wanyu/IteraTeR_v2 huggingface dataset:
Original:  Narodnism arose after the emancipation of the serfs in 1861 under Tsar Alexander II, which signaled the end of feudalism in Russia.
Revised:  Narodnichestvo arose after the emancipation of the serfs in 1861 under Tsar Alexander II, which signaled the end of feudalism in Russia.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  In the spring of 1874, the Narodnik intelligentsia left the cities for the villages, Going to the People in an attempt to teach the peasantry their moral imperative to revolt.
Revised:  In the spring of 1874, the Narodnik intelligentsia left the cities for the villages, Going to the People in an attempt to uplift the peasantry their moral imperative to revolt.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  An important movement among the Narodniks was "" (khozhdeniye v narod)  , meaning "going to the people".
Revised:  The Narodniks are known for the "" (khozhdeniye v narod) , meaning "going to the people".
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The groups which formed shared the common general aims of destroying the Russian monarchy and the kulaks, and of distributing land fairly among the peasantry.
Revised:  The groups which formed shared the common general aims of destroying the Russian monarchy and of distributing land fairly among the peasantry.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  They spent much of their time learning peasant customs, such as clothing and dancing . Narodniks were viewed with suspicion by many Russian peasants, who were completely removed from the more modernized culture of the urban sphere.
Revised:  They spent much of their time learning peasant customs, such as clothing and peasant labor . Narodniks were viewed with suspicion by many Russian peasants, who were completely removed from the more modernized culture of the urban sphere.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Failure The Narodnik movement was a populist initiative to engage the rural classes of Russia in a political debate that would overthrow the Tsar’s government in the nineteenth century.
Revised:  Challenges The Narodnik movement was a populist initiative to engage the rural classes of Russia in a political debate that would overthrow the Tsar’s government in the nineteenth century.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  The Narodniks in the 1870s failed to initiate a peasant revolution against the Russian autocracy because (1) they manufactured an idealized image of the peasant classes that was not reflected in reality, (2) there was a lack of unity within the movement, (3) the peasants could not economically or intellectually relate to the Narodniks and (4) the government repressed the movement.
Revised:  The 
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  The concept of the narod, like the volk in Germany, was an attempt to establish a new national identity in Russia that was both nationalistic and liberal.
Revised:  concept of the narod, like the volk in Germany, was an attempt to establish a new national identity in Russia that was both nationalistic and liberal.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Idealizing the narod caused the Narodniks to make mistakes with how they approached rural Russians.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  The second cause of Narodnik failure—disunity—is best demonstrated by the split in the movement between Bakunists and Lavrists .
Revised:  Disunity between Bakunists and Lavrists .
Edit intent: clarity
Original: Theodore H. von Laue American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 13, No. 1 (Feb., 1954), pp. 11-28 Narodniks believed that the Tsar had crippled the peasants, but Narodniks should have understood how highly the peasants regarded the Tsar.
Revised: Theodore H. von Laue American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 13, No. 1 (Feb., 1954), pp. 11-28 Narodniks believed that the Tsar had impoverished the peasants, but Narodniks should have understood how highly the peasants regarded the Tsar.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  They believed that like them, they were a victim of the Russian bureaucrat.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  By failing to present a disciplined message and avoid directly attacking the Tsar, the Narodnik message was often simply ignored.
Revised:  By failing to present a disciplined message and avoid directly attacking the Tsar, the Narodniki was often simply ignored.
Edit intent: fluency
Original: See URL Government oppression denied the Narodniki an audience, and this was the final reason that the “going to the people” movement was not successful in beginning a peasant revolution against the autocracy.
Revised: See URL 
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  As historian Daniel Field wrote,  “Narodniks found that the peasant desire for land was not accompanied by a wish to rebel.”
Revised:  As historian Daniel Field wrote, however, “Narodniks found that the peasant desire for land was not accompanied by a wish to rebel.”
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  peasants were known to have reported Narodniks to the authorities to escape persecution themselves.
Revised:  peasants were forced to expose the Narodniks to the authorities to escape persecution themselves.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The Narodnik effort to begin a peasant revolution could not be successful when propagandists had to either operate covertly or face imprisonment.
Revised:  The propagandists had to either operate covertly or face imprisonment.
Edit intent: clarity
Original: </ref> The Narodniks were in many ways the intellectual and political forebears and, in notable cases, direct participants of the Russian Revolution , in particular of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, which went on to greatly influence Russian history in the 20th century.
Revised: </ref> The Narodniks were in many ways the intellectual and political forebears and, in notable cases, direct participants of the Russian Revolution — in particular of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, which went on to greatly influence Russian history in the 20th century.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Wortman, City and Countryside, 102. Disunity between Bakunists and Lavrists, and Narodnik circles acting on independent initiative, were a further obstacle.
