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ืื•ื™, ื˜ืึทื˜ืขื ื™ื•, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ืžื™ื“. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ ืžืข ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืฆืขืžืขื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืฅ ื‘ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืฉืœ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืžื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืึธืคึฟืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉื•ืจื” ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท: ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื’ืจืึธื“ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืคึฟื”, ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืžืข ืืกืชึผืจ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืกืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืจืข [1]. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜. ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืึธืคึฟืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื— ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ึผืกื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง, ื•ื•ื™ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ื™ืจืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ โ€” ื“ื• ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜. ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ืกืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ โ€” ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืกื˜ืฒึทืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืš, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื›ึผื“ืึทื™ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื• ืงืขื ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืฅ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ืฅ-ืฉื ืขืœ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืงื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœึพืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข. ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืข ื™ื-ื›ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืœืึทืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฉืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื’ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ. ืื™ื™ื ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื™ืึธ โ€” ืึทืœืข ืคึผืึทืกืึทื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ, ืึธืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืึทื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš: ืึทืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืคึฟืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืœืฉื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืึทืœืขื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ืข ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื›ื˜. ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึทืงืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืฒึทื“ืŸ. ืฆื• ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืฉื•ื-ืื•ืคึฟืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ โ€” ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ; ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืฆื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื”ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ ืงื•ื•ืึธืงืขื“ื™ืงืข ื”ื™ื ืขืจ, ืึธืคึฟื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืš โ€” ืึทื‘ื™ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืงื•ืœ. ืึทืœืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžื‘ึฟื™ื ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืคึฟืึทืงื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึฟื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขืงืœ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืจื“. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื”: ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก โ€žืžืข ืžืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜โ€Ÿ, โ€” ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ึฟื™ื, ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœื“ืจืข ื“ื™ โ€žืžืขืจื‘ึฟื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸโ€Ÿ. ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืกืึทื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืจืฒึทืกืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืงืขืฅ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ืง โ€” ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื›ึผืคึผืจื•ืช. ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืจ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื—ืœื•ื ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื—ื‘ึฟืจื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ; ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ โ€” ืื™ื– ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ. ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืึธืš ืคึฟืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจืขื ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉืคึผืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ืึท ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ื ื™ืฉื˜, ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ืกโ€™ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืง ืคึผืจื ืกื” โ€” ื’ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื”ืžื”! ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืขืจ ื—ื›ื ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื˜. ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื›ึผื“ื™ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท ืคึฟื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื—ื‘ึฟืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผืœ ืึทื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืฉื‘ึฟื˜ื™ื. ืžืข ื ืขืžื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืึทื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ื™ื’ืขืจ. ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ-ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืคึฟืจื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื•ืฉืงืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื โ€žืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงืกโ€Ÿ. ื•ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš, ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš, ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกืชึผื“ืจื•ืชึผ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื โ€žืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงืกโ€Ÿ โ€” ื“ืขืจ โ€žืคึผื™ื ืงืกโ€Ÿ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜-ืจืขื›ื˜. ืึธืŸ ืึท โ€žืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงืกโ€Ÿ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึท ืคึฟืึทืจืคึฟืึธืœืขื ืข โ€” ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืžืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ. ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืงืขืจื˜: ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข โ€žืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืคึผื™ื ืงืกื™ืโ€Ÿ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื’ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืš ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท-ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ึฟื™ื. ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื“ืณื”ืึธืกื˜ ืงืจื•ื‘ึฟื™ื ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ืึท ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื ืึธืš ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขื โ€žืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงืกโ€Ÿ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ึฟื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืคึฟื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึฟื™ืก. ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืกืึทื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืึธืš, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื ืข ืคึฟืจืขืžื“ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื” โ€” ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึฟื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืžื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืกืงืจื™ืคึผืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ โ€žืึทื”ื™ืŸโ€Ÿ. ื•ื•ื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ โ€žืึทื”ื™ืŸโ€Ÿ ืฆื• ืึทืœื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฆืข ื™ืึธืจ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกื˜ืึทื“ืข ืฉืึธืฃ ืึธืŸ ื˜ืฉืึธื‘ืึทืŸ [2]. ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืึทื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืฒึท ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืกืณืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ืฆืขื•ื•ืึทืงืกืขื ืข ื”ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืขื•ืœื™ื; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ โ€žื—ื ื”โ€Ÿ, ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ืขื ื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึฟืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขึพื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ; ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืจืฒึทืš โ€” ื–ื”ื‘ึฟื™, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ื’ืึธืœื“. ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ืคึผืึทืจืฉื•ื™ื ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ โ€” ื—ื ื” ื–ื”ื‘ึฟื™. ืžื™ืœื, ืฆื• ืึทืœื“ื™ื ื’ืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืงื™ื“, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืึทืžื˜ืขืจ, ืึท ืคึฟืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืจืขืกืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ึฟื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืคึฟื”. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื‘ื“ืขื” ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื“ื ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืงืขืœืข ืึทืฉืึธื–ืขืŸ [3], ื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš โ€” ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืžืณื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธื‘ื•ืก ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืŸ; ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืึทืžื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืจื•ืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืฉื™ืง ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื. ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืคึฟื” ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืคึฟืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ื”ื™ื™ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืกืณืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™, ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืึท ืœื™ื“: โ€œื“ืึธืก ื—ืฉื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง, ื”ืึทืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงืขืคึผ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื™ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื›ืŸ ืึธืคึผ, ืฆืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขืคึผโ€โ€ฆ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ึผืกื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ึฟื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึฟืจื™ื™ื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืข ืฆื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื•ื™ ืžืข ื ืขืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงืจื•ื‘ึฟ, ืึท ื ื™ืฆืจืšโ€ฆ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึทื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœืึทืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขืคึฟื ื˜ ืึท ืคึฟืจืขืžื“ืข ืคึฟืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึทืœื“, ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืงื•ืœื•ืช, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขื ืฉืึธืคึฟืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœื™ื: โ€žื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ?โ€Ÿ โ€” ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ โ€” ื’ื™ื™ ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืจ ืึท ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜, ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ืืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืข ืืกืชึผืจ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื›ื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ื›ืึทืœืึทื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืึธืœืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืกืงืึทื ื“ืึทืœ, ืฉืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทื˜ื ืก-ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸึพืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ืš ืจื•ืฃ ืžื™ืš ืึธืŸ: โ€žืžื•ืžืข ืืกืชึผืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื—ื ื”ืœืข!โ€Ÿ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ โ€žื—ื ื”ืœืขโ€Ÿ, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืฆื•ืงืขืจ-ื–ื™ืก, ื”ืึทืœื“ื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืฉื˜ ืžื™ืš. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก-ืื•ืŸ-ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืึทื›ื˜-ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืึทืคึผืข ืึท ื“ื™ื ืขื ืžืึทื˜ืจืึทืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึฟืึทืจืคึฟืœืขืงื˜ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื’, ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขืงืœืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืงื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืœืขื“. ื“ืขื ืžืึทื˜ืจืึทืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืึท ื”ืขืœืคึฟื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืขืœืคึฟื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ. ืื™ืฆื˜, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคึฟื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื˜ืจื•ื ืง ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ืขืจืคึฟืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคึฟื™ืก. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืขืคึฟื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืข ืืกืชึผืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืึธืจืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ืึทื’ืึธืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืœืขืžืขืœืขืš. ืคึฟืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื ืฉื” ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคึฟื˜. ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคึฟื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึทื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืœื•ื’: ื’ืขื”ืึทืœืคึฟืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘-ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืคึฟืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื ืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืคึฟืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื ืคึฟืขื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืื™ืš ืžืขื’ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื โ€žืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงืกโ€Ÿ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืณื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟืจืขื’ื˜: โ€žืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜, ื“ื• ื“ืึทืจืคึฟื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืกืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ื™ื?โ€Ÿ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื: ื™ืึทืก, ื‘ืึทืงื•ื™, ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ื‘ืึธื˜ืฉืึทืŸ, ืขืจืœื•ื™, ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื•ื•ื™ืฅ. ื—ื™ืคึฟื” ืื™ื– ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืขื‘ึฟืจื™ืชึผ. ืงืขื ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื˜ืจืขืคึฟื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“. ื–ืฒ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืคึฟืึทืจื“ืจืฒื˜ ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืœืกื˜ ื’ืขืคึผื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸโ€ฆ ืึท ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืื™ืš ืœื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืจื•ื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงืึทื™ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ืžืข ืœืขืงื˜ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื ื™ืง, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึฟืึธื˜ืขืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืึธืคึฟืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืขื ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’. ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื™ื•ื ื’, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉืžื™ืจื˜. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืคึผื™ืฆืขืœืข ืงื™ื ื“, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ืึทืงืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟืขืจืœืขืš! ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื”! ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืคึฟื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึทื˜ื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜. ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜โ€ฆ
ืึท ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ึพืงืึธืœื•ื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ึพื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ึพื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคึฟื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช: โ€žืื•ื™ื‘ ืจื•ืชึพื”ืžื•ืื‘ื™ื” ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื’ื™ื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืชืฉืขโ€ื”, ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉืึทื ืก ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืข ื’ื™ื•ืจึพืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืขืก.โ€Ÿ ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืจื˜ื™ืžื“ื™ืง ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคึฟืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื•: โ€žื“ื™ ื—ืจื“ื™ืฉืข ื”ืขืจืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืฒึทืœึพืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื“ืขื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืงื˜ื•ืขืœืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื โ€” ื“ืขื ื’ื™ื•ืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืกืŸึพืขื•ืœื™ื”.โ€Ÿ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืจืขื–ื•ืžื™ืจืŸ, ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ึพื“ืขื•ืช, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ืึธื“ืึธืงืกื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ โ€” ืฆื• ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจื ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืชึพื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคึฟื˜ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื•ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ื“ืึธ? ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื“ื™ โ€žืžื›ื•ื ื™ืโ€Ÿ, ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืงืข ื’ื™ื•ืจึพืึทื ืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ืฆื• โ€žื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸโ€Ÿ ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ึพื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื”ึพื’ืขื–ืขืฅ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ึพืจืึทื ื’ื™ืงืข ืžื™ืกื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ื›ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืขื–ืจืึพื”ืกื•ืคึฟืจ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 280ึพ350 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื ืคึฟืฉื•ืช, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืคึฟื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื ื˜ืขื’ืจื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’; ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืžื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึฟืจืขืžื“ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟืึทืœืŸ. 25 ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื™ื”ึพื›ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ืข, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื•ืœื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืข ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœื™ื: ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ื“ืขืจ ืึทืงืฆืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื•ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืฉื•ืœืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืขืก ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธ, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœื“ื™ืง: ื™ืขืœ, ืชึผืžืจ, ืื•ืจื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื™ื”; ื–ื™ื™ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขื ืข ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœื™ื. ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ โ€žืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขโ€Ÿ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืง ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืึท ืจื•ืกื™ืฉึพื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœื“ื™ืงืข ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ื”. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื“ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืคึฟืึธืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื’, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ืžืข ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš โ€” ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืœืขืš ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึฟื™ืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืžืฒึทื“ืŸ. ยซ Previous 1 2 Next ยป Share On Facebook Twitter ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ The Yiddish Daily Forward welcomes reader comments in order to promote thoughtful discussion on issues of importance to the Jewish community. 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'); //j171('#IDCNavGuest2 > div').append(j171('#IDCNavList')); //j171('.idc-loginbtn_intensedebate, .idc-loginbtn_twitter').text(''); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').text('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’.'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').children('a').wrap(' '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('div');}); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').before(' ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv').css({"text-align":"left", "direction":"ltr"}); /* $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').on('load', function() { $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').text('To post a comment, please login or enter your name and email address'); }); */ $('#IDNewThreadSubmitLI > a > span.idc-r > strong').text('ืฉื™ืงื˜'); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').wrap(' ');}); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').before('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’. ').wrap(' ');}).css({"text-align":"right", "direction":"rtl"}); } else { $(setTimeout(yiddishcomments, 3000)); } return; }
'''ืขื–ืจื''' ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืœืง ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ [[ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ]] ืื™ืŸ [[ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]] ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ [[ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ]], ื‘ืขืจืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ [[ื’'ืฉ]]. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ื•ื—ืก'ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ [[ื›ื”ืŸ]] ื ื–ื•ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฆื“ื•ืง. ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื–ื™ืฉืขืจืคืขืจืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœืš [[ืืจืชื—ืฉืกืชื]] ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืจืฉื•ืช ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืื™ื– ื›ืžืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืื™ื– ืื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืืกืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื™ืื™ืฉืขื’ื•ื™'ืื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืœืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ [[ื’ื˜]]'ืŸื–ื™ืš ืืคื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ. ืขื–ืจื ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜: * ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ืืœ ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ [[ื—ื“ืฉื™ื]] ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ [[ื‘ื‘ืœ]]ื™ืฉืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืกืŸ, ืื™ื™ืจ, ื.ื.ื•ื•. ืื ืฉื˜ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ (ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื–ื™ื•, ื™ืจื— ืื™ืชื ื™ื, ื‘ื•ืœ). ืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ [[ื˜' ื˜ื‘ืช]] ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ . [[ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ]] ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ [[ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื]] ืื– ืขื–ืจื ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืจืื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ [[ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื]]. ืื‘ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืืจื”ืืŸ ื ืžืกื•ืจื” ืื– ืขื–ืจื ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ [[ื‘ืืกืจื]] ืื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืœ (ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืืก [[ืื™ืจืืง]]). ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ื™ืืจืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืšืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ.
75% ืึทืœืงืึธื”ืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืงืึทืžืึทื ืœื™ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืกืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœืก โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืกื˜ืฉืขืจื™ื˜ืฉื™ืึท ืงืึธืœื™, ืกื˜ืึทืคื™ืœืึธืงืึธืงืงื•ืก ืึทื•ืจืขื•ืก, ืงืึทื ื“ื™ื“ืึท ืึทืœื‘ื™ืงืึทื ืก, ืคึผืกืขื•ื“ืึธืžืึธื ืึทืก ืึทืขืจื•ื’ื™ื ืึธืกืึท, ืืื–"ื• ื•. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ึท ืงืึธืจืึธื ืึทื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืกื™ื ืคืขืงืฉืึทืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืงืึธื”ืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜: ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืจื™ื™ึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื ืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจื™ืึท, ืขืก ืึทื‘ื–ืึธืจื‘ื– ื“ื™ ื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืขืก, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจื“ ื‘ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจื™ืึท.ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึทืœืงืึธื”ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืึทื ืกืึทื ื˜ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 75% ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจื™ืึท.ืงืึทื ืกืึทื ื˜ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื•ื™ืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื™ื“ืึทืœ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’. ืึทืœืงืึธื”ืึธืœ-ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ืกื™ื ืคืขืงื˜ืึทื ืฅ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื“ื™ืกืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื–, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึทืœืึทื˜ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™, ื‘ืจืขื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืจื™ื™ืขืš.ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืงืึทืก ืžืขืžื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทืžื™ื“ื–ืฉื“, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืขืจื“ื–ืฉื™ืง ืฆื• ืึทืœืงืึธื”ืึธืœ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผืจืึธื•ื›ื™ื‘ืึทื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืขืก.ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืงืึธื”ืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืคึผืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืงืึธื”ืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืึทืœืึทื˜ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืกืึทื ื˜ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื˜, ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขืจืึทืœื™ื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’.ืึทืœืงืึธื”ืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขื’ืจืขืึทืกื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืจืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื”ื•ื™ื˜. ืึธื ืคืจืขื’ื“ืขื˜ืึทืœ ื”ื™ื’ื™ืขื ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืคึผืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืึทืœ ื“ื™ืกื™ื ืคืขืงื˜ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืคึผืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึทืœื˜ื™-ืฆื™ืœ ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกื™ื ืคืขืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืึทืœืฅ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืกื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื–, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทื“ืึทืœืฅ, ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ื ื•ืฆืŸ. ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืกื™ื–ืขืก.ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ืึท ืงืœืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื™ื“ืึทืœ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกื˜ืึทืคื™ืœืึธืงืึธืงืงื•ืก ืึทื•ืจืขื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืกื˜ืฉืขืจื™ื˜ืฉื™ืึท ืงืึธืœื™.ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืœื™ื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืงื•ืจืก ืื™ื– 99.9%. ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื–-ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•, ื“ื™ืกื™ื ืคืขืงืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืขืจืึทืœื™ื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ
ืื•ื™ืฃ 30 ื™ืื ื•ืืจ 2018, ื“ื™ ืกื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืฆืขืจืขืžืึธื ื™ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ื’ืœืื‘ืืœืข ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ืง ืงื•ื•ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึทื ื“ืขืงืึทื™ ืื•ืŸ WATTS ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ. Watts ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืœืื‘ืืœืข ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืกืึทืœื•ืฉืึทื ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ืฉืึทืœ, ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ืึทืœ, ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก. ื•ื•ืึทื ื“ืขืงืึทื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืงืึธืึธืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ 10 ื™ืืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืก. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ: ืงืึธืจื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•; Multi ืขืคืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื–; F1960 & F1807ืžืขืฉ ืคื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ื– ; ืžืขืฉ ืคึผื™ืœืงืข ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•, ืขื˜ืง. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืึธื•ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ืงืึธื•ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืŸ-ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื“. ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ืง ืงื•ื•ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื ื’-ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื“ืขืจืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืงื•ื•ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ. ื“ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืขื’ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฅ, ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืงืกืึทืžื™ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืœื“ื™ืง ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ. 1. ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืคึผืœื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจื™ื™ื– ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ืง ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืขื’ื™ืข - ืงื•ื™ืœืขืœื“ื™ืง ื‘ืึทืฉืœื•ืก ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืœืขืคื™ืขืจืขืš ืœืึทื ื’ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืขื’ื™ืข ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืขืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื’, ืงื•ื™ืœืขืœื“ื™ืง, ืœืึทื ื’-ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ, ืงืึทืžืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•, ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉ 2. ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœ ืžืึธื“ืขืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ืึทื“ื–ืฉืขืจื– ืžืึทื ืึทื“ื–ืฉืขืจื– 'ืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœ ืžืึธื“ืขืœืก ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ืง ื“ื™ืกื™ื–ืฉืึทื ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคื™ืจืžืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง - ืงืึทืžืฃ - ืžื™ื“ืข - ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ - ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ 3. ืงืึทืžืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ืžื™ื™ึทืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงืึทืžืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืก ืงืึทืžืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ืžื™ื™ึทืœืข ืื™ื– ืึท ืกื›ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ื ืกื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคื™ืจืžืข ืงืึทื ืกื™ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ืœื™ ืึทื•ื˜ืคึผืขืจืคืึธืจื ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ืึธืจืก ืงืึธืจ ืงืึทืžืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœ, ืงื ืึทืคึผ, ื™ืจืึทืคึผืœื™ื™ืกืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื ืึธื›ืžืึทื›ืŸ 4. ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ืง ืคึผืœืึทื ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข, ืžื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฆื• ืกืึธืœื•ื•ืข ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ืง ืคึผืœืึทื ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืก ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจื™ืกืขืก 5. ืกืขืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืงืึทืžืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืขื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืขื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจื™ืกืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข ืœืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ืง ืงืึทืกืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื ืขื–ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ ืขื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจื™ืกืขืก, ื“ืขืคื™ื ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ืง ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ืง ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืžืึธื“ืข ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจื™ืกืขืก.
ื”ืขืœืคึผื™ื ื’ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ืกืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ื– ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืžืึธื˜ืข ืกื˜ืขื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื“ืข ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ื’ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื™ืข. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื• ื™ืืจืง ืกื˜ืขื™ื˜ ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ืึทื“ ื“ื™ SCIP-R ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื. PROMOTE ื™ื ืงืœื•ื“ื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืกื™ื– ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ื ื’, ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืขื’ื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืงื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ื™ืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœื™. ืคึผืจืึทืžืึธื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึท ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ืกืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ื– ืื™ื– ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืก ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืงืขืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืึทืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืจื– ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึฟื™ืก. ืžื™ื˜ PROMOTE ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื™ืกื•ื“, ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื™ืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืึท ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ positive ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. Positive ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืŸ ืจื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ! positive ืจื™ืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ืฉื™ืคึผ, ืจื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืกื™ืึธื ืึทืœืก, ืงืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ืคึผืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื– ื“ื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ืกืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ, ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื˜ืฉืึทืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’ ื‘ื™ื›ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืขืจื–. ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืคึผืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืจืขืคึผืจื™ื–ืขื ื˜ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืžืึธื˜ืข ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท "ืœื™ื™ืคืœื™ื™ืŸ," ืžืึธื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื–ืึธื ืขืก. PROMOTE ืคืึธื•ืงื™ืกื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืขื ื’ืงื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืคืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืฆื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ืŸ ื–ืึธื ืข. ืคึผืจืึธืžืึธื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื’ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืœื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื ืขืก ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ืŸ ื–ืึธื ืข. PROMOTE ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื•: ื”ืขื›ืขืจืŸ ืึท ืจื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ, ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ืกืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ื– ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืึท positive ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ื• ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื™ืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœื™ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืขืฉืึธืœืขื ืจื™ืกืคึผืึทื ื“ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึท ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจืึทืœ ืงืจื™ื–ื™ืก ืคืึทืœืŸ PROMOTE ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืœื•ื™ืฃ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ืกืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ื–. ืขืก ืคืึธื•ืงื™ืกื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผื™ื ื’ positive ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืงื•ื•ื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืขื’ื™ืขืก, ื’ืขืจื•ืคึฟืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืง ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืคืึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. PROMOTE ืื™ื– ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทื ืึธื›ืข ืึทื– ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ืกืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ, ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื™ืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ืฉื™ืคึผ-ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืงืขืœื™ื”ืึธืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉืึทืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš ื‘ื™ื›ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืขืจื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš-ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. . PROMOTE ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืกื™ืึธื ืึทืœืก, ืงืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ืคึผืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืžื™ื ื’ ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทื ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืงืจื™ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึทืคึผืขืจื˜ื•ื ืึทื˜ื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึธืคึผืจื• ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš-ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. PROMOTE ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก ื“ื•ืจืš ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ืจืขืกื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืึทืคึผืœื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ. PROMOTE ืคึผืจื™ืคึผืขืจื– ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืขืจืึทืœ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืง ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืจื™ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื˜ืขืงื ื™ืงืก, ื’ืขืจื•ืคึฟืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืžืขื˜ื”ืึธื“ืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืขื ืฉื•ืจ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื“. ื”ืขื›ืขืจืŸ ื–ืึธื ืขืก PROMOTE ืจืขืคึผืจืึทื–ืขื ืฅ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขืžืึธืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจืึทืœ ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืกื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท "ื–ืึธื ืขืก" ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ืŸ, ื’ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื ืขืก. ื’ืจื™ืŸ: ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™. ื’ืขืœ: ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืกื™ื ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืงืึธื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืงืึธืคึผืข. ืจื•ื™ื˜: ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ืขืžืึธืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื ืึทืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืึทืžืคึผืจืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ PROMOTE ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืกื™ืึธื ืึทืœืก, ืงืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ืคึผืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื– ืื™ืŸ OPWDD ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ืจืขื–ื™ื“ืึทื ืกื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืžืึธื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ. PROMOTE ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ SCIP-R ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืคึผืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ OPWDD ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ืจืขื–ื™ื“ืึทื ืกื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืœื”. ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ SCIP-R ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืžืึธื˜ืข. PROMOTE ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืกืึทืงื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืฉืึทืœ ืœืขื•ื•ืขืœืก. ืœืขื•ื•ืขืœ 1 ืื™ื– ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืœืึทื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ืขืœ 2 ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’. ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืึทื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืคึผืจืึธืžืึธื˜ "ื‘ืจื™ืง" ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ SCIP-R. ื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืกื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืืจืฃ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื•ื˜ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ.
ื ื™ื˜ -ื’ืžืึธ ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ืกื˜ืึทืง ืื•ืŸ ืึธืฃ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืขื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืžืึทื“ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืžื– ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึธื•ื ืึทื ืฅ. ื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ืจื™ืึท: ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืึทืจืžืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืžืึธ ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ืกื˜ืึทืง ืื•ืŸ ืึธืฃ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืžืึธ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ, ืึท ื”ื™ืกื›ื™ื™ึทื•ื•ืขืก ืฆื• ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืžืึธ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ-ืคืึทืจื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื“ืจื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ืึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ืึทื“. ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึทืจืžืก ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœ ืกืขื’ืจืขื’ืึทืฆื™ืข. ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืžืึธ ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ืึทืžืึทื ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืžืึธ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืก. ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ืึทืžืึทื ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืžืึธ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืก ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข, ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’, ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคื™ื“ื–, ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื ืคึผื•ืฅ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ืกื˜ืึทืง ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ. ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ืกื˜ืึทืง ืื•ืŸ ืึธืฃ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืกื˜ืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื•ื•ืข, ืงืึทื ืกืึทื ื˜ืจื™ื™ืฅ, ื‘ื™ื™ืœืื’ืขืก, ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืึทืžื™ื ืก, ืžื™ื ืขืจืึทืœืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจืžืขืŸ ืึทื“ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืžืึธืก. ืคืขืจื˜ืึทืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืขื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืžืึทื“ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืžื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ื– ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ืคืึทืจื ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืžืึธ ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืžื™ืœืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขื’ื’ืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื˜ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืคืขืจื˜ืึทืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทื‘ืจื™ืง-ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืคืขืจื˜ืึทืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจื– ื“ืขืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืžืึธ ืงืจืึทืคึผืก. ืงืึทืžืคึผืึธื•ืกืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ื™ืขืจื– ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก ืคืขื“ ื’ืžืึธ ืคื™ื“ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืึธืŸ. ืคึผืขืกื˜ืึทืกื™ื™ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืขื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืžืึทื“ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืžื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ื– ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืžืึธ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืžื™ืœืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขื’ื’ืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืึทืกื˜ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ. ื’ืขื ืขื˜ื™ืงืก ื“ื™ื ืึธืงื•ืœืึทื ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืžืึธืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ื– ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžืึทื“ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืžื–. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื™ืœืš, ืขื’ื’ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืกื˜ืขื›ืขืจ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืžืึธ ื•ื•ืึทืงืฆื™ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื™ื ืึธืงื•ืœืึทื ืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื”ื™ื™, ืกื™ืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืขืก ืงืขืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืžืึธืก. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจื™ื ืึทืจื™ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืขื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืžืึทื“ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืžื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ื–. ื“ืึธืก ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื’ืก, ื•ื•ืึทืงืกื™ื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืึทืกื™ื˜ื™ื–ื™ื™ื“ื–. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืœื˜ืขืจื ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจื™ื ืึทืจื™ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืขื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืžืึทื“ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืžื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ื–, ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื™ึทืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜, ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ืขื“, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืžื™ืœืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขื’ื’ืก ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื™ึทืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธืœื“ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืžืึธ. ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ืึทืงืขืจื– ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืึทื ืฉืึทืกืœื™ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื“ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืžืึทื ื™ืึทืคืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืขืจื– ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’.
ืžื™ื˜ 2% ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ, ื‘ืึทื’-2ื‘ ืื™ื– ืขืงื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ AWS Bcup-6, ื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœืข ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ bcu91pag ืื•ืŸ L209.ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืœื•ื™ื“ืึทื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜.ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœื™ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืึทืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜ืงื™ืœื•ื ื’, ืคืจื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื“ืขืจ, ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืžืขื˜ืฉืึทื ื™ืงืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ื–.ืžืขืœื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื˜ 645-790 ยฐ ืกื™ ื–ืึทืฅ: ืึทื’: 1.8 ~ 2.2 ืคึผ: 6.8 ~ 7.2 ืงื•: ืจื™ื–ื™ื“ื–ืฉื•ืึทืœ. ืึธื ืคืจืขื’ื“ืขื˜ืึทืœ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื ืง ืกืึทื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื’-18ื‘ืกืŸ ื›ึผื•ืœืœ 18% ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ.ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ, ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ, ืฆื™ื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืŸ.ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืžืขืœื˜ื™ื ื’ ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื’ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื– ืื™ื– ืฉืคึผืึธืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง.ืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื“ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ, ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉ, ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืก.ืžืขืœื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื˜ 770-810 ยฐ ืกื™. ื‘ืึทื’-25ื‘ืกืŸ ื›ึผื•ืœืœ 25% ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืงื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ AWS ื–ืขืงืœ-37.ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ, ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ, ืฆื™ื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืŸ.ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืžืขืœื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืึทื’-25ื‘, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื– ื•ื•ืขื˜ื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜.ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืึทื‘ืœืข ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ, ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืก.ืžืขืœื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื˜ 680-780 ยฐ ืกื™. ื‘ืึทื’-30ื‘ ื›ึผื•ืœืœ 30% ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืงื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ AWS ื–ืขืงืœ-20 ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœืข ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ื‘ืึทื’30 ืงื•ื–ืŸ.ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ, ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื ืง ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืžืขืœื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื˜ืึทืคื ืึทืก.ืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื– ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ, ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉ, ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืก.ืžืขืœื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื˜ 677-766 ยฐ ืกื™. ืึธื ืคืจืขื’ื“ืขื˜ืึทืœ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื ืง ืงืึทื“ืžื™ื•ื ืกืึทื“ืขืจ BAg20CuZnCd ืขืก ื›ึผื•ืœืœ 20% ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ, ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืžืขืœื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื˜, ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืœื•ื™ื“ืึทื˜ื™, ื’ืœืึทื˜ ื‘ืจืึทื–ื™ื ื’ ืฉืœืึธืก, ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืึทื–ื™ืจืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉ, ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ืึทืคืœืขืงื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ.ื–ืึทืฅ: ืงื•: 34 ~ 36, ืึทื’:: 19 ~ 21, ื–ืŸ: 29 ~ 33, ืกื™: 14 ~ 16, ืกื™: ืจื™ื–ื™ื“ื–ืฉื•ืึทืœ ืกืึธืœื™ื“ื•ืก 620 โ„ƒ, ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืก 730 โ„ƒ.
ืฐืขืŸ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช? ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื•ืš ืืฑืฃ โ€žื’ื•ื’ืœโ€Ÿ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืึทื– ืฆื•ื ืžืขืจืกื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืจืึทื’ืข, ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืจืฑืขืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ. ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช: ืฐื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืœ? ืฆื™ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืฉื ื™ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื–ืงืข ืืฑืคึฟืŸ ืฉืœื™ืกืœื‘ื™ื™ืŸ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืฑืŸ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจ? ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื™ื– ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึฟืจื•ื™ืขืŸ. ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคึฟืจืึทื’ืข: ืฐื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœ? ื“ืขืจ โ€žื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜โ€Ÿ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ึดื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึทื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขื ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืึท ื“ืจืฒึทื˜ืฒืœื™ืงืข ืกืขืจื™ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช, ื›ึผื“ื™ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ืกืณืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืืžืช. ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืจื‘ึฟ ื“ื•ื“ ืกื™ืœื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื“ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ โ€žืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื‘ึฟื™ื‘ึฟื•ืช.โ€Ÿ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืขื ื’ ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืคึฟืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืขื ืฐ. ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ื•ึผ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ โ€žืฆื ื™ืขื•ืชโ€Ÿ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืกืคึฟืจื™ื. ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืจื‘ึฟ ืกื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืžืข ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ืขืก ื ืึธืจ ืฆืฐืฒ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืชึผื ืดืš, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืืฑืคึฟืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึฟืจืฑืขืŸ ืฆื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื™ื›ื”ึพื”ื ื‘ึฟื™ื ื–ืึธื’ื˜: โ€žื•ื”ืฆื ืข ืœื›ืช ืขื ืืœื”ื™ืšโ€Ÿ โ€” ื’ื™ื™ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืชื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’-ื˜. ืกืณืื™ื– ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ืืฑืก, ื ืึธืจ ืืฑืš ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืข ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืึท ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึทืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ืฐืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขื ืืฑืคึฟืคึฟื™ืจ. ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืจื‘ึฟ ืกื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืืฑื‘ื ืืฑืคึฟื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ โ€žื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืกืข ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœื™ื–ื.โ€Ÿ ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ, ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’, ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืœืึทืฐึพื“ืฐืงื ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึฟืจืึทื’ืขืก. ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืœ, ื ืึธืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฐื™ ื”ืฑืš ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืฆืึทืกืŸ. โ€žืœืฑื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’,โ€Ÿ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ึฟ ืกื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, โ€žื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ื”ืฑื›ืข ืงื ืึทืคึฟืœ ื™ืึธ ื’ืขืึทืกืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ. ืกืณืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ!โ€Ÿ ยซ Previous 1 2 Next ยป Share On Facebook Twitter ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ The Yiddish Daily Forward welcomes reader comments in order to promote thoughtful discussion on issues of importance to the Jewish community. 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'); //j171('#IDCNavGuest2 > div').append(j171('#IDCNavList')); //j171('.idc-loginbtn_intensedebate, .idc-loginbtn_twitter').text(''); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').text('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’.'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').children('a').wrap(' '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('div');}); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').before(' ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv').css({"text-align":"left", "direction":"ltr"}); /* $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').on('load', function() { $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').text('To post a comment, please login or enter your name and email address'); }); */ $('#IDNewThreadSubmitLI > a > span.idc-r > strong').text('ืฉื™ืงื˜'); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').wrap(' ');}); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').before('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’. ').wrap(' ');}).css({"text-align":"right", "direction":"rtl"}); } else { $(setTimeout(yiddishcomments, 3000)); } return; }
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืคึฟืจืฒึทื˜ื™ืงึพืฆื•ึพื ืึทื›ื˜ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ึพื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ ืึท ื™ื–ื›ึผื•ืจึพืœื™ื›ื˜ ืœื›ึผื‘ึฟื•ื“ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึทื˜ื ืก ื™ืึธืจืฆืฒึทื˜, ื›ืดื– ืฉื‘ึฟื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ื™ืึธืจ โ€” ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื. ื‘ืฉืขืชึพืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคึฟืึทืœืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ 2007, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื: ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืึทืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœืขืš, ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ื™ืฆืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื•ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืœโ€ฆ ืขืก ื”ืขืœืคึฟื˜, ืึทื•ื•ื“ืื™, ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืคึฟืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคึฟื™ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื™ื, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคึฟืจื™ึดืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืจืึทื“ื™ืึธึพืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก ืจืขื”ืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื™ื, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคึฟืจื™ึดืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. ื ื•, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจ: ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟืจืฒึทื ื“, ืึทื‘ึฟืจื”ื ืงื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš โ€žืคึฟื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืงโ€Ÿ ืึท ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืึทืžืขืŸ, ืื™ืœืึทื ืข ืงื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ื“ืึทื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื 27ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1966. ืึทื‘ึฟืจื”ืžืก ืžืึทืžืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืคึฟื˜ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ึฟืจื”ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืึทื‘ึฟืจื”ื ืงื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื™ืึธืจืŸ. ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก โ€” ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจึพืœืึทื’ืขืจ โ€žืงืขืžืคึผ ื”ืžืฉืšโ€Ÿ, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื–ื•ืžืขืจืŸ. ืึทื‘ึฟืจื”ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึฟื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืจื™ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืึทืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฉื•ืœ. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ื’ื™ื˜ืœ, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื ืงืก, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ึฟืจื”ื โ€” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืึท ืฉืžื•ืขืก; ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ึผืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืึทืžืข, ืื™ืœืึทื ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื™ืึธ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ โ€žืงืขืžืคึผืžืึทืžืขืกโ€Ÿ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืึทื‘ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฆื•ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคึฟื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื ืงื™ื ื“ ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึท ืงื ืขืคึผืœ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื”ืขืžื“; ืึธื“ืขืจ, ืœื”ื‘ึฟื“ื™ืœ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคึฟื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืคึผืœืขืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืžืคึผืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื“ืœ, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ืœืฒึทื–. ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ โ€žืงืขืžืคึผืžืึทืžืขโ€Ÿ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืงื™ื ื“, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ืึทื”ื™ื™ื, ื›ึผื“ื™ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืœืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืงืœ. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ โ€žืงืขืžืคึผืžืึทืžืขืกโ€Ÿ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ืœืš ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื›ืขืœืขืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืขืžืคึผืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืคึผืึทืกืขืจืก, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ึพื’ืขืจื•ืคึฟืขื ืขื โ€žืžื™ืœื›ื‘ื•ื™ืโ€Ÿ. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืณืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืœืึทื ืข ืชึผืžื™ื“ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืึทืจื‘ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคึฟืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืึธืข ืฆื™ืคึฟืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึธืจืขื. ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึฟืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ืคึฟืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืœืฒึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืขึพืœืึทื’ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืจืขื ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ืื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ. ืกืณืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคึฟืึทืœืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ืฉืฒึทื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืœืึทื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืึทืŸ, ืืœื™ื”ื•. ื™ืึธ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงืขืžืคึผ ื”ืžืฉืš โ€” ื‘ืคึฟืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืจืึธืœืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ โ€” ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžื™ื˜ืงืขืžืคึผืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ โ€” ื™ืึธ; ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืŸ โ€žื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืšึพ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพืึทื˜ืœืึทืกโ€Ÿ โ€” ื™ืึธ; ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืœื“ โ€” ื™ืึธ; ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืžืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึท ื ืึธื›ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืึธื•ื•ื ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜. ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– โ€” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคึผื—ื•ืช, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืœืึทื˜ืก โ€” ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™ืึธ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึฟื˜. ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ืืœื™ื”ื•ืก ืคึผื˜ื™ืจื”, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื, ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ ืžืึทื ืก ืžืฆื‘ึฟื”ึพืื•ื™ืคึฟื“ืขืงื•ื ื’. ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•: ืœื™ื‘ืข ื—ื‘ึฟืจื˜ืข ืงื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ืกืข ืึทืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืืžืช ื•ื•ืึธืก ื›ืณืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืžืฆื‘ึฟื”ึพืื•ื™ืคึฟื“ืขืงื•ื ื’. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืคึฟืขืกืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจึพืกืขืžื™ื ืึทืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืงืœืึทืกืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง ืคึฟื•ืŸ 11 ื‘ื™ื– 2:30. ื›ืณื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ โ€” ื›ืณื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืœืึทื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก? ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื‘ืช ืฆื• ื ืึทื›ื˜ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ โ€žืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืึทืคึผืŸโ€Ÿ ืฆื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–? ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคึฟืึทื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืžื™ื˜. ืืคึฟืฉืจ ื”ืฒึทื™ืึธืจ ื™ืึธ? ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขืคึฟืึธืŸ: 231-7905. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทื– ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ืึธื’ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคึฟืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึฟืจื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก, ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืจืขืžืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ืื™ืœืึทื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ โ€žื›ืณื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืœืึทื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜โ€Ÿ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜, ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ึฟืจื”ื ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึทื‘ึฟืจื”ื ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื™ืึธ, ืึทื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข ืคึฟืœืขื’ื˜ ืึธืคึฟื˜ ืžืึธืœ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ (ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ื•ื›ื”ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจึพื™ื•ื ื™ืึธืŸ, ILGWU) ืคึฟืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจึพืกืขืžื™ื ืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืกืขืžื™ื ืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื•ืจืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืชึผื ืดืš ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขื“ืึทื’ืึธื’ื™ืง. ืกืณืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜, ื›ึผื“ื™ ืฆื• ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธื, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืืœื™ื”ื• ืงื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืชึผื ืœืฉืžื”. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ืึทืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธื“ื™ื“ืึทืงื˜. ืึท ืกืš ืžื™ื–ืจื—ึพืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึดืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ึพืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืึธืจืขื, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื›ึผื“ื™ ืฆื•ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคึผืจื ืกื” ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื™ืึธ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืžืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืึทื‘ึฟืจื”ืžืก ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืก ืื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืกื™ืžืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืŸึพืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื ื“ืขืงืกึพืงืึทืจื˜ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคึฟืฉืจ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื ืขืคึผืœื“ื™ืง. ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืœืึทื ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš. 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'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv').css({"text-align":"left", "direction":"ltr"}); /* $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').on('load', function() { $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').text('To post a comment, please login or enter your name and email address'); }); */ $('#IDNewThreadSubmitLI > a > span.idc-r > strong').text('ืฉื™ืงื˜'); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').wrap(' ');}); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').before('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’. ').wrap(' ');}).css({"text-align":"right", "direction":"rtl"}); } else { $(setTimeout(yiddishcomments, 3000)); } return; }
ืื™ืจ'ื•ื•ืข ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืก. ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืคืึธื ืข ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜-ืื™ืŸ ื™ืคืึธื ืข ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ! ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ Find My iPhone ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ iPhone . ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ Find My iPhone, ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืœืึธื’ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืงืœืึธื•ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ iCloud.com . ื“ืขืจื ืืš, ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื™ืคืึธื ืข . ืึทืžืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืžืคึผื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ืึทืจื™ื™ึทืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืงืœืึธื•ื“ ืคึผืึทืจืึธืœ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธื›ื“ืขื, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืคึผืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืึธื•ืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืก ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ืงืึธื ื ืขืงื˜ืขื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืงืœืึธื•ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ. ืฆื• ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ, ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืคึผืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืงื ืขืคึผืœ (ืื™ืจ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืจื™ื™ึทื–). ื™ืคืึธื ืข 6 ืก ืกื˜ืึทืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขืคึผืœ ืœืึธื’ืึธ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืœืึทืคึผ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืกืึธื•ื ื“ , ืื™ืจ 'ืจืข iPhone ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืึทื– ืกืึธื•ื ื“ืก ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืจื™ื ื’ื˜ืึธื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืึทื– ื–ืื’ื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืคืึธื ืข ืึทืœืขืจื˜ . ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ... ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ iPhone ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธืคื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ืŸ ืคึผืงืก, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืึทืงืก. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืžืช ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ, ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• iCloud.com ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืœ ืฉื™ื™ึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืึธืœ. ื“ืขืจื ืืš, ื’ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืคืึธื ืข . ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ืคืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืึธื˜ืขื ื˜ืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืจื™ื™ึทืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืงืึธื“ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ื™ืงืœืึธื•ื“ ืคึฟืขื™ึดืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืคืึธื ืข ืื™ื– ืึท ื•ื™ืกื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฉืŸ! ืœืึธืกื˜ ืžืึธื“ืข & ืžืขืงืŸ iPhone ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ iPhone, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืœืึธืกื˜ ืžืึธื“ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืขืงืŸ iPhone. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ ืžืึธื“ืข , ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืžืคึผื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืึทื– ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืืก ืจื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื– ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ. ื“ื™ ืœืึธืกื˜ ืžืึธื“ืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืจืึทืฉ ืขื ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืœืึทืคึผืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืกืึธื•ื ื“. ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฅ ืฉื•ืจื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ iPhone ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืื™ื– ืกื˜ืึธืœืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื–ื•ืš, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืžืขืงืŸ iPhone ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข. ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืขืจ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ืžื™ื™ืŸ iPhone? ื™ืึธ, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ Find My iPhone ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืœ ืฉื™ื™ึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืœ ืฉื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืึธืœ. ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืงืขืจ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง Find My iPhone ! ืœืึธืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ Find My iPhone ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ! ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธืคืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื•ืฆื™ืง ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ืžื™ื“ื™ืึท ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืขื ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”. ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึท ืงืฉื™ื ื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone!
ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืฆืฐืฒ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืฒืžืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืฒืกื˜ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืึธืจืง, ืื™ื– ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึทื“ืฑืขืจืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืฑืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึท ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืงืข ืื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ืงืึทื’ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ืฐืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึทื“ืฑืขืจืŸ? ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื ื™ืฐืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืึทื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ืฐืึธืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืืฒืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืจืขื“ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืฒืžื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืงืœืขื ืขืจ ืฐื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืจืขื“ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืึธืจืง. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืฑื™ึดืฉึพืจืขื“ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื—ื‘ึฟืจื” ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืคึฟืจื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžืึทืžืขึพืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ; ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืงื•ืงืฐื™ื ืงืœ ืื™ื– ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืึท ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข โ€žืกืึธื ื™ืขื“ื™ืงืขโ€ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื’ืกื˜ืข ืžืฒื ื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืึธืจืง โ€ฆ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”, ืฐืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพื‘ืจืฒืง ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงืึทื’ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืขืงื–ืึทืžืขื ืก โ€ฆ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง ื‘ื™ืš ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉื™ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช! ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื›ึผืœืขืจืœืฒื™ึดืงืŸ ืคึผืœืึทื ื™ืจึพืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืจื•ืคึฟืก ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืžืžืฉ ืึท ื’ืจืฑืกืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข-ืœืืฒึทื˜: ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพื‘ืจืฒืง-ืฉื™ืงืึทื’ืข! ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพื‘ืจืฒืง-ืฉื™ืงืึทื’ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”ื“ื™ืง. ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ 50 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ื”ืขื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืœืึธืก ืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืขืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืึธืจืง, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ื’ืขื”ืึธืคึฟื˜ โ€” ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืขืกืŸ, ืฉืœืึธืคึฟึพืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ืฐื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ืขื ืกื•ืฃึพืฐืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฒึทืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืฆื• ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืืฑืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจื˜ืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจื ืก ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืงืœืึทืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืฑืจืขื ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืจืขื“ืขืจืก; ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉืฑืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืืฑืกื ื•ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืšึพืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ; ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ; ืื•ืŸ ยซืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจืกยป ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉ ื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืงืึทื’ืขืก ื˜ืขื ืฅึพื’ืึธื•ืŸ: ืกื˜ื™ืฐ ืฐืฒึทื ื˜ืจืฑื‘. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฑืš ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืฉืจืข โ€žืกโ€™ืžืึธืจืกโ€ ืืฑืคึฟืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ื˜ืฒึทืš ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืขืŸ. ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืกืš ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพื‘ืจืฒืงืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืืคึฟืฉืจ ืืฑืš, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธืคึฟืŸ, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพื‘ืจืฒืง-ืฉื™ืงืึทื’ืข 2010!
ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขืคึฟืœืึทืงืขืจื˜ ืžืึทืกืŸึพืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืจืึทืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ืžื™ื ืึทืฆื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืขื™ืงืจึพืกื™ื‘ื” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืจื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ึพื‘ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ โ€žืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฆืข ืœืขื‘ื ืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจโ€Ÿ (Black Lives Matter). ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคึฟืึทืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืึธื ืกื˜ืจืึทื ื˜ืŸ, ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ื•ืึทืœื“ึพื›ึผื•ื—, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืึธืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื•ื•ืึธืคึฟื ื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฅึพื”ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืขืกึพื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฆืจื” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืขืจ ืขื“ื”: ืื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืึทืกื™ืžื™ืœืึทืฆื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืขื“ื” ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืžื”ืึทืจื™ืฉ โ€” ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ึพื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ 22 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืชึผื•ืฉื‘ึฟื™ื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืข. ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ื™ื’ืจื™ื ื™ืข โ€” ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื‘ืฒึท ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคึฟืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคึฟื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ. ืึท ืฉื•ืœ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ืึท โ€žื‘ื™ืชึพืžืงื“ืฉโ€Ÿ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท โ€žืžืกื’ื™ื“โ€Ÿ โ€“ ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืจื™ืึทื ื˜ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜, ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจืึทื‘ื™ืฉืข โ€žืžืึทืกื“ื–ืฉื™ื“โ€Ÿ, ืึท ืžืขื˜ืฉืขื˜. ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึทื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื™ืงืึทืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ืึทืœืขืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื•ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ: ืงืฒึทืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทืจืขื ืข. ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื”ื™ืขืจืึทืจื›ื™ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื. ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื ืึทื›ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื•ื•ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึฟื•ื ืงืฆื™ืขืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืจื‘ืŸึพืคึผืกื—. ืึท ืฉื™ืœ ืื™ื ืขื ื“ืึธืจืฃ ื•ื•ืึธืœืขืงืข, ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืข ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉึพื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึธื ืึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืคึฟื˜ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ 2000ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขื’ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ึดื•ื ื’ ืžืฆื“ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ื“ื•ืจ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ืจื” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืึธื‘ืขึพื–ื™ื™ื“ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ โ€žื’ื•ื™ื™ึดืฉืงื™ื™ื˜โ€Ÿ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื™ืงืึทืœืข ืžืึธื ืึทื›ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืข ืื•ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื•ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ. ืกืณืื™ื– ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜, ืึทื’ื‘ึฟ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึฟืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืข, ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืกืชึพื˜ืขื’ ืื™ื–ืึธืœื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืœืขืš. ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื™ื–, ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึท ืคึฟืึทืจืงืขืจื˜ืข: ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืžืืชึพื ื™ื“ื” ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก. ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกืคึฟืจึพืชึผื•ืจื”, ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืึท ืกืคึฟืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœื˜ึพืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉ (ื’ืขืขื–), ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื—ื•ืžืฉ, ืกืคึฟืจึพื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืกืคึฟืจึพืฉื•ืคึฟื˜ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืœืชึพืจื•ืช. ื“ื™ ืขื“ื” ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืœื˜ึพืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸึพืงื•ื“ืฉ. ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืžื”ืึทืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืœืขื ืขืจ ืžืึธืก โ€” ื˜ื™ื’ืจื™ื ื™ืข, ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข. ืึท ืกืš ืึทืžื”ืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืขื ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืœืฉื•ืŸึพืงื•ื“ืฉื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืึทืจืึทืžื™ืฉืข. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึทื“ื™ืกึพืึทื‘ืขื‘ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ โ€žืึท ื ืฒึทืข ื‘ืœื•ืโ€Ÿ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืฉื•ืŸึพืชึผืจื’ื•ื ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ โ€žื—ื“ื™ืฉึพืื™ื‘ืโ€Ÿ. ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืŸ ื›ึผืชื‘ึฟ, ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคึฟืึธืจืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ 3,000 ื™ืึธืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืจืข ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœื“ื™ืงืข ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืžื”ืึทืจื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืกืณืื™ื– ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜, ืึทื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื ืดื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ื›ืจืึธื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื ื•ืกื— ืฆืฒึทื˜ึพืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’. ืฆื•ื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ 7090. ืื™ื ืขื ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืŸ ืชึผื ืดืš ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืจื™ื™ ืึทืคึผืึธืงืจื™ืคึฟื™ืฉืข ืกืคึฟืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ึพื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ (ืกืขืคึผื˜ื•ืึทื’ื™ื ื˜ื). ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื˜ืึทืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืึทืคึฟืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ึพื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืจื•ื. ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืœืึธืจื™ื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจื—ึพืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึดืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืงืœืึธืจืŸ ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ, ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื™ ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขื. ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืจืึธื™ื ืฆื™ ืจืขืคึฟืึธืจืขืึพื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื•ื•ืฒึทื›ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคึฟืœ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืจืšึพืึธื‘ึฟื•ืช. ืกืณืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืึธืŸ ืื•ืžืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื‘ึฟืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืžืจื. ืึทื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืึธื‘ืขืจ ืจืึทืกื™ื–ื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืžื™ืื•ืก ืคึผื ื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืกืณืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพืึทืกื™ืžื™ืœืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข, ื˜ืจืึทื’ืขื“ื™ืข. ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผื™ืขืœืข, ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื•ืข ืงืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืจืึทืกื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจึพื ื™ื˜ึพืื™ื– ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ืžื™ื ืึทืฆื™ืข ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึฟื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• โ€žื ืึธืจืžืึทืœื™ื–ื™ืจืŸโ€Ÿ ื‘ื™ืชืึพื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ, ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจื•ื•ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ โ€žื ืึธืจืžืึทืœืขโ€Ÿ ื›ึผืžื•ึพืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™ืฉืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื›ึผืžื•ึพืกืคึฟืจื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฆื• โ€žื‘ืึทืคึฟืจืฒึทืขืŸโ€Ÿ ื–ื™ื™ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคึฟืจืขืžื“ืข ื’ืœื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขื•ืช. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืจืขื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึธืคึฟื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืคึฟืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ โ€žื”ืึทืœื‘ึพื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจโ€Ÿ ื’ืœื•ืชึพืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืกืขื ืกื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืขื ื™ื ื™ื. 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'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv').css({"text-align":"left", "direction":"ltr"}); /* $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').on('load', function() { $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').text('To post a comment, please login or enter your name and email address'); }); */ $('#IDNewThreadSubmitLI > a > span.idc-r > strong').text('ืฉื™ืงื˜'); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').wrap(' ');}); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').before('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’. ').wrap(' ');}).css({"text-align":"right", "direction":"rtl"}); } else { $(setTimeout(yiddishcomments, 3000)); } return; }
ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืงืœื•ื™ื‘: ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื ืขืคืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืขืก ืฆื• ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืืคื˜ Enter ืื“ืขืจ ื“ืืก ืงื ืขืคืœ ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืกืขืœืขืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืขืก. ืฉืœื™ืกืœ: (ื™ืขืฆื˜) = ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคื™ื’ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข, (ืœืขืฆื˜ืข) = ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข, (ืœืขืฆื˜ืข) = ืžื™ื ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืจืขื“ืื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื™ืขืฆื˜ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 22:00, 13 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2022โ€ ืืจื’ืืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืก ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸโ€ 319 ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ โˆ’30โ€ ืื ื•ืœื™ืจืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 21:59, 13 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2022โ€ ืืจื’ืืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืก ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸโ€ 349 ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ +102โ€ ืื ื•ืœื™ืจืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 21:47, 13 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2022โ€ ืืจื’ืืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืก ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸโ€ 247 ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ +247โ€ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื‘ืœืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ '{{ืึทื“ื•ื•ืขืจื‘ |ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื“ืขืคื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืข=ืคื•ื ืงื˜ ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜ |ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ=on the contrary |ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ=ืœื”ืคืš; ื ื”ืคื•ืš ื”ื•ื |ืกื™ื ืื ื™ืžืขืŸ=ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜ }}'
ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš / ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทื‘ื–ืึธืจื‘ืึทื ื˜ ืฉื ืขืœ ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ ืžื™ืงืจืึธ ืคื™ื‘ืจืข ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ื ื•ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธื’: 30 ื’ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฅ: ื”ื™ื™ื ืึทืคึผืคึผืœื™ืึทื ืกืข ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ: ืงื™ืš ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ: ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš: ืกืึทืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืึทื‘ืึทืœ, ืกื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ืŸ: ื–ืฉืขื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทื ื’, ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท ืกืึธืจื˜ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: BTEER ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ: BT002 ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืงืึธืœื™ืจ: ืจื•ื™ื˜ / ื’ืจื™ืŸ / ื’ืขืœ / ืจืึธื–ืขื•ื•ืข / ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึธื’: 200 ื’ืกื ~ 400 ื’ืกื ืœืึธื’ืึธ: ืคืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืงืœ: ืงืึทืจื˜ืึธื ืก ืžืึธืง: 1 ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืึธืขื: ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜: 3-5 ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ ืคืึธืจืขื: ื’ืจืึธื“ืขืง / ืกื•ืงื•ื•ืึทืจ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ: ืงื•ืกื˜ืึธืžื™ ... ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ 400 ื’ืกื ื•ืœื˜ืจืึทืคื™ื ืข ืคื™ื‘ืจืข ื˜ืึทื•ืœื– ืึทื‘ื–ืึธืจื‘ืึทื ื˜ ืกื•ืคึผืขืจ ืกืึธืคื˜ ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืฉื™ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ืŸ: ื”ืขื‘ืขื™, ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท ืกืึธืจื˜ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: ODM OEM ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ: ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš: ืฉื ืขืœ-ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืฉื ืขืœ-ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ ื˜ืขืงื ื™ืงืก: ื ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืคืึธืจืขื: ืงื•ื•ืื“ืจืื˜ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ: ื‘ืœื•ื™, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื“ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’: 3.0 - 4.0 ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืึทื‘ื–ืึธืจืคึผืฉืึทืŸ: ื™ืŸ 3 ืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ: Fress ืœืึธื’ืึธ: ื”ืึทืคื˜, ืžื ื”ื’ ืกืึธืจื˜ ืคื™ืจืžืข: ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทื Certification: ISO9001 ืึธืขืงืึธ-ื˜ืขืงืก ื’ืกื: 200-600 ื’ืกื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜: ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ: ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืคึผืึทื˜ ... 2021 ื ื™ื• ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืข ืกืคึผืึท ื‘ืจืขื’ ืœื•ืงืกื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ ืงืœืึธื–ืขื˜ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ืŸ: ื”ืขื‘ืขื™, ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท ืกืึธืจื˜ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: ODM ืึธืขื ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ: ื•ื•ืึทื ืข ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš: ืฉื ืขืœ-ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืฉื ืขืœ-ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ / ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ื˜ืขื˜ืฉื ื™ืงืก: ื ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืคืึธืจืขื: ืงื•ื•ืึทื“ืจืึทื˜ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ: ื‘ืœื•ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื“ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’: 3.0 - 4.0 ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืึทื‘ื–ืึธืจืคึผืฉืึทืŸ. : ื™ืŸ 3 ืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ: Fress ืœืึธื’ืึธ: ื”ืึทืคื˜, ืžื ื”ื’ ืกืึธืจื˜ ืคื™ืจืžืข: ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทื Certification: ISO9001 ืึธืขืงืึธ-ื˜ืขืงืก ื’ืกื: 200-400 ื’ืกื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜: ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืจืข ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ: ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ: ืงืœืึธืจ ... ื ื™ื™ึท ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ื‘ืึทืคื™ื™ื ื’ 400 ื’ืกื ื“ืจื™ื™ื ื’ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืฉ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ืŸ: ื”ืขื‘ืขื™, ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท ืกืึธืจื˜ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: ODM ืึธืขื ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ: ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš: ืฉื ืขืœ-ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ ื˜ืขืงื ื™ืงืก: ื ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืคืึธืจืขื: ืงื•ื•ืึทื“ืจืึทื˜ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ: ื’ืขืœ, ื‘ืœื•ื™, ืจื•ื™ื˜, ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื“ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’: 3.0 - 4.0 ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืึทื‘ื–ืึธืจืคึผืฉืึทืŸ. : ื™ืŸ 3 ืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ: Fress ืœืึธื’ืึธ: ื”ืึทืคื˜, ืžื ื”ื’ ืกืึธืจื˜ ืคื™ืจืžืข: ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทื Certification: ISO9001 ืึธืขืงืึธ-ื˜ืขืงืก ื’ืกื: 200-400 ื’ืกื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜: ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก: 30 * 40 ืงื 60 * 160 ืงื 70 * 160 ืง ... ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื“ ืœืึธื’ืึธ ืคึผืขืจืžืึธื•ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึทืฉืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ืŸ: ื”ืขื‘ืขื™, ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท ืกืึธืจื˜ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: ืึธื“ื ืึธืขื ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ: ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš: ืฉื ืขืœ-ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืฉื ืขืœ-ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ ื˜ืขืงื ื™ืงืก: ื ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืคืึธืจืขื: ืงื•ื•ืึทื“ืจืึทื˜ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ: ื’ืขืœ, ื‘ืœื•ื™, ืจื•ื™ื˜, ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื“ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’: 3.0 - 4.0 ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืึทื‘ื–ืึธืจืคึผืฉืึทืŸ: ื™ืŸ 3 ืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ: Fress ืœืึธื’ืึธ: ื”ืึทืคื˜, ืžื ื”ื’ ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ: ISO9001 OEKO-TEX GSM: 200-400 ื’ืกื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜: ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก: 30 * 40 ืงื 60 * 160 ืงื 70 * 160 ืงื ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ... ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทื‘ื–ืึธืจื‘ืึทื ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ื ื’ 600 ื’ืกื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึทืจืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ืŸ: ื”ืขื‘ืขื™, ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท ืกืึธืจื˜ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: ODM OEM ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ: ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš: ืฉื ืขืœ-ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืฉื ืขืœ-ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ืฉื ื™ืงืก: ื ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืคืึธืจืขื: ืงื•ื•ืึทื“ืจืึทื˜ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ: ื’ืขืœ, ื’ืจื•ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื“ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’: 3.0 - 4.0 ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืึทื‘ื–ืึธืจืคึผืฉืึทืŸ. : ื™ืŸ 3 ืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ: Fress ืœืึธื’ืึธ: ื”ืึทืคื˜, ืžื ื”ื’ Certification: ISO9001 ืึธืขืงืึธ-ื˜ืขืงืก ื’ืกื: 200-400 ื’ืกื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜: ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก: 30 * 40 ืงื 60 * 160 ืงื 70 * 160 ืงื ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ: ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ ... ื›ืึธื•ืœืกื™ื™ืœ ืขืžื‘ืจื•ื™ื“ืขืจื™ ืœืึธื’ืึธ ืžื™ืงืจืึธ ืคื™ื‘ืจืข ื“ื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœื“ ื•ื•ืึทืฉ ื“ืจื™ื™ื ื’ ื˜ืึทื•ืœื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึทืจืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ืŸ: ื”ืขื‘ืขื™, ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท ืกืึธืจื˜ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: ืึธื“ื ืึธืขื ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ: ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš: ืฉื ืขืœ-ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืฉื ืขืœ-ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ ื˜ืขืงื ื™ืงืก: ื ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืคืึธืจืขื: ืงื•ื•ืึทื“ืจืึทื˜ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ: ื’ืขืœ, ื‘ืœื•ื™, ืจื•ื™ื˜, ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื“ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’: 3.0 - 4.0 ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืึทื‘ื–ืึธืจืคึผืฉืึทืŸ: ื™ืŸ 3 ืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ: Fress ืœืึธื’ืึธ: ื”ืึทืคื˜, ืžื ื”ื’ ืกืึธืจื˜ ืคื™ืจืžืข: ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทื ืกืขืจื˜ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ: ISO9001 ื’ืกื: 200-400 ื’ืกื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜: ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ: ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ... ื”ืขื›ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืžื™ืงืจืึธ ืคื™ื‘ืจืข ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืฉื™ืกืœ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืกื•ืคึผืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ืŸ: ื”ืขื‘ืขื™, ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท ืกืึธืจื˜ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: ืึธื“ื ืึธืขื ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ: ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš: ืฉื ืขืœ-ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืฉื ืขืœ-ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ ื˜ืขืงื ื™ืงืก: ื ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืคืึธืจืขื: ืงื•ื•ืึทื“ืจืึทื˜ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ: ืจืึธื–ืขื•ื•ืข, ืœื™ืœืึท, ื’ืขืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื“ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’: 3.0 - 4.0 ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืึทื‘ื–ืึธืจืคึผืฉืึทืŸ: ื™ืŸ 3 ืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ: Fress ืœืึธื’ืึธ: ื”ืึทืคื˜, ืžื ื”ื’ ืกืึธืจื˜ ืคื™ืจืžืข: ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทื Certification: ISO9001 OEKO-TEX ื’ืกื: 200-400 ื’ืกื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜: ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ: ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ F ... ื ื™ื• ืคืึทื›ืžืึทืŸ ืกืึทืคึผืœื™ื™ืขืจ 2021 40 ร— 40 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืžืขื˜ืขืจ 400 ื’ืกื ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืฉื™ื ื’ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ืŸ: ื”ืขื‘ืขื™, ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท ืกืึธืจื˜ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: ODM OEM ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ: ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš: ืฉื ืขืœ-ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืฉื ืขืœ-ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ ื˜ืขืงื ื™ืงืก: ื ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืคืึธืจืขื: ืงื•ื•ืื“ืจืื˜ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ: ืจื•ื™ื˜, ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื“ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’: 3.0 - 4.0 ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืึทื‘ื–ืึธืจืคึผืฉืึทืŸ. : ื™ืŸ 3 ืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ: Fress ืœืึธื’ืึธ: ื”ืึทืคื˜, ืžื ื”ื’ ืกืึธืจื˜ ืคื™ืจืžืข: ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทื Certification: ISO9001 ืึธืขืงืึธ-ื˜ืขืงืก ื’ืกื: 200-400 ื’ืกื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜: ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ: ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ... 2021 ื˜ืจืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื“ ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ื ื’ ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืจืขืžืึธื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึผื ื™ื ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ืŸ: ื”ืขื‘ืขื™, ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท ืกืึธืจื˜ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: ืึธื“ื ืึธืขื ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ: ืคึผื ื™ื ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš: ืฉื ืขืœ-ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืฉื ืขืœ-ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ ื˜ืขืงื ื™ืงืก: ื ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืคืึธืจืขื: ืงื•ื•ืึทื“ืจืึทื˜ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ: ื’ืจื™ืŸ, ื’ืจื•ื™, ื‘ืจื•ื™ืŸ, ืจืึธื–ืขื•ื•ืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื“ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’: 3.0 - 4.0 ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืึทื‘ื–ืึธืจืคึผืฉืึทืŸ: ื™ืŸ 3 ืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ: Fress ืœืึธื’ืึธ: ื”ืึทืคื˜, ืžื ื”ื’ ืกืึธืจื˜ ืคื™ืจืžืข: ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทื ืกืขืจื˜ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ: ISO9001 ืึธืขืงืึธ-ื˜ืขืงืก ื’ืกื: 200-400 ื’ืกื ืกื™ื–ืึทืŸ: 4 ืกืขืึทืกืึธื ืก ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ: ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ: ืคึผืœ ... ื”ืึทืง ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ืคึฟืขื™ึดืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ: 100% ืงืึธื˜ืึธื ืกื˜ื™ืœืข, ืงืœืึธืจ ื•ืกืขื’: ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ื•ื•ืึธื’: 65 ื’ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก: 16 ืงืก 30 ืงื ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคืข: ืึทื“ืึทืœืฅ ื˜ืขืงื ื™ืงืก: ื•ื•ืึธื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš: ืฉื ืขืœ-ื“ืจื™ื™-ืคืึธืจืขื, ื’ืจืึธื“ืขืง ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ืŸ: ื”ืขื‘ืขื™ ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ื•ื ื’ โ— ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ: 100% ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืข โ— ื’ืจื™ื™ืก: 16 ืงืก 30 ืงื โ— ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื•ื™ื‘ื–, ืคึฟืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืžื™ืจืขืจื–. โ— 100% ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืข ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ, ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคื™ืœื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ. โ— ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื– ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•. ื”ืึทืง ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ืคึฟืขื™ึดืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ: 100% ืงืึธื˜ืึธื ืกื˜ื™ืœืข, ืงืœืึธืจ ื•ืกืขื’: ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืขืš ื•ื•ืึธื’: 65 ื’ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก: 16 ืงืก 30 ืงื ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคืข: ืึทื“ืึทืœืฅ ื˜ืขืงื ื™ืงืก: ื•ื•ืึธื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš: ืฉื ืขืœ-ื“ืจื™ื™-ืคืึธืจืขื, ื’ืจืึธื“ืขืง ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ืŸ: ื”ืขื‘ืขื™ ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ื•ื ื’ โ— ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ: 100% ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืข โ— ื’ืจื™ื™ืก: 16 ืงืก 30 ืงื โ— ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื•ื™ื‘ื–, ืคึฟืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืžื™ืจืขืจื–. โ— 100% ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืข ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ, ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคื™ืœื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ. โ— ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื– ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•.
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงึพ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืกโ€˜ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžืคึฟืจืกื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจืก. ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงึพืคึฟืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœ: ืคึฟื•ื ืขื 10ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 14ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 2012 ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื โ€žืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงึพืคึฟืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœโ€Ÿ. ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื ืขืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคึฟื™ื ืขืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ื ื“ืข ืคึฟื™ื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ โ€” ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจื™ืŸ ืืœื™ืœื” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืกื˜ืึธื ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผืขืœื™ืข โ€žื™ื—ื–ืงืืœืก ืจืึธื“โ€Ÿ, ื“ื™ ื“ื–ืฉื•ื“ืขื–ืžืขึพื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจ ืงืจื‘ืกื™, ื“ืขืจ โ€žื–ื™ืžื‘ื” ืึทื ืกืึทืžื‘ืœโ€Ÿ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ, โ€žืงืึทืคึผืขืœืึท ื“ืข ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืขืจโ€Ÿ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข, ื•ื•ื™ืจืึท ืœืึธื–ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžื™ืœ ืืฒึทื ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ืกืึทืžื‘ืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ. ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ึผื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืึท ืœืึธื–ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžื™ืœ ืืฒึทื ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ืกืึทืžื‘ืœ. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ื•ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทืงื˜ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคึฟืจื™ึดืขืจ ืื™ืŸ โ€žืคึฟืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืกโ€Ÿ. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ื•ื•ืึทืœื“ื™ืง ืงื•ืœ, ื˜ื™ืฃึพื’ืขืคึฟื™ืœื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืžืขึพืœืฉื•ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง. ื‘ืฒึทื ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ืคึฟืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ึผื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ: ื“ืขื โ€žืžื™ืจืึท ืจืึทืคึฟืึทืœืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉึพืคึผืจื™ื–โ€Ÿ ืคึฟืึทืจืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ (ืžื™ืจืึท ืจืึทืคึฟืึทืœืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (1941 โ€” 1998) ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืึทื ื“) ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ โ€žืคึผื•ื˜ื•ืžืฒึทืึธึพื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขึพืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ื”โ€Ÿึพืคึผืจื™ื–. ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืกื˜ืึธื ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผืขืœื™ืข โ€žื™ื—ื–ืงืืœืก ืจืึธื“โ€Ÿ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ึผื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื โ€žืขื•ืœืึพืคึผืจื™ื–โ€Ÿ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืฉื•ืจื™, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืก. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืฉื•ืจื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: โ€žื•ื•ื™ ืึธืคึฟื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคึฟื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืœืข ืคึฟืขื“ืขืžืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืข ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืฃ โ€ฆ.ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืจืขืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืจ ืคึฟืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’โ€Ÿ. ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 2000 ืื™ื™ืจืึธืก. ืคึฟืึทืจืŸ โ€žืคึผื•ื˜ื•ืžืฒึทืึธึพืคึผืจื™ื–โ€Ÿ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 500 ืื™ื™ืจืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืคึฟื™ืจืžืข โ€žืคึผื•ื˜ื•ืžืฒึทืึธโ€Ÿ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจืก ืึท ืœื™ื“. ืขื˜ืขืœืข ื ื™ื‘ืึธืจืกืงื™ โ€žื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืจื•ืฃโ€Ÿ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืงืึธื ืงืจื•ืก ืื™ืŸ 2012, ืœื›ึผื‘ึฟื•ื“ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ โ€žื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืจื•ืฃโ€Ÿ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸึพืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ โ€žืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจโ€Ÿึพืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืก ืกืฒึท ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข, ืกืฒึท ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข. ื“ื™ ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื ืขืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ 35 ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืกืฒึท ื’ืขืœื˜, ืกืฒึท ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืคึฟืขืกืึธืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืคึฟื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ึฟืข ืฆื•ืงืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข. ื“ื–ืฉืึธืจื“ืึทืŸ ืงื•ืฆื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ โ€žื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืจื•ืฃโ€Ÿ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืึทื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 15 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 5 ืคึผืจืึธื–ืขึพื•ื•ืขืจืง. ืขื˜ืขืœืข ื ื™ื‘ืึธืจืกืงื™ (ืฆื• ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจ) ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ึผื ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” โ€žื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืงโ€Ÿ. ืžืจื™ื ืกืขื’ืึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ึผื ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื“ โ€žืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจโ€Ÿ. ืœื™ื‘ื™ ืคึผืึธืœืึทืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ึผื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืึธืจื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื“ โ€žื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸึพืœืขืคึผืœืขืšโ€Ÿ. ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ $500, ืื•ืŸ $100 ืคึฟืึทืจืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื– ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธืจื˜. ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจึพืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ โ€žืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ึพืกื•ื‘ื•ื•ืขื ืฅโ€Ÿ. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจึพืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžื”ืขืจืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืกื•ื‘ื•ื•ืขื ืฆืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืงืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ $5000, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืคึฟืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืขืœึพื™ื•ืขืฅ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ โ€žื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจึพืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจโ€Ÿ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ึพื•ื•ืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื˜, ื“ืจืฒึท ืกื•ืฃึพื•ื•ืึธื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื™ืึธืจ. ืœื›ืชึผื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืœืึทื ื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ืฆื•ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคึฟื™ื ืขืฃ ืคึผืจื™ื–ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคึฟืขืœืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื โ€žืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจโ€Ÿ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืฉื˜ืฒึทืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืกื•ื‘ื•ื•ืขื ืฅ. ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ืฉื•ืœืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืึธืจื™ื ืึทื˜ืึธืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ึผื ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜, โ€žื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ึฟืจื”ื ืกื•ืฆืงืขื•ื•ืขืจโ€Ÿ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขืœึพื™ื•ืขืฅ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึฟืณ ืกื•ืกืขืŸ ื‘ืขืจื ืึธืคึฟืกืงื™, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงืึธืœื•ืžื‘ื™ืขึพืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจึพืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกืึธืจ ืžืึธื˜ืœ ื“ื™ื“ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื”. ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืง. ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืคึฟืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขืœึพื™ื•ืขืฅ, ืคึผืจืึธืคึฟืณ ื™ื•ืืœ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืกืงืึธื ืกื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืืœื™ ืžืึธื–ืขืกืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉึพื—ืกื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืึทืคึผืึธื˜ืึธืฉื•. ืคึผืจืึธืคึฟืณ ืงืขืŸ ืคึฟืจื™ื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขืœึพื™ื•ืขืฅ. ืื‘ึฟื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืึทื‘ึฟืจื”ื ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืคึฟืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื‘ึฟื™ื” ืงื•ืฉื ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ โ€žืงืึธืœื•ืžื‘ื™ืข ืงืึธืœืขื“ื–ืฉโ€Ÿ. ืคึผืจืึธืคึฟืณ ืžืจื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืœ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจึพืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืกืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืกืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืขืกื™ื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืœืึท ื’ืึธืœื“ื‘ืขืจื’ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœึพื™ื•ืขืฅ. ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืจื™ื ืกืขื’ืึทืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืžืคึผืึทึพื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืึทืจื’ืขื ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžืึทืจื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืกืงื™. Share On Facebook Twitter ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ The Yiddish Daily Forward welcomes reader comments in order to promote thoughtful discussion on issues of importance to the Jewish community. In the interest of maintaining a civil forum, The Yiddish Daily Forwardrequires that all commenters be appropriately respectful toward our writers, other commenters and the subjects of the articles. Vigorous debate and reasoned critique are welcome; name-calling and personal invective are not. While we generally do not seek to edit or actively moderate comments, our spam filter prevents most links and certain key words from being posted and The Yiddish Daily Forward reserves the right to remove comments for any reason. '); //j171('#IDCNavGuest2 > div').append(j171('#IDCNavList')); //j171('.idc-loginbtn_intensedebate, .idc-loginbtn_twitter').text(''); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').text('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’.'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').children('a').wrap(' '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('div');}); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').before(' ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv').css({"text-align":"left", "direction":"ltr"}); /* $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').on('load', function() { $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').text('To post a comment, please login or enter your name and email address'); }); */ $('#IDNewThreadSubmitLI > a > span.idc-r > strong').text('ืฉื™ืงื˜'); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').wrap(' ');}); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').before('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’. ').wrap(' ');}).css({"text-align":"right", "direction":"rtl"}); } else { $(setTimeout(yiddishcomments, 3000)); } return; }
ื“ื™ ืฉืœืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ืฉื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ืฉื, ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข, ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ 2022 ืจื•ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข. ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 27ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ ื‘ื™ื– 31ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืืจืฅ 2022, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ืฉื. ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•.[1][2] ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™ืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืขื’ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืืคืขื ืกื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ืฉื, ืื™ืจืคื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืืžืขืœ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•.[1][2] ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ืฉื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ืจืฆื™ื—ื” ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ืขืจ.[3][4] ืจืขืคืขืจืขื ืฆืŸืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ โ†‘ a b https://english.iswnews.com/22910/latest-military-situation-in-ukraine-27-february-2022-map-update/ โ†‘ a b https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/russia-ukraine-warning-update-russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-february-27-2022 โ†‘ https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2022/04/04/russias-bucha-facts-versus-the-evidence/ โ†‘ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/04/04/ukraine-bucha-massacre-russia-conspiracy-theories-misinformation/
ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคืืจืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืืจื ื™ืฅ. ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืœืขื‘ื ืกึพืžื™ื˜ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืœืืฉ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ืฉื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื– ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืคื™ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ื˜. ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื˜ืืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืงืจืืืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืืก ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ ืฆืขืœืื–ื˜ืข ืžื™ื ืขืจืืœืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืืกืืš ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคืืจื–ืืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืงืื ื˜ืืžื™ื ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืžืขืŸ ืื“ืขืจ ื›ืขืžื™ืงืืœืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉืขื“ืœืขืš ืฆื•ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืงืจืื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืืก ื ืฆื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืคืืจื–ืืจื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื“ื•ืจืš ืจืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืจืคืขืจ, ื•ื•ืืฉืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืืš. ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื• ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืงืจืืŸ, ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืœืขืฉืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืืžืืœื™ื’ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ ืคืจืื‘ืœืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฆ.ื‘.ืฉ. ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืคืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืขืกืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืืš ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื’ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืœ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ืœื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžื•ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื’ืขืœืขืš ื.ื“.ื’. ื•ื•ืืก ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืก ืื ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืื“ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืคืขืกื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืขืค ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืžื–ืœ ืื– ืขืก ื–ืืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ืคืืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื˜ืฉืขื ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ, ืืจื™ืžืขืœื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื“ืืก ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉืขืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืžืคืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฆื™ืœืŸ ื.ื“.ื’. . ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืžืืœื˜ืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืฆื” ืื– ืžืขืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื ืคื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื’ืจืื“ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืงื•ื•ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืœืืฉ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื”ืขืœื˜ื ืกืžืขืกื™ื’ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืืก ืคืฉื•ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ.
ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข, ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื– ื‘ืจืขื˜ (ืคึผืงื‘), ืœื™ื˜ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ืึธืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ืขืจื™ื–, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœื™ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ืึทืคึผืคึผืœื™ืึทื ืกืขืก, ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข, ืงืึทืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ (3 ืง), ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึท ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข.ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืžืขืจ ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึทืขืจ ืจืขืงื•ื•ื™ืจืขืžืขื ืฅ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 5G ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืึทื˜ืึทืจื™ื™ืข ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข.ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืคึผืจืึธืคื™ืœ (VLP) ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ 5G, ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ-ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืœื™ื˜ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืึทื˜ืึทืจื™ื™ืข ื“ืึธืžื™ื ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข. ืžืึทื ื•ืคืึทืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืคื•ื™ืœ: ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืขืกืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื‘ืจื™ืงืึทื ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื™ืกืขื ืฉืึทืœื™ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ.ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทืœืข ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื™ืึทืคืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืขืจื– ืฆืขืœืึธื–ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ื“ืจืึธื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทืœืคื™ื•ืจื™ืง ื–ื•ื™ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ืงื•ื•ื™ืึทืก ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืกืึทืœืคื™ื™ื˜.ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ืึทืœ ื•ื•ืึทืœ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ืึธื•ื“, ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ืึทืœืœื™ืง ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ื™ืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธื•ื“ืึทืคึผืึธื•ื–ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ืึธื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืึทืกืœื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืึธืคึผืจื•ืฃ.ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคึผื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ืึธื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืึทืกืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜.ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื“ื•ืกื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืกื™ืก ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก.ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ (ื’ืœืึทื˜ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜) ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ืึธื•ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึทืžืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ื‘ืจืขื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืงื‘, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ (ืงืึทืžืึทื ืœื™ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜) ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืง ืฆื• ืึท ืกืขืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ื˜ืจื™ื˜ืžืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืžืึธืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืงื‘.ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธืคึผืœ-ืกื™ื™ื“ื™ื“ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธื•ืœื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ืง ืึทื“ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ื– ืื™ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืœื™ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืœื™ื˜ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืึทื˜ืึทืจื™ื™ืข. ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืกื™ืก, ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืœื™ื˜ืข ืžื™ื™ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ืึธื•ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธื ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ืึธื•ื“.ื“ื™ ืึทื ื™ืึธื ืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืงืกืึทื“ื™ื™ื–ื“ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทื ืึธื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื–ื™ื ื’ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธื ืก.ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธื•ื“ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืกืึทืœืคื™ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืงืจืึทื ื˜.ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš, ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึทื– ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืืคื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ืึธื•ื“.ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืฃ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜: ืงืึทื˜ืึธื•ื“: ืงื•2+ +2ืข โ†’ ืงื• 2ื”+ +2ืข โ†’ ื”2โ†‘ ืึทื ืึธื•ื“: 4ืึธื”- -4ืข โ†’ 2ื”2ืึธ + ืึธ2โ†‘ 2SO42-+2H2O -4e โ†’ 2H2SO4 + O2โ†‘ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ืึธื•ื“ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš, ื“ื™ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื“ืึทืคึผืึทื–ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ืึธื•ื“ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืœื“ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง, ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืจืขื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ.ื“ื™ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจ. ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜: ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ 20-2022 CIVEN Metal ืื™ื– ืึท ืคื™ืจืžืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’, ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’, ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš-ืกื•ืฃ ืžืขื˜ืึทืœ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืก
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ืึธืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉึพืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืฒึทืขืกืงื•ื•ืึทืœืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ ืคึฟื•ืŸ โ€žืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผืŸโ€Ÿ. ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœืข ื ืขืฆืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืŸ, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืขืก ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื—ื•ื–ืงึพืจืขื“ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืœื›ึผืกื ื“ืจ ืจืึธื ืงื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืึทืœึพื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉึพืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืฅึพืงืึทื ืึทืœ โ€žืขื™ืชึผื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ึพื•ื•ื™โ€Ÿ. ืึท ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืงืขืง, ืงื™ืจื’ื™ื–ื™ืข, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืคึฟืขืกื™ืึธื ืขืœืขืจ ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืึทืœ ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืข ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธื’ึพื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื›ึผืœึพื”ืžื™ื ื™ื. ืจืึธื ืงื™ื ืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขืžื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทื ื•ืžืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืขืจ ืขื“ื”. ืจืึธื ืงื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉึพืจืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื˜ืขื ื”ื ื“ื™ืง, ืึทื– ื“ื™ โ€žืจื•ืกืŸโ€Ÿ ืœืฒึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ืžื™ื ืึทืฆื™ืข. ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึทื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ืกืึธืœื™ื“ืึทืจื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืง ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทืจืงืึทื–ื ื‘ืึทืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ื“ื™ โ€žืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผืŸโ€Ÿ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜, ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืžืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜, ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ื›ึผืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื’ื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก. โ€žื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉึพืจืขื“ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ึพืื™ื ืกื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ!โ€Ÿ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืขื ื”ื˜. ื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ ืึท ืจื’ืขโ€ฆ ื•ื•ื™ืคึฟืœ ื›ึผื ืกืชึพื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื ืจืึทื˜ืŸึพืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคึฟืœ โ€” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืข? ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉึพื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืคึฟืจื•ื™ึพื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืึทื˜ืงืข, ืคึผื ื™ื ื” ืชึผืžื ื•ึพืฉื˜ื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึท. ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืื™ืจ, ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืึทืจืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉึพื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืžืขื ืขืจ. ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผื™ืงืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ึผื ืกืช, ื™ื•ืœื™ (ื™ื•ืืœ) ืื™ื™ื“ืœืžืึทืŸ, ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืจืึทื˜ืŸึพืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื•ืฅึพืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืึทื‘ึฟื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจืžืึทืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืกื‘ึฟื™ื‘ึฟื”ึพื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ื–ืื‘ึฟ ืขืœืงื™ืŸโ€ฆ ืกืณืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืงืœืึธืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉึพื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืขื•ืœื™ื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึธืจ ืึท ืžืžืฉื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ื›ึผื•ื— ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉึพื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืข ืจืึธืœืข. ื“ืขืจ ืขืฆืึพืคึฟืึทืจื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ืงืจื•ื, ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืขื•ืœื™ื ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืŸึพืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœืขืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืžืึทืจื’ื™ื ืึทืœืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืžืข ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืชึพื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ. ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืขื•ืœื™ื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขืœึพืคึผื™ ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืึทืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ืจื˜ืข ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™ื, ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื•ืฒึทื– ืขื˜ื ื™ืฉืข ืจื•ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืึทื™ึดื ืขืจ. ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืจืึทื˜ืŸึพืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“ ืฉื˜ืึทืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืจืฒึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืขื“ื•ืช โ€” ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื™ืฉืข, ื‘ื•ื›ืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื•ื•ืงืึทื–ื™ืฉืข; ืจืึธื ืงื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ื ืึธืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉึพืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ื™ืงืข ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœืขืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืจืขื“ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื“ืข ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืจืึธื ืงื™ืก ืื•ื™ืก ืึท ื‘ืคึฟื™ืจื•ืฉืข ืฉื‚ื™ื ืื” ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื—ืจื“ื™ื; ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ ืคึผืึทืจืึทื–ื™ื˜ืŸ โ€žื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืžื™ื™โ€Ÿ. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืœืึธื’ื™ืง ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื›ื˜ืข โ€žืจื•ืกืŸโ€Ÿ โ€” ืœื›ืœึพื”ืคึผื—ื•ืช ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืึทืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืขืจ ืจื•ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืข. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืžื™ื–ืจื—ึพืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึดืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื ื˜ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธืก. ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื•ืš โ€žื“ื™ ืคึฟืึธืœืงึพื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœโ€Ÿ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืดืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืึธื ืงื™ืจืคึผื™ื˜ืฉืขื ืึธืง. ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึทื•ืึทืจื“ ื–ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืชึพื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื˜, ืึทื– ืงื™ืจืคึผื™ื˜ืฉืขื ืึธืง ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฉืึทืจืฃ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื‚ื™ื ืื” ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ื‘ืฒึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืจื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืข ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืฆื“ ื“ื™ โ€žืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืขโ€Ÿ ื•ื•ืฒึทืกืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื ื™ืงืึทืœืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ืื™ื– ื›ึผื“ืึทื™ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข โ€” ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืึทืฆืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ื™ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืงืจืึทื™ึดื ื™ืฉึพ, ื•ื•ืฒึทืกืจื•ืกื™ืฉึพ, ื‘ืขืกืึทืจืึทื‘ื™ืฉึพืฉื˜ืึทืžื™ืงืข ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ ืคึฟืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ืฉื˜ื— ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื ืจืึทื˜ืŸึพืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“. ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข โ€žื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืขโ€Ÿ ื‘ืฒึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจื•ื•ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืงืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคึฟืœื”ืึทืคึฟื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพื™ืจื•ืฉื”. ืฉืฒึทื›ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ: HYPERLINK โ€œ//yiddish.forward.com/articles/216123/the-neglected-misfortune-of-ethiopian-jews/โ€//yiddish.forward.com/articles/216123/the-neglected-misfortune-of-ethiopian-jews/ Share On Facebook Twitter ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ The Yiddish Daily Forward welcomes reader comments in order to promote thoughtful discussion on issues of importance to the Jewish community. 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'); //j171('#IDCNavGuest2 > div').append(j171('#IDCNavList')); //j171('.idc-loginbtn_intensedebate, .idc-loginbtn_twitter').text(''); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').text('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’.'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').children('a').wrap(' '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('div');}); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').before(' ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv').css({"text-align":"left", "direction":"ltr"}); /* $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').on('load', function() { $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').text('To post a comment, please login or enter your name and email address'); }); */ $('#IDNewThreadSubmitLI > a > span.idc-r > strong').text('ืฉื™ืงื˜'); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').wrap(' ');}); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').before('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’. ').wrap(' ');}).css({"text-align":"right", "direction":"rtl"}); } else { $(setTimeout(yiddishcomments, 3000)); } return; }
ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืจืึทื“ ืื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืคึผืœ (ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ: degree) ืฆื• ืžืขืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืืžืขื˜ืจื™ืข. ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืคืœ ืื™ื– ื ืžื“ืจื™ื’ื” ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื’ืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขื ืกื™ืžื‘ืืœ ยฐ, ืœืžืฉืœ ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ื’ ื’ืจืื“ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 60ยฐ. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืื“ (ืจื•ื™ื˜) ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ื’ืจืื“ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืžืขืกื˜ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ (ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ: angle) ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืคืœืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ ืžืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืคืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. ื ืงืจื™ื™ื– ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 360ยฐ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืื– ื ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืข ืœื™ื ื™ืข ืื™ื– 180 ืฉื˜ืืคืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื”ืืœื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืจื™ื™ื–, ืื•ืŸ ื ืคื™ื ืงื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืจ (ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ) ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ (ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ: right angle) ืื™ื– 90 ืฉื˜ืืคืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืคืขืจื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืจื™ื™ื–. ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ืœื™ืš ืื™ื– 360 ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืžืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืงืœืขื ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ืฉื˜ืืคืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ 60 ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 60 ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืขืก. ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืคืืจื•ื•ืืก ื ืงืจื™ื™ื– ืื™ื– ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 360 ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 1 ื‘ื™ื– 10 ื—ื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ 7. ืื– ืก'ื–ืืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 7 ื•ื•ืืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื ื™ืฆืŸ 2520 ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉ. ื ืืš ื ืกื‘ื” ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ื ื‘ืขืจืš 360 ื˜ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ ื”ืงื ื” ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื– ื ื™ืืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข 360 ื˜ืขื’, ืืคืฉืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืœ.[ืคึฟืขืœื˜ ืึท ืžืงื•ืจ]
ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืขืก ื’ืขืคื•ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 40 ืงื™ืœืืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ 48 ืงื™ืœืืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ื˜. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื. ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 300,000 ืื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ, ื ืžืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืกื•ืœืžืขื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืกื•ื ื™ืก, ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจ, ื ืืš ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืืคื”ืขื ื’ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืœืข ืฉื˜ืื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื™ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืื ื“, ื•ื•ื™ ื ืขืคื˜ ืจืขืคื™ื™ื ืขืจื™ืก, ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื ืืคื˜ ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืืœื‘ืื™ื ื“ื–ืœ, ืฆื•ื ืžื™ื˜ืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืืคืข. ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื–ื‘ื•ืœื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืจื›ืชื• ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื‘ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืื’ืจืื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืข, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื‘ืขืจ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืจ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื•ื•ื™ื ืฅ, ืืกืืš ืื™ืžืคืขืจื™ืขืก ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืื˜, ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ืื™ืžืคืขืจื™ืข, ื“ื™ ืžื•ืกื•ืœืžืขื ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืฆืฆื•ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื˜ืืžืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืžืคืขืจื™ืข. ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื˜ื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืืกืืš ื”ืขื ื˜.
... ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข, ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืžื‘ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ืื– ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ื“ืืคืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื•"ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื: ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ: ื“ื™ ืฉืืœื” ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืฉื•"ืช, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืœื ืชืชื’ื•ื“ื“ื•, ื•ื•ืืก ื—ื–"ืœ ื“ืจืฉ'ื ืขืŸ ืœื ืชืขืฉื• ืื’ื•ื“ื•ืช ืื’ื•ื“ื•ืช, ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืืค ื’ืขืคืกืง'ื ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื•ืœ - ื‘ื™ื™ื ื“ืื•ื•ื ืขืŸ - ื•ื•ืื• ืืœืข ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ื˜ืืจ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ื“ืื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื•ื”ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ - ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก [ืื™ื–] ื“ืขืจ ืžื ื”ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ื–"ืœ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื - ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ืื™ื– ืืคื™ืœื• ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ื ื“ืื•ื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื•ืœ ื•ื•ืื• ืืœืข ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื™ืข ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืจ ืื ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื“ื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจืืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื ืชืชื’ื•ื“ื“ื•, ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืก ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ืงืืŸ ื“ืืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื‘"ืฉ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ืื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืงื™ ื.ื.ื•ื•. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ืืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกื™' ืœ"ื, ืฉื•"ืช ืžื ื•ื—ืช ืžืฉื” ืกื™' ืก"ื“, ืฉื•"ืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืžื”ื“ื•"ืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงื›"ื’, ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืืกืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆ[ืฉ]ื•"ืข ืขื ืคื™' ืฉืขืจื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” (ื“ืคื•ืก ื ื•ื™ืืจืง ืชืฉื™"ื) ืกื•ืฃ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ื•"ื“ ื•ื›ื•'. ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื™ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื•"ื˜, ื•ืค"ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืžืชืคืœืœื™ ื‘ื™ื”ื›"ื  ืฉืœื•. ื "ื‘: ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื™"ื˜ ื›ืกืœื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืกืชืžื ื‘ืื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื™ื•.
ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืœื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช; ืกืณืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ. ื ืึธื˜ืจืขื“ืึทื ื“ืข ืคึผืึทืจื™ื– (ืคึฟืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ: Notre-Dame de Paris) ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ืขื“ืจืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–, ืคึฟืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ืš. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืึทืš ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื™ืขื“ืข ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ืขื“ืจืึทืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืš. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ืขื“ืจืึทืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ืึธืœื™ืฉืข ืึทืจื›ื™ื“ื™ืึธืงืขื– ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ 23 ืึทืจื›ื™ื“ื™ืึธืงืขื–ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ืš. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ืขื“ืจืึทืœ ืื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืกืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข. ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืจืึธื ื˜ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืงืึทื˜ืขื“ืจืึทืœ ื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ื•ื’ืึธ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืก ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ืขื“ืจืึทืœ. ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก "ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืจืขื“ืึทื", ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทื“ืึทืคึผื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืึท ืกืึทืš ืžืึธืœ (ืื™ื™ึทื ืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื™ืžื™ืจื˜ืข ื“ื™ื–ื ื™ ืึทื“ืึทืคึผื˜ืึทืฆื™ืข). ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ื ืึธืจ "Notre-Dame de Paris". ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืจืขื“ืึทื ืืฑืคึฟื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1163 ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื•ื•ืขื–ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืคึผื•ื™ื‘ืกื˜ ืึทืœืขืงืกืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขื 15ื˜ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืœ 2019 ื”ืื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคึฟื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืงืึทื˜ืขื“ืจืึทืœ ื‘ืขืช ืจืขืคึผืึทืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคึฟืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ืš ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืžืึทืงืจืึธืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืึทื ืึธื ืกื™ืจื˜ ืึทื– ื ืึธื˜ืจืขื“ืึทื ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื– "ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืฉื™ืงื–ืึทืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคึฟืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื•ืชึผืคึฟื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืžืึธื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืก."
