wanyu/IteraTeR_full_sent huggingface dataset:
Original:  Probabilistic dual representations are obtained for the bid and ask pricesof such options, together with constructions of hedging strategies , optimal stopping times and approximate martingale representations for both long and short option positions  .
Revised:  Probabilistic dual representations are obtained for the bid and ask pricesof such options, together with constructions of hedging strategies , optimal stopping times and approximate martingale representations for both long and short option positions in this setting, together with probabilistic (martingale) representations for the option prices .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  A price determination mechanism for emission permits is then developed in relation to the \beta%DIFDELCMD < } %%% value in the Boltzmann distribution. Finally, it is demonstrated how emissions permits can be practically allocated among participating countries in empirical results .
Revised:  A price determination mechanism for emission permits is then developed in relation to the \beta%DIFDELCMD < } %%% We then demonstrate through empirical data analysis how emissions permits can be practically allocated among participating countries in empirical results .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  However, it has been shown on one example, the Euro future contract, that the difference between real financial time series and random walks, as small as it is, is detectable using modern statistical multivariate analysis .
Revised:  At first approximation the difference between real price changes and the random walk model is too small to be detected using traditional time series analysis. However, we show in the following that this difference between real financial time series and random walks, as small as it is, is detectable using modern statistical multivariate analysis .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  However, it has been shown on one example, the Euro future contract, that the difference between real financial time series and random walks, as small as it is, is detectable using modern statistical multivariate analysis . This has been achieved using several triggers encoded in a multivariate trading system.
Revised:  However, it has been shown on one example, the Euro future contract, that the difference between real financial time series and random walks, as small as it is, is detectable using modern statistical multivariate analysis , with several triggers encoded in a multivariate trading system.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  This has been achieved using several triggers encoded in a multivariate trading system. Then a non-random content of the financial series can be inferred  .
Revised:  This has been achieved using several triggers encoded in trading systems. This kind of analysis are based on methods widely used in nuclear physics, with large samples of data and advanced statistical inference. Considering the movements of the Euro future contract at high frequency, we show that a part of the non-random content of the financial series can be inferred .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  By mapping the evolutionary process into a statistical ensemble , and minimizing its associated free energy, we find the structural properties which emerge as the selective pressure is increased , and identify a phase transition from a random topology to a "segregated core" structure, where a smaller and more densely connected subset of the nodes is responsible for most of the regulation in the network.
Revised:  By mapping the evolutionary process into a statistical ensemble and minimizing its associated free energy, we find the structural properties which emerge as the selective pressure is increased , and identify a phase transition from a random topology to a "segregated core" structure, where a smaller and more densely connected subset of the nodes is responsible for most of the regulation in the network.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  By mapping the evolutionary process into a statistical ensemble , and minimizing its associated free energy, we find the structural properties which emerge as the selective pressure is increased , and identify a phase transition from a random topology to a "segregated core" structure, where a smaller and more densely connected subset of the nodes is responsible for most of the regulation in the network.
Revised:  By mapping the evolutionary process into a statistical ensemble , and minimizing its associated free energy, we find the structural properties which emerge as the selective pressure is increased and identify a phase transition from a random topology to a "segregated core" structure, where a smaller and more densely connected subset of the nodes is responsible for most of the regulation in the network.
Edit intent: fluency
Original: The homology search process depends on the free energy of double stranded DNA (dsDNA) triplets bound to pre-synaptic filaments . It has been assumed that the total free energy is a linear function of the number of bound dsDNA triplets .
Revised: The homology search process depends on the free energy of double stranded DNA (dsDNA) in DNA/RecA filaments is highly extended, but the functional role of the extension has been unclear .
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Original:  We present an analytical model using a simplified version of the known structure of dsDNA bound to ssDNA/RecA filaments. This model predicts that the mechanical energy stored in dsDNA bound to RecA increases non-linearly with the number of contiguous bound dsDNA triplets. We suggest that the free energy increase for the homology searching state is much more rapid than the increase for the post-strand exchange state and propose that this difference may play a vital role in the homology search/strand exchange process .
Revised:  We present an analytical model for the dsDNA tension. The model suggests that the binding of additional dsDNA base pairs to the DNA/RecA filament alters the tension in the dsDNA that was already bound to the filament. Such coupled tension changes may explain several previously unexplained experimental results .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The model suggests that the binding of additional dsDNA base pairs to the DNA/RecA filament alters the tension in the dsDNA that was already bound to the filament . Such coupled tension changes may explain several previously unexplained experimental results.
