wanyu/IteraTeR_v2 huggingface dataset:
Original: The causes and mechanisms of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire are a historical theme that was introduced by historian Edward Gibbon in his 1776 book The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
Revised: The causes and mechanisms of the fall of the Western Roman Empire are a historical theme that was introduced by historian Edward Gibbon in his 1776 book The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
Edit intent: fluency
Original: We often assume that the collapse of the Roman Empire was a catastrophe for everyone involved.
Revised: Though it's often presumed that the collapse of the Roman Empire was a catastrophe for everyone involved.
Edit intent: coherence
Original: Though it's often presumed that the collapse of the Roman Empire was a catastrophe for everyone involved .
Revised: Though it's often presumed that the collapse of the Roman Empire was a catastrophe for everyone involved ,
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Tainter points out that it can be seen as a very rational preference of individuals at the time, many of whom were better off (all but the elite, presumably .) Archeological evidence from human bones indicates that average nutrition improved after the collapse in many parts of the former Roman Empire.
Revised:  Tainter points out that it can be seen as a very rational preference of individuals at the time, many of whom were better off (all but the elite, presumably ). Archeological evidence from human bones indicates that average nutrition improved after the collapse in many parts of the former Roman Empire.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Ideas about transformation with no distinct fall mirror the rise of the postmodern tradition, which rejects periodization concepts (see metanarrative).
Revised:  Ideas about transformation without a distinct fall mirror the rise of the postmodern tradition, which rejects periodization concepts (see metanarrative).
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  What is not new are attempts to diagnose Rome's particular problems , with Satire X, written by Juvenal in the early 2nd century  at the height of Roman power, criticizing the peoples' obsession with "bread and circuses" and rulers seeking only to gratify these obsessions .
Revised:  What is not new are attempts to diagnose Rome's particular problems ; already in the early 2nd century at the height of Roman power, criticizing the peoples' obsession with "bread and circuses" and rulers seeking only to gratify these obsessions .
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  What is not new are attempts to diagnose Rome's particular problems , with Satire X, written by Juvenal in the early 2nd century  at the height of Roman power, criticizing the peoples' obsession with "bread and circuses" and rulers seeking only to gratify these obsessions .
Revised:  What is not new are attempts to diagnose Rome's particular problems , with Satire X, written by Juvenal in the early 2nd century , at the height of Roman power, criticizing the peoples' obsession with "bread and circuses" and rulers seeking only to gratify these obsessions .
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  What is not new are attempts to diagnose Rome's particular problems , with Satire X, written by Juvenal in the early 2nd century  at the height of Roman power, criticizing the peoples' obsession with "bread and circuses" and rulers seeking only to gratify these obsessions .
Revised:  What is not new are attempts to diagnose Rome's particular problems , with Satire X, written by Juvenal in the early 2nd century at the height of Roman power, Juvenal in his Satire X criticized the people's obsession with "bread and circuses" and rulers seeking only to gratify these obsessions .
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  What is not new are attempts to diagnose Rome's particular problems , with Satire X, written by Juvenal in the early 2nd century  at the height of Roman power, criticizing the peoples' obsession with "bread and circuses" and rulers seeking only to gratify these obsessions .
Revised:  What is not new are attempts to diagnose Rome's particular problems , with Satire X, written by Juvenal in the early 2nd century at the height of Roman power, criticizing the peoples' obsession with "bread and circuses" and their rulers' excessive efforts to gratify this obsession .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  For example, there are so few records of an economic nature  it is difficult to arrive at even a generalization of the economic conditions.
Revised:  For example, there are so few records of an economic nature that it is difficult to arrive at even a generalization of the economic conditions.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Thus , historians must quickly depart from available evidence and comment based on how things ought to have worked, or based on evidence from previous and later periods , on inductive reasoning .
Revised:  As a result , historians must quickly depart from available evidence and comment based on how things ought to have worked, or based on evidence from previous and later periods , on inductive reasoning .
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Thus , historians must quickly depart from available evidence and comment based on how things ought to have worked, or based on evidence from previous and later periods , on inductive reasoning .
Revised:  Thus , historians must use inductive reasoning in addition to available evidence to imagine how things most probably happened or must use evidence from previous and later periods , on inductive reasoning .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Thus , historians must quickly depart from available evidence and comment based on how things ought to have worked, or based on evidence from previous and later periods , on inductive reasoning .
Revised:  Thus , historians must quickly depart from available evidence and comment based on how things ought to have worked, or based on evidence from previous and later periods .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  As in any field where available evidence is sparse, the historian's ability to imagine the 4th and 5th centuries will play as important a part in shaping our understanding as the available evidence, and thus be open for endless interpretation.
