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16439814

Fire safe cigarette

As of August 26, 2011, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had passed state legislation modeled on New York's original bill, mandating the sale of fire-safe cigarettes. State laws generally contain provisions permitting the sale of non-FSCs that have been tax-stamped by wholesalers and retailers in the state prior to the effective date of the state's FSC law. The laws require cigarettes to exhibit a greater likelihood of self-extinguishing using the E2187 test from ASTM International. The E2187 standard is cited in U.S. state legislation and is the basis for the fire-safe cigarette law in effect in Canada. It is being considered for legislation in other countries.

16439814

Fire safe cigarette

On October 1, 2005, Canada became the first country to implement a nationwide cigarette fire safety standard. The law requires that all cigarettes manufactured in or imported into Canada must burn their full length no more than 25% of the time when tested using ASTM International method E2187-04: Standard Test Method for Measuring the Ignition Strength of Cigarettes. The law is based on the New York State legislation. Each year in Canada, fires started by smokers' materials kill approximately 70 people and cause 300 injuries, according to a study conducted by the Canadian Association of Fire Chiefs.

16439814

Fire safe cigarette

On November 30, 2007, 27 EU states approved a European Commission proposal to require the tobacco industry to use fire-retardant paper in all cigarettes. The European Committee for Standardization said that these types of products would be universally available. In November 2010, the General Product Safety Directive (GPSD) Committee of the European Commission agreed the standard and reached the consensus that enforcement of the standard (including at the point of sale to consumers) would start “about 12 months from its publication by CEN” – around 17 November 2011, with publication of reference to the standard in the Official Journal of the European Union. The standard was implemented on that date.

16439814

Fire safe cigarette

In the UK a proposal to ban the "old style" cigarettes in order to implement a fire-safe alternative was dropped as it is encompassed within the EU directive.

16439814

Fire safe cigarette

West of Scotland MSP Stewart Maxwell was a long-time advocate of ‘fire-safer cigarettes’ and called for Scotland to take a lead in developing a European standard. Maxwell consistently called on the Scottish Government to use its influence to pressure the UK Government to ensure the introduction of ‘fire safer cigarettes’ as soon as possible.

16439814

Fire safe cigarette

In Australia, around 14 people are claimed to die annually from cigarette related fires. The government has accepted the proposal for FSCs and is in the process of implementing regulations. Cigarette companies were required to change their products to ensure that cigarettes self-extinguish more readily before the regulations came into effect in March 2010.

16439814

Fire safe cigarette

In 2000 Philip Morris introduced the 'fire-safe' Merit cigarette, with two thicker paper bands to slow the burning. Later that year, the company received hundreds of complaints alleging that long, partly burned tobacco was falling off the tips of lit Merit cigarettes, burning skin and flammable items. An in-house scientist (Michael Lee Watkins) analyzed the data and concluded Merit to actually be a greater fire risk than conventional cigarettes. In early 2002 Watkins was fired, and Merit continued to be marketed. For concealing information about the fire hazard, the U.S. Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against Philip Morris.

16439814

Fire safe cigarette

In October 2007, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR) said that by the end of 2009 it would only be selling FSCs in the United States.

16905930

Todd Clever

Todd Stanger Clever (born January 16, 1983) is a retired American rugby union player who holds shares in Austin Elite Rugby. He became the first American to play Super Rugby. At the international level, he was a member of the United States national team, served as captain, and is the most capped player in United States rugby union history.

16905930

Todd Clever

Clever was born on January 16, 1983, in Palm Springs, California. He grew up in San Jose, California and attended Santa Teresa High School. He attended college at the University of Nevada, Reno and played for the club rugby team, where he was named a three-time collegiate All-American (2002–04).

16905930

Todd Clever

Clever began his professional career in New Zealand in 2006 when he joined North Harbour in the National Provincial Championship.

16905930

Todd Clever

He played with the South African Lions franchise in the 2009 Super 14. Clever is the first American player to ever play in the Super 14 and scored the first try for an American in Super 14 against the Hurricanes on March 28, 2009. Clever played for the Lions against the British & Irish Lions.

