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[ "Michael “Mike Haze” Pulido is a veteran smasher, playing Brawl and Melee since 2008. ", "With Brawl out of the picture, Mike has spent his time in SoCal training his Fox in Melee, taking out names like The Moon, Plup, ChuDat and Chillindude, eventually leading him to being ranked 40th on the Melee It On Me Top 100 list. ", "Mike is also known for his popular Twitch stream, YouTube channel and the ability to rap from time to time.", "\n\nSlingshot’s Dylan “C.C.” Cooke was able to catch up with Mike at EVO 2016 to talk about EVO, handling losses and the state of Melee.", "\n\nDylan “C.C.” Cooke: For a player of your skill, do you prep for pools at majors in any way?", "\n\nMichael “Mike Haze” Pulido: Pools are always tough, but with the lack of rigorous seeding from EVO it definitely made them a lot scarier. ", "Players are always improving, so you definitely have to ensure you’re playing your best even in early rounds of pools. ", "I don’t do anything special to prepare for pools; I just make sure I feel comfortable with all aspects of my play and mentality. ", "I feel like if I’m playing well there’s not much that can stop me. ", "Prepping for pools will consist of just working on rudimentary tech and making sure I’m thinking clearly.", "\n\nDC: Did the best-of-three format change your mentality at all before the tournament?", "\n\nMP: The best-of-three format did make me think about my counter picks and comfortability on stages a lot more. ", "I spent a lot of time playing on my weaker stages vs. Marth, as I feel he has better stage choices in a best-of-three. ", "I spent a few hours on Sunday morning practicing against Marth on Yoshi’s and Fountain to ensure I was comfortable.", "\n\nDC: How did you feel about your Round 2 pools having to fight three notable SoCal players despite being from SoCal yourself?", "\n\nMP: It felt pretty bad. ", "The best part about nationals is playing against new styles and new players and I unfortunately did not get that opportunity. ", "It was especially disheartening since I had just played CDK the week prior at SSS where he beat me 3-1. ", "Needless to say I did my homework (especially since I know he was in my Round 2 pool) and won the set.", "\n\nDC: Can you tell me about your emotions and thoughts about your game with Colbol in top 32?", "\n\nMP: Playing Colbol was a flurry of emotions. ", "I was up 2-0 in sets going into my match with Colbol, and those two were pretty one sided. ", "I went in overconfident and I feel that was my downfall. ", "The pressure of the match got to me pretty early on in Game 1, and despite clutching it his gameplay continued to improve throughout the set while I wasn’t able to clean up. ", "I’ve been working on mentality for the past few months and it has definitely improved my overall gameplay. ", "I’ll continue to take the necessary steps to make myself more comfortable at nationals.", "\n\nDC: How do you handle your losses? ", "What kind of motivation does it give you?", "\n\nMP: Losing is never easy. ", "I won’t say I am never disappointed with my play or losses, but I never dwell on them. ", "After every loss I take time to try and understand why I lost and take mental note of crucial errors or adaptations I could have made. ", "After every event I go home and analyze my matches to see what I could have done differently. ", "You grow from your losses as much as you grow from your wins.", "\n\nDC: With EVO now over, what were some of your favorite moments?", "\n\nMP: Grand finals was probably my favorite moment. ", "I was rooting for Mango the entire tournament so it’s unfortunate he lost, but that doesn’t change the fact that grand finals was very well played. ", "Both Armada and Hungrybox had excellent adaptations and impressive play throughout both sets.", "\n\nDC: Do you have any future goals for competitive Melee?", "\n\nMP: I try not to set objective goals too often as it makes me set expectations for myself which I generally don’t work well with. ", "My only goal is to play my best at tournaments and work my hardest when training.", "\n\nDC: You’re quite known for the work you do outside of Melee, can you tell us a bit about