wanyu/IteraTeR_full_sent huggingface dataset:
Original:  The papacy launched the Catholic revival in an attempt to halt the growth of Protestantism and Ottoman expansion. Despite some successes, such as the Battle of Lepanto (1571) and the Siege of Paris (1590), the Anglo-Spanish War and the Long Turkish War questioned the Catholic ambitions. Ultimately, the Papacy lost its status and influence with the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) and many Protestant states experienced a golden age: the Netherlands (having obtained independence from both the Holy Roman Empire and the Spanish Habsburgs) formed the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia; Sweden formed an empire in northern Europe; and England began the colonization of North America. By the Treaty of Westphalia at the end of the Thirty Years' War, the Holy Roman Empire became a more decentralized entity in which constituent states, such as Prussia (which also had lands outside the Empire), were allowed to pursue their own foreign policy independent of that of the Austrian Habsburg Emperor. The Austrian Habsburgs also controlled some states outside of the Holy Roman Empire. It was France who took the status of dominant continental power from the Habsburgs thanks to the Treaty of Westphalia and the Treaty of the Pyrenees.
Revised:  =jim bob ate a apple for lunch and said it tasted relay good,
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  He inherited the territories of the Holy Roman Empire as well as the crowns of Castille and Aragon. In the Indies, recently discovered by Christopher Columbus for Castille and Aragon, he ordered the conquistadores to annex the Aztec Empire and conquer the Incas .
Revised:  He inherited the territories of the 15th century, Spain was formed following the marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. Portugal and Spain, followed by France and England, ushered the Age of Discovery. During the early 16th century, France and the Habsburg clashed during the Italian Wars. In 1519, Charles V of Habsburg, already Duke of Burgundy, King of Spain, and Archduke of Austria, became Holy Roman Emperor and initiated a long rivalry with Francis I of France and the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. He ordered the conquistadores to annex the Aztec Empire and conquer the Incas .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  In the Indies, recently discovered by Christopher Columbus for Castille and Aragon, he ordered the conquistadores to annex the Aztec Empire and conquer the Incas . He made use of the gold and silver coming from the Americas to finance the defence of his German territories in Austria from the Ottoman Empire (Siege of Vienna) and  his Italian territories in the Duchy of Milan from France (Battle of Pavia).
Revised:  In the Indies, recently discovered by Christopher Columbus for Castille and Aragon, he ordered the conquistadores to annex the Aztec Empire and conquer the Incas and made use of the gold and silver coming from the Americas to finance the defence of his German territories in Austria from the Ottoman Empire (Siege of Vienna) and his Italian territories in the Duchy of Milan from France (Battle of Pavia).
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  He made use of the gold and silver coming from the Americas to finance the defence of his German territories in Austria from the Ottoman Empire (Siege of Vienna) and  his Italian territories in the Duchy of Milan from France (Battle of Pavia).
Revised:  He made use of the gold and silver coming from the Americas to finance the defence of his German territories in Austria from the Ottoman Empire (Siege of Vienna) and of his Italian territories in the Duchy of Milan from France (Battle of Pavia).
Edit intent: fluency
Original: Video games Lead time in video games , refers to the amount of time certain special, important actions in high-twitch action games, such as using a health-recovering items, may need to take in order to be completed successfully  .
Revised: Video games Lead time in video games can refer to the amount of time certain special, important actions in high-twitch action games, such as using a health-recovering items, may need to take in order to be completed successfully .
Edit intent: clarity
Original: Video games Lead time in video games , refers to the amount of time certain special, important actions in high-twitch action games, such as using a health-recovering items, may need to take in order to be completed successfully  .
Revised: Video games Lead time in video games , refers to the amount of time certain special, important actions in high-twitch action games, such as using a health-recovering items, may need to take in order to be completed successfully . Lead time can be used to prevent players from abusing helpful abilities or items by making them a little more difficult to use safely, requiring some strategy, risk or caution .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Some theories however, like status characteristics theory, eschew the idea of a master status ( in the sense of a social attribute that has an out-sized effect on one's position across all contexts).
