wanyu/IteraTeR_full_sent huggingface dataset:
Original:  Consequently, although the directand total requirement matrices are formulated and used for economic system analysis, the indirect requirements matrix has never been formulated before. Based on the system decomposition theory , the indirect transactions and the corresponding indirect requirements matrix are introduced in the present article for the first time.
Revised:  The novel concepts of the direct, indirect and total transactions between any two sectors are introduced, and the corresponding requirements matrices are systematically formulated relative to both final demands and gross outputs, based on the system decomposition theory , the indirect transactions and the corresponding indirect requirements matrix are introduced in the present article for the first time.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Based on the system decomposition theory , the indirect transactions and the corresponding indirect requirements matrix are introduced in the present article for the first time. This novel concept of the indirect transactions is also compared with some existing indirect effect formulations, and the theoretical advancement brought by the proposed methodology is discussed. It is shown theoretically and through illustrative examples that the proposed indirect transactions accurately describe and quantify the indirect interactions and relationships , unlike the current indirect effects formulations.
Revised:  Based on the system decomposition theory . It is demonstrated theoretically and through illustrative examples that the proposed indirect transactions accurately describe and quantify the indirect interactions and relationships , unlike the current indirect effects formulations.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  It is shown theoretically and through illustrative examples that the proposed indirect transactions accurately describe and quantify the indirect interactions and relationships , unlike the current indirect effects formulations. The indirect requirements matrices for the US economy using aggregated input-output tables for multiple years are also presented and briefly analyzed.
Revised:  It is shown theoretically and through illustrative examples that the proposed indirect transactions accurately describe and quantify the indirect interactions and relationships . The proposed requirements matrices for the US economy using aggregated input-output tables for multiple years are also presented and briefly analyzed.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The novel concepts of the direct, indirect and total transactions between any two sectors are introduced, and the corresponding requirements matrices  are systematically formulated relative to both final demands and gross outputs , based on the system decomposition theory  .
Revised:  The novel concepts of the direct, indirect and transfer (total) transactions between any two sectors are introduced, and the corresponding requirements matrices are systematically formulated relative to both final demands and gross outputs , based on the system decomposition theory .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  The novel concepts of the direct, indirect and total transactions between any two sectors are introduced, and the corresponding requirements matrices  are systematically formulated relative to both final demands and gross outputs , based on the system decomposition theory  .
Revised:  The novel concepts of the direct, indirect and total transactions between any two sectors are introduced, and the corresponding requirements matrices and coefficients are systematically formulated relative to both final demands and gross outputs , based on the system decomposition theory .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  The novel concepts of the direct, indirect and total transactions between any two sectors are introduced, and the corresponding requirements matrices  are systematically formulated relative to both final demands and gross outputs , based on the system decomposition theory  .
Revised:  The novel concepts of the direct, indirect and total transactions between any two sectors are introduced, and the corresponding requirements matrices are systematically formulated relative to both final demands and gross outputs based on the system decomposition theory .
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  The novel concepts of the direct, indirect and total transactions between any two sectors are introduced, and the corresponding requirements matrices  are systematically formulated relative to both final demands and gross outputs , based on the system decomposition theory  .
Revised:  The novel concepts of the direct, indirect and total transactions between any two sectors are introduced, and the corresponding requirements matrices are systematically formulated relative to both final demands and gross outputs , based on the system decomposition theory in the present manuscript .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Here, we investigate the effects of spatial smoothing on the difference between patients and controls for two clinical conditions: autism spectrum  and bipolar disorder, considering fMRI data smoothed with Gaussian kernels (0-32 mm).
Revised:  Here, we investigate the effects of spatial smoothing on the difference between patients and controls for two clinical conditions: autism spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder, considering fMRI data smoothed with Gaussian kernels (0-32 mm).
Edit intent: fluency
Original: In this comment on Davidsen et al., "Deep generative models for T cell receptor protein sequences ", eLife 2019;8:e46935, we compare the performance of the variational auto-encoder presented in that article to a previously proposed approachfor which a software implementation, SONIA, has been recently released. We find that SONIA performs as well as the variational auto-encoder , at a lower computational cost.