that?", "\n\nMP: Outside of competing I have a few other hobbies, my main ones currently being streaming and rapping. ", "Streaming goes hand in hand with my goal of becoming the best as Smash takes a lot of work outside of tournaments to become good and to stay consistent. ", "I’ve started full time streaming again and it’s already been a blast. ", "Rap has been something I’ve been doing on the side for a few years now too and it’s something I want to take more seriously as time progresses. ", "I’ve found opportunities to combine both of my passions with Smash raps and on stream freestyles so that’s been a blessing. ", "Who knows, maybe I’ll drop my EP in the upcoming months.", "\n\nDC: As always thanks for talking with me. ", "Do you have anything for the people at home?", "\n\nMP: I just want to say thank you to every person who roots for me and believes I can continue to improve. ", "It’s truly motivational knowing people believe in me and it makes this journey easier when I have support.", "\n\nCover photo: facebook.com/dunacat/, used with permission." ]

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[ "Let Us Review Your Case For Free\n\n\"I totally recommend (and have) your using Neil Sader as your lawyer if you are facing a bankruptcy. ", "He has the knowledge to guide you through the process in the easiest path possible…\"\n\n\"Neil Sader and his law firm handled our bankruptcy case and did a WONDERFUL job!! ", "Neil was available to us any time we had questions, concerns or issues. ", "Neil made a most diffcult time in our lives much easier for us…\"\n\nStan\n\n\"Neil Sader handled my bankruptcy case and I can’t say enough nice things about his professionalism and the way he handled my case. ", "If you are looking for a great bankruptcy attorney I would certainly recommend The Sader Law Firm…\"\n\n\"Dear [Neil], thanks again for your personal touch with my chapter 7 BR. [", "My lawyer] did a super job in every way and now we can enjoy our retirement years. ", "thanks ...\"\n\nLet Us Review Your Case For Free\n\nShould It Be Easier for Student Loans to Be Dischargeable?", "\n\nIn the 1970s, the number of college graduates defaulting on their federal student loans spiked. ", "In response, Congress granted special status to federal student loans. ", "New laws prevented student loans from being discharged in bankruptcy court unless the loans imposed “undue hardship” on the borrower. ", "As judgements only appear to be increasingly stringent on what circumstances qualify as presenting an “undue hardship” for borrowers, some experts and judges are wondering if the law needs to change.", "\n\nCould Student Loan Discharges Become More Common?", "\n\nIn today’s United States, the average college graduate leaves school with approximately $36,888 of debt. ", "This number is more than double the average student debt figures from 1993. ", "As the need to take on college debt increases, more and more borrowers are finding it harder to make ends meet.", "\n\nAccording to a report from the University of Pennsylvania Law School, nearly forty percent of Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 bankruptcy filers had their student debt discharged along with their other debts. ", "However, statistically only one-tenth of a percent of bankruptcy filers even attempt to get their student loans discharged. ", "According to U.S. News, The Department of Education is concerned that the “undue hardship” standard is discouraging borrowers from filing bankruptcy at all.", "\n\nThe bankruptcy system promotes a robust economy by providing a structure able to balance the financial needs of individual borrowers and accommodate creditors fairly. ", "Since keeping bankruptcy viable does play a role in regulating the financial state of the country, perhaps that’s why more judges are ruling in the favor of college graduates in bankruptcy court.", "\n\nHow Is “Undue Hardship” Being Reconsidered?", "\n\nAccording to U.S. News, all federal courts except the 1st and 8th circuits of the appeals courts have adopted the “Brunner Test”. ", "This test uses three factors to determine if a borrower is facing undue hardship. ", "These factors include allowing for a minimal standard