Revised:  However, the concept of a master status is controversial. Status characteristics theory argues members of a task group will listen to whomever they believe will most help them solve a problem. One's external status in society (e.g., race or gender) determines influence in small groups, but so does a person's known ability on the task (e.g., mechanical ability when a car breaks down). This implies that known ability would attenuate the effect of external status, implying a given external status characteristic is not a master status. The program of research finds characteristics assumed to be master statuses ( in the sense of a social attribute that has an out-sized effect on one's position across all contexts).
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Some theories however, like status characteristics theory, eschew the idea of a master status ( in the sense of a social attribute that has an out-sized effect on one's position across all contexts).Broadly, theoretical research finds that status arising from membership in social categories is attenuated by having oppositely valued task ability or group memberships ( e.g., in U. S.society, a black woman with high technical ability).
Revised:  Some theories however, like status characteristics theory, eschew the idea of a master status ( e.g., in U. S.society, a black woman with high technical ability).
Edit intent: coherence
Original: Broadly, theoretical research finds that status arising from membership in social categories is attenuated by having oppositely valued task ability or group memberships ( e.g., in U. S.society, a black woman with high technical ability). For instance, with respect to gender, experimental tests repeatedly found that women are highly deferential only in the presence of men.
Revised: Broadly, theoretical research finds that status arising from membership in social categories is attenuated by having oppositely valued task ability or group memberships ( e.g., mental illness) are, in fact, attenuated by known ability. Moreover, status affects group members' assertiveness only when characteristics differentiate group members (i.e., groups are mixed-race or mixed-gender). With respect to gender, experimental tests repeatedly found that women are highly deferential only in the presence of men.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  As such, research in this program has yet to identify a social characteristic that operates like a robust trans-situational master status .
Revised:  As such, research in this program has yet to identify a social characteristic that operates like a robust cross-situational master status. A medical professional shows students a model of human anatomy. People with higher status, like this instructor, command more attention, are more influential, and their statements are evaluated as more accurate .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:   Finally, status can be useful for communicating clear messages. One series of vignette studies showed that even when research participants learned that a gift recipient did not prefer the highest status option before the participant, the participants still preferred to give gifts that were socially recognized as high-status because it meant their intentions would be understood as considerate .
Revised:  Finally, status helps maintain social inequality. Because status is based on beliefs about social worth and esteem, sociologists argue it can then appear only natural that higher-status people have more material resources and power. Status makes it appear that a person's rank or position in society is due to their relative merit, and therefore deserved. For instance, if a society holds that the homeless are unworthy of respect or dignity, then their poor material conditions are not evaluated as unjust by members of that society, and therefore are not subject to change .
Edit intent: coherence
Original: Notable grip strength athletes Joe Greenstein / Mighty Atom (Oldtime Strongman) Dennis Rogers (Oldtime Strongman / Stan Lee Superhumans / former arm wrestler champion) Magnus Samuelsson (strongman/arm wrestler) Mark Felix (strongman) Mike Burke (strongman) Phil Pfister (strongman) Louis Apollon Uni Thomas Inch (classic strongman) Laine Snook Brian Shaw (strongman) Hermann Görner
Revised: Notable grip strength athletes Joe Greenstein / Mighty Atom (Oldtime Strongman) Dennis Rogers (Oldtime Strongman / Stan Lee Superhumans / former arm wrestler champion) Magnus Samuelsson (strongman/arm wrestler) Mark Felix (strongman) Mike Burke Phil Pfister (strongman) Louis Apollon Uni Thomas Inch (classic strongman) Laine Snook Brian Shaw (strongman) Hermann Görner
Edit intent: fluency
Original: Notable grip strength athletes Joe Greenstein / Mighty Atom (Oldtime Strongman) Dennis Rogers (Oldtime Strongman / Stan Lee Superhumans / former arm wrestler champion) Magnus Samuelsson (strongman/arm wrestler) Mark Felix (strongman) Mike Burke (strongman) Phil Pfister (strongman) Louis Apollon Uni Thomas Inch (classic strongman) Laine Snook Brian Shaw (strongman) Hermann Görner
Revised: Notable grip strength athletes Joe Greenstein / Mighty Atom (Oldtime Strongman) Dennis Rogers (Oldtime Strongman / Stan Lee Superhumans / former arm wrestler champion) Magnus Samuelsson (strongman/arm wrestler) Mark Felix (strongman) Mike Burke (strongman) Phil Pfister (strongman) Louis Apollon Uni Thomas Inch (classic strongman) Laine Snook Brian Shaw Hermann Görner
Edit intent: fluency
Original: The philosophical community has investigated the logical requirements for scientific evidence by examination of the relationship between evidence  and hypotheses, in contrast to scientific approaches that focus on the candidate facts and their context. Deborah G. Mayo, Philosophy of Science, Vol. 67, Supplement. Proceedings of the 1998 Biennial Meetings of the Philosophy of Science Association.