'''ืฉืจื’ื ืคื™ื™ื•ื•ืœ ืžืขื ื“ืœืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ''' (ืชืจืž"ื•-ืชืฉ"ื—) ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืžืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ [[ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข]]. ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช [[ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื“ืขืช]], ื [[ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”]] ืื™ืŸ [[ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ]], ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข [[ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืกื•ืจื”]]. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘ ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืœืื ืฆื˜ ืขื›ื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ [[ืคืืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ]]. ื”ืจ"ืจ [[ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ]] ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื:"ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื". == ื‘ื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืข== ืฉืจื’ื ืคื™ื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ [[ืื•ื ื’ืืจืŸืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ]] ([[ื˜ืฉืขื›ื™ื™ืžืขื–ืฉื™ืœืื‘ืจื™ืฅ]]) ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, [[ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืกืœืื•ื•ืืงื™ื™]] (ื“ืขืžืืœื˜ืก ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ [[ืžืขื–ืฉื™ืœืื‘ืจื™ืฅืื•ื ื’ืืจืŸ]]) ืื™ืŸ [[ื”'ืชืจืž"ื•]]. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืจื‘ื™'ืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ [[ืžืฉื” ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืืœื“|ืขืจื•ื’ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื]] ืคื•ืŸ [[ื—ื•ืกื˜]], ื“ืขืจ [[ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืจืื–ื ื‘ืขืจื’|ื‘ืืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ]] ืคื•ืŸ [[ืื•ื ืกื“ืืจืฃ]] ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ [[ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ื•ื ื ืกื•ืคืจ|ืฉื‘ื˜ ืกื•ืคืจ]] ืคื•ืŸ [[ืคืจืขืฉื‘ื•ืจื’]], ื‘ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืืคื˜ ื ื—ืฉืงืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืื•ื [[ื”'ืชืจืข"ื’]] ืื™ื– ืจ' ืฉืจื’ื ืคื™ื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ [[ืคืืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ|ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข]], ื•ื•ืื• ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืคืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ [[ืกืงืจืขื ื˜ืืŸ]], [[ืžืืกืื˜ืฉื•ืกืขื˜ืก]]. ื ืื›ื”ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžื ื”ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื“ืขืช, ื•ื•ืืก ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืžื•ืกื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืจืื ื’. == ื—ื™ื ื•ืš== ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื—ื–ืง ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืข ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช,<ref>[http://www.jewishpress.com/displayContent_new.cfm?mode=a&contentid=21519&%20contentName=My%20Machberes ืžื—ื‘ืจืช]</ref> ืœืžืฉืœ, [[ืžืชื™ื‘ืชื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ]], [[ื˜ืขืœื–ืฉืข ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืงืœื™ื•ื•ืœืื ื“]] ืื•ืŸ [[ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ื”]].<ref>Rosenblum, Yonason. Reb Shraga Feivel - The Life and Times of Rabbi Shraga Feivel Mendlowitz, the Architect of Torah in America. Brooklyn, NY: Artscroll Mesorah, 2001, (ISBN 1-57819-797-X).</ref>
'''ืžืขืžืคื™ืก''' ืื™ื– ื [[ืฉื˜ืื˜]] ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ [[ื˜ืขื ืขืกื™]], ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ [[ืคืืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ]]. ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืœื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื [[ื•ื•ืืœืฃ ื˜ื™ื™ืš|ื•ื•ืืœืฃ]] ืื•ืŸ [[ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืš|ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™ ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืŸ]]. ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 670,100, ืื™ื– ืžืขืžืคื™ืก ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ [[ื˜ืขื ืขืกื™]], ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ [[ืœื™ืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’|19ื˜ืข20ืกื˜ืข ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข]] ืื™ืŸ [[ืคืืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ]].<ref name="07EST"/> == ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ืขืจ == == ืจืขืคืขืจืขื ืฆืŸ == {{ืจืขืคืœื™ืกื˜ืข}} |refs=<ref name="07EST">{{cite web | url = http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2007-01.csv | title = Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2007 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007 | work = 2007 Population Estimates | publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division | date = 2008-07-14 | accessdate = 2008-07-14 }}</ref>}}
ืจื‘ื™ '''ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคึฟื™ื ืงืœ''' (ืืœื•ืœ [[ื”'ืชืจืœ"ื–]] - [[ื™"ื˜ ืชืžื•ื–]] [[ื”'ืชืฉื›"ื”]]) ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ [[ืžื™ืจืขืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”|ืžื™ืจ]]. == ื‘ื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืขื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืืจืŸ == ืจื‘ื™ ืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืืœื•ืœ ืชืจืœ"ื– ืื™ืŸ [[ืงืขืœื]], ืœื™ื˜ืข, ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ [[ื ืชืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื™ื ืงืœ]], ื“ืขืจ "ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืœืื‘ืื“ืงืข". ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืก ืงื™ื ื“ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืกื›ืชื•ืช ื’ืžืจื ืื™ืŸ [[ืกื“ืจ ื ืฉื™ื|ื ืฉื™ื]] ืื•ืŸ [[ืกื“ืจ ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ|ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ]]. ืื™ืŸ ืชืจืž"ื” ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ [[ืกืœืื‘ืื“ืงืข]] ื•ื•ืื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ "[[ืกืœืื‘ืื“ืงืขืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”|ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ]]" ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื›ื˜ึพื™ืขืจื™ื’ืขืจ ืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืืจ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ [[ื˜ืขืœื–]] ื‘ื™ื™ ืจื‘ื™ [[ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉืงืืค]] ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ [[ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื’ืืจื“ืืŸ]]. ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆืŸ ื™ืืจ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ืฉ"ืก. ื“ืืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืืก ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืืœืก ืื•ื™ืคื”ืืœื˜ ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืคืืจ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ื ืืจ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืกื˜ื™ืคืขื ื“ื™ืข ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜ ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ืชืจื "ื“ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ [[ื‘ืจื™ืกืง]] ื‘ื™ื™ ืจื‘ื™ [[ื—ื™ื™ื ืกืืœืื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื™ืง]], ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืชืจื "ื• ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืœืื‘ืื“ืงืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื™ืืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืชืจื "ื– ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ืคืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ [[ืกืœื•ืฆืง]] ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ืขื [[ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื•ื™ืœืื•ื•ืกืงื™|ืจื™ื“ื‘"ื–]] ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืจื‘ [[ืื™ืกืจ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืขืœืฆืขืจ]]. ื ืืš ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ [[ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืฅ]], ืื•ืŸ ื ืื›ื”ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืงื“ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคื•ื ืขื [[ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื]] ืื™ืŸ [[ืจืื“ื™ืŸ]]. ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ [[ืžื™ืจ]] ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืื˜ืก ืจื‘, ื”ืจื‘ [[ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจื•ืš ืงืืžืื™]]. ื”ืจื‘ ืงืืžืื™ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืชืจืก"ื’ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขื. == ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ == ืื™ืŸ ืชืจืก"ื– ืื™ื– ืจื‘ื™ ืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื ืžื’ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ [[ืžื™ืจืขืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”]]. ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ [[ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžืœื—ืžื”|ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžืœื—ืžื”]] ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ [[ืคืืœื˜ืื•ื•ืข]]. ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืงืืžืื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขื ืจ' ืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืœ. ื”ืจื‘ ืงืืžืื™ ืื™ื– ื ืคื˜ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ืืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืืœืกื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืจื‘ื™ ืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืœ ืืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ [[ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืžืœื—ืžื”|ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืžืœื—ืžื”]] ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืงื™ื™ืŸ [[ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“]]. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืกืขืจื˜ื™ืคื™ืงืื˜ ืคืืจ [[ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]] ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ืืจื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื–ืืจื’ืŸ ืกืขืจื˜ื™ืคื™ืงืื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ืืœืขืจ ืžื™ืจืขืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉ"ื“ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ [[ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื]] ื“ืขื ืžื™ืจืขืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืืš ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื•ืื• ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืกืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืจืขืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื˜ืื’. ื™"ื˜ ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉื›"ื” ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื‘ืืขืจื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ [[ื”ืจ ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื•ืช]]. == ืžืฉืคื—ื” == ืจื‘ื™ ืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ ืžืœื›ื”, ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจื•ืš ืงืืžืื™, ืฉื˜ืื˜ืก ืจื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ [[ืžื™ืจ]]. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ: * ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืื‘ ( ื›"ื“ ืื“ืจ ืชืจืก"ื“ - ื™"ื— ืืœื•ืœ), ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื); ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ ืœืื” ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืฉื•ืฅ. * ื—ื ื” ืžืจื™ื, ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ ืจื‘ื™ [[ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ]] * ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื”, ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ ื ื—ืžื” ืื™ื™ื“ืœ, ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ [[ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ]] * ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืื™ืจ, ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ [[ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื]] ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืฆื™ืจืœ (ื’ืœื™ืงืกืืŸ) ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื” ืจืืฉื. * ืจื‘ื™ [[ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉ ืคื™ื ืงืœ|ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉ]] (ื”'ืชืจืข"ื’ - ื™"ื— ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉ"ืŸ), ืžื™ืจืขืจ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”; ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ ืืกืชืจ, ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ [[ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ืจื™ื™ื ืขืžืืŸ]]
ื“ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ืžื’ืคึฟื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ืขืžืข ืฆื• ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ืขืงื“ืึธื˜ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืคึผื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืฉืœื•ืึพืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื–ืึธื’, ืึทื– ืœืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ. ืื™ื– ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื•ื•ื™ืฆืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคึฟืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”. ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึท ื”ื•ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฅ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืก. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜: ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจืŸ โ€” ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื ื˜ ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœืฉืœืึธืก, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš โ€” ื“ื™ ืžืึทืกืงืข. ื“ื™ ืžืึทืกืงืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ึผื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืขืกืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทืขืคึฟืขืงื˜ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืงืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืึทื– ืกืณืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืœืขืคึฟืึธืŸึพืฉืžื•ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื ื•ื“ื ื™ืง. ืคึฟืจื™ึดืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฅ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืกื•ืฃ ืฆื•ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก, ื–ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืง: โ€žืึทื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ื›ืณืžื•ื– ืœื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ!โ€Ÿ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ื›ืณื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืœื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ. ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืงึพืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืœืข ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืกืขื ืึทื˜ืึธืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจืŸโ€ฆ ืกืข ืคึฟืึทืจื“ืจื™ืกื˜ ืคึฟืึธืจื˜: ื‘ืฉืขืชืŸ ืงืึธืจืึธื ืึทื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื›ึผื ื”ึพื’ืจื•ืคึผืข. ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ ืคึผืขื ืกื™ืึธื ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟื•ืœืข ืคึผืขื ืกื™ืข, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ืจ: โ€žื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฆื• ื™ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฆื• ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ!โ€Ÿ * * * ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืœืง ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟืึทืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ืš ืงืจืขื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื’ืคึฟื•ืช. ื›ืณื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื—ื•ื ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืฉืงืึธื•ื•ืก โ€žืื•ืฆืจโ€Ÿ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื›ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ื ื•ืฅ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ: ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึฟืœื•ื™ื (ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ: ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืš. ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืขื ืงืจืึทื ืงืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜) ืžืณื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ (ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ: ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืคึฟืขื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึท) ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ (ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ: ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืึธื˜ืกึพืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฆื• ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ)
# ืงื•ื“ื ื“ืืจืคืกื˜ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื–ืืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ืคื˜ ื ื ืขื’ืขื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืคื”ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ืืœ ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืืจื›ืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืœืืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื ืื™ื ืกื™ืงืœืขืคื™ื“ื™ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ื ื’ืขื ื™ื’ ืคืืจืขืžืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืื’ืก. # ืฆื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ื“ืืจืคืกื˜ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืืฉื•ื™ ืจื‘ ืื™ื– ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืžื™ื ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’.ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื’ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืืก ื–ืื’ืขืŸ ืื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื–ื™ืœื–ื•ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืืฉื•ื™ ืจื‘ ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืืค' ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื–ื™ืœื–ื•ืœื“ื™ื’ืข ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืืจ ื”ืขื›ื˜ืขื ืก ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืชืžื™ื . # ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขื ืก ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ ื”ืืกื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืจืื‘ืœืขื ืื™ืŸ ืืค' ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืก ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื– ื“ื™ ื”ืืœื˜ืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืก ืคื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืœืžืฉืœ: ื“ื™ ืืœื™ื™ื ืก ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืกื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืœื'ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืืš ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ื˜ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืืจืืค ืžืืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืœืืกื˜ื™ ืื– ืืค' ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจืขืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ืชืžื™ื ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜. ื“ื™ ืืœื™ื™ื ืก ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืกื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืœื'ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืืš ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ื˜ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืืจืืค ืžืืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืœืืกื˜ื™ ืื– ืืค' ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจืขืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ืชืžื™ื ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜. # ืฆื™ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื’ ื’ืขืืกืขืจื˜ ืืœืขืก ื•ื•ืืก ื ืืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืืกืขืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืืจื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืฉืœ: ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ืฉืžื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ื ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื•ื ืคืืคื ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืœื›ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื•ื™ ืคืืคื ืจื‘ ืืกืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืชื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืค' ื ืื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืก ืคืืคื ืจื‘ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืžืืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ืงืขืŸ ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืืœ ืืกืขืจืขืŸ.
ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืœื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช; ืกืณืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืขืจ ืคึฟื™ืœืึพืคึฟืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœ (ื“ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉ: Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืฅ Berlinale ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืึทืœืข) ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ืืœืฅ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืคื™ืœืึพืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืกืคืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืืคืข, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืื ื“, ื™ืขื“ืขืก ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ. ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ 10-ื˜ืึธื’ื™ื’ืข ืคื™ืœื ืคึฟืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื™ืขืจืœื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 300,000 ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ, ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืื ื“, ืืœืขืก ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืฆื˜ ื“ืืก ืฆืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขืจ 500,000 ืฆื•ืฉื•ื™ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื 20,000 ืคืจืืคืขืกื™ืื ืืœืข ืคืื›ืœื™ื™ื˜, ืกืขืœืขื‘ืจืขื˜ื™ืก, ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื”ืื ืขืŸ 4,500 ื“ื–ืฉืืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ืข ืœื™ื™ื˜, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 130 ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ืืก ื‘ืืœืื’ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขืคื™ืš ืื•ื•ืื• ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึฟื™ืœื ืฉื˜ืขืจื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทืœืขื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื–, ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืš-ืคึผืจืึธืคื™ืœ ืคื™ืœืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืขืจืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืจืืคืขื™ืฉืข ืคึฟื™ืœื ืžืึทืจืงืขื˜ (EFM), ืคื™ืจื˜ ืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืœื ื”ืึทื ื“ืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœืข ื•ื•ืืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืึทืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืืกื˜ืขืจื™ืข ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœืข ืคื™ืœื ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข, ื•ื•ืื• ืคื™ืœื ื”ืื ื“ืœืขืจ, ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืขืจ, ืคื™ื ืึทื ืฆื™ืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธ-ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ. ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทืก, ืึท ื•ื•ืึธืš-ืœืึทื ื’ ืกืขืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืœืขืงืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ื ืื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืš ื ื–ืืžืœ-ืืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืคื™ืœืž'ืžืึทื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ื“ืขื ื’ืœืึธื‘ื•ืก, ื•ื•ืืก ืคื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ืขื ืจื™ื–ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœ. ื“ืืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขืฉืื ืง - ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ืข ืฉืคื™ืœืขืจ, ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื 'ืื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืก ื“ืืก ืกื™ืžื‘ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉืื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืืงื˜ื™ืืจ, ืืงื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื ืืš ื’ืขืฉืื ืงืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื–ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืืจ ื“ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืกืœื™ืง, ื•ื•ืืก ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ - ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืืคืขืกื™ืื ืืœืข ืคื™ืœื ืขืงืกืคืขืจื˜ืŸ - ืฆื• ืืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืคื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคืืจ ืคืืจืฉื™ื“ื -ืกืืจื˜ื™ื’ืข ืคื™ืœืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืจืื ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืืœืข ืคืจืื’ืจืื, ื•ื•ืืก ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฉืคื™ืœื˜ ืคืื”ืจ ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืœืืฅ. ื“ื™ 67 ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืขืจ ืคึฟื™ืœื ืคึฟืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืœืื ื˜ ืคืืจืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ 9 - ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ 19, 2017, ืื•ื•ืื• ื“ืืก ืžืืœ - ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ - ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืคืฉืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื™ืจืŸ, ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืœื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืืžืขืŸ ืžื ืฉื”, ืื™ื ืขื 'ืคืึธืจื•ื' ืืคื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืืก ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืืš 43 ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ื’ืข ืคื™ืœืžืขืŸ, ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 30 ื ืืฆื™ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื•ื•ืขื‘ืœื™ื ืงืขืŸืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืขืจ-ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืคึฟื™ืœื ื˜ืขืžืข ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ื•ืžืฃ. ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืขืœืคึฟื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคืขื“ื™ืข ืื™ื ืคึฟืืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ. ื–ืขืŸ โ€ข ืจืขื“ืŸ โ€ข ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ "https://yi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืขืจ_ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœืขืจ_ืคื™ืœื-ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœ&oldid=544786"
ืคึฟืืกื™ืœ-ื‘ืจืขื ืฉื˜ืืฃ ืื™ื– ื‘ืจืขื ืฉื˜ืืฃ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ, ื ืืคื˜ ืื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืื–. ืขืก ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœื ืฉื˜ืืฃ. ื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ืคืื‘ืจื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืขื ืฉื˜ืืฃ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืจืื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืื›ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง ืคืืจ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื‘ืื ื™ืฆืŸืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืคืืกื™ืœึพื‘ืจืขื ืฉื˜ืืฃ ืฆื• ืฉืืคืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืื›ื˜-ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข. ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืขื ืฉื˜ืืฃ ืฆื• ื”ื™ื™ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืข, ื•ื•ืืก ืฉืืคื˜ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืข. ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืื– ืฆื• ืงืื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืคื˜ ืžืื›ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขื ื–ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ืืžืื‘ื™ืœืŸ, ืฉื™ืคืŸ, ืขืจืืคืœืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืืงืขื˜ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืคืืกื™ืœึพื‘ืจืขื ืฉื˜ืืฃ ืฉืืคื˜ ืขืก ืœื•ืคื˜ ืคืืจืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’. ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืจ ื˜ืขื ื”'ืŸ ืื– ื“ืืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืœืื‘ืืœืข ืื ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืŸ.
This is something many people are trained to ask. However, for Moshe Dovid Kish ื–"ืœ, this was the life he lived. He was never satisfied with the amount of Chesed heโ€™d already done. He was always seeking new opportunities to help. He started out as a young man in Kollel by joining the Chevra Kadisha, followed by saving lives in Hatzolah, training to become a Paramedic, topping it off by selflessly dedicating his life to teens at risk, then finally becoming a social worker to further increase his assistance to these broken souls. Tragically, in 2010 lightning struck the Kish family when their father was diagnosed with an advanced brain tumor, the devastating Glioblastoma Stage 4. But Moshe Dovid ื–"ืœ never relented from doing Chesed! He continued responding to Hatzolah calls, even covering night shifts while undergoing debilitating cancer treatment. His love for his fellow Jew overpowered his personal pain and suffering. Beating all odds, outliving every prognosis and channeling his immense resources of bitachon he passionately battled this disease for more than ten years! Yet tragically, after ten agonizing years, he succumbed to his illness, leaving behind a devastated widow, eight shattered children, four of whom are still unmarried, and hundreds of heartbroken friends and acquaintances. This tragedy has left the family financially debilitated, with mountains of debt from the enormous medical expenses, zero income, and no means to marry off the remaining children at home. Dear brothers and sisters! Letโ€™s think for a moment about the thousands of lives Moshe Dovid ื–"ืœ impacted in his lifetime! Letโ€™s think about the countless people alive today thanks to his selfless response! Letโ€™s think about the numerous teens at risk who went on to build beautiful Jewish home as a result of his extraordinary intervention! Now that his family is in dire financial straits can we just turn our backs on them? The onus is on us to ease this tremendous burden on the shoulders of his heartbroken widow. We must help them establish a solid financial base to help them cope with their tragic loss. Please find the โ€œDONATE NOWโ€ button on this page, and letโ€™s show the family that Klal Yisroel will never forget their fatherโ€™s impressive Chesed, by donating generously to their orphanโ€™s fund. In the Zโ€™chus of bringing joy to Hashemโ€™s children, Hashem will surely fulfill his promise by bringing joy to you and your family. Amen. "ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืก ื ืืš ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืขืœืคืŸ?" ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืœื” ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืกืืš ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืกืœื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืจืขื’ืŸ. ืื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ืจ' ืžืฉื” ื“ื•ื“ ืงื™ืฉ ื–"ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜! ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืžืืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื—ืกื“ ื•ื•ืืก ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ื•ื”ืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืืœืก ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืก ื ืืš ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื™ื“. ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืœืก ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ, ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื’ืขืฉืœืืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืงื“ื™ืฉื ืฆื• ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ื—ืœืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ืกื“ ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืื ื”ืžืชื™ื, ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืฆืœื” ืฆื• ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืืคืืจ ื™ืืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื ืคืืจืืžืขื“ื™ืง, ืฆื• ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ืื›ืžืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื”ืขืœืคืŸ. ื“ืืก ืืœืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคืืจ ืจ' ืžืฉื” ื“ื•ื“ ื–"ืœ, ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื˜ืคืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืื’ื˜ืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ืืš ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื˜ื•ื”ืŸ, ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ืกืื•ืฉืขืœ ื•ื•ืื•ืจืงืขืจ. ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืคืฉื•! ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉ"ืก ื”ืื˜ ื ื˜ืจืื’ืขื“ื™ืข ื‘ืืคืืœืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืงื™ืฉ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืื’ื ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืŸ ืคืื˜ืืœืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืงืก ืื™ืŸ ืžื—, ืื–ืื ืก ื•ื•ืืก ื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ื” ืœื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืŸ! ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื ืืš ืืœืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจ' ืžืฉื” ื“ื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืืœื“ืขื ืข ืžืขืฉื™ ื—ืกื“! ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ืžืขื ื˜ืก ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืฆืœื” ืงืืœืก, ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜-ืฉื™ืคื˜ืก. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืืคื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืกื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื. ื“ืืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ืก ื ื™ืืจ ื‘ื™ื– 18 ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืื›ืŸ ืืœืข ืจืขืงืืจื“ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืื ื’ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืคืืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ื™ืืจ! ืื‘ืขืจ ื™ืขืฆื˜, ืฆืขื”ืŸ ื™ืืจ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ, ื ืฆื—ื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื. ื ื”ืืจืฆืจื™ื™ืกืขื ื™ืฉ! ืจ' ืžืฉื” ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืข'ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืจื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ "ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”' ืืœ ืžืฉื” ืขืœื” ืขืœื™", ืจ' ืžืฉื” ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืื˜ ืืœืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ. ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ื ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืื–ื˜ ื ืฆื•ืฉืืกืขื ืข ืืœืžื ื”, ืžื™ื˜ 8 ืคืืจืงืœืขืžื˜ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืืก ืคื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืคื”, ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืื›ืขื ืข ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื’ืขื“ื™ืข ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืื–ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ื ื™ืฉื˜ื ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืก ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฆื• ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ื’ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ื ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื’, ืื‘ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ื™ืืจืŸ. ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ! ืœืืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื ืจื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื ืก ื•ื•ืืก ืจ' ืžืฉื” ื“ื•ื“ ื–"ืœ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืชื•! ืœืืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื ืจื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืฆืืœื™ื’ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืจ' ืžืฉื” ื“ื•ื“ ื–"ืœ! ืœืืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืจื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื“ืื ืง ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืขื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืจ' ืžืฉื” ื“ื•ื“ ื–"ืœ! ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืฉืืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืจื™ื, ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื’ื ืืจื™ืจืŸ? ืขืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื– ื ื—ื•ื‘ ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืืจืืค ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืœืืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืื›ืขื ืข ืืœืžื ื”, ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ืคืขืกื˜ืข ืงืจืŸ ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืจืœื•ืกื˜! ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ื ืืจ ื’ืขื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื ืงืœื™ืง ืื•ื™ืคืŸ DONATE NOW ืงื ืขืคืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืœืื–ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ื”ืืจืฆื™ื’ืข ื ื“ื‘ื”, ื•ื•ืืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืคืืจ'ืฆืขืจ'ื˜ืข ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื– ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ื’ืข ื—ืกื“ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื–"ืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื” ื–ืืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื "ืื ืืชื” ืžืฉืžื— ืืช ืฉืœื™, ืื ื™ ืžืฉืžื— ืืช ืฉืœืš" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืืœื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ืืจ ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื ื—ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ืืžืŸ.
ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื– ืคื•ืœืžื™ื˜ 5-10 ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ KYC. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื– ืื™ืŸ 4 ืขืจื ื™ื ื’ ืกืขืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’. ืคึผื™ ื™ื•ื–ืขืจื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจื ื™ื ื’ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื–. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืฆื™ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืจื– ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ KYC. ืึทื–ื•ื™, ืื™ืจ'ื“ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื“ืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื–. ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจื ื™ื ื’ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืจื™ื–ื™ืง.ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืกืœ-ืคื•ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคึผื™ ืžืึทื˜ื‘ื™ื™ืข. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื•ื•ืึธืจื“ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ืขืจื ื™ื ื’ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืจื™ื•ื•ืึธืจื“ื– ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื“ ืื™ื– ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ื™ึทืŸ. ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึทืจ. ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื ื™ื ื’ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“. ืœืึทื“ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืขื ื“ื–, ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขื‘ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ึทื’ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืœืึธื’, ื™ืึธื•ื˜ื•ื‘ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ืงื”ืœ ืฆื• ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจื ื™ื ื’ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜. ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจ ืœืึทืงืึทืคึผ ืงื•ืจืก. ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืœ 3 ื‘ืึทืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ Pi ืึทืคึผ - ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืœ Mainnet - ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจ ืœืึทืงืึทืคึผ ืงื•ืจืก. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ืึธื ื•ืก ืจื™ื•ื•ืึธืจื“ื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืึทืงืึทืคึผ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ืžืข. ื•ื˜ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฅ ื‘ืึธื ื•ืก.ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ Pi ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืึธื ื™ื˜ืึธืจืขื“ ื“ื•ืจืš Pi ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจื™ื•ื•ืึธืจื“ื–. ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืœื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืกื•ืžืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืœืืกืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ืื™ืŸ Pi Browser. ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ื ืึธื“ืขืคื•ืŸ Pi ื ืขืฅ. ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผื™ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ. Pi ืžืึทื˜ื‘ื™ื™ืข ื”ืื˜ ืึท ืจื™ื–ื™ืง ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ. ืคึผื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืžืึทื˜ื‘ื™ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื–ืขืจื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืขื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ืจืึทืคึผืึทื“ืœื™. ืคึผื™ ื ืขืฅ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื ืึธ1 ื ื™ืฆืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืึธืงื•ืจืจืขื ืกื™. ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึท ืžืึทื˜ื‘ื™ื™ืข ื•ื•ื™ ืคึผื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ืžืึทื˜ื‘ื™ื™ืข ื™ื•ื•ืึทื ืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืคึผืœืึทื ื ืขื“. ืึทืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ 'ืขืคึฟืŸ ืžืึทื™ื ื ืขื˜' ืื™ื– ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง, Pi ื ืขืฅ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜.
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื’ืื ื™ืฉืข ื›ืขืžื™ืงืืœืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืืคื˜ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ืคืืจ ื•ื•ื™ืื˜ืžื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืืฉืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ D ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ K ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฉืงืขืก ื“ื•ืจืš ื‘ืืฆื™ืœืŸ ืื"ื•ื•. ื“ืืก ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืœ ืืžื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ืฉืคืจืืš. ืืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืืจื’ืื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžืื’ืŸ ืงืืจื‘ืืŸ. ื ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ื ื›ืขืžื™ืงืืœืข ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจืคืขืจ ื ื•ืฆื ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคืขืจ ืžื•ื– ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ื ืขืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืืคืฉืœืื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื•ืกืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื•ืกืขืก. ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืงืขืจืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฆืืœืŸ ืืกืืš ืžืืœ ื ืืจ ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืกื˜ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจืื. ื ืืจืžืืœ ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืกืŸ, ื˜ืจื•ื ืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืงืขืจืคืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข'ืก ื‘ืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืข ืคืจืื“ื•ืฆื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ ืงืขื™, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืืคื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืจืื“ื™ืืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืื“ื•ืฆื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ ื“ื™. ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืื˜ืขื’ืืจื™ืขืก: ืคืขื˜ื ืก ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ื ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคืขื˜ื ืก ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื˜ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ืืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืื ื’ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืืจื™ื™ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืคืคืืœ. ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ ืกืืจื˜ืŸืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ A: ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืืจ. ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืกืืจื˜ ืคื™ืžืคืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœืื’ืขืก ื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื•ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ B: ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจื•ืคืข ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ื ืขืŸ, ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ 1B, 2B, 6B, 12B, ืคืืœื™ืง ืขืกื™ื“, ื ื™ืืกื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืืš. ื“ื™ ืืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืคืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื“ืืงื˜ืืจ ื“ืืก ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜-ื˜ืขืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ื ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ B ื’ืจื•ืคืข ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืกื™ื ืขืจื“ื–ืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ืžืขื’ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื“ืœื™ืš. ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ C: ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ ืืกืืš ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉืื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืจ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข ืฉืื ืกืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื›ืืคืŸ ืคืืจืงื™ืœืขื›ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืขืจืœื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื•ืกืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืจืคื•ืื” ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืžื—ืœื”.. ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ C ื“ืืจืฃ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืกืืš ืคืœื™ืกื™ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืŸ ื‘ืขืคืืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืก ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื™ืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ D: ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืœืกื™ื•ื ืื™ื ืขื ืงืขืจืคืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืคืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื‘ืœืขื ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื–ื˜. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืื‘ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื“ืืก ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืื›'ืŸ ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ืืจ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขื˜ื ืก ืื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœ. ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ืŸ E: ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื˜ืจืื ืกืคืขืจื™ืจืŸ ืืงืกื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืงืขืจืคืขืจ. ืคืืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื– ืืงืกื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื— ืฆื• ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืื ื™ืจืŸ.
ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ืžืึทื˜ 20 ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืœื“, ืคึผืœื•ืก ื•ื•ืึทืกื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื•ื ื” ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืฉ ืึทืกืขืžื‘ืœื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืึทืžื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ืึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ Zemax ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ Zemax ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืงืึธืจืกืึทื– ืฆื• ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ืฆืขืจืก ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื˜ืœ ืึทืจื•ื ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื”.ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจื– ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขืงื˜ืฉืขืจืขืจื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ื˜ืขืงื ื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–. ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ 15 ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืกื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืฉ ืขื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื™ืจื– ืคืึธื•ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืฉ ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื•ื•ืœืขื ื’ื˜;ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืฉ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทื‘ืกืึทืงื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ ืคืึทื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืึทืกืขืžื‘ืึทืœื™ื ื’, ื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื™ื ืึทื’ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ื™ืžื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’ ืœืขื ืกืขืก (UV, ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง, ื™ื ืคืจืขืจืขื“), ื™ืœื•ืžืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ, ืœืึทื–ืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ, AR / VR, HUD ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ.ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืฉืึทื ื™ืงืึทืœ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ื ืงื•ื•ืขืจื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ื™ืŸ E- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ 24 ืฉืขื”. ืึธื ืคืจืขื’ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึทื“ืจืขืก:18# ื‘ืึธื’ื•ืึทื ื’ ืจืึธื•ื“, Hushu ื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืึทืœ ืคึผืึทืจืง, ื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทื ื’ื ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืงื˜, ื ืึทื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’-211121, ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืชึผืžื™ื“. ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคึฟืจื™, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ โ€œืžื•ื“ื” ืึทื ื™โ€, ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืชึผืคึฟื™ืœื” ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื•ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืคึผื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืŸ ื ืขื’ืœื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ, ื›ึผื“ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึทืฉืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื˜ืขืคึผืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึฟืจื•ื™ืขื ืฉื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืึธืคึผืฆืึทืกืŸ. ืฆืขืžื™ืฉื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜, ื’ืขืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึฟื™ืก, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขืคึผ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืึทื– ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื˜ืจืขืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจื”. ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื™ื— ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืคึผืจืขื’ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึฟืœื™ื™ืฉ. โ€œื’ื•ื˜ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจื™ื ืงืขืจ!โ€ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืจื•ื ื“ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ืึทื–ืข ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื–. ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืึท ืฉืœืึทื ืงืข, ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ืข ืคึฟืจื•ื™, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ื ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ื™ืกืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืึทื ืฆืŸึพื–ืึทืคึฟื˜. โ€œื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื•ื•ืขืงืŸโ€. ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึทืฆื™ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. ืขืจ ืคึฟืœืขื’ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ืจื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื‘ืึทืŸ, ืึทืจืฒึทื ืคึฟืึธืจื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื”ืขื˜ืŸ. โ€œื›ืณื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืจืขื–ืฉืขื ื™ืฆืข ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืงืึธืŸ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืขืก ืœื™ื‘โ€, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜, โ€œืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื•ื“ื, ื˜ืจื™ื ืง ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืงืึทื•ื•ืข, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืงืึทืœื˜โ€. ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืฒึทืšึพืžืขื‘ืœื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืคึฟืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืข, ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืœืึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืึทืžืกื‘ื•ืจื’. ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืงืจื™ืฉื˜ืึธืœึพื•ื•ืึทื–ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผืœึพืžื™ื ื™ ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืœื™ืจื˜ืข ืžืึทืจืฆื™ืคึผืึทื ืขืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืžืฉ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจื–ื•ื›ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืœืฅ ื˜ืจื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืกื•ืจ. ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ื•ืขื ืงืœื˜: ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉืžืขืง, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธื›ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึธืคึผืœ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืณืื™ื– ืื™ื ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง. โ€œืื™ื– ื“ื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, ืึทืœืขืง, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ?โ€ โ€” ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื™ื ืงืข ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคึฟืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื™ื™ึดืฉืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. โ€” โ€œื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืขืกื˜ื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืจืขื–ืฉืขื ื™ืฆืขืก ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™โ€. ื‘ืึทืžื™ึดืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ื ืขืจ ืึทืงืฆืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื•ืจืžืœื˜: โ€œืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืง. ืื™ืšโ€ฆโ€ โ€” ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ืึธืš ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคึฟืึทืœืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ, ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื–ืฉืขื ื™ืฆืข, ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืงืึทื ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ื ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉึพื”ืฉื: โ€œืฉืžืข ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ื”ืฉื ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื•โ€ฆโ€ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืกืณืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืžืขืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคึฟื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื“ืœืึธื’ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืœืึทื ื’. ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืึทื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืงืœืึทืคึผื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. โ€œื•ื•ื•ึผ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš? ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ื• ืื™ืš?โ€ โ€” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ. โ€œื•ื•ื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืงืกืข?โ€ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื•ืฉืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืคึฟืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืงืขื’ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึฟืจื™ืึพืฉืึทื ืง. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืœื•ืคึฟื˜ืงื™ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืข ื›ืจืึธืคึผืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืฒึทื‘ ืื™ื ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืึทืจื•ื™ึดืงื˜ โ€” ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ื‘ืจื•ืšึพื”ืฉื. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื“ืจื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื ืงืข ืคึผืื”, ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึทืจืึธืคึผืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืœืึธื– ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ. ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขื›ืœืขืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืฉ, ื›ึผื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ึผื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉืœืึธืคึฟืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื•ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœื•ื ื™ืชื˜ืข, ืึท ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืœืึธื– ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคึฟืึทืœืŸ, ืึทื– ืกโ€™ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก โ€” ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืจื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื‘ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืจื˜ ืึธื ืจื™ืจืŸ. ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ื™ืกืขื ืขื ืขืคึผืœ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคึฟืจื•ื›ื˜ โ€” ื ืขื‘ืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจืคึฟื•ื™ืœื˜. ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžืฆื•ืคึฟืจื™ื“ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขื˜, ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืœืึธื–ื ื“ื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืคึผืก. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš, ืึทื– ืกืณืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืžืฒึทื“ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึฟื•ืก ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืœื™ื•ืฉืขื ืขื ืกืคึฟืจึพืชึผื•ืจื”ืขืœืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜. ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ื’ืขืคึฟืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืงืœืึทืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืœื•ืคึฟื˜ืงื™ืœืขืจ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึฟืึทืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ โ€” ื’ืขื•ื•ืึทืœื“, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ? ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืฆื• ืขืคึฟืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง โ€” ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜. ืงื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ึดืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืคึฟืจืขืžื“ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืœืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื ืฒึทื’ืขืจ. ืึท ืคึฟืจืขืžื“ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ืข ื”ืึธืจ, ืึธืŸ ืคึผืื•ืช, ืึธืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืคึผืœ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟืจืขื’ื˜: โ€œืžืึทืžื™, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขื“ื™?โ€ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง, ืึทืจื•ื 10:30 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืจื™, ื‘ืฉืขืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ืจื”ืœืข ื‘ืฒึทื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืขืžื™ื ืึทืจ, ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื’ืœืึธืงืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืจื•ืžืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ืกืณืื™ื– ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ืกื“ื™ื ืกื˜. ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืขืžื™ื ืึทืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟื™ืœ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืขืจ ืกืขืžื™ื ืึทืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืึธืง ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ โ€” ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื•ืจืขื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืฒึทื“ึพืงื™ืจืš. ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜, ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ืงื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืฒึทื– ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื™ืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืข ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืงืœืึทืก. ื“ื™ ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืฒึทื“ึพืงื™ืจืš ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึธืจ ืึท ืœื™ื‘ืขืจืึทืœืŸ, ืึทืจื•ืžื ืขืžื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื˜ืึธืœืขืจืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึฟืŸ, ืึทื– ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื—ื“ืจึพื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืขืก. ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืึทืจื›ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ื•ืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืคึฟืฉืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคึฟื” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคึฟืจืึทื’ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึธืจื“ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฉืึธื ื’ืœื™ืจื˜. ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึฟื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ืžืึทืงืึทืจืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืขื–, ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžืื›ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฉืขืคึผืœืขืคึฟืœ. ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ โ€œืึธืคึผืจื•ืฆืฒึทื˜โ€, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคึฟื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคึฟืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืึทื ืงื‘ืขื˜ืœืขืš โ€” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื˜. ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคึฟืŸ ืคึฟืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ืึทืจื•ืžืœื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ืฆื™ืžืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืคึฟืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ื—ื‘ึฟืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืขืœ (ื“ื ื™ืืœ). ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืึท ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืจืฒึทื–ืœื˜ืข ื”ืึธืจ โ€” ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืคึฟืขืœื™ืคึผืข โ€” ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขื ื™ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคึฟืœืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ โ€” ืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื—ื“ืจึพื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื•ื•ืึทืฉืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื•ืึทืœืขื˜ึพื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆืขืœืึธืคึฟืึทืŸ โ€” ืฆื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง, ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ืขืœึพื™ื•ืฆื ื“ืขืจืคึฟื•ืŸ. ืกืณืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืฉืคึผื™ืœืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ. ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื ืึธืš ืึท ื—ื‘ึฟืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื’ืขืงืจืฒึทื–ืœื˜ืข ื”ืึธืจ โ€” ื’ืจืขื’ืึธืจื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸึพื˜ืึธื’ึพืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ื” ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืึทืœืงืขืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜, ืคึฟื™ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืคึฟื™ืœื โ€œืฉื˜ืขืจืŸึพืžืœื—ืžื•ืชโ€. ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืึท ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืงื•ื‘ืึทื ืขืจ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืžืชึผื ื” ืœื›ึผื‘ึฟื•ื“ ื ื™ื˜ืœ. ืกืณืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืฉื›ื ื”, ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืข ื™ืขืงืขื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืกืขืก ื•ื•ืึทืœืขืก, ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืžืึทืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคึฟืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืึธื“ื ืข, ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืึธืคึฟื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ื•ึผืจืฉื˜ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทืจื˜ืึธืคึฟืœ. ื–ื™ ืคึฟืœืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ืึธ, ื›ึผื“ื™ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืคึฟื™ืœืžืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืฆื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžื™ืกืขืก ื•ื•ืึทืœืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ื™ืึธืจ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืึท ื ื™ื˜ืœึพืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ื” ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืคึฟืœืขื’ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืคึฟืจืขืžื“ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืขืก ืคึฟืœืขื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืžืขื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืกืš ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจืคึฟืึธืœืง. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฆืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืจืึทื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจื˜ื™ืŸึพืœื•ื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื’, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืึธืจืง, ืžื™ื˜ 5โ€”6 ื™ืึธืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทื˜ืขื ื˜ืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืžืคึฟื™ืก โ€” ืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืคึฟืึทืจืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ื™ึพื‘ื•ื“ืงืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ื™ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคึฟืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืคึผืึทืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ื•ืึทืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืก, ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜. ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื“ืงืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืึธื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ืœื“ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช: ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™โ€ฆ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืœืขื’ ืขืก ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ื›ึผื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ึผื•ื•ืฒึทื–ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื•ืžื“ื•ืช. ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ื•ืึทืจ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ืก ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืข. ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืฒึทื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ โ€œืึทืคึผืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืกืฒึทื“โ€, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜. ืึทืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืงืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื—ื‘ึฟืจื˜, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ โ€” ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ึผืกื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืจ. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืจ, ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืึทื–ืึท ืงื•ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืณืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืข ืžืึทื›ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืœืฉืข, ื’ืขืงื™ื ืฆืœื˜ืข, ืฉืขื“ืœืขื›ืข. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื’ืœืึธืงืŸ ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืจื™, ืจืฒึทืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจึพื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ืึท ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ. ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืึทืกื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืึธืจืง. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 116ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืึทืก ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืฒึทื“ึพื“ืจืฒึทื•ื•. ืฆื•ืคึฟืขืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืคึฟืจื™ึดืขืจ, ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื ื™ืŸ, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ โ€” ืคึฟืจืขืžื“. ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื‘ืึธืจื“, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทื˜ืขึพืžืึทืžืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธื ืฆืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ื•ื•ืฒึทืก. ืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธื‘ื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึฟื™ื’ื•ืจืงืขืœืข ืึทื–ืึท, ืึท โ€œื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึฟืึธืจืžืขืจโ€, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืขึพืึทื ื™ืžืึทืฆื™ืข. ื‘ืฒึท ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขื ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžืชึผื ื•ืช ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข โ€” ืœืžืฉืœ, ืึท โ€œืžื™ื˜โ€, ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื˜ืฉืงืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ืึธืœึพโ€ื›ืึทืคึผืขืจโ€. ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ โ€œื›ืึทืคึผืŸโ€ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผื•ืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงืึธืœืึธืžื‘ื™ืขึพืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ โ€” ืžืกืชึผืžื ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืข ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ืึธืœึพืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœืœื™ื, ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจืก ืœื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื”ืคึฟืกืงื•ืช. ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืžื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื˜ืึทื˜ื ืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืœืฒึทื“ื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ึผืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคึฟืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืœ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื™ืึธืจ, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื ืึทืจื™ืฉ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึท ืกืš ืžืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœืขืš ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื›ืึทืคึผื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืขืก ืœื™ื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื‘ืฉื•ืชึผืคึฟื•ืชื“ื™ืงืก, ืขืคึผืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฆื• ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืึทื›ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืžืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืœืึธื’ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟืขืœืŸ; ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื‘ึฟื™ืขื•ืช. ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืขืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ: ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ, ืงื™ื ืึธ, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ืขื ื˜ืึทื˜ื ืก ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ื™ืšึพื’ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ, ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ืึธืœ.
