wanyu/IteraTeR_full_sent huggingface dataset:
Original:  Our approach is based on stochastic differential equations (SDEs)  like the HJM-equation or the Black-Scholes equation  governing the time evolution of risk factors, on an empirical calibration method to the market for the chosen SDEs, and on an Euler scheme (or high-order schemes) for the numerical implementation of the respective SDEs.
Revised:  Our approach is based on stochastic differential equations (SDEs) like the HJM-equation or the Black-Scholes equation , governing the time evolution of risk factors, on an empirical calibration method to the market for the chosen SDEs, and on an Euler scheme (or high-order schemes) for the numerical implementation of the respective SDEs.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Our approach is based on stochastic differential equations (SDEs)  like the HJM-equation or the Black-Scholes equation  governing the time evolution of risk factors, on an empirical calibration method to the market for the chosen SDEs, and on an Euler scheme (or high-order schemes) for the numerical implementation of the respective SDEs.
Revised:  Our approach is based on stochastic differential equations (SDEs) like the HJM-equation or the Black-Scholes equation governing the time evolution of risk factors, on an empirical calibration method to the market for the chosen SDEs, and on an Euler scheme (or high-order schemes) for the numerical evaluation of the respective SDEs.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Furthermore we are able to easily incorporate "middle-size" and "large-size" events within our framework . Results of a concrete implementation are provided.
Revised:  The empirical calibration procedure presented in this paper can be seen as the SDE-counterpart of the so called Filtered Historical Simulation method; the behavior of volatility stems in our case out of the assumptions on the underlying SDEs. Furthermore, we are able to easily incorporate "middle-size" and "large-size" events within our framework . Results of a concrete implementation are provided.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Furthermore we are able to easily incorporate "middle-size" and "large-size" events within our framework . Results of a concrete implementation are provided. The method also allows a precise distinction between the information obtained from the market and the one coming from the necessary  intuition of the risk manager  .
Revised:  Furthermore we are able to easily incorporate "middle-size" and "large-size" events within our framework always making a precise distinction between the information obtained from the market and the one coming from the necessary intuition of the risk manager .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We investigate the stochastic reaction kinetics of covalent modification cycles (CMCs) by analytical modelling and numerically exact Monte-Carlo simulation of the temporaly fluctuating concentrationx(t). The statistical behaviour of this simple network module turns out to be so rich that CMCs can be viewed as versatile and tunable noise generators.
Revised:  We investigate the stochastic reaction kinetics of covalent modification cycles (CMCs) by analytical modelling and numerically exact Monte-Carlo simulation of the temporally fluctuating concentration.
Edit intent: coherence
Original: We systematically investigate the community structure of the yeast protein interaction network . We employ methods that allow us to identify communities in the network at multiple resolutions as, a priori, there is no single scale of interest.
Revised: Motivation: If biology is modular then clusters, or communities, of proteins derived using only protein-protein interaction network structure might define protein modules with similar biological roles. We investigate the connection between biological modules and network communities in yeast and ask how the functional similarity of the network at multiple resolutions as, a priori, there is no single scale of interest.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  We employ methods that allow us to identify communities in the network at multiple resolutions as, a priori, there is no single scale of interest. We use novel, stringent tests to find strong evidence for a link between topology and function. Crucially, our tests control for the fact that interacting partners are more similar than a randomly-chosen pair, which is essential for a fair test of functional similarity. We find that many biologically homogeneous communities , that are robust over many resolutions, are surprisingly large. We thus not only identify complexes from the interaction data but also larger collections of strongly-interacting proteins . Communities that contain interactions from tandem affinity purification and co-immunoprecipitation data are far more likely to be biologically homogeneous than those from yeast-two-hybrid and split-ubiquitin data.
Revised:  We employ methods that allow us to identify communities in the communities that we find depends on the scales at which we probe the network. Results: We find many proteins lie in functionally homogeneous communities (a maximum of 2777 out of 4028 proteins) which suggests that network structure does indeed help identify sets of proteins with similar functions. The homogeneity of the communities depends on the scale selected. We use a novel test and two independent characterizations of protein function to determine the functional homogeneity of communities. We exploit the connection between network structure and split-ubiquitin data.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We thus not only identify complexes from the interaction data but also larger collections of strongly-interacting proteins . Communities that contain interactions from tandem affinity purification and co-immunoprecipitation data are far more likely to be biologically homogeneous than those from yeast-two-hybrid and split-ubiquitin data. We find that high clustering coefficient is a very good indicator of biological homogeneity in small communities. For larger communities, we find that link density is also important. Our results significantly improve the understanding of the modular structure of the protein interaction network- and how that modularity is reflected in biological homogeneity and experimental type. Our results suggest a method to select groups of functionally similar proteins even when no annotation is yet known, thereby yielding a valuable diagnostic tool to predict groups that act concertedly within the cell .
