id
stringlengths 2
8
| title
stringlengths 1
110
| views
int64 22
408k
| langs
int64 0
305
| text
stringlengths 21
13.5k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
16763733 | Let's Dance (Chris Montez song) | 22 | 0 | Upon release, the single was reviewed on the BBC Radio 1 programme "Singled Out". Those who reviewed the single were producers Stock, Aitken, and Waterman. All three reminisced about the band with DJ Mike Read, stating what a great band they were. Mike Stock commented that Noddy Holder was the greatest pure rock 'n' roll singer since John Lennon. |
16763733 | Let's Dance (Chris Montez song) | 22 | 0 | Swedish pop group Ola & the Janglers had a hit with "Let's Dance" in 1968, which reached #92 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. |
16763733 | Let's Dance (Chris Montez song) | 22 | 0 | British rock band Status Quo included "Let's Dance" in their 1990 medley "The Anniversary Waltz (Part One)", which was a hit throughout Europe and hit #2 on the UK Singles Chart. |
16763733 | Let's Dance (Chris Montez song) | 22 | 0 | Other artists who have covered the song include: |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | Arizona is a landlocked state situated in the southwestern region of the United States of America. It has a vast and diverse geography famous for its deep canyons, high- and low-elevation deserts, numerous natural rock formations, and volcanic mountain ranges. Arizona shares land borders with Utah to the north, the Mexican state of Sonora to the south, New Mexico to the east, and Nevada to the northwest, as well as water borders with California and the Mexican state of Baja California to the southwest along the Colorado River. Arizona is also one of the Four Corners states and is diagonally adjacent to Colorado. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | Arizona has a total area of , making it the sixth largest U.S. state. Of this area, just 0.32% consists of water, which makes Arizona the state with the second lowest percentage of water area (New Mexico is the lowest at 0.19%). Arizona spans about at its widest and at its longest, and has an average elevation of about . The geographic center of Arizona is located in Yavapai County, approximately east-southeast of the city of Prescott. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | Arizona is divided into 15 counties, and has 90 incorporated cities and towns. Approximately 65 percent of Arizona residents live in Maricopa County, which had a population of 3,817,117 as of the 2010 Census. Maricopa County ranks fourth among the nation's counties in terms of population, and is more populated than 24 of the U.S. states. The county seat of Maricopa County is Phoenix, which is Arizona's largest city and capital. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | The next most populous county is Pima County, which had a 2010 census population of 980,263. The county seat of Pima County is Tucson, where nearly all of the population is concentrated. Combined, nearly 80% of Arizona residents live in either Maricopa County or Pima County, even though the two counties make up 16% of Arizona's total area. Because of the high population of Maricopa County and Pima County, both counties are dominant in state politics. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | About 15% of Arizona is privately owned, the remaining land consisting primarily of public forest and park land, Native American reservations, military institutions, and swaths of wilderness held by the Bureau of Land Management. Arizona is home to 21 federally recognized tribes, which are each semi-autonomous. The large majority are part of the Navajo Nation, which is the largest Native American reservation in terms of population and size. The Navajo Reservation covers all of northeastern Arizona along with portions of New Mexico and Utah, and had a population of 107,449 as of the 2010 census. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | Due to the state's large area and range of elevation, there is a variety of localized climate conditions. Overall, most of Arizona receives little precipitation, and is classified as having either an arid or semi-arid climate. The northern parts of the state and the mountainous areas tend to have cooler climates, while the southern parts of the state tend to be warm year round. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | Precipitation in Arizona is governed by elevation and the season of year. The peak periods of rainfall are during the early winter, when storm systems from the Pacific Ocean cross the state, and during the summer, then moisture-bearing winds sweep into Arizona from the southeast, which obtain moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. Summer rains tend to occur in the form of thunderstorms, which result from excessive heating of the ground and the lifting of moisture-laden air along mountain ranges. These thunderstorms can cause strong winds, brief periods of blowing dust, and infrequently cause hail. The heaviest precipitation is found in the mountain ranges of central and southeastern Arizona, while the driest conditions are found in the arid regions of southwestern Arizona. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | The number of days with measurable precipitation can vary from around 70 in the Flagstaff area to 15 in the Yuma area. The highest elevations of Arizona receive up to of precipitation annually, and the southern slopes of the Mogollon Rim and the southeast average between . The driest part of the state is the southwestern region, which receives under of rain a year, whilst the northeastern Colorado Plateau is in a rain shadow and receives between . Annual average humidity values vary from 55% in Flagstaff to 23% in Yuma. Due to the high temperatures, low humidity, and occurrence of sunshine, Arizona has high rates of evaporation. Average annual lake evaporation varies from about in the southwestern part of the state to about in the northeast. During El Niño, the Pacific jet stream enters the U.S. further south of its normal position, making Arizona winters wetter than usual. The opposite phase, La Niña, reinforces the jet streams northern route, making Arizona winters even drier than normal. