wanyu/IteraTeR_v2 huggingface dataset:
Original: - as stand-alone historical events -- appointed at a specific time, in specific circumstances, with specific goals and, further, in order to apprehend the nature of their investigations, their findings, and the immediate consequences of their reports, a complex of different factors need to be examined (as has been suggested by Craver & Darnden, 2013): "From the perspective of a given phenomenon, one can look down to the entities and activities composing it.
Revised: - as stand-alone historical events – appointed at a specific time, in specific circumstances, with specific goals and, further, in order to apprehend the nature of their investigations, their findings, and the immediate consequences of their reports, a complex of different factors need to be examined (as has been suggested by Craver & Darnden, 2013): "From the perspective of a given phenomenon, one can look down to the entities and activities composing it.
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Original:  [And, finally] one can look around to see the wider context with which it operates." (p.163) Tensions within the Royal family Prior to his arrival in Paris in 1777 -- with a letter of recommendation from Chancellor von Kaunitz of the Habsburg Monarchy to the Austrian Ambassador to France, the Comte de Mercy-Argenteau (who, in turn, introduced Mesmer to Jean-Baptiste Le Roy (1720-1800), the Director of the Academy of Sciences) -- Mesmer was already known to Marie Antoinette.
Revised:  [And, finally] one can look around to see the wider context with which it operates." (p.163) Tensions within the Royal family Prior to his arrival in Paris in 1777 – with a letter of recommendation from Chancellor von Kaunitz of the Habsburg Monarchy to the Austrian Ambassador to France, the Comte de Mercy-Argenteau (who, in turn, introduced Mesmer to Jean-Baptiste Le Roy (1720-1800), the Director of the Academy of Sciences) -- Mesmer was already known to Marie Antoinette.
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Original:  [And, finally] one can look around to see the wider context with which it operates." (p.163) Tensions within the Royal family Prior to his arrival in Paris in 1777 -- with a letter of recommendation from Chancellor von Kaunitz of the Habsburg Monarchy to the Austrian Ambassador to France, the Comte de Mercy-Argenteau (who, in turn, introduced Mesmer to Jean-Baptiste Le Roy (1720-1800), the Director of the Academy of Sciences) -- Mesmer was already known to Marie Antoinette.
Revised:  [And, finally] one can look around to see the wider context with which it operates." (p.163) Tensions within the Royal family Prior to his arrival in Paris in 1777 -- with a letter of recommendation from Chancellor von Kaunitz of the Habsburg Monarchy to the Austrian Ambassador to France, the Comte de Mercy-Argenteau (who, in turn, introduced Mesmer to Jean-Baptiste Le Roy (1720-1800), the Director of the Academy of Sciences) – Mesmer was already known to Marie Antoinette.
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Original: - it was also stipulated that, as a "requirement" of the King, Mesmer was to "remain in France", until his "doctrines" and his "principles" had been thereby "established", and that he was "not [to] leave except by permission of the King" -- and that, if the commissioners' reports were "favourable", the government would issue "a ministerial letter" to that effect (Pattie, 1994, p.110).
Revised: - it was also stipulated that, as a "requirement" of the King, Mesmer was to "remain in France", until his "doctrines" and his "principles" had been thereby "established", and that he was "not [to] leave except by permission of the King" – and that, if the commissioners' reports were "favourable", the government would issue "a ministerial letter" to that effect (Pattie, 1994, p.110).
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Original:  Never had a more extraordinary question divided the opinions of an enlightened nation. -- The Franklin Commission's Report to the Royal Academy of Sciences (September 1784, emphasis added)Bailly (1784b, p.2);
Revised:  Never had a more extraordinary question divided the opinions of an enlightened nation. – The Franklin Commission's Report to the Royal Academy of Sciences (September 1784, emphasis added)Bailly (1784b, p.2);
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Original:  Mesmer's overall stress on the quest for "harmony" as a therapeutic outcome and, especially, given the demonstrated fact that the effects of his 'animal magnetism' -- predicated upon the presence of a force analogous to gravity -- were equally demonstrated by all, regardless of age, gender, class, race, intellect, etc.,Castronovo, 1999. was an important influence on many of the moves (and 'movers') within French society towards democracy and greater equality.
