wanyu/IteraTeR_full_sent huggingface dataset:
Original: There has been considerable interest across several fields in methods that reduce the problem of learning good treatment assignment policies to the problem of accurate policy evaluation. Given a class of candidate policies, these methods first effectively evaluate each policy individually, and then learn a policy by optimizing the estimated value function; such approaches are guaranteed to be risk-consistent whenever the policy value estimates are uniformly consistent .
Revised: There has been considerable interest across several fields in methods that reduce the problem of learning good treatment assignment policies that satisfy certain constraints specified by a practitioner, such as budget, fairness, or functional form constraints. This problem has previously been studied in economics, statistics, and computer science, and several regret-consistent methods have been proposed .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  In this paper, we build on classical results in semiparametric efficiency theory to develop quasi-optimal methods for policy learning; in particular, we propose a class of policy value estimators that, when optimized, yield regret bounds for the learned policy that scale with the semiparametric efficient variance for policy evaluation. On a practical level, our result suggests new methods for policy learning motivated by semiparametric efficiency theory .
Revised:  In this paper, we derive lower bounds for the minimax regret of policy learning under constraints, and propose a method that attains this bound asymptotically up to a constant factor. Whenever the class of policies under consideration has a bounded Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension, we show that the problem of minimax-regret policy learning can be asymptotically reduced to first efficiently evaluating how much each candidate policy improves over a randomized baseline, and then maximizing this value estimate. Our analysis relies on uniform generalizations of classical semiparametric efficiency results for average treatment effect estimation, paired with sharp concentration bounds for weighted empirical risk minimization that may be of independent interest .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  This problem has previously been studied in economics, statistics, and computer science, and several regret-consistent methods have been proposed. However, several key analytical components are missing, including a characterization of optimal methods for policy learning, and sharp bounds for minimax regret. In this paper, we derive lower bounds for the minimax regret of policy learning under constraints, and propose a method that attains this bound asymptotically up to a constant factor. Whenever the class of policies under consideration has a bounded Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension, we show that the problem of minimax-regret policy learning can be asymptotically reduced to first efficiently evaluating how much each candidate policy improves over a randomized baseline, and then maximizing this value estimate. Our analysis relies on uniform generalizations of classical semiparametric efficiency results for average treatment effect estimation, paired with sharp concentration bounds for weighted empirical risk minimization that may be of independent interest .
Revised:  For example, policies may be restricted to take the form of decision trees based on a limted set of easily observable individual characteristics. We propose a new approach to this problem motivated by the theory of semiparametrically efficient estimation. Our approach can be used to optimize either binary treatments or infinitesimal nudges to continuous treatments, and can leverage observational data where causal effects are identified using a variety of strategies, including selection-on-observables and instrumental variables. Given a doubly robust estimator of the causal effect of assigning everyone to treatment, we develop an algorithm for choosing whom to treat, and establish strong guarantees for the asymptotic utilitarian regret of the resulting policy .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Our approach can be used to optimize either binary treatments or infinitesimal nudges to continuous treatments, and can leverage observational data where causal effects are identified using a variety of strategies, including selection-on-observables and instrumental variables.
Revised:  Our method can be used to optimize either binary treatments or infinitesimal nudges to continuous treatments, and can leverage observational data where causal effects are identified using a variety of strategies, including selection-on-observables and instrumental variables.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Our approach can be used to optimize either binary treatments or infinitesimal nudges to continuous treatments, and can leverage observational data where causal effects are identified using a variety of strategies, including selection-on-observables and instrumental variables.
Revised:  Our approach can be used to optimize either binary treatments or infinitesimal nudges to continuous treatments, and can leverage observational data where causal effects are identified using a variety of strategies, including selection on observables and instrumental variables.
Edit intent: fluency
Original: We introduce a simple mechanical model for adherent cells that quantitatively relates cell shape, internal cell stresses and cell forces as generated by an anisotropic cytoskeleton. We perform experiments on the shape and traction forces of different types of cells with anisotropic morphologies, cultured on microfabricated elastomeric pillar arrays. We demonstrate that , irrespectively of the cell type, the shape of the cell edge between focal adhesions is accurately described by elliptical arcs, whose eccentricity expresses the ratio between directed and isotropic stresses.
Revised: We investigate the geometrical and mechanical properties of adherent cells characterized by a highly anisotropic actin cytoskeleton. Using a combination of theoretical work and experiments on micropillar arrays, we demonstrate that the shape of the cell edge between focal adhesions is accurately described by elliptical arcs, whose eccentricity expresses the ratio between directed and isotropic stresses.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We demonstrate that , irrespectively of the cell type, the shape of the cell edge between focal adhesions is accurately described by elliptical arcs, whose eccentricity expresses the ratio between directed and isotropic stresses.
