wanyu/IteraTeR_full_sent huggingface dataset:
Original:  Meddies are long-lived eddies (mainly anticyclonic) found in the North Atlantic Ocean containing water from the Mediterranean Sea, as they are formed due to the outflow Mediterranean currents.
Revised: Formation and characteristics Meddies are long-lived eddies (mainly anticyclonic) found in the North Atlantic Ocean containing water from the Mediterranean Sea, as they are formed due to the outflow Mediterranean currents.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  These interactions are significant to the maintenance of the Mediterranean Salt Tongue, indeed studies estimate that meddies inject 25 - 50\% of the salt anomaly necessary to sustain the Mediterranean Salt Tongue. 
Revised:  These interactions are significant to the maintenance of the Mediterranean Salt Tongue, indeed studies estimate that meddies inject 25 - 50\% of the salt anomaly necessary to sustain the Mediterranean Salt Tongue. Interaction with bathymetry
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original: :|267x267px The Turner angle Tu, introduced by Ruddick(1983) named after J. Stewart Turner, is a parameter used to define the local stability of an inviscid water column to double-diffusive convection , defined as:  Turner angle is related to the density ratio mathematically by: Characteristic Global distribution of the meridional Turner angle Tu at the sea surface (left penal) and 300m depth (right panel). a: July–September, b: January–March, in Gall-Peters projection.
Revised: :|267x267px The Turner angle Tu, introduced by Ruddick(1983) named after J. Stewart Turner, is a parameter used to describe the local stability of an inviscid water column to double-diffusive convection , defined as: Turner angle is related to the density ratio mathematically by: Characteristic Global distribution of the meridional Turner angle Tu at the sea surface (left penal) and 300m depth (right panel). a: July–September, b: January–March, in Gall-Peters projection.
Edit intent: fluency
Original: :|267x267px The Turner angle Tu, introduced by Ruddick(1983) named after J. Stewart Turner, is a parameter used to define the local stability of an inviscid water column to double-diffusive convection , defined as:  Turner angle is related to the density ratio mathematically by: Characteristic Global distribution of the meridional Turner angle Tu at the sea surface (left penal) and 300m depth (right panel). a: July–September, b: January–March, in Gall-Peters projection.
Revised: :|267x267px The Turner angle Tu, introduced by Ruddick(1983) named after J. Stewart Turner, is a parameter used to define the local stability of an inviscid water column to double-diffusive convection . The temperature and salinity attributes, which generally determine the water density, both respond to the water vertical structure. By putting these two variables in orthogonal coordinates, the angle with the axis can indicate the importance of the two in stability. Turner angle is defined as: Turner angle is related to the density ratio mathematically by: Characteristic Global distribution of the meridional Turner angle Tu at the sea surface (left penal) and 300m depth (right panel). a: July–September, b: January–March, in Gall-Peters projection.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original: :|267x267px The Turner angle Tu, introduced by Ruddick(1983) named after J. Stewart Turner, is a parameter used to define the local stability of an inviscid water column to double-diffusive convection , defined as:  Turner angle is related to the density ratio mathematically by: Characteristic Global distribution of the meridional Turner angle Tu at the sea surface (left penal) and 300m depth (right panel). a: July–September, b: January–March, in Gall-Peters projection.
Revised: :|267x267px The Turner angle Tu, introduced by Ruddick(1983) named after J. Stewart Turner, is a parameter used to define the local stability of an inviscid water column to double-diffusive convection , defined as: Relation to density ratio Turner angle is related to the density ratio mathematically by: Characteristic Global distribution of the meridional Turner angle Tu at the sea surface (left penal) and 300m depth (right panel). a: July–September, b: January–March, in Gall-Peters projection.
Edit intent: clarity
Original: :|267x267px The Turner angle Tu, introduced by Ruddick(1983) named after J. Stewart Turner, is a parameter used to define the local stability of an inviscid water column to double-diffusive convection , defined as:  Turner angle is related to the density ratio mathematically by: Characteristic Global distribution of the meridional Turner angle Tu at the sea surface (left penal) and 300m depth (right panel). a: July–September, b: January–March, in Gall-Peters projection.