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกืึธืจ ื™ื•ืจื™ ื›ืึทืจืžืขืœื™ืŸ ืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ โ€žืจื•ื™ื–ืŸึพื’ืึทืกโ€Ÿ 35 ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืŸึพืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจึพืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืคึฟืžืขืจืง ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ืฅ ืกืฒึท ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืจืขืคึผืขืจื˜ื•ืึทืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ื“ืขื ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืคึฟืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืคึฟื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ืึท ืจืฒึทืคึฟืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจึพืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจึพืœื™ืฆื™ื™. ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืคึฟื•ืœืข ื–ืึทืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ืคึฟืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืึธืœื“ืึธื•ื•ืข, ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ื™ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึฟืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืขืจึพืคึฟืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื›ืึทืจืžืขืœื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื•. ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืึทืคึฟื™ืฉ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜. ืึท ื˜ืึทื˜ื ืก ืึท ื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื•ืจื™ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืึทืกืŸ, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืก ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ โ€žืึท ื’ื•ืจืœื“ื™ืงืข ื–ืึทืš. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžื™ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ืœืขืจ, ืึทืงื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ื•ืจืœ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืžืข ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคึฟืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ.โ€Ÿ ืื™ืŸ 1988 ืื™ื– ื›ืึทืจืžืขืœื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืึทืกื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคึฟืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืžืขืก โ€” โ€žืึท ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœโ€Ÿ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื‘ืึทืจืึท ืœื™ื™ื‘ืึธื• ืื•ืŸ โ€žื“ืขืจ ื—ื–ืŸโ€Ÿ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืจืึธืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคึฟืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืจืึธื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืึทืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื•ื–ื™ืงืœ โ€žืึท ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœโ€Ÿ. โ€žืกโ€˜ืื™ื– ืึท ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ื•ื•ื™ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ึพืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืึธืจืง ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”. ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืฆื•ื•ืฒึทื’ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืžื™ื’ืจื™ืจื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ; ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืขืงืœ ืคึฟืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืขึพืœืึทื’ืขืจ; ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ืข; ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืœื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื˜ืจืขืคึฟืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืœืขื‘ื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžโ€˜ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื ื™ืฉื˜ึพื“ืึธื™ึดืงืŸโ€ฆโ€Ÿ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืขืกืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืึทื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกืึธืจ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ. ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืŸึพืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืขืกืข โ€žืึท ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœโ€Ÿ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ืžื’ื’ืขืคึฟืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืข, ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, ืึธื“ืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ โ€žืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ื™ื–ืŸึพื’ืึทืกโ€Ÿ ืื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืง; ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืžื–ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ 1990ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืŸึพืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืคึฟืึทืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืœืึทืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื—ืœื•ื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจึพื˜ืจื•ืคึผืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืึทืงื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืžืขืœื™ื ืก ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืฉืœื•ืึพืขืœื™ื›ืžืก โ€žื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸโ€Ÿ, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกืึธืจ ืจืื‘ึฟืŸ ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ โ€žืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืกืขืก ื—ื“ืจโ€Ÿ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 1960ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืžืึธื˜ืœ ืกืึทืงืฆื™ืขืจ, ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื• ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึฟืึธืœืงืกึพื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ 10 ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื โ€žืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืŸโ€Ÿ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื ื•ืกื—. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธื ืคึฟืึทืœืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืจืื‘ึฟืŸ ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ืคึฟืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืกโ€˜ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจ, ืฉืœืžื” ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืก. ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคึฟืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืคึฟืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ. ืึท ืกืš ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ืืฒึทื ืคึฟืึทืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืžืขืœื™ื ืก ืื•ื™ืคึฟืคึฟื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืขืžืึธืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืข ืคึฟื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง โ€” ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“ืคึฟืึทื“ืขื ืก โ€žื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืฃึพืžืึทื›ืขืจื™ืŸโ€Ÿ, ื—ื–ื ื™ืฉืข ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืงืึทืจืœื™ื‘ืึทืš, ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื ื—ืžื” ืœื™ืคึฟืฉื™ืฅ. Share On Facebook Twitter ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ The Yiddish Daily Forward welcomes reader comments in order to promote thoughtful discussion on issues of importance to the Jewish community. In the interest of maintaining a civil forum, The Yiddish Daily Forwardrequires that all commenters be appropriately respectful toward our writers, other commenters and the subjects of the articles. Vigorous debate and reasoned critique are welcome; name-calling and personal invective are not. While we generally do not seek to edit or actively moderate comments, our spam filter prevents most links and certain key words from being posted and The Yiddish Daily Forward reserves the right to remove comments for any reason. '); //j171('#IDCNavGuest2 > div').append(j171('#IDCNavList')); //j171('.idc-loginbtn_intensedebate, .idc-loginbtn_twitter').text(''); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').text('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’.'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').children('a').wrap(' '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('div');}); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').before(' ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv').css({"text-align":"left", "direction":"ltr"}); /* $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').on('load', function() { $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').text('To post a comment, please login or enter your name and email address'); }); */ $('#IDNewThreadSubmitLI > a > span.idc-r > strong').text('ืฉื™ืงื˜'); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').wrap(' ');}); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').before('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’. ').wrap(' ');}).css({"text-align":"right", "direction":"rtl"}); } else { $(setTimeout(yiddishcomments, 3000)); } return; }
ืึทื“ืึธื•ื‘ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืึธืฉืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืจืึทืคื™ืง ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืคืึทื›ืžืึทืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ. ื ืฉืจื™ืคึฟื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืกื˜ื™ืœ. ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจืก ื˜ืขื ื“ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืกืฆืึธืœืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉืจื™ืคึฟื˜ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื–, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืคืึธื˜ืึธืฉืึธืคึผ ืœืขืฅ ืื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคืึทื ืฅ ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืึธื ื˜ื• ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื™ืจ ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ. ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืกืœืึธื’ืึทื ืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืœื“. ืึธืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืจืŸ ื ื™ื™ึท ืคืึทื ืฅ ืึทื“ืึธื•ื‘ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืึธืฉืึธืคึผ, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคึฟื˜ ืึทื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืจืŸ ื ื™ื™ึท ืคืึทื ืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึฟืจื™ื™ึท ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืคึฟืจื™ื™ึท ืคืึทื ืฅ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื ืฅ, ืคืึธื ืฆืคึผืึทืกืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš. ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืคืึทื ืฅ ื“ื•ืจืš ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื™ืงืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืกืข ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืึธืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืจืŸ ืึท. ืคืึทื ืฅ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ืคึผืึทืงื™ื“ื–ืฉื“ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท. ืคืึทืจืฉืœืขืกืœืขืŸ ื˜ืขืงืข, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื ืื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ืงืึทืžืคึผืจืขืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืงืึทืžืคึผืจืขืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืžืึธื“ืข. ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจืŸ ื ื™ื™ึท ืคืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจืŸ ื ื™ื™ึท ืคืึทื ืฅ, ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืึธื•ื‘ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืึธืฉืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– ืคืœื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง. ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคืึทื ืฅ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคืึทื ืฅ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืึทื“ืึธื•ื‘ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืึธืฉืึธืคึผ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• โ€œืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ื™ึทโ€. ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื โ€œืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืงโ€. ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทื ื–ื™ืคึผ ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคึฟื˜ ื˜ืขืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธื›ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ โ€œืคืึทื ืฅโ€. ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืคึฟืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœืœืขืจ ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ื™ื ืกื˜ืึธืœื– ื“ื™ ืงืึทืกืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืึทื“ืึธื•ื‘ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืึธืฉืึธืคึผ, ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ึท ืฉืจื™ืคึฟื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ. ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืึธืฉืึธืคึผ ืฆื• ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืึธื ื˜ืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืึธืฉืึธืคึผ, ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ึทื’ ื™ื™ืงืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืึธืฉืึธืคึผ ืžืขื ื™ื•. ื“ืขื ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• โ€œื”โ€. ื“ื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึท ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ื™ึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ึท ืงื ืึทืœ-ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืžืขื ื™ื•ื–. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื ืง ืžืขื ื™ื• ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืจื™ืคึฟื˜ ืกื˜ื™ืœ. ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ืกื˜ืขื“ ืึทืœืคืึทื‘ืขื˜ื™ืงืœื™, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ึท ืฉืจื™ืคึฟื˜, ืงื•ืงืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื™ื•. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื’ืข ืžืขื ื™ื• ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคึฟื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜, ื™ื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืง, ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืึทืจืฃ, ื“ื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ื™ึท ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืจืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจืก. ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคึฟื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืึท ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉืจื™ืคึฟื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื™ื• ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืกื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืึธืฉืึธืคึผ ืฆื• ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืึธื ื˜ืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืึธืฉืึธืคึผ, ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ึทื’ ื™ื™ืงืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืึธืฉืึธืคึผ ืžืขื ื™ื•. ื“ืขื ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• โ€œื”โ€. ื“ื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึท ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ื™ึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ึท ืงื ืึทืœ-ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืžืขื ื™ื•ื–. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื ืง ืžืขื ื™ื• ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืจื™ืคึฟื˜ ืกื˜ื™ืœ. ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ืกื˜ืขื“ ืึทืœืคืึทื‘ืขื˜ื™ืงืœื™, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ึท ืฉืจื™ืคึฟื˜, ืงื•ืงืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื™ื•. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื’ืข ืžืขื ื™ื• ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคึฟื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜, ื™ื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืง, ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืึทืจืฃ, ื“ื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ื™ึท ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืจืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจืก. ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคึฟื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืึท ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉืจื™ืคึฟื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื™ื• ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืกื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ
ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 2015, ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื™ื– ืึท ื ื™ื˜-ืคึฟืึทืจ-ื ื•ืฅ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืœ ืฆื• ื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ, ืืคื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืกืขืžื™ื ืึทื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก. ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ USA. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืงืึทืœื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืœื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืก. ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ืงืกื˜ืขื ื“ื– ืึท ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจืฉืึทืคื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื™ืงืœืขืงื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื’ืจืึทื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ. ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ยป ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื™ื– ื“ืขื“ืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ืึทืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืึทืกืคึผืขืงืฅ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืึธืงื•ืก ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื™ื– ืขืžืคืึทืกื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข & ื™ืฉื™ื‘ึฟื” ืึทื ืกืขืกื˜ืจื™. ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฉืขืœืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ืžืก. ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ืก ืฆื• ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขื‘-ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืจืขืกื•ืจืกืŸ. ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ยป ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืึทื ื’ ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ืฆื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื™ืกืขืจื˜ืฉืขืจื– ืฆื• ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ, ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผื›ืึธื•ืœื“ ื•ื ื™ืคื™ืขื“ ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื™ื ืคึผื•ื˜ ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก, ืงืึธื ืกืึธืœื™ื“ื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืคืจื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข (ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข) ื‘ื•ื™ื ื•ื•ืึธืก ืจื™ืกืขืจื˜ืฉืขืจื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื˜ืึธืœืขืจืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ื  ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืงืœื•ื–ืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ื“ืึทื˜ืข.
ื™ืงืงืึทืจืึธ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce, NIF: 45799359B, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืื™ืŸ, Sagunto, 46500, Valencia, ืกืคึผืึทื™ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ื‘ื™ื™: ื“ื™ ืื™ืžืขื™ืœ ikkaroweb (ืื™ืŸ) Gmail (ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜) ืงืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ (+34) 645 134 539 ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืคืึธืจืขื ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ืฅ ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’: Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ E- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ikkaroweb (at) gmail (dot) com ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ืฅ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜: ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืึธืคื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ E- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืึทื“ืจืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืคึผืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคืืœืŸ ืึท ืคืึธื˜ืึธืงืึธืคึผื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ึทืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืขื ืœืขืš ืœืขื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืง: ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ: ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืื™ื– ื˜ืจืขืึทื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ. ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืจืขืงื˜ืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ (ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืœืฉ). ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ, Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืžื–. ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืœื  ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’: Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ืจ ืึธื ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ, ืกื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึทืžืคึผืขืœื™ื ื’ ืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึทืžืึทื˜ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืงืœื™ื™ืžื–, ื–ื™ื™ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜. ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™: ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืึทื– ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืžืข, Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’. ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ: ืื•ืŸ ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ื™ืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•, ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืขืงื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’. ืžืึธื“ืขืœืก, ืคืืจืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜: ื‘ืึทืึทืžื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืึท ืคึผืจืึทื˜ืขืงืฉืึทืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื“ืจืึธื™ื ื’ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ: ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคึฟื™ืฉ ืฆื™ืœ, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืฆื™ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืึธืŸ ืึทืคืขืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื’ืึทืœืึทื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื“ืจืึธืึทืœ. ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงืœืึธื’ื  ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜: ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื•ื•ื™ Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืžื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce (ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ) ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ืฅ ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืึทื– ืงืึธืจืึทืกืคึผืึทื ื“ื–, ื–ื™ื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื˜ืขืงืฉืึทืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื™ืŸ. ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ, ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืจื™ื’ืŸ, ืึทื ืึธื ื™ืžื™ื–ืข ืื•ืŸ / ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืจื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ. ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึทืŸ E- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• contacto@actualidadblog.com ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืขืก. ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ืขื ืฉืึทืŸ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ: ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืกืึทื’ืจืขื’ืึทื˜ืขื“ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึท ื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš E- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•: ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขืžืขื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขืžืขื ื˜. ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขืžืขื ื˜ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ื•ื–ืœืขื˜ืขืจ: ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขืžืขื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขืžืขื ื˜. ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื•ืคึผืœืึธืึทื“ืขื“ ื“ื•ืจืš Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืฆื• ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื•ืคื™ื™ืœื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงืก: ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืฆื™ืขืŸ ืขืก. ืกื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืึทื’ืจื™ื– ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืฆื• ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืคืึทื“ืขื ืฉื™ืึทืœืึทื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืึทืคึผื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื ื•ื•ืขืจ, ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื ืึธื˜ืขืจื™ื™ื–ื“ ืึทืงืกืขืก, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทื•ื•ื™ื–ืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืึทืœ ื“ืขืงืจืขื˜ 1720 / 2007 ืคื•ืŸ 21 ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื– ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื•ืœืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ืง ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ 15/1999 ืคื•ืŸ 13 ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื’ืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคืืจืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืืžืช, ื–ื™ื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึทื‘ืœื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉื“ ืฆื• ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™, ืื™ืจ ื’ืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืึทื– ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืงืึธืจืึทืกืคึผืึทื ื“ื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข, ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ-ืฆื•-ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš. ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื˜, ื–ื™ื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื ืึทืงื™ืขืจืึทืกื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืœืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทืžื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ืึทื– Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืขืก. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜. ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉื™ื– Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืึทื“ืึทืคึผื˜ ืจื™ื–ืึทื ืึทื‘ืœื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื˜ืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืกืขืก, ื‘ืจื•ื˜ ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืื ืคืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื“ ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืขืงืฉืึทื ื–. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืขืจ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืขื’ืึทืžืจืข ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืกืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ (ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื–ื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’) ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธื ื™ืฉ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืขืก ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื“ ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ. ื˜ืจืึธืฅ ื“ืขื, ืฆื• ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืึทื˜ืŸื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื•ื•ืึธืก ืจื™ืคึผืึธืจืฅ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ืึทื“, Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืงืก ืฆื• ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื•ืกืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžื•ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 72 ืฉืขื”. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืžื™ืจ ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืกืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืคืืจืžืขืŸ, ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคืืจืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืจืขื“ื–ืฉื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–, ื ื•ื–ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขืžืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ / ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขืจืก. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืจื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืจื– ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืง ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืกืขืจืก ืฆื• ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื“ืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืฆื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืง ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื™ื ื’: ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืื˜ ืึท SSL TLS ื•ื• .1.2 ืขื ืงืจื™ืคึผืฉืึทืŸ ืึทื– ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืคืืจืžืขืŸ, ื›ืึธื•ืกื˜ื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืก ื•ื•ืึธืก Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ื”ืื˜ ื›ื™ื™ืขืจื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ Banahosting. ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘: ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืง ืฆื• ืึธื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ืงืึธืจืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืึทืกืคึผืึทื ื“ื™ื ื’ ื˜ืขืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืฆืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ IP, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข, ืฉื•ืฅ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื™ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœืขืจืึทื˜ื™ื– (ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ: ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึทืœ, ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ IP). ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืกืคึผ. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš E- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’. ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืžืข: ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืึทื– ื•ืกืขืจืก ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืงื™ื›ืœ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกื˜ืึธืจื“ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื™ื™ึทืขืš-ืึทืจื™ื™ึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ E- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืึทื“ืจืขืก, ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ IP ืึทื“ืจืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ื™ื ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง. ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืจื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ Occentus ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงืก ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืก. ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’: ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืกื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืกืกืœื™ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึธืจืขื: ืฆื• ืึทืงืกืขืก ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืจื–, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืึท ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึธืจืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜. ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืจื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ Banahosting ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืก. ืžื™ืจ ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืกืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืจืึธื. ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืงืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืึธืก, ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืึทื“ืจืขืก, ื‘ืœื™ืฆืคึผืึธืกื˜, ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ, ืฆืึธืœื•ื ื’ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขืจืก. ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•: ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ / ืกื“ืจ / ื“ื™ื ืกื˜. ืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืงื•ื•ืขืก, ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืงื•ื•ืขืก. ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืก ืคึผื™ื™ืžืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคืจืึธื“ื–ืฉืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ื˜ืจืึทื ื–ืึทืงืฉืึทื ื–. ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ื” ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข: ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ (ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ IP ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืขืจ) ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ืกื“ืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืกื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืงืึธืก ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ. ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืขืกื™ืข ืื™ื– ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•. ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืก ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืงืึธืก ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืขืกื™ืข ืื™ื– ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•. ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืขืกื™ืข ืื™ื– ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•. ื‘ืœื™ืฆืคึผืึธืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื›ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืงืื•ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึทืงืกืขืก ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืงืื•ื ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืึท ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืฉืคึผืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜ ืึธืจื“ืขืจืก. ื ืขื•ื•ืกืœืขื˜ื˜ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขืžืขื ื˜ ืคืืจืžืขืŸ: Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ื ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ Sendgrid, Feedburner ืึธื“ืขืจ Mailchimp ื ื•ื–ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกื˜ืึธืจื– ื“ื™ื™ืŸ E- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืงืกืขืคึผื˜ืึทื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขืžืขื ื˜. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืงืึทื ืกืึทืœื“ ื“ื™ ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขืžืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ื•ื–ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืœื™ื ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ Email: ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ E- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ืกืขื ื“ื’ืจื™ื“ ืจืขื’ืข ืžืขืกื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’: Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืก ื“ื•ืจืš ืจืขื’ืข ืžืขืกื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื”ืึทืฆืึทืคึผืคึผ, Facebook Messenger ืึธื“ืขืจ Line. ืฆืึธืœื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืขืจื–: ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืงืกืขืก, ื“ื•ืจืš ืœื™ื ืงืก, ืฆื• ื“ืจื™ื˜-ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ืกื™ื˜ืขืก, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืคึผื™ื™ึทืคึผืึทืœ o ืคึผืึทืก, ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ืžืึทื ืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce. ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื ืง ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก (ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ื“ื™ ืงืจืขื“ื™ื˜ ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ) ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืขืก. ืขืžื‘ืขื“ื™ื“ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื‘ืกื™ื˜ืขืก ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืžื‘ืขื“ื™ื“ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ (ืœืžืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืืก, ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ืืื–"ื• ื•). ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืขืžื‘ืขื“ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื‘ืกื™ื˜ืขืก ื‘ื™ื›ื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืกื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ืกื™ื˜ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš, ื™ืžื‘ืขื“ ื˜ืจืึทืงื™ื ื’ ื“ืจื™ื˜-ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื ื™ื˜ืึธืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืžื‘ืขื“ื™ื“ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื˜ืจืึทืงื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืžื‘ืขื“ื™ื“ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ. ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก: ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืคึผืจืึทื•ื•ื™ื–ืฉืึทื ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืฉื™ื. ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืึทืฆื™ืข: ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืกืืฆื™ืืœ ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงื™ื ื’ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงืก: Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ื”ืื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื•ืคื™ื™ืœื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืฅ. ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืึทืฆื™ืข: ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึธืก Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืคืึธืจืžืขื ืฉืึทื ื“ ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงืก, ืื™ื– ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ืก ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื ืขืฅ ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืฆื• ืคึฟื™ืจืžืข ืคึผืจืึธื•ืคื™ื™ืœื–. ืื–ื•ื™, Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื ืขืฅ ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ, ืคึผืจืขื–ืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–, ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืงื•ื ื” ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืก. ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื™ืงืกื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ: ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ ื•ื•ืขื˜ Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืขืงืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงืก, ืกื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืก ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืกืคึผืึทืกื™ืคื™ืงืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืกืกืœื™ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก. ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช: ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงืก, ื“ื™ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื’ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืคึผืจืึธืกืขืกืกืึธืจืก ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืื™.ื™ื•. Email. ื“ื™ E- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ Marรญa รngeles Franco Arcese ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ื ื™ืฆืŸ Sendgrid ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก. ืกืืฆื™ืืœ ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงืก. Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ื ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงืก ื™ืึธื•ื˜ื•ื‘ืข, ืคืึทืกืขื‘ืึธืึธืง, ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื˜ืขืจ, ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทื’ืจืึทื, ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื˜, ืคืœื™ืคึผื‘ืึธืึทืจื“ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœืข ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืก ื•ื•ื• ืžืึทืจื™ืึท รngeles Franco Arce ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ื™ืฆืขืจืก, ืื‘ืื ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื•ื•ื™ื’ืึทื˜ืึธืจืก ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื. ืฆืึธืœื•ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืขืจื–. ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ึทืคึผืึทืœ o ืคึผืึทืก, Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœื•ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืขืจื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื•ืึทื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืึทืกืคึผืึทื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืฆืึธืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืงื˜ืขื“ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง. ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืงื˜ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึท ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขืžืขื ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืึธืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข, ืื™ืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืงืกืขืก, ืจืขืงื˜ืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื“ื™ืœื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื‘ืึทื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื•ื ื’, ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ. ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ, Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ื”ืื˜ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืฆื•: ื ืืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ E- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, IP ืึทื“ืจืขืก, ืคึผืึธืกื˜ ืึทื“ืจืขืก, ID / CIF ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ, Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืจื™ื–ืขืจื•ื•ื– ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืง ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื™ื ืคืึธืจืžื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขื–ืขื ื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ. ืงืึทืžื™ื˜ืžืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ืœืึทื’ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ื™ืฆืขืจืก ืึทืงืกืขืก ืื•ืŸ / ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืึทื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ, ืึทืงืกืขืคึผื˜ื™ื ื’, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข, ื“ืขื ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืึทื’ืจื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“, ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ืงืŸ, ื“ื™ืกื™ื™ื‘ืึทืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธื•ื•ืขืจืœืึธืึทื“ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืžื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘. ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ื™ื‘ื– ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ, ืงืจืึธื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืžื™ืจ ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื™ืžืคึผืœื™ื™ื– ืึทืงืกืขืคึผื˜ืึทื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš. ื“ื™ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืึทื•ื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืขื ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœื™ื›ืข ืคึผืจืขืคึฟืขืจืขื ืฆืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฅ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ. ื™ืขื ืข ื•ืกืขืจืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ืคืึธืจืžื“ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืจื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืขืง. ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ืก ื‘ืจืึทื•ื–ืขืจื– ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ 3 ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ: ืœืึทืก ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื›ืœ. ืœืึทืก ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงื™ื›ืœืขืšื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ื™ืฉื˜. ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœื™ ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืขืก: ืึธืคึผื•ื•ืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ืึธื•ืžื™ื™ื ื–; ืึธืคึผื•ื•ืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืขืก; ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ื•ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜-ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื˜ (ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜); ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืคืขืœื“. ื“ืึทืจื˜ ืงื™ื›ืœ Google, ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื™ึทื–ืขืจ, ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทื“ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืกื™ื™ื‘ืึทืœ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทืจื˜ ืงื™ื›ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ Google ืึทื“ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืงืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ Google ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ื‘ืจืึทื•ื–ืขืจื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื•ืกืขืจืก ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื–ืฉื•ืึทืœื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ: ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคืขื“ื™ืข ื ืขืฅ ื‘ื™ืงืึทื ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื‘ ื‘ื™ืงืึทื ื– (ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืืœืฅ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ื‘ืึทื’ื–). ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ื‘ื™ืงืึทื ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืงืกืขืœ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืงืกืขืœ, ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ืžื–ืขื™ืง, ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ืจ ืงืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ื‘ื™ืงืึทื ื– ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืขื ืœืขืš ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš. ืื™ืŸ ื ืืš, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ื‘ื™ืงืึทื ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ืžืขืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืขืจืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขื‘ ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฆืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ื‘ื™ืงืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ: ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคืขื“ื™ืข ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืืœืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื–ืึทื˜ืขืจื– ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืึทื ืึทื ืึทืžืึทืกืœื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื’ื’ืจืขื’ืึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืขืก ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื–, ืกืคึผืึธื ืกืึธืจืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื“ืึทื˜ืขืจื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื™ืœ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก. ื›ืœ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ื˜ืึทืกืงืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ืฅ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืžืขืกื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืกืึทืœื•ืฉืึทื ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš o ื•ื•ืขื‘ ื‘ื™ืงืึทื ื– ืฆื• ืคื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื›ืึทืคึผืึทื ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืกืึทืœื•ืฉืึทื ื– ืฆื• ืžืขืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืœื•ืฉืึทื ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืขืง: Google (ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืก): ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืก ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืึทื•ื˜ืึธืžืึทื˜ื˜ื™ืง / ืงื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ืงืึทืกื˜ (JetPack ืกื˜ืึทืฅ): ืึทื•ื˜ืึธืžืึทื˜ื˜ื™ืง ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง y Quantcast. ื ื™ื™ึทืขืก (ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื): ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืก ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืคึผืข ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื’ืึทื ืฆืข, ืึทืคื™ืœื™ื™ื™ืฅ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงืก. ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ืกืขืจืก. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกืึทืœื˜ืึทื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขื‘ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ืœืขืš. ืœืึทืก ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืขืงืขืก ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืฆื• ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ืžืขืจ ืคืœื™ืกื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื ืึทื•ื•ื™ื’ืึทืฆื™ืข. ืงื™ื›ืœ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฆื™ืœ ืžืขืจ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข Google ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืก __ื•ื˜ืžืึท __ื•ื˜ืžื‘ __ื•ื˜ืžืง __ื•ื˜ืžื– ืขืก ืงืึทืœืขืงืฅ ืึทื ืึทื ืึทืžืึทืก ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื•ื•ื™ื’ืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื•ืกืขืจืก ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืขื ืœืขืš ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš. - Google ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ -Google Analytics ืึธืคึผื˜-ืื•ื™ืก ืคึผืœื•ื’ื™ืŸ Google ืึทื“ืกืขื ืกืข, ื˜ืึธืคึผืœ ื’ื™ื˜, ื“ืึทืจื˜ __ ื’ืึทื“ืก ืงืึทืœืขืงื˜ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื ืึทื•ื•ื™ื’ืึทืฆื™ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข - Google Adsense ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืึทื•ื˜ืึธืžืึทื˜ื˜ื™ืง, ืงื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ืงืึทืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึทืขืก __ ืงื˜ืึท mc disqus_unique ื˜ืขืกื˜ ืงื™ื›ืœ ืขืก ืงืึทืœืขืงืฅ ืึทื ืึทื ืึทืžืึทืก ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื•ื•ื™ื’ืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื•ืกืขืจืก ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืขื ืœืขืš ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ. - ืงื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ืงืึทืกื˜ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืึทื“ื“ื˜ื”ื™ืก __ืึทื˜ื•ื•ื•ืง ื“ื™ __atuvc ืงื™ื›ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ Addthis ืกืืฆื™ืืœ ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฆื• ืขื ืฉื•ืจ ืึทื– ื•ืกืขืจืก ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืฆื™ืืœ ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื˜ืึธืžื‘ืึทื ืง ื™ื ืึทื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ืงื ืขืคึผืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื˜. - ืึทื“ื“ื˜ื”ื™ืก ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจืŸ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืึทืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ื• ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืขืœื™ืžื™ื ื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืึธืจืึทืกืคึผืึทื ื“ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืงื™ื›ืœ ืคึผืึทืœืึทืกื™ื–. ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื›ืœ, ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš. ืคืึทืกืขื‘ืึธืึธืง ืงื™ื›ืœ, ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง Google+ ืื•ืŸ Google Maps ืงื™ื›ืœ, ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื˜ ืงื™ื›ืœ, ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ื’ืจืึทื•ื•ืึทื˜ืึทืจ ืงื™ื›ืœ, ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืึทื•ื˜ืึธืžืึทื˜ื˜ื™ืง. ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ, ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคึฟืึทืจ: Google ืึทื“ืกืขื ืกืข: Google Adsense ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง - ืชึผื ืึธื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ื“ื™ื˜ื™ืึธื ืก -ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื ืคึผืึทืœืึทืกื™ื– ื‘ืืฆืืœื˜ืข ืึทื“ืก, ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ืืฆืืœื˜ืข ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜, ืึทื“ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื™ื™ื–ืžืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ / ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก. ื“ื™ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื– ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืœื™ื ืงืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื ืกืขืจื˜ืึทื“ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื™ื™ื–ืžืึทื ืฅ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื™ื ืึทืงื™ืขืจืึทืกื™ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจืจืึธืจืก ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื™ื™ื–ืžืึทื ืฅ ืงืขืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’, ืึธืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ / ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจืฉืึทืคื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก: ืึทืžืึทื–ืึธืŸ ืขื‘ื™ื™ึท ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขืกื˜ ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืึทื–ืึธืŸ ืึทืคืคื™ืœื™ืึทื˜ืขืก ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึทื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœืึธื’ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืึทื–ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื (ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขืžืขื ื˜), ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืึทื–ืึธืŸ ืึทืคืคื™ืœื™ืึทื˜ืขืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆืขืจ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกืคึผืจื™ื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืึทื–ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ (ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ื•ื ื’, ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื–, ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™, ืืื–"ื• ื•): "ืคึผืจื™ืกืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืข / ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื“. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืึทืžืึทื–ืึธืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜." โ€œืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ Amazon Services LLC. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 'ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ืื™ื–' ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืง ืฆื• ืžืึธื“ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. " ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ืคึฟืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื›ึผื•ืœืœ ื˜ืขืงืกืฅ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืกืขืฆ - ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื–ืฉื•ืจื™ืกืคึผืจื•ื“ืึทื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก. ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึทื•ื•ืงืข ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื™ื“ืขืจื“, ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ, ืึท ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ืขืฆื”. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืึธืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืึทืกืคึผืึทื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืคืึทื›ืžืึทืŸ ืขืฆื”. ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืงื˜ื•ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ื ืึธื™ื, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืœืœืขืงื˜ื•ืึทืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืกื™ื™ื ื“ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึธื•ื ืึทื ืฅ, ื“ื™ ืจืขืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข, ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข, ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข, ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื™ืงืกื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ, ืจื™ื™ื•ืก, ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืกืกืœื™ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื›ื™ื‘ืึทื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื“ื•ืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืœื™ื’ืึทืœื™ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืขืจื™ื™ื–ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืึทืกืคึผืึทื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืจืขื›ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืงืกืขืคึผืฅ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜, ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื–, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’, ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ (ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ, ืกืขืœืขืงืฆื™ืข, ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื–ืขื ื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื™ื’ื–ืึธืกื˜ื™ื•ื•), ืึทื•ื“ื™ืึธื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืึทืœ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึทืคื™ืงืก, ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืงื˜ืขื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื˜ืจื™ื™ื“ืžืึทืจืงืก, ืงืึทืคึผื™ืจื™ื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึทืžืึทื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืคึผืึทื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื™ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ ืึทื– ืึท ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ ื”ืืœื˜ ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ืœืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึทืžืึทื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ, ื–ื™ื™ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืฆื• Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce, ื™ื ื“ืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’: ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืึทืœืขื“ื–ืฉืึทื“ืœื™ ื™ื ืคืจื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื“, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ืึทืงื˜ืึทื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ื™. ืึธื ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืงื˜ืขื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืงื˜ื•ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ, ื“ื™ ืึทืงืจืขื“ืึทื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื˜ืขืœืœืขืงื˜ื•ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืกืก ื“ืขืงืœืึทืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืืžืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’. ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ืึทื›ืœืึธื˜ืข ื“ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขื ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ. ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืœื“ ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื–ืฉื•ืึทืœื™ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ืœืขืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘. ื•ืกืขืจืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ืกื•ืžืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ื™ื˜ืจืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ืกืขืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืขืจื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce. ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจืฉืึทืคื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืึทืกืคึผืึทื ื“ื™ื ื’ ื’ื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“. ื ื™ืฆืขืจืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื•ืžืขืจืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ืกืขืจืก ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืคื™ื™ื ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืจืืคืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื• Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce, ืฆื• ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืขืกืงืขื ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืคึผื™ื•ื˜ ื”ืึทื›ืœืึธื˜ืข ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจืžืข, ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ืจืืคืขื™ืฉืข ื™ื•ื ื™ืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืจืืคืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึทืžื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื•ืœื™ืจืŸ (ืื™.ื™ื•.) 524/2013. ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืึทื ืกื•ืžืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ืึทื– ืึทื‘ืœื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืึทืœื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื“ืจื™ื“ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืกืงื ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผืžืึทืš, ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืกืกืœื™ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื–ืฉื•ืจื™ืกื“ื™ืงืฉืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืกืขืจืก ื“ืขืจ ืึทืงืกืขืก ืื•ืŸ / ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผืขืจืคืึธืจืžื– ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ, ืึทืงืกืขืคึผื˜ื™ื ื’, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข, ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก, ื•ื•ื• ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง, ื“ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ ืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืื™ื– ื™ื ืคืึธืจืžื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืงืกืขืคึผืฅ ืึทื– ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ื™ืžืคึผืœื™ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืึทื’ืจื™ื– ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ, ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ, ื’ื•ื˜ ืืžื•ื ื” ืื•ืŸ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ืกื“ืจ. ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ืžืœืขื’ืึทืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื“ืœืขืš ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื–, ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, ืงืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืžื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึธื•ื›ื™ื‘ืึทื˜ืึทื“. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึธื•ื›ื™ื‘ืึทื˜ืึทื“: ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข, ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื“ืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืกื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึทืžืึทื˜ ืึธื•ื ืขืจื–. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ื™ึทื–ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึทืžืึทื˜ ืึธื•ื ืขืจื–. ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืŸ. ืคื•ื ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ืœื™ื ืงืก ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก ืฆื• ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขื‘ืกื™ื˜ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื•ื ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืขืก, ืžืึทื ื™ืึทืคืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืขืจื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืคึผืœื™ื™ืขืจื–. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื ืงืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืœื™ื ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืงืกืขืก ื“ื™ ืœื™ื ืงืก. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื“ืขื” ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื ืง ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce. ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื ืง ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื•ื•ื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืึทืงืกืขืคึผื˜ืึทื ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืกืงืึธืžืข ื“ื•ืจืš Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืจืขืžืึทืจืงืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืžืึทืจืงืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืขื ืœืขืš ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึธืจื“ืก ื•ื™ืœืขื ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื•ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก. ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ, ืžื™ืจ ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืจืขืžืึทืจืงืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืงื™ื›ืœ (ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ Google Adwords, Criteo ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืจื™ืžืึทืจืงืขื˜ื™ื ื’). ื“ืขื ืงื™ื›ืœ ืกื˜ืึธืจื– ื•ื•ื™ื–ืึทื˜ืขืจื– ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืึทืคึผื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึธื’ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืกื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ, ื“ื™ ืจืขืžืึทืจืงืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืงื™ื›ืœ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืขืจ. ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืงืก ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ืง ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœ ื”ืขืกืงืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ, ื’ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™, ืขืก ืกืึทื’ื“ื–ืฉืขืกืฅ, ืกื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืง, ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืกืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ, ืขืงืกืงืœื•ืกื™ื•ื•ืœื™ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ืึทืฆืึทื“ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืขืงืกืคึผืœื•ื™ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืงืกืขืก. . ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืคึผืข ืกื˜ืึธืจื– ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืข ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืงืกืขืก, ืจืขืงื˜ืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืงืึทื ืกืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึท E- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ikkaroweb (at) gmail (dot) com. ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ, ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ืึธื•ืžื™ื™ื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืึธื•ื ืขืจืฉื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ื›ึผื•ืœืœ ื›ื™ื™ืคึผืขืจืœื™ื ื’ืงืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื‘ืกื™ื˜ืขืก ื’ืขืจืื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืขืก ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข. Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ. ืกื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืกืก, ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce, ืจืขืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื›ื™ื‘ืึทื˜ืึทื“, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ ื ื•ืฆืŸ, ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืึธืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืœื•ื™ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื“ื•ืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื™ืคึผื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธืœื˜ืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืง ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื“, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืœื˜ืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื™ืคึผื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืขืก. ARCO ืจืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืขื“ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ืง ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ 15/1999 ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืงืกืขืก, ืจืขืงื˜ืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืกืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื™ืš ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื—ืชืžืขื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืงืŸ, ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืึธื˜ืึธืงืึธืคึผื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ึทืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืงื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœืขื ื˜ ืœืขื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš E- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืึทื˜ืึทื˜ืฉื˜ ืึท ืคืึธื˜ืึธืงืึธืคึผื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ึทืŸ ืฆื•: ikkaroweb (at) gmail (dot) com. ืคืืจ 10 ื˜ืขื’ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’. ื™ืงืกืงืœื•ื–ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืึทื ื˜ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืึทื›ืจื™ื™ึทืขืก Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ื’ื™ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš: ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™, ื•ื™ืฉืึทืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜; ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืกืขืก, ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื“ืœืขืš ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜; ื“ื™ ื•ืžืœืขื’ืึทืœ, ื ืขื’ืœืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื˜, ืคืจืึธื“ื–ืฉืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ; ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืึทืœืึทื˜ื™, ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืจื™ืœื™ื™ืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™, ื ื•ืฆื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื ืฆื• ื ื™ืฆืขืจืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ. Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืึทืžื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืžืœืขื’ืึทืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืžืคึผืจืึทืคึผืขืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ. ืื™ื™ืจืืคืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจืžืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืง ื”ืึทื›ืœืึธื˜ืข ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ืจืืคืขื™ืฉืข ืงืึทืžื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืง ื”ืึทื›ืœืึธื˜ืข ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจืžืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืืจืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืœื™ื ืง: http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/odr/. ืงืึธื ืกื•ืžืขืจืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืžื– ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืง ื”ืึทื›ืœืึธื˜ืข ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจืžืข ืึธื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉื•ืจื™ืกื“ื™ืงืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฆืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก, ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืง ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืกืขืฆ - ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉื•ืจื™ืกื“ื™ืงืฉืึทืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ืฉืึทื‘ืึทืœ: ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคึฟืจืื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ื˜ื ืึธื™ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ (at) actualityblog (dot) com. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ื™ื‘ื– ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ, ืงืจืึธื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืžื™ืจ ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื™ืžืคึผืœื™ื™ื– ืึทืงืกืขืคึผื˜ืึทื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืึทืงืกืขืคึผื˜ืึทื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ืคืึธืจืžื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืึทืงืกืขืคึผื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ืื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง. ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืกืขืฆ - ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื’, Marรญa รngeles Franco Arce ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืกื™ื–, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ื™ืžื™ื™ืœื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืขืจื™ื™ื–ื“. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืกืก ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืขื•ื•ืกืœืขื˜ื˜ืขืจ / ื‘ื•ืœืœืขื˜ื™ืŸ, ืจืึทื’ืึทืจื“ืœืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜. 1 ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ยซืœืขื’ืึทืœ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸยป olejua 27 ืžืื™ 2020, ื“ื™ 6:58 PM ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื ื™ืง ... ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉืœืืกืŸ. facebook ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทื’ืจืึทื ืจืกืก ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึธื•ื˜ื•ื‘ืข Spanish Afrikaans Albanian Amharic Arabic Armenian Azerbaijani Basque Belarusian Bengali Bosnian Bulgarian Catalan Cebuano Chichewa Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Corsican Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Esperanto Estonian Filipino Finnish French Frisian Galician Georgian German Greek Gujarati Haitian Creole Hausa Hawaiian Hebrew Hindi Hmong Hungarian Icelandic Igbo Indonesian Irish Italian Japanese Javanese Kannada Kazakh Khmer Korean Kurdish (Kurmanji) Kyrgyz Lao Latin Latvian Lithuanian Luxembourgish Macedonian Malagasy Malay Malayalam Maltese Maori Marathi Mongolian Myanmar (Burmese) Nepali Norwegian Pashto Persian Polish Portuguese Punjabi Romanian Russian Samoan Scottish Gaelic Serbian Sesotho Shona Sindhi Sinhala Slovak Slovenian Somali Spanish Sudanese Swahili Swedish Tajik Tamil Telugu Thai Turkish Ukrainian Urdu Uzbek Vietnamese Welsh Xhosa Yiddish Yoruba Zulu
ืกโ€™ืื™ื– ืึทืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืึทืจืขื ื“ืึทืจ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืฒึทื‘ืœ. ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื•ึผืกื˜, ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืฒึทื‘ืœ ืึท ืœืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ืจ ืžืึทืŸ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื•ืจื ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืื•ื™ื’ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืึทื˜ืŸ. ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคึฟื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืฉืจืช ื–ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคึฟื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืงื•ื•ื”, ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืฉืจืช ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื™ืจื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืจืึธืงืข. ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื ืฉืœืึธืก, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜. ืึทืœืข ืึทืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ึผืกื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืึทื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื™ืขื’ืขืจึพื”ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ื™ื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื”ืึธื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืคึฟื•ืงืก, ืคึฟืœืขื’ ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื˜ึพืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืคึฟืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ื–ื™ื›ืจืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจื˜ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ืขืจืคึฟืขืจ. ืึทื•ื•ื“ืื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจืขื ื“ืึทืจืก ื•ื•ืฒึทื‘ืœ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ืฉืžืึธืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ืขืจืก ื–ื™ ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืก ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืึทื•ื•ืข ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืข ืฉืงืฆื™ื ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, ื–ื™ ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื•ืึทืœื“ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืก ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืฅ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืกืข ืจื™ื™ื“, ื•ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืกื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืฒึทื‘ืœ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืก ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืฉืžืึธืœ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคึฟืึทืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜. ื“ืขื ืึทืจืขื ื“ืึทืจืก ื•ื•ืฒึทื‘ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืœื•ื’. ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคึฟืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื”ืžืฆืื”. ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ืฅ: โ€žื“ื• ืงืขื ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’.โ€Ÿ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืฅ ื“ืขืจืคึฟืจื™ื™ื˜ โ€” ืกโ€™ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืึทื–ืึท ื–ืึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคึฟื™ืจืŸ?! ืจื•ืคึฟื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจืขื ื“ืึทืจืก ื•ื•ืฒึทื‘: โ€žืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึฟื•ืงืกืขื ืขื ืงืึธืœื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ืœ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืžืฆืŸ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฅ, ืึทื– ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืคึฟืขื ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ!โ€Ÿ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืขื’ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืื•ื•ื”: โ€žื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ืคึฟื•ืงืกืขื ืขื ืงืึธืœื ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืคึฟื•ืงืกืขื ืขื ืคึผืขืœืฅ!โ€Ÿ โ€” ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื’ืขื™ืขื’. ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืฅ ืื™ื– ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืœืึธืก, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืฒึทื‘ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ืžืฆื•ืงื•ืงืŸ, ืึทืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฆื™ืžืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืคึฟืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืข ื˜ื™ืจ. ืกโ€™ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื•ึผืกื˜, ืึทื– ืึทืœืข ืฉืœืขืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืข ื˜ื™ืจ; ืึทื– ืกโ€˜ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ืจ ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ. ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืขื ื“ืึทืจืก ื•ื•ืฒึทื‘ืœ. ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟื™ืก ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ืื™ืจ ืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจืขื ื“ืึทืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืึทื”ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืึทืŸ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื™ืจื™ื“. ืคึฟืจืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืก, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื ืึทืœืฅ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกโ€™ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคึฟืŸ: ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืงื•ื•ื”, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืึทืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ืฆืขืก ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืึทืœื“ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืก ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ; ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฅ ืื™ื ืึทื•ื•ืขืงืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืฉืœืึธืก, ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ืขืจ; ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคึผืŸ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืฉืœืึธืก. ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทืš. ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื˜ืŸ. ื•ื•ื•ึผ ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš? ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื ืจื‘ึฟ. ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืึท ืฉืœืึทืงึพืจืขื’ืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืขืžืขืจืก. ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืจืขื˜ืฉืžืข. ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ื˜ื™ืฉืœ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื™. ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™: โ€žืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ, ื“ื™ ื–ืฉื™ื“ืึธื•ื•ืงืข!โ€Ÿ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืขื ื“ืึทืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืฒึทื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจืŸ ื’ื•ื™ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืึทื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทืกื˜ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ: โ€žื–ื™ ื ืึทืจื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืœ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืจื‘ืŸ!โ€Ÿ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืขื ื“ืึทืจ ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคึผืœื™ื˜ื”. ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืขื ื“ืึทืจ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื”ื™ื™ืคึฟืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึฟืข. 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'); //j171('#IDCNavGuest2 > div').append(j171('#IDCNavList')); //j171('.idc-loginbtn_intensedebate, .idc-loginbtn_twitter').text(''); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').text('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’.'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').children('a').wrap(' '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('div');}); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').before(' ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv').css({"text-align":"left", "direction":"ltr"}); /* $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').on('load', function() { $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').text('To post a comment, please login or enter your name and email address'); }); */ $('#IDNewThreadSubmitLI > a > span.idc-r > strong').text('ืฉื™ืงื˜'); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').wrap(' ');}); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').before('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’. ').wrap(' ');}).css({"text-align":"right", "direction":"rtl"}); } else { $(setTimeout(yiddishcomments, 3000)); } return; }
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืึทื–ืึท: ืคึฟืึทืจืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื“ืœืชึผ ืึทืžื•ืช ืึท ืคึผืœื•ื ื™ืชื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื™ื™ึดื—ื•ืก ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœื“ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืฆื•ื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืชึผืจื—, ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ืŸ ื’ื‘ึฟื™ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ื“ืข. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ึพืึทืงืึทื“ืขืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืข, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืฒึทื ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืšึพืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ืคึฟื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ืœืขืจ, ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืขื“ืึทื’ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืšึพืงืขื ืขืจ; ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืŸ ื›ึผื‘ึฟื•ื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืขื•ื‘ึฟื“ื” ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืžืฉืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืšึพื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคึฟืึทืœืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืฉื‚ื’ื•ืช, ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืึทืœืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืคึฟืึทืจื˜ื™ืคึฟืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืคึฟืจืขืžื“. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืŸ ืืžืช, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืคึฟืœื™ื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ื›ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ืข ืคึผืึธืœื ืข ืขืึพื”ืืจืฆื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคึฟื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจโ€™ืขืจื“ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืชึผืคึฟื˜ืข ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืขืœืขืจ, ื‘ืขื ืขืคึฟื™ื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ, ืื•ื™ืกืคึฟืœื•ื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืึทื ื“, ืžื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคึฟื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžืึทื›ื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืœืฃ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜; ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ืึท โ€žืกืึธื˜ืึธ ื•ื•ืึธื˜ืฉืขโ€Ÿ. ืื™ื– ื›ึผืœึพื–ืžืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ื“ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืชึพืขื•ืœืึพืคึฟื™ื™ื’ืขืœืขืš ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงื™ื ื•ืช, ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืึทื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืขืกึพืžื™ืšึพื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืœื™ืžืขืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขืจื’ืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจื•ื•ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ื’ืจืึธื–. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืžืฉืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืึทื ืฆื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜. ืึทื–ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืขืก. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึท ืชึผืœ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึฟืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึฟืจืขืžื“ืข ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื ื•ืช? ืงื•ืง ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ื“ืขื โ€žืคึฟืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืกโ€Ÿ ืื•ืŸ ืกโ€™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ืึท ืžื—ื ื” ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ืŸ ื›ึผืŸึพื™ืจื‘ื•, ื‘ืึทืฆื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืœืึทืคึผืขืจึพื’ืขืฆืฒึทื’ ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืœื™ื™ืงืขื ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ืคึฟืขืกืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืฒึทืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืจื•ืฉื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงืขืคึผ: โ€žืงื•ื™ืคึฟื˜ ืžื›ึผื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืกื—, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึทืจืฆืขืคึผืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื”ึพื‘ื•ืฉ!โ€Ÿ ยซ Previous 1 2 Next ยป Share On Facebook Twitter ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ The Yiddish Daily Forward welcomes reader comments in order to promote thoughtful discussion on issues of importance to the Jewish community. 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'); //j171('#IDCNavGuest2 > div').append(j171('#IDCNavList')); //j171('.idc-loginbtn_intensedebate, .idc-loginbtn_twitter').text(''); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').text('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’.'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').children('a').wrap(' '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('div');}); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').before(' ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv').css({"text-align":"left", "direction":"ltr"}); /* $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').on('load', function() { $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').text('To post a comment, please login or enter your name and email address'); }); */ $('#IDNewThreadSubmitLI > a > span.idc-r > strong').text('ืฉื™ืงื˜'); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').wrap(' ');}); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').before('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’. ').wrap(' ');}).css({"text-align":"right", "direction":"rtl"}); } else { $(setTimeout(yiddishcomments, 3000)); } return; }
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืขื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืžืึทื“ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืžื– ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ ื‘ืขื ืขืคื™ืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜, ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ ืจื™ืกืงืก ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ื•ืœื™ื ื’ ื“ืขื‘ืึทื˜ืข, ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจืฅ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกืงืขืคึผื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื– ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืžืึธ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื™ึทื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื˜ื™ืง ืžืึทื ื™ืคึผื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ื˜ืฉืึทืœื™ ืึธืœื˜ืขืจื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืขืจื“ื–ืฉื™ืง ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœื™ืฆื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื“ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื‘ืขื ืขืคื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืžืึธ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืงืจืขื“ืึทื‘ืึทืœ. ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ, ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืžืึธ ืžืึทืกืงื™ื˜ืึธื•ื– ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืึทื– ืงืึทื ืกืขืจื ื–. ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืขื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืžืึทื“ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืงืจืึทืคึผืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืคืœืึธืจืึท ืงืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืคึผืขืกื˜ืึทืกื™ื™ื“-ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืœื™ืง ืกื•ืคึผืขืจื‘ืึทื’ื–. ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื™ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืœืขืคื™ืขืจืขืš ื ื™ื™ึท. ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื“ืึทื˜ืขืก ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ 1970 ืก. ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื ื’-ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ื™ืคืขืงืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืขื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืžืึทื“ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื“ื™ืึทื ืฅ. ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืœ, ืงืึทื ืกืขืจื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ืกืขืจื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื•ืžืขืจืก ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš NON GMO ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ: ืกืึทื‘ืกื˜ืึทื ืกื™ื– ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธื•ืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ืžื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ืจืขื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืคึผืจืึธื•ื›ื™ื‘ืึทื˜ืึทื“ ื™ื ืคึผื•ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื“ื™ืึทื ืฅ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืงืœืึธื•ื ื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืขื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืžืึทื“ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืงื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ื–, ืคืขืจื˜ืึทืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื“ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืจื•ื’ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืกื™ื ืึทืœ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ืคึผืขืกื˜ืึทืกื™ื™ื“ื– ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืงืจืึทืคึผืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืžืึธ ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื–, ืคึผืึทืคึผืฉื•ื™, ืึทืœืคืึทืœืคืึท, ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ื™ืึท, ืงืึทื ืึธืœืึท, ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืข, ืฆื•ืงืขืจ ื‘ื•ืจื™ืง, ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืงืึทื‘ืึทืง, apples, ืคึผืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืึธื•ื– ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ึทื–. ื“ื™ ืœื™ืกื˜ืขื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืกืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืžืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื•ื˜ 99 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืžืึธ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื“ื™ืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืžืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื”ื•ื™ืš. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 2000 ืก, ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื’ืžืึธ ืœื™ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ืึทื“ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืืคืขื™ืฉืข ื™ื•ื ื™ืึทืŸ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืจื™ื–ืึทืœื•ื•ื“ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืกืขืจื ื–. ื ืึทืŸ ื’ืžืึธ ืœื™ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื ืื•ื™ืš ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืก ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื“. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ืึทืงืขืจื– ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืึทื ืฉืึทืกืœื™ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื“ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืžืึทื ื™ืึทืคืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืขืจื– ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’.