Revised:  We demonstrate that , irrespectively of the cell type, the shape of the cell edge is accurately described by elliptical arcs, whose eccentricity expresses the ratio between directed and isotropic stresses.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We demonstrate that , irrespectively of the cell type, the shape of the cell edge between focal adhesions is accurately described by elliptical arcs, whose eccentricity expresses the ratio between directed and isotropic stresses. Our work paves the way toward the reconstruction of cellular forces from geometrical data available via optical microscopy .
Revised:  We demonstrate that , irrespectively of the cell type, the shape of the cell edge between focal adhesions is accurately described by elliptical arcs, whose eccentricity expresses the degree of anisotropy of the internal cell stresses. This results in a spatially varying tension along the cell edge, that significantly affects the traction forces exerted by the cell on the substrate. Our work highlights the strong interplay between cell mechanics and geometry and paves the way toward the reconstruction of cellular forces from geometrical data available via optical microscopy .
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Original: This article studies derivatives pricing when privately financed by non-cash collateral . The liability-side posting collateralmust weigh in haircuts stipulated in collateral agreements against those prevalent in the repo market and find the cheapest funded securities to post.
Revised: Cash collateral is perfect in that it provides simultaneous counterparty credit risk protection and derivatives funding. Securities are imperfect collateral, because of collateral segregation or differences in CSA haircuts and repo haircuts. Moreover, the collateral rate term structure is not observable in the repo market and find the cheapest funded securities to post.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  The liability-side posting collateralmust weigh in haircuts stipulated in collateral agreements against those prevalent in the repo market and find the cheapest funded securities to post. The haircut difference is synthesized in the pricing PDE's discount rateand the impact of repo financing cost is captured by collateral liquidity value adjustment (LVA) . Because a derivatives netting set's time horizon is much longer than repo tenors, a break-even repo formulae is employed to forecast the repo curve beyond three month tenor.
Revised:  The liability-side posting collateralmust weigh in haircuts stipulated in collateral agreements against those prevalent in the repo market , for derivatives netting sets are perpetual while repo tenors are typically in months. This article synthesizes these effects into a derivative financing rate that replaces the risk-free discount rate. A break-even repo formulae is employed to supply non-observable collateral rates, enabling collateral liquidity value adjustment (LVA) . Because a derivatives netting set's time horizon is much longer than repo tenors, a break-even repo formulae is employed to forecast the repo curve beyond three month tenor.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The haircut difference is synthesized in the pricing PDE's discount rateand the impact of repo financing cost is captured by collateral liquidity value adjustment (LVA) . Because a derivatives netting set's time horizon is much longer than repo tenors, a break-even repo formulae is employed to forecast the repo curve beyond three month tenor. Collateral optimization is formulated as an LVA driven linear programming problem .
Revised:  The haircut difference is synthesized in the pricing PDE's discount rateand the impact of repo financing cost is captured by collateral liquidity value adjustment (LVA) to be computed. A linear programming problem of maximizing LVA under liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) constraint is formulated as an LVA driven linear programming problem .
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Original: Chemotaxis, a basic and universal phenomenon among URLanisms, directly controls the transport kinetics of active fluids such as swarming bacteria, but has not been considered when utilizing passive tracer to probe the nonequilibrium properties of such fluids. Here we present the first theoretical investigation of the diffusion dynamics of a chemoattractant-coated tracer in bacterial suspension, by developing a molecular dynamics model of bacterial chemotaxis .
Revised: By developing a molecular dynamics model of bacterial chemotaxis, we present the first theoretical investigation of the diffusion dynamics of a chemoattractant-coated tracer in bacterial suspension, by developing a molecular dynamics model of bacterial chemotaxis .
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Moreover,  half-coated (Janus ) tracer performs a composite random walk combining power-law-tail distributed L\'{e}vy flights with Brownian jiggling at low coating concentration, but undergoes an enhanced directional transport  when coating concentration is high.
Revised:  Moreover, Janus ( half-coated (Janus ) tracer performs a composite random walk combining power-law-tail distributed L\'{e}vy flights with Brownian jiggling at low coating concentration, but undergoes an enhanced directional transport when coating concentration is high.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Moreover,  half-coated (Janus ) tracer performs a composite random walk combining power-law-tail distributed L\'{e}vy flights with Brownian jiggling at low coating concentration, but undergoes an enhanced directional transport  when coating concentration is high.
