wanyu/IteraTeR_v2 huggingface dataset:
Original:  Nonprescription medications A number of nonprescription medications have shown to be effective in promoting sleep.
Revised:  Nonprescription medications A number of non-prescription medications have shown to be effective in promoting sleep.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Food and drink   An urban legend states that certain foods  such as turkey and bananas  are rich in tryptophan and thus assist sleep, although this has not been confirmed by research.
Revised:  Food and drink An urban legend states that certain foods , such as turkey and bananas are rich in tryptophan and thus assist sleep, although this has not been confirmed by research.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Food and drink   An urban legend states that certain foods  such as turkey and bananas  are rich in tryptophan and thus assist sleep, although this has not been confirmed by research.
Revised:  Food and drink An urban legend states that certain foods such as turkey and bananas , are rich in tryptophan and thus assist sleep, although this has not been confirmed by research.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Retiring to a bedroom, drawing the curtains to block out daylight , wearing an eye mask and closing the door are common methods of achieving this.
Revised:  Retiring to a bedroom, drawing the curtains to block out daylight and closing the door are common methods of achieving this.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  It may also simulate REM sleep  .
Revised:  It may also simulate REM sleep , tiring people's eyes .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Another Oxford study suggests that counting sheep might be too boring to do for very long, and is found to be less effective than visualizing relaxing images.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17 different studies found that taking a warm bath , or shower 1–2 hours before bedtime for as little as 10 minutes , shortens the sleep onset time and improves sleep efficiency .
Revised:  A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17 different studies found that taking a warm bath or shower 1–2 hours before bedtime for as little as 10 minutes , shortens the sleep onset time and improves sleep efficiency .
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17 different studies found that taking a warm bath , or shower 1–2 hours before bedtime for as little as 10 minutes , shortens the sleep onset time and improves sleep efficiency .
Revised:  A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17 different studies found that taking a warm bath , or shower 1–2 hours before bedtime for as little as 10 minutes shortens the sleep onset time and improves sleep efficiency .
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Hypnotics, sometimes referred to as sleeping pills, may be prescribed by a physician, but their long-term efficacy is poor and they have numerous adverse effects , including daytime drowsiness, accidents, memory disorders and withdrawal symptoms.
Revised:  Hypnotics, sometimes referred to as sleeping pills, may be prescribed by a physician, but their long-term efficacy is poor and they have numerous adverse effects including daytime drowsiness, accidents, memory disorders and withdrawal symptoms.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Non-prescription medications A number of non-prescription medications have shown to be effective in promoting sleep.
Revised:  Nonprescription medications A number of non-prescription medications have shown to be effective in promoting sleep.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Non-prescription medications A number of non-prescription medications have shown to be effective in promoting sleep.
Revised:  Non-prescription medications A number of nonprescription medications have shown to be effective in promoting sleep.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  High-tryptophan food An urban legend states that certain foods , such as turkey and bananas , are rich in tryptophan and thus assist sleep, although this has not been confirmed by research.
Revised:  An urban legend states that certain foods , such as turkey and bananas , are rich in tryptophan and thus assist sleep, although this has not been confirmed by research.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  High-tryptophan food An urban legend states that certain foods , such as turkey and bananas , are rich in tryptophan and thus assist sleep, although this has not been confirmed by research.
Revised:  High-tryptophan food An urban legend states that certain foods such as turkey and bananas , are rich in tryptophan and thus assist sleep, although this has not been confirmed by research.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  High-tryptophan food An urban legend states that certain foods , such as turkey and bananas , are rich in tryptophan and thus assist sleep, although this has not been confirmed by research.
Revised:  High-tryptophan food An urban legend states that certain foods , such as turkey and bananas are rich in tryptophan and thus assist sleep, although this has not been confirmed by research.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Hot bath TubThe daily sleep/wake cycle is linked to the daily body temperature cycle.
Revised:  Hot bath A hot bath before bed may improve the quality of sleep The daily sleep/wake cycle is linked to the daily body temperature cycle.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Mechanical valves%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Why Artificial heart valves A heart contains four valves which are constantly open and closed to let blood flow into.
Revised:  %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Why Artificial heart valves A heart contains four valves which are constantly open and closed to let blood flow into.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Mechanical valves%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Why Artificial heart valves A heart contains four valves which are constantly open and closed to let blood flow into.
Revised:  Mechanical valves%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Background A heart contains four valves which are constantly open and closed to let blood flow into.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Types of mechanical valves Mechanical valves  come in three main types – caged ball, tilting-disc and bileaflet – with various modifications on these designs.
