wanyu/IteraTeR_full_sent huggingface dataset:
Original: </ref> The military funding of science has had a powerful transformative effect on the practice and products of scientific research since the 17th century. A primary motivation for the funding of academies of science was to organize scientific research to improve military effectiveness. Numerous astronomical observatories, starting in Portugal in the 15th century, also received government support to improve naval power. The early military academies in France, Piedmont-Savoy, and Great Britain also provided important sources of patronage to scientific researchers. The fundamental research of Stevin, Galileo, Descartes, Halley, Huygens, Robins, Euler, Coulomb, Lagrange, Lavoisier, and Laplace heavily depended on the military patronage they received. Such research, in turn, directly enhanced the military power of Western armed forces, especially in military engineering, artillery, and naval technology. This is evidenced by the central role that Western scientific education played when states outside of Western Europe sought to adopt Western military capability, beginning with Russia under Peter the Great, and continuing with the United States, the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, China and Japan. Since World War I, however, advanced science-based technologies has been popularly viewed as representing an essential component of a successful military system .
Revised: </ref> The military funding of science has had a powerful transformative effect on the practice and products of scientific research since the early 20th century. Particularly since World War I, however, advanced science-based technologies has been popularly viewed as representing an essential component of a successful military system .
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Original:  Science and military technology before the modern era Replica catapult at Château des Baux, France Military support for scientific work was significant long before the 20th century, especially in such fields as ballistics, astronomy, chemistry, cartography, strength of materials, soil mechanics, naval architecture, and hydraulics.
Revised:  Science and military technology before the modern era Replica catapult at Château des Baux, France While there were numerous instances of military support for scientific work was significant long before the 20th century, especially in such fields as ballistics, astronomy, chemistry, cartography, strength of materials, soil mechanics, naval architecture, and hydraulics.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Science and military technology before the modern era Replica catapult at Château des Baux, France Military support for scientific work was significant long before the 20th century, especially in such fields as ballistics, astronomy, chemistry, cartography, strength of materials, soil mechanics, naval architecture, and hydraulics.
Revised:  Science and military technology before the modern era Replica catapult at Château des Baux, France Military support for scientific work before the 20th century, especially in such fields as ballistics, astronomy, chemistry, cartography, strength of materials, soil mechanics, naval architecture, and hydraulics.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Science and military technology before the modern era Replica catapult at Château des Baux, France Military support for scientific work was significant long before the 20th century, especially in such fields as ballistics, astronomy, chemistry, cartography, strength of materials, soil mechanics, naval architecture, and hydraulics. Some maintain that knowledge gained from technology was generally far more important for the development of science than scientific knowledge was to technological innovation.
Revised:  Science and military technology before the modern era Replica catapult at Château des Baux, France Military support for scientific work was significant long before the 20th century, these were typically isolated instances; knowledge gained from technology was generally far more important for the development of science than scientific knowledge was to technological innovation.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  And Galileo promoted the Copernician hypothesis of a sun-centered universe in part because it was more convenient for his theory of tides he developed for the Venetian navy. More significantly, his technique of determining longitude by measuring the moons of Jupiter was directly applied by Cassini in cartography, which had significant military implications. Likewise, Galileo's theory of ballistics without air resistance became the standard theory of mortar gunnery in the late 17th century. Nevertheless, craft-based innovation, disconnected from the formal systems of science, was the key to the major developments of small-arms technology well into the 19th century.
Revised:  In general, craft-based innovation, disconnected from the formal systems of science, was the key to the major developments of small-arms technology well into the 19th century.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  The same cannot be said for artillery, however. The Liechtenstein and Gribeauval artillery reforms of 18th-century Habsburg Empire and France were directly inspired by the science of interior and exterior ballistics. Benjamin Robins himself helped motivate the invention of the short-range naval gun, the carronade. And the standard gunnery tables used by French forces in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars were derived by Jean-Louis Lombard, based on Euler's approximate analysis of ballistic trajectory subject to air resistance. Such scientifically advanced gunnery technology helps explain the high-level education in calculus-based mechanics that artillery officers were receiving by the late 18th-century at military academies throughout Western Europe and Russia.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Following the rise of engineering as a profession in the 16th century, governments and military leaders did try to harness the methods of both science and engineering for more specific ends, but frequently without success--not unlike many ambitious weapons acquisition programs in the twentieth century .
Revised:  Following the rise of engineering as a profession in the 18th century, governments and military leaders did try to harness the methods of both science and engineering for more specific ends, but frequently without success--not unlike many ambitious weapons acquisition programs in the twentieth century .
