wanyu/IteraTeR_v2 huggingface dataset:
Original:  By using affiliation metadata available in scientific publications, we track international scientific mobility and collaboration networks in the region .
Revised:  By using affiliation metadata available in scientific publications, we analyse international scientific mobility and collaboration networks in the region .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  By using affiliation metadata available in scientific publications, we track international scientific mobility and collaboration networks in the region .
Revised:  By using affiliation metadata available in scientific publications, we track international scientific mobility flows and collaboration linkages .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  First, we study the mobility flows for each country to uncover the main destinations and origins of mobile scholars  . Results reveal geographical, cultural , historical, and linguistic proximities.
Revised:  First, we uncover the main destinations and origins of mobile scholars . Results reveal geographical, cultural , historical, and linguistic proximities.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  First, we study the mobility flows for each country to uncover the main destinations and origins of mobile scholars  . Results reveal geographical, cultural , historical, and linguistic proximities.
Revised:  First, we study the mobility flows for each country to uncover the main destinations and origins of mobile scholars . Results reveal geographical, cultural and historical proximities.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Cooperation and exchange programs also contribute to explain some of the observed flows.
Revised:  Cooperation programs also contribute to explain some of the observed flows.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Second, we introduce mobile scientists' academic age.
Revised:  Second, we use the academic age.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  The average academic age of migrant scholars in MENA between 2008 and 2017 was about 12.4 years.
Revised:  The average academic age of migrant scholars in MENA was about 12.4 years.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Scholars who migrated to Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, Jordan and Morocco were in average younger than emigrants by 1.5 year from the same countries.
Revised:  Scholars who migrated to Gulf Cooperation Council countries, Jordan and Morocco were in average younger than emigrants by 1.5 year from the same countries.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The academic age group 6-to-10 years is the most common for both emigrant and immigrant scholars.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Third, we analyse gender differences of scholars .
Revised:  Third, we analyse gender differences .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We observe a clear gender gap in terms of scientific mobility : Male scholars represent the largest group of migrants in MENA countries .
Revised:  We observe a clear gender gap : Male scholars represent the largest group of migrants in MENA countries .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We observe a clear gender gap in terms of scientific mobility : Male scholars represent the largest group of migrants in MENA countries .
Revised:  We observe a clear gender gap in terms of scientific mobility : Male scholars represent the largest group of migrants in MENA .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We conclude discussing the policy relevance of the scientific mobility and collaboration aspects and discuss limitations and further research .
Revised:  We conclude discussing the policy relevance of the scientific mobility and collaboration aspects .
Edit intent: clarity
Original: We present a method for retiming people in an ordinary, natural video---manipulating and editing the time in which different motions of individuals in the video occur.
Revised: We present a method for retiming people in an ordinary, natural video -- manipulating and editing the time in which different motions of individuals in the video occur.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  A key property of our model is that it not only disentangles the direct motions of each person in the input video, but also correlates each person automatically with the scene changes they generate---e .g., shadows, reflections, and motion of loose clothing.
Revised:  A key property of our model is that it not only disentangles the direct motions of each person in the input video, but also correlates each person automatically with the scene changes they generate -- e .g., shadows, reflections, and motion of loose clothing.
Edit intent: fluency
Original: The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) ---which began enforcement on July 1, 2020---grants California users the affirmative right to opt-out of the sale of their personal information.
Revised: The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) -- which began enforcement on July 1, 2020---grants California users the affirmative right to opt-out of the sale of their personal information.
Edit intent: fluency
Original: The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) ---which began enforcement on July 1, 2020---grants California users the affirmative right to opt-out of the sale of their personal information.
Revised: The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) ---which began enforcement on July 1, 2020 -- grants California users the affirmative right to opt-out of the sale of their personal information.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Further, we extend the free utility model to the dummy network and real transportation network.
Revised:  Further, we extend the free utility model to the network.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Secret information is accessed and leaked through micro-architectural covert channels.
Revised:  Secret information is accessed and leaked through covert or side channels.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  New attack variants keep appearing and we do not have a systematic way to capture the critical characteristics of these attacks and evaluate why they succeed  .