Revised:  Types of mechanical valves Mechanical valves Mechanical valves Mechanical valves come in three main types – caged ball, tilting-disc and bileaflet – with various modifications on these designs.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Disadvantages of mechanical valves Blood damage One of the major drawbacks of mechanical heart valves is that they are associated with an increased risk of blood clots.
Revised:  Disadvantages of mechanical valves One of the major drawbacks of mechanical heart valves is that they are associated with an increased risk of blood clots.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Noise Some patients with mechanical valves can hear clicks as their valve closes, which some find disturbing.
Revised:  Some patients with mechanical valves can hear clicks as their valve closes, which some find disturbing.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Cavitation Cavitation is the rapid formation of vaporous microbubbles in a fluid due to a local drop of pressure below the vaporization pressure at a given temperature.
Revised:  Cavitation is the rapid formation of vaporous microbubbles in a fluid due to a local drop of pressure below the vaporization pressure at a given temperature.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Fluid mechanics Many of the complications associated with mechanical heart valves can be explained through fluid mechanics.
Revised:  Many of the complications associated with mechanical heart valves can be explained through fluid mechanics.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Foreign body rejection and lack of adaptation to growth Implanting mechanical valves will cause foreign body rejection.
Revised:  Implanting mechanical valves will cause foreign body rejection.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Choosing artificial valves Choosing artificial valves are depending on factors such as patients’ age, physical condition, other medications etc.
Revised:  Choosing artificial valves are depending on factors such as patients’ age, physical condition, other medications etc.
Edit intent: fluency
Original: Types of artificial heart valves The three main types of artificial heart valves are mechanical, biological (bioprosthetic/tissue), and tissue-engineered valves.
Revised:  The three main types of artificial heart valves are mechanical, biological (bioprosthetic/tissue), and tissue-engineered valves.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Bioprosthetic (tissue ) valves Bioprosthetic valves are usually made from animal tissue (heterograft/xenograft) mounted on a metal or polymer support.
Revised:  Bioprosthetic tissue valves Bioprosthetic valves are usually made from animal tissue (heterograft/xenograft) mounted on a metal or polymer support.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Modeling and 3D printing of heart valves Usuallythe tissue engineered heart valves are patient specific and will need to have a pre-design.
Revised:  Usually, tissue engineered heart valves are patient specific and will need to have a pre-design.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Nanofiber as the scaffold of tissue engineered valves Nanofiber is a biodegradable and synthesized material.
Revised:  Nanofiber is a biodegradable and synthesized material.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Types of cells used in tissue engineering Cells that are used for tissue engineered heart valves are expected to secrete the extracellular matrix (ECM).
Revised:  Cells that are used for tissue engineered heart valves are expected to secrete the extracellular matrix (ECM).
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Challenges that tissue engineered valves are facing Scientists now can follow the structure of heart valves to produce something that looks similar to them.
Revised:  Challenges in tissue engineered valves are facing Scientists now can follow the structure of heart valves to produce something that looks similar to them.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Challenges that tissue engineered valves are facing Scientists now can follow the structure of heart valves to produce something that looks similar to them.
Revised:  Challenges that tissue engineered valves Scientists now can follow the structure of heart valves to produce something that looks similar to them.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Future of tissue engineering valves Tissue engineered heart valves are aiming to achieve these goals: anti‐thrombogenic, biocompatible, durable, resistant to calcification, and exhibits a physiological hemodynamic profile.
Revised:  Tissue engineered heart valves are aiming to achieve these goals: anti‐thrombogenic, biocompatible, durable, resistant to calcification, and exhibits a physiological hemodynamic profile.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Difference between mechanical and tissue valves Mechanical and tissue valves are made by different materials.
Revised:  Differences between mechanical and tissue valves Mechanical and tissue valves are made by different materials.
Edit intent: fluency
Original: An artificial heart valve is a one-way valve implanted into the heart of a patient to replace a dysfunctional native heart valve (valvular heart disease).
Revised: An artificial heart valve is a one-way valve implanted into a person's heart to replace a dysfunctional native heart valve (valvular heart disease).
Edit intent: clarity
Original: An artificial heart valve is a one-way valve implanted into the heart of a patient to replace a dysfunctional native heart valve (valvular heart disease).
Revised: An artificial heart valve is a one-way valve implanted into the heart of a patient to replace a valve that is not functioning properly (valvular heart disease).
Edit intent: clarity
Original:   The human heart contains four valves: tricuspid valve, pulmonic valve, mitral valve and aortic valve.
Revised:  The human heart contains four valves: tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve and aortic valve.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Their main purpose is to keep blood flowing in one direction through the heart, and from the heart into the major blood vessels connected to it (the pulmonary artery and the aorta).
Revised:  Their main purpose is to keep blood flowing in the proper direction through the heart, and from the heart into the major blood vessels connected to it (the pulmonary artery and the aorta).