Revised:  We thus not only identify complexes from the interaction data but also larger collections of strongly-interacting proteins . Communities that contain interactions from tandem affinity purification and co-immunoprecipitation data are far more likely to be biologically homogeneous than those from yeast-two-hybrid and biological function to select groups of functionally similar proteins even when no annotation is yet known, thereby yielding a valuable diagnostic tool to predict groups that act concertedly within the cell .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Our results suggest a method to select groups of functionally similar proteins even when no annotation is yet known, thereby yielding a valuable diagnostic tool to predict groups that act concertedly within the cell .
Revised:  Our results suggest a method to select groups of proteins which are likely to participate in similar biological functions. We show that high mean clustering coefficient and low mean node betweenness centrality can be used to predict functionally homogeneous communities. Availability: All the data sets and the community detection algorithm are available online .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  The homogeneity of the communities depends on the scale selected . We use a novel test and two independent characterizations of protein function to determine the functional homogeneity of communities.
Revised:  The homogeneity of the communities depends on the scale selected , and that almost all proteins lie in a functionally homogeneous community at some scale. We judge functional homogeneity using a novel test and two independent characterizations of protein function to determine the functional homogeneity of communities.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  We show that  high mean clustering coefficient and low mean node betweenness centrality can be used to predict functionally homogeneouscommunities. Availability: All the data sets and the community detection algorithm are available online .
Revised:  We show that high mean clustering coefficient and low mean node betweenness centrality can be used to identify those that are functionally homogeneous. By tracing the community membership of a protein through multiple scales we demonstrate how our approach could be useful to biologists focusing on a particular protein. Conclusions: We show that there is no one scale of interest in the community structure of the yeast protein interaction network, but we can identify the range of resolution parameters that yield the most functionally coherent communities, and predict which communities are most likely to be functionally homogeneous .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original: We apply the quadratic hedging scheme developed by F\"ollmer , Schweizer, and Sondermann to European contingent products whose underlying asset is modeled using a GARCH process . The main contributions of this work consist of showing that local risk-minimizing strategies with respect to the physical measure do exist, even though an associated minimal martingale measure is only available in the presence of bounded innovations.
Revised: We apply the quadratic hedging scheme developed by F\"ollmer , Schweizer, and Sondermann to European contingent products whose underlying asset is modeled using a GARCH process and show that local risk-minimizing strategies with respect to the physical measure do exist, even though an associated minimal martingale measure is only available in the presence of bounded innovations.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  More importantly, since those local risk-minimizing strategies are  convoluted and difficult to evaluate, we introduce Girsanov-like risk-neutral measures for the log-prices that yield more tractable and useful results.
Revised:  More importantly, since those local risk-minimizing strategies are in general convoluted and difficult to evaluate, we introduce Girsanov-like risk-neutral measures for the log-prices that yield more tractable and useful results.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Regarding this subject, we focus on GARCH time series models with Gaussian and multinomial innovations and we provide specific conditions under which those martingale measures are appropriate in the context of quadratic hedging.
Revised:  Regarding this subject, we focus on GARCH time series models with Gaussian and multinomial innovations and we provide specific sufficient conditions that have to do with the finiteness of the kurtosis, under which those martingale measures are appropriate in the context of quadratic hedging.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  In the Gaussian case, those conditions have to do with the finiteness of the kurtosis and , for multinomial innovations, an inequality between the trend terms of the prices and of the volatility equations needs to be satisfied .
Revised:  When this equivalent martingale measure is adapted to the kurtosis and , for multinomial innovations, an inequality between the trend terms of the prices and of the volatility equations needs to be satisfied .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  In the Gaussian case, those conditions have to do with the finiteness of the kurtosis and , for multinomial innovations, an inequality between the trend terms of the prices and of the volatility equations needs to be satisfied .
