wanyu/IteraTeR_full_sent huggingface dataset:
Original:  Numeric simulations indicate that the R-test is more powerful than Student's t-test for semi-heavy and heavy-tailed distributions, equivalent for Gaussian variables and slightly worse for uniformly distributed variables . Finally the R-test has a greater power than the single-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank test in most cases .
Revised:  Numeric simulations indicate that the R-test is more powerful than Student's t-test for semi-heavy and heavy-tailed distributions, equivalent for Gaussian variables and slightly worse for uniformly distributed variables , and more powerful than the sign and Wilcoxon signed-rank test in most cases .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Finally the R-test has a greater power than the single-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank test in most cases .
Revised:  Finally the R-test has a greater power than the single-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank statistics as long as the data are not too heavy-tailed. Three two-sample parametric r-statistics are proposed, one with a higher specificity but a smaller sensitivity than Mann-Whitney U-test and the other one a higher sensitivity but a smaller specificity. A nonparametric two-sample r-statistic is introduced, whose power is very close to that of Welch statistic for Gaussian or uniformly distributed variables .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  By exhibiting a Karhunen-Lo\`{e}ve expansion for the integrated variance, and using sharp estimates of the density of a general second-chaos variable, we derive asymptotics for the stock price density and implied volatility in these models in the limit of large or small strikes .
Revised:  By exhibiting a Karhunen-Lo\`{e}ve expansion for the integrated variance, and using sharp estimates of the density of a general second-chaos variable, we derive asymptotics for the asset price density for large or small values of the variable, and study the wing behavior of the implied volatility in these models in the limit of large or small strikes .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  By exhibiting a Karhunen-Lo\`{e}ve expansion for the integrated variance, and using sharp estimates of the density of a general second-chaos variable, we derive asymptotics for the stock price density and implied volatility in these models in the limit of large or small strikes .
Revised:  By exhibiting a Karhunen-Lo\`{e}ve expansion for the integrated variance, and using sharp estimates of the density of a general second-chaos variable, we derive asymptotics for the stock price density and implied volatility in these models .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Our main result provides explicit expressions for the first three terms in the expansion of the implied volatility , based on three basic spectral-type statistics of the Gaussian process: the top eigenvalue of its covariance operator, the multiplicity of this eigenvalue, and the L^{2} norm of the projection of the mean function on the top eigenspace.
Revised:  Our main result provides explicit expressions for the first five terms in the expansion of the implied volatility , based on three basic spectral-type statistics of the Gaussian process: the top eigenvalue of its covariance operator, the multiplicity of this eigenvalue, and the L^{2} norm of the projection of the mean function on the top eigenspace.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Our main result provides explicit expressions for the first three terms in the expansion of the implied volatility , based on three basic spectral-type statistics of the Gaussian process: the top eigenvalue of its covariance operator, the multiplicity of this eigenvalue, and the L^{2} norm of the projection of the mean function on the top eigenspace.
Revised:  Our main result provides explicit expressions for the first three terms in the expansion of the implied volatility . The expressions for the leading three terms are simple, and based on three basic spectral-type statistics of the Gaussian process: the top eigenvalue of its covariance operator, the multiplicity of this eigenvalue, and the L^{2} norm of the projection of the mean function on the top eigenspace.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:   We first get the fundamental theorem of asset pricing (FTAP) using semi-static trading strategies . Using the FTAP result, we further get the dualities for the hedging prices of European and American options.
Revised:  In the first part of the paper, we work within the framework without model ambiguity. We first get the fundamental theorem of asset pricing (FTAP) using semi-static trading strategies . Using the FTAP result, we further get the dualities for the hedging prices of European and American options.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:   We first get the fundamental theorem of asset pricing (FTAP) using semi-static trading strategies . Using the FTAP result, we further get the dualities for the hedging prices of European and American options.
Revised:  We first get the fundamental theorem of asset pricing (FTAP) using semi-static trading strategies . Using the FTAP , we get the dualities for the hedging prices of European and American options.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Based on the hedging dualities, we also get the duality for the utility maximization involving semi-static trading strategies .