Revised:  Disunity between Bakunists and Lavrists, and Narodnik circles acting on independent initiative, were a further obstacle.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Pedler, Anne, The Slavonic Review, Vol. 6, No. 16 (Jun., 1927), pp. 130-141 Published by: the Modern Humanities Research Association and University College London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies Bakunists believed that the peasants were ready to revolt with little propagandizing, whereas the Lavrists thought that considerable effort would be needed for the uprisings to begin.
Revised:  Bakunists believed that the peasants were ready to revolt with little propagandizing, whereas the Lavrists thought that considerable effort would be needed for the uprisings to begin.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Pedler, Slavonic Review, 130-141.
Edit intent: coherence
Original: Information on sex in the Narodnik movement was drawn from Robert H. McNeal Journal of Social History, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Winter, 1971-1972), pp. 143-163 Published by: Oxford University Press Article Stable URL: URL Historian Dmitri Pisarev writes that “sensing their inability to act alone, the intelligent radical made the peasantry the instrument to realize their hopes.”
Revised: Information on sex in the Narodnik movement was drawn from Historian Dmitri Pisarev writes that “sensing their inability to act alone, the intelligent radical made the peasantry the instrument to realize their hopes.”
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  See URL Government suppression of the Narodniki resulted in mass trials that widely publicized the views of the Narodniki, and outraged the public.
Revised:  Government suppression of the Narodniki resulted in mass trials that widely publicized the views of the Narodniki, and outraged the public.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  See URL These groups sought to begin a revolution through violence, and when members of Narodnaya Volya killed Tsar Alexander in 1881, the larger Narodnik movement lost virtually all support in the communes and rural parts of Russia.
Revised:  These groups sought to begin a revolution through violence, and when members of Narodnaya Volya killed Tsar Alexander in 1881, the larger Narodnik movement lost virtually all support in the communes and rural parts of Russia.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  InfluenceNarodnichestvo  had a direct influence on politics and culture in Romania, through the writings of Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea and the advocacy of the Bessarabian-born Constantin Stere (who was a member of Narodnaya Volya in his youth).
Revised:  Influence had a direct influence on politics and culture in Romania, through the writings of Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea and the advocacy of the Bessarabian-born Constantin Stere (who was a member of Narodnaya Volya in his youth).
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  WellRed Publications '' (1999): 33–50.
Revised:  WellRed Publications (1999): 33–50.
Edit intent: fluency
Original: The Narodniks (, ) were a politically conscious movement of the Russian intelligentsia in the 1860s and 1870s, some of whom became involved in revolutionary agitation against tsarism.
Revised: The Narodniks (, ) were a politcally conscious movement of the Russian intelligentsia in the 1860s and 1870s, some of whom became involved in revolutionary agitation against tsarism.
Edit intent: fluency
Original: The Narodniks (, ) were a politcally conscious movement of the Russian intelligentsia in the 1860s and 1870s, some of whom became involved in revolutionary agitation against tsarism.
Revised: The Narodniks (, ) were a politically conscious movement of the Russian intelligentsia in the 1860s and 1870s, some of whom became involved in revolutionary agitation against tsarism.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  He entered politics in the mid 1950s through involvement in a hospital worker ’ s trade union and membership of the Nyasaland African Congress, where his activities led to his detention without trial during the 1959 State of Emergency in Nyasaland.
Revised:  He entered politics in the mid 1950s through involvement in a hospital worker ' s trade union and membership of the Nyasaland African Congress, where his activities led to his detention without trial during the 1959 State of Emergency in Nyasaland.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Muwalo was rewarded for his loyalty with the cabinet post of Minister of Information in 1964, and in 1966 he became Minister of State in the President ’ s Office.
Revised:  Muwalo was rewarded for his loyalty with the cabinet post of Minister of Information in 1964, and in 1966 he became Minister of State in the President ' s Office.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  His close contact with Banda, both as minister in Banda ’ s office and in the MCP gave him great power and, during the first half of the 1970s he and his relative, the Head of the Police Special Branch Focus Gwede, were heavily involved in the political repression of actual or suspected opponents of the Banda regime.
Revised:  His close contact with Banda, both as minister in Banda ' s office and in the MCP gave him great power and, during the first half of the 1970s he and his relative, the Head of the Police Special Branch Focus Gwede, were heavily involved in the political repression of actual or suspected opponents of the Banda regime.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  ISBN 978-9-99088-251-3 Albert Muwalo became Administrative Secretary of the Malawi Congress Party in April 1963, in succession to Yatuta Chisiza, and he became the party ’ s Secretary General in 1973.
