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Following the phallic stage of psychosexual development is a period known as the latency period( 6 years to puberty). | the latency period |
The mercantilist policies by which it tried to achieve this control are known as the Navigation Acts. | the Navigation Acts |
Some cells contain aggregates of macromolecules surrounded by membranes ; these are called organelles. | organelles |
Another field of biological study, neurobiology, studies the biology of the nervous system, and although it is considered a branch of biology, it is also recognized as an interdisciplinary field of study known as neuroscience. | neurobiology |
Renewable forms of energy are those sources that can not be used up, such as water, wind, solar, and biomass. | Renewable forms of energy |
A natural monopoly arises when average costs are declining over the range of production that satisfies market demand. | A natural monopoly |
In addition to a vacuole - based digestive system, Paramecium also uses contractile vacuoles, which are osmoregulatory vesicles that fill with water as it enters the cell by osmosis and then contract to squeeze water from the cell. | contractile vacuoles |
Group II viruses have single - stranded DNA( ssDNA) as their genome. | Group II viruses |
The discussion in this chapter has focused on domestic monetary policy ; that is, the view of monetary policy within an economy. | domestic monetary policy |
Meta - analysis is a technique in which the results of virtually all previous studies on a specific subject are evaluated together. | Meta - analysis |
On Black Tuesday, October 29, stock holders traded over sixteen million shares and lost over $ 14 billion in wealth in a single day. | Black Tuesday |
An antagonist, on the other hand, blocks or impedes the normal activity of a neurotransmitter at the receptor. | An antagonist |
Contested illnesses are those that are questioned or questionable by some medical professionals. | Contested illnesses |
According to the law of effect, behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated( Thorndike, 1911). | the law of effect |
A case study is an in - depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual. | A case study |
Intervertebral discs composed of fibrous cartilage lie between adjacent vertebral bodies from the second cervical vertebra to the sacrum. | Intervertebral discs |
The 1978 American Indian Religious Freedom Act granted tribes the right to conduct traditional ceremonies and rituals, including those that use otherwise prohibited substances like peyote cactus and eagle bones, which can be procured only from vulnerable or protected species. | The 1978 American Indian Religious Freedom Act |
Some statuses are ascribed — those you do not select, such as son, elderly person, or female. | ascribed |
Seligman believed that the dogs who failed to try to escape the later shocks were demonstrating learned helplessness : They had acquired a belief that they were powerless to do anything about the noxious stimulation they were receiving. | learned helplessness |
Influenced by evangelical Protestantism, Garrison and other abolitionists believed in moral suasion, a technique of appealing to the conscience of the public, especially slaveholders. | moral suasion |
Behavioral biology is the study of the biological and evolutionary bases for such changes. | Behavioral biology |
Some infected cells, such as those infected by the common cold virus known as rhinovirus, die through lysis( bursting) or apoptosis( programmed cell death or “ cell suicide ”), releasing all progeny virions at once. | lysis apoptosis |
In individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence. Physical dependence involves changes in normal bodily functions — the user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. | Physical dependence |
These examples describe the visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured, or what sociologists call norms. | norms |
Sex refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, including both primary sex characteristics( the reproductive system) and secondary characteristics such as height and muscularity. | Sex |
A theory is an explanation for patterns in nature that is supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers. | A theory |
This very rare genetic disorder is known as congenital insensitivity to pain( or congenital analgesia). | congenital insensitivity to pain congenital analgesia |
The strategy of selective engagement — retaining a strong military presence and remaining engaged across the world through alliances and formal installations — is used to protect the national security interests of the United States. | The strategy of selective engagement |
These podocytes are connected by an internal system of canals to an opening called the madreporite. | the madreporite |
These dosimeters( literally, dose meters) are personal radiation monitors that detect the amount of radiation by the discharge of a rechargeable internal capacitor. | dosimeters |
Alarm reaction describes the body ’s immediate reaction upon facing a threatening situation or emergency, and it is roughly analogous to the fight - or - flight response described by Cannon. | Alarm reaction |
Microbiology, the study of microorganisms, is the study of the structure and function of single - celled organisms. | Microbiology |
The process of adjusting the eye ’s focal length is called accommodation. | accommodation |
