wanyu/IteraTeR_full_sent huggingface dataset:
Original: Standard economic theory makes an allowance for the agency problem, but not the compounding of moral hazard in the presence of informational opacity, particularly in what concerns high-impact events in fat tailed domains  . Nor did it look at exposure as a filter that removes bad risk takers from the system so they stop harming others.
Revised: Standard economic theory makes an allowance for the agency problem, but not the compounding of moral hazard in the presence of informational opacity, particularly in what concerns high-impact events in fat tailed domains . Nor did it look at exposure as a filter that removes nefarious risk takers from the system so they stop harming others.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The correlation matrices constructed from the return series of 367 A-share stocks traded on the Shanghai Stock Exchange from January 4, 1999 to December 30, 2011 are calculated over a rolling window with a size of 400 days.
Revised:  The correlation matrices constructed from the return series of 367 A-share stocks traded on the Shanghai Stock Exchange from January 4, 1999 to December 30, 2011 are calculated over a moving window with a size of 400 days.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We find that the stock correlations are significantly increased in the periods of two market crashes in 2001 and 2008,  and the systemic risk is higher in the volatile periods than calm periods.
Revised:  We find that the stock correlations are significantly increased in the periods of two market crashes in 2001 and 2008, during which only five eigenvalues significantly deviate from the random correlation matrix, and the systemic risk is higher in the volatile periods than calm periods.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  By investigating the significant contributors of the large eigenvectors in different rolling windows, we observe a dynamic evolution behavior in business sectors such as IT, electronics, and real estate, which are those industries leading the rise (drop) before (after) the crash .
Revised:  By investigating the significant contributors of the deviating eigenvectors in different rolling windows, we observe a dynamic evolution behavior in business sectors such as IT, electronics, and real estate, which are those industries leading the rise (drop) before (after) the crash .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  By investigating the significant contributors of the large eigenvectors in different rolling windows, we observe a dynamic evolution behavior in business sectors such as IT, electronics, and real estate, which are those industries leading the rise (drop) before (after) the crash .
Revised:  By investigating the significant contributors of the large eigenvectors in different moving windows, we observe a dynamic evolution behavior in business sectors such as IT, electronics, and real estate, which are those industries leading the rise (drop) before (after) the crash .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  By investigating the significant contributors of the large eigenvectors in different rolling windows, we observe a dynamic evolution behavior in business sectors such as IT, electronics, and real estate, which are those industries leading the rise (drop) before (after) the crash .
Revised:  By investigating the significant contributors of the large eigenvectors in different rolling windows, we observe a dynamic evolution behavior in business sectors such as IT, electronics, and real estate, which lead the rise (drop) before (after) the crash .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  By investigating the significant contributors of the large eigenvectors in different rolling windows, we observe a dynamic evolution behavior in business sectors such as IT, electronics, and real estate, which are those industries leading the rise (drop) before (after) the crash .
Revised:  By investigating the significant contributors of the large eigenvectors in different rolling windows, we observe a dynamic evolution behavior in business sectors such as IT, electronics, and real estate, which are those industries leading the rise (drop) before (after) the crashes .
Edit intent: fluency
Original: Based on the negative and positive realized semivariances developed in Barndorff-Nielsen et al. (2010), we modify the volatility spillover index devised in Diebold and Yilmaz (2009). The resulting asymmetric volatility spillover indices are easy to compute and account well for negative and positive parts of volatility. We apply the modified indices on the 30 U.S. stocks with the highest market capitalization over the period 2004-2011 to study intra-market spillovers.
Revised: Asymmetries in volatility spillovers are highly relevant to risk valuation and portfolio diversification strategies in financial markets. Yet, the large literature studying information transmission mechanisms ignores the fact that bad and good volatility may spill over at different magnitudes. This paper fills this gap with two contributions. One, we suggest how to quantify asymmetries in volatility spillovers due to bad and good volatility. Two, using high frequency data covering most liquid U.S. stocks with the highest market capitalization over the period 2004-2011 to study intra-market spillovers.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We apply the modified indices on the 30 U.S. stocks with the highest market capitalization over the period 2004-2011 to study intra-market spillovers.
