wanyu/IteraTeR_full_sent huggingface dataset:
Original:   The genealogy of individuals sampled at the present time is then described by the reversed reconstructed process (RRP), which traces the ancestry of the sample backwards from the present.
Revised:  In this article, we consider a supercritical birth-death process, started at a random time in the past, and conditioned to have n sampled individuals at the present. The genealogy of individuals sampled at the present time is then described by the reversed reconstructed process (RRP), which traces the ancestry of the sample backwards from the present.
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Original:  We also consider the case of incomplete sampling of the population, in which each leaf of the genealogy is retained with an independent Bernoulli trial  , and we show that corresponding results for Bernoulli-sampled RRPs can be derived using time rescaling, for any values of the underlying parameters.
Revised:  We also consider the case of incomplete sampling of the population, in which each leaf of the genealogy is retained with an independent Bernoulli trial with probability \psi , and we show that corresponding results for Bernoulli-sampled RRPs can be derived using time rescaling, for any values of the underlying parameters.
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Original:  We show that in this setting, the process has two different time scales: the time to the first event grows to infinity, but the inter-event times nearer the root of the tree are approximately exponentially distributed.
Revised:  We show that in this setting, the process has two different time scales: the time to the first event grows to infinity, but the inter-event times nearer the root of the event times are the order statistics of n logistic random variables with mode \log(1/\psi); moreover, we show that the inter-event times are approximately exponentially distributed.
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Original: Non-parametric dimensionality reduction techniques, such as t-SNE and UMAP, are proficient in providing visualizations for fixed or static datasets , but they cannot incrementally map and insert new data points into existing data visualizations .
Revised: Non-parametric dimensionality reduction techniques, such as t-SNE and UMAP, are proficient in providing visualizations for datasets of fixed sizes. However, they cannot incrementally map and insert new data points into existing data visualizations .
Edit intent: clarity
Original: Non-parametric dimensionality reduction techniques, such as t-SNE and UMAP, are proficient in providing visualizations for fixed or static datasets , but they cannot incrementally map and insert new data points into existing data visualizations .
Revised: Non-parametric dimensionality reduction techniques, such as t-SNE and UMAP, are proficient in providing visualizations for fixed or static datasets , but they cannot incrementally map and insert new data points into an already provided data visualization .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Furthermore, even in static cases , SONG performs better or comparable to UMAP, and superior to t-SNE. We also demonstrate that the algorithmic foundations of SONG render it more tolerant to noise compared to UMAP and t-SNE, thus providing greater utility for data with high variance or high mixing of clusters  or noise.
Revised:  Furthermore, even when the above datasets are presented all at once , SONG performs better or comparable to UMAP, and superior to t-SNE. We also demonstrate that the algorithmic foundations of SONG render it more tolerant to noise compared to UMAP and t-SNE, thus providing greater utility for data with high variance or high mixing of clusters or noise.
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Original:  Furthermore, even in static cases , SONG performs better or comparable to UMAP, and superior to t-SNE. We also demonstrate that the algorithmic foundations of SONG render it more tolerant to noise compared to UMAP and t-SNE, thus providing greater utility for data with high variance or high mixing of clusters  or noise.
Revised:  Furthermore, even in static cases , SONG performs better or comparable to UMAP, and superior to t-SNE. We also demonstrate that the algorithmic foundations of SONG render it more tolerant to noise compared to UMAP and t-SNE, thus providing greater utility for data with high variance , high mixing of clusters or noise.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Furthermore, even in static cases , SONG performs better or comparable to UMAP, and superior to t-SNE. We also demonstrate that the algorithmic foundations of SONG render it more tolerant to noise compared to UMAP and t-SNE, thus providing greater utility for data with high variance or high mixing of clusters  or noise.
Revised:  Furthermore, even in static cases , SONG performs better or comparable to UMAP, and superior to t-SNE. We also demonstrate that the algorithmic foundations of SONG render it more tolerant to noise compared to UMAP and t-SNE, thus providing greater utility for data with high variance or high mixing of clusters , or noise.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Although rsfMRI scans are typically collected while individuals are instructed to focus their eyes on a fixation cross, objective and verified experimental measures to quantify degree of alertness (e.g., vigilance ) are not readily available.
Revised:  Although rsfMRI scans are typically collected while individuals are instructed to focus their eyes on a fixated cross, objective and verified experimental measures to quantify degree of alertness (e.g., vigilance ) are not readily available.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Although rsfMRI scans are typically collected while individuals are instructed to focus their eyes on a fixation cross, objective and verified experimental measures to quantify degree of alertness (e.g., vigilance ) are not readily available.