16905930

Todd Clever

Clever joined Suntory of Japan in June 2010. In March 2012 Clever and Suntory won the Japan Top League final over Panasonic. He then went on to play for the BGC APBs which won the 2012 Hong Kong 10s tournament. In March 2012 Clever signed a contract with NTT Communications Shining Arcs another Top League club. He confirmed that he would be leaving the Shining Arcs after the 2015 season to rejoin his former club OMBAC to compete in the 2015 Pacific Rugby Premiership.

16905930

Todd Clever

On September 17, 2015, Clever moved to England to join top professional club Newcastle Falcons in the Aviva Premiership for the 2015–16 season. He played one season for the Falcons, earning 6 caps.

16905930

Todd Clever

In 2016, Clever signed on as both a co-owner and player for Austin Elite Rugby, an independent newly-professional club and one of the founding members of Major League Rugby, launched in 2018.

16905930

Todd Clever

In 2017, Clever won a PRP Title with Old Mission Beach Athletic Club RFC.

16905930

Todd Clever

In May and June of 2017, Todd Clever played with the Austin Huns Rugby Football Club and assisted the Austin Huns in winning their first D1 Club National Championship with a 27 - 23 victory over the New York Athletic Club on June 3rd.

16905930

Todd Clever

Clever was introduced to the United States setup in July 2000 when he joined the U19 national team for their Australian tour. He was named to the team for the 2002 IRB FIRA/AER Junior World Championships in February 2002, with his last appearance for the U19's coming in their loss to Spain.

16905930

Todd Clever

Clever made his international debut against in August 2003, at the age of 20. Clever played for the US during the 2007 Rugby World Cup, where he intercepted a pass against South Africa that led to Takudzwa Ngwenya scoring the try of the 2007 World Cup.

16905930

Todd Clever

Among other accolades, Clever was named the 2008 USA Rugby Men's Player of the Year by World Rugby Shop. Clever played in the 2009 Churchill Cup that saw the Eagles clinch the Bowl by beating Georgia. Clever further led the Eagles to success in 2009 by beating Uruguay in a home-and-away series to clinch a berth into the 2011 Rugby World Cup. Clever captained the team during the 2011 Rugby World Cup, starting three matches.

16905930

Todd Clever

He was chosen as the North American Player of the Decade and the Ruggamatrix USA Player of the Decade for 2000–2009. For many years Clever was the captain and face of the United States national team.

16905930

Todd Clever

On July 19, 2015, one day after a loss to Samoa in the Pacific Nations Cup, USA Rugby announced that Todd Clever was released from the Eagles roster due to "multiple squad conduct violations." After the Eagles finished their World Cup campaign, Clever published a letter explaining his version of the events. He claims that he had received permission to attend the ESPY awards show with Scott Lavalla as long as they were back and ready to train the following day. However the schedule was altered when Clever and Lavalla had left and they both missed an early morning gym session. Lavalla was dropped to the bench and Clever was dropped from the match day squad for their upcoming PNC match. Following this incident Clever also missed a morning jogging session, and this prompted Tolkin to kick Clever off the team. Tolkin did not recall Clever to the World Cup squad. Instead Clever spent a week training with the Barbarians F.C.. Originally Clever was going to retire following the 2015 World Cup, but this incident motivated Clever to continue playing professional rugby.

16905930

Todd Clever

Following poor results at the 2015 Rugby World Cup, USA Rugby parted ways with Mike Tolkin. Newly appointed head coach John Mitchell reintegrated Clever with the team immediately as well as reinstating him as captain of the squad. He became the most capped player in United States history on June 25, 2016, in the United States' 2016 mid-year rugby union internationals match against Russia.

16905930

Todd Clever

On June 21, Clever announced his international retirement and his last game was the Eagles 52–16 win over Canada which caused the United States to qualify for the 2019 Rugby World Cup as Americas 1.

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Todd Clever

Clever has also played for the US national rugby sevens team. In late 2009, Clever scored what was deemed the try of the day in George. In the final match of the day for the US against Scotland, Clever leaped over an injured player and physio and glided into the try zone for a consolation try.

16905930

Todd Clever

Clever was featured in "ESPN The Magazine"'s 2015 "The Body Issue" and was the first rugby player in the edition's history.

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Todd Clever

On August 31, 2020 he announced his engagement to Maya Stojan on various social media.