Revised: The philosophical community has investigated the logical requirements for scientific evidence by examination of the relationship between evidence and hypotheses, whereas scientists tended to focus on how data are generated. Mayo's paper was part of the symposium "Evidence, data generation, and scientific practice: toward a reliabilist philosophy of experiment" at the 1998 Biennial Meetings of the Philosophy of Science Association.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Part II: Symposia Papers. (Sep., 2000), pp. S194. Bechtel, as an example of a scientific approach, provides factors (clarity of the data, replication by others, consistency with results arrived at by alternative methods and consistency with plausible theories) useful for determination of whether observations may be considered scientific evidence.William Bechtel, Scientific Evidence: Creating and Evaluating Experimental Instruments and Research Techniques, PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, Vol. 1 (1990) p. 561.
Revised:  See also Achinstein's contribution to the symposium: But according to philosopher Deborah Mayo, by the end of the 20th century philosophers had come to understand that "there are key features of scientific practice that are overlooked or misdescribed by all such logical accounts of evidence, whether hypothetico-deductive, Bayesian, or instantiationist".
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Carnap recommends distinguishing such approaches into three categories: classificatory (whether the evidence confirms the hypothesis), comparative (whether the evidence supports a first hypothesis more than an alternative hypothesis) or quantitative (the degree to which the evidence supports a hypothesis).
Revised:  In the 1950s, Rudolf Carnap recommended distinguishing such approaches into three categories: classificatory (whether the evidence confirms the hypothesis), comparative (whether the evidence supports a first hypothesis more than an alternative hypothesis) or quantitative (the degree to which the evidence supports a hypothesis).
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Rudolf Carnap, Logical Foundations of Probability (1962) p. 462. Achinstein provides a concise presentation by prominent philosophers on  evidence, including Carl Hempel ( Confirmation), Nelson Goodman (of grue fame ), R. B. Braithwaite  , Norwood Russell Hanson , Wesley C. Salmon , Clark Glymour and Rudolf Carnap.
Revised:  A 1983 anthology edited by Peter Achinstein provided a concise presentation by prominent philosophers on evidence, including Carl Hempel ( Confirmation), Nelson Goodman (of grue fame ), R. B. Braithwaite , Norwood Russell Hanson , Wesley C. Salmon , Clark Glymour and Rudolf Carnap.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Achinstein provides a concise presentation by prominent philosophers on  evidence, including Carl Hempel ( Confirmation), Nelson Goodman (of grue fame ), R. B. Braithwaite  , Norwood Russell Hanson , Wesley C. Salmon , Clark Glymour and Rudolf Carnap.
Revised:  Achinstein provides a concise presentation by prominent philosophers on scientific evidence, including Carl Hempel ( Confirmation), Nelson Goodman (of grue fame ), R. B. Braithwaite , Norwood Russell Hanson , Wesley C. Salmon , Clark Glymour and Rudolf Carnap.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Achinstein provides a concise presentation by prominent philosophers on  evidence, including Carl Hempel ( Confirmation), Nelson Goodman (of grue fame ), R. B. Braithwaite  , Norwood Russell Hanson , Wesley C. Salmon , Clark Glymour and Rudolf Carnap.