Revised: T-cell receptors (TCR) are key proteins of the adaptive immune system, generated randomly in each individual, whose diversity underlies our ability to recognize infections and malignancies. Modeling the distribution of TCR sequences is of key importance for immunology and medical applications. Here, we compare two inference methods trained on high-throughput sequencing data: a knowledge-guided approach, which accounts for the details of sequence generation, supplemented by a physics-inspired model of selection; and a knowledge-free Variational Auto-Encoder based on deep artificial neural networks. We show that the knowledge-guided model outperforms the deep network approach at predicting TCR probabilities, while being more interpretable , at a lower computational cost.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  as they appear to be insignificant in practice  In this paper, we demonstrate that this assumption can in fact have far more profound implications on time complexity than is obvious at first glance, and that a poor consideration of trade-offs can result in polynomially slower algorithms whose roots can be deeply and fundamentally ingrained into a programming language itself  While the general observation may not be novel from a theoretical standpoint, it is rarely (if ever)
Revised:  as they appear to be insignificant in practice . In this paper, we demonstrate that this assumption can in fact have far more profound implications on time complexity than is obvious at first glance, and that a poor consideration of trade-offs can result in polynomially slower algorithms whose roots can be deeply and fundamentally ingrained into a programming language itself While the general observation may not be novel from a theoretical standpoint, it is rarely (if ever)
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  as they appear to be insignificant in practice  In this paper, we demonstrate that this assumption can in fact have far more profound implications on time complexity than is obvious at first glance, and that a poor consideration of trade-offs can result in polynomially slower algorithms whose roots can be deeply and fundamentally ingrained into a programming language itself  While the general observation may not be novel from a theoretical standpoint, it is rarely (if ever)
Revised:  as they appear to be insignificant in practice In this paper, we demonstrate that this assumption can in fact have far more profound implications on time complexity than is obvious at first glance, and that a poor consideration of trade-offs can result in polynomially slower algorithms whose roots can be deeply and fundamentally ingrained into a programming language itself While the general observation may not be novel from a theoretical standpoint, it is rarely (if ever)
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  as they appear to be insignificant in practice  In this paper, we demonstrate that this assumption can in fact have far more profound implications on time complexity than is obvious at first glance, and that a poor consideration of trade-offs can result in polynomially slower algorithms whose roots can be deeply and fundamentally ingrained into a programming language itself  While the general observation may not be novel from a theoretical standpoint, it is rarely (if ever)
Revised:  as they appear to be insignificant in practice In this paper, we demonstrate that this assumption can in fact have far more profound implications on time complexity than is obvious at first glance, and that a poor consideration of trade-offs can result in polynomially slower algorithms whose roots can be deeply and fundamentally ingrained into a programming language itself . While the general observation may not be novel from a theoretical standpoint, it is rarely (if ever)
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  presented in traditional computer science curricula or other settings, and appears to be far from common knowledge in practical software engineering  We thus hope bring awareness to this issue and urge careful consideration of significant trade-offs that can result from trivial decisions made while programming.
Revised:  presented in traditional computer science curricula or other settings, and appears to be far from common knowledge in practical software engineering . We thus hope bring awareness to this issue and urge careful consideration of significant trade-offs that can result from trivial decisions made while programming.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  We first detect finger cores in three-dimensional (3D) scalar fields to capture the central structures of fingers guided by a ridge voxel detection method ; then, we skeletonize finger cores to reveal their overall topological and geometric structures by a Reeb-graph skeletonization method. From the identified finger skeletons, we design a spanning contour tree-based method to capture how fingers branch in 3D space .
Revised:  We first detect finger cores in three-dimensional (3D) scalar fields to capture the central structures of fingers guided by a ridge voxel detection method , we first extract finger cores from three-dimensional (3D) scalar fields. After skeletonizing finger cores into skeletons, we design a spanning contour tree-based method to capture how fingers branch in 3D space .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  From the identified finger skeletons, we design a spanning contour tree-based method to capture how fingers branch in 3D space . Then, to display different facets of finger branches, we employ various tree-based visualization methods to plot the finger branches in a plane .
Revised:  From the identified finger skeletons, we design a spanning contour tree-based method to capture how fingers branch in 3D space from the finger skeletons .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Finally, to track the evolution of time-varying fingers and their branches, we nest tree-based geometric glyphs of fingers on a tracking graph. The geometric-glyph augmented tracking graph allows us to study how the fingers  grow, merge, and split over time.