16905930

Todd Clever

Over his career, Clever's training has included lower body and rotational power, foundational based lower body strength training to improve force production and attempt to lower risk of injuries, and rugby-specific Energy System Development.

16575212

Paul Butler (bishop)

Paul Roger Butler (born 18 September 1955) is the bishop of Durham in the Diocese of Durham. His election was confirmed on 20 January 2014 and he was installed and enthroned in Durham Cathedral on 22 February 2014. On 12 September 2013 it was announced that he had been appointed as bishop-designate of Durham (succeeding Justin Welby.) He was previously bishop of Southwell and Nottingham. He was installed at Southwell Minster on 27 February 2010. He served as the suffragan bishop of Southampton in the Diocese of Winchester from 2004 until 2010.

16575212

Paul Butler (bishop)

Butler was educated at Kingston Grammar School and received a BA in English and history with honours from the University of Nottingham in 1977. He worked for the Universities and Colleges Christian Fellowship (UCCF) in their Bookstall Service (1978–1980) before training for Ordained ministry at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford from 1980–1983.

16575212

Paul Butler (bishop)

He was ordained a deacon at Petertide (on 3 July) 1983 and a priest the following Petertide (1 July 1984), both times by Bishop Ronald Bowlby in Southwark Cathedral. He served his curacy between 1983 and 1987 at All Saints with Holy Trinity in Wandsworth in the Diocese of Southwark. He then moved to Scripture Union to become Inner London Evangelist, holding this post until 1992. Between 1992 and 1994 he was Deputy Head of Mission at Scripture Union. Between 1987 and 1994, he was also a non-stipendiary minister at St Paul's East Ham in the Diocese of Chelmsford.

16575212

Paul Butler (bishop)

Butler then moved to the Diocese of Chelmsford. Between 1994 and 1997 he was priest-in-charge of St. Mary's Church, Walthamstow with St Stephen's and St Luke's, becoming team rector of Walthamstow in 1997 until 2004. He was also area dean of Waltham Forest from 2000 to 2004 and was appointed an honorary canon of Byumba in Rwanda in 2001.

16575212

Paul Butler (bishop)

Butler was consecrated by the archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, at St Paul's Cathedral on 24 June 2004 and then installed at Winchester Cathedral on 4 July 2004. As well as being the bishop of Southampton from 2004, Butler also acts as an "Advocate for Children" amongst the bishops of the Church of England and as chairman of the Churches National Safeguarding Committee.

16575212

Paul Butler (bishop)

Butler is known for his annual "prayer-walks" in which he spends a week each year walking round a part of his diocese praying with local people.

16575212

Paul Butler (bishop)

In the 2018 Lambeth Awards given by the archbishop of Canterbury, Paul Butler received the Hubert Walter Award for Reconciliation and Interfaith Cooperation for service to the church in his role as lead bishop on safeguarding.

16575212

Paul Butler (bishop)

Butler is concerned about Universal Credit and fears the two child limit will force children in families with more than two children into relative poverty. Butler said, "If people fall out of work for whatever reason they will not get the protection if they've got three children now. The predictions from people like the independent financial services are that the child limit is actually going to have the biggest impact on increasing the number of children living in relative poverty. I would love the government to have the willingness to revisit that whole policy."

16575212

Paul Butler (bishop)

Butler is also concerned about monthly payments and about delays in paying benefit, he feels moving people from weekly payments to monthly payments is unrealistic.

16575212

Paul Butler (bishop)

He was a trustee of the Church Mission Society from 2000 to 2010 and its chairman from 2008 to 2010. He regularly visits Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda, and visited Natal, South Africa in January 2011 as part of a diocesan visit.

16575212

Paul Butler (bishop)

He has also served the YMCA at Forest (1995–2004), Southampton (2004–09), Nottingham (2010–13), Teesdale (2014-present).

16575212

Paul Butler (bishop)

In 2012 he was appointed president of Scripture Union, the charity he had worked for from 1987 to 1994.

16575212

Paul Butler (bishop)

He is a patron of the Scargill Movement (which operates Scargill House) as well as the Nottingham-based charity the Ear Foundation.