Revised:  Although rsfMRI scans are typically collected while individuals are instructed to focus their eyes on a fixation cross, objective and verified experimental measures to quantify degree of vigilance are not readily available.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Concurrent electroencephalography and fMRI (EEG-fMRI) measurements are also widely used to study human brain with high spatial/temporal resolution. EEG is the modality extensively used for estimating vigilance  during eyes-closed resting state.
Revised:  Electroencephalography (EEG) is the modality extensively used for estimating vigilance during eyes-closed resting state.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  In this study, we investigated whether simultaneous multimodal EEG-fMRI combined with eye-tracker measurements can be used to determine EEG signal feature associated with pupil sizechanges (e. g., vigilance measure) in healthy human subjects (n= 10 ) during brain rest with eyes open.
Revised:  Methods: Three 12-min resting scans (eyes open, fixating on the cross) were collected from 10 ) during brain rest with eyes open.
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Original:  In this study, we investigated whether simultaneous multimodal EEG-fMRI combined with eye-tracker measurements can be used to determine EEG signal feature associated with pupil sizechanges (e. g., vigilance measure) in healthy human subjects (n= 10 ) during brain rest with eyes open. We found that EEG frontal and occipital beta power (FOBP) correlates with pupil size changes, an indirect index for locus coeruleus activity implicated in vigilance regulation (r = 0.306, p < 0.001).
Revised:  In this study, we investigated whether simultaneous multimodal EEG-fMRI combined with eye-tracker measurements can be used to determine EEG signal feature associated with pupil sizechanges (e. g., vigilance measure) in healthy human subjects (n= 10 healthy control participants. We simultaneously collected EEG, fMRI, physiological, and eye-tracker data and investigated the correlation between EEG features, pupil size, and heart rate. Furthermore, we used pupil size and EEG features as regressors to find their correlations with blood-oxygen-level-dependent fMRI measures. Results: EEG frontal and occipital beta power (FOBP) correlates with pupil size changes, an indirect index for locus coeruleus activity implicated in vigilance regulation (r = 0.306, p < 0.001).
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Original:  Moreover, FOBP also correlated with heart rate (r = 0.255, p < 0.001), as well as several brain regions in the anti-correlated network, including the bilateral insula and inferior parietal lobule.
Revised:  Moreover, FOBP also correlated with heart rate (r = 0.255, p < 0.001), as well as several brain regions in the anticorrelated network, including the bilateral insula and inferior parietal lobule.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  These results support the conclusion that FOBP is an objective measure of vigilance in healthy human subjects.
Revised:  Discussion: In this study, we investigated whether simultaneous EEG-fMRI combined with eye-tracker measurements can be used to determine EEG signal feature associated with vigilance measures during eyes-open rsfMRI. Our results support the conclusion that FOBP is an objective measure of vigilance in healthy human subjects.
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Original:  In many-region settings, the spatial scale---global or local---of the dispersion force(s) in a model plays a key role in determining the resulting endogenous spatial patterns and comparative statics.
Revised:  In many-region settings, the spatial scale---"global" or "local"---of the dispersion force(s) in a model plays a key role in determining the resulting endogenous spatial patterns and comparative statics.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  A global dispersion force accrues from competition between different locations and leads to the formation of multiple economic clusters , or cities . A local dispersion force is caused by crowding effects within each location and induces the flattening of each city.
Revised:  A global dispersion force accrues from competition between different locations and leads to the formation of multiple economic clusters (or cities) . A local dispersion force is caused by crowding effects within each location and induces the flattening of each city.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  By distinguishing local and global dispersion forces, we can reduce a wide variety of extant models into only three prototypical classes that are qualitatively different in implications .
Revised:  By distinguishing local and global dispersion forces, we can define three prototypical classes, namely, models that have only global, only local, and both local and global dispersion forces. The three model classes engender qualitatively different spatial patterns. Multiple cities are formed only when a global dispersion force is at work; otherwise, only a unimodal distribution can be formed. A city can have its spatial extent only when a local dispersion force is at work. A wide variety of extant models into only three prototypical classes that are qualitatively different in implications .
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Original:  In this paper, we overview the main architectures, challenges and techniques for efficient wireless powering. We emphasize on the suitability of Channel State Information (CSI) -free strategies when powering simultaneously a massive number of devices.
Revised:  In this paper, we overview the main architectures, challenges and techniques for efficient and scalable wireless powering are overviewed in this paper. Candidates enablers such as energy beamforming (EB), distributed antenna systems (DAS), advances on devices' hardware and programmable medium, new spectrum opportunities, resource scheduling and distributed ledger technology are outlined. Special emphasis is placed on discussing the suitability of Channel State Information (CSI) -free strategies when powering simultaneously a massive number of devices.