Revised: :|267x267px The Turner angle Tu, introduced by Ruddick(1983) named after J. Stewart Turner, is a parameter used to define the local stability of an inviscid water column to double-diffusive convection , defined as: Turner angle is related to the density ratio mathematically by: Characteristics Global distribution of the meridional Turner angle Tu at the sea surface (left penal) and 300m depth (right panel). a: July–September, b: January–March, in Gall-Peters projection.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:    References External links The Gibbs SeaWater (GSW) Oceanographic Toolbox of TEOS-10 gsw_Turner_Rsubrho 
Revised:  For R, please reference this page Home/CRAN/gsw/gsw_Turner_Rsubrho: Turner Angle and Density Ratio. References External links The Gibbs SeaWater (GSW) Oceanographic Toolbox of TEOS-10 gsw_Turner_Rsubrho 
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Original:    References External links The Gibbs SeaWater (GSW) Oceanographic Toolbox of TEOS-10 gsw_Turner_Rsubrho 
Revised:  For MATLAB, please reference this page GSW-Matlab/gsw_Turner_Rsubrho.m. References External links The Gibbs SeaWater (GSW) Oceanographic Toolbox of TEOS-10 gsw_Turner_Rsubrho 
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:    References External links The Gibbs SeaWater (GSW) Oceanographic Toolbox of TEOS-10 gsw_Turner_Rsubrho 
Revised:  References External links The Gibbs SeaWater (GSW) Oceanographic Toolbox of TEOS-10 gsw_Turner_Rsubrho Home/CRAN/gsw/gsw_Turner_Rsubrho: Turner Angle and Density Ratio. GSW-Matlab/gsw_Turner_Rsubrho.m
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:   One characteristic of stability is that the Brunt-Vaisala frequency N2>0, including the situations of doubly stable, thermal diffusion, and salt fingering.
Revised:  As the light water overlays on the dense water, the water column is called stable stratification. The buoyancy force preserves stable stratification. One characteristic of stability is that the Brunt-Vaisala frequency N2>0, including the situations of doubly stable, thermal diffusion, and salt fingering.
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Original:  "Doubly stable" ( temperature and salinity ) is an ideal stablewater column. The temperature decreases with depth (∂θ/∂z>0) and salinity increases with depth (∂S/∂z<0), which means that the water column is stably stratified with respect to both θ and S. "Diffusive" double-diffusion is possible when the heat diffusion is dominant.
Revised:  "Doubly stable" ( temperature and salinity , a "double stable" status, where the temperature decreases with depth (∂θ/∂z>0) and salinity increases with depth (∂S/∂z<0), which means that the water column is stably stratified with respect to both θ and S. "Diffusive" double-diffusion is possible when the heat diffusion is dominant.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The temperature decreases with depth (∂θ/∂z>0) and salinity increases with depth (∂S/∂z<0), which means that the water column is stably stratified with respect to both θ and S. "Diffusive" double-diffusion is possible when the heat diffusion is dominant.
Revised:  The temperature decreases with depth (∂θ/∂z>0) and salinity increases with depth (∂S/∂z<0), is the most ideal stable water column, which means the water column is stably stratified with respect to both θ and S. "Diffusive" double-diffusion is possible when the heat diffusion is dominant.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  The temperature decreases with depth (∂θ/∂z>0) and salinity increases with depth (∂S/∂z<0), which means that the water column is stably stratified with respect to both θ and S. "Diffusive" double-diffusion is possible when the heat diffusion is dominant.