Revised:  Mesmer's overall stress on the quest for "harmony" as a therapeutic outcome and, especially, given the demonstrated fact that the effects of his 'animal magnetism' – predicated upon the presence of a force analogous to gravity -- were equally demonstrated by all, regardless of age, gender, class, race, intellect, etc.,Castronovo, 1999. was an important influence on many of the moves (and 'movers') within French society towards democracy and greater equality.
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Original:  Mesmer's overall stress on the quest for "harmony" as a therapeutic outcome and, especially, given the demonstrated fact that the effects of his 'animal magnetism' -- predicated upon the presence of a force analogous to gravity -- were equally demonstrated by all, regardless of age, gender, class, race, intellect, etc.,Castronovo, 1999. was an important influence on many of the moves (and 'movers') within French society towards democracy and greater equality.
Revised:  Mesmer's overall stress on the quest for "harmony" as a therapeutic outcome and, especially, given the demonstrated fact that the effects of his 'animal magnetism' -- predicated upon the presence of a force analogous to gravity – were equally demonstrated by all, regardless of age, gender, class, race, intellect, etc.,Castronovo, 1999. was an important influence on many of the moves (and 'movers') within French society towards democracy and greater equality.
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Original:  Scientific issues In a prevailing atmosphere of "[an overall] redefinition of frontiers in the legitimacy of knowledge" -- and, in relation to Mesmer's claims, a redefinition "which did not necessarily match the public popularity that they attracted" (Zanetti, 2018), p.59) -- the issue of the existence (or not) of a substantial "magnetic fluid" and/or "animal magnetism" required resolution.
Revised:  Scientific issues In a prevailing atmosphere of "[an overall] redefinition of frontiers in the legitimacy of knowledge" – and, in relation to Mesmer's claims, a redefinition "which did not necessarily match the public popularity that they attracted" (Zanetti, 2018), p.59) -- the issue of the existence (or not) of a substantial "magnetic fluid" and/or "animal magnetism" required resolution.
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Original:  Scientific issues In a prevailing atmosphere of "[an overall] redefinition of frontiers in the legitimacy of knowledge" -- and, in relation to Mesmer's claims, a redefinition "which did not necessarily match the public popularity that they attracted" (Zanetti, 2018), p.59) -- the issue of the existence (or not) of a substantial "magnetic fluid" and/or "animal magnetism" required resolution.
Revised:  Scientific issues In a prevailing atmosphere of "[an overall] redefinition of frontiers in the legitimacy of knowledge" -- and, in relation to Mesmer's claims, a redefinition "which did not necessarily match the public popularity that they attracted" (Zanetti, 2018), p.59) – the issue of the existence (or not) of a substantial "magnetic fluid" and/or "animal magnetism" required resolution.
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Original:  but M. Deslon, the most considerable of his pupils, consented to disclose to them his principles, and assist them in their enquiries." -- William Godwin (1785).
Revised:  but M. Deslon, the most considerable of his pupils, consented to disclose to them his principles, and assist them in their enquiries." – William Godwin (1785).
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Original: - and, at the request of those four physicians,Pattie (1994), p.142. five scientists from the Royal Academy of Sciences -- the astronomer (and first mayor of Paris) Jean Sylvain Bailly (1736-1793), the geographer, cartographer, and former governor of St. Domingue, , Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), the chemist and biologist Antoine Lavoisier (1743- 1794), and the physicist (and expert on things electrical), Jean-Baptiste Le Roy, the Director of the Academy of Sciences.
Revised: - and, at the request of those four physicians,Pattie (1994), p.142. five scientists from the Royal Academy of Sciences – the astronomer (and first mayor of Paris) Jean Sylvain Bailly (1736-1793), the geographer, cartographer, and former governor of St. Domingue, , Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), the chemist and biologist Antoine Lavoisier (1743- 1794), and the physicist (and expert on things electrical), Jean-Baptiste Le Roy, the Director of the Academy of Sciences.