Revised:  New attack variants keep appearing and we do not have a systematic way to capture the critical characteristics of these attacks and evaluate why they succeed or fail .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We model attacks as ordered dependency graphs, and  define a new concept, i.e. security dependency , between a resource access and its prior authorization operation.
Revised:  We model attacks as ordered dependency graphs, and define a new concept, "security dependency" , between a resource access and its prior authorization operation.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  We prove that a missing security dependency is equivalent to a race condition between authorization and access, which is a root cause of speculative execution attacks.
Revised:  We show that a missing security dependency is equivalent to a race condition between authorization and access, which is a root cause of speculative execution attacks.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  We also show that this attack model is  very useful for identifying new attacks and for generalizing defense strategies.
Revised:  This attack model is very useful for identifying new attacks and for generalizing defense strategies.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  We also show that this attack model is  very useful for identifying new attacks and for generalizing defense strategies.
Revised:  We also show that this attack model is also very useful for identifying new attacks and for generalizing defense strategies.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  We also explain how attack graphs can be constructed and point to this as very promising future work for tool designers.
Revised:  We also explain how attack graphs can be constructed and point to this as promising future work for tool designers.
Edit intent: coherence
Original: This paper investigates the impact of  COVID-19 epidemic on the Chinese stock market crash risk .
Revised: This study investigates the impact of COVID-19 epidemic on the Chinese stock market crash risk .
Edit intent: clarity
Original: This paper investigates the impact of  COVID-19 epidemic on the Chinese stock market crash risk .
Revised: This paper investigates the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the Chinese stock market crash risk .
Edit intent: fluency
Original: This paper investigates the impact of  COVID-19 epidemic on the Chinese stock market crash risk .
Revised: This paper investigates the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the stock market crash risk .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We first estimate conditional skewness of the return distribution from the GARCH-S  model as the proxy of the equity market crash risk for the Shanghai Exchange Stock Market.
Revised:  We first estimate conditional skewness of the return distribution from the GARCH-S ) model as the proxy of the equity market crash risk for the Shanghai Exchange Stock Market.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  We first estimate conditional skewness of the return distribution from the GARCH-S  model as the proxy of the equity market crash risk for the Shanghai Exchange Stock Market.
Revised:  We first estimate conditional skewness of the return distribution from the GARCH-S model as the proxy for the equity market crash risk for the Shanghai Exchange Stock Market.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Then, we construct a fear index for COVID-19 using the data from Baidu Index.
Revised:  Then, we construct a fear index for COVID-19 using data from the Baidu Index.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Our findings show that the conditional skewness reacts negatively to daily growth in total confirmed cases, indicating that the epidemic increases the crash risk of stock market .
Revised:  Based on the findings, conditional skewness reacts negatively to daily growth in total confirmed cases, indicating that the epidemic increases the crash risk of stock market .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  When the fear sentiment among people is high, the stock market crash risk is  affected by the epidemic more seriously.
Revised:  When the fear sentiment is high, the stock market crash risk is affected by the epidemic more seriously.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Evidence from the daily deaths and global cases shows the robustness .
Revised:  Evidence from the daily deaths and global cases .
Edit intent: clarity
Original: Deploying Machine Learning (ML) algorithms within databases is a challenge due to the varied computational footprints of modern ML algorithms and the myriad of database technologies each with their own restrictive syntax.
Revised: Deploying Machine Learning (ML) algorithms within databases is a challenge due to the varied computational footprints of modern ML algorithms and the myriad of database technologies each with its own restrictive syntax.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Finally, we demonstrate that the services we investigate are competitive on a variety of benchmarks, and present two applications of this framework to create intelligent search engines, and real time auto race analytics systems.
Revised:  Finally, we demonstrate that the services we investigate are competitive on a variety of benchmarks, and present two applications of this framework to create intelligent search engines, and real-time auto race analytics systems.
Edit intent: fluency
Original: We introduce a new notion of generalization-- Distributional Generalization-- which roughly states that outputs of a classifier at train and test time are close *as distributions*, as opposed to close in just their average error.
Revised: We introduce a new notion of generalization -- Distributional Generalization -- which roughly states that outputs of a classifier at train and test time are close *as distributions*, as opposed to close in just their average error.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  This example is a specific instance of our much more general conjectures which apply even on distributions where the Bayes risk is zero.