Revised:  The temperature decreases with depth (∂θ/∂z>0) and salinity increases with depth (∂S/∂z<0), which means that the water column is stably stratified with respect to both θ and S. The water column can maintain stability even though one attribute does not agree. In one case of heat diffusion dominant, diffusive double-diffusion is possible when the heat diffusion is dominant.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  The temperature decreases with depth (∂θ/∂z>0) and salinity increases with depth (∂S/∂z<0), which means that the water column is stably stratified with respect to both θ and S. "Diffusive" double-diffusion is possible when the heat diffusion is dominant. As both temperature and salinity decrease with depth (∂θ/∂z<0, ∂S/∂z<0) , the salinity structure is stable while temperature structure is unstable.
Revised:  The temperature decreases with depth (∂θ/∂z>0) and salinity increases with depth (∂S/∂z<0), which means that the water column is stably stratified with respect to both θ and S. "Diffusive" double-diffusion is possible when the salinity structure is stable while the temperature structure is unstable (∂θ/∂z<0, ∂S/∂z<0) , the salinity structure is stable while temperature structure is unstable.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  "Salt-fingering" can be expected when relatively warm, salty water overlies relatively colder, fresher water (∂θ/∂z>0, ∂S/∂z>0)  .
Revised:  . In the other case, salt fingering can be expected when relatively warm, salty water overlies relatively colder, fresher water (∂θ/∂z>0, ∂S/∂z>0) .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  "Salt-fingering" can be expected when relatively warm, salty water overlies relatively colder, fresher water (∂θ/∂z>0, ∂S/∂z>0)  .
Revised:  "Salt-fingering" can be expected when relatively warm, salty water overlies relatively colder, fresher water (∂θ/∂z>0, ∂S/∂z>0) . Both these cases lead to turbulence and mixing on the vertical structure of the water column .
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Original: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit                          
Revised: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit Takshashila The University of ancient Taxila was a renowned ancient institute of higher-learning located in the city of Taxila. According to scattered references that were only fixed a millennium later, it may have dated back to at least the fifth century BC. Some scholars date Takshashila's existence back to the sixth century BC."History of Education", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007. The school consisted of several monasteries without large dormitories or lecture halls where the religious instruction was most likely still provided on an individualistic basis. Ruins of University of Taxila 
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Original: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit                          
Revised: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit Pāṇini, the great 5th century BCE Indian grammarian Pāṇini is said to have been born in Shalatula near Attock, not far from Taxila. This region was then part of Gandāra satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire, but the ethnicity in his name or the way of his life shows that he was of Indian origin. He is likely to have been teaching at Taxila university. Chanakya, the influential Prime Minister of the founder of the Mauryan Empire, Chandragupta Maurya, is also said to have been teaching at Taxila. Kumāralāta, according to the 3rd century Chinese Buddhist monk and traveller Yuan Chwang, Kumāralāta, the founder of Sautrāntika school was also an excellent teacher at Taxila university and attracted pupil from as far as China. Vasubandhu, the founder of Tibetan Buddhism is said to be teaching there. His famous pupil includes Dharmakirti and Dignaga.Lusthaus, Dan; Vasubandhu 
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Original: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit                          
Revised: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit King Pasenadi of Kosala, a close friend of the Buddha Bandhula, the commander of Pasedani's army Aṅgulimāla, a close follower of the Buddha. A Buddhist story about Aṅgulimāla (also called Ahiṃsaka, and later a close follower of Buddha), relates how his parents send him to Taxila to study under a well-known teacher. There he excels in his studies and becomes the teacher's favorite student, enjoying special privileges in his teacher's house. However, the other students grow jealous of Ahiṃsaka's speedy progress and seek to turn his master against him. To that end, they make it seem as though Ahiṃsaka has seduced the master's wife. Jivaka, court doctor at Rajagriha and personal doctor of the Buddha. Charaka, the Indian "father of medicine" and one of the leading authorities in Ayurveda, is also said to have studied at Taxila, and practiced there. Chandragupta Maurya, Buddhist literature states that Chandragupta Maurya, the future founder of the Mauryan Empire, though born near Patna (Bihar) in Magadha, was taken by Chanakya for his training and education to Taxila, and had him educated there in "all the sciences and arts" of the period, including military sciences. There he studied for eight years. The Greek and Hindu texts also state that Kautilya (Chanakya) was a native of the northwest Indian subcontinent, and Chandragupta was his resident student for eight years. These accounts match Plutarch's assertion that Alexander the Great met with the young Chandragupta while campaigning in the Punjab."Sandrocottus, when he was a stripling, saw Alexander himself, and we are told that he often said in later times that Alexander narrowly missed making himself master of the country, since its king was hated and despised on account of his baseness and low birth". Plutarch 62-4 
