wanyu/IteraTeR_v2 huggingface dataset:
Original:  On 3 March 1959 Armitage, as governor of Nyasaland, declared a State of Emergency over the whole of the protectorate and arrested Dr. Hastings Banda, its president  and other members of its executive committee , as well as over a hundred local party officials.
Revised:  On 3 March 1959 Armitage, as governor of Nyasaland, declared a State of Emergency over the whole of the protectorate and arrested Dr. Hastings Banda, its president and other members of its executive committee as well as over a hundred local party officials.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  By 6 am most principal Congress leaders had been arrested and detained, by 9 pm that day 130 had been arrested but even by 5 March a quarter if those listed for arrest had not been detained . Some were released very quickly, but 72 prominent detainees, including Dr Banda, were flown to Southern Rhodesia later on 3 March.
Revised:  By 6 am most principal Congress leaders had been arrested and detained, by 9 pm that day 130 had been arrested . Some were released very quickly, but 72 prominent detainees, including Dr Banda, were flown to Southern Rhodesia later on 3 March.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  By 6 am most principal Congress leaders had been arrested and detained, by 9 pm that day 130 had been arrested but even by 5 March a quarter if those listed for arrest had not been detained . Some were released very quickly, but 72 prominent detainees, including Dr Banda, were flown to Southern Rhodesia later on 3 March.
Revised:  By 6 am most principal Congress leaders had been arrested and detained, by 9 pm that day 130 had been arrested but even by 5 March a quarter if those listed for arrest had not been detained . Some were released quickly, but 72 prominent detainees, including Dr Banda, were flown to Southern Rhodesia later on 3 March.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:   C Baker, (1998).
Revised:  It was subsequently difficult for ministers to repudiate these statements. C Baker, (1998).
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  In addition, a wider Royal Commission on the future of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was to be held in 1960 (this became the Monkton Commission).
Revised:  In addition, a wider Royal Commission on the future of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was to be held in 1960.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  The chairman of the Commission of Inquiry was Patrick Devlin,  born in 1905 and made a High Court judge in 1948.
Revised:  The chairman of the Commission was Patrick Devlin, born in 1905 and made a High Court judge in 1948.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The chairman of the Commission of Inquiry was Patrick Devlin,  born in 1905 and made a High Court judge in 1948.
Revised:  The chairman of the Commission of Inquiry was Patrick Devlin, who had been born in 1905 and made a High Court judge in 1948.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Its other three members included a former colonial governor, the head of an Oxford College [ and a Scottish Lord Provost.
Revised:  Its three other members included a former colonial governor, the head of an Oxford College [ and a Scottish Lord Provost.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Its other three members included a former colonial governor, the head of an Oxford College [ and a Scottish Lord Provost.
Revised:  Its other three members included a former colonial governor, the head of an [ and a Scottish Lord Provost.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Macmillan did not choose Devlin and later criticised his appointment on the basis of his Irish ancestry and Catholic upbringing  .
Revised:  Macmillan did not choose Devlin and later criticised his appointment on the basis that his Irish ancestry and Catholic upbringing .
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  It also found that the Nyasaland government  suppression of criticism and  support for Congress justified calling it being called a “police state”.
Revised:  It also found that the Nyasaland government 's suppression of criticism and support for Congress justified calling it being called a “police state”.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  It also found that the Nyasaland government  suppression of criticism and  support for Congress justified calling it being called a “police state”.
Revised:  It also found that the Nyasaland government suppression of criticism and of support for Congress justified calling it being called a “police state”.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  The Armitage Report A few days after Devlin arrived in Nyasaland, Armitage received advice from the Colonial Office on the action to be followed when a governor dissented from the findings of a Commission of Inquiry, and was told that he could dissent if he felt it was justified.
Revised:  The Armitage Report A few days after Devlin arrived in Nyasaland, Armitage received advice from the Colonial Office on the action to be followed when a Governor dissented from the findings of a Commission of Inquiry, and was told that he could dissent if he felt it was justified.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  At the end of May, Armitage thought the commission were satisfied that the State of Emergency was necessary, but that it did not accept that there was a massacre plan, and had concentrated on the use of firearms and the burning of houses by government forces, ignoring events leading up to such incidents.
Revised:  At the end of May, Armitage thought the commission was satisfied that the State of Emergency was necessary, but that it did not accept that there was a massacre plan, and had concentrated on the use of firearms and the burning of houses by government forces, ignoring events leading up to such incidents.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  At the end of May, Armitage thought the commission were satisfied that the State of Emergency was necessary, but that it did not accept that there was a massacre plan, and had concentrated on the use of firearms and the burning of houses by government forces, ignoring events leading up to such incidents.