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Original:  causes [viz., causes morales], [that is,] the effects of a real agent [viz, les effets d'un agent réel] from those due to the imagination. . . .By magnetising people without their knowledge and by persuading them that they are being magnetised when they are not . . . one will obtain separately the effects of magnetism and those of the imagination and, from this, one will be able to conclude what should be attributed to the one and what to the other." -- Antoine Lavoisier (1784).
Revised:  causes [viz., causes morales], [that is,] the effects of a real agent [viz, les effets d'un agent réel] from those due to the imagination. . . .By magnetising people without their knowledge and by persuading them that they are being magnetised when they are not . . . one will obtain separately the effects of magnetism and those of the imagination and, from this, one will be able to conclude what should be attributed to the one and what to the other." – Antoine Lavoisier (1784).
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Original:  It is important to note that, despite the contemporary and modern salience given to Benjamin Franklin -- who, as the most eminent of the Commission's eleven members, was recognized as its titular head"Benjamin Franklin, the American minister to France living at Passy, received the signal honor due his international eminence of being named to head the [Academy of Science's] commission.
Revised:  It is important to note that, despite the contemporary and modern salience given to Benjamin Franklin – who, as the most eminent of the Commission's eleven members, was recognized as its titular head"Benjamin Franklin, the American minister to France living at Passy, received the signal honor due his international eminence of being named to head the [Academy of Science's] commission.
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Original:  His age (seventy-eight) made his appointment nominal [and] his duties devolved upon his colleagues..." (Buranelli, 1975, p.161). -- it is a matter of record that Franklin, now aged 78, and otherwise engaged in his duties as the U.S. Ambassador to France, had little involvement in any of the Commission's investigations.
Revised:  His age (seventy-eight) made his appointment nominal [and] his duties devolved upon his colleagues..." (Buranelli, 1975, p.161). – it is a matter of record that Franklin, now aged 78, and otherwise engaged in his duties as the U.S. Ambassador to France, had little involvement in any of the Commission's investigations.
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Original: Mulford, 2018. -- although the Commission's Report does note that several experiments were conducted at Franklin's Passy residence in Franklin's presence.
Revised: Mulford, 2018. – although the Commission's Report does note that several experiments were conducted at Franklin's Passy residence in Franklin's presence.
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Original:  It was composed of five eminent physicians from the Royal Society of Medicine -- the physician and one of the first members of the Royal Society, , the physician Claude-Antoine Caille (1743-), the botanist Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1748-1836), the physician, Collège de France professor, one of the original directors of the Royal Society, and committed advocate of the therapeutic applications of electricity, ,See Sutton (1981).
Revised:  It was composed of five eminent physicians from the Royal Society of Medicine – the physician and one of the first members of the Royal Society, , the physician Claude-Antoine Caille (1743-), the botanist Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1748-1836), the physician, Collège de France professor, one of the original directors of the Royal Society, and committed advocate of the therapeutic applications of electricity, ,See Sutton (1981).
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Original:  It was said of him in the latter connexion that he could utter anything he wanted without danger because nobody listened to him." and the physician and Professor of chemistry in the Collège de France, -- and, as Pattie remarks (1994, p.156), "the impression given by [their] report is that the commissioners were busy practitioners who wanted to devote no more time to the project than was necessary".
Revised:  It was said of him in the latter connexion that he could utter anything he wanted without danger because nobody listened to him." and the physician and Professor of chemistry in the Collège de France, – and, as Pattie remarks (1994, p.156), "the impression given by [their] report is that the commissioners were busy practitioners who wanted to devote no more time to the project than was necessary".
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Original:  Although the investigations of the "Society Commission" were less thorough and less detailed than those of the "Franklin Commission" they were essentially of the same nature, and it is a matter of fact that neither Commission examined Mesmer's practices -- they only examined the practices of d'Eslon.
Revised:  Although the investigations of the "Society Commission" were less thorough and less detailed than those of the "Franklin Commission" they were essentially of the same nature, and it is a matter of fact that neither Commission examined Mesmer's practices – they only examined the practices of d'Eslon.
