wanyu/IteraTeR_full_sent huggingface dataset:
Original:  We show how to estimate  the solution to the Perron-Frobenius eigenfunction problem of Hansen and Scheinkman (2009) using data on the Markov state and the SDF process. Estimating directly the eigenvalue and eigenfunction allows one to (1) construct empirically the time series of the  permanent and transitory components of the SDF process and (2 ) estimate the yield and the change of measure which characterize pricing over long investment horizons.
Revised:  We show how to estimate the solution to the Perron-Frobenius eigenfunction problem of Hansen and Scheinkman (2009) . Our empirical framework allows researchers to (i) recover the time series of the permanent and transitory components of the SDF process and (2 ) estimate the yield and the change of measure which characterize pricing over long investment horizons.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Estimating directly the eigenvalue and eigenfunction allows one to (1) construct empirically the time series of the  permanent and transitory components of the SDF process and (2 ) estimate the yield and the change of measure which characterize pricing over long investment horizons.
Revised:  Estimating directly the eigenvalue and eigenfunction allows one to (1) construct empirically the time series of the estimated permanent and transitory components of the SDF process and (2 ) estimate the yield and the change of measure which characterize pricing over long investment horizons.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Estimating directly the eigenvalue and eigenfunction allows one to (1) construct empirically the time series of the  permanent and transitory components of the SDF process and (2 ) estimate the yield and the change of measure which characterize pricing over long investment horizons.
Revised:  Estimating directly the eigenvalue and eigenfunction allows one to (1) construct empirically the time series of the permanent and transitory components and (ii ) estimate the yield and the change of measure which characterize pricing over long investment horizons.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The methodology is nonparametric , i.e., it does not impose any tight parametric restrictions on the dynamics of the state variables and the SDF process. We derive the large-sample properties of the estimators and illustrate favorable performance in simulations. The methodology is applied to study an economy where the representative agent is endowed with recursive preferences, allowing for general (nonlinear) consumption and earnings growth dynamics.
Revised:  We also introduce nonparametric estimators of the continuation value function in a class of models with recursive preferences by reinterpreting the value function recursion as a nonlinear Perron-Frobenius problem. We establish consistency and convergence rates of the eigenfunction estimators and asymptotic normality of the eigenvalue estimator and estimators of related functionals. As an application, we study an economy where the representative agent is endowed with recursive preferences, allowing for general (nonlinear) consumption and earnings growth dynamics.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Applying tools from Conditional Analysis to the case of linear contracts we show that most results known in the literature for very specific instances of the problem carry over to translation invariant and time-consistent utility functions in very general probabilistic settings  .
Revised:  Applying tools from Conditional Analysis we show that most results known in the literature for very specific instances of the problem carry over to translation invariant and time-consistent utility functions in very general probabilistic settings .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Applying tools from Conditional Analysis to the case of linear contracts we show that most results known in the literature for very specific instances of the problem carry over to translation invariant and time-consistent utility functions in very general probabilistic settings  .
Revised:  Applying tools from Conditional Analysis to the case of linear contracts we show that some results known in the literature for very specific instances of the problem carry over to translation invariant and time-consistent utility functions in very general probabilistic settings .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Applying tools from Conditional Analysis to the case of linear contracts we show that most results known in the literature for very specific instances of the problem carry over to translation invariant and time-consistent utility functions in very general probabilistic settings  .
Revised:  Applying tools from Conditional Analysis to the case of linear contracts we show that most results known in the literature for very specific instances of the problem carry over to translation invariant and time-consistent utility functions in very general probabilistic settings . However, we find that optimal contracts must in general make use of derivatives for compensation .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Recent in vitro {\it  observations by Gardner et al.[  Cell {\bf147}, 1092 (2011)] showed that microtubule catastrophe takes place via multiple steps , and the frequency increases with the "age " of the filament.
Revised:  Recent {\it observations by Gardner et al.[ Cell {\bf147}, 1092 (2011)] showed that microtubule catastrophe takes place via multiple steps , and the frequency increases with the "age " of the filament.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Recent in vitro {\it  observations by Gardner et al.[  Cell {\bf147}, 1092 (2011)] showed that microtubule catastrophe takes place via multiple steps , and the frequency increases with the "age " of the filament.
Revised:  Recent in vitro {\it in vitro observations by Gardner et al.[ Cell {\bf147}, 1092 (2011)] showed that microtubule catastrophe takes place via multiple steps , and the frequency increases with the "age " of the filament.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Recent in vitro {\it  observations by Gardner et al.[  Cell {\bf147}, 1092 (2011)] showed that microtubule catastrophe takes place via multiple steps , and the frequency increases with the "age " of the filament.