Revised:  Finally, we devise a novel geometric-glyph augmented tracking graph allows us to study how the fingers grow, merge, and split over time.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  However, previous detection methods of the viscous and gravitational fingers are based on density thresholding, which is susceptible to the user-specified threshold value. Also, the geometric structures of fingers and their evolution are little studied .
Revised:  However, previous detection methods of the viscous and gravitational fingers are based on density thresholding, which provides limited geometric information of the fingers. The geometric structures of fingers and their evolution are little studied .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  However, to our knowledge, little has been investigated in terms of the comparability of results between different data sets of healthy human subjects as well as the reliability of results over  different rescan sessions and FreeSurfer versions.
Revised:  To our knowledge, little has been investigated in terms of the comparability of results between different data sets of healthy human subjects as well as the reliability of results over different rescan sessions and FreeSurfer versions.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  However, to our knowledge, little has been investigated in terms of the comparability of results between different data sets of healthy human subjects as well as the reliability of results over  different rescan sessions and FreeSurfer versions.
Revised:  However, to our knowledge, little has been investigated in terms of the comparability of results between different data sets of healthy human subjects as well as the reliability of results over the same subjects in different rescan sessions and FreeSurfer versions.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  However, to our knowledge, little has been investigated in terms of the comparability of results between different data sets of healthy human subjects as well as the reliability of results over  different rescan sessions and FreeSurfer versions.
Revised:  However, to our knowledge, little has been investigated in terms of the comparability of results between different data sets of healthy human subjects as well as the reliability of results over different rescan sessions , image resolutions, or FreeSurfer versions.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  This low comparability is unaltered by site correction, and is most severe when using average cortical thickness as a measure of cortical morphology. The low comparability further extends to significant differencesin graph theoretic measures. Similar results of low reliabilitywere found when comparing rescan sessions of the same subjects, and even between different FreeSurfer versions of the same scans.
Revised:  This low comparability is unaltered by site correction, and is most severe when using average cortical thickness as a morphological measure. Down-stream graph theoretic analyses further show statistically significant differences. In terms of reliability, substantial differences were also found when comparing rescan sessions of the same subjects, and even between different FreeSurfer versions of the same scans.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Similar results of low reliabilitywere found when comparing rescan sessions of the same subjects, and even between different FreeSurfer versions of the same scans. To understand our observations of low reliability, we estimated a measurement error covariance, and we show that it is largest in cortical thickness.
Revised:  Similar results of low reliabilitywere found when comparing rescan sessions of the same subjects, and even between different FreeSurfer versions of the same image. We could further estimate the relative measurement error and showed that it is largest in cortical thickness.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  To understand our observations of low reliability, we estimated a measurement error covariance, and we show that it is largest in cortical thickness. On simulated datawe further demonstrated that stronger errors cause stronger attenuation of correlations and proportionally decreases reliability, which agrees with associations we observed in the real data. To our knowledge this study is the first highlight the problem of reliability and comparability in structural covariance . Practically, we suggest that (1)
Revised:  To understand our observations of low reliability, we estimated a measurement error covariance, and we show that it is largest when using thickness. With simulated data, we argue that cortical thickness is least reliable because of larger relative measurement errors . Practically, we suggest that (1)
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  combining data from different scanners and sites for structural covariance analysis in a naive manner should be avoided,  (2) surface area and volume should be preferred as morphological measures of structural covariance over cortical thickness , and (3) some analysis of robustness of the results should be performed for every structural covariancestudy .
Revised:  pooling subjects across sites into one group should be avoided, (2) surface area and volume should be preferred as morphological measures of structural covariance over cortical thickness , and (3) some analysis of robustness of the results should be performed for every structural covariancestudy .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  combining data from different scanners and sites for structural covariance analysis in a naive manner should be avoided,  (2) surface area and volume should be preferred as morphological measures of structural covariance over cortical thickness , and (3) some analysis of robustness of the results should be performed for every structural covariancestudy .