Revised:  Based on the hedging dualities, we also get the duality for the utility maximization . In the second part of the paper, we consider the market which admits non-dominated model uncertainty. We first establish the hedging result, and then using the hedging duality we further get the FTAP. Due to the technical difficulty stemming from the non-dominancy of the probability measure set, we use a discretization technique and apply the minimax theorem .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  The Dandelion model suggests contagion and macroeconomic risk factors may be understood under a common framework. We analyse the Diamond model, the Supply Chain modeland the Noria model, which are particularcases of the Jungle model as well.
Revised:  The Dandelion model provides an explicit example of doubly-peaked probability distribution for the credit losses. The Diamond model, the Supply Chain modeland the Noria model, which are particularcases of the Jungle model as well.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  We analyse the Diamond model, the Supply Chain modeland the Noria model, which are particularcases of the Jungle model as well.We show the Diamond model experiences a quasi phase transition for a not unreasonable set of empirical parameters .
Revised:  We analyse the Diamond model, another instance of the Jungle model, experiences the so called quasi phase transitions; in particular, both the U.S. subprime and the European sovereign crises are shown to be potential examples of quasi phase transitions. We argue the three known sources of default clustering (contagion, macroeconomic risk factors and frailty) can be understood under the unifying framework of contagion .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original: It has been shown, that the systemic risk contained in financial markets can be indicated by the change of cross-correlation between different indices and stocks. This change is tracked by using principle component analysis (PCA) . We use this technique to investigate the systemic risk contained in European economy by comparing government long term bonds and indices .
Revised: We use principle component analysis (PCA) . We use this technique to investigate the systemic risk contained in European economy by comparing government long term bonds and indices .
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  This change is tracked by using principle component analysis (PCA) . We use this technique to investigate the systemic risk contained in European economy by comparing government long term bonds and indices .
Revised:  This change is tracked by using principle component analysis (PCA) . We use this technique to investigate the systemic risk contained in the European economy. We tackle the task to visualize the evolution of risk, introducing the conditional average rolling sum (CARS). Using this tool we see that the risk of government bonds and stocks had an independent movement. But in the course of the European sovereign debt crisis the coupling between bonds and stocks has strongly ncreased. This results in an in-phase oscillation of risk for both markets since mid 2010. In our data, we observe a steep amplitude increase, suggesting a high vulnerability of the two coupled systems .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  We explain the conceptual framework and the definition of systemic risk measures, provide an algorithm for their computation, and illustrate their application in numerical case studies . We apply our methodology to systemic risk aggregation as described in Chen, Iyengar Moallemi (2013) and to network models as suggested in the seminal paper of Eisenberg%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Noe (2001), see also Cifuentes, Shin Ferrucci (2005), Rogers%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Veraart (2013), and Awiszus Weber (2015) .
Revised:  We explain the conceptual framework and the definition of systemic risk measures, provide an algorithm for their computation, and illustrate their application in numerical case studies Moallemi (2013) and to network models as suggested in the seminal paper of Eisenberg%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Noe (2001), see also Cifuentes, Shin Ferrucci (2005), Rogers%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Veraart (2013), and Awiszus Weber (2015) .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We apply our methodology to systemic risk aggregation as described in Chen, Iyengar Moallemi (2013) and to network models as suggested in the seminal paper of Eisenberg%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Noe (2001), see also Cifuentes, Shin Ferrucci (2005), Rogers%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Veraart (2013), and Awiszus Weber (2015) .
Revised:  We apply our methodology to systemic risk aggregation as described in Chen, Iyengar %DIFDELCMD < & %%% Noe (2001), see also Cifuentes, Shin Ferrucci (2005), Rogers%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Veraart (2013), and Awiszus Weber (2015) .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We apply our methodology to systemic risk aggregation as described in Chen, Iyengar Moallemi (2013) and to network models as suggested in the seminal paper of Eisenberg%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Noe (2001), see also Cifuentes, Shin Ferrucci (2005), Rogers%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Veraart (2013), and Awiszus Weber (2015) .
Revised:  We apply our methodology to systemic risk aggregation as described in Chen, Iyengar Moallemi (2013) and to network models as suggested in the seminal paper of Eisenberg%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Ferrucci (2005), Rogers%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Veraart (2013), and Awiszus Weber (2015) .
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  We apply our methodology to systemic risk aggregation as described in Chen, Iyengar Moallemi (2013) and to network models as suggested in the seminal paper of Eisenberg%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Noe (2001), see also Cifuentes, Shin Ferrucci (2005), Rogers%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Veraart (2013), and Awiszus Weber (2015) .