Revised:  ISBN 978-9-99088-251-3 Albert Muwalo became Administrative Secretary of the Malawi Congress Party in April 1963, in succession to Yatuta Chisiza, and he became the party ' s Secretary General in 1973.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  He entered the cabinet as Minister of Information in 1964, and became Minister of State in the President ’ s Office in 1966 and Minister without Portfolio in 1976.C Baker, (2001).
Revised:  He entered the cabinet as Minister of Information in 1964, and became Minister of State in the President ' s Office in 1966 and Minister without Portfolio in 1976.C Baker, (2001).
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964-1965 , pp. 70, 358.
Revised:  Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964–1965 , pp. 70, 358.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  He dismissed one minister, took away another ’ s responsibilities without removing him from the cabinet and reassigned portfolios in a cabinet reshuffle.
Revised:  He dismissed one minister, took away another ' s responsibilities without removing him from the cabinet and reassigned portfolios in a cabinet reshuffle.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964-1965 , pp. 91-2 , 95-6, 333.J McCracken, (2012).
Revised:  Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964–1965 , pp. 91-2 , 95-6, 333.J McCracken, (2012).
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964-1965 , pp. 91-2 , 95-6, 333.J McCracken, (2012).
Revised:  Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964-1965 , pp. 91–2 , 95-6, 333.J McCracken, (2012).
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  A History of Malawi, 1859–1966, pp. 403-4.
Revised:  A History of Malawi, 1859–1966, pp. 403–4.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Banda also continued diplomatic relations with South Africa and Portugal, but refused to recognise the People ’ s Republic of China or East Germany, and contemptuously rejected suggestions of forming closer ties with Zambia and Tanzania.
Revised:  Banda also continued diplomatic relations with South Africa and Portugal, but refused to recognise the People ' s Republic of China or East Germany, and contemptuously rejected suggestions of forming closer ties with Zambia and Tanzania.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  A number of ministers led by Yatutu Chisiza apparently wished to convert Banda ’ s role from that of Prime Minister who expected to become an executive President, to that of a future President without executive functions, with an appointed Prime Minister as head of government.
Revised:  A number of ministers led by Yatutu Chisiza apparently wished to convert Banda ' s role from that of Prime Minister who expected to become an executive President, to that of a future President without executive functions, with an appointed Prime Minister as head of government.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964-1965 pp. 159-60.
Revised:  Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964–1965 pp. 159–60.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964-1965 , pp. 125, 128. President Banda saw Muwalo and Aleke Banda a great deal in September 1964, and their comments and the unity of the ex-ministers led him to believe that the latter were conspiring against him.
Revised:  Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964–1965 , pp. 125, 128. President Banda saw Muwalo and Aleke Banda a great deal in September 1964, and their comments and the unity of the ex-ministers led him to believe that the latter were conspiring against him.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964-1965 , pp. 140-1.
Revised:  Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964–1965 , pp. 140-1.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964-1965 , pp. 140-1.
Revised:  Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964-1965 , pp. 140–1.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964-1965 , pp. 143-5 , 170, 184. Ministerial career There are few detailed records of Muwalo ’ s repressive activities between his appointment as a minister 1964 and his arrest in 1976, although as early as 1964, Banda urged anyone with any information on dissent to give this him or Muwalo.
Revised:  Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964–1965 , pp. 143-5 , 170, 184. Ministerial career There are few detailed records of Muwalo ’ s repressive activities between his appointment as a minister 1964 and his arrest in 1976, although as early as 1964, Banda urged anyone with any information on dissent to give this him or Muwalo.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964-1965 , pp. 143-5 , 170, 184. Ministerial career There are few detailed records of Muwalo ’ s repressive activities between his appointment as a minister 1964 and his arrest in 1976, although as early as 1964, Banda urged anyone with any information on dissent to give this him or Muwalo.
Revised:  Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964-1965 , pp. 143–5 , 170, 184. Ministerial career There are few detailed records of Muwalo ’ s repressive activities between his appointment as a minister 1964 and his arrest in 1976, although as early as 1964, Banda urged anyone with any information on dissent to give this him or Muwalo.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964-1965 , pp. 143-5 , 170, 184. Ministerial career There are few detailed records of Muwalo ’ s repressive activities between his appointment as a minister 1964 and his arrest in 1976, although as early as 1964, Banda urged anyone with any information on dissent to give this him or Muwalo.
Revised:  Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964-1965 , pp. 143-5 , 170, 184. Ministerial career There are few detailed records of Muwalo ' s repressive activities between his appointment as a minister 1964 and his arrest in 1976, although as early as 1964, Banda urged anyone with any information on dissent to give this him or Muwalo.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  The most important decisions of Banda ’ s government were made orally, so the reasons for them are not documented and much of the discussion of those reasons relies on claims and allegations that cannot be verified.