Revised:  As in any field where available evidence is sparse, this ability of historians to imagine the 4th and 5th centuries will play as important a part in shaping our understanding as the available evidence, and thus be open for endless interpretation.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  As in any field where available evidence is sparse, the historian's ability to imagine the 4th and 5th centuries will play as important a part in shaping our understanding as the available evidence, and thus be open for endless interpretation.
Revised:  As in any field where available evidence is sparse, the historian's ability to imagine the 4th and 5th centuries plays as important a part in shaping our understanding as the available evidence, and thus be open for endless interpretation.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  As in any field where available evidence is sparse, the historian's ability to imagine the 4th and 5th centuries will play as important a part in shaping our understanding as the available evidence, and thus be open for endless interpretation.
Revised:  As in any field where available evidence is sparse, the historian's ability to imagine the 4th and 5th centuries will play as important a part in shaping our understanding as the available evidence, which means that there is room for endless variety in interpretation.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  with recoveries being incomplete and temporary  . Significant events include the Battle of Adrianople in 378,
Revised:  despite incomplete and temporary . Significant events include the Battle of Adrianople in 378,
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  with recoveries being incomplete and temporary  . Significant events include the Battle of Adrianople in 378,
Revised:  with recoveries being incomplete and temporary recoveries . Significant events include the Battle of Adrianople in 378,
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Gibbon took September 4, 476  as a convenient marker for the final dissolution of the Western Roman Empire, when Romulus Augustus, the last Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, was deposed by Odoacer, a Germanic chieftain.
Revised:  Gibbon took September 4, 476 , as a convenient marker for the final dissolution of the Western Roman Empire, when Romulus Augustus, the last Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, was deposed by Odoacer, a Germanic chieftain.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Some modern historians question the significance of the  year 476 for its end .
Revised:  Some modern historians question the significance of the events of the year 476 for its end .
Edit intent: clarity
Original: Arnaldo Momigliano, echoing the trope of the sound  a tree falling in the forest, titled an article in 1973, "La caduta senza rumore di un impero nel 476 d.C." ("The noiseless fall of an empire in 476 AD").
Revised: Arnaldo Momigliano, echoing the trope of the sound of a tree falling in the forest, titled an article in 1973, "La caduta senza rumore di un impero nel 476 d.C." ("The noiseless fall of an empire in 476 AD").
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Roman cultural traditions continued throughout the territory of the Western Empire, and a recent school of interpretation argues that the great political changes can more accurately be described as a complex cultural transformation , rather than a fall.
Revised:  Roman cultural traditions continued throughout the territory of the Western Empire, and a recent school of interpretation argues that the great political changes can more accurately be described as a complex cultural transformation rather than a fall.
Edit intent: fluency
Original: Theories and explanations of a fall The various theories and explanations for the fall of the Roman Empire in the West may be very broadly classified into four schools of thought, although the classification is not without overlap  : Decay owing to general malaise Monocausal decay Catastrophic collapse Transformation The tradition positing general malaise goes back to Edward Gibbon  who argued that the edifice of the Roman Empire had been built on unsound foundations to begin with.
Revised: Theories and explanations of the fall The various theories and explanations for the fall of the Roman Empire in the West may be very broadly classified into four schools of thought, although the classification is not without overlap : Decay owing to general malaise Monocausal decay Catastrophic collapse Transformation The tradition positing general malaise goes back to Edward Gibbon who argued that the edifice of the Roman Empire had been built on unsound foundations to begin with.
Edit intent: fluency
Original: Theories and explanations of a fall The various theories and explanations for the fall of the Roman Empire in the West may be very broadly classified into four schools of thought, although the classification is not without overlap  : Decay owing to general malaise Monocausal decay Catastrophic collapse Transformation The tradition positing general malaise goes back to Edward Gibbon  who argued that the edifice of the Roman Empire had been built on unsound foundations to begin with.
Revised: Theories and explanations of a fall The various theories and explanations of the fall of the Roman Empire in the West may be very broadly classified into four schools of thought, although the classification is not without overlap : Decay owing to general malaise Monocausal decay Catastrophic collapse Transformation The tradition positing general malaise goes back to Edward Gibbon who argued that the edifice of the Roman Empire had been built on unsound foundations to begin with.
Edit intent: fluency
Original: Theories and explanations of a fall The various theories and explanations for the fall of the Roman Empire in the West may be very broadly classified into four schools of thought, although the classification is not without overlap  : Decay owing to general malaise Monocausal decay Catastrophic collapse Transformation The tradition positing general malaise goes back to Edward Gibbon  who argued that the edifice of the Roman Empire had been built on unsound foundations to begin with.