Revised:  We apply the modified indices on the 30 U.S. stocks in seven sectors, we provide ample evidence of the asymmetric connectedness of stocks. We universally reject the hypothesis of symmetric connectedness at the disaggregate level but in contrast, we document the symmetric transmission of information in an aggregated portfolio. We show that bad and good volatility is transmitted at different magnitudes in different sectors, and the asymmetries sizably change over time. While negative spillovers are often of substantial magnitudes, they do not strictly dominate positive spillovers. We find that the overall intra-market spillovers.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  We apply the modified indices on the 30 U.S. stocks with the highest market capitalization over the period 2004-2011 to study intra-market spillovers. We provide evidence of sizable volatility-spillover asymmetries and a markedly different pattern of spillovers during periods of economic ups and downs .
Revised:  We apply the modified indices on the 30 U.S. stocks with the highest market capitalization over the period 2004-2011 to study intra-market connectedness of U.S. stocks increased substantially with the increased uncertainty of stock market participants during the financial crisis .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  The MIS generally collects summarized data from different departments or subsystems of URLanization and presents in a form that is helpful to the management for taking better decisions for URLanization .
Revised:  The MIS data may be derived from various units of URLanization or from other sources. However it is very difficult to say the exact structure of MIS as the structure and goals of different types URLanizations are different. Hence both the data and structure of MIS is dependent on the type URLanization and often customized to the specific requirement of the management .
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  In this paper we develop a microscopic and stochastic model for a ribosome translating a protein , which explicitly takes into consideration tRNA recharging dynamics, spatial inhomogeneity and stochastic fluctuations in the number of charged tRNAs around the ribosome.
Revised:  In this paper we develop a microscopic and stochastic model which describes a crucial step in protein translation, namely the binding of the tRNA to the ribosome. Our model explicitly takes into consideration tRNA recharging dynamics, spatial inhomogeneity and stochastic fluctuations in the number of charged tRNAs around the ribosome.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  By analyzing this non-equilibrium system we are able to derive the statistical distribution of the intervals between subsequent translation events , and to show that it deviates from an exponential due to the coupling between the fluctuations of charged and uncharged populations of tRNA.
Revised:  By analyzing this non-equilibrium system we are able to derive the statistical distribution of the times needed by the tRNAs to bind to the ribosome , and to show that it deviates from an exponential due to the coupling between the fluctuations of charged and uncharged populations of tRNA.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  This analysis for the first time informs on the nature of the process under which a protein is attached between the substrate and pulling probe .
Revised:  We provide a rule of thumb to define the experiment protocol duration. Finally we provide a methodology to accurately estimate the number of stretched molecules based on the number of observed unfolding events. Using this analysis on experimental data we conclude for the first time that poly-ubiquitin binds at a random position both to the process under which a protein is attached between the substrate and pulling probe .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Here, we review the existing results which establish the weak reflection principle for a large class of time-homogeneous diffusions on a real line and, then, proceed to develop this method for all L\'evy processes with one-sided jumps (subject to some admissibility conditions).
Revised:  Here, we review the existing results which establish the weak reflection principle for a large class of time-homogeneous diffusions on a real line and, then, proceed to extend this method to the Levy processes with one-sided jumps (subject to some admissibility conditions).
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Here, we review the existing results which establish the weak reflection principle for a large class of time-homogeneous diffusions on a real line and , then , proceed to extend this method to the Levy processes with one-sided jumps (subject to some admissibility conditions).
Revised:  Here, we review the existing results which establish the weak reflection principle for a large class of time-homogeneous diffusions on a real line and then proceed to extend this method to the Levy processes with one-sided jumps (subject to some admissibility conditions).
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Here, we review the existing results which establish the weak reflection principle for a large class of time-homogeneous diffusions on a real line and , then , proceed to extend this method to the Levy processes with one-sided jumps (subject to some admissibility conditions).
Revised:  Here, we review the existing results which establish the weak reflection principle for a large class of time-homogeneous diffusions on a real line and , then , proceed to extend this method to the L\'{e processes with one-sided jumps (subject to some admissibility conditions).
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Under the additional uniform ellipticity condition, we make use of the available description of the minimal solutions to such equations, along with some basic facts from the potential theory and convex analysis, to obtain an explicit integral representation of all the positive solutions.
Revised:  Under the additional uniform ellipticity condition, we make use of the available description of all minimal solutions to such equations, along with some basic facts from the potential theory and convex analysis, to obtain an explicit integral representation of all the positive solutions.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Under the additional uniform ellipticity condition, we make use of the available description of the minimal solutions to such equations, along with some basic facts from the potential theory and convex analysis, to obtain an explicit integral representation of all the positive solutions.