Revised:  The most important decisions of Banda ' s government were made orally, so the reasons for them are not documented and much of the discussion of those reasons relies on claims and allegations that cannot be verified.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  There were several, often competing, sources of intelligence: Muwalo ’ s associate Gwede controlled the Police Special Branch, while John Tembo organised a network of spies and informers through the Malawi Young Pioneers.
Revised:  There were several, often competing, sources of intelligence: Muwalo ' s associate Gwede controlled the Police Special Branch, while John Tembo organised a network of spies and informers through the Malawi Young Pioneers.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  The Orality of Dictatorship, in H Englund (editor), A Democracy of Chameleons, Kachere Books, pp. 181-3.
Revised:  The Orality of Dictatorship, in H Englund (editor), A Democracy of Chameleons, Kachere Books, pp. 181–3.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Two matters that are better documented were the campaign against Jehovah ’ s Witnesses and the reaction to the Chilobwe murders.
Revised:  Two matters that are better documented were the campaign against Jehovah ' s Witnesses and the reaction to the Chilobwe murders.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Muwalo and Gwede were closely associated with the implementation of repressive policies against political critics and even those seeking political neutrality, like Jehovah ’ s Witnesses.
Revised:  Muwalo and Gwede were closely associated with the implementation of repressive policies against political critics and even those seeking political neutrality, like Jehovah ' s Witnesses.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  After the removal of these two, the government ’ s attitude appeared to have softened, at least for a time.
Revised:  After the removal of these two, the government ' s attitude appeared to have softened, at least for a time.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Muwalo was linked to the persecution of Jehovah ’ s Witnesses, that started in late 1963 before the pre-independence election, when Witnesses were beaten for failing to buy MCP cards, because their religious beliefs did not allow membership of political parties.
Revised:  Muwalo was linked to the persecution of Jehovah ' s Witnesses, that started in late 1963 before the pre-independence election, when Witnesses were beaten for failing to buy MCP cards, because their religious beliefs did not allow membership of political parties.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  In 1967, at the conference of the MCP, of which Muwalo was Administrative Secretary, it was agreed that Jehovah ’ s Witnesses should be declared an “unlawful society” , and it was soon declared to be such, leading to attacks in which at least five Witnesses were killed and many fled the country.
Revised:  In 1967, at the conference of the MCP, of which Muwalo was Administrative Secretary, it was agreed that Jehovah ' s Witnesses should be declared an “unlawful society” , and it was soon declared to be such, leading to attacks in which at least five Witnesses were killed and many fled the country.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  In 1967, at the conference of the MCP, of which Muwalo was Administrative Secretary, it was agreed that Jehovah ’ s Witnesses should be declared an “unlawful society” , and it was soon declared to be such, leading to attacks in which at least five Witnesses were killed and many fled the country.
Revised:  In 1967, at the conference of the MCP, of which Muwalo was Administrative Secretary, it was agreed that Jehovah ’ s Witnesses should be declared an "unlawful society" , and it was soon declared to be such, leading to attacks in which at least five Witnesses were killed and many fled the country.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  A fifth wave of persecution of Jehovah ’ s Witnesses began in September 1975, mainly organised by local MCP members, but authorised at the party ’ s highest level.
Revised:  A fifth wave of persecution of Jehovah ' s Witnesses began in September 1975, mainly organised by local MCP members, but authorised at the party ’ s highest level.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  A fifth wave of persecution of Jehovah ’ s Witnesses began in September 1975, mainly organised by local MCP members, but authorised at the party ’ s highest level.
Revised:  A fifth wave of persecution of Jehovah ’ s Witnesses began in September 1975, mainly organised by local MCP members, but authorised at the party ' s highest level.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  This involved over 5,000 arrests, with many Witnesses being sentenced to three years in prison for membership of an illegal organisation, many beatings and destruction of Witnesses ’ property, and at least two more killings.
Revised:  This involved over 5,000 arrests, with many Witnesses being sentenced to three years in prison for membership of an illegal organisation, many beatings and destruction of Witnesses ' property, and at least two more killings.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  After Muwalo ’ s arrest, this wave of persecution ended, and many of those imprisoned or in detention were released.
Revised:  After Muwalo ' s arrest, this wave of persecution ended, and many of those imprisoned or in detention were released.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  The Government ’ s failure to make any arrests caused panic and led to criticism of the police and government.
Revised:  The Government ' s failure to make any arrests caused panic and led to criticism of the police and government.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  The Chilobwe Murders Trial, African Studies Review, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 361-2.
Revised:  The Chilobwe Murders Trial, African Studies Review, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 361–2.
Edit intent: clarity