Revised:  Our formal conjectures, which are much more general conjectures which apply even on distributions where the Bayes risk is zero.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Our conjectures characterize the form of distributional generalization that can be expected , in terms of problem parameters ( model architecture, training procedure, number of samples, data distribution).
Revised:  Our conjectures characterize the form of distributional generalization that can be expected in terms of problem parameters ( model architecture, training procedure, number of samples, data distribution).
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Our conjectures characterize the form of distributional generalization that can be expected , in terms of problem parameters ( model architecture, training procedure, number of samples, data distribution).
Revised:  Our conjectures characterize the form of distributional generalization that can be expected , in terms of problem parameters : model architecture, training procedure, number of samples, data distribution).
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  These empirical observations are independently interesting, and form a more fine-grained characterization of interpolating classifiers beyond just their test error .
Revised:  Our results thus advance our empirical understanding of interpolating classifiers beyond just their test error .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  These empirical observations are independently interesting, and form a more fine-grained characterization of interpolating classifiers beyond just their test error .
Revised:  These empirical observations are independently interesting, and form a more fine-grained characterization of interpolating classifiers .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Despite its importance of writing a compelling message in sharing articles,  research community does not own a sufficient level of understanding of what kinds of editing strategies are effective in promoting audience engagement.
Revised:  Despite its importance of writing a compelling message in sharing articles, the research community does not own a sufficient level of understanding of what kinds of editing strategies are effective in promoting audience engagement.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Despite its importance of writing a compelling message in sharing articles,  research community does not own a sufficient level of understanding of what kinds of editing strategies are effective in promoting audience engagement.
Revised:  Despite its importance of writing a compelling message in sharing articles, research community does not own a sufficient understanding of what kinds of editing strategies are effective in promoting audience engagement.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Despite its importance of writing a compelling message in sharing articles,  research community does not own a sufficient level of understanding of what kinds of editing strategies are effective in promoting audience engagement.
Revised:  Despite its importance of writing a compelling message in sharing articles, research community does not own a sufficient level of understanding of what kinds of editing strategies effectively promote audience engagement.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  In this study, we aim to fill the gap by analyzing the current practices of media outlets using a data-driven approach.
Revised:  In this study, we aim to fill the gap by analyzing media outlets' current practices using a data-driven approach.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We first build a parallel corpus of original news articles and their corresponding tweets that were shared by eight media outlets  .
Revised:  We first build a parallel corpus of original news articles and their corresponding tweets that eight media outlets .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We first build a parallel corpus of original news articles and their corresponding tweets that were shared by eight media outlets  .
Revised:  We first build a parallel corpus of original news articles and their corresponding tweets that were shared by eight media outlets shared .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Then, we explore how those media edited tweets against original headlines , and the effects would be .
Revised:  Then, we explore how those media edited tweets against original headlines and the effects would be .
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Then, we explore how those media edited tweets against original headlines , and the effects would be .
Revised:  Then, we explore how those media edited tweets against original headlines , and the effects of such changes .
Edit intent: clarity
Original: Active inference is a normative framework for generating behaviour based upon the free energy principle, a global theory of self-organisation .
Revised: Active inference is a normative framework for generating behaviour based upon the free energy principle, a theory of global brain function .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  This framework has been successfully used to solve reinforcement learning and stochastic control problems , yet, the formal relation between active inference and reward maximisation has not been fully explicated.
Revised:  This framework has been successfully used to solve reinforcement learning and stochastic control tasks , yet, the formal relation between active inference and reward maximisation has not been fully explicated.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Our contribution shows that, on finite-horizon partially observed Markov decision processes, dynamic programming is a limiting case of active inference.
Revised:  We show that, on finite-horizon partially observed Markov decision processes, dynamic programming is a limiting case of active inference.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  In the absence of ambiguity about the latent causes of outcomes, this reduces to matching a target distribution encoding the agent's preferences.
Revised:  In the absence of ambiguity about the latent causes of outcomes, this reduces to matching a target distribution encoding preferences.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  When these target states correspond to rewarding states, this minimises risk or maximises expected reward , as in reinforcement learning.
Revised:  When these target states correspond to rewarding states, this maximises expected reward , as in reinforcement learning.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  When these target states correspond to rewarding states, this minimises risk or maximises expected reward , as in reinforcement learning.