16575212

Paul Butler (bishop)

In March 2015, it was revealed that Butler had, a year previously, reported former Conservative MP Enoch Powell as being involved with a Westminster paedophile ring in the 1980s, after the allegations were passed to him by Dominic Walker, the former bishop of Monmouth.

16575212

Paul Butler (bishop)

Bishop Butler, like his predecessors, holds a seat in the House of Lords by virtue of his ecclesiastical office.

16575212

Paul Butler (bishop)

Butler was the bishop at the centre of the Elliott Review which led to damning headlines across UK media in March 2016. The review ushered in major change to the church's response to survivors of church sex abuse, and condemned as "reckless" the way in which Butler cut contact with a survivor following advice from insurers to limit liability. The highly critical report concluded there had been a string of "deeply disturbing" failures by senior Church of England figures, including the office of the archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby. It highlighted the need for all bishops to be urgently retrained. The church described the review "embarrassing and uncomfortable". The survivor called Butler's response "inadequate" and in a public letter urged him to lead a call for repentance across the House of Bishops.

16575212

Paul Butler (bishop)

He has a number of publications, including "Reaching Children" (1992), "Reaching Families" (1995) (both Scripture Union); "Temptation & Testing" (SPCK, 2007) and is a contributor to "Through the Eyes of a Child" (Church House 2009). His most recent publication is "Living Your Confirmation "(SPCK, 2012).

16813251

Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan

Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan is Dance class show hosted by Saroj Khan. Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan Premiered from 21 January 2008.

16813251

Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan

all the best for watching

16816589

Mother Ludlam's Cave

Mother Ludlam's Cave, also known as Mother Ludlum's Cave or Mother Ludlum's Hole, is a small cave in the sandstone cliff of the Wey Valley at Moor Park, near Farnham, Surrey, in England. The cave is the subject of a number of local legends. A spring rising in the cave is recorded in the 13th century "Annals of Waverley Abbey" as "Ludewell"; other spellings through history include "Ludwell" and "Luddwelle". A monk named Symon is credited with identifying the spring as a suitable water supply for Waverley Abbey in 1218, after the original source had dried up. The brothers of the abbey dedicated the spring to St Mary, so it also became known as St Mary's Well. The cave has been naturally formed by the spring but may have been enlarged by the monks and was made into a grotto (possibly during the eighteenth century) and further enhanced by addition of an ironstone arched entrance, possibly during the reign of Queen Victoria.

16816589

Mother Ludlam's Cave

The cave was explored and surveyed at around 200 feet long in 1945 and as 192 feet to a recent roof collapse in 1961.

16816589

Mother Ludlam's Cave

According to the information panel erected at the cave by Waverley Borough Council the name Ludwell can be traced back to the Celtic language, and means "bubbling spring". John Aubrey visited the area in 1673 and was informed that Ludwell was named after Lud, King of the South Saxons, who went there to bathe his wounds after a battle. A story originating with the Norman-Welsh writer of historicised legends Geoffrey of Monmouth has Ludd, Lud or Llud as the ruler of Celtic Britain and founder of London. A modern ethnographer would identify Lud as a Celtic god: a temple dedicated to him once stood in London near eponymous Ludgate, as are numerous toponyms in England and a very few in Ireland. He is also known as the Celtic god of healing thus Celtic-speaking people must have known of the spring but whether they considered it a sacred spring long before the monks of nearby Waverley Abbey used it as a source of fresh water and rededicated it to St Mary (the Holy Mother) is unknown. The "Lud" element of the name is maintained in the latest adaptation, "Mother Ludlam". Alternatively, the name may be derived from Anglo-Saxon "hlūd well," meaning "a loud, noisy spring."

16816589

Mother Ludlam's Cave

The cave has long been associated with the legend of "Mother Ludlam" who was, supposedly, a white witch who lived in the cave. The earliest versions of the legend, such as that recorded by John Aubrey in 1673 in his "Natural History and Antiquities of Surrey", make no mention of a witch and it is likely that the story was originally associated with fairies.

16816589

Mother Ludlam's Cave

Various versions of the legend have existed. The simplest version is that Mother Ludlam would loan utensils and that a large cauldron was borrowed but not returned; she became enraged and the borrower, scared by her anger, sought refuge in Frensham Church. The cauldron associated with this legend remains in the church to this day, but is believed by historians to have been used for brewing church ale in past times – made of hammered copper and measuring three feet in diameter and 19 inches deep, it is of the type that was commonly used in the Middle Ages for catering at parishioners' weddings and religious festivals.