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Following the rise of engineering as a profession in the 16th century, governments and military leaders did try to harness the methods of both science and engineering for more specific ends, but frequently without success--not unlike many ambitious weapons acquisition programs in the twentieth century .
Revised:  Following the rise of engineering as a profession in the 16th century, governments and military leaders did try to harness the methods of both science and engineering for more specific ends, but frequently without success .
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  In the decades leading up to the French Revolution, French artillery officers received an education very similar to modern mechanical engineers, and military leaders from this scientific tradition attempted to transform the process of weapons manufacture from a craft-based enterprise to an organized and standardized system based on engineering principles and interchangeable parts (pre-dating the work of Eli Whitney in the U.S.)
Revised:  In the decades leading up to the French Revolution, French artillery officers were often trained as engineers, and military leaders from this scientific tradition attempted to transform the process of weapons manufacture from a craft-based enterprise to an organized and standardized system based on engineering principles and interchangeable parts (pre-dating the work of Eli Whitney in the U.S.)
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  In the decades leading up to the French Revolution, French artillery officers received an education very similar to modern mechanical engineers, and military leaders from this scientific tradition attempted to transform the process of weapons manufacture from a craft-based enterprise to an organized and standardized system based on engineering principles and interchangeable parts (pre-dating the work of Eli Whitney in the U.S.)
Revised:  In the decades leading up to the French Revolution, French artillery officers received an education very similar to modern mechanical engineers, and military leaders from this mathematical tradition attempted to transform the process of weapons manufacture from a craft-based enterprise to an organized and standardized system based on engineering principles and interchangeable parts (pre-dating the work of Eli Whitney in the U.S.)
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original: . During the Revolution, even natural scientists like Claude Louis Betholleth participated directly, attempting to create “weapons more powerful than any we possess” to aid the cause of the new French Republic, though there were no means for the revolutionary army to fund such work.
Revised: . During the Revolution, even natural scientists participated directly, attempting to create “weapons more powerful than any we possess” to aid the cause of the new French Republic, though there were no means for the revolutionary army to fund such work.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  The British Board of Longitude also rewarded significant cash awards to the mathematicians Tobias Meyer and Leonhard Euler for their work on determining longitude at sea by developing lunar tables. Likewise , the naval utility of astronomy did help increase the number of capable astronomers and focus research on developing more powerful and versatile instruments.
Revised:  However , the naval utility of astronomy did help increase the number of capable astronomers and focus research on developing more powerful and versatile instruments.
Edit intent: coherence
Original: Akbuzat (, from Ak is " white " + Turkic буҙат " Curly Horse ") is the most famous kubair (epic poem) of the Bashkirs.
Revised: Akbuzat (, from аҡбуҙ " white " + Turkic буҙат " Curly Horse ") is the most famous kubair (epic poem) of the Bashkirs.
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Original: Akbuzat (, from Ak is " white " + Turkic буҙат " Curly Horse ") is the most famous kubair (epic poem) of the Bashkirs.
Revised: Akbuzat (, from Ak is " blue-grey " + Turkic буҙат " Curly Horse ") is the most famous kubair (epic poem) of the Bashkirs.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original: upright=1.8| Subarctic climate worldwide The subarctic climate  (also called subpolar climate, or boreal climate) is a climate characterised by long, usually very cold winters, and short, cool summers.
Revised: upright=1.8| Sub-Arctic climate worldwide (also called subpolar climate, or boreal climate) is a climate characterised by long, usually very cold winters, and short, cool summers.
Edit intent: clarity
Original: upright=1.8| Subarctic climate worldwide The subarctic climate  (also called subpolar climate, or boreal climate) is a climate characterised by long, usually very cold winters, and short, cool summers.
Revised: upright=1.8| Subarctic climate worldwide The subarctic climate The sub-Arctic climateEditorial guidelines – sub-Arctic (also called subpolar climate, or boreal climate) is a climate characterised by long, usually very cold winters, and short, cool summers.
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Original:  the driest month in the high-sun half of the year (April to September in the Northern Hemisphere, October to March in the Southern Hemisphere) has less than / of rainfall and has exactly or less than the precipitation of the wettest month in the low-sun half of the year (October to March in the Northern Hemisphere, April to September in the Southern Hemisphere) , w: A dry winter —
Revised:  the driest month in the high-sun half of the year (April to September in the Northern Hemisphere, October to March in the Southern Hemisphere) has less than / of rainfall and has exactly or less than the precipitation of the wettest month in the low-sun half of the year (October to March in the Northern Hemisphere, April to September in the Southern Hemisphere) . w: A dry winter —
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  the driest month in the low-sun half of the year has exactly or less than one‑tenth of the precipitation found in the wettest month in the summer half of the year , f: Without dry season — does not meet either of the alternative specifications.