Revised:  Under the additional uniform ellipticity condition, we make use of the available description of the minimal solutions to such equations, along with some basic facts from potential theory and convex analysis, to obtain an explicit integral representation of all the positive solutions.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  Under the additional uniform ellipticity condition, we make use of the available description of the minimal solutions to such equations, along with some basic facts from the potential theory and convex analysis, to obtain an explicit integral representation of all the positive solutions.
Revised:  Under the additional uniform ellipticity condition, we make use of the available description of the minimal solutions to such equations, along with some basic facts from the potential theory and convex analysis, to obtain an explicit integral representation of all positive solutions.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  We develop a new approach to dual representations of convex multi-asset risk measures which relies on a characterization of the structure of closedconvex acceptance sets. To avoid degenerate cases we need to ensure the existence of extensions of the underlying pricing functional which belong to the effective domain of the support function of the chosen acceptance set. We provide a characterization of when such extensions exist.
Revised:  We present a simple, alternative approach to the dual representation of convex risk measures by directly applying to the acceptance set the external characterization of closed, convex sets. We prove that risk measures are nondegenerate if and only if the pricing functional admits a positive extension which is a supporting functional for the underlying acceptance set, and provide a characterization of when such extensions exist.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The stacking interactions of the methyl groups are observed to globally inhibit CG:CG step overtwisting while simultaneously softening the modes locally via potential energy modulations that create metastable states  .
Revised:  The stacking interactions of the methyl groups are observed to globally inhibit CG:CG step overtwisting while simultaneously softening the modes locally via potential energy modulations that create metastable states . Additionally, the indirect effects of the methyl groups on possible base-pair steps neighboring CG:CG are observed to be of comparable importance to their direct effects on CG:CG .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original: We introduce a framework to analyze the relative performance of a portfolio with respect to a benchmark market index. We show that this relative performance has three components: a term that can be interpreted as energy coming from the market fluctuations , a relative entropy term that measures "distance " between the portfolio holdings and the market capital distribution, and another entropy term that can be controlled by the trader by choosing a suitable strategy.
Revised: We introduce a framework to analyze the relative performance of a portfolio with respect to a benchmark market portfolio. In this energy-entropy framework, the relative performance is decomposed into three components: a term that can be interpreted as energy coming from the market fluctuations , a relative entropy term that measures "distance " between the portfolio holdings and the market capital distribution, and another entropy term that can be controlled by the trader by choosing a suitable strategy.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  We show that this relative performance has three components: a term that can be interpreted as energy coming from the market fluctuations , a relative entropy term that measures "distance " between the portfolio holdings and the market capital distribution, and another entropy term that can be controlled by the trader by choosing a suitable strategy.
Revised:  We show that this relative performance has three components: a volatility term , a relative entropy term that measures "distance " between the portfolio holdings and the market capital distribution, and another entropy term that can be controlled by the trader by choosing a suitable strategy.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We show that this relative performance has three components: a term that can be interpreted as energy coming from the market fluctuations , a relative entropy term that measures "distance " between the portfolio holdings and the market capital distribution, and another entropy term that can be controlled by the trader by choosing a suitable strategy.
Revised:  We show that this relative performance has three components: a term that can be interpreted as energy coming from the market fluctuations , a relative entropy term measuring the distance between the portfolio holdings and the market capital distribution, and another entropy term that can be controlled by the trader by choosing a suitable strategy.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  We show that this relative performance has three components: a term that can be interpreted as energy coming from the market fluctuations , a relative entropy term that measures "distance " between the portfolio holdings and the market capital distribution, and another entropy term that can be controlled by the trader by choosing a suitable strategy.
Revised:  We show that this relative performance has three components: a term that can be interpreted as energy coming from the market fluctuations , a relative entropy term that measures "distance " between the portfolio weights and the market capital distribution, and another entropy term that can be controlled by the trader by choosing a suitable strategy.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We show that this relative performance has three components: a term that can be interpreted as energy coming from the market fluctuations , a relative entropy term that measures "distance " between the portfolio holdings and the market capital distribution, and another entropy term that can be controlled by the trader by choosing a suitable strategy. The first aids growth in the portfolio value, and the second poses as relative risk of being too far from the market. We give several explicit controls of the third term that allows one to outperform a diverse volatile market in the long run . Named energy-entropy portfolios, these strategies work in both discrete and continuous time, and require essentially no probabilistic or structural assumptions.