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Original:  He spent several years in Paris itself -- during which time he published his Précis Historique (i.e., Mesmer, 1781)According to Pattie (1994, p.116), this work, despite being "the chief source for the history [of "animal magnetism"] between 1779 and 1781", and providing "a recital of Mesmer's difficulties in propagating his theories and having them investigated by learned societies", "contains little about theories and little about cures".
Revised:  He spent several years in Paris itself – during which time he published his Précis Historique (i.e., Mesmer, 1781)According to Pattie (1994, p.116), this work, despite being "the chief source for the history [of "animal magnetism"] between 1779 and 1781", and providing "a recital of Mesmer's difficulties in propagating his theories and having them investigated by learned societies", "contains little about theories and little about cures".
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Original:  -- interspersed with time spent in various parts of France, a complete absence from France (1792-1798), a return to France in 1798, and his final departure from France in 1802.
Revised:  – interspersed with time spent in various parts of France, a complete absence from France (1792-1798), a return to France in 1798, and his final departure from France in 1802.
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Original: - using analogies with gravity, terrestrial magnetism, and hydraulics (as they were understood at the time) -- of "an explanatory model to represent the way that healers had been healing people for thousands of years" (Yeates, 2018, p.48).
Revised: - using analogies with gravity, terrestrial magnetism, and hydraulics (as they were understood at the time) – of "an explanatory model to represent the way that healers had been healing people for thousands of years" (Yeates, 2018, p.48).
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Original:  Mesmer's enterprise was one of protoscience, rather than being one of pseudoscience -- or, even, one of fringe science.
Revised:  Mesmer's enterprise was one of protoscience, rather than being one of pseudoscience – or, even, one of fringe science.
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Original:  A concept that must not be reified It is clear from his Mémoire (1799) that Mesmer was very aware of the human propensity -- in the normal, conventional use of language (la langue de convention) -- to speak of "properties" or "qualities" (i.e., these "metaphysical abstractions", illusions de la méthaphysique), as if they were "substances": in Mesmer's words, "substantivise the properties", substantisia les propriétiés (Mesmer 1799, pp.15-17).
Revised:  A concept that must not be reified It is clear from his Mémoire (1799) that Mesmer was very aware of the human propensity – in the normal, conventional use of language (la langue de convention) -- to speak of "properties" or "qualities" (i.e., these "metaphysical abstractions", illusions de la méthaphysique), as if they were "substances": in Mesmer's words, "substantivise the properties", substantisia les propriétiés (Mesmer 1799, pp.15-17).
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Original:  A concept that must not be reified It is clear from his Mémoire (1799) that Mesmer was very aware of the human propensity -- in the normal, conventional use of language (la langue de convention) -- to speak of "properties" or "qualities" (i.e., these "metaphysical abstractions", illusions de la méthaphysique), as if they were "substances": in Mesmer's words, "substantivise the properties", substantisia les propriétiés (Mesmer 1799, pp.15-17).
Revised:  A concept that must not be reified It is clear from his Mémoire (1799) that Mesmer was very aware of the human propensity -- in the normal, conventional use of language (la langue de convention) – to speak of "properties" or "qualities" (i.e., these "metaphysical abstractions", illusions de la méthaphysique), as if they were "substances": in Mesmer's words, "substantivise the properties", substantisia les propriétiés (Mesmer 1799, pp.15-17).
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Original: Translation at Bloch (1980), pp.96-97. -- in other words, "reification", in the manner of Whitehead's "fallacy of misplaced concreteness".
Revised: Translation at Bloch (1980), pp.96-97. – in other words, "reification", in the manner of Whitehead's "fallacy of misplaced concreteness".
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Original:  Mesmer was also well aware of the extent to which, through the "distortion" caused by these "substantive words" (mot substantif) -- which inappropriately "personified" (personnifia) these metaphysical abstractions (p.16) -- one is induced to believe in the actual physical existence of the "substance" itself.
Revised:  Mesmer was also well aware of the extent to which, through the "distortion" caused by these "substantive words" (mot substantif) – which inappropriately "personified" (personnifia) these metaphysical abstractions (p.16) -- one is induced to believe in the actual physical existence of the "substance" itself.