Revised:  At the end of May, Armitage thought the commission were satisfied that the State of Emergency was necessary, but that it did not accept that there was a massacre plot, and that it had concentrated on the use of firearms and the burning of houses by government forces, ignoring events leading up to such incidents.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The governor of Nyasaland, Sir Robert Armitage , was incensed by the allegation, and the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Alan Lennox-Boyd, thought the claim was grossly unfair.
Revised:  Armitage was incensed by the allegation, and the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Alan Lennox-Boyd, thought the claim was grossly unfair.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The Secretary of State for the Colonies said that the government had the right and a duty to reject the  Commission's findings where it disagreed with them, and used this argument to justify accepting  what little in its report was favourable and rejecting all that was unfavourable, instead of rejecting the whole report.
Revised:  The Secretary of State for the Colonies said that the government had the right and a duty to reject the Commission's findings where it disagreed with them, and used this argument to justify accepting only what little in its report was favourable and rejecting all that was unfavourable, instead of rejecting the whole report.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Sir Glyn Jones: a proconsul in Africa, I.B.Tauris, p. 90. ISBN 1-86064-461-9.
Revised:  Sir Glyn Jones: a proconsul in Africa, p. 90. ISBN 1-86064-461-9.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Sir Glyn Jones: a proconsul in Africa, I.B.Tauris, p. 90. ISBN 1-86064-461-9.
Revised:  Sir Glyn Jones: a proconsul in Africa, I.B.Tauris, p. 90. 
Edit intent: coherence
Original: The Armitage Report was a report  supposed to have been prepared by the Governor of Nyasaland, Robert Perceval Armitage but in fact prepared  under the direction of the Colonial Office in an attempt to counteract criticisms contained in the Report of the Devlin Commission.
Revised: The Armitage Report was a report supposed to have been prepared by the Governor of Nyasaland, Robert Perceval Armitage but in fact prepared under the direction of senior Colonial Office officials, in an attempt to counteract criticisms contained in the Report of the Devlin Commission.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Although the Armitage Report was used to discredit the Devlin Report initially, and used by the government of the day to  rejected many of the Devlin Commission's findings, in the longer term the Devlin Report helped to convince the British Government that the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was not acceptable to its African majority and should be dissolved.
Revised:  Although the Armitage Report was used to discredit the Devlin Report initially, and used by the government of the day to discredit the Devlin Report initially, and to rejected many of the Devlin Commission's findings, in the longer term the Devlin Report helped to convince the British Government that the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was not acceptable to its African majority and should be dissolved.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Devlin was vindicated and approached for advice on constitutional change, but Armitage was seen as an obstacle to progress and advised to leave Nyasaland prematurely.
Revised:  Devlin was vindicated and approached for advice on constitutional change, but Armitage was seen as an obstacle to progress and asked to leave Nyasaland prematurely.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Glyn Smallwood Jones became acting Governor until when Armitage retired in April 1961.C Baker, (2000).
Revised:  Glyn Smallwood Jones became acting Governor until Armitage retired in April 1961.C Baker, (2000).
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  ISBN 0-230-73881-8  J McCraken, (2012).
Revised:  ISBN 0-230-73881-8 . J McCraken, (2012).
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  ISBN 978-1-84701-050-6  B Pachai (1973) Land Policies in Malawi: An Examination of the Colonial Legacy, The Journal of African History, Vol. 14, No. 4. B. Pachai, (1978).
Revised:  ISBN 978-1-84701-050-6 . B Pachai (1973) Land Policies in Malawi: An Examination of the Colonial Legacy, The Journal of African History, Vol. 14, No. 4. B. Pachai, (1978).
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Working Conditions and Worker Responses on the Nyasaland Tea Estates, 1930–1953, Journal of African History, Vol. 27, No. 1. C Parkinson, (2007) Bills of Rights and Decolonization: The Emergence of Domestic Human Rights Instruments in Britain's Overseas Territories, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-199-23193-1  J G Pike, (1969).
Revised:  Working Conditions and Worker Responses on the Nyasaland Tea Estates, 1930–1953, Journal of African History, Vol. 27, No. 1. C Parkinson, (2007) Bills of Rights and Decolonization: The Emergence of Domestic Human Rights Instruments in Britain's Overseas Territories, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-199-23193-1 . J G Pike, (1969).
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Both reports accepted that a State of Emergency was necessary in view of the level of unrest in Nyasaland, but the Armitage Report approved of the subsequent actions of the police and troops, whereas the Devlin Report criticised their illegal use and stigmatised the Nyasaland government's suppression of criticism as justifying it being called a “police state” .
Revised:  Both reports accepted that a State of Emergency was necessary in view of the level of unrest in Nyasaland, but the Armitage Report approved of the subsequent actions of the police and troops, whereas the Devlin Report criticised their illegal use and stigmatised the Nyasaland government's suppression of criticism as justifying it being called a "police state" .