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Artificial heart valves can generally be separated into three classes: mechanical heart valve, bioprosthetic (tissue) valve and tissue-engineered heart valve.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Although some dysfunctional valves can be treated with drugs or repaired, others need to be replaced with an artificial valve.
Revised:  While some dysfunctional valves can be treated with drugs or repaired, others need to be replaced with an artificial valve.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  The main problem with artificial valves today is the regurgitation caused by form degeneration, and to repair the deformed valves, in most cases, support in the ventricle is required for any surgical operation to be performed.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  There are multiple causes for heart valve damages such as congenital deformation (birth defect) , age related changes, side effects from other disorders, rheumatic fever, or infections etc.
Revised:  There are many potential causes of heart valve damage, such as birth defects , age related changes, side effects from other disorders, rheumatic fever, or infections etc.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  There are multiple causes for heart valve damages such as congenital deformation (birth defect) , age related changes, side effects from other disorders, rheumatic fever, or infections etc.
Revised:  There are multiple causes for heart valve damages such as congenital deformation (birth defect) , age related changes, and effects from other disorders, rheumatic fever, or infections etc.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Caged ball valves are no longer implanted , but many patients are still living with this type of valve . Bileaflet valves are the most common type of mechanical valve implanted in patients today.
Revised:  Caged ball valves are no longer implanted . Bileaflet valves are the most common type of mechanical valve implanted in patients today.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Some patients with mechanical valves can hear clicks as their valve closes, which some find disturbing.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  The tissue is treated to prevent rejection and calcification (where calcium builds up on the replacement valve and stops it working properly) .
Revised:  The tissue is treated to prevent rejection and calcification .
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Artificial heart valve repair Artificial heart valves are expected to last from 10 to 30 years , and by the time, the patient will often have a new heart valve installed .
Revised:  Artificial heart valve repair Artificial heart valves are expected to last from 10 to 30 years .
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  The repairing process of the artificial heart valve regurgitation (mitral or tricuspid regurgitation) and stenosis usually requires the surgeon for an open-heart surgery, and a repair or partial replacement of regurgitant valves , such as mitral valve, is usually preferred .
Revised:  The repairing process of the artificial heart valve regurgitation and stenosis usually requires the surgeon for an open-heart surgery, and a repair or partial replacement of regurgitant valves , such as mitral valve, is usually preferred .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The repairing process of the artificial heart valve regurgitation (mitral or tricuspid regurgitation) and stenosis usually requires the surgeon for an open-heart surgery, and a repair or partial replacement of regurgitant valves , such as mitral valve, is usually preferred .
Revised:  The repairing process of the artificial heart valve regurgitation (mitral or tricuspid regurgitation) and stenosis usually requires an open-heart surgery, and a repair or partial replacement of regurgitant valves , such as mitral valve, is usually preferred .
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  The repairing process of the artificial heart valve regurgitation (mitral or tricuspid regurgitation) and stenosis usually requires the surgeon for an open-heart surgery, and a repair or partial replacement of regurgitant valves , such as mitral valve, is usually preferred .
Revised:  The repairing process of the artificial heart valve regurgitation (mitral or tricuspid regurgitation) and stenosis usually requires the surgeon for an open-heart surgery, and a repair or partial replacement of regurgitant valves is usually preferred .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Hufnagel implanted caged ball heart valves into ten patients (six of whom survived the operation), marking the first long-term success in prosthetic heart valves.
Revised:  Hufnagel implanted caged ball heart valves into ten patients (six of whom survived the operation), marking the first success in prosthetic heart valves.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  A similar valve was invented by Miles 'Lowell' Edwards and Albert Starr in 1960 ( commonly referred to as the Starr-Edwards silastic ball valve ) .
Revised:  A similar valve was invented by Miles 'Lowell' Edwards and Albert Starr in 1960 , commonly referred to as the Starr-Edwards silastic ball valve ) .
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  A similar valve was invented by Miles 'Lowell' Edwards and Albert Starr in 1960 ( commonly referred to as the Starr-Edwards silastic ball valve ) .
Revised:  A similar valve was invented by Miles 'Lowell' Edwards and Albert Starr in 1960 ( commonly referred to as the Starr-Edwards silastic ball valve .
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  The Starr-Edwards valve was first implanted in a human on August 25, 1960, but was discontinued by Edwards Lifesciences in 2007.
Revised:  The Starr-Edwards valve was first implanted in a human on August 25, 1960, and was discontinued by Edwards Lifesciences in 2007.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Caged ball valves are strongly associated with blood clot formation, so patients who have one required a high degree of anticoagulation, usually with a target INR of 3.0–4.5.