Revised:  combining data from different scanners and sites for structural covariance analysis in a naive manner should be avoided, particularly if sites differ in image resolutions, demographics, or preprocessing; (2) surface area and volume should be preferred as morphological measures of structural covariance over cortical thickness , and (3) some analysis of robustness of the results should be performed for every structural covariancestudy .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  combining data from different scanners and sites for structural covariance analysis in a naive manner should be avoided,  (2) surface area and volume should be preferred as morphological measures of structural covariance over cortical thickness , and (3) some analysis of robustness of the results should be performed for every structural covariancestudy .
Revised:  combining data from different scanners and sites for structural covariance analysis in a naive manner should be avoided, (2) surface area and volume should be preferred as morphological measures over cortical thickness , and (3) some analysis of robustness of the results should be performed for every structural covariancestudy .
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  combining data from different scanners and sites for structural covariance analysis in a naive manner should be avoided,  (2) surface area and volume should be preferred as morphological measures of structural covariance over cortical thickness , and (3) some analysis of robustness of the results should be performed for every structural covariancestudy .
Revised:  combining data from different scanners and sites for structural covariance analysis in a naive manner should be avoided, (2) surface area and volume should be preferred as morphological measures of structural covariance over cortical thickness ; (3) some analysis of robustness of the results should be performed for every structural covariancestudy .
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  combining data from different scanners and sites for structural covariance analysis in a naive manner should be avoided,  (2) surface area and volume should be preferred as morphological measures of structural covariance over cortical thickness , and (3) some analysis of robustness of the results should be performed for every structural covariancestudy .
Revised:  combining data from different scanners and sites for structural covariance analysis in a naive manner should be avoided, (2) surface area and volume should be preferred as morphological measures of structural covariance over cortical thickness , and (3) a large number of subjects should be used to estimate structural covariance; (4) measurement error should be assessed where repeated measurements are available; (5) if combining sites is critical, univariate site-correction is insufficient, but error covariance should be explicitly measured and modelled .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original: Multimodal approaches where interactive visualization and natural language are used in tandem are emerging as promising techniques for data analysis. A significant barrier in effectively designing such multimodal techniques is the lack of a systematicunderstanding of how people verbalize visual representations of data . Motivated by these gaps, this paper devises and applies a transferable, semi-automated methodology to systematically study the relation between visualization and natural language through two crowd-sourced experiments and natural language analysis. We describe these experiments, analyze the resulting corpus of utterances with natural language processing techniques and derive an empirically supported semantic lexicon for aligning visualizations and verbalizations of data.
Revised: Natural language and visualization are being increasingly deployed together for supporting data analysis in different ways, from multimodal interaction to enriched data summaries and insights. Yet, researchers still lack systematic, foundational knowledge on how people relate visual and textual information in data analysis contexts. We describe two studies aimed at developing a broader understanding about the relevant characteristics of data and charts when people read and reason about data visualizations. The first study asks participants to verbalize what they see in scatterplots that depict various levels of correlations. The second study then asks participants to choose visualizations that, in their interpretation, match verbal descriptions of correlation. Using natural language processing techniques and derive an empirically supported semantic lexicon for aligning visualizations and verbalizations of data.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  We describe these experiments, analyze the resulting corpus of utterances with natural language processing techniques and derive an empirically supported semantic lexicon for aligning visualizations and verbalizations of data. Our results indicate a wide range of vocabulary used to describe visualizations and led to a number of high level concepts to categorize the space of words and related utterances .
Revised:  We describe these experiments, analyze the resulting corpus of utterances with natural language processing techniques and qualitative analysis, we extract key URLanize them in a taxonomy and analyze the responses. We observe that responses involve multiple themes with distinct occurrence profiles across scatterplots, and a comparison between studies reveals similarities and differences between the processes of producing and interpreting the verbal descriptions .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  We discuss how our findings can be used for natural language generation, also reflecting on the design of the experiments and the semi-automated methodology used in the analysis. We discuss further research directions and argue for a role for such multimodal experiments in advancing our understanding of how people work with visualizations and also data at large .
Revised:  We discuss how our findings can be used for natural language generation, also reflecting on the design of the results could inform the design of multimodal representations aligned with the data and analytical tasks, and present a research roadmap on the expansion of the taxonomy to deepen our understanding on the combination of visualizations and natural language .
Edit intent: meaning-changed