Revised:  the driest month in the low-sun half of the year has exactly or less than one‑tenth of the precipitation found in the wettest month in the summer half of the year . f: Without dry season — does not meet either of the alternative specifications.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  The third letter denotes temperature: c: Regular subarctic , only 1–3 months above , coldest month below . d: Extreme subarctic , only 1–3 months above , coldest month at or below . Precipitation Most subarctic climates have little precipitation, typically no more than over an entire year.
Revised:  The third letter denotes temperature: c: Regular sub-Arctic , only 1–3 months above , coldest month below . d: Extreme subarctic , only 1–3 months above , coldest month at or below . Precipitation Most subarctic climates have little precipitation, typically no more than over an entire year.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  The third letter denotes temperature: c: Regular subarctic , only 1–3 months above , coldest month below . d: Extreme subarctic , only 1–3 months above , coldest month at or below . Precipitation Most subarctic climates have little precipitation, typically no more than over an entire year.
Revised:  The third letter denotes temperature: c: Regular subarctic , only 1–3 months above , coldest month below . d: Extreme sub-Arctic , only 1–3 months above , coldest month at or below . Precipitation Most subarctic climates have little precipitation, typically no more than over an entire year.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  The third letter denotes temperature: c: Regular subarctic , only 1–3 months above , coldest month below . d: Extreme subarctic , only 1–3 months above , coldest month at or below . Precipitation Most subarctic climates have little precipitation, typically no more than over an entire year.
Revised:  The third letter denotes temperature: c: Regular subarctic , only 1–3 months above , coldest month below . d: Extreme subarctic , only 1–3 months above , coldest month at or below . Precipitation Most sub-Arctic climates have little precipitation, typically no more than over an entire year.
Edit intent: fluency
Original:  between Mountain summits in Scotland, most notably in the Cairngorms and the Nevis Range Dsc and Dsd distribution Climates classified as Dsc or Dsd, with a dry summer, are rare, occurring in very small areas at high altitudes around the Mediterranean Basin, Iran, Kyrgyzstan,  Tajikistan, Turkey, Alaska and other parts of the northwestern United States (Eastern Washington, Eastern Oregon, Southern Idaho, California's Eastern Sierra)
Revised:  between Mountain summits in Scotland, most notably in the Cairngorms and the Nevis Range Dsc and Dsd distribution Climates classified as Dsc or Dsd, with a dry summer, are rare, occurring in very small areas at high altitudes around the Mediterranean Basin, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Tajikistan, Turkey, Alaska and other parts of the northwestern United States (Eastern Washington, Eastern Oregon, Southern Idaho, California's Eastern Sierra)
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  This creates Dfd , Dwd and Dsd climates.
Revised:  This creates Dfd and Dwd climates, where the letter d indicates extremely cold winters. Summers can be quite hot, such as in Yakutsk which averages in July, which is warmer than temperate coastal cities like Copenhagen and Seattle. However, Yakutsk also averages an ice cold in January.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:   It is nonetheless important that most women are aware of pervasive cultural view that women are more vulnerable than men, which may make them think they are more likely to be victimized and therefore contribute to their fear;
Revised:  Social factors It is nonetheless important that most women are aware of pervasive cultural view that women are more vulnerable than men, which may make them think they are more likely to be victimized and therefore contribute to their fear;
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Feminist Theory Feminist discourse on fear of crime tends to explain women's higher levels of fear with the unequal gender structure in most societies, which places women beneath men within the power structure and thus puts them especially at risk for victimization by men.
Revised:  Feminist theories Feminist discourse on fear of crime tends to explain women's higher levels of fear with the unequal gender structure in most societies, which places women beneath men within the power structure and thus puts them especially at risk for victimization by men.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  One study has shown that women may have higher levels of fear of crime, not because they are scared of being victimized themselves, but fear of their children being victimized. Women are more likely than men to see their relationships with others as an interdependent relationship. This interdependent relationship makes women more scared of crimes being committed against their loved ones than themselves. This distinction of relationships cause women's fear of crime to be higher than men's fear of crime, because men do not see their relationships as interdependent. This study argues that women's fear of crime is caused by traditional societal gender roles.
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Rape and fear of crime As rape is by far the most gendered crime by victimization, some feminist scholars have suggested that fear of rape is the most important and most unique element of women's fear of crime, or even that women's fear of crime is in fact a generalized fear of rape.