Revised:  Achinstein provides a concise presentation by prominent philosophers on evidence, including Carl Hempel ( on the logic of confirmation ), R. B. Braithwaite , Norwood Russell Hanson , Wesley C. Salmon , Clark Glymour and Rudolf Carnap.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Achinstein provides a concise presentation by prominent philosophers on  evidence, including Carl Hempel ( Confirmation), Nelson Goodman (of grue fame ), R. B. Braithwaite  , Norwood Russell Hanson , Wesley C. Salmon , Clark Glymour and Rudolf Carnap.
Revised:  Achinstein provides a concise presentation by prominent philosophers on evidence, including Carl Hempel ( Confirmation), Nelson Goodman (of grue fame ), R. B. Braithwaite (on the structure of a scientific system) , Norwood Russell Hanson , Wesley C. Salmon , Clark Glymour and Rudolf Carnap.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Achinstein provides a concise presentation by prominent philosophers on  evidence, including Carl Hempel ( Confirmation), Nelson Goodman (of grue fame ), R. B. Braithwaite  , Norwood Russell Hanson , Wesley C. Salmon , Clark Glymour and Rudolf Carnap.
Revised:  Achinstein provides a concise presentation by prominent philosophers on evidence, including Carl Hempel ( Confirmation), Nelson Goodman (of grue fame ), R. B. Braithwaite , Norwood Russell Hanson (on the logic of discovery), Nelson Goodman (of grue fame, on a theory of projection), Rudolf Carnap (on the concept of confirming evidence), Wesley C. Salmon , Clark Glymour and Rudolf Carnap.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Achinstein provides a concise presentation by prominent philosophers on  evidence, including Carl Hempel ( Confirmation), Nelson Goodman (of grue fame ), R. B. Braithwaite  , Norwood Russell Hanson , Wesley C. Salmon , Clark Glymour and Rudolf Carnap.Peter Achinstein (Ed. ) "The Concept of Evidence" (1983).
Revised:  Achinstein provides a concise presentation by prominent philosophers on evidence, including Carl Hempel ( Confirmation), Nelson Goodman (of grue fame ), R. B. Braithwaite , Norwood Russell Hanson , Wesley C. Salmon (on confirmation and relevance), and Clark Glymour (on relevant evidence). In 1990, William Bechtel provided four factors (clarity of the data, replication by others, consistency with results arrived at by alternative methods, and consistency with plausible theories of mechanisms) useful for determination of whether observations may be considered scientific evidence.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:    Based on the philosophical assumption of the Strong Church-Turing Universe Thesis , a mathematical criterion for evaluation of evidence has been conjectured, with the criterion having a resemblance to the idea of Occam's Razor that the simplest comprehensive description of the evidence is most likely correct.
Revised:  In 2001, Achinstein published his own book on the subject titled The Book of Evidence, in which, among other topics, he distinguished between four concepts of evidence: epistemic-situation evidence (evidence relative to a given epistemic situation), subjective evidence (considered to be evidence by a particular person at a particular time), veridical evidence (a good reason to believe that a hypothesis is true), and potential evidence (a good reason to believe that a hypothesis is highly probable). Achinstein's four concepts are also summarized in: Achinstein defined all his concepts of evidence in terms of potential evidence, since any other kind of evidence must at least be potential evidence, and he argued that scientists mainly seek veridical evidence but they also use the other concepts of evidence, which rely on a distinctive concept of probability, and Achinstein constrasted this concept of probability with previous probabilistic theories of evidence such as Bayesian, Carnapian, and frequentist. Based on the philosophical assumption of the Strong Church-Turing Universe Thesis , a mathematical criterion for evaluation of evidence has been conjectured, with the criterion having a resemblance to the idea of Occam's Razor that the simplest comprehensive description of the evidence is most likely correct.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:    Based on the philosophical assumption of the Strong Church-Turing Universe Thesis , a mathematical criterion for evaluation of evidence has been conjectured, with the criterion having a resemblance to the idea of Occam's Razor that the simplest comprehensive description of the evidence is most likely correct.