16816589

Mother Ludlam's Cave

As recorded in 1937 the legend is that one day the Devil, in disguise, had visited Mother Ludlam and asked to borrow the cauldron she used for mixing her potions. Recognising the Devil from his hoof-prints in the sand, she refused, so the Devil stole the cauldron, with the witch in pursuit. Making great leaps, the Devil created a series of hills where he touched the ground, these now being the sandstone hills near Churt, known as the Devil's Jumps. The Devil dropped the cauldron – or kettle – on the last of these hills, "Kettle Bury", or "Kettlebury Hill". Mother Ludlam recovered the cauldron and placed it in Frensham Church, where it would be safe from the Devil.

16816589

Mother Ludlam's Cave

Another version, recorded in the 1920s, is that the cauldron could be borrowed by climbing the highest of the Devil's Jumps (known as Stony Jump), and whispering to the fairies who lived there through a hole in the rocky outcrop on the summit. A borrower failed to return it on time, so the fairies condemned the borrower to have the cauldron follow him wherever he went. Distressed by the presence of his pursuer, he sought sanctuary in Frensham Church where he collapsed and died, leaving the cauldron trapped inside.

16816589

Mother Ludlam's Cave

William Cobbett wrote of the cave in his "Rural Rides", recounting his visit of 27 October 1825:

16816589

Mother Ludlam's Cave

From Waverley we went to Moore Park, once the seat of Sir William Temple, and, when I was a very little boy, the seat of a lady or a Mrs Temple. Here I showed Richard "Mother Ludlum's Hole"; but, alas! it is not the enchanting place that I knew it, nor that which Grose describes in his Antiquities! The semicircular paling is gone; the basins to catch the never-ceasing little stream are gone; the iron cups, fastened by chains, for people to drink out of, are gone; the pavement all broken to pieces; the seats, for people to sit on, on both sides of the cave, torn up, and gone; the stream that ran down a clean paved channel, now making a dirty gutter; and the ground opposite, which was a grove, chiefly of laurels, intersected by mowed grass walks, now become a poor ragged-looking alder-coppice.

16816589

Mother Ludlam's Cave

The cave is now in an even more dire state of repair following collapse of part of its roof during the drought of 1976, which also affected the floor of the cave by covering the remaining signs of habitation with a large mound of sand.

16816589

Mother Ludlam's Cave

The cave provides a roost for a variety of bat species: Natterer's Bat ("Myotis nattereri"), Daubenton's Bat ("M. daubentonii") and Long-eared Bat ("Plecotus auritus") exist in some numbers. Conservation efforts are now encouraging a return of the Greater Horseshoe Bat ("Rhinolophus ferrumequinum"). The entrance to the cave has been the subject of a partnership project between Waverley Borough, English Nature, and Farnham Town Council in 2001/2002, to provide a replacement for an earlier, damaged, ornamental grille to protect the cave and the bat roost. English Nature has a design for a low cost bat grille for the hole in the cave roof. Opposite the cave entrance is the Moor Park Nature Reserve of the Surrey Wildlife Trust, which is an SSSI consisting mainly of alder carr.

16816589

Mother Ludlam's Cave

Above Mother Ludlam's Cave is another, smaller, cave known as Father Foote's Cave, which is the subject of another story. A man named Foote allegedly dug the cave and took shelter here, having previously stayed at the Seven Stars inn in Farnham for a while. He was found lying, unwell, one day by the stream. He was taken to Farnham workhouse, where he died the same day in 1840. His last words were "Take me to the cave again". How his name became transmuted to "Father" Foote is not recorded.

16893603

Liam Donaldson

Sir Liam Joseph Donaldson (born 3 May 1949, in Middlesbrough, England, UK) is a British doctor. He was formerly the Chief Medical Officer for England, being the 15th occupant of the post since it was established in 1855. As such, he was principal advisor to the United Kingdom Government on health matters and one of the most senior officials in the National Health Service (NHS).