of living, a question of whether financial hardship will last for a large portion of the payment period, and if the borrower has made genuine efforts to keep up with their student loans. ", "Even Congress is considering addressing the issue of “undue hardship”. ", "This spring, the HIGHER ED Act, H.R. 5549 proposed several changes to make discharge a better option for some borrowers.", "\n\nThese recent steps in favor of student loan borrowers may mean new possibilities for some borrowers with student loan debt. ", "As a nationally recognized authority on the subject of student loans, Neil Sader and the attorneys at The Sader Law Firm are in a position to help you know your options if you’re struggling with debt from student loans. ", "Reach out and contact one of our student loan lawyers today!", "\n\nSader Blog Feeds\n\nLet Us Review Your Case For Free\n\nPay Online\n\n*Credit card payments will not be accepted for bankruptcy cases, unless pre-approved by The Sader Law Firm. ", "If you have a question about a credit card payment, please call our Office Manager at 816-281-6349.", "\n\nCategories\n\nSader Law Firm is a Debt Relief Agency. ", "We help people file for Bankruptcy Relief under the Bankruptcy Code. ", "The information contained on this website is not to be construed as legal advice. ", "It is not intended to solicit or form an attorney-client relationship. ", "We do not guarantee any result and prior results do not guarantee a similar outcome. ", "This is an attorney advertisement and this website is for informational purposes only." ]

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[ "Metalloproteinase shedding of Fas ligand regulates beta-amyloid neurotoxicity.", "\nExtracellular deposits of beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide closely match areas of neuronal loss in, and are a postmortem diagnostic indicator of, Alzheimer's disease. ", "Neuronal cultures treated with fibrillar Abeta can be protected from neurotoxicity by caspase-8 inhibition or the expression of dominant-negative FADD, both of which are components of the Fas death receptor pathway, and neurons with defective Fas and FasL are resistant to Abeta neurotoxicity. ", "The receptor binding region of FasL can be shed from cells by metalloproteinases, and this process greatly reduces its proapoptotic activity. ", "Here, we show that factors affecting the shedding of membrane-bound FasL significantly impact Abeta neurotoxicity. ", "A broad-spectrum metalloproteinase inhibitor, GM6001/Ilomastat, acted synergistically with Abeta to enhance neurotoxicity through a FasL-dependent mechanism. ", "The disruption of ADAM-based metalloproteinase activity was likely responsible, as MMP-inhibiting TIMPs had no such effect. ", "In contrast, enhanced FasL shedding, by recombinant MMP-7, completely protected neurons from Abeta neurotoxicity. ", "These findings suggest that factors that affect metalloproteinase-mediated shedding of FasL may play a role in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease and may provide an avenue for therapeutic intervention." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "\nHow To Answer A Programming Interview Question And Look Good Doing It - skorks\nhttp://www.skorks.com/2010/03/how-to-answer-a-programming-interview-question-and-look-good-doing-it/\n======\nmotters\nI think I perform poorly in these sorts of interview, because in the wild I\nnever solve programming problems by writing things on a whiteboard or on paper\n(unless it's a geometry problem), and I also frequently use external\nreferences like books or the internet which are never available in the\ninterview setting. ", "Another problem is that I almost never debug code\nexclusively by staring at it on paper.", "\n\n~~~\nskorks\nI guess like with everything, it's about practice. ", "It's difficult to be good\nat something if you never do it. ", "It is a bit of a pain since you never\nactually HAVE to do in your normal work. ", "It is however worth practicing if you\nknow you're going to be put in a situation where this will be an issue (such\nas an interview).", "\n\nIf you practice enough, you will get better at it and I do believe that it is\ncertainly better to practice on your own rather than failing multiple\ninterviews and using that as 'practice' :).