Revised:  The model suggests that the binding of additional dsDNA base pairs to the DNA/RecA filament alters the tension in the dsDNA that was already bound to the filament , resulting in a non-linear increase in the mechanical energy as a function of the number of bound base pairs. This collective mechanical response may promote homology stringency and underlie unexplained experimental results.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  In this work, we consider the question of whether the minimal (in a precise sense)  networks, which we propose to call `atoms of multistationarity,' characterize the entire set of multistationary networks.
Revised:  In this work, we consider the question of whether the minimal (in a precise sense) multistationary chemical reaction networks, which we propose to call `atoms of multistationarity,' characterize the entire set of multistationary networks.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  We show that if a subnetwork admits multiple nondegenerate positive steady states, then these steady states can be extended to establish multistationarity of a larger network, provided that the two networks share the same stoichiometric subspace.
Revised:  Our main result states that the answer to this question is `yes' in the context of fully open continuous-flow stirred-tank reactors (CFSTRs), which are networks in which all chemical species take part in the inflow and outflow. In order to prove this result, we show that if a subnetwork admits multiple nondegenerate positive steady states, then these steady states can be extended to establish multistationarity of a larger network, provided that the two networks share the same stoichiometric subspace.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  We show that if a subnetwork admits multiple nondegenerate positive steady states, then these steady states can be extended to establish multistationarity of a larger network, provided that the two networks share the same stoichiometric subspace.
Revised:  We show that if a subnetwork admits multiple steady states, then these steady states can be extended to establish multistationarity of a larger network, provided that the two networks share the same stoichiometric subspace.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  We show that if a subnetwork admits multiple nondegenerate positive steady states, then these steady states can be extended to establish multistationarity of a larger network, provided that the two networks share the same stoichiometric subspace.
Revised:  We show that if a subnetwork admits multiple nondegenerate positive steady states, then these steady states can be lifted to a larger network, provided that the two networks share the same stoichiometric subspace.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Our result provides the mathematical foundation for a technique used by Siegal-Gaskins et al. of establishing bistability by way of `network ancestry.'
Revised:  We also prove an analogous result when a smaller network is obtained from a larger network by `removing species.' Our results provide the mathematical foundation for a technique used by Siegal-Gaskins et al. of establishing bistability by way of `network ancestry.'
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Here, our main application is for enumerating small multistationary continuous-flow stirred-tank reactors (CFSTRs), which are networks in which all chemical species take part in the inflow and outflow. Recent work of the first author presented a simple characterization of the one-reaction CFSTRs that admit multiple positive steady states. Here we consider the two-reaction CFSTRs. We enumerate all 386 bimolecular and reversible such networks.
Revised:  Additionally, our work provides sufficient conditions for establishing multistationarity by way of atoms and moreover reduces the problem of classifying multistationary CFSTRs to that of cataloging atoms of multistationarity. As an application, we enumerate and classify all 386 bimolecular and reversible such networks.
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Original:  Moreover, each admits a unique minimal multistationary subnetwork, and these subnetworks form a poset (with respect to the relation of `removing species') which has 11 minimal elements  .
Revised:  Moreover, each admits a unique minimal multistationary subnetwork, and these subnetworks form a poset (with respect to the relation of `removing species') which has 11 minimal elements (the atoms of multistationarity) .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  The method relies on a dual-control-volume grand-canonical molecular dynamics (DCV-GCMD) simulation and the analytical solution for the electrostatic potential inside a cylindrical nano-pore recently obtained by Levin [ 1 ].
Revised:  The method relies on a dual-control- volume grand-canonical molecular dynamics (DCV-GCMD) simulation and the analytical solution for the electrostatic potential inside a cylindrical nano-pore recently obtained by Levin [ 1 ].
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  The method relies on a dual-control-volume grand-canonical molecular dynamics (DCV-GCMD) simulation and the analytical solution for the electrostatic potential inside a cylindrical nano-pore recently obtained by Levin [ 1 ].
Revised:  The method relies on a dual-control-volume grand-canonical molecular dynamics (DCV-GCMD) simulation and the analytical solution for the electrostatic potential inside a cylindrical nano-pore recently obtained by Levin [ Europhys. Lett., 76, 163 (2006) ].