Revised:  Recent in vitro {\it observations by Gardner et al.[ M. K. Gardner et al., Cell {\bf147}, 1092 (2011)] showed that microtubule catastrophe takes place via multiple steps , and the frequency increases with the "age " of the filament.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Recent in vitro {\it  observations by Gardner et al.[  Cell {\bf147}, 1092 (2011)] showed that microtubule catastrophe takes place via multiple steps , and the frequency increases with the "age " of the filament.
Revised:  Recent in vitro {\it observations by Gardner et al.[ Cell {\bf147}, 1092 (2011)] showed that microtubule catastrophe takes place via multiple steps and the frequency increases with the "age " of the filament.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Recent in vitro {\it  observations by Gardner et al.[  Cell {\bf147}, 1092 (2011)] showed that microtubule catastrophe takes place via multiple steps , and the frequency increases with the "age " of the filament.
Revised:  Recent in vitro {\it observations by Gardner et al.[ Cell {\bf147}, 1092 (2011)] showed that microtubule catastrophe takes place via multiple steps , and the frequency increases with the age of the filament.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Here, we investigate, via numerical simulations and mathematical calculations, some of the consequences of age-dependence of catastrophe on the dynamics of microtubules as a function of the aging rate, for two different models of aging: (a) exponential growth, but saturating asymptotically and (b) purely linear growth.
Revised:  Here, we investigate, via numerical simulations and mathematical calculations, some of the consequences of age dependence of catastrophe on the dynamics of microtubules as a function of the aging rate, for two different models of aging: (a) exponential growth, but saturating asymptotically and (b) purely linear growth.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Here, we investigate, via numerical simulations and mathematical calculations, some of the consequences of age-dependence of catastrophe on the dynamics of microtubules as a function of the aging rate, for two different models of aging: (a) exponential growth, but saturating asymptotically and (b) purely linear growth.
Revised:  Here, we investigate, via numerical simulations and mathematical calculations, some of the consequences of age-dependence of catastrophe on the dynamics of microtubules as a function of the aging rate, for two different models of aging: exponential growth, but saturating asymptotically and (b) purely linear growth.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Here, we investigate, via numerical simulations and mathematical calculations, some of the consequences of age-dependence of catastrophe on the dynamics of microtubules as a function of the aging rate, for two different models of aging: (a) exponential growth, but saturating asymptotically and (b) purely linear growth.
Revised:  Here, we investigate, via numerical simulations and mathematical calculations, some of the consequences of age-dependence of catastrophe on the dynamics of microtubules as a function of the aging rate, for two different models of aging: (a) exponential growth, but saturating asymptotically and purely linear growth.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Numerical simulations, supported by analytical calculations in the linear model, show that aging leads to non-exponential length distributions in steady state , as well as oscillations in microtubule length . The oscillations are reduced and eventually eliminated by increasing the frequency of rescue events.
Revised:  Numerical simulations, supported by analytical calculations in the linear model, show that aging leads to non-exponential length distributions in steady state , as well as oscillations in microtubule length and velocity. The regularity of oscillations, as characterized by the negative dip in the autocorrelation function, is reduced by increasing the frequency of rescue events.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original: Banks must manage the lifetime costs of XVA, i. e. credit (CVA), funding(including funding of initial margins, FVA and MVA), capital (KVA) and tax(TVA). Management includes hedging(requiring first- and second-order sensitivities), attribution (and re-attribution), and incremental changes together with their interactions.
Revised: Banks must manage their trading books, not just value them. Pricing includes valuation adjustments collectively known as XVA (at least credit, funding, capital and second-order sensitivities), attribution (and re-attribution), and incremental changes together with their interactions.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Management includes hedging(requiring first- and second-order sensitivities), attribution (and re-attribution), and incremental changes together with their interactions. Incremental management is required throughout the trading day for multiple portfolio changes. We show that a combination of trade-level regression and global conditioning (exploiting the linearity of conditional expectations over filtrations) radically simplifies both the computation and also the implementation of the computations .
Revised:  Management includes hedging(requiring first- and tax), so management must also include XVA. In trading book management we focus on pricing, hedging, and also the implementation of the computations .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  We show that a combination of trade-level regression and global conditioning (exploiting the linearity of conditional expectations over filtrations) radically simplifies both the computation and also the implementation of the computations .