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1}\n===============\n\nRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterised by synovitis and erosions of small finger joints, though large joints are also commonly affected. ", "Due to technical improvements, musculoskeletal ultrasonography (US) has become an established method to detect soft tissue inflammatory process and early superficial bone lesions in patients with RA. ", "In comparison to other imaging methods as diagnostic tools in rheumatology, US has remarkable advantages like easy and quick access, noninvasiveness, inexpensiveness, ability to scan multiple joints, repeatability and high patient acceptability \\[[@B1]\\]. ", "However, it has been stated but not sufficiently investigated that musculoskeletal US is one of the most operator-dependent imaging techniques \\[[@B2], [@B3]\\]. ", "The inter- and intraobserver variations have only been tested in a minority of studies \\[[@B2]--[@B4]\\]. ", "In recent studies of the European League against Rheumatism (EULAR) working group for imaging in RA, interobserver reliabilities, sensitivities, and specificities in comparison with MRI were found to be moderate to good \\[[@B2], [@B3]\\]. ", "Nevertheless, further standardisation of US scanning techniques and definitions of different pathological lesions are needed to increase the interobserver agreement in musculoskeletal US so that results of US reports can be compared in multicenter studies.", "\n\nFurther studies are also necessary to explore the time needed to assess practical US skills in order to perform a sufficient musculoskeletal US scan. ", "A learning curve has been assessed by D\\'Agostino et al. ", "who evaluated synovitis in MCP, PIP, and MTP joints. ", "They found that at least 70 examinations were necessary to develop ultrasonographical competence in detecting synovitis in small joints \\[[@B5]\\]. ", "Bone erosions and other commonly affected joints were not included in this study. ", "Hence, we performed a study with three (senior, junior, and beginner) different experienced ultrasonographers evaluating small finger, tibiotalar, and talonavicular joints as well as large joints like the shoulder and knee of RA patients in order to differentiate between the learning ability with regard to the different joints and joint pathologies. ", "Junior\\'s and beginner\\'s results were compared to the senior\\'s results who served as the imaging \"gold standard\".", "\n\n2. ", "Patients and Methods {#sec2}\n=======================\n\n2.1. ", "Patients and Joint Regions {#sec2.1}\n-------------------------------\n\nFifteen patients with RA (ten female, five male, mean (SD) age 58 (±14,9) years, range 29 to 84) according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria \\[[@B6]\\] were recruited from the Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic of the University Hospital Goettingen, Germany. ", "They were examined once by three different experienced ultrasonographers each on the same examination day during an evaluation time of two months. ", "Altogether, 120 of clinically dominant joints have been assessed in this study. ", "These were finger joints (MCP II and III PIP II and III), shoulder, knee, tibiotalar, and talonavicular joints.", "\n\n2.2. ", "Musculoskeletal Ultrasonographers {#sec2.2}\n--------------------------------------\n\nUS was performed by three different experienced ultrasonographers: the *senior* ultrasonographer (AKS) was working as an MD in musculoskeletal US for ten years and as a member of the EULAR and OMERACT US expert group; he was therefore considered as a US specialist. ", "The *junior*ultrasonographer (JG) also worked as an MD at this study\\'s duration with ten months of experience in the field of musculoskeletal US. ", "She was using US as a routine diagnostic tool as well as in doing clinical research studies, especially in the scanning of finger and toe joints. ", "In average, she scanned two to three patients per day. ", "The *beginner*ultrasonographer (SO) was still a medical student during this study with one month of musculoskeletal US