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | While the desert parts of Arizona are renowned for their warm climates, snow is not uncommon to portions of Arizona. From November through March, when storm systems from the Pacific Ocean cross the state, heavy snow can accumulate in the mountains of central and northern Arizona. Moderate snow can occur as far south as Nogales, Arizona, which is located on the southern border with Mexico, since it experiences below-freezing nighttime temperatures during the winter. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | The rims of the Grand Canyon experience snow during the winter due to their high altitudes. The South Rim of the Grand Canyon, located at an altitude averaging , receives of snow annually, and the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, located at an altitude over receives of snow. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | Because of the dry climate and sparse cloud cover throughout the state, temperatures can vary dramatically, from day to night, and from season to season. Parts of Arizona located in the Sonoran Desert have warm daytime temperatures year round, while other parts of the state experience seasonal coldness regularly. The average daily temperatures of Yuma, which is located near Arizona's southwestern corner, range from 43° to 67 °F (6° to 19 °C) in January, and from 81° to 107 °F (27° to 42 °C) in July. In Flagstaff, located in the state's central interior, the average daily temperatures range from 14° to 41 °F (–10° to 5 °C) during January, and from 50° to 81 °F (10° to 27 °C) in July. The record high temperature for Arizona was 128 °F (53 °C), measured in Lake Havasu City on June 29, 1994 and July 5, 2007. The record low temperature for Arizona was -40 °F (-40 °C), measured at Hawley Lake on January 7, 1971. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | Arizona can be divided into two major physiographic regions: the Colorado Plateau and the Basin and Range Province, and a transitioning zone between the two called the Transition Zone. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | The Colorado Plateau is a semi-arid, mostly flat-lying region ranging from 5,000 to 8,000 feet (1524 m to 2438 m) in elevation, centered on the Four Corners region. The Colorado Plateau encompasses an area of approximately . It consists of northern Arizona, except for a small portion of northwestern Arizona. The Plateau ends with the steep rock wall of the Mogollon Rim, which defines the southern edge of the plateau. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | The Colorado Plateau has the nickname "Red Rock Country" because of its brightly colored sedimentary rock left visible by dryness and erosion, and protected from deformation. The geology of the Colorado Plateau is exhibited by the canyons of the Colorado River, and the Grand Canyon exposes one of the most unusual rock sequences in the world. The area hosts many distinctive natural features unique to Arizona, including the Grand Canyon, Antelope Canyon, Meteor Crater, Painted Desert, and the Petrified Forest. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | The Transition Zone is a northwest-trending escarpment of mountainous terrain in central Arizona shaped by the intersection of the higher-level Colorado Plateau with the lower-level Basin and Range Province. The area is termed the Transition Zone because it is transitional between the two regions, with characteristics from both. The area consists of a series of rugged mountain ranges and valleys. Many of the mountains of the Transition Zone are part of the Mogollon Rim, a cliff, or a dramatic escarpment in places, which extends from northern Yavapai County eastward to near the border with New Mexico. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | The mountain ranges of the Transition Zone include the Mazatzal, Santa Maria, Sierra Ancha, and White mountain ranges. Because of the range of elevation within the Transition Zone, climatic conditions can vary widely over small areas. The Transition Zone tends to be one of the areas of Arizona to receive heavier rainfall due to its mountainous terrain, and experiences a variation in temperature by altitude. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | The Basin and Range Province is a region occupying the southern part of Arizona, along with a strip of land consisting of the western part of the state. It is also part of a much larger region encompassing southwestern New Mexico, western Utah, and virtually all of Nevada, and extending into northwestern Mexico. The Basin and Range is characterized by steep, linear mountain ranges alternating with lengthy deserts. The mountain ranges, which poke through the lengthy desert plains surrounding them, can rise above , and create biological islands inhabited by cool-climate plants and animals. The geology of the Basin and Range is the result of crustal extension of the North American plate. Due to the crustal extension, the area of the crust underneath the region is some of the thinnest in the world. The Basin and Range supplies nearly all of the copper mined in Arizona, and contains other minerals such as gold, silver, and barite. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | The major rivers of Arizona are the Colorado River, and one of its main tributaries, the Gila River. Nearly all of Arizona is drained by either the Colorado River or one of its tributaries. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | The Colorado River is vital to Arizona because of the perennial dryness of the region. The river is famous because of its role in the creation of the Grand Canyon, which was created over a period of six million years. Several irrigation systems divert water from the Colorado River, of which the one most vital to Arizona is the Central Arizona Project. The Central Arizona Project, which is 336 miles (541 km) long, diverts of water from Lake Havasu City into central and southern Arizona. The river is also utilized for hydroelectric power through various dams along the river. The dams on the Colorado River, going downstream, are the Glen Canyon Dam, Hoover Dam, Davis Dam, Parker Dam, Imperial Dam, Laguna Dam, and the Morelos Dam. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | The Gila River is long, and extends from southwestern New Mexico to its confluence with the Colorado River near Yuma. While the upper Gila River is free-flowing, the portion of the river below the Phoenix area is usually either a trickle or completely dry because of the diversion of water for irrigation. The only major dam on the Gila River is Coolidge Dam, located southeast of Globe, Arizona. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | The Sonoran Desert covers the southwestern area of Arizona, including the cities of Phoenix, Tucson, and Yuma. The Sonoran Desert is one of the hottest deserts of the United States, and maintains warm temperatures year round. Despite the sparse amounts of precipitation during the year, the desert is home to a diverse population of flora and fauna because it has two rainy seasons a year. Several plant populations thrive because of their specialized adaptions to the climate, and various species of cactus can be found in the wild. The Sonoran Desert is the only place in the world where the saguaro cactus grows in the wild, and the fishhook, prickly pear, and organ pipe are among other types of cactus found in the Sonoran Desert. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | Northwestern Arizona contains part of the Mojave Desert, which is at a higher altitude than the Sonoran Desert. The boundaries of the Mojave Desert can be determined by the presence of Yucca brevifolia (Yucca palm), which is endemic to the desert. Unlike the Sonoran Desert, the Mojave Desert has few trees, both in number and diversity. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | The Painted Desert is a broad area of badlands located on the Colorado Plateau in Northern Arizona. It covers at least , and stretches from north of Cameron, near the Grand Canyon, ending just beyond the Petrified Forest. The Painted Desert derives its name from the multitude of colored sediments and bentonite clay seen from its Chinle rock formation, left exposed by erosion. In the southern portion of the desert, the remains of a Triassic period coniferous forest have fossilized over millions of years. Most of the Painted Desert is located within the Navajo Nation, and is only accessible by foot. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | A small portion of southeastern Arizona is part of the Chihuahuan Desert. Because of its higher elevation in comparison to the Sonoran Desert, it tends to have milder temperatures during the summer. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | Arizona is the third largest state to not have an ocean coastline—after Montana and New Mexico. Despite being landlocked, Arizona does contain islands, even though the state has the third lowest amount of water at only 363.73 mi² (942 km²) after West Virginia and New Mexico. Arizona's 0.32% of water is the second lowest percentage after New Mexico's 0.2% of water. The majority of Arizona's islands are in the Colorado River (mainly Lake Mead). Lake Roosevelt also contains a number of islands. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | Arizona is a fairly mountainous and rugged state, and is home to the world's largest contiguous ponderosa pine forest. Many mountain ranges exceed in elevation, and some can hold snow all summer. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | Arizona has 194 named mountain ranges. The highest are along the southwest margin of the Colorado Plateau, including the volcanic San Francisco Peaks just north of Flagstaff and the White Mountains of the Mogollon Rim. The Basin and Range region of southern and western Arizona has many rugged ranges existing as sky islands in the Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | Humphreys Peak in the Coconino National Forest is the highest summit in Arizona. It is part of the San Francisco Peaks, a volcanic mountain range north of Flagstaff. It tops out at above sea level, and is one of the most prominent summits in the United States outside of the Rocky Mountains. The mountain is high enough to maintain snow cover in summer, when temperatures may not exceed 40 °F. The only maintained trail to the summit is the Humphreys Trail, a strenuous hike that starts at Arizona Snowbowl. Towards the top of the trail Humphreys Peak contains the only area of subarctic tundra south of the Rocky Mountains. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | Simply referred to as "Agassiz", Agassiz Peak is Mount Humphreys' sister peak and one of the San Francisco Mountains' "Big 4", or the top five highest peaks in Arizona. Its summit is above sea level. The mountain is closed to climbers in the summer to protect its fragile tundra environment. This peak loses its snow usually in late May but has been known to keep snow until June. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | At above sea level, Fremont Peak is also located in the San Francisco Mountains. This summit is relatively unknown to visitors and locals, and it is located along the Doyle Saddle, where it is not very prominent. It really isn't a summit, just a high point on the Doyle Saddle. The Humphreys Trail runs on this ridge and atop Fremont Peak. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | Aubineau Peak, the fourth highest summit in Arizona, tops out at above sea level. This is a fairly steep peak, and the home of the 2005 avalanche. This mountain is on the north side of the San Francisco Mountains and is adjacent to Abineau Canyon. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | Ree's Peak is a much smaller peak than most of the summits in the San Francisco mountains, and at , it makes the northeastern tip of the range. This peak lacks alpine tundra but is home to the famed bristlecone pine. The peak is distinguishable only by looking directly at it, otherwise the other summits completely flush it out. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | Doyle Peak is listed at , and can be seen as the summit most on the right, if you are looking at the San Francisco Mountains from the Flagstaff area. The peak can be best viewed from Shultz Pass road, and is known for its continuous aspen belt. This peak is the starting point of the Doyle Saddle, connecting Doyle Peak with Agassiz Peak. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | Mount Baldy, located in Arizona's White Mountains on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation, is an eroded mountain peak whose summit is above sea level. Its name was given to it by locals because it lacks trees on the upper ridge, giving it a baldlike appearance. Mount Baldy is home to the Sunrise Ski Area. The mountain is not part of a range, just a single prominent peak whose flanks are gentle and peak is rounded, not rugged. This is the same for most of the White Mountains, a geologically old range once as high as the Alaska Range, but that has been eroded away over the eons. Mount Baldy is home to a bristlecone pine forest, and some consider the White Mountains as a Rocky Mountains extension due to similar averages in elevation, tree species, animals, and weather. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | At , Mount Ord is part of the White Mountains, and is located in Apache County on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation. Snow often stays on this mountain the longest during summer due to its high elevation and gentle north slope, snow can stick at , sometimes more, until June, only then melting into patches. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | At , Paradise Butte is found in the White Mountains near Mount Baldy and Mount Ord, near Sunrise Ski Park. |
16765927 | Geography of Arizona | 22 | 1 | In Apache County, Mount Thomas tops out at . |
16463658 | Dirty Dick | 22 | 0 | Nathaniel Bentley (–1809), commonly known as Dirty Dick, was an 18th and 19th-century merchant who owned a hardware shop and warehouse in London, and is one person who is considered as a possible inspiration for Miss Havisham in Charles Dickens' "Great Expectations", after he refused to wash following the death of his fiancée on their wedding day. |
16463658 | Dirty Dick | 22 | 0 | He was a previous owner of a pub on Bishopsgate, in the City of London, which is named after him. |
16463658 | Dirty Dick | 22 | 0 | Bentley had been quite a dandy in his youth, but following the death of his fiancée on their wedding day he refused to wash or clean and for the rest of his life lived in squalor. His house and warehouse shop became so filthy that he became a celebrity of dirt. Any letter addressed to "The Dirty Warehouse, London" would be delivered to Bentley. He stopped trading in 1804. The warehouse was later demolished. |
16463658 | Dirty Dick | 22 | 0 | He died at Haddington about 1809, and was buried in Aubourn parish church. |
16463658 | Dirty Dick | 22 | 0 | A pub on Bishopsgate which Bentley once owned changed its name from The Old Jerusalem to Dirty Dick's, and recreated the look of Bentley's warehouse shop. |
16463658 | Dirty Dick | 22 | 0 | The contents, including cobwebs and dead cats, were originally a part of the cellar bar, but have now been tidied to a glass display case. Successive owners of the Bishopsgate distillery and its tap capitalised on the legend. By the end of the nineteenth century, its owner, a public house company called William Barker's (D.D.) Ltd., was producing commemorative booklets and promotional material to advertise the pub. |
16463658 | Dirty Dick | 22 | 0 | The pub is now owned by Young's. |
16864866 | Eternal discography | 22 | 0 | The discography of Eternal, a British female R&B and pop group, consists of four studio albums, five compilation albums, one remix album, two video albums and nineteen singles on EMI Records. |
16864866 | Eternal discography | 22 | 0 | In 1993 they released their debut single "Stay", which reached the top 5 in the United Kingdom and Australia (where it was certified Gold); it also reached the top 20 in Ireland, New Zealand and the US. In the US, "Stay", sold 220,000 copies as of December 1994. The group's debut album "Always & Forever" spawned six top 20 singles in the UK, including "So Good" which was a number one hit in Ireland. Released in November 1993, "Always & Forever" peaked at number 2, and made Eternal the first all-female group to sell over a million copies of an album in the UK, being certified 4× Platinum by March 1995. As of 1997, the album has sold 4 million copies worldwide. |
16864866 | Eternal discography | 22 | 0 | Eternal's second album "Power of a Woman" was released in October 1995 and certified 2x Platinum in March 1996. Peaking at number 6 in the UK' the album produced four top 10 singles; including the top 5 hit, "Power of a Woman", which was Gold-certified in Australia; plus "I Am Blessed" which peaked at number 7 in the UK. As of February 1997, "Power of a Woman" has sold 2 million copies worldwide. |
16864866 | Eternal discography | 22 | 0 | "Before the Rain", their third album, was released in March 1997, with first week sales exceeding 100,000 copies in the UK alone. It spawned the group's highest charting singles in the UK; "Don't You Love Me" and the number-one hit "I Wanna Be the Only One" (featuring BeBe Winans), which was a top 10 hit in twelve territories. "Before the Rain" was certified Platinum in the UK, whilst "I Wanna Be the Only One" received Platinum certifications from the British Phonographic Industry and Norwegian branch of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. As of June 2019, "I Wanna Be the Only One" is ranked number 28 on the UK Official Charts Company's "Top 100 girl band singles of the last 25 years". |