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Original:  1%DIFDELCMD < ] %%% Y. Levin. Europhys. Letters, 76, 163 (2006) .
Revised:  1%DIFDELCMD < ] %%% We show that our results are comparable to the characteristics associated to the gramicidin A pore, specially the existence of two binding sites inside the pore and the observed saturation in the current-concentration profiles .
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Original:  Extending an approach developped by Fukasawa  (2011)  for continuous processes, we propose a framework enabling  to (asymptotically) optimize the discretization times.
Revised:  Extending an approach developped by Fukasawa In Stochastic Analysis with Financial Applications (2011) for continuous processes, we propose a framework enabling to (asymptotically) optimize the discretization times.
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Original:  Extending an approach developped by Fukasawa  (2011)  for continuous processes, we propose a framework enabling  to (asymptotically) optimize the discretization times.
Revised:  Extending an approach developped by Fukasawa (2011) 331-346 Birkh\"{a for continuous processes, we propose a framework enabling to (asymptotically) optimize the discretization times.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  It is based on the idea that the purchase process consists of first purchase and repurchase. First purchase is determined by the market penetration process (diffusion process), while repurchase is the sum of replacement and multiple purchase. The key property of durables goods is to have a mean lifetime in the order of several years. Therefore replacement purchase creates periodic variations of the unit sales (Juglar cycles) having its origin in the initial diffusion process. The theory suggests that there exists two diffusion processes. The first can be described by Bass diffusion and is related to the information spreading process within the social network of potential consumers. The other diffusion process comes into play, when the price of the durable is such, that only those consumers with a sufficient personal income can afford the good .
Revised:  It is based on the idea that the purchase process consists of first purchase and a logistic model for repurchase the entire product lifecycle of a durable can be established. For the case of a fast growing supply the model suggests that the mean price of the durable is such, that only those consumers with a sufficient personal income can afford the good .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The other diffusion process comes into play, when the price of the durable is such, that only those consumers with a sufficient personal income can afford the good . We have to distinguish between a monopoly market and a polypoly/oligopoly market. In the first case periodic variations of the total sales occur caused by the initial Bass diffusion, even when the price is constant. In the latter case the mutual competition between the brands leads with time to a decrease of the mean price. Based on an evolutionary approach , it can be shown that the mean price decreases exponentially and the corresponding diffusion process is governed by Gompertz equation (Gompertz diffusion). Most remarkable is that Gibrat's rule of proportionate growth is a direct consequence of the competition between the brands .
Revised:  The other diffusion process comes into play, when the price of the good decreases according to a logistic law. Both, the established unit sales and price evolution are in agreement with the empirical data studied in this paper. The presented approach discusses further the interference of the diffusion process with the supply dynamics .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  The model allows a derivation of the lognormal size distribution of product sales and the logistic replacement of durables in competition. A comparison with empirical data suggests that the theory describes the main trend of the product life cycle superimposed by short term events like the introduction of new models .
Revised:  The model predicts the occurrence of lost sales in the initial stages of the lifecycle due to supply constraints. They are the origin for a retarded market penetration. The theory suggests that the theory describes the main trend of the product life cycle superimposed by short term events like the introduction of new models .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  A comparison with empirical data suggests that the theory describes the main trend of the product life cycle superimposed by short term events like the introduction of new models .
Revised:  A comparison with empirical data suggests that the imitation rate B indicating social contagion in the Bass model has its maximum magnitude for the case of a large amount of available units at introduction and a fast output increase. The empirical data of the investigated samples are in qualitative agreement with this prediction .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  To this purpose we adopt the Boltzmann-Gibbs distribution where the role of the Hamiltonian , as recently suggested in the literature, is taken by the total money supply (i.e. including money created from debt) of a set of economic agents interacting over the credit market .
Revised:  To this purpose we adopt the Boltzmann-Gibbs distribution where the role of the Hamiltonian is taken by the total money supply (i.e. including money created from debt) of a set of economic agents interacting over the credit market .
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  To this purpose we adopt the Boltzmann-Gibbs distribution where the role of the Hamiltonian , as recently suggested in the literature, is taken by the total money supply (i.e. including money created from debt) of a set of economic agents interacting over the credit market .