16893603

Liam Donaldson

In December 2009 it was announced that he planned to retire from this role in May 2010, although he said that, if the influenza pandemic should unexpectedly worsen, he would have postponed his retirement. On 1 July 2010 he was appointed the Chairman of the Independent Monitoring Board overseeing the polio eradication initiative coordinated by the World Health Organization.

16893603

Liam Donaldson

In the 2002 New Year Honours List he was awarded a knighthood in recognition of his achievements in health and health care. Between 2009 and 2019 he served two terms as Chancellor of Newcastle University.

16893603

Liam Donaldson

Donaldson qualified in medicine from the University of Bristol in 1972, and he did his two six-month pre-registration house jobs at the Bristol Royal Infirmary. He graduated with an MSc in anatomy from the Birmingham University in 1976.

16893603

Liam Donaldson

Donaldson was appointed as Chief Medical Officer in 1998. Between 1994 and 1998 he was Regional Director for the NHS Region of Northern and Yorkshire, and prior to that Regional Medical Officer and Regional Director of Public Health for the Northern Regional Health Authority. He began his career as a surgeon before training in public health.

16893603

Liam Donaldson

Donaldson is Visiting Professor in the University of Leicester's Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, and also holds an honorary Chair of Applied Epidemiology at Newcastle University. In August 2009 he became Chancellor of Newcastle University, replacing Lord Patten, who stood down after 10 years in office. Donaldson retired from this role in the summer of 2019.

16893603

Liam Donaldson

He is also Chair of the World Alliance for Patient Safety, which was established by the Director-General of the World Health Organization in October 2004.

16893603

Liam Donaldson

As a result of his reports as Chief Medical Officer, Donaldson has had a marked effect on policy and legislation in a wide range of areas including stem cell research, quality and safety of health care, infectious disease control, patient empowerment, clinical performance, temperance legislation, medical regulation, and organ and tissue retention.

16893603

Liam Donaldson

Donaldson has degrees from:

16893603

Liam Donaldson

He has also been awarded honorary Doctorates by:

16893603

Liam Donaldson

Other honours include:

16893603

Liam Donaldson

Sir Liam was involved in devising the Modernising Medical Careers (MMC) system and the Medical Training Application Service (MTAS). This has been very controversial since its inception, with officials from the DH proclaiming success although it has been outrightly rejected by a large group of trainees and consultants. It champions competence rather than excellence and substantially reduces the length of the training programme required to become a consultant. In an unprecedented demonstration against this system, around 12,000 junior doctors marched against MMC and the associated MTAS in March 2007. Subsequently, Professor Alan Crockard the National Director of MMC resigned stating that the project had 'lacked clear leadership from the top for a very long time'. His colleague Professor Shelley Heard has also resigned. The BMA and senior doctors have called repeatedly for his resignation in this matter.

16893603

Liam Donaldson

In March 2009, to combat what he referred to as the country's drinking problem or 'passive drinking', Donaldson recommended setting a minimum price per unit of alcohol at 50p and tightening licensing laws. Despite Prime Minister Gordon Brown's opposition to the move, Donaldson said he would continue to push his case, just as he had with the successful ban on smoking in public places.

16893603

Liam Donaldson

Sir Liam angered civil liberties campaigners, GPs, and the BMA's spokesman for IT in December 2006 by recommending that GPs should forward letters from patients, requesting that personal medical data not be uploaded to the Spine centralised NHS database, to Health Secretary Patricia Hewitt

16893603

Liam Donaldson

Liam Donaldson is co-author of a standard text book of public health, a history of the Chief Medical Officer of England and over 130 papers in peer review journals. He has also written a foreword for a book on clinical audit.

16893603

Liam Donaldson

In his role as Chief Medical Officer, Sir Liam has produced a number of major reports, including:

16893603

Liam Donaldson

His papers are now archived as one of the special collections of Newcastle University.

16489014

Ron Nevison

Ron Nevison is an American record producer and audio engineer. He started his career in the early 1970s as an engineer on "Quadrophenia" by the Who and Bad Company's debut album. He eventually became a producer, working with artists including Meat Loaf, The Babys, Led Zeppelin, Ozzy Osbourne, UFO, Michael Schenker Group, Survivor, Jefferson Starship, Thin Lizzy, Kiss, Europe, Chicago, Grand Funk Railroad, Heart, and Damn Yankees among many others.