Revised: Theories and explanations of a fall The various theories and explanations for the fall of the Roman Empire in the West can be very broadly classified into four schools of thought, although the classification is not without overlap : Decay owing to general malaise Monocausal decay Catastrophic collapse Transformation The tradition positing general malaise goes back to Edward Gibbon who argued that the edifice of the Roman Empire had been built on unsound foundations to begin with.
Edit intent: fluency
Original: Theories and explanations of a fall The various theories and explanations for the fall of the Roman Empire in the West may be very broadly classified into four schools of thought, although the classification is not without overlap  : Decay owing to general malaise Monocausal decay Catastrophic collapse Transformation The tradition positing general malaise goes back to Edward Gibbon  who argued that the edifice of the Roman Empire had been built on unsound foundations to begin with.
Revised: Theories and explanations of a fall The various theories and explanations for the fall of the Roman Empire in the West may be very broadly classified into four groups, although this classification is not without overlap : Decay owing to general malaise Monocausal decay Catastrophic collapse Transformation The tradition positing general malaise goes back to Edward Gibbon who argued that the edifice of the Roman Empire had been built on unsound foundations to begin with.
Edit intent: clarity
Original: Theories and explanations of a fall The various theories and explanations for the fall of the Roman Empire in the West may be very broadly classified into four schools of thought, although the classification is not without overlap  : Decay owing to general malaise Monocausal decay Catastrophic collapse Transformation The tradition positing general malaise goes back to Edward Gibbon  who argued that the edifice of the Roman Empire had been built on unsound foundations to begin with.
Revised: Theories and explanations of a fall The various theories and explanations for the fall of the Roman Empire in the West may be very broadly classified into four schools of thought, although the classification is not without overlap : Decay due to general malaise Monocausal decay Catastrophic collapse Transformation The tradition positing general malaise goes back to Edward Gibbon who argued that the edifice of the Roman Empire had been built on unsound foundations to begin with.
Edit intent: fluency
Original: Theories and explanations of a fall The various theories and explanations for the fall of the Roman Empire in the West may be very broadly classified into four schools of thought, although the classification is not without overlap  : Decay owing to general malaise Monocausal decay Catastrophic collapse Transformation The tradition positing general malaise goes back to Edward Gibbon  who argued that the edifice of the Roman Empire had been built on unsound foundations to begin with.
Revised: Theories and explanations of a fall The various theories and explanations for the fall of the Roman Empire in the West may be very broadly classified into four schools of thought, although the classification is not without overlap : Decay owing to general malaise Monocausal decay Catastrophic collapse Transformation Explanations attributing the decay to general malaise go back to Edward Gibbon who argued that the edifice of the Roman Empire had been built on unsound foundations to begin with.
Edit intent: clarity
Original: Theories and explanations of a fall The various theories and explanations for the fall of the Roman Empire in the West may be very broadly classified into four schools of thought, although the classification is not without overlap  : Decay owing to general malaise Monocausal decay Catastrophic collapse Transformation The tradition positing general malaise goes back to Edward Gibbon  who argued that the edifice of the Roman Empire had been built on unsound foundations to begin with.
Revised: Theories and explanations of a fall The various theories and explanations for the fall of the Roman Empire in the West may be very broadly classified into four schools of thought, although the classification is not without overlap : Decay owing to general malaise Monocausal decay Catastrophic collapse Transformation The tradition positing general malaise goes back to Edward Gibbon , who argued that the edifice of the Roman Empire had been built on unsound foundations to begin with.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  According to Gibbon, the fall was - in the final analysis - inevitable.
Revised:  According to Gibbon, the fall was – in the final analysis - inevitable.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  According to Gibbon, the fall was - in the final analysis - inevitable.
Revised:  According to Gibbon, the fall was - in the final analysis – inevitable.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  On the other hand, Gibbon had assigned a major portion of the responsibility for the decay to the influence of Christianity, and is often, though perhaps unjustly, seen as the founding father of the school of monocausal explanation.
Revised:  On the other hand, Gibbon had assigned a major portion of the responsibility for the decay to the influence of Christianity, and he is therefore often, though perhaps unjustly, seen as the founding father of the school of monocausal explanation.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  On the other hand, Gibbon had assigned a major portion of the responsibility for the decay to the influence of Christianity, and is often, though perhaps unjustly, seen as the founding father of the school of monocausal explanation.
Revised:  On the other hand, Gibbon had assigned a major portion of the responsibility for the decay to the influence of Christianity, and is often, though perhaps unjustly, seen as the first proponent of a monocausal explanation.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  On the other hand, the school of catastrophic collapse holds that the fall of the Empire had not been a pre-determined event and need not be taken for granted.