16864866 | Eternal discography | 22 | 0 | In October of that same year, the group released "Greatest Hits", which peaked at number 2 and was certified 3x Platinum in the UK. The compilation also received Platinum certifications in New Zealand and Norway. "Angel of Mine", released as the sole single from the compilation, was a top 5 hit in the UK and Norway; whilst the 1999 cover by American recording artist Monica peaked at number 1 in the US. Eternal released their self-titled fourth album in November 1999, peaking at number 87. "What'cha Gonna Do", the album's sole single, peaked at number 16 in the UK and appeared on the German, Swedish and Dutch singles charts. Eternal has sold over 10 million albums, with "Always & Forever" (15), "Power of a Woman" (25) and "Before the Rain" (35) ranked in the UK Official Charts Company's "Top 40 biggest girl band studio albums of the last 25 years". |
16866635 | Evolution of fungi | 22 | 1 | The evolution of fungi has been going on since fungi diverged from other life around 1.5 billion years ago, with the glomaleans branching from the "higher fungi" at ~, according to DNA analysis. (Schüssler et al., 2001; Tehler et al., 2000) Fungi probably colonized the land during the Cambrian, over , (Taylor & Osborn, 1996) but terrestrial fossils only become uncontroversial and common during the Devonian, . |
16866635 | Evolution of fungi | 22 | 1 | Evidence from DNA analysis suggests that all fungi are descended from one common ancestor, at least 600 million years ago. It is probable that these earliest fungi lived in water, and had flagella. Fungi moved to land at about the same time as plants, about 460 million years ago, at least. Fossils of land fungi date to almost 400 million years ago. About 250 million years ago fungi became abundant in many areas, based on the fossil record, and could even have been the dominant forms of life on the earth at that time. |
16866635 | Evolution of fungi | 22 | 1 | A rich diversity of fungi is known from the lower Devonian Rhynie chert; an earlier record is absent. Since fungi do not biomineralise, they do not readily enter the fossil record; there are only three claims of early fungi. One from the Ordovician has been dismissed on the grounds that it lacks any distinctly fungal features, and is held by many to be contamination; the position of a "probable" Proterozoic fungus is still not established, and it may represent a stem group fungus. There is also a case for a fungal affinity for the enigmatic microfossil "Ornatifilum". Since the fungi form a sister group to the animals, the two lineages must have diverged before the first animal lineages, which are known from fossils as early as the Ediacaran. |
16866635 | Evolution of fungi | 22 | 1 | In contrast to plants and animals, the early fossil record of the fungi is meager. Factors that likely contribute to the under-representation of fungal species among fossils include the nature of fungal fruiting bodies, which are soft, fleshy, and easily degradable tissues and the microscopic dimensions of most fungal structures, which therefore are not readily evident. Fungal fossils are difficult to distinguish from those of other microbes, and are most easily identified when they resemble extant fungi. Often recovered from a permineralized plant or animal host, these samples are typically studied by making thin-section preparations that can be examined with light microscopy or transmission electron microscopy. Compression fossils are studied by dissolving the surrounding matrix with acid and then using light or scanning electron microscopy to examine surface details. |
16866635 | Evolution of fungi | 22 | 1 | The earliest fossils possessing features typical of fungi date to the Paleoproterozoic era, some (Ma); these multicellular benthic organisms had filamentous structures capable of anastomosis, in which hyphal branches recombine. Other recent studies (2009) estimate the arrival of fungal organisms at about 760–1060 Ma on the basis of comparisons of the rate of evolution in closely related groups. For much of the Paleozoic Era (542–251 Ma), the fungi appear to have been aquatic and consisted of organisms similar to the extant Chytrids in having flagellum-bearing spores. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the flagellum was lost early in the evolutionary history of the fungi, and consequently, the majority of fungal species lack a flagellum. The evolutionary adaptation from an aquatic to a terrestrial lifestyle necessitated a diversification of ecological strategies for obtaining nutrients, including parasitism, saprobism, and the development of mutualistic relationships such as mycorrhiza and lichenization. Recent (2009) studies suggest that the ancestral ecological state of the Ascomycota was saprobism, and that independent lichenization events have occurred multiple times. |
16866635 | Evolution of fungi | 22 | 1 | In May 2019, scientists reported the discovery of a fossilized fungus, named "Ourasphaira giraldae", in the Canadian Arctic, that may have grown on land a billion years ago, well before plants were living on land. Earlier, it had been presumed that the fungi colonized the land during the Cambrian (542–488.3 Ma), also long before land plants. Fossilized hyphae and spores recovered from the Ordovician of Wisconsin (460 Ma) resemble modern-day Glomerales, and existed at a time when the land flora likely consisted of only non-vascular bryophyte-like plants. "Prototaxites", which was probably a fungus or lichen, would have been the tallest organism of the late Silurian. Fungal fossils do not become common and uncontroversial until the early Devonian (416–359.2 Ma), when they are abundant in the Rhynie chert, mostly as Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota. At about this same time, approximately 400 Ma, the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota diverged, and all modern classes of fungi were present by the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian, 318.1–299 Ma). |