Revised:  To this purpose we adopt the Boltzmann-Gibbs distribution where the role of the Hamiltonian , as recently suggested in the literature, is taken by the total money supply (i.e. including money created from debt) of a set of interacting economic agents .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:   Furthermore, with our formalism we recover and extend some results concerning the temperature of an economic system, previously presented in the literature by considering only the monetary base as conserved quantity.
Revised:  In particular, we define for the credit market model a work term which is related to the impact of monetary policy on credit creation. Furthermore, with our formalism we recover and extend some results concerning the temperature of an economic system, previously presented in the literature by considering only the monetary base as conserved quantity.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:   By using the fluctuation identities for the spectrally negative Levy process, we obtain a candidate bankruptcy level as well as a sufficient condition for optimality.
Revised:  These effects have been empirically shown, among others, in Warner (1976), Ang et al. (1982), and Graham and Smith (1999). By using the fluctuation identities for the spectrally negative Levy process, we obtain a candidate bankruptcy level as well as a sufficient condition for optimality.
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Original:  The optimality holds in particular when, monotonically in the asset value, the coupon rate is decreasing, the value of tax benefits is increasing, the loss amount at bankruptcy is increasing, and its proportion relative to the asset value is decreasing.
Revised:  The optimality holds in particular when, monotonically in the asset value, the value of tax benefits is increasing, the loss amount at bankruptcy is increasing, and its proportion relative to the asset value is decreasing.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The solution admits a semi-explicit form, and this allows for instant computation of the optimal bankruptcy levels, equity/debt  values and optimal leverage ratios  .
Revised:  The solution admits a semi-explicit form, and this allows for instant computation of the optimal bankruptcy levels, equity/debt values and optimal leverage ratios . A series of numerical studies are given to analyze the impacts of scale effects on the default strategy and the optimal capital structure .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Instead of taking into account three sites and beyond, we propose a novel excitable-wave mean-field approximation . Such approach is also a single-site approximation, but it manages to keep track of the excitable-wave direction of propagation. It shows good agreement with simulations  and accounts for finite-size effects.
Revised:  Instead of taking into account three sites and beyond, we propose a novel excitable-wave mean-field approximation which shows good agreement with simulations and accounts for finite-size effects.
Edit intent: coherence
Original: This article makes use of the apparent indifference that the market has been devoting to the developments made on the fundamentals of quantitative finance, to introduce novel insight for better understanding market evolution.
Revised: We consider the evolution of scale-free networks according to preferential attachment schemes and show the conditions for which the exponent characterizing the degree distribution is bounded by upper and lower values. Our framework is an agent model, presented in the context of economic networks of trades, which shows the emergence of critical behavior. Starting from a brief discussion about the main features of the evolving network of trades, we show that the apparent indifference that the market has been devoting to the developments made on the fundamentals of quantitative finance, to introduce novel insight for better understanding market evolution.
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Original: This article makes use of the apparent indifference that the market has been devoting to the developments made on the fundamentals of quantitative finance, to introduce novel insight for better understanding market evolution. We show how these drops and crises emerge as a natural result of local economical principles ruling tradesbetween economical agents and present evidence that heavy-tails of the return distributions are bounded by constraints associated with the topology of agent relations .
Revised: This article makes use of the logarithmic return distributions have bounded heavy-tails of the return distributions are bounded by constraints associated with the topology of agent relations .
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Original:  We show how these drops and crises emerge as a natural result of local economical principles ruling tradesbetween economical agents and present evidence that heavy-tails of the return distributions are bounded by constraints associated with the topology of agent relations .
Revised:  We show how these drops and crises emerge as a natural result of local economical principles ruling tradesbetween economical agents and present evidence that heavy-tails , and the corresponding bounding exponent values can be derived .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Using duality theory, we prove wealth-independent existence and uniqueness of the optimal wealth in general (incomplete) semimartingale markets as long as the unique optimizer of the dual problem has no atom with respect to the Lebesgue measure .
Revised:  Using duality theory, we prove wealth-independent existence and uniqueness of the optimal wealth in general (incomplete) semimartingale markets as long as the unique optimizer of the dual problem has a continuous law .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Using duality theory, we prove wealth-independent existence and uniqueness of the optimal wealth in general (incomplete) semimartingale markets as long as the unique optimizer of the dual problem has a continuous law.
Revised:  Using duality theory, we prove wealth-independent existence and uniqueness of the optimal portfolio in general (incomplete) semimartingale markets as long as the unique optimizer of the dual problem has a continuous law.
Edit intent: clarity