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Original: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit                          
Revised: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit Nalanda Nalanda University ruins Nalanda (Sanskrit: नालंंदा ISO: , ) was an ancient Mahavihara, a revered Buddhist monastery which also served as a renowned centre of learning, in the ancient kingdom of Magadha (modern-day Bihar) in URL The university of Nalanda obtained significant fame, prestige and relevance during ancient times, and rose to legendary status due to its contribution to the emergence of India as a great power around the fourth URL The site is located about southeast of Patna, and was one of the greatest centres of learning in the world from the fifth century CE to . Today, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 
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Original: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit                          
Revised: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit Valabhi University The Valabhi University was an important centre of Buddhist learning and championed the cause of Hinayana Buddhism between 600 CE and 1200 CE. Valabhi was the capital of the Maitraka empire during the period 480-775 CE. It was an important port for international trade located in Saurashtra, present day it is called Vallabhipur located in Bhavnagar district of Gujarat in western India, identical with the old state of Vala. For some time, the university was considered to be a rival to Nalanda, in Bihar, in the field of education. In September 2017, the Indian central government started to consider a proposal to revive the ancient university's all things even the university .Prashant Ruperal: Ancient Vallabhi University to be revived, The Times of India, September 24, 2017, accessed on September 25, 2017. 
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Original: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit                          
Revised: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit Sharada Peeth It is a ruined Hindu temple and ancient centre of learning located in present-day Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Between the 6th and 12th centuries CE, it was among the most prominent temple universities in the Indian subcontinent. Known in particular for its library, stories recount scholars travelling long distances to access its texts. It played a key role in the development and popularisation of the Sharada script in North India. 
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Original: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit                          
Revised: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit In the 11th century, the Vaishnava saint Swami Ramanuja traveled from Srirangam to Sharada Peeth to refer to the Brahma Sutras, before commencing work on writing his commentary on the Brahma sutras, the Sri Bhasya. 17th-century birch bark manuscript of Pāṇini's grammar treatise from Sharada Peeth The 13th century CE (1277 – 78) text Prabhāvakacarita contains a story of the Śvētāmbara scholar Hemachandra. As Sharada Peeth was the only place with a library known to have all such works available in their complete form, Hemachandra requested King Jayasimha Siddharaja to send a team to retrieve copies of the existing eight Sanskrit grammatical texts preserved there. These supported his own text of Sanskrit grammar, the Siddha-Hema-Śabdanuśāśana. 
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Original: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit                          
Revised: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit Kumarajiva (344 – 413 CE) was born to a Kashmiri father, Kumārāyana, and a Chinese mother from Kucha. He was sent to Kashmir at a young age to gain a grounding in Buddhism, where he studied under a Kashmiri scholar of the Sarvastivada school. Thonmi Sambhota (7th century CE) was sent on a mission to Kashmir to procure an alphabet for the Tibetan language. There, he learned various scripts and grammar treatises from learned pandits, and then devised a script for Tibetan based largely on the Sharada alphabet. Thonmi Sambhota, inventor of Tibetan script Rinchen Zangpo, a principal lotsawa or translator of Sanskrit Buddhist texts into Tibetan, is also said to be studied here.Rizvi (1996), pp. 58-59. Ruins of Sharada Peeth The Kashmiri historian Kalhana Pandit Hindu philosopher Adi Shankara. 