experience. ", "She underwent one month (12 hours per week) of practical ultrasonographical training sessions (\"hands-on\" training and didactic instructions of standard scans) before the beginning of the study and had therefore done 50 hours of US training before this study\\'s onset.", "\n\nThe three ultrasonographers reported and documented their US findings independently and unaware of the other investigators\\' results at the same visit of each patient.", "\n\n2.3. ", "Ultrasonographic Investigation {#sec2.3}\n-----------------------------------\n\nUS was performed with an Esaote Technos MPX machine (Esaote S.p.", "A., Genova, Italy) with two different linear array transducers (8--14 MHz for finger, tibiotalar, and talonavicular joints and 4--13 MHz for shoulder and knee joints). ", "Each ultrasonographer evaluated clinically dominant finger, shoulder, knee, tibiotalar, and talonavicular joints according to the German \\[[@B7]--[@B10]\\] and EULAR \\[[@B1]\\] standard scans by using grey-scale (GS) US.", "\n\nThe finger joints MCP II, III and PIP II, III were examined both for synovitis (Figures [1(a)](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [1(b)](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and for erosions, each from the dorsal and from the palmar view. ", "The MCP joint II was also scanned laterally from radial in terms of erosions. ", "Synovitis was defined as both synovial hypertrophy and effusion \\[[@B11]\\]. ", "An interruption of the bone surface in two perpendicular planes was described as an erosion as defined by the OMERACT group \\[[@B12]\\].", "\n\nFor the shoulder joint, emphasis was taken on the following pathologies. ", "Firstly, tenosynovitis of the long biceps tendon was described if there was a hypo-/anechoic thickened tissue with or without fluid within the tendon sheath, which is seen in two perpendicular planes \\[[@B12]\\]. ", "Secondly, we looked for subdeltoid bursitis in the anterior ([Figure 1(c)](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}), lateral, and dorsal view. ", "Further, the joint was evaluated for partial/full rotator cuff rupture. ", "The humeral head surface was also evaluated for erosions according to the OMERACT definition for erosion \\[[@B12]\\]. ", "A pathologic distension of the joint capsule with an intraarticular effusion and/or synovial proliferation was defined as synovitis in the dorsal and anterior region.", "\n\nThe evaluated pathologies for the knee joint were suprapatellar effusion, synovitis, and erosions of the medial and lateral joint recess and popliteal cysts according to German standard scans for knee joint examination \\[[@B9]\\].", "\n\nThe tibiotalar joint was examined both for effusion ([Figure 1(d)](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and for erosion, while the talonavicular joint was just assessed for effusion after definition of US ankle and foot examination \\[[@B10]\\]. ", "The pathologies for the ultrasonographic investigation are listed in [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "All of the assessed pathologies have been evaluated on a qualitative yes/no (1/0) basis.", "\n\n2.4. ", "Interreader and Learning Curve Sessions {#sec2.4}\n--------------------------------------------\n\nThree different experienced ultrasonographers evaluated 15 RA patients during an examination time of two months. ", "On the one hand, interreader results were evaluated with regard to the different joints and joint pathologies. ", "On the other hand, an overall *κ* and agreement for the findings of each of the 15 US examination sessions were calculated. ", "In case of the beginner\\'s results, a learning curve was developed.", "\n\n2.5. ", "Statistical Analysis {#sec2.5}\n-------------------------\n\nThe junior\\'s and the beginner\\'s results were compared with the senior\\'s results using *κ* coefficients, level of agreement in a percentage (%), sensitivities, and specificities calculated by the statistical software package SAS 8.02 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). ", "The *κ* coefficients were divided as follows: *κ* \\< 0.0: poor, *κ* = 0--0.20: slight, *κ* = 0.21--0.40: fair, *κ* = 0.41--0.60: moderate, *κ* = 0.61--0.80: substantial, and *κ* = 0.81--1.0: almost perfect agreement \\[[@B13]\\]. ", "The interreader agreements refer to the learning time period as well as to the differently examined joint regions.", "\n\n3. ", "Results {#sec3}\n==========\n\nComparing junior\\'s and beginner\\'s results each in comparison to the senior\\'s findings, the overall *κ* (overall percentage agreement) for all examined joints was 0.83 (93%) for junior and 0.43 (76%) for beginner.", "\n\nRegarding the different joints, calculations showed substantial to almost perfect agreements for the *junior* investigator: finger joints: *κ* = 0.82, sensitivity 95%, specificity 89%; shoulder: *κ* = 0.9, sensitivity 90%, specificity 98%; knee: *κ* = 0.74, sensitivity 91%, specificity 93%; tibiotalar joint*: κ* = 0.84, sensitivity 100%, specificity 90%; talonavicular joint: *κ* = 0.84, sensitivity 100%, specificity 80%.", "\n\nBeginner investigator\\'s findings showed moderate to fair agreements: finger joints: *κ* = 0.40, sensitivity 69%, specificity 74%; shoulder: *κ* = 0.42, sensitivity 58%, specificity 95%; knee: *κ* = 0.40, sensitivity 60%, specificity 93%; tibiotalar joint: *κ* = 0.59, sensitivity 76%, specificity 85%; talonavicular joint: *κ* = 0.35, sensitivity 60%, specificity 80%.", "\n\nResults of agreements concerning the examined pathologies in each joint region are presented in Tables [2](#tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}(a) and [2](#tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}(b). ", "Junior reached perfect *κ* values in detecting rotator cuff rupture and popliteal cyst (each *κ* = 1) whereas the beginner\\'s agreements resulted in just a *κ*-value of 0.3 for rotator cuff rupture and, respectively, *κ* = 0.76 for the diagnosis of popliteal cyst.", "\n\nThe interreader agreements between junior and senior according to each US evaluation session (all in all 15) were substantial to almost perfect (mean *κ* = 0.83; mean agreement = 93%). ", "During the study, the junior ultrasonographer could constantly keep high agreement levels ([Figure 2(a)](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The interreader agreements between beginner and senior clearly improved from *κ* = 0.34 (agreement 67%) at first date of the US evaluation session to *κ* = 0.78 (agreement 89%) at the end of this 2 months evaluation period presented in a learning curve ([Figure 2(b)](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "US improvement of the beginner especially is presented after the 10th evaluation date.", "\n\n4. ", "Discussion {#sec4}\n=============\n\nDuring the last decade, musculoskeletal US has become an indispensable diagnostic tool in the management of rheumatic diseases. ", "In patients with RA especially it is important for both diagnosis and disease monitoring. ", "It is widely used as an important outcome measure in therapeutic trials in RA \\[[@B14]--[@B17]\\]. ", "Main criticism of US is that it is one of the most operator-dependent imaging methods. ", "However, Scheel et al. ", "were recently able to show moderate to good interreader agreements in the first interobserver variability study performed by 14 experts of the EULAR working group \\[[@B2]\\]. ", "Confirming these findings in a larger study, Naredo et al. ", "also found moderate to good interobserver reliabilities between 23 European musculoskeletal ultrasound experts \\[[@B3]\\]. ", "Nevertheless, further standardisation of US scanning techniques and definitions of different pathological lesions are needed to increase the interobserver agreement in musculoskeletal US \\[[@B18]--[@B20]\\]. ", "D\\'Agostino et al. ", "performed the first study examining the rate at which rheumatologists with little or no experience in musculoskeletal US develop adequate skills to undertake a US evaluation. ", "They showed that 70 examinations are necessary (including training sessions) to assess synovitis of the small MCP, PIP, and MTP joints accurately \\[[@B5]\\].", "\n\nIn our study, three different experienced ultrasonographers evaluated small *and* large joints which are commonly affected in RA. ", "We decided to assess clinically dominant finger joints, shoulder, knee, tibiotalar, and talonavicular