His policies in the 1660s through the 1680s established and supported the Restoration colonies : the Carolinas, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. | the Restoration colonies |
Whole - genome sequencing is a process that determines the DNA sequence of an entire genome. | Whole - genome sequencing |
Nontariff barriers are all the other ways that a nation can draw up rules, regulations, inspections, and paperwork to make it more costly or difficult to import products. | Nontariff barriers |
In psychoanalysis, therapists help their patients look into their past to uncover repressed feelings. | psychoanalysis |
The Liberty Loan Act allowed the federal government to sell liberty bonds to the American public, extolling citizens to “ do their part ” to help the war effort and bring the troops home. | The Liberty Loan Act |
The arrangement of veins in a leaf is called the venation pattern. | the venation pattern |
Wavelength refers to the length of a wave from one peak to the next. | Wavelength |
Eccrine glands produce sweat, or perspiration, which is mainly composed of water. | Eccrine glands |
Fiber optics employs the transmission of light down fibers of plastic or glass. | Fiber optics |
Sesamoid bones are small, flat bones and are shaped similarly to a sesame seed. | Sesamoid bones |
A balance of power means no one nation or region is much more powerful militarily than are the countries of the rest of the world. | A balance of power |
There is a negative feedback( one in which a change produces an effect that opposes that change) between clouds and heat transfer ; greater temperatures evaporate more water to form more clouds, which reflect more radiation back into space, reducing the temperature. | a negative feedback |
Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat other carnivores. | Tertiary consumers |
As you may recall, classical conditioning is a form of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus( UCS) that reflexively elicits an unconditioned response( UCR), eliciting the same response through its association with the unconditioned stimulus. | classical conditioning |
Only some of the organisms in have this trait, and to those that do, it is called a shared derived character because this trait derived at some point but does not include all of the ancestors in the tree. | a shared derived character |
We define the binding energy( BE) of a nucleus to be the energy required to completely disassemble it into separate protons and neutrons. | the binding energy ( BE ) of a nucleus |
An adaptive radiation is a rapid( less than three million years in the case of the Lake Victoria cichlids) branching through speciation of a phylogenetic tree into many closely related species ; typically, the species “ radiate ” into different habitats and niches. | An adaptive radiation |
Other species, such as the Chytridiomycota that reside in the rumen of cattle, are are obligate anaerobes, in that they only use anaerobic respiration because oxygen will disrupt their metabolism or kill them. | obligate anaerobes |
Whether any specific item qualifies as pork can be controversial, of course, but at least by this measure, pork - barrel spending totaled $ 2.7 billion in 2014.Pork - barrel spending can be encouraged by logrolling, an action in which all members of a group of legislators agree to vote for a package of otherwise unrelated laws that they individually favor. | logrolling |
The term refers to the way people learn what society considered to be “ good ” and “ bad, ” which is important for a smoothly functioning society. | The term |
Although de jure segregation, segregation mandated by law, had ended on paper, in practice, few efforts were made to integrate schools in most school districts with substantial black student populations until the late 1960s. | de jure segregation |
The midbrain is comprised of structures located deep within the brain, between the forebrain and the hindbrain. | The midbrain |
This situation is called habitat isolation. | habitat isolation |
The hilum is the concave part of the bean - shape where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney ; it is also the point of exit for the ureters. | The hilum |
There is a well - defined temperature for ferromagnetic materials, which is called the Curie temperature, above which they can not be magnetized. | the Curie temperature |
In dicots, the seed coat is further divided into an outer coat known as the testa and inner coat known as the tegmen. | the testa the tegmen |
The life cycle of frogs, as other amphibians, consists of two distinct stages : the larval stage followed by metamorphosis to an adult stage. | The life cycle of frogs |
The shape of the eye is maintained by fluid pressure, called intraocular pressure, which is normally in the range of 12.0 to 24.0 mm Hg. | intraocular pressure |
However, there are also two periods of severe negative inflation — called deflation — in the early decades of the twentieth century : one following the deep recession of 1920–21 and the other during the Great Depression of the 1930s. | deflation |
As an additional safeguard, the delegates created the Electoral College, the mechanism for choosing the president. | the Electoral College |
Endemic species are found in only one location. | Endemic species |
Restriction endonucleases recognize specific DNA sequences and cut them in a predictable manner ; they are naturally produced by bacteria as a defense mechanism against foreign DNA. | Restriction endonucleases |