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  In the same period, the political aspirations of Nyasaland ’ s Africans received a set-back.
Revised:  In the same period, the political aspirations of Nyasaland ' s Africans received a set-back.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  A History of Malawi, 1859–1966, p. 232-6.
Revised:  A History of Malawi, 1859–1966, p. 232–6.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Banda ’ s strategy was to use these popular issues to mobilise Congress supporters into strikes, demonstrations, disobedience and protests that would disrupt the everyday operation of the colonial government.
Revised:  Banda ' s strategy was to use these popular issues to mobilise Congress supporters into strikes, demonstrations, disobedience and protests that would disrupt the everyday operation of the colonial government.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  However  in the immediate aftermath of the operation, 21 people were killed on 3 March.
Revised:  However , in the immediate aftermath of the operation, 21 people were killed on 3 March.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  State of Emergency: Nyasaland 1959, pp. 40–2, 48. In the debate in the House of Commons on 3 March 1959, the day that the State of Emergency was declared, Alan Lennox-Boyd, the Colonial Secretary, stated that it was clear from information received that Congress had planned the widespread murder of Europeans, Asians and moderate Africans, “…
Revised:  State of Emergency: Nyasaland 1959, pp. 40–2, 48. In the debate in the House of Commons on 3 March 1959, the day that the State of Emergency was declared, Alan Lennox-Boyd, the Colonial Secretary, stated that it was clear from information received that Congress had planned the widespread murder of Europeans, Asians and moderate Africans, "...
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  in fact, a massacre was being planned ” . This was the first public mention of a murder plot and, later in the same debate, the Minister of State at the Colonial Office, Julian Amery, reinforced what Lennox-Boyd had said with talk of a “…
Revised:  in fact, a massacre was being planned " . This was the first public mention of a murder plot and, later in the same debate, the Minister of State at the Colonial Office, Julian Amery, reinforced what Lennox-Boyd had said with talk of a “…
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  in fact, a massacre was being planned ” . This was the first public mention of a murder plot and, later in the same debate, the Minister of State at the Colonial Office, Julian Amery, reinforced what Lennox-Boyd had said with talk of a “…
Revised:  in fact, a massacre was being planned ” . This was the first public mention of a murder plot and, later in the same debate, the Minister of State at the Colonial Office, Julian Amery, reinforced what Lennox-Boyd had said with talk of a "...
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  conspiracy of murder ” and “a massacre …
Revised:  conspiracy of murder " and "a massacre ...
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  on a Kenyan scale ” . It was subsequently difficult for ministers to repudiate these statements.
Revised:  on a Kenyan scale " . It was subsequently difficult for ministers to repudiate these statements.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Retreat from Empire: Sir Robert Armitage in Africa and Cyprus, pp. 224-5.
Revised:  Retreat from Empire: Sir Robert Armitage in Africa and Cyprus, pp. 224–5.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  It also found that the Nyasaland government's suppression of criticism and of support for Congress justified calling it being called a “police state” .
Revised:  It also found that the Nyasaland government's suppression of criticism and of support for Congress justified calling it being called a "police state" .
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Its strongest criticism was over the “murder plot” , which it said not exist, and the use made of it by both the Nyasaland and British governments in trying to justify the Emergency, which it condemned.
Revised:  Its strongest criticism was over the "murder plot" , which it said not exist, and the use made of it by both the Nyasaland and British governments in trying to justify the Emergency, which it condemned.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Finally, it noted the almost universal rejection of Federation by Nyasaland ’ s African people and suggested the British government should negotiate with African leaders on the country ’ s constitutional future.
Revised:  Finally, it noted the almost universal rejection of Federation by Nyasaland ' s African people and suggested the British government should negotiate with African leaders on the country ’ s constitutional future.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Finally, it noted the almost universal rejection of Federation by Nyasaland ’ s African people and suggested the British government should negotiate with African leaders on the country ’ s constitutional future.
Revised:  Finally, it noted the almost universal rejection of Federation by Nyasaland ’ s African people and suggested the British government should negotiate with African leaders on the country ' s constitutional future.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Devlin ’ s use of the phrase “ a police state ” caused deep offence, particularly as it was placed on the first page of his report.
Revised:  Devlin ' s use of the phrase “ a police state ” caused deep offence, particularly as it was placed on the first page of his report.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Devlin ’ s use of the phrase “ a police state ” caused deep offence, particularly as it was placed on the first page of his report.
Revised:  Devlin ’ s use of the phrase " a police state ” caused deep offence, particularly as it was placed on the first page of his report.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Devlin ’ s use of the phrase “ a police state ” caused deep offence, particularly as it was placed on the first page of his report.
Revised:  Devlin ’ s use of the phrase “ a police state " caused deep offence, particularly as it was placed on the first page of his report.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  The Colonial Office obtained an early draft of the Commission ’ s report and passed a copy to Armitage, which he used to prepare a document attacking its findings.