16866635 | Evolution of fungi | 22 | 1 | Lichen-like fossils have been found in the Doushantuo Formation in southern China dating back to 635–551 Ma. Lichens were a component of the early terrestrial ecosystems, and the estimated age of the oldest terrestrial lichen fossil is 400 Ma; this date corresponds to the age of the oldest known sporocarp fossil, a "Paleopyrenomycites" species found in the Rhynie Chert. The oldest fossil with microscopic features resembling modern-day basidiomycetes is "Palaeoancistrus", found permineralized with a fern from the Pennsylvanian. Rare in the fossil record are the homobasidiomycetes (a taxon roughly equivalent to the mushroom-producing species of the agaricomycetes). Two amber-preserved specimens provide evidence that the earliest known mushroom-forming fungi (the extinct species "Archaeomarasmius legletti") appeared during the mid-Cretaceous, 90 Ma. |
16866635 | Evolution of fungi | 22 | 1 | Some time after the Permian-Triassic extinction event (251.4 Ma), a fungal spike (originally thought to be an extraordinary abundance of fungal spores in sediments) formed, suggesting that fungi were the dominant life form at this time, representing nearly 100% of the available fossil record for this period. However, the proportion of fungal spores relative to spores formed by algal species is difficult to assess, the spike did not appear worldwide, and in many places it did not fall on the Permian-Triassic boundary. |
16866635 | Evolution of fungi | 22 | 1 | 65 million years ago, immediately after the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) extinction that famously killed off most dinosaurs, there was a dramatic increase in evidence of fungi, apparently the death of most plant and animal species leading to a huge fungal bloom like "a massive compost heap". The lack of K-T extinction in fungal evolution is also supported by molecular data, because phylogenetic comparative analyses of a tree consist of 5,284 mushroom species (Agaricomycetes) didn't show signal for a mass extinction event around the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. |
16860767 | Vaçe Zela | 22 | 22 | Vaçe Zela (; 7 April 19396 February 2014) was an Albanian singer and songwriter. She was a leading figure in the music industry and is considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century in the Albanian-speaking world. |
16860767 | Vaçe Zela | 22 | 22 | Born in Lushnjë and raised in Tirana within Communist Albania, she developed a great interest in music at an early age before embarking on a professional career as a musician in 1962. An eleven-time winner, she built her reputation as a highly successful musician by winning the first edition of Festivali i Këngës as well as her future victories in the festival. |
16860767 | Vaçe Zela | 22 | 22 | Zela is a recipient of significant awards and decorations. She was awarded the Merited Artist Order, People's Artist Order and Honor of Nation Order. |
16860767 | Vaçe Zela | 22 | 22 | Vaçe Zela was born on 7 April 1939 in the city of Lushnjë, then part of the Kingdom of Albania, into an Albanian family, as she herself said, in which music was "sitting cross-legged in everyone's soul". |
16860767 | Vaçe Zela | 22 | 22 | The first to discover Zela's talents were her school teachers. She was not only talented in music, but also in painting and theater. Zela was only ten years old when she began to sing folk songs from the Myzeqe region. She would often casually sing in her city of Lushnje's parks, attracting the passersby. Soon she would participate in small concerts organized in the city, although her parents did not like much the idea that their daughter took such a path. Nevertheless, she went to Tirana to compete in order to study at the prestigious School of Arts, but was not accepted, and attended Qemal Stafa High School, where she began to learn the guitar. |
16860767 | Vaçe Zela | 22 | 22 | Zela was first appointed in the Army's Ensemble (), then in the State's Ensemble (), and finally the Ensemble of Songs and Dances (). |
16860767 | Vaçe Zela | 22 | 22 | Zela was the first winner of the first Songs Festival in Albania with the song "First Child" () on 26 December 1962. International awards include "Golden Disk", "Woman of the year" in Cambridge, England for '97-'98, "Golden Microphone" from the Ministry of Culture of Kosovo, etc. The latest award was "Special Grand Prize for Singing Legend", the 45th anniversary of the Festival at ART, for the singer's unique contribution to Albanian music, and participation since the very first years of this festival, during which she received many awards. |
16862960 | Identified | 22 | 18 | Identified is the second studio album by Vanessa Hudgens, released on July 1, 2008 in the U.S. June 24, 2008 in Japan, February 13, 2009 in most European countries and February 16, 2009 in the United Kingdom. The album received generally positive reviews from music critics. Hudgens embarked on her first concert tour, Identified Summer Tour between August and September 2008 in support of the album. |
16862960 | Identified | 22 | 18 | "Sneakernight" was released as the first and only single from the album. The track, produced by J.R. Rotem, was released on May 27, 2008 in the United States and February 8, 2009 in Europe. The song peaked at number 88 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The music video was filmed by Malcolm Jones and premiered on June 13, 2008. |
16862960 | Identified | 22 | 18 | "Identified" has received generally favorable reviews, having a 63 "metascore" based on 7 reviews. "Billboard" said that the album "panders to the preteen demo with stop-start pop that ranges from pleasant (the title track) to dull ("Amazed") to off-putting ("Hook It Up"). But for little girls, this is one nonstop sing-along." "The New York Times" said that "a handful of songs like this would have sufficed to help mature her image, and yet "Identified" is far more interesting and unexpected." |