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Original:  We show that even without considering the energy resources required for CSI acquisition, the gains from operating with CSI decrease quickly as the number of powered devices increases, while distributed CSI-free strategies become even more advantageous by widening the energy coverage region with high reliability.
Revised:  The benefits from combining DAS and EB, and from using average CSI whenever available, are numerically illustrated. The pros and cons of the state-of-the-art CSI-free strategies become even more advantageous by widening the energy coverage region with high reliability.
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Original:  We show that even without considering the energy resources required for CSI acquisition, the gains from operating with CSI decrease quickly as the number of powered devices increases, while distributed CSI-free strategies become even more advantageous by widening the energy coverage region with high reliability. Overall, advances in the system design and in resource allocation strategies are required for optimizing the energy supplying process, specially under the challenges imposed by future networks .
Revised:  We show that even without considering the energy resources required for CSI acquisition, the gains from operating with CSI decrease quickly as the number of powered devices increases, while distributed CSI-free WET techniques in ultra-low power setups are thoroughly revised, and some possible future enhancements are outlined. Finally, key research directions towards realizing WET-enabled massive IoT networks in the 6G era are identified and discussed in detail .
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Original:  This has been widely demonstrated for English using contextualized word representations such as OpenAI GPT (Radford et al., 2018 ), BERT ( Devlin et al., 2019 ), or XLNet ( Yang et al., 2019b).
Revised:  This has been widely demonstrated for English using contextualized representations (Dai and Le, 2015; Peters et al., 2018 ), BERT ( Devlin et al., 2019 ), or XLNet ( Yang et al., 2019b).
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Original:  This has been widely demonstrated for English using contextualized word representations such as OpenAI GPT (Radford et al., 2018 ), BERT ( Devlin et al., 2019 ), or XLNet ( Yang et al., 2019b).
Revised:  This has been widely demonstrated for English using contextualized word representations such as OpenAI GPT (Radford et al., 2018 ; Howard and Ruder, 2018; Radford et al., 2018; Devlin et al., 2019 ), or XLNet ( Yang et al., 2019b).
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Original:  This has been widely demonstrated for English using contextualized word representations such as OpenAI GPT (Radford et al., 2018 ), BERT ( Devlin et al., 2019 ), or XLNet ( Yang et al., 2019b).
Revised:  This has been widely demonstrated for English using contextualized word representations such as OpenAI GPT (Radford et al., 2018 ), BERT ( Devlin et al., 2019 ; Yang et al., 2019b).
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We apply our French language models to complex NLP tasks (  natural language inference, parsing, word sense disambiguation) and show that most of the time they outperform other pre-training approaches.
Revised:  We apply our French language models to complex NLP tasks ( text classification, paraphrasing, natural language inference, parsing, word sense disambiguation) and show that most of the time they outperform other pre-training approaches.
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Original:  Here,  we show that the perception of visual textures is adapted to the spatial distribution of light signals at a striking level of detail . We first identify a parametrized 66-dimensional space of grayscale textures defined by local spatial correlationsbetween discrete light intensities.
Revised:  Here, we show that the perception of visual textures is adapted to the spatial distribution of light signals at a striking level of detail , and also identify the limits of the prediction. We define a 66-dimensional space of grayscale textures defined by local spatial correlationsbetween discrete light intensities.
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Original:  We first identify a parametrized 66-dimensional space of grayscale textures defined by local spatial correlationsbetween discrete light intensities. We then devise a method of measuring the contribution of each of these textures to the spatial structure of scenes. Efficient coding predicts that the perceptual salienceof a complex sensory signal should be related to its variability in natural settings. Based on an analysis of contrast-equalized natural scenes, this theory predicts that textures involving two-point correlations will be most salient, and it further predicts the relative salienceamong second-order correlations of different types.
Revised:  We first identify a parametrized 66-dimensional space of local grayscale light-intensity correlations, and measure the relevance of each direction to natural scenes. The "variance is salience" hypothesis predicts that two-point correlations will be most salient, and it further predicts the relative salienceamong second-order correlations of different types.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Based on an analysis of contrast-equalized natural scenes, this theory predicts that textures involving two-point correlations will be most salient, and it further predicts the relative salienceamong second-order correlations of different types.
Revised:  Based on an analysis of contrast-equalized natural scenes, this theory predicts that textures involving two-point correlations are most salient, and it further predicts the relative salienceamong second-order correlations of different types.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Based on an analysis of contrast-equalized natural scenes, this theory predicts that textures involving two-point correlations will be most salient, and it further predicts the relative salienceamong second-order correlations of different types. We test our predictions by asking observers to locate a briefly-flashed texture strip in a background of white noise. The behavior of individual subjects is highly consistent: correlations beyond the second order are hard to distinguish from random noise, and detection thresholds within this salient second-order subspace are quantitatively predicted across 26 two-dimensional texture planes.