Revised:  Rape fear As rape is by far the most gendered crime by victimization, some feminist scholars have suggested that fear of rape is the most important and most unique element of women's fear of crime, or even that women's fear of crime is in fact a generalized fear of rape.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:   One study has shown that a man's typical response to a burglary was anger, while a woman's typical response was fear that was typical of a woman that had been sexually assaulted.
Revised:  Sexual harassment and gendered fears One study has shown that a man's typical response to a burglary was anger, while a woman's typical response was fear that was typical of a woman that had been sexually assaulted.
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Original:  Solutions to women's fear of crime In general, proposed solutions to women's fear of crime either place the responsibility on individual women (through preventive strategies) or on official agencies (through infrastructure improvements, anti-rape education, more involved policing, etc.), and are often framed as a combination of both.
Revised:  Proposals In general, proposed solutions to women's fear of crime either place the responsibility on individual women (through preventive strategies) or on official agencies (through infrastructure improvements, anti-rape education, more involved policing, etc.), and are often framed as a combination of both.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:   One of the most common individual strategies for dealing with fear of crime and preventing victimization is simple avoidance, the attempt to stay away from areas (such as dark alleys or public transportation) where it is believed victimization is likely to occur;
Revised:  Avoidance One of the most common individual strategies for dealing with fear of crime and preventing victimization is simple avoidance, the attempt to stay away from areas (such as dark alleys or public transportation) where it is believed victimization is likely to occur;
Edit intent: coherence
Original:  Women may also employ other isolation strategies by avoiding social interaction with strangers, ignoring them or moving quickly and with purpose to discourage interaction  Another common method of allaying fear of crime among women is by "crime-proofing" homes or possessions.
Revised:  Women may also employ other isolation strategies by avoiding social interaction with strangers, ignoring them or moving quickly and with purpose to discourage interaction Defenses Another common method of allaying fear of crime among women is by "crime-proofing" homes or possessions.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  Feminist  commentators usually take the view that the responsibility for reducing women's fear of crime lies with the society, and that fear must be combatted at its source by addressing men's violence against women.
Revised:  Feminist commentary Feminist commentators usually take the view that the responsibility for reducing women's fear of crime lies with the society, and that fear must be combatted at its source by addressing men's violence against women.
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Women's fear of crime around the world Although most research on women's fear of crime has been done in English-speaking countries, with the most done in the United States, similar trends in women's fear of crime have been found around the world.
Revised:  Worldwide Although most research on women's fear of crime has been done in English-speaking countries, with the most done in the United States, similar trends in women's fear of crime have been found around the world.
Edit intent: fluency
Original: Category:1819 births Category:1872 deaths Category:19th-century African-American activists Category:Activists for African-American civil rights Category:American anti-lynching activists Category:American civil rights activists Category:American expatriates in Liberia Category:History of Liberia Category:Ku Klux Klan crimes Category: Lynching survivors in the United States Category: People from York County, South Carolina Category:South Carolina Republica
Revised: Category:1819 births Category:1872 deaths Category:19th-century African-American activists Category:Activists for African-American civil rights Category:American anti-lynching activists Category:American civil rights activists Category:American expatriates in Liberia Category:History of Liberia Category:Ku Klux Klan crimes Category: People from York County, South Carolina Category:South Carolina Republica
Edit intent: meaning-changed
Original:  Partners in Confronting Collective Atrocities (PCCA) – Working with the impact of societal conflict – with informations about the conferences since 1994, the history of the project, the people behind the project and with articles and links.
Revised:  Partners in Confronting Collective Atrocities (PCCA) – Working with the impact of societal conflict – with information about the conferences since 1994, the history of the project, the people behind the project and with articles and links.
Edit intent: fluency
Original: Defensive medicine, also called defensive medical decision making, refers to the practice of recommending a diagnostic test or medical treatment that is not necessarily the best option for the patient, but an option that mainly serves the function to protect the physician against the patient as potential plaintiff.
Revised: Defensive medicine, also called defensive medical decision making, refers to the practice of recommending a diagnostic test or medical treatment that is not necessarily the best option for the patient, but mainly serves to protect the physician against the patient as potential plaintiff.
Edit intent: clarity
Original:  IFPMA manages global initiatives, including: Developing World Health Partnerships, which studies and identifies trends for the research-based pharmaceutical industry's long-term partnership programs to improve health in developing countries; and the IFPMA Clinical Trials Portal, which helps patients and health professionals learn about ongoing clinical trialsand trial results.
Revised:  In September 2005, IFPMA launched the IFPMA Clinical Trials Portal, which helps patients and health professionals learn about ongoing clinical trialsand trial results.
Edit intent: clarity