Revised:  Moreover, half-coated ) tracer performs a composite random walk combining power-law-tail distributed L\'{e}vy flights with Brownian jiggling at low coating concentration, but undergoes an enhanced directional transport when coating concentration is high.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Moreover,  half-coated (Janus ) tracer performs a composite random walk combining power-law-tail distributed L\'{e}vy flights with Brownian jiggling at low coating concentration, but undergoes an enhanced directional transport  when coating concentration is high.
Revised:  Moreover, half-coated (Janus ) tracer performs a composite random walk combining power-law-tail distributed L\'{e}vy flights with Brownian jiggling at low coating concentration, but turns to an enhanced directional transport when coating concentration is high.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Moreover,  half-coated (Janus ) tracer performs a composite random walk combining power-law-tail distributed L\'{e}vy flights with Brownian jiggling at low coating concentration, but undergoes an enhanced directional transport  when coating concentration is high.
Revised:  Moreover, half-coated (Janus ) tracer performs a composite random walk combining power-law-tail distributed L\'{e}vy flights with Brownian jiggling at low coating concentration, but undergoes an enhanced directional transport (EDT) when coating concentration is high.
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Original:  Particularly, such transition is identified to be second-order, with a critical exponent 1.5 independent of bacterial density .
Revised:  Unlike conventional self-propelled particles, upon increasing coating concentration, the direction of EDT counterintuitively reverses from along to against the tracer orientation. Both these transitions are identified to be second-order, with a critical exponent 1.5 independent of bacterial density .
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Original:  We also demonstrate that the level of the endogeneity of markets, quantified by the branching ratio of the Hawkes process, is overestimated if the time-variation is not considered .
Revised:  By analyzing the tick data of the Nikkei 225 mini, we find that (i) our model is better fitted to the data than the Hawkes models with a constant background rate or a slowly varying background rate, which have been commonly used in the field of quantitative finance; (ii) the improvement in the goodness-of-fit to the data by our model is significant especially for sessions where considerable fluctuation of the background rate is present; and (iii) our model is statistically consistent with the data. The branching ratio, which quantifies the level of the endogeneity of markets, quantified by the branching ratio of the Hawkes process, is overestimated if the time-variation is not considered .
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Original:  We also demonstrate that the level of the endogeneity of markets, quantified by the branching ratio of the Hawkes process, is overestimated if the time-variation is not considered .
Revised:  We also demonstrate that the level of the endogeneity of markets, estimated by our model is 0.41, suggesting the relative importance of exogenous factors in the market dynamics. We also demonstrate that it is critically important to appropriately model the time-dependent background rate for the branching ratio estimation .
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Original: Groups of Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) back each other and form guarantee network to obtain loan from banks . The risk over the networked enterprises may cause significant contagious damage. To dissolve such risks , we propose  a hybrid feature representation, which is feeded into a gradient boosting model for credit risk assessment of guarantee network.
Revised: Networked-guarantee loans may cause the systemic risk related concern of the government and banks in China. The prediction of default of enterprise loans is a typical extremely imbalanced prediction problem, and the networked-guarantee make this problem more difficult to solve. Since the guaranteed loan is a debt obligation promise, if one enterprise in the guarantee network falls into a financial crisis, the debt risk may spread like a virus across the guarantee network, even lead to a systemic financial crisis. In this paper , we propose a hybrid feature representation, which is feeded into a gradient boosting model for credit risk assessment of guarantee network.
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Original:  To dissolve such risks , we propose  a hybrid feature representation, which is feeded into a gradient boosting model for credit risk assessment of guarantee network.
Revised:  To dissolve such risks , we propose an imbalanced network risk diffusion model to forecast the enterprise default risk in a short future. Positive weighted k-nearest neighbors (p-wkNN) algorithm is developed for the stand-alone case -- when there is no default contagious; then a data-driven default diffusion model is integrated to further improve the prediction accuracy. We perform the empirical study on a hybrid feature representation, which is feeded into a gradient boosting model for credit risk assessment of guarantee network.
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Original:  Empirical study is performed on a ten-year guarantee loan record from commercial banks. We find that often hundreds or thousands of enterprises back each other and constitute a sparse complex network. We study the risk of various structures of loan guarantee network, and observe the high correlation between defaults with centrality, and with the communities of the network. In particular , our quantitative risk evaluation model shows promising prediction performance on real-world data, which can be useful to both regulators and stakeholders.
Revised:  Empirical study is performed on a ten-year guarantee loan record from a major commercial bank. The results show that our proposed method outperforms conventional credit risk methods in terms of AUC. In summary , our quantitative risk evaluation model shows promising prediction performance on real-world data, which can be useful to both regulators and stakeholders.