Revised:  In the Gaussian case, those conditions have to do with the finiteness of the price representation we are able to recover out of it the classical pricing formulas of Duan and Heston-Nandi, as well as hedging schemes that improve the performance of those proposed in the literature .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original: We investigate the structural and dynamical properties of the transcriptional regulatory network of the yeast {\it Saccharomyces cerevisiae} and compare them with a previously proposed ensemble of networks generated by mimicking the transcriptional regulation process within the cell.
Revised: We investigate the structural and dynamical properties of the transcriptional regulatory network of the yeast {\it Saccharomyces cerevisiae} and compare it with two unbiased ensembles: one obtained by reshuffling the edges and the other generated by mimicking the transcriptional regulation process within the cell.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original: We investigate the structural and dynamical properties of the transcriptional regulatory network of the yeast {\it Saccharomyces cerevisiae} and compare them with a previously proposed ensemble of networks generated by mimicking the transcriptional regulation process within the cell.
Revised: We investigate the structural and dynamical properties of the transcriptional regulatory network of the yeast {\it Saccharomyces cerevisiae} and compare them with a previously proposed ensemble of networks generated by mimicking the transcriptional regulation mechanism within the cell.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Even though the model ensemble successfully reproduces the degree distributions , degree-degree correlations and the k-core structure observed in Yeast , we find subtle differences in the structure that are reflected in the dynamics of regulatory-like processes .
Revised:  Both ensembles reproduce the degree distributions (the first -by construction- exactly and the second approximately) , degree-degree correlations and the k-core structure observed in Yeast , we find subtle differences in the structure that are reflected in the dynamics of regulatory-like processes .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Even though the model ensemble successfully reproduces the degree distributions , degree-degree correlations and the k-core structure observed in Yeast , we find subtle differences in the structure that are reflected in the dynamics of regulatory-like processes .
Revised:  Even though the model ensemble successfully reproduces the degree distributions , degree-degree correlations and the k-core structure observed in Yeast . An exceptionally large dynamically relevant core network found in Yeast in comparison with the second ensemble points to a strong bias towards a URLanization which is achieved by subtle modifications in the network's degree distributions .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  In addition to an exceptionally large dynamical core network and an excess of self-intercting genes, we find that , even when these differences are eliminated, the Yeastaccommodates more dynamical attractors than best matching model networks which typically come with a single dominant attractor.
Revised:  We find that the Yeast's core network has a qualitatively different behaviour, accommodating on average multiple attractors unlike typical members of both reference ensembles which converge to a single dominant attractor.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We further investigate the robustness of the networks under minor perturbations. We find that , requiring all inputs of the Boolean functions to be nonredundant squeezes the stability of the system to a narrower band near the order-chaos boundary, while the network stability still depends strongly on the used function class.
Revised:  We further investigate the robustness of the networks and find that the stability depends strongly on the used function class.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  The  difference between the model and the Yeast in terms of stability is marginal, which is consistent with the type of statistically outlier motifs found in the core .
Revised:  The robustness measure is squeezed into a narrower band around the order-chaos boundary when Boolean inputs are required to be nonredundant on each node. However, the difference between the model and the Yeast in terms of stability is marginal, which is consistent with the type of statistically outlier motifs found in the core .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  The  difference between the model and the Yeast in terms of stability is marginal, which is consistent with the type of statistically outlier motifs found in the core .
Revised:  The difference between the model and the Yeast in terms of stability is marginal, suggesting that the dynamically stable network elements are located mostly on the peripherals of the regulatory network. Consistently, the statistically significant three-node motifs in the dynamical core of Yeast turn out to be different from and less stable than those found in the full transcriptional regulatory network .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  For example, kinetic proofreading processes rely upon numerous sequential reactions in order to guarantee the precise construction of specific macromolecules Hopfield, 1974 . In this work, we study the transient properties of such systems and fully characterize their first passage time (completion)  distributions.
Revised:  For example, kinetic proofreading processes rely upon numerous sequential reactions in order to guarantee the precise construction of specific macromolecules . In this work, we study the transient properties of such systems and fully characterize their first passage time (completion) distributions.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  For example, kinetic proofreading processes rely upon numerous sequential reactions in order to guarantee the precise construction of specific macromolecules Hopfield, 1974 . In this work, we study the transient properties of such systems and fully characterize their first passage time (completion)  distributions.