Neurobiological theories of panic disorder suggest that a region of the brain called the locus coeruleus may play a role in this disorder. | Neurobiological theories of panic disorder |
Transition substitution refers to a purine or pyrimidine being replaced by a base of the same kind ; for example, a purine such as adenine may be replaced by the purine guanine. | Transition substitution |
Personality psychology focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique. | Personality psychology |
An array of approximately 20 types of soluble proteins, called a complement system, functions to destroy extracellular pathogens. | a complement system |
Wernicke ’s area, important for speech comprehension, is also located here. | Wernicke ’s area |
In early 1774, leaders in Parliament responded with a set of four measures designed to punish Massachusetts, commonly known at the Coercive Acts. | the Coercive Acts |
These costs of changing prices are called menu costs — like the costs of printing up a new set of menus with different prices in a restaurant. | menu costs |
The airway obstruction is caused by inflammation of the airways( leading to thickening of the airway walls) and a tightening of the muscles around them, resulting in a narrowing of the airways( American Lung Association, 2010). | The airway obstruction |
Sphenodontia( “ wedge tooth ”) arose in the Mesozoic era and includes only one living genus, Tuatara, comprising two species that are found in New Zealand. | Sphenodontia |
The region in space in which a given sensory receptor can respond to a stimulus, be it far away or in contact with the body, is that receptor ’s receptive field. | receptor ’s receptive field |
In primary succession, newly exposed or newly formed land is colonized by living things ; in secondary succession, part of an ecosystem is disturbed and remnants of the previous community remain. | primary succession secondary succession |
Many animal viruses, such as HIV( human immunodeficiency virus), leave the infected cells of the immune system by a process known as budding, where virions leave the cell individually. | budding |
Molecules that share the same chemical formula but differ in the placement( structure) of their atoms and/or chemical bonds are known as isomers. | isomers |
The ends of the linear chromosomes are known as telomeres, which have repetitive sequences that code for no particular gene. | telomeres |
So far, the hydrocarbons we have discussed have been aliphatic hydrocarbons, which consist of linear chains of carbon atoms. | aliphatic hydrocarbons |
Lichens display a range of colors and textures and can survive in the most unusual and hostile habitats. | Lichens |
The points of sugar delivery, such as roots, young shoots, and developing seeds, are called sinks. | sinks |
An elastic demand or elastic supply is one in which the elasticity is greater than one, indicating a high responsiveness to changes in price. | An elastic demand elastic supply |
Within the pelagic realm is the photic zone, which is the portion of the ocean that light can penetrate( approximately 200 m or 650 ft). | the photic zone |
In January 1790, he delivered his “ Report on Public Credit “, addressing the pressing need of the new republic to become creditworthy. | “ Report on Public Credit “ |
In a random sample, every person in a population has the same chance of being chosen for the study. | a random sample |
The suspensor provides a route for nutrition to be transported from the mother plant to the growing embryo. | The suspensor |
One common symptom is hyperplasia, the abnormal proliferation of cells that causes the appearance of plant tumors known as galls. | hyperplasia |
In mammals, sound waves are collected by the external, cartilaginous part of the ear called the pinna, then travel through the auditory canal and cause vibration of the thin diaphragm called the tympanum or ear drum, the innermost part of the outer ear( illustrated in). | the pinna the tympanum ear drum |
Self - disclosure is the sharing of personal information( Laurenceau, Barrett, & Pietromonaco, 1998). | Self - disclosure |
When President John Adams signed the Sedition Act in 1798, which made it a crime to speak openly against the government, the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures passed resolutions declaring the act null on the grounds that they retained the discretion to follow national laws. | the Sedition Act |
Thus, negotiations between unions and firms are sometimes called collective bargaining. The subject of labor unions can be controversial. | collective bargaining |
Turbulent flow, or turbulence, is characterized by eddies and swirls that mix layers of fluid together. | Turbulent flow turbulence |
Incoherent means the waves have random phase relationships. | Incoherent |
Aquaporins are channel proteins that allow water to pass through the membrane at a very high rate. | Aquaporins |
Conformity is the extent to which an individual complies with group norms or expectations. | Conformity |
The ASA maintains a code of ethics — formal guidelines for conducting sociological research — consisting of principles and ethical standards to be used in the discipline. | The ASA a code of ethics |
Like the monocular and binocular cues that provided information about depth, the auditory system uses both monaural( one - eared) and binaural( two - eared) cues to localize sound. | monaural binaural |
The humerus is the largest and longest bone of the upper limb and the only bone of the arm. | The humerus |
The units in which they are measured are thus called fundamental units. | fundamental units |