Revised:  The Colonial Office obtained an early draft of the Commission ' s report and passed a copy to Armitage, which he used to prepare a document attacking its findings.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  In the Commons debate on the report, the government noted that the Commission had found the declaration of a State of Emergency justified, but it attacked their use of the expression “police state” and its rejection of talk about killings and beatings of Europeans as no more than rhetoric.
Revised:  In the Commons debate on the report, the government noted that the Commission had found the declaration of a State of Emergency justified, but it attacked their use of the expression "police state" and its rejection of talk about killings and beatings of Europeans as no more than rhetoric.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  As this would  inevitably lead to a demand for withdrawal from the Federation , the governor refused .
Revised:  As this would inevitably lead to a demand for withdrawal from the Federation .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  When action by Congress supporters became more violent , Armitage decided against offering concessions, but prepared for mass arrests.
Revised:  Action by Congress supporters became more violent , Armitage decided against offering concessions, but prepared for mass arrests.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  On 21 February, European troops of the Rhodesia Regiment were flown into Nyasaland and, in the days immediately following, police or troops opened fire on rioters in several places, leading to four deaths.R.
Revised:  On 21 February, and, in the days immediately following, police or troops opened fire on rioters in several places, leading to four deaths.R.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Armitage then decided to arrest almost the whole of the Congress organisation , as he was influenced by reports of a meeting of Congress leaders (held in Banda's absence) on 25 January 1959, which approved a policy of strikes, retaliation against police violence, sabotage and defiance of the government.
Revised:  Armitage decided against offering any concessions, and decided on mass arrests of almost the whole of the Congress organisation , as he was influenced by reports of a meeting of Congress leaders (held in Banda's absence) on 25 January 1959, which approved a policy of strikes, retaliation against police violence, sabotage and defiance of the government.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Armitage then decided to arrest almost the whole of the Congress organisation , as he was influenced by reports of a meeting of Congress leaders (held in Banda's absence) on 25 January 1959, which approved a policy of strikes, retaliation against police violence, sabotage and defiance of the government.
Revised:  Armitage then decided to arrest almost the whole of the Congress organisation . He later claimed to have been influenced by reports of a meeting of Congress leaders (held in Banda's absence) on 25 January 1959, which approved a policy of strikes, retaliation against police violence, sabotage and defiance of the government.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  In the course of Operation Sunrise itself, no-one being arrested was killed;
Revised:  In immediate aftermath of Operation Sunrise itself, no-one being arrested was killed;
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  It was supposed to have been  prepared by the Governor of Nyasaland, Robert Perceval Armitage, but was in fact prepared by a working party that included Armitage, under the direction of senior Colonial Office officials, in an attempt to counteract criticisms contained in the Report of the Devlin Commission.
Revised:  It was supposed to have been a despatch prepared by the Governor of Nyasaland, Robert Perceval Armitage, but was in fact prepared by a working party that included Armitage, under the direction of senior Colonial Office officials, in an attempt to counteract criticisms contained in the Report of the Devlin Commission.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Both reports accepted that a State of Emergency was necessary in view of the level of unrest in Nyasaland, but the Armitage Report approved of the subsequent actions of the police and troops, whereas the Devlin Report criticised their illegal use  and stigmatised the Nyasaland government's suppression of criticism as justifying it being called a "police state".
Revised:  Both reports accepted that a State of Emergency was necessary in view of the level of unrest in Nyasaland, but the Armitage Report approved of the subsequent actions of the police and troops, whereas the Devlin Report criticised their illegal use of force and stigmatised the Nyasaland government's suppression of criticism as justifying it being called a "police state".
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Although the Armitage Report was used by the government of the day to discredit the Devlin Report initially, and to rejected many of the Devlin Commission's findings, in the longer term the Devlin Report helped to convince the British Government that the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was not acceptable to its African majority and should be dissolved.
Revised:  Although the Armitage Report was used by the government of the day to discredit the Devlin Report initially, and to justify its rejection of many of the Devlin Commission's findings, in the longer term the Devlin Report helped to convince the British Government that the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was not acceptable to its African majority and should be dissolved.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Armitage decided against offering any concessions  , and decided on mass arrests of almost the whole of the Congress organisation.
Revised:  Armitage decided against offering any concessions to Congress , and decided on mass arrests of almost the whole of the Congress organisation.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Reports by police informers formed the basis for the claim by the Head of Special Branch that there were plans for the indiscriminate killing of Europeans and Asians, and of those Africans opposed to Congress (the so-called "murder plot").
Revised:  Reports by police informers formed the basis for the claim by the Head of Special Branch that there were plans for the indiscriminate killing of Europeans , Asians and of those Africans opposed to Congress (the so-called "murder plot").
Edit intent: fluency