ื™ืื“ืขืจ-ืฉืคืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’, ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืจื ืคื™ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืจื ื›ืขืžื™ืข, ืื™ื– ื ืงืขืจื ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืข, ืื“ืขืจ ื ืจืื“ื™ืืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆืขืคืืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื˜ืื ืฆืขืฉืคืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืจื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื˜ืืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืืฆืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืขืจื ืก ื•ื•ืืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื“ืขืจ ื ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื›ืขืœโ€”ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ืคืจืื˜ืืŸ, ื ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืืŸ ืื“ืขืจ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขึพืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืืŸโ€”ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืขืจืŸ. ื™ืื“ืขืจึพืฉืคืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืžืขืœ ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืฒึทื–ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืจืื ื™ื•ื ืงืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืžืกื˜ืื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ื™ื™ืข ืื˜ืืžืขืŸ, ืืจื•ื™ืกืœืื–ื ื“ื™ืง ืขื ืขืจืขื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืืš ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืืจ ื ืกืš ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืจืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืงืœืขืืจืข ื•ื•ืืคืŸ. ื™ืื“ืขืจึพืฉืคืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ืคืœืขืงื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1938 ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ ื›ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ืื˜ื ื”ืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ 1939 ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื–ืข ืžื™ื™ื˜ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ืขืคืข ืื˜ื ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืืจื™ืข ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ. ืืคื˜ืžืืœ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืจื ืก ืคืจืื“ื•ืฆื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื™ืื“ืขืจึพืฉืคืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืจืื“ื™ืืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•, ื•ื•ืืก ืฉืืคื˜ ื ืคืจืื‘ืœืขื ื•ื•ืืก ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืื–ื˜ืข ืคืจืื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขื‘ืœื™ื ืงืขืŸืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืžืขื“ื™ืข ืงืืžืื ืก ื”ืื˜ ืžืขื“ื™ืข ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฆื•: ื™ืื“ืขืจ-ืฉืคืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ื•ืžืฃ. ื“ืืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ืคืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื ืคืืจืžืืฆื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข. ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืขืœืคึฟื˜ ื“ืืก ืคึฟืืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ.
ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืชืงื•ืคื” ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื™ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืจืืคืขื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื™ืืจ 476 (ื“'ืจืœ"ื•), ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื‘ ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ืื™ืžืคืขืจื™ืข ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืก ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืืคืขืจ ืงืืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ืื™ื– ืื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1492. ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ 'ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ ืืœื˜ืขืจ' ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืžืคืขืจื™ืขืึทืœ ืจื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข. ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื ื˜ื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทื ืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึทื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ืขื˜; ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ื“ื™ ืึทืจื›ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ื•ืจืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’. ืคืขืื“ืืœื™ื–ื (feudalism) ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืื ืืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืืคืข ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืขื ื™ื’ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืคื™ืฅ, ื“ืขืจื ืืš ืื“ืœืœื™ื™ื˜, ืคืจื™ืฆื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืœืขืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฆื™ื.) ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช: ืคืจื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจ (ืคื•ื ืขื 5ื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื– 1000), ื”ื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจ (ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื•ืŸ 1000 ื‘ื™ื– 1300) ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจ (1300 - 1500). ื“ืขืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืข ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ื•ืžืฃ. ื“ืืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ืคืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื ืคืืจืžืืฆื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข. ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืขืœืคึฟื˜ ื“ืืก ืคึฟืืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ.
ื“ื™ ืœืื“ื–ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื (ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืœื™ืฆืžืื ืฉื˜ืื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื) ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื’ืขื˜ื (ื ืืš ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื) ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืืžื (ืฆื™ื’ืื ืขืจ) ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ ืงืื ื˜ืจืืœื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ. ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืœืก ื ืคืจืื•ื•ื™ื–ืืจื™ืฉ ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ื ืื™ื– ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข, ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืื–ืืจื’ื˜ ื ืืฆื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืก ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืืคืืกืŸ. ื ื“ืื ืง ืื™ืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ืงืข ืคืจืื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ื ื’ืขื“ืื ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1944, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื’ืขื˜ื ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ื ืจืื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื•ืžืงืื•ื•ืกืงื™, ื•ื•ืืก ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืœื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืก, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืฉืžื•ื’ืœืขืŸ ืื"ื•ื•, ื“ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ื, ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืคื™ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ "ืงืขื ื™ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื", ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ. ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ืข ืื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืก ืœืื“ื–ืฉ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, 204,800 ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื ืื ื˜ ืฆื• ืคื•ืคืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืืกืืš ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขื˜ืืก ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข, ืื“ืขืจ ืงืจืืงืข. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ 42' ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 55,000 ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืืคื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืขืœืžื ื ืื•ืŸ ืกืขืคื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืข ื™ืืจ ื ืืš 20,000. ืื™ืŸ 44' ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 75,000 ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืืก ืื•ื™ืคืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื˜ื.
ื“ืขืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืจื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื˜ืืžืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื–ืขื˜ ืžืฉื” ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืื (ื‘ืื“ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ). ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื–ืฆ"ืœ (ื—' ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”'ืชืจืฆ"ื‘ โ€“ ื›"ื— ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื•) ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืจื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืขื“ื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืข ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•"ืช "ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉื”" ืื•ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ "ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื˜ืฉืืงืื•ื•ืข". ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื”ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ืื ื‘"ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ืื, ืื™ื ื™ืงืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฆืื ื–, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฉื‘"ืง ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื•ื•ืจืื˜ืฅ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื ืœืขื‘ื ืกื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืžืฉื” ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื—' ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”'ืชืจืฆ"ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืืงืื•ื•ืข, ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืข ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืื, ื˜ืฉืืงืื•ื•ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื™ืืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืจืœื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ "ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืŸ" ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื•ื•ืื–ื ืขืจ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื’ืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื“"ืฅ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืืœืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื™ื—ืกืŸ ืฉื˜ืืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืื ื–ืขืจ ืจื‘. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืžืขืจ ืจื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืžื ื—ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื™ืืจืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื™ืœืข ืกืคืจื™ื, ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื•ื ื’, ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื ื ื™ื™ืข ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ืืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื”ื•ืช ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืคืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืืœืก ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื”. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืกื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืงื ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืœืก ื’ืื•ืŸ ื ืืจ ืกืชื ืืœืก ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ: ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืื, ื˜ืฉืืงืื•ื•ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง, ื”ืจื‘ ื ืคืชืœื™ ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืื, ื˜ืฉืืงืื•ื•ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื›ื ืฆื‘ื™, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ "ื—ื›ืžืช ืฆื‘ื™".
ื ืคึฟืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืคื™ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ื•ืื• ืžืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืงื•ื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืก ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ. ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื”ืื ืขืŸ ืืกืืš ืกืืจื˜ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคื™ืœ, ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืื•ื•ืื• ืžืขืŸ ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืŸ ืืœืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืœื™ืจื˜ืข ื˜ืขืคื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื ืง ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. ืกืคืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืืก ืžืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื ื™ื™ ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขื ืข ืงื•ื ืฆืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืข ืคื™ืœืžืขืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืืœื‘ืืžืขืŸ, ืื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ ืคืจืื“ืขืฆื•ืจืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืื, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืขืก ืคืืจืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื•ื™ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก, ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืจืื’ืจืื. ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืื“ื•ืฆื•ืจืขืจ, ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื, ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฉืคื™ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืก ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืื•ื™ืกืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคืจืขืžื™ืข ื•ื•ื™ ืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืก ื 'ืื“ื•ื•ืืจื“', ื™ืขื“ืข ื–ืืš ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืข ืื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจื”ืื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืกืืจื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืœื ืคืจืขืžื™ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ืœืื ื“ ื’ืขื‘ื˜ ืขืคืขืก ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืื™ื™ื’ืขื ื˜ ืคืืจ ื™ืขื ืขื ืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืืš ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข ืคืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืคืืจ ืคืืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืกืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืคืืจื”ืื ืขืŸ ื ืืš ืกืืจื˜ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉืื ืงืŸ ืคืืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ืข ืคืื›ืœื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคื™ืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืืกืงืืจ ืคืจืขืžื™ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขื“ืืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœ, ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ืคื™ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืœ ื ื™ืืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื™ืขื“ืข ืœืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืกืขื–ืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ืœืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืื•ื™ืกืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ืืœืŸ. ืคื™ืœื ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœืŸืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื”ืื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ื•ืื• ืขืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืžืืœ ืื™ื ืขื ื™ืืจ - ื‘ื™ื™ื ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœ, ืืกืืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก, ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ืืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืžืื›ื•ื ื’ ืคืืจ ื ืืš ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ืกืึทืœืขื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื– ืื™ื ืขื ืคืืคื•ืœืืฆื™ืข.
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“, ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืข? ื ื• ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜, ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜! ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ืึท ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“? ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืกืกื™ืœื™ื–ืขื“ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืกื™ืœื™ืกืขืึธื•ืก ืกืขื“ืึทืžืขื ื˜ืขืจื™ ืžื™ื ืขืจืึทืœ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื•ื ื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœื“ื–ืฉื™-ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืกืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคึฟืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืึทื˜ืึทืžื–. ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืึธืœืึธื’ื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืคึผืจื™ื›ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืง ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืึทืœืงื™ ื“ื™ืคึผืึทื–ืึทืฅ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืึทื˜ืึทืžื– ืœื™ื ืงืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžื™ื˜ืข. ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืึทื˜ืึทืžื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื“ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืคึผื•ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืื˜ ืึท ืงื•ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืึทืœืงืึทื ืคึผื•ื“ืขืจ. ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ืึท ืžื™ื ืขืจืึทืœ-ืคึผืขืกื˜ืึทืกื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืฅ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืขืจืขืš 3 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืžืึทื’ื ื™ื–ื™ืึทื, 5 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืกืึธื“ื™ื•ื, 2 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืคึผืจืขืกืŸ, 19 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืงืึทืœืกื™ื•ื ืื•ืŸ 33 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืกื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื, ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ืžื™ื ืขืจืึทืœืก. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ "ืคื•ื“ ื’ืจืึทื“ืข" ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืึทื˜ืึทืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืจื™ื™ึท ื‘ืขืงืŸ ืคื™ืœื˜ืขืจืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืจื™ื™ึท ื‘ืขืงืŸ ืคื™ืœื˜ืขืจืก ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ืึท ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ ืกื™ืœืึทืงืึท. ืืคื™ืœื• ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืžืึทืกืงืข ืฆื• ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื™ื ื›ื™ื™ืœื“ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ื“ื™ื™ืึทื˜ืึทืžืึทืก ืขืจื“ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืงืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื•ืงืึทืก ืžืขืžื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ. ืึทืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืกืขื˜ืึทืœื–, ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืฅ. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ? ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื™ื ืกืขืงื˜ื™ืกื™ื“ืข. ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื™ึทืขืŸ ื™ื ืกืขืงืฅ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™: ืึทืคื™ื“ื– ื˜ืจื™ืคึผืก ืึทื ืฅ ืžื™ื™ืฅ ืขืึทืจื•ื•ื™ื’ืก ื‘ืขื“ื‘ื•ื’ืก ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ืคืœื•ื™ ื‘ืขืขื˜ืึทืœื– ืงืึทืงืจืึธื•ื˜ืฉื™ื– ืกื ื™ื™ืœื– ืกืœื•ื’ืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื ืกืขืงืฅ, ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ืึท ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืงืจืึทืกืงืึทืคึผื™ืง ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืขื“ื–ืฉืึทื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื˜ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ืขืคื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ื ืกืขืงื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื™ื ืกืขืงืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืึท ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืฆื• ืื™ื, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคื™ืœืข ื›ืขืžื™ืฉ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ื™ื ืกืขืงื˜ืึทืกื™ื™ื“ื–. ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉืึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืจืžืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ื•ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืงืจืึธื•ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืžื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜. ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืขืกื˜ืึทืกื™ื™ื“ื–, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ื•ื  ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื! ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ (ื“ืข) ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ื™ื ืกืขืงืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ืฉืœืึทื‘ืึทืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืคึผืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ืขื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทื–ืึท ื ื•ืฆืŸ; ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžืึทืœ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืžืึทืกืงืข ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืกืงืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก ื“ื™ ื“ืึทืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคึผืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืกื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคืึธื•ืœื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืจื™ื™ื ื– ืจืขื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืคึผืœื™ื™ืกื˜. ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืจืขื’ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื•ืœื™ื“ื–ืฉ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืขืก ื”ืขืœืคึผืก ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืฆื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืึธื•ืœื™ื“ื–ืฉ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืืžืช ืึทืŸ ืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืึทืจื“ืขื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ืึธืžืขืก. ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ "ืคื•ื“ ื’ืจืึทื“ืข" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทืกืขืึธื•ืก ืขืจื“ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืึทืจื“ืขื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืŸ.
ืคื•ื“ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขื ืขื˜ื™ืง ืžืึทื“ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืžื– (ื’ืžืึธืก) ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœื™ ืคื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš, ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืขืงื ื™ืงืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึท ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื’ืžืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื™ื“ืขืจื“, ื ื™ื™ึท ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ. ืคื•ื“ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึธื˜ืขื˜ืฉ/ื’ืžืึธ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื“ ืžื™ื™ื– ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ; ืกื•ื™ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื“ ืกื•ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืœ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืฉืขืจื“ ืกื•ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขื™ืŸ; ื›ื™ื™ึทืข ืคื™ื“ื–; ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืงืขืจ ื‘ื•ืจื™ืง. ืึทื“ื“ื™ื˜ื™ืึธื ืึทืœืœื™, ื“ื™ ืึทืจืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืขืคึผืœ (ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืœืึทืงืึทื•ื˜ ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืœื™ืง) ืื•ืŸ ื’ืžืึธ ืœืึทืงืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ "ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ" ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืึทื’ ืึทื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ (FDA). ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื˜ื™ืง ืžืึทื“ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืžื– (ื’ืžืึธืก) ืื™ื– ื“ืึทื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ืึทื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืึธื˜ื™ืง-ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืœื™ืง ื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 1983. ืงืึธื ืกื•ืžืขืจืก ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืจื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืขืงื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืžืึธ ืคื•ื“ื–. ืื™ืŸ ืึท 2015 ืคึผื™ื• ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื•ืžืขืจืก, 57% ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืึทืœืฅ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ืžื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื• ืขืกืŸ ื’ืžืึธ ืคื•ื“ื–, ื‘ืฉืขืช 37% ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ. ื ืึธืš, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื– ื’ื ืคื•ื“ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืžืึธ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ. ื 2016 ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืึทืงืึทื“ืขืžื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืกืกื™ืขื ืกืขืก, ื’ืขื ืขื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืžืึทื“ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืกืŸ: ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืกื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกืคึผืขืงืฅ, ื“ื™ืกืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืงืœื™ื™ืžื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื ืคื•ื“ื– ื™ื ืงืœื•ื“ื– ื™ื ืงืจื™ืกื™ื ื’ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืึทืง, ื ื™ืจ ืงืจืขื ืง, ืึทื‘ื™ืกืึทื˜ื™, ืกืขืœื™ืึทืง ืงืจืขื ืง, ืฆื•ืงืขืจืงืจืขื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืจื“ื–ืฉื™ื–. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ื’ืžืึธ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ืžืขื˜ื•ืžื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืึทื ืกื•ืžื“ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืžืึธืก, ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื“ื™ืคืขืจืึทื ืกื™ื–. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืื›ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืื™ื– ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืึทื ื’ื™ื ื’, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื˜ื™ืง ื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจื™ืข ืื™ื– ืœืขืคื™ืขืจืขืš ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืึทื ืกืขืจื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื ื’-ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ื™ืคืขืงืฅ. ืึทื‘ืกืึธืœื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจืึทื ื˜ื™ื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืฆื™ืขืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉืœืืกืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ืกื™ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 1996, ืจื™ืกืขืจื˜ืฉืขืจื– ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ืึทื– ืึท ืึทืœืขืจื“ื–ืฉืึทืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ Brazil ื ื™ืกืœืขืš ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึท ืึทืœืขืจื“ื–ืฉืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคืขืจื“ ืฆื• ื’ื ืกื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื–. ื“ื™ ืกื•ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืงื˜. ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืคึผืึทืœืึทืกื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืึทื ื˜ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขื™ื ืก ืกืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืึทืœืขืจื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืžืึธ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ. ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืงืึทื ืฉืึทืกืœื™. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ืึทืงืขืจื– ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื™ื ื“ืกืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื“ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื ื™ืึทืคืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืขืจื– ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜, ืžืึทื ื™ืึทืคืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืขืจื– ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ NON GMO ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก.
ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึธืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœื ืึทืก, ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืจืขืคึผืจื™ื–ืขื ืฉืึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื’ื–ืึทื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ.ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜.ืคื™ืœืข ืคึผืึทืกืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื–. 1. ื“ืขืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื– ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 120000 ืœื•ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืœื™ื›ื˜ 2. ื™ื ืงืœื•ื“ืขืก ืคื™ืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื™ื ื˜ืขื ืกื™ื˜ื™ ืœืขื•ื•ืขืœืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืึทื– ืึธื ืงืœืึทืคึผืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกื•ืคื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ 3.ืกืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœ ืฉืขืคึผืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืขืจืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ืึทืœืึทื•ื™ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคื•ืœ ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืœืข ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคึฟืขื™ึดืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ Zenva ืขืงืกืึทื ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ-ื“ื•ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื™ื’ื–ืึทื ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื“ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืžื– ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื’ื–ืึทื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขื ืกื™ื•ื•ืข ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜. ื‘ืœื™ื™ึทื‘ื™ืง ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืงืกืึทื ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืึท ื”ื•ื™ืš R9 ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ -97 ืื•ืŸ 120,000 ืœื•ืงืก ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื“ ืฆื• ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 50,000 ืฉืขื”.ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 24 ืœืขื“ืก, ื“ื™ ืขืงืกืึทื ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืึทืžืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•, ืึทืคืึธืจื“ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ื’ื–ืึทื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ืึทืจืฃ. ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทื˜ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ Zenva Exam Light ื™ื ืงืœื•ื“ื– ืคื™ื ืฃ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื™ื ื˜ืขื ืกื™ื˜ื™ ืœืขื•ื•ืขืœืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืึทื– ืึธื ืงืœืึทืคึผืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกื•ืคื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜, ืจืขืœืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ื™ ืžืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทืœืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื™ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืึท ืฉื ืขืœ ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ื“ืึทื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.ื“ื™ ืจื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืึทืงืกืขืกืขืจื™ื–, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืข, ืงืึธืจื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฉื ื•ืจ, ืคึผืจืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ื‘ื™ื™ื’ื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืคึผืœื™ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืึธื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืฆื• ืคึผืœืึทืฅ. ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืœื™ื–ืึทื‘ืœืข, ืกืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœื™ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธื•ืœื“ ืฉืขืคึผืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ, ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธื•ืœื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฉืขืคึผืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืขืจืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื™ืง ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืคึผืจืึธื•ืกื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื–. ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜: ื™ื•ื ื™ 30-2022 ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื™ื• 100% ืคืึทื‘ืจื™ืง ื”ืึทื ื“ืœ ืึทืฉื•ืจืึทื ืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืจื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš Atlibaba.com ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื“ ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทืคึผืœื™ื™ืขืจื–. 20 ื™ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ, ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜, ื”ืื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ISO9001, ISO13485, ISO14001, CE ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ. ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคืึทื‘ืจื™ืง, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืžืึธื ื™ื˜ืึธืจืขื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ, ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืง ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื‘ืจื™ืง. ืคืึทื›ืžืึทืŸ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืคืึทื›ืžืึทืŸ ื˜ืขืงื ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขืจืึทื’ืข ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข.
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ, ืจื•ืฅ, ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืกืŸ, ืฉืจืึทื‘ื– ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืขืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื•ื ื“ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื˜ืึทื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืš ืฆื• ืคื•ื“ื–. ืคื™ืœืข ื”ืขืจื‘ืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื‘ืขื ืขืคื™ืฅ ื“ืขืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืขืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื•ื ื“ื–. ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืข ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜-ืคึผืจืึทืžืึธื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ืขืจื‘ืึทืœ ืจืขืžืึทื“ื™ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ึทื›ืœ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืก. ืกื™ื ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืขืจืœื™ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืคืึธืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื˜ื™ืง ื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืขืก ืจืขืคืขืจืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขืงืึธื ืกื˜ืจื•ื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื™ืงืจืึธื•ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืžื– ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจื™ืึท, ื”ื™ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื“ื–ืฉื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทื‘ืกื˜ืึทื ืกื™ื–, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืงืขืžื™ืงืึทืœื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืคืœื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื’ืจืึทื ืกื™ื–. ื“ื™ ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืขื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืžืึทื“ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืžื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืึทืžืึทื•ื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทื‘ืกื˜ืึทื ืกื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืกืึทื‘ืกื˜ืึทื ืกื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข. ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ื™ืš ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืžื– ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื™ื ืึทื ืฆื™ืขืœ. ืขืกื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืื’ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžืึทืจืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื™ื ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื“ื™ืึทื ืฅ. ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื“ื™ื™ืึทื˜ืขืจื™ ื”ืขืกืึธืคืข ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื“ื™ืึทื ืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืง, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืึธืžืขื’ืึท -3 ืคืึทื˜ื™ ืึทืกืึทื“ื–, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’. ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ ืกื™ื ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื“ื™ืึทื ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืึทื ื™ืœ. ื™ืงืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื›ื™ื“ื™ื™ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ื•ื•ืึทื ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ึทืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ื™ ืกื™ื ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื“ื™ืึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ืึทื ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืงืึทืกืงืก ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืขื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืจื™ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื“ ื”ื™ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข-ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš. ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ื–ืึทืคืจืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ึทืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื‘ื™ืึธื˜ืขื˜ืฉ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืึทื– ืกื™ื ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ื–ืึทืคืจืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ืžืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึธืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ืขื ื–ืึทืคืจืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื–ืึทืคืจืขืŸ ื˜ืึทื ืžืึทืœืึทืงื™ื•ืœื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืจืขืคึผืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ืืงื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืึทื ืฉืึทืกืœื™ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื“ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืžืึทื ื™ืึทืคืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจืขืจื– ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื ืขื, NON GMO ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ืก, ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ื.
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžื™ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื—ื•ื” ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื‘ืขืจื’. ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจื‘ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืืกืืš ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ืฆื™ ืชื•ืจื”. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ "ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื" ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื–. ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ื•ืœื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฆื• ืช"ืช ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื– ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ืื•ืŸ ื ืื›ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืคืื ืื•ื•ืขื–ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉ"ืก ืฆืื ื–. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ื—ื–ืŸ ืจ' ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœืขืจ. ื’ืืจ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ "ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื" ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื—ื›ืžื•ืช. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืคืจืื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืืกืืฃ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื ืื“ืœ ื–"ืœ ื“ืขืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื•ื•ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืฅ, ื•ื•ืืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืงืื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจื™ืกืืœ. ื”ืจื‘ ืžื™ืœืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื ื•ืคืš. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื–ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืžืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจ' ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื–"ืœ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืจ"ื’ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืชื•. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืืœืข ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’ ืฆื• ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืจื‘ ืžื™ืœืขืจ'ืŸ ืืœืก ื ื ืจื“ืฃ ื ืื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืก ืคืจื•ืžืข ืงื ืื™ื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื ื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืจื‘ ืื”ืจืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืœืื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ืฆืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืืฉื“ื•ื“ ื•ื•ืื• ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื™ ืจื‘ ืคื™ื ื˜ื•'ืก ื›ื•ืœืœ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืชื ืื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืืงืข ื“ื™ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ื“ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ื™ืœืื–ื˜ ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ืืœ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคืืฉืงื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืช"ื—. ื ืื›ื“ืขื ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืืจ ื’ื™ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืืคืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืง"ืง ื‘ืื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ืจื™ืš ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื“ืฉื. ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืืžืืœืก ืื™ื– ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืืŸ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืขืจ ืกื™ื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ื, ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื ืื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื—ื•ืชืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžื™ืœืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื˜ื•ื”ืขืจืก ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืคื’ื™ื’ืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื’ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ืจื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ื ืืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื—ืฆื‘ืชื, ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืจ' ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืื ื™ืขื•ื•ืกืงื™, ื•ื•ืืก ืจื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ ืขืฆื” ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืจ' ื—ื™ื™ืžืขืŸ [1]. ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžื™ืœืจ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื•ื•ื˜ื•1, ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ืคืืจื•ื ืขืฆื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ื“ืืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ื™ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ื˜ื•1 ืื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืกืฃ. ื–ื™ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืืก ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคื™ืœืื–ืืคื™ืข, ืคืกื™ื›ืืœืื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ-ืคืืกื™ื’ื”ื™ื™ื˜ (ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืืžื”) ื•ืื™ื“ืš ื–ื™ืœ ื’ืžื•ืจ.
ื’ื•ื“ื–ืฉืึทืจืึทื˜ (ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ: Gujarat; ื’ื•ื“ื–ืฉืืจืื˜ื™: เช—เซเชœเชฐเชพเชค) ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 29 ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืข. ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฆืคื•ืŸึพืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืืจื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืข, ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืื“ื–ืฉืืกื˜ื”ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืžืื“ื”ื™ื ืคืจืื“ืขืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ืื•ืŸ ืžืื”ืืจืืฉื˜ืจื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื ืฆื• ืžืขืจื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืงื™ืกื˜ืืŸึพืคืจืื•ื•ื™ื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ื“ื” ืฆื• ืฆืคื•ืŸึพืžืขืจื‘. ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืื ื“ื”ื™ื ืื’ืืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืื™ื– ืื›ืžืขื“ืื‘ืื“. ื“ื™ ืฉืคืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื“ื–ืฉืืจืื˜ื™. ื’ื•ื“ื–ืฉืึทืจืึทื˜ ื‘ืื“ืขืงื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื— ืคื•ืŸ 196,024 ืง"ืžยฒ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืข ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื—. ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ 60 ืžื™ืœื™ืืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ (ืื™ืŸ 2011), ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื“ื–ืฉืึทืจืึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืข ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’. ืคื•ืŸ 2001 ื‘ื™ื– 2014 ืื™ื– ื ืืจืขื ื“ืจื ืžืื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื“ื–ืฉืืจืื˜. ื•ื•ืขื‘ืœื™ื ืงืขืŸืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืžืขื“ื™ืข ืงืืžืื ืก ื”ืื˜ ืžืขื“ื™ืข ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฆื•: ื’ื•ื“ื–ืฉืืจืื˜ ืืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœืข ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ื ื’ืขืื’ืจืืคื™ืฉ ืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ื•ืžืฃโ€”ืขืก ืคืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื ืคืืจืžืืฆื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข. ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืขืœืคึฟื˜ ื“ืืก ืคึฟืืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ.
ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ื•ืœื˜'ื“ื™ื’ืข ืืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ื–ื ื ืืš ื“ืขืจ [[ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืงืจื™ื’]] ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขืžืข ืฆื™ื•ื 'ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ืจื•ืคืขืก [[ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ]] ืื•ืŸ [[ืœื—ื™]]. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 1945 ืื•ืŸ 1957 ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืืฆื•ื•ืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฆื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ [[ืคืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข]]. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ืืงื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืืก ืื•ื™ืคืจื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ื‘ืืžื‘ืข ืื™ื 'ื [[ืžืœื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš]] ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืื˜ ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ื‘ืื–ืข ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจื™ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืืžืื ื“ื™ืจ. 91 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื“ืืก ืจื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืื˜ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืงืจื™ื˜ืืจื™ืขื˜. 17 ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื“ืŸ. ื“ืืก ืจืขืฉื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ. ===ืขืจืืคืœืืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื–ืขืงื™ื ื’ืกืฆื•ื›ืืคืขื ื™ืฉ=== ื“ืืกื“ื™ [[ื”ื™ื™ื“ื–ืขืงื™ื ื’ืฆื•ื›ืืคืขื ื™ืฉ]] ืคื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื’ืขืจืคืœื™ื’ืขืจืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื ื ื™ื™ืขื ืงืืคื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ื–ื. ื“ืืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื”ื™ื™ื“ื–ืขืงื™ื ื’ืฆื•ื›ืืคืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืงืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ'ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื’ืก ืขืจืืคืœืื ืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืกื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ืขืจืืคืœืืŸ ืฆื• ืœืึทื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ [[ืœื•ื“]] ืœื•ืคื˜-ืคืขืœื“, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ ืืœืฅืืœืก "ื”ืืกื˜ืขื“ื–ืขืกืขืจื‘ื ื™ืงืขืก". ื“ืขืจ ืคืœืืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื–ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืคืืจื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœ'ื™ืฉืข [[ืงืจื™ื’ืก ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข]] ืื™ืŸ [[ืกื™ืจื™ืข]]. [http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/1194/9411071.htm] ื“ื™ "ื”ืืกื˜ืขื“ื–ืขืก" ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืื–ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ, ื ืืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœืข ืคืืจื“ืืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ====ืคืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื–ืขืงื™ื ื’ืกืฆื•ื›ืืคืขื ื™ืฉ==== ื“ื™ [[ื”ื™ื™ื“ื–ืขืงื™ื ื’]] ืคื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืคืืจืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœืข ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 60'ืขืจ1960ืขืจ ื™ืืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืื ื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืืก ืคืืจื›ืืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ [[ืืœ ืขืœ]] ืขืจืืคืœืืŸ ืื•ื™ืค'ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™.ืขืฃ.ืขืœ.ืคื™. ([[ืคืืคื•ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืื ื˜ ืคืืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข]]). ื“ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืงื™ืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืœื“ื–ื™ืขืจืก, ืื•ืŸ ื ืืš ืคืขืจืฆื™ื’ ื˜ืขื’ ืคืืจื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื–ืขืงืขืจืก ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคืจื™ื™. ื“ืืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืืก ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืข ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืข ืคืจื•ืื•ื• ืฆื• ื”ื™ื™ื“ื–ืขืงืŸ ืืŸ [[ืืœ ืขืœ]] ืคืœื™ื’ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ืฃืื•ื [[ืกืขืคื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ6ื˜ืŸ 6ืกืขืคื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ]], [[1970]]-[[ืชืฉ"ืœ]], ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื’ ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืคื™ืœ ื™ืืจืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ "ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ื™ืืฆื™ืข", ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ [[ืคื™.ืขืฃ.ืขืœ.ืคื™.]] ื’ืขืคืจื•ืื•ื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื–ืขืงืŸ ืคื™ืจ ืขืจืืคืœืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื. ืืœืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืค'ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื• ื™ืืจืง. ื ืืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื›ืืคืŸ: ื [[ื˜ื™.ื“ืื‘ืœื™ื•.ืขื™]]. ืคืœื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ [[ืคืจืื ืงืคื•ืจื˜]], ื [[ืกื•ื•ื™ืก ืขื™ืจ]] ืคืœื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ [[ืฆื™ืจื™ืš]], ืื•ืŸ ื [[ืคืขืŸ ืขื]] ืคืœื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ [[ืืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืื]]. ื ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืืŸ [[ืืœ ืขืœ]] ืคืœื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ [[ืืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืื]] ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ืืคื ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืค'ืŸ ืคืœื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืจื’'ืขื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื–ืขืงืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืขืจืก ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ื’ืŸ [[ืœื•ืคื˜ ืคืขืœื“]] ืื™ืŸ ื [[ืžื“ื‘ืจ]] ืื™ืŸ [[ื™ืจื“ืŸ]]. ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ'ื™ืฉืข ืคืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืœื™ื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืก ืจืขืฉื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืคืœืขืฆืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ื’ ืื– ื“ืืก ืื™ื– ื ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืข ืกื›ื ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ื”ืื˜ [[ื›ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขื ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืืจื“ืื ื™ืข]] ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ื›ืŸ ืงืืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืคืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ืจื•ืคืขืก ืื™ืŸ [[ื™ืจื“ืŸ]], ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืื˜ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืื™ืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ [[ื™ืจื“ืŸ]], [[ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ]], [[ืกื™ืจื™ืข]], ืื•ืŸ [[ืื™ืจืืง]]. ====ืขื ื˜ืขื‘ื™==== ืื•ื™ืฃ [[ื™ื•ื ื™ 27]] [[1976]]-[[ืชืฉืœ"ื•]] ืื™ื– ืคืืจื›ืืคื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืืŸ [[ืขื™ืจ ืคืจืื ืก]] ืคืœื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืค'ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ [[ืื˜ืขื ืขืกืื˜ืขืŸ]], [[ื’ืจื™ื›ื ืœืื ื“]] ืงื™ื™ืŸ [[ืคืืจื™ื–]] ื“ื•ืจืš ืคื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื–ืขืงืขืจืก, ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืคืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ [[ืคื™.ืขืฃ.ืขืœ.ืคื™.]] ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ [[ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืื ื“|ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข]]. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืืคืœืืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ [[ืื•ื’ืื ื“ื]], ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ [[ืื™ื“ื™ ืืžื™ืŸ]], ื ืžืขืจื“ืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ื–ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ื“ื™ืงื˜ืื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกื™ืžืคืื˜ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ื“ื™ [[ื”ื™ื™ื“ื–ืขืงืขืจืก]]. ==1972 ืืœื™ืžืคื™ืง ืฉืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ== ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืืœื™ืžืคื™ืง ืฉืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ [[ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ]], [[ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืื ื“]], ืื™ืŸ 1972 ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ืคืข [[ืคืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจ]] ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืื ื˜ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ [[ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืกืขืคื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ]] ื˜ืขืจืืจ ื’ืจื•ืคืข. ื–ื™ืš ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื›ืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ [[ืืœื™ืžืคื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื“ืฉ]] ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืฉืคื™ืœืขืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืขื“ื– 11 [[ื™ืฉืจืืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืกืคืืจื˜ืœืขืจ ืื•ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ ืืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ืข|ื™ืฉืจืืœ'ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคื™ืœืขืจ]] ืขืจื‘ื ื™ืงืขืก. ื“ื™ ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืื–ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืžืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข 11 ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข, ื ืื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืก ื ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ืก ืคืจื•ืื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ืคืืœื™ืฆื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืื•ืก ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ.
svchost.exe โ€Žโ€Žืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืืจื— ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ Windows โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ 10, 8, ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ 7 ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืง ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืึทื•ื ืœืึธื•ื“ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ Windows ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืึทืžื™ืฉ ื“ืœืœืก. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– Windows ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ (Win + R, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทืŸ services.msc) ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืœืึธื•ื“ื™ื“ "ื“ื•ืจืš" svchost.exe ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื–ื™ื™ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืื™ื– ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืึธื‘ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืžืึทื ืึทื’ืขืจ . ืคึฟืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก svchost.exe ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืงืึทืžืคึผืึธื•ื ืึทื ืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืœืึธื•ื“ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืœืึธื ื˜ืฉื˜. svchost.exe โ€Žโ€Žืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืืจื— ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ Windows ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ "ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืกืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืึธื•ื– ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก" ื–ืื›ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืžืึทื ืึทื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆื• ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืกื•ื•ื˜ืฉืึธืกื˜.ืขืงืกืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ืึธืžืข ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืกื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, ื–ืึธืจื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืกื•ื•ื˜ืฉืึธืกื˜.ืขืงืกืข (ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืข ืื™ืŸ C: \ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืึธื•ื– \ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืž 32 ืึธื“ืขืจ C: \ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืึธื•ื– \ ืกื™ืกื•ื•ืึธื•ื• 64 ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืกื•ื•ื˜ืฉืึธืกื˜.ืขืงืกืข ืœืึธื•ื“ื– ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืขืจ 100% svchost.exe โ€Žโ€Žืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืืจื— ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ Windowsโ€ (32 ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช) ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข, ื“ืขื ืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ืึทื ืคืึธืจืกื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึทืœ ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื–ื™ืš. ืึธืคื˜ ืึธืคื˜ (ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืกื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜), ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืคึผืขืจืคืึธืจืžื– ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื›ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืขืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืกื•ื•ื˜ืฉืึธืกื˜.ืขืงืกืข. ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก, ืžืึทืœื•ื•ืึทืจืข ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขืจืก ืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฆืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆื™ืง ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึทืžืคึผืœื™ืงื™ื™ืฅ ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื“ื™ื•ื•ืขืœืึทืคึผืžืึทื ืฅ, ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœ ืกื•ื•ื˜ืฉืึธืกื˜.ืขืงืกืข ืœืึธื•ื“ื– ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืขืจ 100%. ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทืกืงืก ืคืœื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ "ืžืึทื ืึทื’ืขืจ" ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ื™ืœื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืึทืœืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธื“ื•ืœืข ืึทื– ืคึผืขืจืคืึธืจืžื– ืจืขื’ื•ืœืขืจ ืึธื˜ืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืึธื•ื–. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื›ื“ืื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ ืึทื– ืคื™ื™ืœื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืกื•ื•ื˜ืฉืึธืกื˜.ืขืงืกืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขืจืจืึธืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ื–. ืžืืœ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ืคึผืก, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜. ื˜ืจืึธืฅ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืงื˜ ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืคื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืก. ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืงืŸ svhost.exe? ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืงืŸ svchost.exe, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืึธืจ ื›ืึทื ื’ื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืก. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืจื™ืœืึธื•ื“ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืื™ืจ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืจื™ืกืึธืจืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขื ืกื™ื•ื•ืข ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทืกืง ืžืึทื ืึทื’ืขืจ, ื‘ืขืช ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึทื•ื ืœืึธื•ื“ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืกื•ื•ื˜ืฉืึธืกื˜.ืขืงืกืข. ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ ื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืกื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื“ ื‘ื™ื™ึท ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืขืจ ืึทืžืึธืœ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืงื™ื•ืžื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘. ื ืคึผืึทืœื•ื˜ืึทื“ ืงื•ืœืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื™ื ื’, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืงืึธืึธืœื™ื ื’ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื.