joints for synovitis, erosions, and other typical RA joint pathologies. ", "The wrist was excluded because erosions are difficult to detect and to distinguish from physiological irregularities. ", "A ten-month-experienced musculoskeletal ultrasonographer compared to a ten-year-experienced investigator reached substantial to almost perfect agreements (mean *κ* = 0.83). ", "In the detection of rotator cuff ruptures and popliteal cysts, the junior even reached a *κ*-value of 1. ", "In contrast to our earlier study \\[[@B2]\\] though, in which the knee showed a *κ*-value of 1, the ten-month-experienced ultrasonographer this time just received an agreement of *κ* = 0.74 for the knee. ", "As [Table 2](#tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}(a) presents, this was because of the fact that the junior ultrasonographer reached only *κ* = 0.57 in detecting suprapatellar effusion and *κ* = 0.63 in detecting erosions in the knee joint. ", "This might especially be explained due to difficulties in the detection of small fluid in the suprapatellar recess (maybe loss of dynamic examination by no contraction of quadriceps muscle). ", "In addition, the junior ultrasonographer mainly has had experience in assessing small finger and toe joints by doing research studies in this field. ", "Consequently, the junior got substantial to almost perfect agreements in the finger joint examination of erosions (*κ* range 0.71--1.0) and synovitis (*κ* range 0.62--1.0), except MCP III. ", "In the examination of MCP joint III, *κ*-values of 0.48 (dorsal) and 0.62 (palmar) in detecting synovitis were just reached by the junior ([Table 2](#tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}(a)). ", "Interestingly, Szkudlarek et al. ", "also found the highest US intervariability in the MCP joint III (ICC = 0.57) in comparison to other small joints (MCP II, PIP II, MTP I, II) \\[[@B4]\\]. ", "In contrast to the very good results reached by the junior investigator in the examination of erosions, the beginner\\'s results were partly extremely poor, especially in the detection of erosions in the radial MCP II joint part ([Table 2](#tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}(b)). ", "This is a region of high interest for the detection of early erosions in RA. ", "Consequently, accurate assessment through special training of this region is strongly needed to improve the detection of erosions. ", "In regard to the included joints, the most difficult joint to assess seemed to be the talonavicular joint with a fair kappa agreement of 0.34. ", "This can certainly be explained by the fact that small amounts of fluid were not detected by the beginner, especially at the beginning of the study. ", "However, during the study period which included ultrasonography of 15 patients with RA and the examination of 120 RA joints, the beginner\\'s ultrasonographical competence clearly improved, and the beginner gained substantial agreement with the senior (from *κ* = 0.34 to *κ* = 0.78).", "\n\nIn this study, junior and beginner ultrasonographers have both been taught by the same senior, who served as the imaging \"gold standard\", a constellation that implicates the risk of a possible less objectivity of this study. ", "Furthermore, an intrareader examination was not provided in this study. ", "Larger studies with students of different US training levels from various US backgrounds are needed to confirm our results. ", "Another critical point might include the fact that the reliability of power Doppler US as an emerging important tool in the assessment of synovitis activity was not proven in this study.", "\n\nTaking our study results together, we were able to show that a US investigator with ten months of experience reached good to almost perfect agreement with a ten-year-experienced senior ultrasonographer and that a little experienced ultrasonographer substantially improved US competence within a period of two months suggesting that a relatively short teaching time can already lead to sufficient diagnostic US findings in grey-scale musculoskeletal ultrasonography. ", "Therefore, the main criticism against musculoskeletal US as an operator-dependent and difficult to learn method might