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Original: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit                          
Revised: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit Pushpagiri Vihara Pushpagiri (Odia: ପୁଷ୍ପଗିରି) was an ancient Buddhist mahavihara or monastic complex located atop Langudi Hill (or Hills) in Jajpur district of Odisha, India. Pushpagiri was mentioned in the writings of the Chinese traveller Xuanzang () and some other ancient sources. Until the 1990s, it was hypothesised to be one or all of the Lalitgiri-Ratnagiri-Udayagiri group of monastic sites, also located in Jajpur district. These sites contain ruins of many buildings, stupas of various sizes, sculptures (many now removed to museums), and other artifacts. 
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Original: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit                          
Revised: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit However, archaeological excavations conducted at Langudi Hills during 1996-2006 resulted in the discovery of another site, with inscriptions describing the local monastery as puṣpa sabhar giriya, and identified by the excavators as Pushpagiri. This has now become the general view among scholars. The site has now been made accessible for tourism. 
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Original: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit                          
Revised: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit The visit of Xuanzang indicates that Pushpagiri was an important Buddhist site in ancient India. Along with Nalanda, Vikramashila, Odantapuri, Takshashila and Vallabhi, it is believed to be a major ancient centre of learning. It flourished between 3rd and 11th centuries CE. 
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Original: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit                          
Revised: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit Odantapuri University Odantapuri (also called Odantapura or Uddandapura) was a prominent Buddhist Mahavihara in what is now Bihar, India. It is believed to have been established by Gopala I in the 8th century. It is considered the second oldest of India's Mahaviharas after Nalanda University and was situated in Magadha. 
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Original: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit                          
Revised: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit Vikramashila Vikramashila (Sanskrit: विक्रमशिला Devanagari: विक्रमशिला, IAST: ) was one of the two most important centres of learning in India during the Pala Empire, along with Nalanda. Its location is now the site of Antichak village, Bhagalpur district in Bihar. 
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Original: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit                          
Revised: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit Vikramashila was established by the Pala emperor Dharmapala (783 to 820 AD) in response to a supposed decline in the quality of scholarship at Nalanda. Atiśa, the renowned pandita, is sometimes listed as a notable abbot. It was destroyed by the forces of Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji around 1193. 
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Original: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit                          
Revised: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit Somapura Mahavihara Somapura Mahavihara () in Paharpur, Badalgachhi Upazila, Naogaon District, Bangladesh is among the best known viharas, monasteries, in the Indian Subcontinent and is one of the most important archaeological sites in the country. It is also one of the earliest sites of Bengal, where significant numbers of Hindu statues were found. It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985. It is one of the most famous examples of architecture in pre-Islamic Bangladesh. It dates from a period to the nearby Halud Vihara and to the Sitakot Vihara in Nawabganj Upazila of Dinajpur District. 
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Original: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit                          
Revised: REDIRECT Institutions of learning in Pakistan during antiquit Jagaddala Mahavihara Jagaddala Mahavihara (fl. late 11th century - mid-12th century) was a Buddhist monastery and seat of learning in Varendra, a geographical unit in present north Bengal in Bangladesh.Buddhist Monks And Monasteries Of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture. by Dutt, Sukumar. George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London 1962. pg 377 It was founded by the later kings of the Pāla dynasty, probably Ramapala (c. 1077-1120), most likely at a site near the present village of Jagdal in Dhamoirhat Upazila in the north-west Bangladesh on the border with India, near Paharapur.UNESCO World Heritage website Some texts also spell the name Jaggadala. 
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Original: King Pasenadi of Kosala, a close friend of the Buddha Bandhula, the commander of Pasedani's army Aṅgulimāla, a close follower of the Buddha. A Buddhist story about Aṅgulimāla (also called Ahiṃsaka, and later a close follower of Buddha), relates how his parents send him to Taxila to study under a well-known teacher. There he excels in his studies and becomes the teacher's favorite student, enjoying special privileges in his teacher's house. However, the other students grow jealous of Ahiṃsaka's speedy progress and seek to turn his master against him.
Revised: King Pasenadi of Kosala, a close friend of the Buddha Bandhula, the commander of Pasedani's army 
Edit intent: coherence