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืžืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืงืฒื˜, ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœ ืฆื™ ื’ืขืึธึพืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ืฒึทืขืจืข ืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงืฒื˜ืŸ. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ืกื•ึผืฐืขืจืขื ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจืงืฑืคึฟื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืกื•ืžืš, ืืฑืฃ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง. ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืœืึธื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐื™ โ€žืฆืฐืฒ ืžืœื•ื›ื•ืช ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฆืฐืฒ ืคึฟืขืœืงืขืจโ€Ÿ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืžืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืฆื•ื ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžืฆื‘ึฟ. ื™ืขื ืข โ€žืœืฒื–ื•ื ื’โ€Ÿ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืกืณืจื•ื‘ึฟ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืกืณืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžืข ื”ืขืจื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขืจ (ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืœื™ื ืงืข) ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืœืฒื–ื•ื ื’ ืคึฟื•ืŸ โ€žืืฒืŸ ืžืœื•ื›ื”โ€Ÿ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืžืฒื ื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฑื˜ืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ืงื™ื•ื. ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜: ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸึพื”ื ืคึฟืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš (ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ) ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜. ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ืึท ื ืึธืšึพืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืฒืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืกื—, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜, ืึทื– ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื™ื•ืึพื˜ื•ื‘ึฟื™ื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึธืจ ืฆืฐืฒ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืฒื“ืขื ืข ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืก ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆื•ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’. ืคึผื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ืึพื˜ื•ื‘ึฟ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผืคึฟื•ืฆื•ืช: ืึท ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืฒื’ืขื ืขื ื—ื•ืชื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืฐื™ืกืข ืจืึธืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ืžื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึฟื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฉืฐืึทืš ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกื›ึผื ื” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸึพื”ืึทืก. ืคึผืกื— ืื™ื–, ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ืึพื˜ื•ื‘ึฟ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึฟืึธืœืง ืฐืึธืก ื’ืฒื˜ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื’ืขื ืขื ืœืึทื ื“, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืึธืก ืคึฟืึธืœืง ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึทื“ื•ืจืš ื˜ืจืึทืฐืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ื™ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื›ึผืœืขืจืœืฒ ืกืึธืจื˜ืŸ: ืฐืขืจ ืžืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึฟืึธืœืง? ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืขืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืฒื˜? ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคึฟืึธืœืง ืึท ืžื™ืกื™ืข? ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ึพื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคึฟื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืขื“ื”? ืกืฒึท ืคึผื•ืจื™ื ืกืฒึท ืคึผืกื— ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸึพืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’: ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืข ืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืžืข ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฐืขืœื˜ (ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜) ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœืงืขืจื˜, ืฆื•ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ึพื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืคึฟืึทืจืึทืŸ, ื”ืฒืกื˜ ืขืก, ืฆืฐืฒ ืขื™ืงืจึพืคึฟืจืึทื’ืขืก: ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒื˜ื ืก, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ื™ืฉื˜ึพื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ? ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟืจืึทื’ืข, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจืฑืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื“ืฑืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืืžืช ืึทื– ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืึทื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืŸ ืึธืงื•ืคึผืึทืฆื™ืข ืืฑืคึฟืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืึธืงื•ืคึผืึทืฆื™ืข ืฐื™ืจืงื˜ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืคึฟืจืฒึทื”ืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื ืกื” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืงืกืขื ืข. ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ึดื•ื ื’ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ึพื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืงื•ืคึผื™ืจื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืฑืกืฆื•ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ืึท ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืงืขืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธื ื’ืฒืŸ ืึธื ืฐืขื ื“ื ื“ื™ืง ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ (ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื’ืจืฒึทืœืขืš ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื– ืึท ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืงืขืŸ ื“ืฐืงื ื™ืึธ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธื ื’ืฒืŸ) ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผื™ืขืœ. ืึทื–ืึท ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืชึผืคึฟื™ืกื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจึพืคึผืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ, ื’ืจืึธื‘ื˜ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื–ื›ื•ืชึพื”ืงื™ื•ื. ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟืจืึทื’ืข. ืืฑื‘ ื“ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื‘ืึทืขื•ื•ืœื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืืคึฟืฉืจ ื“ืึธ ื ืึธืš ืึทืŸ ืื•ืคึฟืŸ ืืฑืคึฟืฆื•ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืึธืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฐื™ืงืœื˜ ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื˜ื ืึธืฆืขื ื˜ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืฉืžืึทืจ? ื“ื™ ืึธืงื•ืคึผืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืœืึทืฐึพื“ืฐืงื ืึท ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ืžืข ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกืžืึธืœืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืกื•ืžืš ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึธืœืง. ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืฒืกื˜ ืขืก, ืคึฟืจืขื’ืŸ, ืืฑื‘ ืžืข ืงืขืŸ ืืฑืคึฟื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคึฟื™ืฉ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืึธืงื•ืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื™ืขื ืข ืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืŸ? ื–ืฒ ืคึฟืึทืœืŸ, ืฆื•ื ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒ ืงืึทื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืขืก: ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข. ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืฃ ืืฑืฃ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ื˜ืฒืœืฐืฒึทื–ื™ืงืข ืœืฒื–ื•ื ื’ ืฆื•, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืึทื ื’ ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึฟื•ืœืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฑื˜ืึธื ืึธืžื™ึดืข: ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒื˜ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึฟืึธืœืง ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกืฆื•ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข ืฐื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึฟืขืœืงืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึทืจืึทื ื–ืฉื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ืก ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง, ืืฑืกืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฑื˜ืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข, ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืึธืงื•ืคึผื™ืจืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืึท ืฆืฐืฒื˜ ืคึฟืึธืœืง? ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจืก ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืคึฟืึธืจ ืึทื–ืึท ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืข: ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืืฑืกืคึฟื™ืจืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฑื˜ืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืœืขื ืขืจืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื ืขื, ืฐื™ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฅ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ืึทื“ื•ืจื›ืคึฟื™ืจืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื ืฅ. ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืœืจื•ื‘ึฟ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื•ึผืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืœืข ื“ื•ืจื›ืคึฟืึทืœืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึทืœื˜ืขืจื ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืžืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืคึฟืฉืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืก ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพืื•ื™ื˜ืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข? ื“ื™ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ึฟื” ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพืคึฟืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืกื‘ึฟื™ื‘ึฟื” ืื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืืฑืกืขืจื’ืขืฐืฒื ื˜ืœืขืš ืฉืึทืคึฟืขืจื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืฒื“ื ืขืจืœืฒ ืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข, ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœึพืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ืึทืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื‘ึฟืจื™ืช ืื™ื– ื‘ืžื™ืœื ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืกืฒึท ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข ืฆื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข, ืกืฒึท ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื•ืžืคึผ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืงื•ืคึผืึทืฆื™ืข. ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฆืจื™ื? ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืึทื–ื™ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืžื ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืขืจ? ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืกืฒึท ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง, ืกืฒึท ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ, ืึธืŸ ืึท ืงืœืึธืจืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืขื’ื™ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืŸ. ืžืข ืงืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทื’ื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืงืึธื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืืคึฟืฉืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืžืก ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ. Share On Facebook Twitter ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ The Yiddish Daily Forward welcomes reader comments in order to promote thoughtful discussion on issues of importance to the Jewish community. In the interest of maintaining a civil forum, The Yiddish Daily Forwardrequires that all commenters be appropriately respectful toward our writers, other commenters and the subjects of the articles. Vigorous debate and reasoned critique are welcome; name-calling and personal invective are not. While we generally do not seek to edit or actively moderate comments, our spam filter prevents most links and certain key words from being posted and The Yiddish Daily Forward reserves the right to remove comments for any reason. 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ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 77 ื™ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื˜ื™ืจื” ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื˜ื™ื’ ื–ืณืณืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืึธืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ, ื“ืขื 4ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1942. ืึท ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืึทืจืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืขืช ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ืึธืœื™ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึฟืจืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขืžืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงืจืึธืงืข, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืกืณืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื˜ื™ื’ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคึฟื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืฆื™ ืึท ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจึพืคึฟื™ืœื. ืกืณืื™ื– ื›ึผื“ืึทื™ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื 100 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึฟื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึท ื˜ื•ืฅ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืžืข ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืกื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื˜ื™ื’, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ ืžืึทืจืง ื•ื•ืึทืจืฉืึทื•ื•ืงืกื™ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ: ืึทืงื˜ื•ืขืœืข ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืžืขืก (ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืœืึธื–ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืึทื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื, ื“ืขื ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ); ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึฟืึธืœืง (ืฉื‘ืช, ื—ื“ืจึพื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืึทืžืขืก), ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทืœืข ืขื ื™ื ื™ื (ื“ื™ ืคึฟืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืฒื“ืŸ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืึท ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคึฟืึทืจืœื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ื—ื‘ึฟืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืœื™ื“ืขืจ). ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธื“ืขืจื ืขื ืฆื•ื’ืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืึท ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื•ื•ื ื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืข ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคึฟืขืกื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืฆืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื“ืขืจื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื’ืึทืžืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืขืžืขืก, ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึทืจืขืžืงื™ื™ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืึทืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจื•ื•ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื ื™ืงืึทืœืขืจ ืคึฟื™ื’ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง. ืกืณืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื˜ื™ื’ืก ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืกื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ื•ืš ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 1930ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ โ€” ื‘ืคึฟืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืึธืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ โ€” ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ึผืชื‘ึฟึพื™ื“ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื โ€žื™ื™ึดื•ื•ืึธโ€Ÿึพืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืึธืจืง. ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ 1950ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืคึฟืฆื™ืง ืึทืœื‘ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึทืœืข ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจืขืคึผืขืจื˜ื•ืึทืจ. ืึธื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืฒึทืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืึทืœื™ื‘ื˜ืกื˜ืข ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืึธืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื˜ื™ื’ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 1. ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืงืึทื”ืŸ: โ€žืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืœืึธื–ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืฉโ€Ÿ (ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ) ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื ื“ื™ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื˜ื™ื’ ืึธืคึฟื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืœืึธื–ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 1930ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืงืึทื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึทืคึผืขืœื™ืข โ€” โ€žื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ื™ื’ืœโ€Ÿ โ€” ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืขื ื ื•ืกื— ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื˜ื™ื’ืก โ€žืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืœืึธื–ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืฉโ€Ÿ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธื“ืขืจื ืขื ืกื˜ื™ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื˜ืึธืœื“ ื‘ืจืขื›ื˜. 2. ืœืขืึธ ืคึฟื•ืœื“: โ€žืžืฉื”ืœืขโ€Ÿ ื“ืขืจ โ€žืงืขื ื™ื’ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื™ื“โ€Ÿ, ื•ื•ื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคึฟืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืฆื• ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉืข ืกื˜ื™ืœืŸ. ื“ืึธ ื‘ืึทื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืึทืŸ ืึทืจืึทื‘ื™ืฉืข ืงืึทืคึผืขืœื™ืข. ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื, ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื•ืกื— ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื˜ื™ื’ืก โ€žืžืฉื”ืœืขโ€Ÿ ืคึฟืึธืจื˜ ืึท ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืขืจ. 3. ืขืžื™ ืคึฟืœืึทืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ: โ€žื“ืจืฒึท ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœืขืšโ€Ÿ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืœืขื–ืžืขืจึพื ื•ืกื— ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื˜ื™ื’ืก ื‘ืึทืœื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื“ โ€” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคึฟืจืึทื ืงืจืฒึทืš. 4. ื‘ืขื ื˜ืข ืงืึทื”ืึทืŸ: โ€žืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ื˜โ€Ÿ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืจืขื“ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– โ€žืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ื˜โ€Ÿ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื˜ื™ื’ืก ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืกื˜ ืœื™ื“. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1936 ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื, ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจืกื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื’ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืชืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืขืก ืขื“ึพื”ื™ื•ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸึพื—ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืช ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื‘ืขื ื˜ืข ืงืึทื”ืึทื ืก ื ื•ืกื— ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืœื™ื“ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื™ื‘ื˜ืกื˜ืข. 5. ืžืึทื ืคึฟืจืขื“ ืœืขื: โ€žืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธโ€Ÿ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืกืณืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸึพืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื˜ื™ื’ืก โ€žืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธโ€Ÿ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืณืื™ื– ื›ึผื“ืึทื™ ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ. ืžืึทื ืคึฟืจืขื“ ืœืขื, ืึท ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 20 ื™ืึธืจ, ืคึฟื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืึธืงืข, ื›ึผื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื˜ื™ื’ืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง. 6. ืึทืœืคึฟืจืขื“ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืจ: โ€žื“ืึธืก ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืœืึทื ื“โ€Ÿ ืžืข ื”ืขืจื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึทื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื“ืขื ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึธืœืงืกื˜ื™ืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ืžื™ื–ืจื—ึพืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึดืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืึทืœืคึฟืจืขื“ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืจ, ืึท ืชึผื•ืฉื‘ึฟ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ื• (ื“ืึธืก ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื’), ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื˜ื™ื’ืก ืœื™ื“ โ€žื“ืึธืก ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืœืึทื ื“โ€Ÿ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ. 7. ืจื™ื–ืข ืื™ื’ืขืœืคึฟืขืœื“: โ€žืึทื‘ึฟืจื”ืžืœ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืจื•ื•ื™ื›ืขืจโ€Ÿ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืขื ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืคึฟืึธืœืงืกื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืคึฟืŸ ืื™ื– ืจื™ื–ืข ืื™ื’ืขืœืคึฟืขืœื“ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื˜ื™ื’ืก โ€žืึทื‘ึฟืจื”ืžืœ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืจื•ื•ื™ื›ืขืจโ€Ÿ ื‘ืขืช ืึทืŸ ืึธื•ื•ื ื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื โ€žืœืึธืกึพืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืขืœืขืกืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพืงืœื•ื‘โ€Ÿ ืื™ืŸ 1998 ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื˜ื™ื’ืก ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพื™ืจื•ืฉื”. 8. ืžืจื“ื›ื™ึพืฆื‘ึฟื™ ืจืึธืกืœ: โ€žืงื™ื ื“ืขืจึพื™ืึธืจืŸโ€Ÿ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืคึฟืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึฟืึธืœืงืกื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื˜ื™ื’ืก โ€žืงื™ื ื“ืขืจึพื™ืึธืจืŸโ€Ÿ. ืžืจื“ื›ื™ึพืฆื‘ึฟื™ ืจืึธืกืœ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื–ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจื•ื•ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ืžืžืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’. ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืกืึธื•ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ โ€žืงื™ื ื“ืขืจึพื™ืึธืจืŸโ€Ÿ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 9. ื˜ืขืึธื“ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ืงืขืœ ื–ืณืณืœ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท ื‘ืจื•ืงืก ื–ืณืณืœ: โ€žื”ื•ืœื™ืขื˜, ื”ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืšโ€Ÿ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื˜ื™ื’ืก ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทืœืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, โ€žื”ื•ืœื™ืขื˜, ื”ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš,โ€Ÿ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ืขื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืึธื“ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ืงืขืœืก ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ื™ืงืŸ ื ื•ืกื— ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืœื™ื“.
ื“ื™ ืขื“ื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื—ืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืขืก. ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื“ื” ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ืคืืœื’ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ืข ืœืขื‘ื ืกืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ. ื“ืืก ืฉื˜ืขืžืคืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื“ื”'ืก ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื“ื™ ืขื“ื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืื™ื– ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื—ืจื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื“ื” ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 15,000 ืื•ืŸ 40,000. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืงืึธื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื” ืฉืขืจื™ื ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืจืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื‘'. ื“ื™ ืขื“ื” ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืงืขืจืคืขืจืฉืืคื˜, "ื‘ื“"ืฅ ืขื“ื” ื—ืจื“ื™ืช", ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืข ืคืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜ืข ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื“ื™ ืขื“ื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืฆื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืึธื ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจืข ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืงื‘ืจื™ื. ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ 1 ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืข 2 ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื“ื” 3 ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื’ืข ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื“"ืฆ 4 ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืžื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื“ื” 5 ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ื’ืข ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืขืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื“ื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื˜, ืคืืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื‘ืจืืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืื ืขื ืคืขืœื“ ื–ืฆ"ืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืจืื‘"ื“ ืื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื‘ื•ืš, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•"ืจ ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืื™ื– ื”ืจื‘ ื ืคืชืœื™ ื”ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ืื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคืืคื ื”ื™ื™ื ืžื ื›"ืœ ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช. ืื™ืจ ืฆื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืื-ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืœืข ืงื”ืœื•ืช ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื”'ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืืœืข ืžื™ื ื™ ืคื™ืจืฆื•ืช, ื•ื•ืืก ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ืข ื’ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ. ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ืจ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื“"ืฅ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืžืข ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืœื™ื™ืš. ื‘ืขืจืš 25 ื™ืืจ ื ืืš ืื™ืจ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื›ืฉืจ'ืข ืžืงื•ื•ืื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื”ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืงืกื˜ืข ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื™ื ืคืจื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื, ืื•ื™ืš ืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืคื’ื ื”'ืก ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื’ืื‘"ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื“ื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืื ืขื ืคืขืœื“ ื–"ืœ ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื—ื–ืง ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื“ื”-ื ืื›ืคืืœื’ืขืจ. ื ืืš ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื‘"ื“ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฆื‘ื™ ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืกืงื™. ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกืื˜ืžืืจืขืจ ืจื‘, ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืืœ ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืœื‘ื•ื™ื, ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื‘"ื“. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ ื”'ืชืฉืœ"ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืื˜ืžืืจืขืจ ืจื‘ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื‘ืดื“ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื–"ืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•"ืช ืžื ื—ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืœืข ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื›ืืคื˜ืข ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื•ืืก ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆืขืฉืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื–ืขืจ ืจื‘ ื™ืฉื›ืจ ื“ื•ื‘ ืจื•ืงื— (ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ) ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื‘ื™"ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช. ื ืืš ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœ ืžื ื—ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื’ืื‘"ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื“ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืืจื™ื” ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ื–"ืœ ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืกืื˜ืžืืจ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ื“ "ืื”ืœ ืจื—ืœ" ื•ื•ืืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื ืืš ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืื‘"ื“ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉื” ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืกืงื™, ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื‘, ืื•ืŸ ื ืืš ืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื” ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก (ื ืคื˜ืจ ืชืฉืคืดื‘). ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื ื”ืœื” ืื™ื– ื™ืืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืคืืคื ื”ื™ื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื’ื™ืขืจื™ื’ืขืจ ืกื•ืคืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื“ื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื—ื ื“ืื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ.
ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืœื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช; ืกืณืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ. ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืจืื–ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื (ื›"ื• ืื‘ ืชืจืค"ื— - ื›ืดื‘ ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืขืดื–) ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืขืจื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื ืคืืจืง. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืคื˜ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื•ื ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืชืฉืข"ื– ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืขืจื“ื™ื’ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืื ืกื™ ื ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืื•ื ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื™ืœ ื–"ืœ. ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ 1 ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืืจืŸ 2 ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฉืขืจื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ 3 ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 4 ืจืขืคืขืจืขื ืฆืŸ 5 ื•ื•ืขื‘ืœื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืืจืŸืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืจืื–ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื›"ื• ืื‘ ืชืจืค"ื— ืื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ืขืจืคืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ืข"ื”, ืฉื˜ืืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ึพืงืจื™ื’ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืœืืคื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ื•ื•ืื• ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื™ื ื˜ ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืžืื ื˜ืจืข, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืช"ื— ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืกืืœืื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื™ืง ื–"ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื”ืจืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื ืื•ืŸ ืจืณ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืขืœืขืจ ื–"ืœ. ื ืื›ื“ืขื ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขื™ืจืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื™ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ืงืื˜ืœืขืจ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื•ื•ืืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื•ืง ื•ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื. ื”ืจื‘ ืจืื–ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืกืžื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืฃ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืื‘"ื“ ื•ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืื˜ ืžืขื™ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืืœื“ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืื‘"ื“ ืฆืขื”ืœื™ื ืื– ืžืงืขืŸ ืื™ื ืคืจืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“' ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉื•"ืข, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืื”ืจืŸ ืงื˜ืœืจ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื ืžืžื ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืจืื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืงื•ื•ืื“ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฆื• ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืืจ ืขืจ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืื ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขื˜ืกืงื™ืœืก. ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฉืขืจื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื ืคืืจืง ื”ืื˜ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื•ื‘ ืงืืคืœืžืืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืขืจื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืขืœ ืฉื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉืงืืค ื–ืฆ"ืœ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืคืขืœืžืืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื“ืืจื˜, ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืคืืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืจืื–ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ื’ืข ื™ืืจืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื“ ืจืžื” ืžืขืžื™ื“ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืืœืคื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืก ื ื™ื• ื™ืืจืง ื”ืื˜ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืจืื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื“ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืคื™' ื•ื•ืืก ื“ืขืจ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจืืคื’ืขืœืื–ื˜ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืข ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœืขืจื ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื•ืืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืžืคืงื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื”ื‘ืœื™ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืง' ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืœื•ืงืกื•ืก, ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืจื‘ ืจืื–ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื ื”ืื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืคืจืขื’ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื“ืื ืขืจืฉื˜ืื’ ื ืื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืกืคืจื™ ืžื•ืกืจ ืื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื’ ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื•ื—ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื“' ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจืข ืชืฉ- ืž' ืื•ืŸ ื ' ืก' ื™ืืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื”ืจื‘ ืจืื–ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชืœ ืชืœืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืืก ืž'ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืืจืข ื“ืขืช ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื™ืœืข ื˜ืขืžืขืก ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื•' ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื™ืœืข ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ ืืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ื™ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืจืื–ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงืœืืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืžื™ื, ืก'ื ื™ืฉื˜ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืจื‘ื” ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ ืจืื–ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ืœืืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื“ืขืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืœื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืก'ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื ืืจ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื• ืื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืกื•ืœ, ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืขืงืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืื•ืก. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื›ื ืืœื’ื™ืขืฉืข ื›ืœื™ื, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืืจืฃ ืืงืขื’ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ ื•ื•ืืก ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง ื“ื™ ืงืืค ืคื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื, ื’ืืจ ืฉืืจืคืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืกื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื™ ืื™ื ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชืœ ืชืœืคื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื•ืืก ืคืจืขื’ืขืŸ ืืŸ ื“ืขืช ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื“ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื ืคืืจืง ื•ื•ืืก ื“ืขืจ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ื˜ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื›ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืขืช ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื™ืฉืง, ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืข ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืื•ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ื ื•ื•ืืงืกืžืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืื ืกื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืืคื˜ืขืจ ื’ืืกื˜ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื“'. ืื“ืขืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžืื™ืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ื•ืžืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื“ืจืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืจืื–ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื, ืื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืงื•ื•ืื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื“ื™ ืื“ืจืขืก ื”ืจื‘ ืจืื–ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื, ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืจื‘ ืื”ืจืŸ ืงื•ื˜ืœืขืจ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื ืžืžื ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืงื•ื•ืื“, ื–ื™ืš ืจืขื›ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ืื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื’, ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื”ื ื”ืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืขืงื‘, ื˜ืจืืฆื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื”ืจื‘ ืจืื–ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืžื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ืฉืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืืžืช ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื, ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืคืจืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื ืคืืจืง ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืื™ื– ื”ืจื‘ ืจืื–ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืงืขื’ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืงื™ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืงื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืื“ืžื•ืจื™ื ืื‘ืขืจ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื’, ื ืกื™ืžื‘ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื,
โ€žื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืึทื”ื™ืŸโ€Ÿ, โ€” ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื™ืก ื“ืึธื‘ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™. ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคึฟืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืœื™ืึธืกืงืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืจ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ. ื“ื™ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืœืงื ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ื•ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื›โ€™ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืžืคึผืก-ื‘ื™ื™: ื“ืขืจ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ-ื›ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ืขืก ืึท ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืึธืœืงืŸ-ืžืึทืกืข. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืจืึทื ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคึฟืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ: ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืœืงื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคึฟื•ืจืขืžื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜, ื ืึธื›ืžืึทื›ื ื“ื™ืง, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ, ื“ื™ ืžืึธื ื•ืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœืข ืคึฟืขืœื“ื–ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื’ึพืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืขื’ โ€” ื“ื™ โ€žืึทืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœืŸโ€Ÿ. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืŸ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืœืงื ืก ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ืจืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืจืขืคึฟื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืขืœื“ื–ืŸ. ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืœืงื ืก ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ โ€žืึทืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœืŸโ€Ÿ, ืฆืขืคึฟืึทืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึฟืึธืจืžืœืึธื–ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ. โ€žืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื˜ืจืึทื’ืขื“ื™ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸโ€Ÿ, โ€” ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึฟืึธืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ืกื™ืก ื“ืึธื‘ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจื“ืขืงื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงื–ืึธื˜ื™ืฉ-ื‘ื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึธืคึฟื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธืœื“ืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงื•ื•ืึทืจ-ืคึฟืึธื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื ื™ืฆื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ืœืขืš. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธื ื’ืขืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืื™ืžืคึผืจืขืกื™ืึธื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ. ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจื•ืงืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืึท ืกืงืจื™ืคึผ ื’ืขืขืคึฟื ื˜ ืึท ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฅ-ื—ื ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืžื•ื™ื“ ืื™ื ืขื ื•ื•ืฒึทืกืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื˜ืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึทืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื›ื™ื ืขื–ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ึพืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื–. ืžื™ืกื™ืก ื“ืึธื‘ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜. โ€žื’ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™โ€Ÿ, โ€” ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืกื™ืก ื“ืึธื‘ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, โ€” โ€žื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงืึทื•ื•ืข. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคึฟืึทืจืงืึธื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืโ€ฆ ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืกโ€ฆ ื˜ืฉื™ืคึฟื™ืจ, ืึทื™ืึธ?โ€Ÿ โ€” ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. โ€” โ€žืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ. ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืึท ืกืš ื˜ื™ื™, ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคึผืขืงืขืœืข. ื ื•, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืžืกืชึผืžื. ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ึผืกื˜.โ€Ÿ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืžื•ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืึทืจืคึฟื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื›ื™ื˜ืจืข ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืžืึทื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื›ื™ื ืขื–ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืฉืฒึทื ื™ืงืœ ืคึฟืึทืจืŸ ืขืœืขื’ืึทื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขื ื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื ืจืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืก ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ-ืงืึธืœื™ืจื˜ืข ืคึฟืœื™ืกื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึฟืœืึทื›ืŸ ื˜ืขืกืขืœืข, ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื ืจืึทื ื“. ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืœื•ื™ื–, ืึทื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ืคึฟื™ืจ. ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฉืฒึทื ื™ืงืœ, ืคึฟืึทืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ืกื™ืก ื“ืึธื‘ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ: โ€žืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข, ืื™ื ืขื 29ืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ 30ืกื˜ืŸ, ื›โ€™ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™. ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืžืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืกื˜ืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ โ€” ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืขืก, ื’ืขืงืึธืจื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ, ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ. ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™, ื•ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ื ืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืžืžืฉื•ืชื“ื™ืง ืœืขื‘ืŸ; ืึทื–ืึท, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืข ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืึทื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข โ€” ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ. ื˜ืึธื’-ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืึธืจ ืคึผืจื˜ื™ืžื“ื™ืง ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ โ€žืžืึทื ื˜ืจืขโ€Ÿ: โ€žืืคึฟืฉืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืึทืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืึทืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื™ืึธ ืžื™ืš, ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจโ€ฆโ€Ÿ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ืคึฟืจืึทื’ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืžื•ื– ืขืก ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืขืก ื“ืึธืš ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืšโ€ฆ ื“ื• ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ. ื›โ€™ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคึฟืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืจืœื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงืึทืžืจืึทื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ.โ€Ÿ โ€žื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ?โ€Ÿ โ€” ืคึฟืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืžื™ืกื™ืก ื“ืึธื‘ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜. ืื™ืจ โ€žื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸโ€Ÿ ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืคึฟื™ืœื–ื™ื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ. ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ืขืก ืฉื˜ื•ืžืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืึทืœื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืขืกืขืœืข ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ื–ื•ืคึผื ื“ื™ืง ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™. โ€” โ€žืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื–ืœโ€ฆ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก?โ€Ÿ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจื•ืงืŸ ืขืคึฟื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผื ื™ื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืžื•ื™ื“: โ€žืžืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™?โ€Ÿ โ€” ืคึฟืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืงื ืึทืงื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ. ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืกื™ืก ื“ืึธื‘ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜. ื–ื™ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงืขืึทื ื™ืฉ-ื”ื™ืžืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคึฟืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืžืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืžื•ื™ื“. ื™ืขื ืข ื’ื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึฟืึทืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคึฟืœื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื™ืึธ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ื™ืชื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ืขืœื ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ. โ€žื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื–ืœ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ึผื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ? ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื’ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ื›ึผื“ื™ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ. ื›โ€™ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคึผื•ืขืœื˜โ€ฆ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ, ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืžืœื˜ ื›ึผืกื“ืจ: โ€žืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸโ€Ÿ. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฒึทืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸโ€ฆโ€Ÿ ืžื™ืกื™ืก ื“ืึธื‘ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ืึทื ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืจื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืคึฟื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืžื—ื™ืœื”-ื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงื•ืง. โ€žื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืขื ื”ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืจืขื ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืึทืŸ ืžื•ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื•ึผื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜โ€ฆ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืฒึทื ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคึผืึทืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื–ืงืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคึฟืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฉื™ืฃ ืึทื”ืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืคึผื˜ืึทื•ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืึธ ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืข ืงืจื•ื‘ึฟื™ื. ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืคึฟืœืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคึฟืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืงืจื•ื‘ึฟื™ื, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜. ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ โ€” ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทืœื™ืข, ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ืึท ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธโ€ฆ ืœื™ื’ ืžื™ืจโ€ฆ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸโ€ฆ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ. ืขืจโ€™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืžื™ื ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜-ืคึผืจืึธืคึฟืขืกืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ โ€” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืงืœืขื˜ืŸ, ื™ืึทื›ื˜ืŸโ€ฆโ€Ÿ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื–ื™ืคึฟืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืกื™ืก ื“ืึธื‘ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ: โ€žืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื’ืœืขื–ืœ ื˜ื™ื™?โ€Ÿ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ืก ืึธืŸ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื˜ืฉืฒึทื ื™ืงืœ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ-ืงืึธืœื™ืจื˜ืข ืคึฟืœื™ืกื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืกืš ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืคึฟืจื™ึดืขืจ. โ€žืฉื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืงืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ืขืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืคึผืจื™ืงื•ืกืงื• [1], ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืคึผืจื™ืงื•ืกืงื•โ€Ÿ. ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื”ืึทื ื˜, ืขืคึฟื ื˜ ืึท ืคึผื•ืฉืงืขืœืข, ื ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึฟื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืึท ืงื•ื‘ื™ืงืœ ืฆื•ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืขืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืขืกืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉื•ื•ืฒึทื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืฉื•ื•ืฒึทื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื–ื™ืก-ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึธืจ ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ, ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื™ืก ื“ืึธื‘ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื‘ืฒึทื ื˜ืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืขืคึฟืึทืœืขื ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื–ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืง ืงืขืกืขืœืข ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ. ืึทืจื•ื ืื™ื ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš, ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืข ื”ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื›ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผื ื™ืžืขืจ. ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜-ืึธ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื™, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืคึฟืฉืจ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืžืข ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืงืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื ืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืึทื ื“. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืฆืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ืจืœ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึธืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืฒึทื˜ืขืจืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง, ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืจื•ืช. ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืงืจื•ื‘ึฟื™ื, ืคึฟืึธืจื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ื™ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ืก-ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ. โ€žืกืณืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžืึทืžืขืŸโ€Ÿ, โ€” ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื—ืจื˜ื”, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึฟืึทืœ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืฉื•ื•ืฒึทื’ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืกื™ืก ื“ืึธื‘ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ, ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืขืก ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ. โ€žืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸโ€ฆ ืขืจ ืคึฟืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš โ€” ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืขื˜ โ€” ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸโ€ฆ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืคึฟืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืขืจ! ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืขืœืขืคึฟืึธื ืขืŸ, ืึธื ืคึฟืจืขื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš!โ€Ÿ ืื™ืš ืขืคึฟืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžื•ื™ืœ, ื›ึผื“ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืกโ€™ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืงืœืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึทื›ื˜ืŸโ€ฆ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื–ื™ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจืก: โ€žืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ึผืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื—ื‘ึฟืจื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืœื“ื”ื™ื™ื. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืงืจืึทื ืงืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคึฟืœืขื’ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืกืึทืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™ื– ืขืก ืึท ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช ืึทื–ืึท? ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ?โ€Ÿ ืื™ืจ ืคึฟื™ืœื–ื™ื ื™ืงืก โ€žื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸโ€Ÿ ืคึฟืึทืœื˜ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉ-ื‘ืึทืจื’ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคึฟื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทืก-ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืข. ืžื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคึฟื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ. ืžื™ืกื™ืก ื“ืึธื‘ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึฟืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืงืขืึทื ื™ืฉ-ื”ื™ืžืœื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ืจืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืœื“. ืžื™ืกื™ืก ื“ืึธื‘ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ, ื’ื™ื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืžืึทืš ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืงื™ืขื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ.
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืคึฟืจืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืขืจ: ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึธืœืงืžื•ื–ื™ืง? ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขืจ ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึฟืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืœืงืžื•ื–ื™ืงึพื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื โ€žื’ืฒึท ืžืขื ื“ื™ืœืึธื•ื•ึพืึทื ืกืึทืžื‘ืœโ€Ÿ [Guy Mendilow Ensemble], ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, โ€žืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืขืกืขื ืขื ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืจืฒึทืšโ€Ÿ [Tales from the Forgotten Kingdom], ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืขืงืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืฒึทืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืœ ืื™ื ืขื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืง ืขื•ืœื. ืขืก ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืกืคึฟืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 1990ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึฟื™ืœืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื™ืงืŸ ื›ืึทืœืึทื˜, ื•ื•ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืžืคึผืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืจ, ืขืœืขื”ื™ื™ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทืกืŸึพื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ืคึฟื•ื ืขื 14ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ึผืกื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืกืคึฟืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืœื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข, ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผื•ืจื™ืึพืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ืขื›ื˜ืข ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืข. ื“ืึธืก ืกืคึฟืจื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืึทืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ โ€” ื˜ืขืจืงืฒึท, ื’ืจื™ื›ื ืœืึทื ื“, ื‘ื•ืœื’ืึทืจื™ืข, ืžืึทืจืึธืงืึธ, ื”ืึธืœืึทื ื“, ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ, ืขื’ื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข โ€” ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคึฟืขื ืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืœืึทื“ื™ื ืึธ, ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื–ืฉื•ื“ืขื–ืžืึธ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคึฟืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉ, ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืึทื‘ื™ืฉ. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืกืคึฟืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื“ โ€žื•ื•ืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜โ€Ÿ, ื‘ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืึธืคึฟื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ืึทืจื™ืึทื ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ. ืกืณืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืกืคึฟืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึฟืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืจื•ื™ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึฟืึธืœืงืกึพื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจื—ึพืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืšึพื›ึผืœืœ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืึทื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืึธืŸ ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื™ืึธ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึทืžื‘ื•ืจื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทืงืœ. ื“ื™ ืกืคึฟืจื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึทืœืึทื“ืขืก, โ€žืจืึธืžืึทื ืกืึทืกโ€Ÿ, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื‘ืึทืœื™ื‘ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืขื•ืœื. ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืคึฟืึทืจ, ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ื ืข ืึทืœื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ (ื ื™ืฉื˜ึพื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ) ืคึฟืึธืœืงืกึพืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคึฟืจื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึทืœืึทื“ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึธืจ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืฆืจ. ื“ื™ ืกืคึฟืจื“ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ. ยซ Previous 1 2 Next ยป Share On Facebook Twitter ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ The Yiddish Daily Forward welcomes reader comments in order to promote thoughtful discussion on issues of importance to the Jewish community. 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'); //j171('#IDCNavGuest2 > div').append(j171('#IDCNavList')); //j171('.idc-loginbtn_intensedebate, .idc-loginbtn_twitter').text(''); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').text('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’.'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').children('a').wrap(' '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('div');}); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').before(' ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv').css({"text-align":"left", "direction":"ltr"}); /* $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').on('load', function() { $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').text('To post a comment, please login or enter your name and email address'); }); */ $('#IDNewThreadSubmitLI > a > span.idc-r > strong').text('ืฉื™ืงื˜'); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').wrap(' ');}); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').before('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’. ').wrap(' ');}).css({"text-align":"right", "direction":"rtl"}); } else { $(setTimeout(yiddishcomments, 3000)); } return; }
ื™ื–ื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ืึธืจื™ืึทืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืึธืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืจืŸ ืคืึทืกืขื‘ืึธืึธืง ื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืืก ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 3 ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ... ื˜ืจืขืคึผืœ 1 ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืกืขื‘ืึธืึธืง ืงืึธืจืžืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืžืœื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื URL ื‘ื™ื™ึท ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ . ื–ืขืŸ ืกืงืจืขืขื ืฉืึธื˜ ื•ื ื˜ืขืจ. ื˜ืจืขืคึผืœ 2 ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• FBion.com. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืคึผืึทืคึผ ื“ื™ URL ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืึธืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืกืงืจืขืขื ืฉืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ. ื˜ืจืขืคึผืœ 3 ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืจืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ (ืื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื) ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืจืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืื™ืŸ ืกื“ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฆื• ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืกื˜ืึทืจืฅ ืคึผืœื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื•ื ืœืึธื•ื“ื™ื ื’, ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื ืง ื•ื•ื™ ... ืฆื• ืึธืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื. ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืึธืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืืก ื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืืก, facebook ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ืึธืจื™ืึทืœ ื˜ื•ื˜ืึธืจื™ืึทืœ, ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ facebook ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืคึฟืจื™ื™ึท ืคืึทืกืขื‘ืึธืึธืง ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื•ื•ื ืœืึธืึทื“ืขืจ.
ืึทื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืข, ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื–ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ โ€” ืึธืคึฟื˜ืžืึธืœ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ึพื—ื™ื ื. ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืฉืึธืงืœ: ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืข, ืึทื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟื™ืœ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืจืขื’ื•ืœืขืจืข ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืชึพื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืœืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืจืึทืง. ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืึทืžื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–ึพืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึท ื“ื™ึดืึทื’ื ืึธื–, ืึทื– ืขืก ืคึฟืขืœื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืึทืžื™ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืึทืžื™ื ืขืŸ โ€žืฆื•ยญืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื›ึผื•ื—โ€Ÿ ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืึธืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจืœื•ื™ืจืขื ืขื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืขืกื˜ ืคึฟืขื˜ืก. ื“ื™ ื“ื™ึดืขื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืขืฆื•ืช ื’ืขืคึผืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื›ึผืžื” ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืขื“ืขืจืึทืœืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืคึฟืขื˜ืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืึทื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜. ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง (ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืก, ืึทื•ื•ื“ืื™). ืืฒึทืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืกืณืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง. ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึทื– ืคึฟืขื˜ืœืฒึทื‘ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืงืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืขื›ืขืจืขืจ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืงืจืึทื ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ (ืฆื•ืงืขืจืงืจืขื ืง ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื ืงืขืŸ). ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึธืจืขื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ื•ืฃ. ื ืขืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข, ืจืขืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืข ืงืขืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืกืคึฟื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืคึฟื™ืจืŸ, ืฆื• ื‘ื™ืกืœืขืš, ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ึดืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ โ€žื’ืขื ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸโ€Ÿ, ื“ืดื” ืฆื•ืคึผืึทืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืงืึทืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืกื˜ืข ืคึฟืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืฒึทื›ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืžืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ืขืฆื•ืช: ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ืคึฟื™ืœ, ืฉืœืึธืคึฟื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขืคึฟืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ (ืคึฟืึทืจื•ื•ืฒึทืœื•ื ื’ืกึพื ืึทืจืงืึธื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ), ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœึพืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืขื ืข ืคึผืจื™ึดืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ. ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืึทืจื•ื ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€žื“ื™ึพืขืŸึพืื™ื™โ€Ÿ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขื ืึธื. ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืึทื ื˜ึพื“ืขืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ึพื’ืขื’ืึทืจื˜ืข ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืจืคึฟื•ืื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื“ืจื•ืง; ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ืึธืœืขืกื˜ืขืจืึธืœ; ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ืงืึธืœืึธื ืึธืกืงืึธืคึผื™ืขืก ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืขืคึฟืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึท ืจืึทืง ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงื™ืฉืงืข. ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืึทืงื˜ื•ืขืœืข ื˜ืขืžืขืก ืงื•ยญืžืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืข ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช. ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ ื’ืจื™ื ื’, ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืคึฟืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืึท ื”ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ ืึท ืกื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ืœ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•. ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจืก ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ื™ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฉืืœื•ืช! Share On Facebook Twitter Permalink | | Share | Email | Print Top Stories Back to ืคึฟืจืขื’ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขืฆื” ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืดืจ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจ The Yiddish Daily Forward welcomes reader comments in order to promote thoughtful discussion on issues of importance to the Jewish community. In the interest of maintaining a civil forum, The Yiddish Daily Forwardrequires that all commenters be appropriately respectful toward our writers, other commenters and the subjects of the articles. Vigorous debate and reasoned critique are welcome; name-calling and personal invective are not. While we generally do not seek to edit or actively moderate comments, our spam filter prevents most links and certain key words from being posted and The Yiddish Daily Forward reserves the right to remove comments for any reason. '); //j171('#IDCNavGuest2 > div').append(j171('#IDCNavList')); //j171('.idc-loginbtn_intensedebate, .idc-loginbtn_twitter').text(''); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').text('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’.'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').children('a').wrap(' '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('div');}); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').before(' ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv').css({"text-align":"left", "direction":"ltr"}); /* $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').on('load', function() { $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').text('To post a comment, please login or enter your name and email address'); }); */ $('#IDNewThreadSubmitLI > a > span.idc-r > strong').text('ืฉื™ืงื˜'); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').wrap(' ');}); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').before('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’. ').wrap(' ');}).css({"text-align":"right", "direction":"rtl"}); } else { $(setTimeout(yiddishcomments, 3000)); } return; }
ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื“ื•ืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืคึฟืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•. ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื•ืขื ืขืฆื™ืข, ืึทืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืงืึธืžืึทื ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืก ืึทื–ื•ื™: โ€žื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืœืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ. ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืฉื‚ืึพืื•ื™ื˜ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“ ืณืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื™ืฅืณ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืึท ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผื•ืฉืงืข, ื’ืขืขืคึฟื ื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืœื˜. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผืึทืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื•ื•ืขืง. ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืจืขื˜ 10ึพ12 ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ.โ€Ÿ โ€žื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืžืึธืจื“ืขื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทืฆื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืœื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื“, ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ืฆื•ื ืœืฒึทื“ืŸ,โ€Ÿ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืึธืจื™ื’ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื˜. ืจืึธืจื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคึฟืึทืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ึฟื™ื ืื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืจืึธืจื™ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ืขืœึพืคึผื™ึพืฆื•ืคึฟืึทืœ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ืึทืคึผืขืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1967, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• 4 ื™ืึธืจ. ื ืึธืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ืชื•ืžื™ืึพื”ื•ื™ื–, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึฟืจืฒึทื ื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืื™ื ืึทื“ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืจื˜. โ€žืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ,โ€Ÿ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืึธืจื™ื’ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ, ื‘ืขืช ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืฉืึทืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก 12ึพื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืข ืึท ืงืึทืจื˜ืึธื ืขื ืข ืฉื™ื›ืคึผื•ืฉืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœื˜ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคึผืึทืžืขืœืขืš ืึทื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืึทื›ืคึฟื™ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึท ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื•ึผืกื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื˜ืึทื˜ืขึพืžืึทืžืข, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ. ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื˜ื™ืคึฟืŸ ืจื•ืฉื ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืœ. ื”ื’ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืื™ื ืฆืขื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ืึทืคึผืขืฉื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืฒึท. ืฆื• 17 ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ื ื™ืคึฟื˜ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ. ื‘ืขืจืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืึธืจื™ื’ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ึพืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟื™ืจืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ึพืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืึทืฆื™ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ึพืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืœืŸ, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ึพืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจืฉืึทืคึฟื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืกื•ืฃึพื•ื•ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืึธืงืข. โ€žื›ืณื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ โ€” ื“ื™ ื“ื–ืฉืขื–ึพืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš, ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ืโ€ฆโ€Ÿ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 40 ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงืจืึธืงืข. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืกืณืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคึผืึทืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ื’ืขืคึฟืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืฉื•ื•ื™ืขื ื˜ืฉื™ื [ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ] ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ยซ Previous 1 2 3 4 Next ยป Share On Facebook Twitter ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ The Yiddish Daily Forward welcomes reader comments in order to promote thoughtful discussion on issues of importance to the Jewish community. 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ืžืึทืจืง ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ื™ื“, ืงื•ื ื” ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืžืข ื”ืื˜ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืกืข ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ 10 Gigabit RJ45 ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ืขืจ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืึทืจื™ื–ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 5 ื’ ื ืขืฅ ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื ื’ื–, ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืจื“ื–ืฉ 45 ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืขืงื•ื•ื™ืคึผืžืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืžืข ื”ืื˜ ืžืึทืกืข ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ 10 ื’ื™ื’ืึทื‘ื™ื˜ ืจื“ื–ืฉ 45 ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 100% ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื“ื–ืฉ 45 ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจืึทื ื“ื– ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื™ืคืขืง ื‘ืขืœ Wurth ืึทืžืคืขื ืึธืœ ืžืึธืœืงืกืข ื‘ื•ื˜ื”ืึทื ื“ื”ืึทื ื“ ืขื“ืึทืง ืึทื‘ืจืึทืงืึธืŸ ืคืึธืงืกืงืึธื ืŸ ืื•ืŸ YDS ืื•ืŸ Hanrun. ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขืœืก ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœื™ืžื™ื˜ืขื“ ืฆื•: jt4-1173hl, jt4-1108hl, jt4-1128hl, 7499611421 10 Gigabit Ethernet, ืึธื“ืขืจ 10GigE, ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ 10 Gbit / s ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงืึทื‘ืœืข ืœืขื ื’ืงื˜ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 80m ืึธืŸ ืจื™ืคึผื™ื˜ืขืจื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืฉ ื™ืงืกื˜ืขื ืฉืึทื ื–. ื“ืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ 10GigE ื™ื“ืขืึทืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื ื“ื•ื•ื™ื“ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื’ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืึทื ืกืึทื–. ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜: 12-12 ื™ืื ื•ืืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ื ืงื•ื•ืขืจื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืกืขืœื™ืกื˜, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ E- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 24 ืฉืขื”.ืึธื ืคืจืขื’
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ, ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ื”ืื˜ ืึท ื™ืขืจืœืขืš ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹200000 ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ืจื™ื ื’ืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืกื˜ืึธืžื™ื–ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ืจื™ื ื’ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืกืคึผืขืกืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขืœืก. ืฉื•ื 'ืึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื’ ืงืึธื•ื•ืขืจืก ืึท ืฉื˜ื— ืคื•ืŸ 1000 ืงื•ื•ืึทื“ืจืึทื˜ ืžืขื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืคืึทืจืงื ืึทืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื– ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ื ืขืจื™ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ืจื™ื ื’ืก. 200,000 ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ืจื™ื ื’ืก ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ื•ื™ืกืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉ ืžืึธื“ืขืจื ื™ื–ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉ ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืึทืœืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื– ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืžืขื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ - ืœื™ื™ืึทื ืžืึทืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจื•ื ื’.ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืกืคึผืขืกืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ืžืึทืฉื™ื ืขืจื™ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ืจื™ื ื’ืก ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 12 ืื™ื ื˜ืฉืขืก ืฆื• 38 ืื™ื ื˜ืฉืขืก.ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืกืขืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ื ืขืจื™ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ืจื™ื ื’ืก, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ 13, 20, 22, 25 ืื•ืŸ 30 ื˜ืึธื ืก. ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ 50 ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ืจื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ื•ื™ืกืจื™ื›ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืงืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ ืจืึธื•ืœื™ื ื’ ืคืึธืจืžื™ื ื’ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืงื ืง ื•ื•ืขืœื“ื™ื ื’ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืœืึทื–ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื ืงื™ื ื’ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืกื˜ืึทืžืคึผื™ื ื’ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ืจื™ื ื’ ืงืึธื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืคืึธืจืขืกื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืจื™ื™ื™ื ื’.ื“ื™ ืจืึธื“ ื›ืึทื‘ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืจืึธื“ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ืกื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืงืึทื ื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื–.
ื˜ืขืจืขื–ื™ืขื ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืœืื’ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืก ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื˜ืขืจืขื–ื™ืขื ืฉื˜ื˜ืื˜, ื˜ืฉืขื›ื™ื™, ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ืงืื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืก ืœืื’ืขืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืงืจื™ื’, ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ื– ืื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœื™ืš, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืงืจื™ื™ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืก ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืค ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื“ืืก ืœืื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’, ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื™ื– ื“ืืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืก ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืฉืขื›ืืกืœืื•ื•ืืงื™ืข, ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื”ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืกืืš ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขื›ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืืจื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืœืขืก ื•ื•ืืก ื™ืขื“ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ื”ืื˜, ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืจืื ืกืคืืจื˜ืืฆื™ืข, ืงืืžื•ื ื™ืงืืฆื™ืข, ืคืืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’, ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืื"ื•ื•, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ืกื“ื™ื ืกื˜, ืื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืืœื™ืฆื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืขืก-ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆื•ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืฆืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืืกืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ืข ื ืื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1941 ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœืขืก, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืืก ืžืขืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืจืื˜ืืงืืœ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ื ืขืœื˜ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืฉืขื›ื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืขืกืงืŸ, ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ืืกืืš ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื“ืืจื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜, ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขื ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื“ืืœืฃ ืื™ื™ื›ืžืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื ืืฆื™ืฉืข ืคื™ืจืขืจ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืขื–ื™ืขื ืฉื˜ืื˜. 144,000 ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืขื–ื™ืขื ืฉื˜ืื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 19,000, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื’ืข ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ืก ืœืื’ืขืจืŸ, ืื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ.
ื’ืขืืจื’ ืคึฟืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืขื ื“ืœ (ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ: George Frideric Handel, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ: Georg Friedrich Hรคndel;โ€ 23ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1685 โ€“ 14ื˜ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืœ 1759) ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจึพื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืืžืคืื–ื™ื˜ืืจ, ื‘ืื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืืคืขืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืืจื’ืืŸ ืงืื ืฉืขืจื˜ืืก. ื”ืขื ื“ืœ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืœืข, ื”ืืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 1712 ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื•ื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1727. ื’ืขืืจื’ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืขื ื“ืœ ื”ืขื ื“ืœ ื”ืื˜ ืงืืžืคืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ 42 ืืคืขืจืขืก. ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืืจืŸืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื”ืขื ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืœืข, ื”ืขืจืฆืื’ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื’ื“ืขื‘ื•ืจื’, ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืืจื’ ื”ืขื ื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืืจืื˜ืขื ื˜ืื•ืกื˜. ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 63 ื™ืืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื™ืืจ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืงืœืื•ื•ื™ืงืืจื“, ื•ื•ืืก ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ื ืื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืืคืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 1710 ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื ืฅ ื’ืขืืจื’ ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืื•ื•ืขืจ. ื ืืš ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืคืืจืื™ื‘ืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื“ืœ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืœื™ืงืŸ ืขืจื’ื ื˜ืกื•ื•ืื• ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ืื™ืŸ 1712 ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืื ื“. ื“ืืจื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 200 ืคื•ื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืจืœื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ื™ื’ื™ืŸ ืืŸ. ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1714 ืืŸ ื ื™ื•ืจืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืขืœึพื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื’ืขืืจื’, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืž'ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืืจื’ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ืžืœืš ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื ื™ืข.