Revised:  Based on an analysis of contrast-equalized natural scenes, this theory predicts that textures involving two-point correlations will be most salient, and predicts their relative salience. We tested these predictions in a texture-segregation task using un-natural, synthetic textures. As predicted, correlations beyond second order are hard to distinguish from random noise, and detection thresholds within this salient second-order subspace are quantitatively predicted across 26 two-dimensional texture planes.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The behavior of individual subjects is highly consistent: correlations beyond the second order are hard to distinguish from random noise, and detection thresholds within this salient second-order subspace are quantitatively predicted across 26 two-dimensional texture planes.
Revised:  The behavior of individual subjects is highly consistent: correlations beyond the second order are not salient, and predicted thresholds for over 300 second-order subspace are quantitatively predicted across 26 two-dimensional texture planes.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The behavior of individual subjects is highly consistent: correlations beyond the second order are hard to distinguish from random noise, and detection thresholds within this salient second-order subspace are quantitatively predicted across 26 two-dimensional texture planes. We additionally find non-trivial symmetries of natural images that leave psychophysical thresholds unchanged, further supporting our hypothesis. These findings significantly extend previous results obtained for binary images, and they provide deeper insights into the relationship between natural signal statistics and human perception .
Revised:  The behavior of individual subjects is highly consistent: correlations beyond the second order are hard to distinguish from random noise, and detection thresholds within this salient second-order correlations match psychophysical thresholds closely (median fractional error <0.13) .
Edit intent: clarity
Original: The affiliation to an institution provides prestige and identity to researchers and determines access to resources and infrastructure. Institutions in turn seek to affiliate researchers to secure their knowledge and skills, benefiting the research conducted within these institutions and their position in national and internationalrankings. This study documents the phenomenon of researchers having multiple affiliations and discusses potential causes and consequences. We analyze affiliation information of 8.5M authors from 40 countries , who published 8.9M scientific articles in 14 disciplines since 1996.
Revised: This study provides the first systematic, international, large-scale evidence on the extent and nature of multiple institutional affiliations on journal publications. Studying more than 13.6M authors and 20.5M articles from 40 countries , who published 8.9M scientific articles in 14 disciplines since 1996.
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Original:  We analyze affiliation information of 8.5M authors from 40 countries , who published 8.9M scientific articles in 14 disciplines since 1996. We find that multiple affiliations occur both within countries as well as across borders, and that more than 60\% are within the academic research sector. The share of authors with multiple affiliations increased substantially over the past two decades and particularly since the mid-2000s.
Revised:  We analyze affiliation information of 8.5M authors from 40 countries we document that: In 2019, almost one in three articles was (co-)authored by authors with multiple affiliations and the share of authors with multiple affiliations increased substantially over the past two decades and particularly since the mid-2000s.
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Original:  The share of authors with multiple affiliations increased substantially over the past two decades and particularly since the mid-2000s. The increase is particularly pronounced in countries whose funding structures became more competitive. The rise of multiple affiliations points to fundamental changes in URLanisation of science and challenges our measurements of where scientific activity takes place .
Revised:  The share of authors with multiple affiliations increased from 6.7\% to 11.8\% since 1996. The growth of multiple affiliations is prevalent in all disciplines and it is stronger in high impact journals. About 60\% of multiple affiliations involve institutions from within the academic sector and international co-affiliations often involve institutions from the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom as well as institutions in neighboring countries. We discuss potential causes and show that the timing of the rise in multiple affiliations can be linked to the introduction of more competitive funding structures such as 'excellence initiatives' in a number of countries. We discuss implications for science and science policy .
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Original:  Studying more than 13.6M authors and 20.5M articles from 40 countries we document that: In 2019, almost one in three articles was (co-)authored by authors with multiple affiliations and the share of authors with multiple affiliations increased from 6.7\% to 11.8 \% since 1996.
Revised:  Studying more than 15 million authors and 22 million articles from 40 countries we document that: In 2019, almost one in three articles was (co-)authored by authors with multiple affiliations and the share of authors with multiple affiliations increased from 6.7\% to 11.8 \% since 1996.
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Original: 5M articles from 40 countries we document that: In 2019, almost one in three articles was (co-)authored by authors with multiple affiliations and the share of authors with multiple affiliations increased from 6.7\% to 11.8 \% since 1996.
Revised: 5M articles from 40 countries we document that: In 2019, almost one in three articles was (co-)authored by authors with multiple affiliations and the share of authors with multiple affiliations increased from around 10\% to 16 \% since 1996.
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