16862960 | Identified | 22 | 18 | "Blender" gave it a three stars out of five, and claimed that her "voice was made to rip, and when she lets go just a little, the coyness turns sultry—proof that she might just have a life after high school." "Variety" said that "Identified" "shows that the "High School Musical" veteran is definitely ready to graduate. The better parts of the album find her reaching for a more mature sound, but she hedges her bets with large portions of treacly teen-pop...The weakest link in most of the songs is Hudgens thin, piping voice." |
16862960 | Identified | 22 | 18 | The following people contributed to "Identified" |
16862960 | Identified | 22 | 18 | "Identified" debuted at #23 on the US "Billboard" 200 with 22,000 copies sold in its first week, 12,000 less than her first album, "V". |
16651732 | Saudades de Rock | 22 | 4 | Saudades de Rock (which roughly translates from Portuguese as "Nostalgic Yearnings of Rock") is Extreme's fifth studio album, released on August 12, 2008 and most recent album as of 2020. It was the band's first album of new material since 1995's "Waiting for the Punchline", and also their first release with new drummer Kevin Figueiredo. |
16651732 | Saudades de Rock | 22 | 4 | On August 14, 2007, it was reported on Blabbermouth.net that Extreme were writing a new song, entitled "Rock 'n' Roll Man", to perform at the Brad Delp (late Boston singer) tribute concert, which was being held on August 19 in Boston, Massachusetts. In addition, vocalist Gary Cherone and guitarist Nuno Bettencourt had begun writing new material for Extreme's first post-reunion album. On November 26, 2007, while it was reported that Extreme were officially reformed, the band would eventually begin work on their new album for a spring 2008 release as well as a world tour to follow. |
16651732 | Saudades de Rock | 22 | 4 | On January 15, 2008, Bettencourt posted an update stating that Extreme were "finishing up the recording" of their "new release". He claimed the band "had a great time jamming and creating" and also "ended up with about 24 tunes", which they "dwindled down to the 14 that will be on the record". He also described the songs as "a 'mishmash' of old-school rock and some tasty abstract ditties". On April 29, 2008, Cherone posted an update stating that the album was finished "except for one lead vocal and a few backgrounds" and said that Bettencourt was "working overtime finishing up the mixes". Cherone also stated that the album contained "the best performances of the band... ever". |
16651732 | Saudades de Rock | 22 | 4 | On June 16, 2008, Blabbermouth.net announced August 1, 2008, as the release date for "Saudades de Rock" in Europe and on July 15, 2008, the band's website revealed a release date of August 12, 2008, for the USA. |
16651732 | Saudades de Rock | 22 | 4 | On July 22, 2008, the song "Comfortably Dumb" premiered on the band's profile at Ultimate Guitar. |
16651732 | Saudades de Rock | 22 | 4 | The album's lead single, "Star," failed to chart in the U.S. However, the song and accompanying video for "King of the Ladies" reached #4 on the AOL Video Charts in 2010, according to Billboard. Additional videos were shot for the songs "Interface," "Run," and "Ghost," which were released in 2010 on the Extreme DVD Take Us Alive. |
16655646 | Italian Spiderman | 22 | 2 | Italian Spiderman is an Australian film parody of Italian action–adventure films of the 1960s and 1970s, first released on YouTube in 2007. The parody purports to be a "lost Italian film" by Alrugo Entertainment, an Australian film-making collective formed by Dario Russo, Tait Wilson, David Ashby, Will Spartalis and Boris Repasky. |
16655646 | Italian Spiderman | 22 | 2 | Ostensibly an Italian take on the comic book superhero Spider-Man, the film is a reference to foreign movies that misappropriate popular American superheroes such as the Turkish film "3 Dev Adam", and licensed series such as the Japanese TV series "Spider-Man", both of which alter the character of Spider-Man for foreign audiences. Other notable entries include the Indian version of "Superman" (1987), "The Three Fantastic Supermen" (1967) and "La Mujer Murcielago (The Batwoman)" (1968). It also resembles the movie "Bathman dal pianeta Eros" (1982). |
16655646 | Italian Spiderman | 22 | 2 | A trailer was released, followed by a full-length feature made up of ten mini-episodes. |
16655646 | Italian Spiderman | 22 | 2 | In the middle of a party, an asteroid from a distant galaxy falls to Earth and is taken by professor Bernardi (Carmine Russo) for research. He discovers the asteroid has a substance that can create duplicates from any living being and decides that Italian Spiderman (David Ashby, credited as "Franco Franchetti"), a fat, rude, chain-smoking, and powerful superhero, is the only man capable of holding custody of the valuable asteroid. |
16655646 | Italian Spiderman | 22 | 2 | As soon as Professor Bernardi gives Italian Spiderman the asteroid, he is attacked by the terrible Captain Maximum (Leombruno Tosca) who is interested in using the asteroid for his own evil plans. Foiled in his attempt to steal the asteroid from Bernardi, he transforms the Professor into a snake. Captain Maximum later intercepts the Italian Spiderman and takes the asteroid, although he gives Italian Spiderman a chance to win it by beating Maximum in a surf contest. When Captain Maximum notices the obviously superior surfing skills of Italian Spiderman, Maximum attempts to win by cheating. His efforts fail, however, as Italian Spiderman summons the help of penguins (which hurl themselves at Captain Maximum and his henchwomen) and wins. |
16655646 | Italian Spiderman | 22 | 2 | When Italian Spiderman returns home, he is again attacked by Captain Maximum's henchmen, where a tranquiliser dart causes the hero to collapse. |