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Original: Trace alignment , a procedure for finding common activities and deviations in process executions, does not have a well-established framework for evaluation. A common alignment evaluation tool-reference - based methods - is not applicable if a reference alignment, or ground truth, is not available. On the other hand, reference -free evaluation methods currently are not able to adequately and comprehensively assess  alignment quality.
Revised: Trace alignment algorithms have been used in process mining for discovering the consensus treatment procedures and process deviations. Different alignment algorithms, however, may produce very different results. No widely-adopted method exists for evaluating the results of trace alignment. Existing reference-free evaluation methods cannot adequately and comprehensively assess alignment quality.
Edit intent: clarity
Original: This note complements the inspiring work on dimensional analysis and market microstructure by Kyle and Obizhaeva \mbox{%DIFAUXCMD kyle2016dimensional  shows by a similar argument as usually applied in physics the following remarkable fact.
Revised: This note complements the inspiring work on dimensional analysis and market microstructure by Kyle and Obizhaeva 18 shows by a similar argument as usually applied in physics the following remarkable fact.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original: This note complements the inspiring work on dimensional analysis and market microstructure by Kyle and Obizhaeva \mbox{%DIFAUXCMD kyle2016dimensional  shows by a similar argument as usually applied in physics the following remarkable fact.
Revised: This note complements the inspiring work on dimensional analysis and market microstructure by Kyle and Obizhaeva \mbox{%DIFAUXCMD kyle2016dimensional . Following closely these authors, our main result shows by a similar argument as usually applied in physics the following remarkable fact.
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Original:  The stationary distributions of CMEs are seldom solvable analytically, and few methods exist that yield numerical estimates with computable error bounds. Here, we present two such methods based on mathematical programming techniques .
Revised:  The stationary distributions of CMEs are seldom solvable analytically, and numerical methods typically produce estimates with uncontrolled errors. To fill this gap, we introduce mathematical programming approaches that yield approximations of these distributions with computable error bounds which enable the verification of their accuracy .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We illustrate our methodology through two biochemical networks that exhibit bifurcations to multimodal behaviour : Schl\"ogl's model and a toggle switch model .
Revised:  We illustrate our methodology through two biochemical networks that exhibit bifurcations to multimodal behaviour : Schl\"ogl's model for a chemical bifurcation, a two-dimensional toggle switch, and a model for bursty gene expression .
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Original:  We illustrate our methodology through several biochemical examples taken from the literature: Schl\"ogl's model for a chemical bifurcation, a two-dimensional toggle switch, and a model for bursty gene expression  .
Revised:  We illustrate our methodology through several biochemical examples taken from the literature: Schl\"ogl's model for a chemical bifurcation, a two-dimensional toggle switch, a model for bursty gene expression .
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  We illustrate our methodology through several biochemical examples taken from the literature: Schl\"ogl's model for a chemical bifurcation, a two-dimensional toggle switch, and a model for bursty gene expression  .
Revised:  We illustrate our methodology through several biochemical examples taken from the literature: Schl\"ogl's model for a chemical bifurcation, a two-dimensional toggle switch, and a model for bursty gene expression , and a dimerisation model with multiple stationary distributions .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  We further explain the reason that the light harvester must be a ring instead of a ball, the function of the notch at the LH1-RC complex, the non-heme iron at the reaction center, the chlorophylls are dielectric instead of conductor, a mechanism to prevent damages from excess sunlight, the functional role played by the long-lasting spectrometric signal observed, and the photon anti-bunching observed.
Revised:  We further explain the reason that the function of the notch at the LH1-RC complex, the non-heme iron at the reaction center, the chlorophylls are dielectric instead of conductor, a mechanism to prevent damages from excess sunlight, the functional role played by the long-lasting spectrometric signal observed, and the photon anti-bunching observed.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  We further explain the reason that the light harvester must be a ring instead of a ball, the function of the notch at the LH1-RC complex, the non-heme iron at the reaction center, the chlorophylls are dielectric instead of conductor, a mechanism to prevent damages from excess sunlight, the functional role played by the long-lasting spectrometric signal observed, and the photon anti-bunching observed.
Revised:  We further explain the reason that the light harvester must be a ring instead of a ball, the function of the notch at the complex, the non-heme iron at the reaction center, the chlorophylls are dielectric instead of conductor, a mechanism to prevent damages from excess sunlight, the functional role played by the long-lasting spectrometric signal observed, and the photon anti-bunching observed.
Edit intent: clarity