Revised:  We apply our methodology to systemic risk aggregation as described in Chen, Iyengar Moallemi (2013) and to network models as suggested in the seminal paper of Eisenberg%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Noe (2001), see also Cifuentes, Shin %DIFDELCMD < & %%% Veraart (2013), and Awiszus Weber (2015) .
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  We apply our methodology to systemic risk aggregation as described in Chen, Iyengar Moallemi (2013) and to network models as suggested in the seminal paper of Eisenberg%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Noe (2001), see also Cifuentes, Shin Ferrucci (2005), Rogers%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Veraart (2013), and Awiszus Weber (2015) .
Revised:  We apply our methodology to systemic risk aggregation as described in Chen, Iyengar Moallemi (2013) and to network models as suggested in the seminal paper of Eisenberg%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Noe (2001), see also Cifuentes, Shin Ferrucci (2005), Rogers%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Weber (2015) .
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  We apply our methodology to systemic risk aggregation as described in Chen, Iyengar Moallemi (2013) and to network models as suggested in the seminal paper of Eisenberg%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Noe (2001), see also Cifuentes, Shin Ferrucci (2005), Rogers%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Veraart (2013), and Awiszus Weber (2015) .
Revised:  We apply our methodology to systemic risk aggregation as described in Chen, Iyengar Moallemi (2013) and to network models as suggested in the seminal paper of Eisenberg%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Noe (2001), see also Cifuentes, Shin Ferrucci (2005), Rogers%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Veraart (2013), and Awiszus .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Their definition requires two ingredients: first, a cash flow or value model that assigns to the capital allocations of the entities in the system a relevant stochastic outcome . The second ingredient is an acceptability criterion, i.e. a set of random variables that identifies those outcomes that are acceptable from the point of view of a regulatory authority.
Revised:  Their definition requires two ingredients: first, a cash flow or value model that assigns to the capital allocations of the entities in the system a relevant stochastic outcome ; and an acceptability criterion, i.e. a set of random variables that identifies those outcomes that are acceptable from the point of view of a regulatory authority.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  We explain the conceptual framework and the definition of systemic risk measures, provide an algorithm for their computation, and illustrate their application in numerical case studies  .
Revised:  We explain the conceptual framework and the definition of systemic risk measures, provide an algorithm for their computation, and illustrate their application in numerical case studies . Many systemic risk measures in the literature can be viewed as the minimal amount of capital that is needed to make the system acceptable after aggregating individual risks, hence quantify the costs of a bail-out. In contrast, our approach emphasizes operational systemic risk measures that can be interpreted as ex ante capital requirements and prevent systemic crises .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original: It was reported that buffalo is a low susceptibility species resisting to TSEs ( Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies  ) (same as rabbits, horses and dogs).
Revised: It was reported that buffalo is a low susceptibility species resisting to TSEs ( Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs ) (same as rabbits, horses and dogs).
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  TSEs, also called prion diseases, are invariably fatal and highly infectious neurodegenerative diseases that affect a wide variety of species (in humans prion diseases are (v)CJDs, GSS, FFI, and kulu etc). It was reported that buffalo is a low susceptibility species resisting to prion diseases (as rabbits, dogs, horses).
Revised:  TSEs, also called prion diseases, are invariably fatal and highly infectious neurodegenerative diseases that affect a wide variety of species .
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  In molecular structures, these neurodegenerative diseases are caused by the conversion from a soluble normal cellular prion protein, predominantly with alpha-helices, into insoluble abnormally folded infectious prions, rich in beta-sheets.
Revised:  In molecular structures, TSE neurodegenerative diseases are caused by the conversion from a soluble normal cellular prion protein, predominantly with alpha-helices, into insoluble abnormally folded infectious prions, rich in beta-sheets.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Same as that of rabbits, dogs or horses, our molecular dynamics studies also confirmed there is a strong salt bridge ASP178-ARG164 (O-N) keeping the beta2-alpha2 loop linked  .