Revised:  On the other hand, proponents of a catastrophic collapse are convinced that the fall of the Empire had not been a pre-determined event and need not be taken for granted.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  On the other hand, the school of catastrophic collapse holds that the fall of the Empire had not been a pre-determined event and need not be taken for granted.
Revised:  On the other hand, the school of catastrophic collapse holds that the fall of the empire was not a pre-determined event and need not be taken for granted.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  On the other hand, the school of catastrophic collapse holds that the fall of the Empire had not been a pre-determined event and need not be taken for granted.
Revised:  On the other hand, the school of catastrophic collapse holds that the fall of the Empire had not been a pre-determined event and should not be taken for granted.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Rather, it was due to the combined effect of a number of adverse processes, many of them set in motion by the Migration of the Peoples, that together applied too much stress to the Empire 's basically sound structure.
Revised:  Instead, they are convinced it was due to the combined effect of a number of adverse processes, many of them set in motion by the Migration of the Peoples, that together applied too much stress to the Empire 's basically sound structure.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Rather, it was due to the combined effect of a number of adverse processes, many of them set in motion by the Migration of the Peoples, that together applied too much stress to the Empire 's basically sound structure.
Revised:  Rather, it was due to the combined effect of a number of adverse processes, many of them set in motion by the Migration of the Peoples, that together applied too much stress on the empire 's basically sound structure.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Finally, the transformation school challenges the whole notion of the 'fall' of the Empire, asking to distinguish between the fall into disuse of a particular political dispensation, anyway unworkable towards its end, and the fate of the Roman civilisation which under-girded the Empire.
Revised:  Finally, proponents of transformation as the cause challenge the whole notion of the 'fall' of the Empire, asking to distinguish between the fall into disuse of a particular political dispensation, anyway unworkable towards its end, and the fate of the Roman civilisation which under-girded the Empire.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Finally, the transformation school challenges the whole notion of the 'fall' of the Empire, asking to distinguish between the fall into disuse of a particular political dispensation, anyway unworkable towards its end, and the fate of the Roman civilisation which under-girded the Empire.
Revised:  Finally, the transformation school challenges the whole notion of the 'fall' of the empire and distinguish between the fall into disuse of a particular political dispensation, anyway unworkable towards its end, and the fate of the Roman civilisation which under-girded the Empire.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Finally, the transformation school challenges the whole notion of the 'fall' of the Empire, asking to distinguish between the fall into disuse of a particular political dispensation, anyway unworkable towards its end, and the fate of the Roman civilisation which under-girded the Empire.
Revised:  Finally, the transformation school challenges the whole notion of the 'fall' of the Empire, asking to distinguish between the fall into disuse of a particular political dispensation, which was in any case unworkable towards its end, and the fate of the Roman civilisation which under-girded the Empire.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  According to this school , drawing its basic premise from the Pirenne thesis,  the Roman world underwent a gradual (though often violent) series of transformations , morphing into the medieval world.
Revised:  According to this school , drawing its basic premise from the Pirenne thesis, that the Roman world underwent a gradual (though often violent) series of transformations , morphing into the medieval world.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  According to this school , drawing its basic premise from the Pirenne thesis,  the Roman world underwent a gradual (though often violent) series of transformations , morphing into the medieval world.
Revised:  According to this school , drawing its basic premise from the Pirenne thesis, the Roman world underwent a gradual (though often violent) series of transformations in morphing into the medieval world.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  The historians belonging to this school often prefer to speak of Late Antiquity instead of the Fall of the Roman Empire.
Revised:  The historians belonging to this school often prefer to speak of Late Antiquity instead of the fall of the Roman Empire.
Edit intent: fluency
Original: Endoclips in use today have a variety of additional sizes, shapes and sizes.
Revised: Endoclips in use today have a variety of additional shapes and sizes.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Behind their commercial activities, their centres sheltered militants from regional units, as well as provided meeting places for Jatin and other Jugantar leaders.
Revised:  Behind their commercial activities, their centres sheltered freedom fighters from regional units, as well as provided meeting places for Jatin and other Jugantar leaders.
Edit intent: clarity
Original: First steps Sponsored by Raja Pyarimohan and his son Rajendranath Mukherjee ( ‘Misri Babu’ ), he established the Uttarpara Shilpa-samiti, installed a carpentry, bought six handlooms and began selling homespun textile.
Revised: First steps Sponsored by Raja Pyarimohan and his son Rajendranath Mukherjee ( 'Misri Babu' ), he established the Uttarpara Shilpa-samiti, installed a carpentry, bought six handlooms and began selling homespun textile.
Edit intent: fluency