16489014

Ron Nevison

Nevison's first work was as an engineer for the Who's Quadrophenia. From there, he did engineering work on the first three albums by Bad Company. He produced and engineered the Nightlife album by Thin Lizzy. In 1974, he engineered Led Zeppelin's Physical Graffiti.

16489014

Ron Nevison

Nevison also worked with Ozzy Osbourne on "The Ultimate Sin", Shooting Star on "Silent Scream", Kiss on "Crazy Nights" and both Damn Yankees albums.

16489014

Ron Nevison

Nevison has been recognized four times as Billboard Magazine's Top-5 Producer of the Year and has been nominated for several Grammys.

16489419

Bi-fuel vehicle

Bi-fuel vehicles are vehicles with multifuel engines capable of running on two fuels. On internal combustion engines one fuel is gasoline or diesel, and the other is an alternate fuel such as natural gas (CNG), LPG, or hydrogen. The two fuels are stored in separate tanks and the engine runs on one fuel at a time in some cases, in others both fuels are used in unison. Bi-fuel vehicles have the capability to switch back and forth from gasoline or diesel to the other fuel, manually or automatically.

16489419

Bi-fuel vehicle

The most common technology and alternate fuel available in the market for bi-fuel gasoline cars is Autogas (LPG), followed by natural gas (CNG), and it is used mainly in Europe. Poland, the Netherlands and the Baltic states have many cars running with LPG. Italy currently has the largest number of CNG vehicles, followed by Sweden. They are also used in South America, where these vehicles are mainly used as taxicabs in main cities of Brazil and Argentina. Normally, standard gasoline vehicles are retrofitted in specialized shops, which involve installing the gas cylinder in the trunk and the LPG or CNG injection system and electronics.

16489419

Bi-fuel vehicle

A Diesel engine is a compression ignition engine and does not have a spark plug. To operate a diesel engine with an alternate combustible fuel source such as Natural gas, a Dual-Fuel system used with Natural gas as the main fuel while diesel fuel is used for the ignition of the gas/air mixture inside the cylinder (a portion of diesel is injected at the end of the compression stroke, thereby maintaining the original diesel operation principle)

16489419

Bi-fuel vehicle

Dual fuel operation in this case means the engine uses two fuels (gas and diesel) at the same time, as opposed to Bi Fuel which would mean the engine could have the option of using either fuel separately.

16489419

Bi-fuel vehicle

There usually two type of conversions - low speed (below 1000 RPM) and high speed (between 1200 and 1800 RPM).

16489419

Bi-fuel vehicle

Gas is injected into the cylinder inlet manifold by individual gas electromagnetic valves installed as close to the intake valves as possible. The valves are separately timed and controlled by injection control unit. This system interrupts the gas supply to the cylinder during the long overlap of the intake and exhaust valves (just typical for slow-speed and medium-speed engines – within the valve overlap cylinder scavenging is performed). This avoids substantial gas losses and prevents dangerous gas flow to the exhaust manifold.

16489419

Bi-fuel vehicle

Gas is mixed with air by a common mixer installed before turbocharger(s). Gas flow is controlled by a throttle valve, which is electronically operated by the special control system according to the required engine output and speed. In order to avoid knocking of the engine, knocking detector/controller is installed, thus enabling engine operation at the most efficient gas/diesel ratio.

16489419

Bi-fuel vehicle

It is common to use CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) or LNG (Liquid Natural Gas) for bi-fuel operations. Both are also mostly used for Generator sets conversions, because the engine does not lose the output power.

16489419

Bi-fuel vehicle

In recent years biogas is being used. The biogas composition and calorific value must be known in order to evaluate if the particular biogas type is suitable. Calorific value may be an issue as biogas is derived from different sources and there is low calorific value in many cases. You can imagine you have to inject sufficient volume of gas into the cylinder to substitute diesel oil (or, better to say, substitute energy delivered by diesel oil). If the calorific value (energy) of the biogas was very low, there is a need to inject really big volume of biogas into the cylinder, which might be technically impossible. Additionally, the composition of the biogas has to lean towards ignitable gases and be filtered as much as possible of non-combustible compounds such as carbon dioxide.