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืขืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืึท ืงืึทืคึผ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ื’ืœ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืึทืก. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ืกื™ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ืกื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืฉืชื•ืžื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื’ืœื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ืฆื™ื’ืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ื”ื•ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืคื“ืขืจื•ืฃ. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ โ€žื”ื•ืจืŸโ€œ (โ€ฒืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ืงืขืกโ€ฒ, โ€ฒื’ืึทืกืŸโธ—ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸโ€ฒ), ืึท ืคึผืขื™ืึธืจืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•, ืึท ื‘ืึทืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืกโธ—ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ (ื”ื’ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืื•ืœื’ืึทืจโธ—ืžืขืกื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ โ€žื ืคืงืื•ืชโ€œ ืึธื“ืขืจ โ€žืงื•ืจื•ื•ืขืกโ€œ). ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื–ืขืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื’ืœ. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ื‘ืึทืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืกโธ—ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืžืฆื“ (ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ) ืึท ืฉื•ื ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื ื™ืŸ? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืšโธ—ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืก ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืกืชื ืึท ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืœ ืื•ื™ืฃโธ—ืฆื•โธ—ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก? ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜, ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจืงื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ื’ืœ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึท ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืก ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืึธืœ, ืฆื™ ืึท ืกื™ืžืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคื•ื ื’ืกโธ—ืึธืจื˜. ืฆื™ ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึทื–ื•ื™, ืึทื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ? ืœืขื ื™ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื™ ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืค ืึท ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทืžืข ืชื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืจื™ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืคึผืฉื™ื˜ื ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื ื™ื˜โธ—ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ โ€žื’ืจืึทืคื™ื˜ื™โ€œ. ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืขืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืœืขื›ืข ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœืข ืึธืคึผืจื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ โ€žืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทืกโ€œ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทืœืก ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ืขืœื.
ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืงื•ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื˜ืึธื™ืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธื ื™ืง ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข;ืึธืคื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืจืึทืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื–, ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจื“ื™ืง ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืฉืขื ื’ืœืึธื•ื‘ืึทืœื™. ืžื™ืกื™ืข: ื‘ืจืึธื“ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื•ื•ืœืขื ื’ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืจืขืงืจื•ื˜ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืึทื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจื“ื™ืง ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืงืึธื•ื•ืขืจืก ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ. ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก: ืงื•ื ื”, ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ, ืขืคื™ืงืึทืกื™ ืงื•ื ื”:ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืึทืžื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืžืึทืจืง-ืงืึทืžืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคึผื™ื ื’ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื– ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื–ื™ื™ืŸ.ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžืึทืจืง ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ื” ืฆื•ืคึฟืจื™ื“ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜.ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื™ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ื” ืฆื•ืคึฟืจื™ื“ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื. ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜:ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงื•ื ื” ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืš-ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื™ื“ืขืจืึทื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก.ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืš-ืจืขืงื•ื•ื™ืจืขืžืขื ืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš-ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก ืกื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืขื ื˜ืจืึทืกื˜ื™ื“ ืฆื• ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš-ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ:ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืขืœืคึผื™ื ื’ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื– ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืึทื•ื•ืขืจ ืึทื– ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืก ืฉืœื™ื™ืžืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ืก ืขืงืกืึทืœืึทื ืก.ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจื“ื™ืง ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ื” ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืง ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ.ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืžืข 'ืก ื’ืขื ืขืก. ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืงื™ื™ึทื˜:ื“ื™ ืจืขืึทืœื™ื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืงื™ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ื” ืงืึทืžื™ื˜ืžืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’.ืขืคื™ืงืึทืกื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื– ืžืึทืจืง ืงืึทืžืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง-ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื– ืกืึทืœื•ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืคื™ืฅ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืขืจื›ืึธื•ืœื“ืขืจื–. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ื ืงื•ื•ืขืจื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ื™ืŸ E- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ 24 ืฉืขื”. ืึธื ืคืจืขื’ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึทื“ืจืขืก:18# ื‘ืึธื’ื•ืึทื ื’ ืจืึธื•ื“, Hushu ื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืึทืœ ืคึผืึทืจืง, ื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทื ื’ื ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืงื˜, ื ืึทื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’-211121, ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท
ื ืคืœื•ื™ืŸ (ืื“ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืŸ) ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื’ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 100 ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ. ืคืœื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืืจ ืœืื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืคื˜ืžืืœ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืš ื–ื• ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืคืœืื ืฆืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืœื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงืข. ืขืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืกืš ืžืืœ ืื– ื“ืืก ืœืื ื“ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ื™ื, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื, ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืืจื˜ืŸ ืคืœื•ื™ืŸ. ื ืคืœื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืš ืื™ื– ื ืคืืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืคืœื•ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืจื™ื ื˜ ืื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืš. ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืืœ ืื™ื– ื ืคืœื•ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืื›ืŸ ืื– ื ืคืœื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืจื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื’ืœืขืš, ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื“ืขืจ ืคืขืœื“ื–. ืืžืืœ ื”ืื˜ ื ื’ืขืืœืื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœื•ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืืจื’-ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืื ื’. ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืšืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืคืœืื˜ื ื“ืขืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ื ื’ืขืื’ืจืืคื™ืฉ ืืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ื•ืžืฃ. ื“ืืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ืคืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื ืคืืจืžืืฆื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข. ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืขืœืคึฟื˜ ื“ืืก ืคึฟืืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ.
ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ ืคึฟืึทืœื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื”ึพืื™ื ืกื˜ืึทื ืฅ โ€žโ€ฆืžื™ืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸโ€ฆ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืงืฒึทืขืŸโ€ฆโ€Ÿ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึฟืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืจืฆืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืฐืขืจ ืื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืจืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึธืจืฑืก ืึท ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš, ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืฃ ืฆื• ืงืขืžืคึฟืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ โ€žื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจโ€Ÿ, ืฐืึธืก, ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืกืึทืžืข ืื•ืžืกื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœืข ื–ืึทืš ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืจืึทื ื’ืœ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ืคึฟืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒื“ืขืœืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืฐืึธืคึฟื ื˜ืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืคึฟืึธืœืง ื—ื›ืžื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืชึพืขื•ืœื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืึทืฆื™ืขื ื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจึพืึธ ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ืึทื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืืฑืกื“ืจื•ืง ืžืฒื ื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืึท ืœืขื‘ื ืกึพื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืฆื™ืขื ื˜ ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืฒืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื”ืฒืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื•ืช. ืคึฟืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืงืฉื™ื โ€” ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืฒืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒื“ืขืœืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ?โ€ฆ ื›ึผืœึพื–ืžืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืงื˜ื™ืฐ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืคึฟืขืจื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ึพืึธ ืงืฉื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืงืฉื™ื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ืืฒื’ืขื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืžืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขื ื›ึผื•ื— ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืฒื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืืฑืคึฟืŸ โ€žื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจโ€Ÿ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื ืขืคึผืœื“ื™ืงืข ืกื˜ืขื–ืฉืงืขืก ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืืฒื’ืขื ืขื ื’ื•ืจืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืึท ืฐืขื’ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื•ื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืฑืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืืฑืฃ ืึท ืฐืึทื ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืžืก ืงืจื™ืฐื“ืข, ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคึฟืึทืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืืฑืคึฟืŸ ืฉื‚ื›ืœ, ืึทื– ื›ึผื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ ืึท ื ืึทืจ, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืึท ื ืึทืจ. ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš, ื“ืขืจ ื—ื›ื ืžื›ืœ ืึธื“ื, ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื’ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืึธืขื˜ืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžืฉืœื™ื: ืืœ ืชึผืขืŸ ื›ึผืกื™ืœ ื›ึผืื•ืœืชึผื•โ€ฆ โ€” ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึท ื ืึทืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜, ื›ึผื“ื™ ื“ื• ืืฑืš ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืื™ื (ืžืฉืœื™, ื›ื•, ื“โ€™). ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืงืขืจื˜: ืขื ื” ื›ืกื™ืœ ื›ึผืื•ืœืชึผื•โ€ฆ โ€” ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึทืจ ืฐืขื“ืœื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜, ื›ึผื“ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื—ื›ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืฑื’ืŸ (ืžืฉืœื™, ื›ื•, ื”โ€™). ยซ Previous 1 2 3 Next ยป Share On Facebook Twitter ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ The Yiddish Daily Forward welcomes reader comments in order to promote thoughtful discussion on issues of importance to the Jewish community. 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'); //j171('#IDCNavGuest2 > div').append(j171('#IDCNavList')); //j171('.idc-loginbtn_intensedebate, .idc-loginbtn_twitter').text(''); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').text('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’.'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').children('a').wrap(' '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('div');}); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').before(' ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv').css({"text-align":"left", "direction":"ltr"}); /* $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').on('load', function() { $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').text('To post a comment, please login or enter your name and email address'); }); */ $('#IDNewThreadSubmitLI > a > span.idc-r > strong').text('ืฉื™ืงื˜'); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').wrap(' ');}); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').before('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’. ').wrap(' ');}).css({"text-align":"right", "direction":"rtl"}); } else { $(setTimeout(yiddishcomments, 3000)); } return; }
ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืœื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช; ืกืณืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ. ื ื•ื•ืืœืงืŸ ืงืจืืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ื’ืืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ื›ืืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืœืงืขื ืขืก. ื˜ื™ื™ืคื™ 101 ื‘ื™ื™ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื• ื™ืืจืง ืื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื’ ืืœืก ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœืงืŸ ืงืจืืฆืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืื•ืขืจืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืงืŸ ืงืจืืฆืขืจืก. ื‘ื™ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 20ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ ืคืืจืžืขืกื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืงืŸ ืงืจืืฆืขืจ. ืž'ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืืกืืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ืื–ื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื ืข, ื™ืืคืืŸ, ืžืืœื™ื™ื–ื™ืข, ื“ืจื•ื ืงืืจืขืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 21ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื’ืืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืžื–ืจื—. ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœืงืŸ ืงืจืืฆืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืคื™ 101, ื•ื•ืืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืคื™, ื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ 101 ืฉื˜ืืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื”ื•ื™ืš 509.2 ืžืขื˜ืขืจ (1670.60 ืคื™ืก). ื–ื™ื™ื˜ 2010 ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœืงืŸ ืงืจืืฆืขืจ ื‘ื•ืจื“ื–ืฉ ื›ืืœื™ืคื, ืžื™ื˜ 163 ืฉื˜ืืง ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš 828 ืžืขื˜ืขืจ.
ืื™ืจ'ืจืข ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืึทืคึผืคึผืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกื˜ืึทืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ. ื˜ื”ืึทื ืงืคื•ืœืœื™, ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืื™ื– ื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืงืกื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืคืึธื ืข ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกื˜ืึทืง ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ , ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ iTunes, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone. ืงื•ืง ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืคืึธื ืข ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ืจ'ื•ื•ืข ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผ ืกื˜ืึธืจ, ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ืคึผื“ืึทื˜ืขืก ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืึทืœืข. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ืึทื– ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธื•ืžืึทื ืฅ ืฆื• ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืืคืงืืคื™ืข ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ 15 ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืคึผ ื™ื™ืงืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื“ื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ 'ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ' ื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืขืก ืก 'ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืึทื’ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’. ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง. ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ื ืขืงื˜ืขื“ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืฅ ืฆื• ืึธืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืจืŸ ืึทืคึผ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท Wi-Fi ื ืขืฅ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืกืขืœื™ืึทืœืขืจ ื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืคืึธื ืข ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืฉืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœ. ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ื˜ืฉืขืง ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืขืจืึธืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืžืึธื“ืข. ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก -> ืึทืขืจืึธืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืžืึธื“ืข . ื“ื™ ืงืขืกื˜ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืึทืขืจืึธืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืžืึธื“ืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ืŸ, ืงืœืึทืคึผ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึทื’ืึทืœ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืขืจืึธืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืžืึธื“ืข, ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื ื’ืœ ืขืก ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืง ืกืขืœื™ืึทืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ Wi-Fi ืงืึทื ืขืงืฉืึทื ื–. ื“ื™ ื™ืคืึธื ืข 6 ืงืœืึทื•ื•ื™ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜, ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืขืก ืึท ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืง ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืคืึธื ืข ืึทืคึผืคึผืก. ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืึธืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืจืŸ, ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก ื’ืจืื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผ ื™ื™ืงืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผ ืกื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืคืึธื ืข ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืกื˜ืึทืง ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ, ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคื™ืงืกื™ื–. ืงืœืึธืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืœ ืฉื™ื™ึทืŸ ื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกื˜ืึทืง ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืึทื•ื ืœืึธื•ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืœ ืฉื™ื™ึทืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึทืคึผ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืื™ื– ืœื™ื ื’ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืขืคึผืœ ืฉื™ื™ึทืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืคึผืœ ืฉื™ื™ึทืŸ, ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืกื˜ืึทืง. ื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื™ืกืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผ ืกื˜ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื. ืขืคึฟืŸ ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ื™ืœืข ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืฆื• ื™ื˜ื•ื ืขืก & ืึทืคึผ ืกื˜ืึธืจ . ืฆืึทืคึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืœ ืฉื™ื™ึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืงืจืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึทืคึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืก. ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืœ ืฉื™ื™ึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืึธืœ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืึทืจื™ื™ึทืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืคึผืœ ืฉื™ื™ึทืŸ, ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืคึผืœ ืก ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืœืึธื’ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘ ื‘ืœืึทื˜. ื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผ ื”ืื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืคึผืึทืก ื“ืขื ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœืœื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผ ืกื˜ืึทืง ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืŸ ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ. ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ ืึท ืึทืคึผ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ ืึท ืึทืคึผ. ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืคึผ ื™ื™ืงืึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทืŸ X ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืก ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผ ื™ื™ืงืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื’ืึทืœ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ iPhone ืึทืคึผ ืกื˜ืึทืง ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืึทืŸ X, ืฆืึทืคึผืŸ ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืžืคึผืก ืฆื• ื ืขื ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผ. ื“ืขืœืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื˜ื•ื ืขืก ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฅ ืจืขื ื˜ื’ืขื , ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ iTunes ืฆื• ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ืง ืึทืคึผืคึผืก, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ ืึท ืึทืคึผ. ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืขืคึฟืŸ iTunes ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืžืขื ื™ื•. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืœืึธื•ืงื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืข, ืขื“ื™ื˜, ืืื–'ื• ื•. ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ืงื™ื ืึธ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜. ื™ืึธื•ื˜ื•ื‘ืข ืึทืคึผ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืึธืคึผื“ืึธื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืžืขื ื™ื•, ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืึทืคึผืคึผืก . ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืข, ื’ื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ืึทื’ื™ืจืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื• ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืจืฉื™ืžื”. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืึท ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ iTunes ืฆื• ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ. ืจืขื›ื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืกืขืœืขืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืขืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone. ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืืจืืคืงืืคื™ืข ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone. ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข ื’ืขืคืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืกื˜ืึทืง. ื“ืขืœืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ ืึท ืึทืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืงืœืึธื•ื“ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฅ ืžืขื ื™ื•. ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก โ†’ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ โ†’ iPhone ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ . ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืžืขื’ื™ืœืข ืึทืจืึธืคึผ, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืึท ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆืึทืคึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืึทืคึผ, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืข ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ 'ืึธืคืคืœืึธืึทื“' ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผ ืึทื– ืก ืกื˜ืึทืง ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ. ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืคืึธื ืข ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ? ื•ื•ืขื  ืขืก ื™ื–, ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ iPhone ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืฆื• ืึธืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ iPhone ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืงืึทืœ ื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืึทื‘ืึทืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ื“ื•ืจืš: ื“ืขืœืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืฆืŸ. ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื™ืงืœืึธื•ื“ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงืึทืคึผ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืืก. ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื™ึทืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ. ื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ ื˜ืขืงืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืึทืคึผืคึผืก, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื•ื“ื™ืึธ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone. ืึทืžืึธืœ ืื™ืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone, ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผืคึผืก. ืคื™ืงืกื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงืึธื“ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก. ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึทื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืจืขื›ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ, ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืคืึธื ืข ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ืกื˜ืึทืง ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืึธืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืจื™ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ื ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืื™ื– ืจื™ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ. ืื™ืจ'ื“ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึธืคื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืจื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคึผืก! ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืจื™ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืงื ืขืคึผืœ . ืึทื– ืก 'ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜-ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone. ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืขืก ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืึทืŸ, ืจื•ืง ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืื’ื˜ ืจื•ืง ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง . ืึทืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืื™ื– ืึทื•ื•ืขืง, ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• 10 ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืงื ืขืคึผืœ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืจื™ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ ืขืก. ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึท ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืจื™ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง. ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืงื ืขืคึผืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ืงื ืขืคึผืœ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืงื ืขืคึผืœืขืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท iPhone 7 ืื•ืŸ 7 ืคึผืœื•ืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืขืคึผืœ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืืจืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื ืงื ืขืคึผืœ. ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืข, ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ืงื ืขืคึผืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ iPhone 7 ืื•ืŸ 7 ืคึผืœื•ืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ! ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ืึทืŸ iPhone 7 ืึธื“ืขืจ 7 ืคึผืœื•ืก, ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืงื ืขืคึผืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืงื ืขืคึผืœ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืคึผืœ ืœืึธื’ืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืงื ืขืคึผืœืขืš. ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืจื™ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืžืึธืœ ืื™ืจ'ื•ื•ืข ืจืขืœืขืึทืกืขื“ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืงื ืขืคึผืœืขืš! ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก ืื•ื™ื‘ ืจื™ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ iPhone ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืก ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก. ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’ ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone (ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืก ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื). ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก โ†’ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ โ†’ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง. ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ืึทืœืข ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืžืคึผืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขืคึผืก ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืื•ืŸ ื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืขืก. ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ืคึผื™ื™ึทืขื˜ื˜ืข ืคึฟืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืก ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื“ืคื• ื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ. ืคืืจื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืคึผ ืกื˜ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ DFU ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื™ืจืžื•ื•ืึทืจืข ืึทืคึผื“ื™ื™ื˜. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ื’ืขื ื™ื•ืก ื‘ืึทืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืคึผืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ืš. ื ืึธืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก. ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท iPhone ืื™ืŸ ื“ืคื• ืžืึธื“ืข, ื“ื™ ืขืคึผืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœื“ ื™ื ืกื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทื ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคื™ืงืกื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืคืึธื ืข ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ืกื˜ืึทืง ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื”ืึทืจื˜, ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืคืึธื ืข ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืกื˜ืึทืง ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผ ืกื˜ืึธืจ. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึฟืจืื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผ ืกื˜ืึธืจ. ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ Updates ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึทืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ iPhone ืึทืคึผ ืึทื– ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ. ืฆืึทืคึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ื™ืœืข ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืคึผ ืกื•ืคึผืคึผืึธืจื˜ . ืขืคึผืœ ื”ืืœื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทื ื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื . ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผ ืกื˜ืึธืจ. ื™ืคืึธื ืข ืึทืคึผืคึผืก: ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืกื˜ืึทืง! ื•ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืึทืคึผืคึผืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืขืก ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื. ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ iPhone ืึทื ืกื˜ืึทืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ.
ื•ื•ืืจืขื ื•ื ื’: ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ืœืื’ื˜. ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ ืคื™ ืื“ืจืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ื–ืขื‘ืืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ . ืื– ืื™ืจ ืœืื’ื™ืจื˜ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื“ืขืจ ืฉืืคื˜ ื ืงืื ื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจืขื“ืื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื™ืฆืขืจ-ื ืืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืื ื˜ื™ึพืกืคืื ืงืื ื˜ืจืืœืข. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืื‘ ื“ื! {{ืกื•ื‘ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ื•ื• |ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ=somebody; one (person); someone |ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ=ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“; ืžื™ืฉื”ื• |ืžืฉืœ ื–ืืฅ=ื“ื™ [[ืžืœื—ืžื”]] [[ืื™ืŸ]] [[ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข]] [[ืื™ื–]] [[ืงื•ืžืขืŸ|ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ]] [[ืฆื•]] ื [[ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“]] [[ื•ื•ืื•]] ื“ื™ [[ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ|ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข]] [[ืื•ืŸ]] [[ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉ|ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืข]] [[ื–ืขืœื ืขืจ]] [[ืงืขืžืคืŸ]] [[ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ]] [[ืงืขื’ืŸ]] [[ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ|ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ]] [[ืžืžืฉ]] [[ืคื•ืŸ]] [[ื’ืืก]] [[ืฆื•]] ื’ืืก ืื•ื™ืค'ืŸ [[ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืคืขืœื“]]. |ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš=ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ }} ืงื•ืจืฅ ื•ื•ืืจื˜: ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’: ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืื ื™ืฆืขืจืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžืขืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืš. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื– ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื–ืืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืงืจ ืคืืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ืืก ืฆื• ื‘ืืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ โ€“ ืคืืจืฉืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื. ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš, ื–ืื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืื˜ ื“ืืก ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื“ืขืจ ื“ืืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืืคื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช ื“ืืก ืžืคืงื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ (ื–ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืš:ืงืืคื™ืจื™ื™ื˜ืก ืคืืจ ืžืขืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื). ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืื ื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืฃ ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืคื™ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ!
ืขืœืขืŸ ืžืืจื˜ืืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืื•ื•ื™ืฅ (ื’ืขื‘' 1ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ, 1938) ืื™ื– ื ืœื™ื‘ืขืจืืœืขืจ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜, ืคืจืืคืขืกืขืจ, ื˜ืืœืง ืฉื•ื™ ื’ืืกื˜ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื ื˜ื™ ื˜ืขืจืืจ ืคืืœื™ืกื™ืก. ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ื’ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืฉื˜ืืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืจื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื ืคืืจืง, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืกื‘ื•ืจื’, ื•ื•ืืก ื‘ืืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืงืจื™ื™ื–. ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ืืœืก ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื“ืขืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืื›ื“ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื ืฉื ื” ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ'ื ื™ืง. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืžืจื. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื™ื˜ืขืก. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื ื˜ื™ ื˜ืขืจืืจ ืคืืœื™ืกื™ืก ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืคื™ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจืืœืข ืœื™ื ืงืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœืงื•ื˜ืขืœืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ืื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’ืข ื“ืขืžืขื’ืื’ื™ืข ืงืขื’ืŸ ืงืื ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ื•ื•'ืก ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื. ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืคืจืื’ืจืื ื’ืืกื˜ื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ืคืืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืจืขื›ื˜: ื˜ืฉืืจืœืก ืื“ืœืขืจ | ืœืืจืข ืื™ื ื’ืจืขื”ืขื | ื‘ื™ืœ ืืจื™ื™ืœื™ | ืจืืฉ ืœื™ืžื‘ื | ืฉืืŸ ื”ืขื ืขื˜ื™ | ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ืก ืกืœื™ื•ื•ืข | ืžืืจืง ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ | ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืขื•ื•ืขื–ืฉ | ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืœืืคื™ืŸ | ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืžืขื“ื•ื•ืขื“ | ื“ืขื ื™ืก ืคืจืขื’ืขืจ | ื˜ืื ื™ ืกื ืื• | ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉืคื™ืจื ืคืืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื ืงืก: ืœื™ื™ืื ืขืœ - ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืื•ื•ื™ืฅ | ืจืืŸ ืงื•ื‘ื™ | ืขืœืขืŸ ืงืืœืžื‘ืก | ืขื“ ืฉื•ืœืฅ | ื˜ืื ื”ืืจื˜ืžืขืŸ | ืจืขื ื“ื™ ืจืื•ื“ืก | ืขืœ ืคืจืขื ืงืขืŸ
๏ปฟ World War I Postcard of the Grave of Rabbi Menachem Manes Chayes (1560-1636) in the Old Vilna Jewish Cemetery | Defending History World War I Postcard of the Grave of Rabbi Menachem Manes Chayes (1560-1636) in the Old Vilna Jewish Cemetery by Dovid Katz Index in English ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืœโธ—ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืขโ€ณื– (77) โ—Š ื“ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื”ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืจโ€ฒ ืžื ื—ื ืžืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืชโธ—ืขื•ืœื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผื™ืจืึทืžืึธื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ืจื‘, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื‘ ื‘ื™ืชโธ—ื“ื™ืŸ ืจโ€ฒ ืžื ื—ื ืžืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ืช (1560 โ€“ 1636), ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–๏ฌŸืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ืžืฆื‘ื” ืื•ืŸ ืื”ืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘โ€ณื” ื“ืขื ืž๏ฌŸืกื˜ืขืจื™ืฉโธ—ื’ืื•ื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืืžืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•โธ—ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืึธืจ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ ืœ๏ฌŸืžืึทืŸ, ืื™ื ืฆื• ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ (ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ). ืจโ€ฒ ืžื ื—ื ืžืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืชโธ—ืขื•ืœื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผื™ืจืึทืžืึธื ื˜ (ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืฉื ื™ืคึผื™ืฉืึธืง). ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืกื‘ืจื ืึทืžืึธืคื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ืชโธ—ืขื•ืœื ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜โธ—ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ: โ€žื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืœื“โ€œ. ืึธื˜ืึธ ื“ืึธโธ—ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ื–๏ฌŸื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืขืจื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื–๏ฌŸืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“๏ฌŸื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึท ืœ ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ืจื˜ ืึท ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืจืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืึธื ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื” ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘๏ฌŸื ืื”ืœ, ืึทื•ื•ืื• ืกโ€ฒื–ืขืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืขื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื”ืœ: โ€žื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ: ืคื” ืžืฆื‘ืช ืจโ€ฒ ืžืื ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ืชโ€œ. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืžืฉ ืคืึทืจื›ืึทืคึผื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฆื‘ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืงืึธื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืคื•ืœืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืึธืจ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ ืœ๏ฌŸืžืึทื ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–๏ฌŸื˜ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื ื“๏ฌŸื˜ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ (ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืึธืœื“ืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“๏ฌŸื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจืžื™ื™?). ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขื 3ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1917, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืกื˜โธ—ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ โ€” ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ.
Cyber365, ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืึทื•ื•ืขืจืžืึทื ืฅ (ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทืœื™ืข, ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœืึทื ื“, ื˜ืึธื ื’ืึท, ืคื™ื“ื–ืฉื™, ืกืึทืžืึธืึท ืขื˜ืง.) ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืกืกืขืกืก, ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืŸ ืกื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืœืขื•ื•ืขืœืก. ืกื™ื‘ืขืจ 365 ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืึท ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืึทืกืขืกืžืึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ-ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ื™ื ืฉื•ืจ ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืจื™ื–ื™ืœื™ืึทื ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข . ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืึทืกืขืกืžืึทื ืฅ ื ืกื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ 365 ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืึทืกืขืกืžืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืกื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืขื’ื™ืข. ื–ืขื” ืžืขืจ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžืึทื ืึทื’ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ "ืžื™ื™ึทืŸ ืžื™ืกื™ืข ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ืกื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืคื™ืง ืงืื ื˜. ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืกื™ืข ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืกื™ื‘ืขืจ 365, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœืึธื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ 2018 ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜. ืคืืจื•ื•ืืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–? ืžื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืงื•ื•ืึทืœืึทืคื™ื™ื“, ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื•ื˜ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืœื™ื™ึทื“ื ืฉืึทืคื˜. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื™ื‘ืขืจืกืขืงื•ืจื™ื˜ื™. ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ-ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืกืึทืœื•ืฉืึทื ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืขื’ื™ืขืก ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืจืง "
ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœื“ื™ืงืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืžืึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืึธื ืกืึธืจืฆื™ื•ื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคึฟื™ืจืžืขืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืึทื– ืื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืœึพืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ. ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืขืจึพืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืึทื›ื˜ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืง ืึทื ืึธื ืกื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผืžืึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง, ื“ืขื 16ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึทื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ืขืก ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข โ€žื“ืœืงโ€Ÿ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืคึฟื™ืจืžืข โ€žื ืึธื‘ืœ ืขื ืขืจื“ื–ืฉื™โ€Ÿ, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกืึทืก, ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืชึผืคึฟื•ืช ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื– ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืจืึทื™ืึธืŸ, โ€žืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸโ€Ÿ, ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืงืœืขื ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืึทื–ึพื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืŸ. ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื ื”ืกื›ึผื, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืจืขื’ื•ืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื’ืึทื– ื‘ืžืฉืš ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ึพืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื™ืึธืจ 2020. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืžืึทืš ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ืึทืจื“ืŸ ืฉืงืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื—ื–ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึฟืจืึทื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ึพืคึฟืึทืจื”ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื‘ืึทื“ืึทื ืงื˜ ื™ื•ื‘ึฟืœ ืฉื˜ืฒึทื ื™ืฅ, ื“ืขื ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ืื™ื ืคึฟืจืึทืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ, ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ, ืคึฟืึทืจืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผืžืึทืš. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœื“ื™ืงืข ืึทื ื˜ื™ึพืžืึธื ืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืฆื” ืฆื• ืžื‘ึฟื˜ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ืกืึธืจืฆื™ื•ื, ื›ึผื“ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืึธื ืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื–ึพื’ืขืฉืขืคึฟื˜. ื“ื™ ืคึฟื™ืจืžืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ืึทืจื“ืŸ ื“ืึธืœืึทืจืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื–, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜. ืžืข ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืžืฉืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ื ืขื ืจืึทื™ืึธืŸ โ€žืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸโ€Ÿ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื™ืึธืจ 2010 ืฆื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ึฟ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืคึฟื”, ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืœึพืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื, ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ 16 ื‘ื™ื– 18 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฉืข ืคึฟื•ืก ื’ืึทื–. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, โ€žืชึผืžืจโ€Ÿ, ื”ืึธืคึฟื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ 9 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฉืข ืคึฟื•ืก โ€” ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืขึพื‘ืึทื“ืขืจืคึฟืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข 20 ื™ืึธืจ. 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'); //j171('#IDCNavGuest2 > div').append(j171('#IDCNavList')); //j171('.idc-loginbtn_intensedebate, .idc-loginbtn_twitter').text(''); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').text('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’.'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').children('a').wrap(' '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('div');}); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').before(' ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv').css({"text-align":"left", "direction":"ltr"}); /* $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').on('load', function() { $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').text('To post a comment, please login or enter your name and email address'); }); */ $('#IDNewThreadSubmitLI > a > span.idc-r > strong').text('ืฉื™ืงื˜'); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').wrap(' ');}); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').before('ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’. ').wrap(' ');}).css({"text-align":"right", "direction":"rtl"}); } else { $(setTimeout(yiddishcomments, 3000)); } return; }
ืงืึธื ืกืขืจื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™ื–ื ืื™ื– ื ืคื™ืœืืกืืคื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืืœืื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืืคื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื ืื–ื ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื ื•ื’ ื•ื•ืืก ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืื ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจืืœืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืืœืขืก ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื“ืขืจื ืื–ื™ืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ืงืื ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืืคื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืื–ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืคืืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ืืก ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืื– ื“ื™ ืงืขื ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ื’ื•ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืกืืฆื™ืืœ ืคืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืžืกื•ืจื”ื“ื™ื’ืข ืžืืจืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ื™ืงืก. ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื™ื– ื“ื ื“ื™ ืจืขืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืืก ืื ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ ืืคื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืช ืื“ืขืจ ื ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืืœื›ืข ืžืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจืืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคื™ืกืงืœ ืงืื ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื–ื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืจื•ื“ื™ ื“ื–ืฉื•ืœื™ืื ื™ ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ื ืœื™ื‘ืขืจืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืช ืื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื™ื ืื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืŸ ืคืืœื™ืกื™ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื™ื ืงืื ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ื•ื•. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ื’ืข ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื ื ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืืงืจื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืื ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ื•ื• ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ ืžืื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•ื ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ. ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืšืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืงืื ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืื™ื“ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืคึฟืขืœืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืžืคื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืฒืกื˜ ืขืก ืคึฟืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข. ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืขืœืคึฟื˜ ื“ืืก ืคึฟืืจื‘ืจืฒื˜ืขืจืŸ.
ื”ืขื‘ืขื™ ืžืึธื ื˜ืึธื ืึธื ืึธ ืžืึทืฉื™ื ืขืจื™ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืงืึธื•, ืœื˜ื“.ืื™ื– ืœืึธื•ืงื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ 1705, ื‘ืœืึธืง ื‘, ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ, NO.282 ื–ืฉื•ื”ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ ื›ืึทื ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืงื˜, ื”ืึทื ื“ืึทืŸ ืกื™ื˜ื™, ื”ืขื‘ืขื™. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 10 ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืจืึทื•ืœื™ืง ื”ืึทืžืขืจ, ื“ืœืึธื˜, ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืงืึธืคึผ, ืคืจืึธื ื˜ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืคึผื™ืกื˜ืึธืŸ, ืงื•ืกื˜, ืจื•ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื˜, ืฉืœืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืคื˜, ื“ืœืึธื˜, ืจืขืงืœ, ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื™ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธืง, ืคึผืœืึธืžื‘ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืœ, ืขื˜ืง. ื•ื•ืืก ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืžืข ื”ืื˜ ื”ืึทืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืฆื• ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื˜ื™ืคึผ, ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ึทืš ืกืขืจื™ืข, ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืžืึธื“ืขืœืก, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืžืขืจ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึทืœื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆืขื‘ืจืื›ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื‘ืจืื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืึทืœืข ืงื™ื ื“ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœื™, ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืงื•ื•ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืกืขืœืึทื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคื™ืœืข ืžื™ื“ื™ืึท, ื•ื•ืขื‘, ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึทื“ื›ื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืขื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจื™ื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื”ื•ื™ืš ืฉืขื, ื”ืขื›ืขืจืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ื™ืฉ ืกืึธืจื˜. ืคืืจื•ื•ืืก ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ืึทื’ืขืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืขื“ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืœืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื’ ืึธืคืึทืกื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ืึทื˜ืขืจื– ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืก ืฆื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ-ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื•ื ื’, ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืฆื• ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืกื˜ืขืจ. ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื“ื•ืกื™ื ื’ ื”ื•ื™ืš-ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื™ืกืจื™ื›ื˜, ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ืงืจืึทืคื˜, ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืงื™ื™ืคึผืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื–, ื’ื•ื˜ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜, ื“ื™ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืžืึทืœื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืงืœืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’. ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื“ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ "ืึธืคื ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืง, ืคึผืจืึทื’ืžืึทื˜ื™ืง, ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’" ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืคึฟื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคึฟื™ืข, ืฆื• ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืœืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื–, ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ื™ื ืกืคึผื™ืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ, ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ื“ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืง ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฆื• ืกืึธืจื˜ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืงืขื’ื ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ื ื•ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ-ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžืขืจื–. ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืœืึธื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืงื•ื ื” ื“ืจืึทื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข. - ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืจืขื’ืข ื ืึธืš-ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื”ื™ื™ื-ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“ ืงืœื™ื™ืึทื ืฅ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 'ืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ-ืกืึธืจื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ
ื’ืึธืœื“ืข ื˜ืขื ืขืฆืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืฆืข-ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 2009. ื–ื™ื ื˜ 2015 ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ. ื’ืึธืœื“ืข ื˜ืขื ืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืืจืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1971. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืข ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืงืื“ืืžื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืขืœืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข. ื’ืึธืœื“ืข ื˜ืขื ืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืก ืงื™ื ื“ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื ืขื "ืคึผืึธื•ื•ืฉืขื›ื ืข ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ" ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื“ื–ืฉ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืึธื“ื–ืฉืขืจ ื™. ืœ. ืคืจืฅ ืฉื•ืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1969 ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืฅ ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืจืžื™ืขื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกื™ืจื˜. ื’ืึธืœื“ืข ื˜ื ืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ืื•ืžืคืืจื’ืขืกืœืขื›ืข ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆื™ื™ืงืข ืจืึธืœืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืขืคืขืจื˜ื•ืืจ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™: ื’ื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื -ืกืงื™ืก ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืง (ืจืขื–ืฉื™: ื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ื–ื’ืืŸ, 1970), ื—ื•ื” ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืขืจ (ืจืขื–ืฉื™: ื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ื–ื’ืืŸ, 1970), ื‘ื™ื™ืœืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืก (ืจืขื–ืฉื™: ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจืึธื˜ื‘ืื•ื, 1972), ื’ื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืœืื” ืื™ืŸ ืื -ืกืงื™ืก ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืง (ืจืขื–ืฉื™: ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืจืžื™ืขื™, 1973), ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ืืง ื‘ืื‘ืขืœืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืื ื’ (ืจืขื–ืฉื™: ืื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, 1976), ืืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจืขืง ื’ืจืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืข ืจื (ืจืขื–ืฉื™: ื•ื•ืืœื“ืขืžืืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจ, 1979), ืึธืจืึธืจื ืื™ืŸ ืกืืžื™ ื’ืจืึธื ืขืžืื ืก ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจ (ืจืขื–ืฉื™: ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจ, 1980), ืฉืจื” ื‘ืช-ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื -ืกืงื™ืก ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืง (ืจืขื–ืฉื™: ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืจืžื™ืขื™, 1990), ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื™ืื›ื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืœื“ืคืื“ืขื ืก ื—ืœื•ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืืœื“ืคืื“ืขื ืขืŸ (ืจืขื–ืฉื™: ืœืขื ื ืฉื•ืจืžื™ืขื™, 2006), ืคืขืจืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืžืืจื™ืขื ื‘ืื“ (ืจืขื–ืฉื™: ืžืื˜ืฉื™ื™ ื•ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืฉืงื, 2013). ื’ืึธืœื“ืข ื˜ืขื ืฆืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกื™ืจื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ ืคื™ืขืกืขืก ืื™ื ืขื ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื˜ื™ื’ โ€“ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืื ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื‘ืื“ื•ืจ (1992), ืื™ืฆื™ืง ืžืื ื’ืขืจืก ื“ืขืจ ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืจื™ื (2002), ืฉืœืื’ืขืจ (2006), ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ (2006), ืžื–ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ (2013), ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงืืฆืขื ืขืœืกืึธื ืก ืืœื™ ืืœื™ (2016), ืื™ื“ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื”ืขื ืจื™ืง ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืก ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ .(2018) ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืจืžื™ืขื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงืืฆืขื ืขืœืกืึธื ืก ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืจื’ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง (1986), ื™ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืžืก ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ (1993), ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื’ืœื™ืงืก ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืื“ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ (1997), ื ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืœืขื•ื•ืงื™ ื’ืืก (2000), ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธื ื–ืฉื•ืจ ืžืขืกื™ืข ืฉืื’ืืœ .(2009) ื’ืึธืœื“ืข ื˜ืขื ืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจืก ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื’ืื–ืฉื™ืจื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™: ืคึผื™ืึธื˜ืจ ื˜ืฉื™ืขืคึผืœืืง (ืื™ืฆื™ืง ืžืื ื’ืขืจืก ื“ืืก ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ, 2010), ืžื™ื›ืœ ื–ืื“ืืจื (ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื–ืขืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืืฉืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจืก ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื™ื™ 2011), ืžืื™ื ืงืœืขื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืกืงื (ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืง), 2015, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื–ืฉื™ ืงืึธืฉื™ื ืกืงื™, 2017 ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืœื (2017), ืžึธืื ื™ืงื ืกื˜ืฉืขืžืคึผืงื (ืคืื•ื•ืขืœ ื“ืขืžื™ืจืกืงื™ืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื ืงืžื”, 2016), ืื ื ืกืžืึธืœืืจ (ืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืฉืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืืงื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ (2015) ืื•ืŸ ื ืคืึธืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉ 2018ื), ืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืฉืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (ืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืฉืขื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืกืขื‘ืืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ืงืจื™ืฉืืงืก ืคื•ืกื‘ืืœ ืคืื˜ืจื™ืึธื˜ืŸ, 2017) ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื™ ืคื™ืืกืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ (ื•ื•ืขืจืึธื ื™ืงืืก ืžื•ืจืขืงืก ื•ื•ื™ืขืจื ื’ืจืืŸ, 2017). ื’ืึธืœื“ืข ื˜ืขื ืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ืœืžืขืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™: ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืงืจืึธืœืึธื’ ืกืื ืื˜ืึธืจื™ืข (ื™ืขื–ืฉื™ ื”ืืก ื‚1973, ื“ื•ื“ (ืคื™ื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ืœื™ืขื ื˜ืืœ 1979, ืžื–ืจื— ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืื ื“), ืึธืกื˜ืขืจื™ื ื(ื™ืขื–ืฉื™ ืงืื•ื•ืืœืขืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 1982) ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืžืฉื” ืžื–ืจื—ื™ 1985, ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข), ืืœืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ืงืขืจ (ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืœื•ื™ 2004, ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืื ื“), ืจืขืฆืขืคื˜ ืคืืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข ื(ื›ืืจื’ื ืคืืคืื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ื• 2007, ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืื ื“). ื’ืึธืœื“ืข ื˜ืขื ืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืคื™ืœืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื-ืกืขืจื™ืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืข ืึธื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืŸ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™: ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืื ื˜ืŸ (ืจืขื–ืฉื™: ืกื˜ืขืคืืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1979), ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืืš (ืจืขื–ืฉื™: ื™ืขื–ืฉื™ ื’ืจื•ื–ื, 1979), ื“ืึธืงื˜ืืจ ืžื•ืจืขืง (ืจืขื–ืฉื™ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืœื“ ืœืขืฉืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1979), ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ ืคึผืึธืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืกื˜ (ืจืขื–ืฉื™: ื”ืืจืกื˜ ื–ืขืžืืŸ, 1982), ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืŸ (ืจืขื–ืฉื™ ื“ืŸ ืงืขืจื˜ื™ืก, 1983), ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข ื‘ืขืœื– ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ (ืจืขื–ืฉื™: ื‘ืืจื‘ืืจื ื‘ืืจื™ืก-ื“ืืžื™ืขื ืกืงื, 1987), ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืง (ืจืขื–ืฉื™ ืื’ื ื™ืขืฉืงื ื”ืึธืœืื ื“, 1999). ื’ืึธืœื“ืข ื˜ืขื ืฆืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกื™ืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ื ืจื™ื™ ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™: ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืจื’ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง (ืื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืจืžื™ืขื™, 1993), ื“ืึธืก ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืœืขื•ื•ืงื™ ื’ืืก (ืื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืจืžื™ืขื™ 2000), ืจืฒึทื–ืข ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ (ืื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืžืื’ื“ืืœืขื ื ืœืื–ืืจืงืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 1998). ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1988 ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ืจื˜ ื ืคึผืœื™ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข ื‘ืขืœื–. ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ื˜ืข ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืœื’ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“. ื’ืึธืœื“ืข ื˜ืขื ืฆืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื–ืจื—-ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืื ื“, ื”ืึธืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ื’ืึธืœื“ืข ื˜ืขื ืฆืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืœืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1988 ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืืฆื™ืข ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 2003 ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืื•ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืจืฉื” ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข. ืื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืึธืจ ื™ืื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ื ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืฉื™ืฆืงื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ืื ื•ืฉ ืงืืจื˜ืฉืืง ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ืื™ื ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ื˜ืึธื•ื•ืœ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ 1968 ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ื“ืื ืกืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืงื–ืืœ. ื ื“ืื ืง ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืืžื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคืืจืฉืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืขืคืขื ื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ: ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ื“ืืก ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ: ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ืขื ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืชื ื” โ€“ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืœืื•ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื‘ืึธืจืกืงื ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืขืฃ ืฉืคืจืื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ. ื’ืึธืœื“ืข ื˜ืขื ืฆืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืื˜ืึธืจื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ืข ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคื ื™ืžืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ืง ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš, ืžืขืงืกื™ืงืข, ืงืื ืื“ืข, ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข, ืœื™ื˜ืข, ืืจื’ืขื ื˜ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืกื˜ืขืจื™ืงืข. ื’ืึธืœื“ืข ื˜ืขื ืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ืื™ืŸ 2013 ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 2008. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืื“ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืจื™ื’ืขื ื˜ ื–ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืกื™ืžืคืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ืึธืจืขืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 2015 ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืจืึธืฆืœืื•ื•. ื’ืึธืœื“ืข ื˜ืขื ืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ืžืขื“ืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจืข ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธืœื“ื ืขื ื”ืืจืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1983. ืคึผืึธืœืึธื ื™ื ืจืขืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื ืึธืจื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 2002, ืžืขื“ืืœ ืคืืจ ื˜ืืœืขืจืื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ 2006 ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ืžืขื“ืืœ ื’ืœืึธืจื™ื ืืจื˜ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 2009, ืึธืจื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข, 2014, ืคึผืจืืžืื–ืึธื•ื•ื™ืข ืžืขื“ืืœ 2015.
ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืœืืฆื˜ ืืœืก ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืคืื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ [[ืืจืื‘ืขืจ|ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข]] ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืจื™ืข ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจึพืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื [[ื˜ื™ื™ืš ื™ืจื“ืŸ]]. ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื ืืš ื•ื•ืืก [[ื ืืกืขืจ]] (ืคืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ [[ืžืฆืจื™ื]]) ื”ืื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจึพื’ืจื•ืคืขืก ืื™ืŸ [[ืกื™ื ื™]] ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ ื“ื™ [[ื™ื• ืขืŸ]] ื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ืื ืฉืจืขืงืŸ [[ื™ืฉืจืืœ]]. == ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืคืขืจื™ืื“ == ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืืฉืœืืกืŸ, ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืจื™ื’, ืื™ื– [[ืื‘ื ืื‘ืŸ]], ื™ืฉืจืืœืก ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขืคืืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืก ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื• ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืคืœืืžืื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ืฆื•ื ืงืจื™ื–ื™ืก, [[ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš]] ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืืœืก ื™ืฉืจืืœืก ื ืื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืื™ื– ืื‘ืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืืจืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ [[ืฉืืจืœ ื“ืข ื’ืืœ]], ื“ืข ื’ืืœ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื ื˜ ืื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ื’. ื“ืขืจื ืืš ืื™ื– ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคืืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ [[ืขื ื’ืœืื ื“]], ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ [[ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข]], ื•ื•ืื• ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ [[ืœื™ื ื“ืืŸ ื–ืฉืื ืกืืŸ]], ื“ืขืจ [[ืคืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜]] ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ [[ืคืืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ]]. ืœื•ื™ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ, ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ืจืขื“ืข ืคืืจืŸ ืคืืœืง, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืจืื“ื™ื, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืื˜ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืืคื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ืืก ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืข, ื“ื™ ืคืืœืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื’ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง, ื–ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื™ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ื ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉืจืืงืŸ, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืจื ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืื– ื“ืืก ืื™ื– ื ืืš ื ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ืขืœืžื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืข ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข. ื“ืขืžืืœื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื“ืืก ืคืืœืง ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ื ืคืืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ, [[ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืขื’ื™ืŸ]], ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™, ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืืืœื™ืฆื™ืข. == ื“ืขืจ ืื˜ืืงืข == ื“ืขืจ 5ื˜ืข ื™ื•ื ื™, 7:45 ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 180 ืงืืžืคืก ืขืจืืคืœืื ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืงืจืขืคืŸ, ืื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืืœื‘ ืื™ื ื–ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžื‘ืื“ื™ืจื˜ ืขื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ืฉืข ืขืจืืคืœืื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื–ืขืก. ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคืื–ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืื˜ืืงืข, ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืจืืคืœืื ืขืŸ ืื˜ืืงื™ืจื˜ ื™ืืจื“ืื ื™ืข, ืกื™ืจื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ [[ืื™ืจืืง]]. ื“ื™ ืื˜ืืงืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื“ืขืจืคืืœื’, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ืืจืžื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืืคืขื ืกื™ื•ื•ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื ืฆืขืจื˜ืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขืจืืคืœืื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื ื˜, ื“ื™ ืคืœื•ืฆืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ื’ืข ืื˜ืืงืข, ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื˜ื•ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ืœื™ื›ืข ืงืจื™ื’. == ื“ืขืจ ืขื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจืื ื˜ == ื ื”ืืœื‘ืข ืฉืขื” ื ืื›ืŸ ืื˜ืืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ืขืœื ืขืจ, ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืคืจื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ [[ืขื–ื” ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ืฃ]], ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืขืก, ื“ื™ ืขื–ื” ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’, [[ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ]] ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข, ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ื˜ืขื’, ืื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื [[ืกื•ืขืฅ ืงืื ืืœ]], ืื™ื™ื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ื™. [[ืืจื™ืง ืฉืจื•ืŸ]]ืก ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข, ื”ืื˜ ื ืืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืงืืžืคืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœ ืกื™ื ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ [[ืื™ืœืช]] ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ, ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ [[ืฉืืจื ื ืฉื™ื™ืš]], ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื, ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืืœื‘ ืื™ื ื–ืœ, ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคื™ืจืขืจ, ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื ืจื™ืงืฆื•ื’, ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืขื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ืฉืข ื–ืขืœื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืก ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจื˜, ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืจืžื™ื™, ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืขืฅ. == ื“ื™ ื™ืืจื“ืื ื™ืฉืข ืคืจืื ื˜ == ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืื˜ ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ืจื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ื’, ืฆื• ื‘ืื™ื™ื ืคืœื•ืกืŸ [[ื›ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ]] ืงืขื ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืืจื“ืื ื™ืข, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืจื™ืกืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืจื™ื’, ืงืขื’ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืข ื’ืขืฉืคืจืขื›ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืืคื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ื™ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื™ืคืœืืžืื˜ืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืงืœืืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ืงืขื ื™ื’, ืื– ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ืื˜ืืงื™ืจืŸ ื™ืืจื“ืื ื™ืข, ืื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื™ืืจื“ืื ื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืจื™ื’, ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืžืื ื’ืขื ืขื. ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ 5ื˜ืข ื™ื•ื ื™, ื”ืื˜ ืขื’ื™ืคื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืžืืœื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืžืขื“ื™ืข, ืื– ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜, ื“ืืก ื”ืื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื– ื™ืืจื“ืื ื™ืข, ื–ืืœ ืื ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืงืืžืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžื‘ืื“ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ [[ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื]], [[ืœืื˜ืจืืŸ]] ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืจืžืช ื“ื•ื“ ืคืœื™ืคืขืœื“, ื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคืœื™ืคืขืœื“. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืื˜ ืื˜ืืงื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ [[ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืจืขื’]], ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจืกื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื’ืืจ ืฉื ืขืœ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืžืข ืื•ืžื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืงืืžืคืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืข ื‘ืืจื’, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืจืขื’, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. == ื“ื™ ืกื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืคืจืื ื˜ == ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืืคื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ื™ืคืœืืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงืข ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืคื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ื–ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ [[ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš]] ื”ืื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื ื•ื•ืืคืŸ ืขืžื‘ืืจื’ื, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืกืืš ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ื’ื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืคืขืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ ื›ื—. ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื‘ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื–ื™ื’, ื ืืš ื ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื‘ ืงืขื’ืŸ [[ืงืืžื•ื ื™ื–ื]], ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ == ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืคืœื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ == ื‘ื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื˜ื™ืคืข [[ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช]] ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ [[ืœื™ื ืงืข]] ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขื ืžืงื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืคืจืื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกื›ื ื” ื“ื™ ืขืฆื ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื– ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืื›ืŸ [[ืฉืœื•ื]] ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืœืขื’ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ [[ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื’ืข|ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื’ืข]] ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื [[ืกืื•ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืœืืŸ]].
ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืื™ื– ื”ืึทืก ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื“ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืจื•ืคืข, ืขื˜ื ื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืื“ืขืจ ืจืืกืข. ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืœื˜ ืืœืฅ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืจื ืคืืจ ืžืืกืŸ ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช. ืžืงื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™-ืฉื. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืืœ ืื™ืŸ 1879 ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ื™ืœื”ืขืœื ืžืึทืจ, ื ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื“ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืžืื ื˜ื•ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืืก ืื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื. ืžืึทืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื ืฉืขื ืขืจืข ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื“ืŸ-ื”ืืก, ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื– ืื™ื“ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืขืงื–ื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ืกื›ื ื” ืคืืจ'ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืืœืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื ืกื’ืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ื™ืง. ื˜ืจืืฅ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืก ืืจืื‘ืขืจ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืืคืฉื˜ืืžื™ื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ื ืืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคื™ื™ื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ื–ืืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืขื ื”'ื˜ ืื– ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื ืืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืจื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืกืื•ื•ืขื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. ืืœืก ืจืื™ื” ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืื ื“, ืจืื–ื ืœื•ืงืกืขืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื–ื ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืขื ื”'ื˜ ืื– ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืืคื™ื˜ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืืœืŸ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ.
ื“ื™ ืจืึทืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืžืึธืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ืกืึทืคึผื•ื™ื ื˜ืžืึทื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ. ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขืจ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืฆื• ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜, ืึธืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก. โœ“ ืคึผืจืึธืก โœ— ืงืึธื ืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื™ื ื˜ื•ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื. ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ื™ื ื’ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผืขืจืกื ืึทืœื™. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขื“ืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ื•ื•ืึธืจืจื™ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืขืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืžืขืก. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ื™ืกืึทืคึผืœืึทื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืœืึทื ื’-ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื“ื™ืคึผืขืจ ืžื“ืจื’ื”, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ื ืื•ื™ืคื™ืงืขืจ ืžื“ืจื’ื”, ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ืื ืคืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืึทื˜ืŸ. ืขืจ ืก ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืจื•ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืก ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ ื™ื“ืขืึทืœ ืฉื•ื˜ืขืฃ ืื™ื– ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืึทืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฆื• ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืขืจ ืก ืขืžืึธืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœ, ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื. ื•ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจื™ื‘ืœ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืขืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื–ื™ ืžืื›ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–-ื˜ืฉืึธืจื–, ืขืคึผืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฉืึทื ืึทืœื™ ืึทื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ืึทื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืก-ืคื•ืŸ-ื“ืขื-ืงืขืกื˜ืœ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืก ื•ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขืจืขืึธื˜ื™ืคึผืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื˜-ืึทืœื˜ ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ, ื™ื ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ืก ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜. ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืึทืง ืฉื•ื˜ืขืฃ ืื™ื– ืึทื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืจื’ ืึท ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจืงื•ืงื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืขื’ื’ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ืกืึทื˜ืขืœื™ื˜ ืงืจืึทืฉื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ, ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืขืกืคืึทืœ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคึผื™ื ื’ ืื™ื ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืก. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืจืึทืจืขืœื™ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืจื•ื™, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉืขืžืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื™ืžื‘ืขืจืึทืกื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ. ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืึธื“ื™ืึทืง ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ื– 19 ื ืื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ ื“ื• ื–ืืœืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจืึทื ื˜ืœื™ ืจืึธืžืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ, ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืื™ื ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ. ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœืึทืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ. ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึทื ื˜ืœื™, ื ืึธืจ ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืขืกื˜ืฉืขืจื– ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืงืœื™ื ื’ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ. ื“ื™ ืจืึทืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื’ื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืจืขืกืึทืœ ื“ื™ืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื˜. ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืจืึทืง ืคืจื•ื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืคืขืจื™ืฉ ืงื™ื ื“ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื–ื™ืก ื ื™ื™ึท ืฆืึทืฆืงืข. ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ-ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ึท ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืจืึทืง ืื™ื– ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’-ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื•ื˜ืขืฃ, ืึท ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ึท ืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืœืึทื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืžืึธืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืฃ. ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืึทืจื“ืึทืกื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ, ืขืจ ืก ืžืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง, ืื™ืŸ-ืกื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืขืœื™ื ื’ืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™. ืขืจ ื–ืึธืจื’ ื“ื™ืคึผืœื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึธื ืขืก, ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื˜ืขืฃ. ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฉื•ื ืื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืึทืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’. ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงืขื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ืฆื• ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื–ืึธืจื’-ืคืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœืคื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืœื™ื™ืคืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืึท ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš, ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืงื•ืงืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืฉื•ื˜ืขืฃ ืฆื• ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜, ืฆื• ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’-ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืขืจื˜ืฉืขืจ ืึท ื˜ื™ืฃ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืึทื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืึทื›ืžืึธื ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืจืขื ืึทืจื•ืžื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืคื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืจืขื-ื›ืึทืจื˜ืึทื“ ืคืจื•ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืœืขืš ืชืื•ื•ืช ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”. ื›ืœ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืจืึทืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืก, ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงืขื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืก, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึทืœืึธื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœืึธื ื’ื™ื ื’ ืึทื– ืจื™ื™ื–ืึทื– ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืก ื‘ืึทืจ ืฆื• ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืžื“ืจื’ื”. ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ื˜ื™ื™ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ื, ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทื›ืžืึทืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื˜ืขื ื“ื– ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืจื™ื™-ืกืคึผื™ืจื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืžื‘ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงืขื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืขืžืึธืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืคื•ืœืคื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืฉื•ื˜ืคืขืก, ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจื™ื ื’ ืฉื•ื˜ืขืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืจืึทืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืึทืžืึธืœ-ืื™ืŸ-ืึท-ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื›ื™ื™ึทื•ื•ืขืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœืคึผื—ื•ืช ืึทื– ืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ. ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื–ืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ืžื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ, ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคื˜, ืขืžืึธืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ, ืกืคึผืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืึทืก ื›ืึทื’ื– ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘-ืึทืกืกืขื“ ืคืจื•ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืงืกืคึผืจืขืกื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข ื˜ื•ืจื ืก ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืกืึธืœื•ื•ืข ื“ื™ ืคืจืื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื˜ืึธืฅ. ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืึทื ืกืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’: ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืกื˜ื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“, ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–. ืขืจ ืก ืึท ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึธื ืขืก. ื•ื•ืึทืจืขื-ื›ืึทืจื˜ืึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ื™ืš ืจื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืจื– ืึท ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึทืœืึทื“ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืึท ืจืขืกื™ืคึผืจืึธืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืขืœื™ื ื’ืก ืื•ืŸ ื™ืžืึธื•ืฉืึทื ื–. ื ืึธืจ ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’, ื‘ืœื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื•ืžื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืกืคึผื™ืจื™ื˜ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ื˜ื•ื ื ืขื“ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืขืจืคึผืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืžื‘ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื–. ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงืขื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉืœื™ื™ืžืขืกื“ื™ืง ืžืึทืŸ. ืขืก ืก ื‘ื™ื™ืกื™ืงืœื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงืขื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ. ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืฉื ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื. ืœื™ื‘ืจืึท ืœื™ื‘ืข ื›ืึธืจืึทืกืงืึธื•ืคึผ ืกืขืคื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 2015 ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ 'ืจืข ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื ื•ื™ื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืจืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœ ื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’, ื“ืึทืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืœืคึผื—ื•ืช. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ'ืจืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึท ื›ื•ืฉื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœืึธื ื’ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืขืจ ืก ืึทืœืข ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืข ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜. ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข, ืึท ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขืš ืึทื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ื–ื™ื™ึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืคืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืึทืœืึทื˜ื™, ืคื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืงื™ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืึทืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข: ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื™ื ื˜ื•ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ืจื˜ื™ ืจืึทืง ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึท ืจืึทืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ: ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ื ืขืžื˜? ืœื‘ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจื’ืึธ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืจืึทืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ืคืขืจื˜ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืกืขืกืกื™ื•ื•ืข? ืจืึทืง ืจืขืœืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืฉื™ืคึผ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืขืฆื•ืช ืจืึทืง ืกืึธื•ืœืžื™ื™ืฅ: ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ืคืขื˜ื™ืžืข ืฉื•ื˜ืขืฃ? ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฆื™ืขืŸ ืึท ืจืึทืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ: ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืขืฆื•ืช ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืคืึทืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืจืึทืก ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ื”ืึธืจืึธืกืงืึธืคึผืข 3 ืžืื™ 2021 ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ื›ืึธืจืึทืกืงืึธื•ืคึผ 2022 ืœืขืึธ ื–ื•ืŸ ืกืึทื’ื™ื˜ื˜ืึทืจื™ื•ืก ืžืึธืึธืŸ: ืึทืŸ ื™ื ืกืคึผื™ืจืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืึทืœ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ 2022 ืขื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจ ืก ื˜ืฉื•ื™ืก ืึทืงื•ื•ืึทืจื™ื•ืก ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2018 ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉืœืขืš ื”ืึธืจืึธืกืงืึธืคึผืข ืœื™ื‘ ืึทืงื•ื•ืึทืจื™ื•ืก, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื™ืฉื•ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ, ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืขืจืึทื•ื ื“ืึทื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคื™ืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 23 ื™ื•ื ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืื’ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 23 ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจืกื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื’ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืฅ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ื–ืึธื“ื™ืึทืง ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืจืึทืง ื“ื•ืจืš Astroshopee.com ื’ืขืžื™ื ื™ ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ: ื“ื™ ืึทื ื‘ื™ื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ื‘ืึทืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื ืขื–ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื‘ ื–ืึธื“ื™ืึทืง ื“ื™ ื’ืขืžื™ื ื™ ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื›ืขื–ืึทื˜ืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื›ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข, ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ืš. ืกืึทื’ื™ื˜ื˜ืึทืจื™ื•ืก ื–ื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจืึทืก ืžืึธืึธืŸ: ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ ื“ื™ ืกืึทื’ื™ื˜ื˜ืึทืจื™ื•ืก Sun ื˜ืึธืจืึทืก ืžืึธืึธืŸ ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ื– ืกืžื•ื“ืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื ืึทื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืœืขืงืฆื™ืขืก ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜. ืกืึทื’ื™ื˜ื˜ืึทืจื™ื•ืก ืžืขืจืฅ 2021 ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉืœืขืš ื›ืึธืจืึทืกืงืึธื•ืคึผ ืžืขืจืฅ 2021 ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืžื™ื•ื ืึทืงืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกืึทื’ื™ื˜ื˜ืึทืจื™ื•ืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื™ืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ืึธืจ. ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึท ืคึผื™ืกืกืขืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ: ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ื ืขืžื˜? ื“ื™ ืขืกืกืขื ื˜ื™ืึทืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผื™ืกืกืขืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืึทืœ ื˜ืจื•ื˜ืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื™ืกื˜ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืึทืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ. 16 ื ืื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื˜ื“ื™ื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืึท ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืคืึทืงืก ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 16 ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจืกื˜ืึธื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ื’ื– ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืึธื“ื™ืึทืง ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืกืงืึธืจืคึผื™ืึธ ื“ื•ืจืš Astroshopee.com Astroshopee.com โ€” ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ื• ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื”ื ืื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ื”ืึธืจืึธืกืงืึธืคึผืข, ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ Facts ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืึธื“ื™ืึทืง.
ื“ืืก ื’ืขืฉืคืจื™ื™ื˜ (ืื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื) ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ื™ืฆืœืื–ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™-ื“ื™ืžืขื ืกื™ืืœืขืจ ืคืœืืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืคื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืค ืืœืข ืื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืจืขืœืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ื“ืืก ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืฉื•ืจื”'ื“ื™ื’ืข ื“ื™ืžืขื ืกื™ืขืก, ื”ื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ืœื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ื™ืฆืœืื–ืขืจ ืคื™ืจ-ื“ื™ืžืขื ืกื™ืืœืข ื ืื›ืื ืื“ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉืคืจื™ื™ื˜ึพืฆื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฆืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืžืขื ืกื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืคื•ื ื“ืึทืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืก, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก ืคืืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืื ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื™ืœืืกืืคืŸ, ืฆื™ ื“ืืก ืื™ื– ื ื–ืืš ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืึท ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืื›ืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืฃ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ. ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืืกืืคื™ืฉืข ืคึฟืจืื’ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 17ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืืกื™ืฉืข ืžืขื›ืึทื ื™ืง.
ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืคืึทืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜, ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืึทืœ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืกื™ืึธื ืึทืœืก.ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ ืžืขื˜ืึทืœืขืจื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ืขื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื™ืจื– ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืึทืœ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึทื“ื–ืฉืขืงืก. ื–ื™ื ื˜ 2004, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืขืงืกืึทืœืึทื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืึทืœ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก.ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืึทืœ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ื“ื–ืฉืึธื‘ืก: ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ื ื™ืฉื™ื ื’, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’, ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื˜ืขืจื ืงื™ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก. ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืžืขื˜ืึทืœ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ, Civen ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ึทืœืข ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืงืึทื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’.ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื“ื–ืฉืขืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืฆื• ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ. ืคืืจื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืคืึทืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ ื ื•ืฆื™ืง? ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ืคืœ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืขืก ืึท ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืžืขื˜ืึทืœ: ื”ื•ื™ืš ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืงืึทืœ ืงืึทื ื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™; ื”ื•ื™ืš ื˜ืขืจืžืึทืœ ืงืึทื ื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™; ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืฆื• ืงืขืจืึธื•ื–ืฉืึทืŸ; ืึทื ื˜ื™ืžื™ืงืจืึธื‘ื™ืึทืœ; ืจื™ืกื™ื™ืงืœืึทื‘ืึทืœ; ืžืึทืœืขืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™. ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ืขืก ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืขืก ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืึทื– ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืงืึทืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜.ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืžื™ืงืจืึธื‘ื™ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ืคึผืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคื™ืจืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’, ื‘ืึทื”ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜ืงื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืœืœืขืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืึท ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืงืึธืจืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืึทื‘ื“ื–ืฉืขืงืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆื™ืจื•ื ื’. ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื”ื™ืฅ ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืงืึทืœ ื™ื ืงืœืึธื•ื–ืฉืขืจื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–, ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืžืขืจ.ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืฆื• ืงืขืจืึธื•ื–ืฉืึทืŸ ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื™ื ื’ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืขืฉืึธืœืขื. ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜, ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ืึทืœ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ Civen Metal. ื“ื™ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื™ืึทืคืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขื˜ืึทืœ. ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืก ืคึผืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืึทื“ืจืึทื˜ ืคึฟื™ืก.ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– 16 ืึธื“ืขืจ 20 ืื•ื ืกืขืก ืคึผืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืึทื“ืจืึทื˜ ืคึฟื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 8 ืื•ืŸ 10 ืคึฟื™ืก.ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืกืึธืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ืจืึธืœืœืก, ืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื’.ื“ืึธืก ืกืึทื•ื•ืขืก ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜. ืื™ืŸ Civen Metal, ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜.ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ื•ืขื ืงืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ. ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืกื™ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขื˜ืึทืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืคืึทืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืขืก?ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ื•ืขื ืงืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก. ื“ื•ืจืš ื˜ืฉื•ื–ื™ื ื’ Civen Metal, ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ืคึผืขืจืึทืœืขืœื“ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืžืขื˜ื”ืึธื“ืก ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืกืงืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืงื™ืึทืคึผื™ื™ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ืก.ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ืกืงืจื™ื™ื‘ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืžืœื™ื™ื ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืจืขืกืคึผืขืงื˜. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื’ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืคืึทืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜, ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ.ื ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจืฅ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจืŸ ืื™ืจ. ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜: ืืคืจื™ืœ 05-2022 CIVEN Metal ืื™ื– ืึท ืคื™ืจืžืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’, ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’, ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš-ืกื•ืฃ ืžืขื˜ืึทืœ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืก
ืคืืคื ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืคืืคื, ื“ื•ืจืš ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืืœื“, ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืขื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืคืืคื. ื“ื™ ืคึผืืคื ืชืจืฆ"ื“ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ืช ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื’ื•ื™. ื“ื™ ื™ื ืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืคื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืึทืžืกื‘ื•ืจื’, ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ ืคืืคื ื—ื“ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืืœื“ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืคื ืจื‘. ืจ' ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืืœื“ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืœืื ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืคื ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื ืืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืงืจื™ื’, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื” "ืงื”ืœืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคืืคื" ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืกื‘ื•ืจื’, ื“ืขืจ ืคืืคื ืจื‘ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื–, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืคื ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœื–ืขืจ ื“ืจืš. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ื—ื–ืงื™ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืกื‘ื•ืจื’. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื‘"ื“ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืคืืคื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื ืคืืจืง ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื ื—ื ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืืœื“. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืž"ืฅ ืคืืคื ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ืจื‘ ืื”ืจืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืืœื“.
ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ืŸ ืงืขื ื™ื’ืจื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืงืกืขืงื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื•. ื“ืขืจ ืืžื˜ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืคืืจืžืืœืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืข, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืื ืืจืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’; ืืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœ ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจืœืืžืขื ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืงืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจืขืžื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ. ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืื ืืจืš ืืœืก ืคืจืขืžื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืžืื ืก. ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ืก ื’ื•ืจื ืื– ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืœืขืžืืœ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืืŸ ืื‘ืกืืœื•ื˜ืข ืžืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœืืžืขื ื˜. ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืก ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืจืขืžื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื ืืจืš ื ื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจื•ืคืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื‘ืกืืœื•ื˜ืข ืžืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื˜ืืžืขืจ ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืคืืจืœืื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ. ื ืืš ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื ืืจืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืžืืจื’ืŸ ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืจืขืžื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ. ื˜ืืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืžืื ืืจืš ืฆื• ืจืขื–ื™ื’ื ื™ืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื ืืจืš ืจื•ืคื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ-ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืื– ืคืืจืœืืžืขื ื˜ ื–ืืœ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™. ื ืืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื‘ืกืืœื•ื˜ืข ืžืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื ืืจืš ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืงืœืืจ ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืœืืžืขื ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืคืืœ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ืงืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื›ืคืืœื’ืขืจ. ื–ืขืŸ โ€ข ืจืขื“ืŸ โ€ข ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืคืจืขืžื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ืŸ ืงืขื ื™ื’ืจื™ื™ืš ื•ื•ืืœืคืืœ ยท ืคืขืœื”ืื ยท ื ื™ื•ืงืืกืœ ยท ื“ืขื•ื•ืื ืฉื™ืจ ยท ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ ยท ื“ื–ืฉืืจื“ื–ืฉ ื’ืจืื ื•ื•ื™ืœ ยท ืจืืงื™ื ื’ื”ืื ยท ืคื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ยท ื’ืจืืคื˜ืืŸ ยท ื ืืจื“ ยท ืจืืงื™ื ื’ื”ืื ยท ืฉืขืœื‘ืขืจืŸ ยท ืคืืจื˜ืœืื ื“ ยท ืคื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ยท ืขื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ืืŸ ยท ืคื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ยท ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื’ืจืื ื•ื•ื™ืœ ยท ืคืืจื˜ืœืื ื“ ยท ืคืขืจืกื™ื•ื•ืืœ ยท ืœื™ื‘ืจืคื•ืœ ยท ืงื ื™ื ื’ ยท ื’ื•ื“ืจื™ื˜ืฉ ยท ื•ื•ืขืœื™ื ื’ื˜ืืŸ ยท ื’ืจื™ื™ ยท ืžืขืœื‘ืืจืŸ ยท ื•ื•ืขืœื™ื ื’ื˜ืืŸ ยท ืคื™ืœ ยท ืžืขืœื‘ืืจืŸ ยท ืคื™ืœ ยท ืจืืกืœ ยท ื“ืืจื‘ื™ ยท ืื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืŸ ยท ืคืืœืžืขืจืกื˜ืืŸ ยท ื“ืืจื‘ื™ ยท ืคืืœืžืขืจืกื˜ืืŸ ยท ืจืืกืœ ยท ื“ืืจื‘ื™ ยท ื“'ื™ื–ืจืืขืœื™ ยท ื’ืœืื“ืกื˜ืืŸ ยท ื“'ื™ื–ืจืืขืœื™ ยท ื’ืœืื“ืกื˜ืืŸ ยท ืกืืœืกื‘ื•ืจื™ ยท ื’ืœืื“ืกื˜ืืŸ ยท ืกืืœืกื‘ื•ืจื™ ยท ื’ืœืื“ืกื˜ืืŸ ยท ืจืื–ื‘ืขืจื™ ยท ืกืืœืกื‘ื•ืจื™ ยท ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจ ยท ืงืืžืคื‘ืœ-ื‘ืื ืขืจืžืืŸ ยท ืืกืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ ยท ืœื•ื™ื“ ื“ื–ืฉืืจื“ื–ืฉ ยท ื‘ืื ืืจ ืœื ยท ื‘ืืœื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ยท ืžืืงื“ืื ืืœื“ ยท ื‘ืืœื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ยท ืžืืงื“ืื ืืœื“ ยท ื‘ืืœื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ยท ื˜ืฉืขืžื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ืŸ ยท ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืฉื™ืœ ยท ืื˜ืœื™ ยท ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืฉื™ืœ ยท ืื™ื“ืŸ ยท ืžืืงืžื™ืœืŸ ยท ื“ืื’ืœืขืก-ื”ื™ื•ื ยท ื•ื•ื™ืœืกืืŸ ยท ื”ื™ื˜ ยท ื•ื•ื™ืœืกืืŸ ยท ืงืืœืื’ื”ืืŸ ยท ื˜ืึทื˜ืฉืขืจ ยท ืžื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจ ยท ื‘ืœืขืจ ยท ื‘ืจื•ื™ืŸ ยท ืงืึทืžืขืจืืŸ ยท ืžื™ื™ ยท ื–ืฉืื ืกืืŸ ยท ื˜ืจืึทืก ยท ืกื•ื ืึทืง ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ "https://yi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ืคืจืขืžื™ืขืจ_ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ_ืคื•ื ืขื_ืคืืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ืŸ_ืงืขื ื™ื’ืจื™ื™ืš&oldid=497005"
ื–ืฉืขื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทื ื’ ื”ื•ืึทืงื™ื• ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืงื•ื•ื™ืคึผืžืขื ื˜ ืงืึธื•, ืœื˜ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1988 ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืœืึธื•ืงื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืึทื ืงืึธื• ื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืึทืœ ื–ืึธื ืข, ื–ืฉื•ื“ื–ืฉื™ ืกื™ื˜ื™, ื–ืฉืขื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทื ื’ ืคึผืจืึทื•ื•ื™ื ืก.ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 158 ืขืžืคึผืœื•ื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ 25 ื˜ืขืงื ื™ืฉืึทื ื–.ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš-ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜.ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœืข ื”ื•ื™ืš-ื˜ืขืง ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข 'ืก ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืกื™ืจื˜ืข ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ืคึผืึทืจืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืกื™ืจื˜ืข ืžื“ืจื’ื”.ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื™ื™ึทืขืจ ืคึผืึทืžืคึผืก, ืคืœืึธื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคื™ื™ึทืขืจ ืคึผืึทืžืคึผืก, ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคึผื™ื ืข ืคึผืจืึทืคึผืึธืจืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืžื™ืงืกื™ื ื’ ืคึผืึทืžืคึผืก, ืžื•ืœื˜ื™-ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืคื™ื™ึทืขืจ ื ืึทื–ืึทืœื–, ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ื ืขืคึผืœ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ-ื™ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื’ื’ื•ื•ื™ืฉื™ื ื’ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก, ืžื™ื ื™ืึทื˜ื•ืจืข ืคื™ื™ืขืจ-ืคื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื”ื™ืงืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคื™ื™ืขืจ-ืคื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื•ื™ืกืจื™ื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืกืขืœื– ืึท ืคื•ืœ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ึทืขืจ. - ืคื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื•ื™ืกืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ึทืขืจ-ืคื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ.ืฉืึทืึธืงืกื™ื ื’ ืขื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจื™ื™ื– ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 2013, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ืฅ. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึทื‘ืจื™ืง ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ืกืึทืงืกืขืกื™ื•ื•ืœื™ ื•ื•ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืึธืงืกื™ื ื’ ืกื™ื˜ื™ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืžืึทื ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจื™ื™ื–, ื–ืฉืขื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืขื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจื™ื™ื–, ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืกื™ืจื˜ืข ื’ืจื•ืคืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืงืึทื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื•ืžืคึผื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืจืขื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข, ื–ืฉืขื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทื ื’ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ ื˜ืจืึทืกื˜ื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื ืกื™ืึทืœ ืึทืึทืึท ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทืกื˜ื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ื˜.ืื™ืŸ 2013, ืขืก ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฉืขื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทื ื’ ืคึผืจืึทื•ื•ื™ื ืก ืงืœื™ื ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ื“ื–ืฉื™ ืกื™ื˜ื™ ืกืึทืคืขื˜ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ื™ื–ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ.ื“ื™ "ื”ื•ืึทืงื™ื•" ื˜ืจื™ื™ื“ืžืึทืจืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 2000 ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืกืึทืงืกืขืกื™ื•ื•ืœื™ ืจื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื“ืžืึทืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ ืกื™ื˜ื™, ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื“ืžืึทืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึทืึธืงืกื™ื ื’ ืกื™ื˜ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื“ืžืึทืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทื ื’ ืคึผืจืึทื•ื•ื™ื ืก.Huaqiu ื‘ืจืึทื ื“ ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืข ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ Shaoxing City Famous Brand Products ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทื ื’ Famous Brand Products ื–ื™ื ื˜ 2009. ืื™ืŸ 2019, ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื–ืฉืขื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทื ื’ ืžืึทื ื•ืคืึทืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ ื’ืจื•ืคืข ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜-ื’ืขื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ืžืึธื˜ืึธืจื™ื–ืขื“ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืข ืกืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืึท ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ึทืขืจ ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืข ืžืึทืจืง. .ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ื”ืื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ IS09001-2008 ืื•ืŸ IS014001-2004, OHSAS18001:2007 ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจืึทื ืžืขื ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’, ืึทืงื™ืึทืคึผื™ื™ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื™ื™ึทืขืจ ืคึผืึทืžืคึผืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืกืึธืœื™ื“ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ, ื‘ืึทืงื•ื•ืขื ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘-ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ, ื’ื™ืš ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜, ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ื‘ืจืขื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ืงืึทื ืกืึทืžืฉืึทืŸ, ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืœืขืš ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข.ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉืžืึธืœ ืจืึธื•ื“ื–, ื˜ื™ืฃ ืœื™ื™ื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื• ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื”ื™ืงืœืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื‘ื™ื™ื’ื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™.ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคื™ื™ืขืจืคื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคืึธืจืกืขืก, ืคื•ืœ-ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื’ื™ื™ื“ื–, ื•ื•ืึทืœื“ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื’ื™ื™ื“ื–, ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืขื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจื™ืกืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืขืจื™ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื’ื™ื™ื“ื– ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืœืขืฉืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืจืึทืœ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืคื™ืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืœ ืคื™ืจืขืก.ื™ื“ืขืึทืœ ื•ื™ืกืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืœืึทืก ืคื™ืจืขืก.ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื™ื™ึทืขืจ ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืข ืื™ื– ืžืึทื ื™ืึทืคืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึทืคึผืึทืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืžืึธื˜ืึธ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืงืึธื•, ืœื˜ื“. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืงื•ื•ื™ืคึผืžืขื ื˜ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœืข ืคื™ื™ึทืขืจ ืฉื•ืฅ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ืงืงืฃ ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 2012 ื“ื™ "ื”ื•ื™ืš-ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก-ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง-ืฆื™ืœ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืข" ื™ื ื“ื™ืคึผืขื ื“ืึทื ื˜ืœื™ ืจื™ืกืขืจื˜ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืงื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ื™ื ื ืึธื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืคืึทื ื“.ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื•ื ื’ ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืื“ืขืงื˜ ืึทืœืข ืคืจืื•ื•ื™ื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ื ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“.ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ืจืืคืขื™ืฉืข ื™ื•ื ื™ืึทืŸ ืกืข ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ืงืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ืกืึธื•ื˜ื”ืขืึทืกื˜ ืื–ื™ืข, ืืคืจื™ืงืข, ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืžื–ืจื—, ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ืฉืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื–ืขืจื–.ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืึธืš-ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ื ืขืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 2020 ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืก ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฃ-ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืจืขืงื•ื•ื™ืจืขืžืขื ืฅ ืกืคึผืขืกื™ืคื™ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ GB/T27922-2011.
ื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทื ื’ืงืกื™ ื–ืฉืึธื ื’ืคื• ืกืขืžืขื ื˜ืขื“ ืงืึทืจื‘ื™ื“ืข ืงืึธื•, ืœื˜ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 2001. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืกืขืžืขื ื˜ืขื“ ืงืึทืจื‘ื™ื“ืข ืจืึทื“ื–, ื˜ื•ื‘ื–, ื‘ืขืœืฅ, ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื“ืจืึธื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ืขืก, ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ึทื’ ืขืฆื•ืช, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ืกืขืžืขื ื˜ืขื“ ืงืึทืจื‘ื™ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืงื‘ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ . , ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ึทื’ ื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืืื–"ื• ื•, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœื™ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืึทืœืขืจื“ื–ืฉื™, ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธื ื™ืง, ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื–, ื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœืข ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’, ืžืขื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื ื’-ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ื”ืื˜ ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื– ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืขืจื“ื™ื™ื–ื“ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ื™ืฆืขืจืก ื”ื•ื™ืš-ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืึทืกืคึผืขืงืฅ. ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืื™ื– ื™ืงื•ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืกืจื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืขืžืขื ื˜ืขื“ ืงืึทืจื‘ื™ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืงืœ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืกืขืžืขื ื˜ืขื“ ืงืึทืจื‘ื™ื“ืข ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ, ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข 'ืก ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจืžืข ืจื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข. ยฉ ืงืึทืคึผื™ืจื™ื™ื˜ - 2010-2021: ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช. ื”ื™ื™ืก ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ - ืกื™ื˜ืขืžืึทืคึผ - AMP ืžืึธื‘ื™ืœ ื˜ืึทื ื’ืกื˜ืึทืŸ ืงืึทืจื‘ื™ื“ืข ื•ื•ืก ืงืึทืจื‘ื™ื“ืข, ืคึผืจืขืกื™ืกื™ืึธืŸ ืงื ืง ืžืึทืฉื™ื ื™ื ื’ ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท, ืงืึทืจื‘ื™ื“ืข ืคึผืึทื ื˜ืฉื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขืก, ืžื ื”ื’ ืคึผืึทืจืฅ & ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืงืึทืจื‘ื™ื“ืข ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืฅ, Dureza Del Titanio,
ืžืข'ื”ืื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืืœ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื– ื“ืืก ืคืขื ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ PENIS ื“ื™ ืื™ ืืœืก ื ืข, ื“ืขืจ ืคืืงื˜ ืื™ื– ืื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืก ืงืขืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื– ืž'ื–ืื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคื™ื ืขืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืขื ื™ืก. ืคืขื ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืจื•ื ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื• ืจืขื“ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื“ืื ืง--Chaim Shel 13:34, 31 ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2009 (UTC) ืื“ืจื‘ื ืคื™ื ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื˜ืขื•ืช. ื“ืืก ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ื ืืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืœื’ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืžืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ืืก ื•ื•ืืจื˜, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืž'ืจืขื“ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ. ื ื’ื•ื’ืœื–ื•ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืงืœืืจ ืื– ืž'ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ "ืคืขื ื™ืก", ืื•ืŸ "ืคื™ื ืขืก" ืื™ื– ืขืคืขืก ื’ืืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ. --ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ 14:53, 31 ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2009 (UTC) ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื–ื•ืš ื’ืขื˜ ื ืืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืคืืงื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื“ืืก ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืง ืืœืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื“ืืก ืคืืจื’ืขืฉืœืื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžืืง. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืคื™ื ืขืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขืคืขืก ืื ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื–ืื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืืก? ืคืขื ื™ืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ืกืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขื ื™ ืกื ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืฉื˜ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื•ื•ืืก ื“ื• ืงืขื ืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืื– ืž'ื ื•ืฆื˜ ืื™ืจ. ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื–ืื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคื™ื ืขืก? --Chaim Shel 15:01, 31 ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2009 (UTC) ืืคื“ืขื™ื˜ 2# ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกื”ืขืœืคืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ืขื ื ื™ืง ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืืจ ืคืืจืฉืคืืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœืื˜ ืคื™ื ืขืก ื ืืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ื“ื ืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืจืขื“ืŸ ื ืคื™ืคืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ื™ืง ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื ื™. ื“ืืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืคืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. ื ื“ืื ืง.--Chaim Shel 14:57, 1 ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 2009 (UTC) ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ. --ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ 17:58, 1 ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 2009 (UTC) ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ?! ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืื˜ืืงื™ืจืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœื™ืš ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื“ื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืœืืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื– ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืขื ื™ืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืืœืข ื•ื•ืขื‘ืกื™ื™ื˜ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคืขื“ื™ืข ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ืืคืืจ ื‘ืœืื’ืก ื•ื•ืืก ืงื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ืืš ื“ืขื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื“ื ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคืขื“ื™ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืคืืงื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื“ื• ื”ืืกื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื– ืคื™ื ืขืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขืคืขืก ืื ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ื“ื™ืš ื•ื•ืืก ?! ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื“ื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜. ืื™ืš ื–ืื’ ื“ื™ืจ ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ืจ ื–ืืœืŸ ื–ืื’ืŸ ืื– ืคืขื ื™ืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ืฉืžืืง ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ื“ื™ืš ืื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื“ื” ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื– ืขืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื ืืš ื ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจ ื ืกืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืคืขื ื™? ื“ืืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืก ื–ืืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืืจื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื™ื ืขืก ื•ื•ืืก ื“ื• ื–ืื’ืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืืก ื“ืืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขืคืขืก ืื ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื ื™ืง ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื ื™ ื–ืืœืŸ ื–ืื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคื™ื ืขืก ืื—ื•ืฅ ื ืฉืžืืง. ื“ืืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืก ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืขื ื™ืก ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš. ื ื“ืื ืง--Chaim Shel 13:22, 2 ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 2009 (UTC) "ืคื™ื ืขืก" ืื™ื– ื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ืืžืขืŸ. --ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ 18:22, 2 ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 2009 (UTC) ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื• ืžืื›ืกื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืง... ืœืขื ื™ืŸ, ื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ืืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื˜ืงื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคืขื“ื™ืข ืื– ื“ืืก ื–ืืœ ื–ื™ืš ืกื•ืชืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื–ืืš. ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืœื‘ื•ื™ื ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ืืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื• ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืื–ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื–ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืคืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืืžืขืŸ? ื“ืขืจ ืคืืงื˜ ืื™ื– ืื– ืคืขื ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืคืขื ื™ืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ืืžืขืŸ... ืคื™ื ืขืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื–ืืš ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ. ืื™ืš ืฉืœืื’ ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืคืฉืจื” ืœืืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืžื™ืœื” ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ืง: ื–ืขื” ืจืคืืœ ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ [1] ืื™ืš ื“ืจื™ื™ ื“ืืก ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืขื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืืก ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื›ืื˜ืฉื™ื’ ืžืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืœืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืœ'ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืœื” ืื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื–ืื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžืœ'ืขืŸ. ื ื“ืื ืง ืคืืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœืื’ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืืก ืœื›ื•ืืจื” ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืžืืง ืื“ืขืจ ืฉืžืขืงืœ. ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘.--Chaim Shel 13:01, 3 ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 2009 (UTC)
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ึท ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื™ื“ืขืึทืœ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ ืงืขืกืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ / ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืึธืกื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ื™ืš ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ 80 โ„ƒ ื”ื™ืฅ ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืข ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ื›ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคื•ืœ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 13 ืงื•ื•, 26 ืงื•ื•, 35 ืงื•ื•, 47 ืงื•ื•, 60 ืงื•ื• ืื•ืŸ 73 ืงื•ื•. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžื•ื 80 ื“ื™ื’ืจื™ื– C ื”ื•ื™ืš ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ, ื™ื“ืขืึทืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึทืœืึธืจื™ืคืขืจ ื‘ืึทื”ื™ืฆื•ื ื’, ืคืึธื›ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื•ืœ ื‘ืึทื”ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 80 โ„ƒ ื”ื™ืฅ ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืข ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ื›ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืฉืคึผืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื™ืฅ ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืข ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ ื”ื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืงืขืŸ ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืŸ ืžืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ื•ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืฉืคึผืึธืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืข ื›ื™ื˜ืขืจ / ืงืขืกืœ. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืก ืžืขืจ, ืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืึทืœืึธืจื™ืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฅ ืคึผืึทืžืคึผืก.ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืœื•ืคื˜ ืงืึทื ื“ื™ืฉืึทื ืขืจ, ืคื™ืœ ืึท ื“ืจื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ึทื›ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืงืœื™ืขื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื 80 ื“ื™ื’ืจื™ื– C ื”ื•ื™ืš ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฅ ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืข ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ื›ื™ื˜ืขืจ. ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืขืจ ืคึฟืขื™ึดืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ OSB 80 ยฐ C ื”ื•ื™ืš ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฅ ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืข ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ื›ื™ื˜ืขืจ. โ€ข ืจื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ื‘ืึทื”ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ 13ืงื•ื• ืฆื• 73ืงื•ื• โ€ข ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ืึทื”ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ โ€ข ื”ื•ื™ืš ืงืึทืคึผ * ื”ื™ื™ืก ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžื•ื 80 ยฐ C (ืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทืกื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœ) - ืึทื– ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืก ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’. โ€ข ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ ืงืึธืคึผืขืœืึทื ื“ ืงืึทืžืคึผืจืขืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ โ€ข ื ื™ืฆืŸ 4-ื•ื•ืขื’ ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•, ื™ืงืกืคึผืึทื ืฉืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืœ ื”ื™ืฅ ื™ืงืกื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืขืจ โ€ข ืึธื˜ืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืคืจืึธืกื˜ื™ื ื’ โ€ข ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืœืงื“ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธื•ืœืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ื ื˜ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 0.1 ื“ื™ื’ืจื™ื– ืกื™ ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจืึทื ืžืขื ืึทืœ ืคืจื™ื™ึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืจื™ืคืจื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ R134a ื˜ื™ื™ึทืžืขืจ ืคึฟื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืœื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืฉืคึผืึธืจืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื‘ืึทื”ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ื”ื™ืฅ ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 80 ื“ื™ื’ืจื™ื– C ื”ื™ืฅ ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืข ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ื›ื™ื˜ืขืจ. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืขืจ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 80 ื“ื™ื’ืจื™ื– C ื”ื™ืฅ ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืข ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ื›ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืคื™ืœืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ ืฆื• ืจื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืขื ื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜: ืกืขืคื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 08-2022 ืœืึทื‘ืึธืจืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคืืจืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข.ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคึผื™ื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืงื™ื™ืคึผืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื–.
ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึทืจื˜ืœ ืคื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ื– ืึท ื“ื™ื ืึทืžื™ืฉ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก.ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ. 1. ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ื ืขืฅ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฅ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ 98.5%, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ื– ืคื™ืœ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ 98.5.ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฅ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ 95%, ื“ื™ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคืœื•ื™ื“ืึทื˜ื™, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืึทื ื“ื•ืกื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืœืขืš.ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ 95%. 2. ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึธืจืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืึทืœื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืš ืึทื ืขืจืึธื•ื‘ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืืคื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ืงืกื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ PAM.ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืœืขืš ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึธืจืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึทื ืขืจืึธื•ื‘ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืคื™ืขื“ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื”ื•ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจื˜-ืคืœื™ืกื™ืง ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ืงืกื™ื ื’ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื’ืก.ืฆื• ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืึทืœื– ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืœืขื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืกืึทื ื˜ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืกืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืึทืจื˜-ืคืœื™ืกื™ืง ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ืง ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ื“ืจื•ืง.ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึธืจืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื”ื•ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจื˜-ืคืœื™ืกื™ืง ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื ื’ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืจืึทื“ื•ืกืึทื– ื“ื™ ืžืึทืกืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืึทืจื˜-ืคืœื™ืกื™ืง ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื™ืœื˜ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’.ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคื™ืœ ืคืจื™ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืคืœืึธื•ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืกืึทื ื˜ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจืึธื•ืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. 3. ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ื ืึธืš ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ PAM, ื“ื™ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ืื™ื– ื˜ื›ื™ืœืขืก ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืจืขืจื  - ืœื™ื ื™ืข ืžื™ืงืกืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทื‘ืกืึทืงื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ ืจืขืจื  - ืœื™ื ื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืงืึธื•ืึทื’ื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื˜ืึทื ืง.ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืงืกื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, ื“ื™ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ ืกืขืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฅ ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืจื™ื™ึท ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจื‘ื™ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทื˜ืฉื™ื•ื•ื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ืœื™ืžืึทื ืขืจื™ ื”ืึทืจื˜-ืคืœื™ืกื™ืง ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืกืึทื ื˜ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’.Free PAM ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื•ืกืึทื“ื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ PAM ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ PAM ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜, PAM ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ืึทื“, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึทื ื˜, PAM ืกื˜ื™ืงืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืึทื ื“ื•ืกื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืฉื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ื“ื•ืจืš ืกืคึผืจื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืึทืงื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ.ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื•ืกืึทื“ื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ PAM ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืœืึทื“ื–ืฉ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืึทืœื– ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืึทืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจื˜-ืคืœื™ืกื™ืง ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜. ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜: ื™ื•ืœื™ 14-2022 ืึทื‘ืึธื ื™ืจืŸ & ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ื ืงื•ื•ืขืจื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื™ืกืœื™ืกื˜, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 24 ืฉืขื”.