Revised:  Caged ball valves are strongly associated with blood clot formation, so people who have one required a high degree of anticoagulation, usually with a target INR of 3.0–4.5.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Clots formed by red blood cell and platelet damage can block blood vessels leading to serious consequences . People with mechanical valves need to take anticoagulants (blood thinners), such as warfarin, for the rest of their life.
Revised:  Clots formed by red blood cell and platelet damage can block blood vessels leading to stroke . People with mechanical valves need to take anticoagulants (blood thinners), such as warfarin, for the rest of their life.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Cavitationis the rapid formation of vaporous microbubbles in a fluid  due to a local drop of pressure below the vaporization pressure at a given temperature.
Revised:  Cavitation, the rapid formation of vaporous microbubbles in a fluid due to a local drop of pressure below the vaporization pressure at a given temperature.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Cavitationis the rapid formation of vaporous microbubbles in a fluid  due to a local drop of pressure below the vaporization pressure at a given temperature.
Revised:  Cavitationis the rapid formation of microbubbles in a fluid due to a local drop of pressure below the vaporization pressure at a given temperature.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Cavitationis the rapid formation of vaporous microbubbles in a fluid  due to a local drop of pressure below the vaporization pressure at a given temperature.
Revised:  Cavitationis the rapid formation of vaporous microbubbles in a fluid due to a localized drop of pressure below the vaporization pressure at a given temperature.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Implanting mechanical valves will cause foreign body rejection.
Revised:  Implanted mechanical valves can cause foreign body rejection.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The patient will have to get the valves replaced if the size of their heart changes%DIFDELCMD < [%%% 4 . Bioprosthetic tissue valves Bioprosthetic valves are usually made from animal tissue (heterograft/xenograft) mounted on a metal or polymer support.
Revised:  The patient will have to get the valves replaced if the size of their heart changes%DIFDELCMD < [%%% 4 Bioprosthetic tissue valves Bioprosthetic valves are usually made from animal tissue (heterograft/xenograft) mounted on a metal or polymer support.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  The patient will have to get the valves replaced if the size of their heart changes%DIFDELCMD < [%%% 4 . Bioprosthetic tissue valves Bioprosthetic valves are usually made from animal tissue (heterograft/xenograft) mounted on a metal or polymer support.
Revised:  The patient will have to get the valves replaced if the size of their heart changes%DIFDELCMD < [%%% 4 . Bioprosthetic tissue valves Bioprosthetic valves are usually made from animal tissue (heterograft/xenograft) attached to a metal or polymer support.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Occasionally, alternatives to animal tissue valves are used: aortic homografts and pulmonary autografts.
Revised:  Alternatives to animal tissue valves are used: aortic homografts and pulmonary autografts.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  An aortic homograft is an aortic valve from a human donor, retrieved either after their death or from their heart if they are undergoing a heart transplant.
Revised:  An aortic homograft is an aortic valve from a human donor, retrieved either after their death or from a heart that is removed to be replaced during a heart transplant.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  A pulmonary autograft, also known as the Ross procedure  is where the aortic valve is removed and replaced with the patient's own pulmonary valve (the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery).
Revised:  A pulmonary autograft, also known as the Ross procedure , is where the aortic valve is removed and replaced with the patient's own pulmonary valve (the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery).
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  This means that people with bioprosthetic valves have a higher risk of requiring another aortic valve replacement in their lifetime.
Revised:  This means that people with bioprosthetic valves have a higher incidence of requiring another aortic valve replacement in their lifetime.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Recently , scientists have developed a new advanced tissue preservation technology, with the aim of improving the durability of bioprosthetic valves.
Revised:  In recent years , scientists have developed a new advanced tissue preservation technology, with the aim of improving the durability of bioprosthetic valves.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Recently , scientists have developed a new advanced tissue preservation technology, with the aim of improving the durability of bioprosthetic valves.
Revised:  Recently , scientists have developed a new tissue preservation technology, with the aim of improving the durability of bioprosthetic valves.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  In sheep and rabbit studies, tissue preserved using this new technology (called RESILIA™ tissue) had less calcification than control tissue.
Revised:  In sheep and rabbit studies, tissue preserved using this new technology had less calcification than control tissue.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The valves will make the valve cusp become stiff and thick that cannot close completely when the valves calcify .
Revised:  The valves will make the valve cusp become stiff and thick and cannot close completely when the valves calcify .
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  The valves will make the valve cusp become stiff and thick that cannot close completely when the valves calcify .
Revised:  The valves will make the valve cusp become stiff and thick that cannot close completely .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Usually, tissue engineered heart valves are patient specific and will need to have a pre-design.
Revised:  Tissue engineered heart valves are patient specific and will need to have a pre-design.
Edit intent: coherence