Revised:  Same as that of rabbits, dogs or horses, our molecular dynamics studies also confirmed there is a strong salt bridge ASP178-ARG164 (O-N) keeping the beta2-alpha2 loop linked in buffalo .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Many other exciting results, such as (i) there is a very strong salt bridge HIS187-ARG156 (N-O) linking alpha-helices 2 and 1 (if mutation H187R is made at position 187 then the hydrophobic core of PrPC will be exposed  , (ii)  there is a hydrogen bond Y169-D178  for BufPrPC instead of a polar contact Q168-D178 for bovine PrPC, (iii) BufPrPC owns 3-10 helices at 125-127, 152-156 and  the beta2-alpha2 loop respectively, etc, are also being found out .
Revised:  Other information such as (i) there is a very strong salt bridge HIS187-ARG156 (N-O) linking alpha-helices 2 and 1 (if mutation H187R is made at position 187 then the hydrophobic core of PrPC will be exposed , (ii) there is a hydrogen bond Y169-D178 for BufPrPC instead of a polar contact Q168-D178 for bovine PrPC, (iii) BufPrPC owns 3-10 helices at 125-127, 152-156 and the beta2-alpha2 loop respectively, etc, are also being found out .
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Many other exciting results, such as (i) there is a very strong salt bridge HIS187-ARG156 (N-O) linking alpha-helices 2 and 1 (if mutation H187R is made at position 187 then the hydrophobic core of PrPC will be exposed  , (ii)  there is a hydrogen bond Y169-D178  for BufPrPC instead of a polar contact Q168-D178 for bovine PrPC, (iii) BufPrPC owns 3-10 helices at 125-127, 152-156 and  the beta2-alpha2 loop respectively, etc, are also being found out .
Revised:  Many other exciting results, such as (i) there is a very strong salt bridge HIS187-ARG156 (N-O) linking alpha-helices H2 and H1 (if mutation H187R is made at position 187 then the hydrophobic core of PrPC will be exposed , (ii) there is a hydrogen bond Y169-D178 for BufPrPC instead of a polar contact Q168-D178 for bovine PrPC, (iii) BufPrPC owns 3-10 helices at 125-127, 152-156 and the beta2-alpha2 loop respectively, etc, are also being found out .
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Many other exciting results, such as (i) there is a very strong salt bridge HIS187-ARG156 (N-O) linking alpha-helices 2 and 1 (if mutation H187R is made at position 187 then the hydrophobic core of PrPC will be exposed  , (ii)  there is a hydrogen bond Y169-D178  for BufPrPC instead of a polar contact Q168-D178 for bovine PrPC, (iii) BufPrPC owns 3-10 helices at 125-127, 152-156 and  the beta2-alpha2 loop respectively, etc, are also being found out .
Revised:  Many other exciting results, such as (i) there is a very strong salt bridge HIS187-ARG156 (N-O) linking alpha-helices 2 and 1 (if mutation H187R is made at position 187 then the hydrophobic core of PrPC will be exposed ) , (ii) there is a hydrogen bond Y169-D178 for BufPrPC instead of a polar contact Q168-D178 for bovine PrPC, (iii) BufPrPC owns 3-10 helices at 125-127, 152-156 and the beta2-alpha2 loop respectively, etc, are also being found out .
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Many other exciting results, such as (i) there is a very strong salt bridge HIS187-ARG156 (N-O) linking alpha-helices 2 and 1 (if mutation H187R is made at position 187 then the hydrophobic core of PrPC will be exposed  , (ii)  there is a hydrogen bond Y169-D178  for BufPrPC instead of a polar contact Q168-D178 for bovine PrPC, (iii) BufPrPC owns 3-10 helices at 125-127, 152-156 and  the beta2-alpha2 loop respectively, etc, are also being found out .
Revised:  Many other exciting results, such as (i) there is a very strong salt bridge HIS187-ARG156 (N-O) linking alpha-helices 2 and 1 (if mutation H187R is made at position 187 then the hydrophobic core of PrPC will be exposed , (ii) at D178, there is a hydrogen bond Y169-D178 for BufPrPC instead of a polar contact Q168-D178 for bovine PrPC, (iii) BufPrPC owns 3-10 helices at 125-127, 152-156 and the beta2-alpha2 loop respectively, etc, are also being found out .
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Many other exciting results, such as (i) there is a very strong salt bridge HIS187-ARG156 (N-O) linking alpha-helices 2 and 1 (if mutation H187R is made at position 187 then the hydrophobic core of PrPC will be exposed  , (ii)  there is a hydrogen bond Y169-D178  for BufPrPC instead of a polar contact Q168-D178 for bovine PrPC, (iii) BufPrPC owns 3-10 helices at 125-127, 152-156 and  the beta2-alpha2 loop respectively, etc, are also being found out .