Revised:  Simplicity is one common philosophical criterion for scientific theories. Based on the philosophical assumption of the Strong Church-Turing Universe Thesis , a mathematical criterion for evaluation of evidence has been conjectured, with the criterion having a resemblance to the idea of Occam's Razor that the simplest comprehensive description of the evidence is most likely correct.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:    Based on the philosophical assumption of the Strong Church-Turing Universe Thesis , a mathematical criterion for evaluation of evidence has been conjectured, with the criterion having a resemblance to the idea of Occam's Razor that the simplest comprehensive description of the evidence is most likely correct.
Revised:  Based on the philosophical assumption of the strong Church-Turing Universe Thesis , a mathematical criterion for evaluation of evidence has been conjectured, with the criterion having a resemblance to the idea of Occam's Razor that the simplest comprehensive description of the evidence is most likely correct.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:    Based on the philosophical assumption of the Strong Church-Turing Universe Thesis , a mathematical criterion for evaluation of evidence has been conjectured, with the criterion having a resemblance to the idea of Occam's Razor that the simplest comprehensive description of the evidence is most likely correct.
Revised:  Based on the philosophical assumption of the Strong Church-Turing thesis , a mathematical criterion for evaluation of evidence has been conjectured, with the criterion having a resemblance to the idea of Occam's Razor that the simplest comprehensive description of the evidence is most likely correct.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:    Based on the philosophical assumption of the Strong Church-Turing Universe Thesis , a mathematical criterion for evaluation of evidence has been conjectured, with the criterion having a resemblance to the idea of Occam's Razor that the simplest comprehensive description of the evidence is most likely correct.
Revised:  Based on the philosophical assumption of the Strong Church-Turing Universe Thesis , a mathematical criterion for evaluation of evidence has been conjectured, with the criterion having a resemblance to the idea of Occam's razor that the simplest comprehensive description of the evidence is most likely correct.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  It states formally, "The ideal principle states that the prior probability associated with the hypothesis should be given by the algorithmic universal probability, and the sum of the log universal probability of the model plus the log of the probability of the data given the model should be minimized." Paul M. B. Vitányi and Ming Li; "Minimum Description Length Induction, Bayesianism and Kolmogorov Complexity" .
Revised:  It states formally, "The ideal principle states that the prior probability associated with the hypothesis should be given by the algorithmic universal probability, and the sum of the log universal probability of the model plus the log of the probability of the data given the model should be minimized." See also Chapter 5 in: However, some philosophers (including Richard Boyd, Mario Bunge, John D. Norton, and Elliott Sober) have adopted a skeptical or deflationary view of the role of simplicity in science, arguing in various ways that its importance has been overemphasized. See especially Sections 1b and 4c .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  It is important to note that this hypothesis does not take into account all of the activities or scientific objectives of all scientists . When Geiger and Marsden scattered alpha particles through thin gold foil for example , the resulting data enabled their experimental adviser, Ernest Rutherford, to very accurately calculate the mass and size of an atomic nucleus for the first time.
Revised:  For example: And: However, philosophers have noted that testing hypotheses by confronting them with new evidence does not account for all the ways that scientists use evidence. For example, when Geiger and Marsden scattered alpha particles through thin gold foil for example , the resulting data enabled their experimental adviser, Ernest Rutherford, to very accurately calculate the mass and size of an atomic nucleus for the first time.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  When Geiger and Marsden scattered alpha particles through thin gold foil for example , the resulting data enabled their experimental adviser, Ernest Rutherford, to very accurately calculate the mass and size of an atomic nucleus for the first time.
Revised:  When Geiger and Marsden scattered alpha particles through thin gold foil , the resulting data enabled their experimental adviser, Ernest Rutherford, to very accurately calculate the mass and size of an atomic nucleus for the first time.
Edit intent: coherence