Revised:  We show that this relative performance has three components: a term that can be interpreted as energy coming from the market fluctuations , a relative entropy term that measures "distance " between the portfolio holdings and the market capital distribution, and another entropy term that can be controlled by the investor by adopting a suitable rebalancing strategy. This framework leads to a class of portfolio strategies that allows one to outperform a diverse volatile market in the long run . Named energy-entropy portfolios, these strategies work in both discrete and continuous time, and require essentially no probabilistic or structural assumptions.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  We give several explicit controls of the third term that allows one to outperform a diverse volatile market in the long run . Named energy-entropy portfolios, these strategies work in both discrete and continuous time, and require essentially no probabilistic or structural assumptions.
Revised:  We give several explicit controls of the third term that allows one to outperform , in the long run . Named energy-entropy portfolios, these strategies work in both discrete and continuous time, and require essentially no probabilistic or structural assumptions.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  We give several explicit controls of the third term that allows one to outperform a diverse volatile market in the long run . Named energy-entropy portfolios, these strategies work in both discrete and continuous time, and require essentially no probabilistic or structural assumptions. They are well-suited to analyze a hierarchical portfolio of portfolios and attribute relative risk and reward to different levels of the hierarchy. We also consider functionally generated portfolios (introduced by Fernholz) in the case of two assets and the binary tree model and give a novel explanation of their efficacy .
Revised:  We give several explicit controls of the third term that allows one to outperform a diverse volatile market in the long run , a market that is diverse and sufficiently volatile in the sense of stochastic portfolio theory. The framework is illustrated with several empirical examples .
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  In this manuscript, we consider a frequentist framework for estimating the conditional distribution in an SV model in a nonparametric way, thus avoiding any potentially critical assumptions on the shape . More specifically, we suggest to represent the density of the conditional distribution as a linear combination of standardized B-spline basis functions, imposing a penalty term in order to arrive at a good balance between goodness of fit and smoothness. This allows us to employ the efficient hidden Markov model machinery in order to fit the model and to assess its predictive performance. We demonstrate the feasibility of the approach in a simulation study before applying it to three series of returns on stocks and one series of stock index returns. The nonparametric approach leads to an improved predictive capacity in some cases, and we find evidence for the conditional distributions being leptokurtic and negatively skewed .
Revised:  In this manuscript, we consider a frequentist framework for estimating the conditional distribution in an SV model in a nonparametric way, thus avoiding any potentially critical assumptions on the shape .
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  In this manuscript, we discuss a penalized maximum likelihood approach for estimating the conditional distribution in an SV model in a nonparametric way, thus avoiding any potentially critical assumptions on the shape  .
Revised:  In this manuscript, we discuss a penalized maximum likelihood approach for estimating the conditional distribution in an SV model in a nonparametric way, thus avoiding any potentially critical assumptions on the shape . The considered framework exploits the strengths both of the powerful hidden Markov model machinery and of penalized B-splines, and constitutes a powerful and flexible alternative to recently developed Bayesian approaches to semiparametric SV modelling. We demonstrate the feasibility of the approach in a simulation study before outlining its potential in applications to three series of returns on stocks and one series of stock index returns .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  As a diversification tools, we consider the Czech PX and the German DAX broad stock indices, and we find that the diversification benefits strongly vary over the 2008-2013 post-crisis years.
Revised:  As diversification tools, we consider the Czech PX and the German DAX broad stock indices, and we find that the diversification benefits strongly vary over the 2008-2013 post-crisis years.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  As a diversification tools, we consider the Czech PX and the German DAX broad stock indices, and we find that the diversification benefits strongly vary over the 2008-2013 post-crisis years.
Revised:  As a diversification tools, we consider the Czech PX and the German DAX broad stock indices, and we find that the diversification benefits strongly vary over the 2008--2013 crisis years.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  In this paper we considered the efficient hedging for European call option in general Black-Scholes model dX_t=X_t(m(t)dt+\sigma (t)dw(t)) with time-varying drift and volatility coefficients and in fractional Black-Scholes model dX_t=X_t( mdt+\sigma dB _H(t)  ) with constant coefficients.
Revised:  In this paper we considered the efficient hedging for European call option in general Black-Scholes model dX_t=X_t(m(t)dt+\sigma (t)dw(t)) with time-varying drift and volatility coefficients and in fractional Black-Scholes model dX_t=X_t( \sigma B _H(t) ) with constant coefficients.
Edit intent: meaning-changed