Revised:  We show that a combination of trade-level regression and global conditioning (exploiting the linearity of conditional expectations over filtrations) radically simplifies both the computation and allocation of prices or hedging costs to desks on an individual trade basis. We show how to combine three technical elements to radically simplify XVA management, both in terms of the calculations, and the implementation of the calculations. The three technical elements are: trade-level regression; analytic computation of sensitivities; and global conditioning. All three are required to obtain the radical efficiency gains and implementation simplification .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Moreover, many calculation elements are inherently parallel and suitable for GPU implementation  .
Revised:  Moreover, many calculation elements are inherently parallel and suitable for GPU implementation . The resulting methodology for XVA management is sufficiently general that we can cover pricing, first- and second-order sensitivities, and exact trade-level allocation of pricing and sensitivities within the same framework. Managing incremental changes to portfolios exactly is also radically simplified .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  The motor-hopping rates are chosen to satisfy detailed balance with respect to the energy of stretching. The master equation is converted to a linear Fokker-Planck equation (LFPE), which yields the average positions of the cargo and motors, as well as their fluctuations and correlation functions.
Revised:  The motor-hopping rates are chosen to satisfy detailed balance with respect to the energy of elastic stretching. With these assumptions, an (N+1)-variable master equation is converted to a linear Fokker-Planck equation (LFPE), which yields the average positions of the cargo and motors, as well as their fluctuations and correlation functions.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  The master equation is converted to a linear Fokker-Planck equation (LFPE), which yields the average positions of the cargo and motors, as well as their fluctuations and correlation functions.
Revised:  The master equation is constructed for dynamics of the motor-cargo complex. By expanding the hopping rates to linear order in fluctuations in motor positions, we obtain a linear Fokker-Planck equation (LFPE), which yields the average positions of the cargo and motors, as well as their fluctuations and correlation functions.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  The master equation is converted to a linear Fokker-Planck equation (LFPE), which yields the average positions of the cargo and motors, as well as their fluctuations and correlation functions. We apply this formalism to two specific forms of the hopping rates. Analytical results are obtained for mean cargo velocity , diffusion coefficient and the average force experienced by each motor for arbitrary N, and compared with numerical simulations.
Revised:  The master equation is converted to a linear Fokker-Planck equation . The deterministic equations governing the average quantities are separated out and explicit analytical expressions are obtained for mean cargo velocity , diffusion coefficient and the average force experienced by each motor for arbitrary N, and compared with numerical simulations.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Analytical results are obtained for mean cargo velocity , diffusion coefficient and the average force experienced by each motor for arbitrary N, and compared with numerical simulations. The expansion procedure also allows us to quantify load-sharing features among the cargo-bound motors.
Revised:  Analytical results are obtained for mean cargo velocity , diffusion coefficient and the average force experienced by an individual motor and quantitatively characterize the load-sharing features among the cargo-bound motors.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  In general, we observe significant deviations between analytical predictions based on LFPE and the corresponding numerical results , which suggests a prominent role for higher order corrections .
Revised:  The mean cargo velocity and the effective diffusion coefficient are found to be decreasing functions of the stiffness. While increase in the number of motors N does not increase the velocity substantially, it decreases the effective diffusion coefficient which falls as 1/N asymptotically. We further show that the cargo-bound motors share the force exerted on the cargo equally only in the limit of vanishing elastic stiffness; as stiffness is increased, deviations from equal load sharing are observed. Numerical simulations agree with our analytical results where expected. Interestingly, we find in simulations that the stall force of a cargo elastically coupled to motors is independent of the stiffness .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  The system is represented in the form of a Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM) with nodes representing vulnerability in the corresponding segment . A main problem tackled in this paper is the aggregation of values in different interrelated nodes of the network to obtain an estimation of systemic risk.
Revised:  The system is modeled in the form of a Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM) with nodes representing vulnerability in the corresponding segment . A main problem tackled in this paper is the aggregation of values in different interrelated nodes of the network to obtain an estimation of systemic risk.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The system is represented in the form of a Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM) with nodes representing vulnerability in the corresponding segment . A main problem tackled in this paper is the aggregation of values in different interrelated nodes of the network to obtain an estimation of systemic risk.
Revised:  The system is represented in the form of a Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM) , in which nodes represent vulnerability in segments and links their interconnectedness . A main problem tackled in this paper is the aggregation of values in different interrelated nodes of the network to obtain an estimation of systemic risk.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The system is represented in the form of a Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM) with nodes representing vulnerability in the corresponding segment . A main problem tackled in this paper is the aggregation of values in different interrelated nodes of the network to obtain an estimation of systemic risk.