Revised:  For example, kinetic proofreading processes rely upon numerous sequential reactions in order to guarantee the precise construction of specific macromolecules Hopfield, 1974 . In this work, we study the transient properties of such systems and fully characterize their first passage (completion) distributions.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  For example, kinetic proofreading processes rely upon numerous sequential reactions in order to guarantee the precise construction of specific macromolecules Hopfield, 1974 . In this work, we study the transient properties of such systems and fully characterize their first passage time (completion)  distributions.
Revised:  For example, kinetic proofreading processes rely upon numerous sequential reactions in order to guarantee the precise construction of specific macromolecules Hopfield, 1974 . In this work, we study the transient properties of such systems and fully characterize their first passage time (completion) time distributions.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Numerical applications illustrate the impact of exchangeability among direct defaults and among contaminations, on different indicators calculated from the law of the total number of defaults  .
Revised:  Numerical applications illustrate the impact of exchangeability among direct defaults and among contaminations, on different indicators calculated from the law of the total number of defaults . We then examine the calibration of the model on iTraxx data before and during the crisis. The dynamic feature together with the contagion effect seem to have a significant impact on the model performance, especially during the recent distressed period .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing (FTAP) , it is shown that there is  absence of arbitrages of the first kind in the market if and only if an equivalent local martingale deflator (ELMD) exists.
Revised:  In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing , it is shown that there is absence of arbitrages of the first kind in the market if and only if an equivalent local martingale deflator (ELMD) exists.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing (FTAP) , it is shown that there is  absence of arbitrages of the first kind in the market if and only if an equivalent local martingale deflator (ELMD) exists.
Revised:  In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing (FTAP) , it is shown that there is equivalence between the absence of arbitrages of the first kind in the market if and only if an equivalent local martingale deflator (ELMD) exists.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing (FTAP) , it is shown that there is  absence of arbitrages of the first kind in the market if and only if an equivalent local martingale deflator (ELMD) exists. An ELMD is a strictly positive process that , when deflated by it, discounted nonnegative wealth processes become local martingales.
Revised:  In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing (FTAP) , it is shown that there is absence of arbitrages of the first kind and the existence of a strictly positive process that , when deflated by it, discounted nonnegative wealth processes become local martingales.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  An ELMD is a strictly positive process that , when deflated by it, discounted nonnegative wealth processes become local martingales. In terms of measures, absence of arbitrages of the first kind is shown to be equivalent to the existence of a finitely additive probability, weakly equivalent to the original and locally countably additive, under which the discounted asset-price process is a "local martingale ". Finally, the aforementioned results are used to obtain an independent proof of the FTAP .
Revised:  An ELMD is a strictly positive process that acts as a local martingale deflator on nonnegative wealth processes .
Edit intent: clarity
Original: The absence of arbitrages of the first kind, a weakening of the ``No Free Lunch with Vanishing Risk'' condition, is analyzed in a general semimartingale financial market model . In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing , it is shown that there is equivalence between the absence of arbitrages of the first kind  and the existence of a strictly positive process that acts as a local martingale deflator on nonnegative wealth processes.
Revised: The absence of arbitrages of the first kind, a weakening of the ``No Free Lunch with Vanishing Risk'' condition, is analyzed in a general semimartingale financial market model , it is shown that there is equivalence between the absence of arbitrages of the first kind and the existence of a strictly positive process that acts as a local martingale deflator on nonnegative wealth processes.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing , it is shown that there is equivalence between the absence of arbitrages of the first kind  and the existence of a strictly positive process that acts as a local martingale deflator on nonnegative wealth processes.
Revised:  In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing , it is shown that there is equivalence between absence of arbitrages of the first kind and the existence of a strictly positive process that acts as a local martingale deflator on nonnegative wealth processes.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing , it is shown that there is equivalence between the absence of arbitrages of the first kind  and the existence of a strictly positive process that acts as a local martingale deflator on nonnegative wealth processes.
Revised:  In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing , it is shown that there is equivalence between the absence of arbitrages of the first kind (a weak viability condition) and the existence of a strictly positive process that acts as a local martingale deflator on nonnegative wealth processes.
Edit intent: meaning-changed