Revised:  Many other exciting results, such as (i) there is a very strong salt bridge HIS187-ARG156 (N-O) linking alpha-helices 2 and 1 (if mutation H187R is made at position 187 then the hydrophobic core of PrPC will be exposed , (ii) there is a hydrogen bond Y169-D178 and a polar contact R164-D178 for BufPrPC instead of a polar contact Q168-D178 for bovine PrPC, (iii) BufPrPC owns 3-10 helices at 125-127, 152-156 and the beta2-alpha2 loop respectively, etc, are also being found out .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Many other exciting results, such as (i) there is a very strong salt bridge HIS187-ARG156 (N-O) linking alpha-helices 2 and 1 (if mutation H187R is made at position 187 then the hydrophobic core of PrPC will be exposed  , (ii)  there is a hydrogen bond Y169-D178  for BufPrPC instead of a polar contact Q168-D178 for bovine PrPC, (iii) BufPrPC owns 3-10 helices at 125-127, 152-156 and  the beta2-alpha2 loop respectively, etc, are also being found out .
Revised:  Many other exciting results, such as (i) there is a very strong salt bridge HIS187-ARG156 (N-O) linking alpha-helices 2 and 1 (if mutation H187R is made at position 187 then the hydrophobic core of PrPC will be exposed , (ii) there is a hydrogen bond Y169-D178 for BufPrPC instead of a polar contact Q168-D178 for bovine PrPC, (iii) BufPrPC owns 3-10 helices at 125-127, 152-156 and in the beta2-alpha2 loop respectively, etc, are also being found out .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Many other exciting results, such as (i) there is a very strong salt bridge HIS187-ARG156 (N-O) linking alpha-helices 2 and 1 (if mutation H187R is made at position 187 then the hydrophobic core of PrPC will be exposed  , (ii)  there is a hydrogen bond Y169-D178  for BufPrPC instead of a polar contact Q168-D178 for bovine PrPC, (iii) BufPrPC owns 3-10 helices at 125-127, 152-156 and  the beta2-alpha2 loop respectively, etc, are also being found out .
Revised:  Many other exciting results, such as (i) there is a very strong salt bridge HIS187-ARG156 (N-O) linking alpha-helices 2 and 1 (if mutation H187R is made at position 187 then the hydrophobic core of PrPC will be exposed , (ii) there is a hydrogen bond Y169-D178 for BufPrPC instead of a polar contact Q168-D178 for bovine PrPC, (iii) BufPrPC owns 3-10 helices at 125-127, 152-156 and the beta2-alpha2 loop respectively, etc, has been discovered .
Edit intent: coherence
Original: It was reported that buffalo is a low susceptibility species resisting to Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) (same as rabbits, horses and dogs). TSEs, also called prion diseases,  are invariably fatal and highly infectious neurodegenerative diseases that affect a wide variety of species.
Revised: It was reported that buffalo is a low susceptibility species resisting to prion diseases, are invariably fatal and highly infectious neurodegenerative diseases that affect a wide variety of species.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Other information such as (i) there is a very strong salt bridge HIS187-ARG156 (N-O) linking alpha-helices H2 and H1 (if mutation H187R is made at position 187 then the hydrophobic core of PrPC will be exposed), (ii) at D178, there is a hydrogen bond Y169-D178 and a polar contact R164-D178 for BufPrPC instead of a polar contact Q168-D178 for bovine PrPC, (iii) BufPrPC owns 3-10 helices at 125-127, 152-156 and in the beta2-alpha2 loop respectively  , etc, has been discovered.
Revised:  Other information such as (i) there is a very strong salt bridge HIS187-ARG156 (N-O) linking alpha-helices H2 and H1 (if mutation H187R is made at position 187 then the hydrophobic core of PrPC will be exposed), (ii) at D178, there is a hydrogen bond Y169-D178 and a polar contact R164-D178 for BufPrPC instead of a polar contact Q168-D178 for bovine PrPC, (iii) BufPrPC owns 3-10 helices at 125-127, 152-156 and in the beta2-alpha2 loop respectively , (iv) in beta2-alpha2 loop there are strong pi-contacts , etc, has been discovered.
Edit intent: coherence