Revised:  The system is represented in the form of a Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM) with nodes representing vulnerability in the corresponding segment . A main problem tackled in this paper is the aggregation of values in different interrelated nodes of the network to obtain an estimate systemic risk.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  We also introduce the concept of an "implied Sharpe ratio" and derive explicit approximations for this quantity. Like implied volatility, the implied Sharpe ratio can be viewed as a measure of an option's value. The advantage of the implied Sharpe ratio is that, unlike implied volatility, it takes into account an investor's preferences and his alternative investment possibilities. We implement our indifference price , implied volatility and implied Sharpe ratio approximations in two examples.
Revised:  Finally, we implement our indifference price , implied volatility and implied Sharpe ratio approximations in two examples.
Edit intent: coherence
Original: Correct bioriented attachments of microtubules to kinetochores are essential for the faithful segregation of chromosomes during cell division, which is particularly error-prone during meiosis I in mammalian oocytes. Yet, how these errors are rectified remains unclear . To address this , we constructed a simple model of kinetochore-microtubule interaction, which is treated as a Markov process.
Revised: Correct bioriented attachments of microtubules to kinetochores are essential for the faithful segregation of chromosomes during cell division, correct attachments must be established between sister chromosomes and microtubules from opposite spindle poles through kinetochores (chromosome bi-orientation). Incorrect attachments of kinetochore microtubules (kMTs) lead to chromosome mis-segregation and aneuploidy, which is often associated with developmental abnormalities such as Down syndrome and diseases including cancer. The interaction between kinetochores and microtubules is highly dynamic with frequent attachments and detachments. However, it remains unclear how chromosome bi-orientation is achieved with such accuracy in such a dynamic process. Results: To gain new insight into this essential process, we have developed a simple mathematical model of kinetochore-microtubule interaction, which is treated as a Markov process.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  To address this , we constructed a simple model of kinetochore-microtubule interaction, which is treated as a Markov process.The model suggests that the balance between attachment and detachment probabilities of kinetochore microtubules is the crucial determinant of the systems dynamics .
Revised:  To address this , we constructed a simple model of kinetochore-microtubule interactions during cell division in general, i.e. both mitosis and meiosis. Firstly, the model reveals that the balance between attachment and detachment probabilities of kinetochore microtubules is the crucial determinant of the systems dynamics .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  With the right balance, incorrect attachments are resolved spontaneously into correct bioriented conformations . Our work revealed that a probabilistic URLanization, rather than a sophisticated process of error detection and correction , is responsible for the biorientation of kinetochore-microtubule attachments .
Revised:  With the right balance, incorrect attachments are resolved spontaneously into correct bi-oriented conformations while an imbalance leads to persistent errors. In addition, the model explains why errors are more commonly found in the first meiotic division (meiosis I) than in mitosis and how a faulty conformation can evade the spindle assembly checkpoint, which may lead to a chromosome loss. Conclusions: The proposed model, despite its simplicity, helps us understand one of the primary causes of chromosomal instability - aberrant kinetochore-microtubule interactions. The model reveals that chromosome bi-orientation is a probabilistic URLanization, rather than a sophisticated process of error detection and correction , is responsible for the biorientation of kinetochore-microtubule attachments .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Our main finding is that increased interaction between the agents can lower the rate of learning: learning is significantly slower when both players observe each other, than when one only observes the other  .
Revised:  Our main finding is that increased interaction between the agents can lower the rate of learning: learning is significantly slower when both players observe each other, than when one only observes the other . This slowdown is driven by a process in which a consensus on the wrong action causes the agents to discount new contrary evidence .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  We find that , in the long-run, observing discrete actions of others is significantly less informative than observing their private information : only a fraction of the private information is transmitted . We study how this fraction depends on the distribution of private signals. In a largesociety, where everyone's actions are public, this fraction tends to zero, i. e., only a vanishingly small share of the information is aggregated .
Revised:  We find that in the long run, information aggregation fails, and the fraction of private information transmitted goes to zero as the number of agents gets large .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:   We identify groupthink as the cause of this failure of information aggregation : As the number of agents grows, the actions of each individual depend more and more on the past actions of others, thus revealing less private information .
Revised:  With Normal signals, in the long-run, agents learn less from observing the actions of any number of other agents than they learn from seeing three other agents' signals. We identify groupthink as the cause of this failure of information aggregation : As the number of agents grows, the actions of each individual depend more and more on the past actions of others, thus revealing less private information .
Edit intent: meaning-changed