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Original:  Mesmer was also well aware of the extent to which, through the "distortion" caused by these "substantive words" (mot substantif) -- which inappropriately "personified" (personnifia) these metaphysical abstractions (p.16) -- one is induced to believe in the actual physical existence of the "substance" itself.
Revised:  Mesmer was also well aware of the extent to which, through the "distortion" caused by these "substantive words" (mot substantif) -- which inappropriately "personified" (personnifia) these metaphysical abstractions (p.16) – one is induced to believe in the actual physical existence of the "substance" itself.
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Original:  -- the primary focus of his enterprise had become the threefold quest for the acquisition of an understanding of: (a) how to rouse (and maintain) this agent, by every possible means -- and acquire the knowledge of how, so-roused, it might be therapeutically harnessed in the most efficacious fashion (Mesmer, 1799, p.48);
Revised:  – the primary focus of his enterprise had become the threefold quest for the acquisition of an understanding of: (a) how to rouse (and maintain) this agent, by every possible means -- and acquire the knowledge of how, so-roused, it might be therapeutically harnessed in the most efficacious fashion (Mesmer, 1799, p.48);
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Original:  -- the primary focus of his enterprise had become the threefold quest for the acquisition of an understanding of: (a) how to rouse (and maintain) this agent, by every possible means -- and acquire the knowledge of how, so-roused, it might be therapeutically harnessed in the most efficacious fashion (Mesmer, 1799, p.48);
Revised:  -- the primary focus of his enterprise had become the threefold quest for the acquisition of an understanding of: (a) how to rouse (and maintain) this agent, by every possible means – and acquire the knowledge of how, so-roused, it might be therapeutically harnessed in the most efficacious fashion (Mesmer, 1799, p.48);
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Original:  (b) (given that the agent's therapeutic effects were observed to be gradual, rather than instantaneous) the "obstacles" that typically divert, disturb, or impede the agent's capacity to attain the optimal treatment outcomes -- and, once these "obstacles" had been identified, determine appropriate ways to "clear them away" ("de connoître et lever les obstacles qui peuvent troubler ou empêcher son action", p.48);
Revised:  (b) (given that the agent's therapeutic effects were observed to be gradual, rather than instantaneous) the "obstacles" that typically divert, disturb, or impede the agent's capacity to attain the optimal treatment outcomes – and, once these "obstacles" had been identified, determine appropriate ways to "clear them away" ("de connoître et lever les obstacles qui peuvent troubler ou empêcher son action", p.48);
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Original:  and (c) the natural pathway along which the agent's therapeutic effects are realized, so that, in its application, these outcomes can be systematically anticipated -- meaning that, with this knowledge, the (otherwise random) clinical applications can be controlled, regulated, and incrementally applied in a systematic way, until the target goal of a "cure" is attained (p.49).
Revised:  and (c) the natural pathway along which the agent's therapeutic effects are realized, so that, in its application, these outcomes can be systematically anticipated – meaning that, with this knowledge, the (otherwise random) clinical applications can be controlled, regulated, and incrementally applied in a systematic way, until the target goal of a "cure" is attained (p.49).
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Original:  Mesmer held the materialist position -- that his therapies, which involved easily understood, systematic natural principles, were "physiological", rather than "psychological" interventions"
Revised:  Mesmer held the materialist position – that his therapies, which involved easily understood, systematic natural principles, were "physiological", rather than "psychological" interventions"
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Original:  (Pattie, 1994, p.2). -- in contrast to the supernatural positions of, say, the exorcist Johann Joseph Gassner (1727-1779), By contrast with many "faith healers", [Gassner] had a quasi-scientific method of diagnosis, according to which he separated diseases that should be treated by a physician from those that he should treat.
Revised:  (Pattie, 1994, p.2). – in contrast to the supernatural positions of, say, the exorcist Johann Joseph Gassner (1727-1779), By contrast with many "faith healers", [Gassner] had a quasi-scientific method of diagnosis, according to which he separated diseases that should be treated by a physician from those that he should treat.
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