16655646 | Italian Spiderman | 22 | 2 | Waking up in Captain Maximum's lair he witnesses how the professor is forced to use the powers of duplication on one of Captain Maximum's henchmen. Italian Spiderman is forced to watch as the professor is shot by Maximum. The furious Italian Spiderman attacks Maximum's henchmen, killing many in a surprisingly gory battle sequence. Despite Italian Spiderman's efforts the Professor dies but in his last moments gives the Italian Spiderman the potion. Italian Spiderman again attacks the headquarters of Captain Maximum. Despite having the potion, Italian Spiderman overwhelms by his powers alone the newfound army (showing in the process to have a venomous bite and removable moustaches that can double as razor-sharp boomerangs). Later, Italian Spiderman returns home with the Professor's niece, Jessica (Susanna Dekker). When a gigantic Captain Maximum lays siege to the city, Italian Spiderman finally drinks the potion, growing to the same height of Captain Maximum and battling him until the titles roll. |
16655646 | Italian Spiderman | 22 | 2 | The project began as a trailer for a non-existent film, produced as a student film at Flinders University by director Dario Russo for his final year Screen Production project. The "trailer" was shot, over the course of one day, on 16 mm film using an older style camera to achieve an authentic look for the films of that era. |
16655646 | Italian Spiderman | 22 | 2 | The trailer stars "Franco Franchetti" (David Ashby) as "Italian Spiderman" and features "Jessica" portrayed by actress Susanna Dekker, in the famous scene with the line "Fammi un macchiato, pronto". |
16655646 | Italian Spiderman | 22 | 2 | Publicized as an actual lost Italian action film from the late 1960s, the film was later uploaded onto YouTube on 8 November 2007 where it has gained a massive cult following with 6.5 million hits as of 10 September 2018. With some of mainstream media taking interest in the film, this led to the South Australian Film Corporation giving the filmmakers funding for ten more short films. |
16655646 | Italian Spiderman | 22 | 2 | The first installment of the "feature film" premiered across the Internet on 22 May 2008; further instalments followed on a weekly basis. |
16655646 | Italian Spiderman | 22 | 2 | The series was well-received, but ended on a cliffhanger. The May 2010 announcement of the end of Alrugo Entertainment cast doubt on the possible continuation of the project. |
16655646 | Italian Spiderman | 22 | 2 | On 24 October 2011, a video announcement was made declaring the end of the Italian Spiderman project and the formation of a new production company between Dario Russo and David Ashby, called Dinosaur. The same video also officially announced the duo's television show, "Danger 5". |
16655646 | Italian Spiderman | 22 | 2 | ""Italian Spiderman theme"/"Bangarang"" Enzo Bontempi (Record Kicks / Soulful Torino Records RK45 017/STR003) |
16633650 | The Kampung Boy | 22 | 3 | The Kampung Boy, also known as Lat, the Kampung Boy or simply Kampung Boy, is a graphic novel by Lat about a young boy's experience growing up in rural Perak in the 1950s. The book is an autobiographical account of the artist's life, telling of his adventures in the jungles and tin mines, his circumcision, family, and school life. It is also the basis for the eponymous animated series broadcast in 1999. First published in 1979 by Berita Publishing, "The Kampung Boy" was a commercial and critical success; its first printing (of at least 60,000 copies, 16 times) was sold out within four months of its release. Narrated in English with a smattering of Malay, the work has been translated into other languages, such as Japanese and French, and sold abroad. |
16633650 | The Kampung Boy | 22 | 3 | The book made Lat an international figure and a highly regarded cartoonist in Malaysia. It won several awards when released as "Kampung Boy" in the United States, such as Outstanding International Book for 2007 and the Children's Book Council and Booklist Editor's Choice for 2006. "The Kampung Boy" became a franchise, with the characters of "The Kampung Boy" decorating calendars, stamps, and aeroplanes. A Malaysian theme park is scheduled to open in 2012 with the fictional characters as part of its attractions. "The Kampung Boy" is very popular in Southeast Asia and has gone through 16 reprints. A sequel, "Town Boy", which followed the protagonist in his teenage years in the city, was published in 1981 and a spin-off, "Kampung Boy: Yesterday and Today", in 1993. The latter reused the setting of "The Kampung Boy" to compare and contrast the differences between Malaysian childhood experiences in the 1950s and 1980s. |
16633650 | The Kampung Boy | 22 | 3 | "The Kampung Boy" tells the story of a young boy, Mat, and his childhood in a "kampung" (village). A graphic novel, it illustrates the boy's life in pictures and words. Aside from being the protagonist, Lat is also the narrator. The story opens with his birth in a Kampung in Perak, Malaysia, and the traditional rituals surrounding the event: the recitation of blessings, the singing of religious songs, and the observance of ceremonies. |
16633650 | The Kampung Boy | 22 | 3 | As Lat grows older, he explores the house, gradually shifting the story's focus to the comic activities of his family outside their abode. |
16633650 | The Kampung Boy | 22 | 3 | Lat starts the first stage of his formal education—reading the Qur'an. At these religious classes, he makes new friends and joins them in their adventures, swimming in the rivers and exploring the jungles. Lat's parents worry over his lack of interest in his studies; he acknowledges their concern but finds himself unmotivated to forgo play for academic pursuits. When he reaches his tenth year, he undergoes the "bersunat", a ritual circumcision. The ceremonies that precede the operation are elaborate, with processions and baths in the river. The circumcision proves to be "just like an ant bite!" |