Revised:  When these target states correspond to rewarding states, this minimises risk or maximises expected reward as in reinforcement learning.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  When states are partially observed or ambiguous, an active inference agent will choose the action that minimises both risk and ambiguity.
Revised:  When states are partially observed or ambiguous, active inference agents will choose the action that minimises both risk and ambiguity.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  This allows active inference agents to supplement their reward maximising (or exploitative) behaviour with novelty-seeking (or exploratory ) behaviour.
Revised:  This allows active inference agents to supplement goal-seeking with exploratory behaviour.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  This speaks to the unifying potential of active inference, as the functional optimised during action selection subsumes many important quantities used in decision-making in the physical, engineering, and life sciences.
Revised:  This speaks to the unifying potential of active inference, as the objective optimised during action selection subsumes many important quantities used in decision-making in the physical, engineering, and life sciences.
Edit intent: clarity
Original: Active inference is a normative framework for generating behaviour based upon the free energy principle, a theory of global brain function .
Revised: Active inference is a normative framework for generating behaviour based upon the free energy principle, a theory of self-organisation .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  This framework has been successfully used to solve reinforcement learning and stochastic control tasks , yet, the formal relation between active inference and reward maximisation has not been fully explicated.
Revised:  This framework has been successfully used to solve reinforcement learning and stochastic control problems , yet, the formal relation between active inference and reward maximisation has not been fully explicated.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We show that, on finite-horizon partially observed Markov decision processes, dynamic programming is a limiting case of active inference.
Revised:  We show that, on partially observable Markov decision processes, dynamic programming is a limiting case of active inference.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  In a fully observed environment, active inferenceagents seek to sample a target distribution encoding  preferences.
Revised:  In active inference, agents select actions to minimise expected free energy. In the absence of ambiguity about states, this reduces to matching expected states with a target distribution encoding preferences.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  In a fully observed environment, active inferenceagents seek to sample a target distribution encoding  preferences.
Revised:  In a fully observed environment, active inferenceagents seek to sample a target distribution encoding the agent's preferences.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  When these target states correspond to rewarding states, this maximises expected reward  as in reinforcement learning.
Revised:  When target states correspond to rewarding states, this maximises expected reward as in reinforcement learning.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  When these target states correspond to rewarding states, this maximises expected reward  as in reinforcement learning.
Revised:  When these target states correspond to rewarding states, this maximises expected reward , as in reinforcement learning.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  When states are partially observed or ambiguous, active inference agents will choose the action that minimises both risk and ambiguity.
Revised:  When states are ambiguous, active inference agents will choose the action that minimises both risk and ambiguity.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  When states are partially observed or ambiguous, active inference agents will choose the action that minimises both risk and ambiguity.
Revised:  When states are partially observed or ambiguous, active inference agents will choose actions that simultaneously minimise ambiguity.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  This allows active inference agents to supplement goal-seeking with exploratory behaviour.
Revised:  This allows active inference agents to supplement their reward maximising (or exploitative) behaviour with novelty-seeking (or exploratory) behaviour.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  It would have been ideal if the crawler managed to update the local snapshot as soon as a page changed on the web.
Revised:  It would have been ideal if the crawler managed to update the local snapshot as soon as a page changes on the web.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  However, finite bandwidth availability and server restrictions mean that there is a bound on how frequently the different pages can be crawled.
Revised:  However, finite bandwidth availability and server restrictions limit how frequently different pages can be crawled.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  This then brings forth the following optimisation problem: maximise the freshness of the local cache subject to the crawling frequency being within the prescribed bounds.
Revised:  This brings forth the following optimisation problem: maximise the freshness of the local cache subject to the crawling frequency being within the prescribed bounds.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  This then brings forth the following optimisation problem: maximise the freshness of the local cache subject to the crawling frequency being within the prescribed bounds.
Revised:  This then brings forth the following optimization problem: maximize the freshness of the local cache subject to the crawling frequency being within the prescribed bounds.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  This then brings forth the following optimisation problem: maximise the freshness of the local cache subject to the crawling frequency being within the prescribed bounds.
Revised:  This then brings forth the following optimisation problem: maximise the freshness of the local cache subject to the crawling frequencies being within prescribed bounds.
Edit intent: fluency