16489419

Bi-fuel vehicle

Associated gas is the last type of gas which is commonly used for bi-fuel conversions of generator sets. Associated gas is a natural gas found in association with oil, either dissolved in the oil or as a cap of free gas above the oil. It means it has almost the same quality as CNG or LNG.

16489419

Bi-fuel vehicle

It depends on the technical state of the engine, especially of the injection system. The typical Diesel / Gas ratio is 40/60% for the high-speed engines. If the operating output of the engine is constant and between 70-80% of nominal output, than it is possible to reach up to 30/70% ratio. If the operating output is lower (for example 50% of the nominal output) or if there are variations, the rate is about 45/55% (more of diesel is used). For Low Speed conversions it is possible to reach the Diesel/gas ratio up to 10/90%. Generally, it is not possible to guarantee an exact diesel/gas ratio without a test being done after the conversion.

16489419

Bi-fuel vehicle

Aftermarket 'bi-fuel' and even 'tri-fuel' conversions are also available.

16492344

Cricket Association of Nepal

Cricket Association of Nepal (CAN) is the official governing body of cricket in Nepal. It was suspended from 2016 to 13 October 2019 due to governmental interference. The ICC welcomed the elections of the board held in September 2019 and formally reinstated the board on a conditional basis on 14 October. Its headquarters is in Kathmandu, Nepal. Cricket Association of Nepal is Nepal's representative at the International Cricket Council (ICC) and remains an associate member, having been a member since 1988 AD (2045 BS). It is also a member of the Asian Cricket Council (ACC).

16492344

Cricket Association of Nepal

The board was dissolved by the government of Nepal in November 2014 on the grounds of incompetence and a three-member ad hoc committee was established with a new president designated by the government itself. In April 2016, CAN was suspended by the ICC, on the grounds of government interference in its operations. The suspension did not affect the ability of Nepal's national teams to participate in ICC tournaments. In October 2019, the ICC lifted its suspension on the Cricket Association of Nepal.

16492344

Cricket Association of Nepal

Nepal's position at the top of the ACC rankings rests on its consistent performance at all levels of competition. Wins in U-19 cricket World Cups against Pakistan, New Zealand, and South Africa have been based on disciplined, error-free cricket.

16492344

Cricket Association of Nepal

Sri Lanka's batsman Roy Dias, who took over as coach in 2001, was the architect of Nepal's triumphs and he molded a nation high on enthusiasm and short of experience into a competitive force. A good example of his ability to maximize the skills of his charges was seen in the performance of the U-15 team in the 2006 ACC Elite Cup.: only two of the Nepal squad had ever played any competitive cricket before reaching Malaysia to play the event, two weeks later they had won it.

16492344

Cricket Association of Nepal

A regime change at the Cricket Association of Nepal has led to the adoption of a more professional approach to development. Greater sponsorship and more focused domestic competitions have been the result. Work has already started on a national Academy, felt to be vital given the extremes of Nepal's weather for indoor practice, which will be partly funded by the ACC. Nepal plays most of its international matches at the Tribhuwan University International Cricket Ground in the outskirts of Kathmandu. Other grounds include Engineering College Ground in Pulchowk. A host of other grounds are used for domestic tournaments including Tudikhel, Army School Ground and Lab School Ground. Various cricket academies have surfaced since 2010, like Sangrila Cricket Academy, Dhangadi Cricket Academy, and Jhapa Cricket Academy. The National Cricket Academy started functioning in late 2011. CAN has partly funded two upcoming national cricket academies in Mulpani and Pokhara.

16492344

Cricket Association of Nepal

Former coach Pubudu Dassanayake added the batting strength which had long been the Achilles' heel for Nepalese cricket. Under Dassanayake, Nepal has won World Cricket League divisions 4 and 3 (twice). Nepal participated in the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 in Bangladesh in March 2014, where they produced some good

16492344

Cricket Association of Nepal

performances, narrowly missing out on the next round on net run rate. As a result, they were awarded T20 International status by the ICC along with the Netherlands.

16492344

Cricket Association of Nepal

Between 2014 and 2016, Bhawana Ghimire was CEO of the Cricket Association of Nepal.