be attenuated.", "\n\n{#fig1}\n\n{#fig2}\n\n###### \n\nUltrasonographic investigation.", "\n\n Anatomical structure Ultrasonographic findings\n ---------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------\n *Finger joints* \n MCP II+III (dorsal+palmar+ radial in MCP II) Synovitis (effusion and synovial proliferation) and erosions\n PIP II+III (dorsal+palmar) \n \n *Shoulder* \n Glenohumeral joint (anterior and posterior recess) Synovitis\n Humeral head (anterior and posterior aspect) Erosions\n Long biceps tendon Tenosynovitis\n Subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus tendon partly/full rotator cuff rupture\n Subdeltoid bursae Bursitis\n \n *Knee* \n Suprapatellar recess Effusion\n Bone surface (medial + lateral) Erosions\n Gastrocnemius-Semimembranosus bursa Popliteal cyst\n \n *Tibiotalar joint* Synovitis and erosions\n *Talonavicular joint* Synovitis\n\n###### \n\nSpecificities, sensitivities, *κ* coefficients, percentage agreements, and senior\\'s results for all examined joints (fingers, shoulder, knee, tibiotalar, and talonavicular joints) and each joint region reached by the junior (a) and beginner investigator (b).", "\n\n###### \n\n\\(a\\) Results for the junior investigator; na = not available.", "\n\n Joints + pathologies Specificity Sensitivity *κ* Agreement (%) Senior\\'s results 0/1\n -------------------------------- ------------- ------------- ------ --------------- -----------------------\n *Finger joints*(synovitis)*:* \n MCP II dorsal 100% 100% 1.0 100% 5/10\n MCP II palmar 75% 100% 0.81 93.3% 4/11\n MCP III dorsal 50% 100% 0.48 73.3% 8/7\n MCP III palmar 66.7% 100% 0.62 80% 9/6\n PIP II dorsal 92.3% 100% 0.76 93.3% 13/2\n PIP II palmar 100% 88.9% 0.86 93.3% 6/9\n PIP III dorsal 100% 71.4% 0.73 86.7% 8/7\n PIP III palmar 100% 87.5% 0.87 93.3% 7/8\n MCP II radial 100% 100% 1.0 100% 1/10; na = 4\n \n *Finger joints*(erosion): \n MCP II dorsal 83.3% 100% 0.86 93.3% 6/9\n MCP II palmar 75% 100% 0.82 93.3% 4/11\n MCP III dorsal 85.7% 87.5% 0.73 86.7% 7/8\n MCP III palmar 83.3% 100% 0.86 93.3% 6/9\n PIP II dorsal 100% 90.9% 0.84 93.3% 4/11\n PIP II palmar 66.7% 100% 0.71 86.7% 6/9\n PIP III dorsal 100% 91.7% 0.81 93.3% 3/12\n PIP III palmar 100% 100% 1.0 100% 6/9\n MCP II radial 100% 100% 1.0 100% 1/10; na = 4\n \n *Shoulder* \n Anterior synovitis 100% 66.7% 0.76 93.3% 12/3\n Posterior synovitis 100% 100% 1.0 100% 13/2\n Anterior erosion 100% 100% 1.0 100% 1/14\n Posterior erosion 100% 100% 1.0 100% 1/14\n Tenosynovitis of biceps tendon 88.9% 83.3% 0.72 86.7% 9/6\n Rotator cuff rupture 100% 100% 1.0 100% 7/4\n Subdeltoid bursitis 100% 80% 0.84 93.3% 10/5\n \n *Knee* \n Suprapatellar effusion 80% 80% 0.57 80% 5/10\n Erosion (medial + lateral) 100% 92.9% 0.63 93.3% 1/14\n Popliteal cyst 100% 100% 1.0 100% 12/3\n \n *Tibiotalar joint* \n Synovitis 91.7% 100% 0.81 93.3% 12/3\n Erosion 87.5% 100% 0.87 93.3% 8/7\n *Talonavicular joint* \n Synovitis 80% 100% 0.84 93.3% 5/10\n\n###### \n\n\\(b\\) Results for the beginner investigator; na = not available\n\n Joints + pathologies Specificity Sensitivity *κ* Agreement (%) Senior\\'s results 0/1\n -------------------------------- ------------- ------------- ------- --------------- -----------------------\n *Finger joints (synovitis):* \n MCP II dorsal 100% 100% 1.0 100% 5/10\n MCP II palmar 75% 81.8% 0.53 80% 4/11\n MCP III dorsal 75% 85.7% 0.60 80% 8/7\n MCP III palmar 88.9% 66.7% 0.57 80% 9/6\n PIP II dorsal 84.6% 0% −0.15 73.3% 13/2\n PIP II palmar 83.3% 66.7% 0.47 73.3% 6/9\n PIP III dorsal 87.5% 42.9% 0.31 66.7% 8/7\n PIP III palmar 85.7% 37.5% 0.22 60% 7/8\n MCP II radial 100% 100% 1.0 100% 1/10; na = 4\n \n *Finger joints (erosion):* \n MCP II dorsal 83.3% 55.6% 0.36 66.7% 6/9\n MCP II palmar 75% 54.6% 0.22 60% 4/11\n MCP III dorsal 71.4% 37.5% 0.09 53.3% 7/8\n MCP III palmar 100% 88.9% 0.86 93.3% 6/9\n PIP II dorsal 50% 72.7% 0.21 66.7% 4/11\n PIP II palmar 33.3% 77.8% 0.12 60% 6/9\n PIP III dorsal 100% 75% 0.55 80% 3/12\n PIP III palmar 33.3% 100% 0.38 73.3% 6/9\n MCP II radial 0% 90% −0.1 81.8% 1/10; na = 4\n \n *Shoulder* \n Anterior synovitis 100% 66.7% 0.76 93.3% 12/3\n Posterior synovitis 84.6% 50% 0.29 80% 13/2\n Anterior erosion 100% 78.6% 0.33 80% 1/14\n Posterior erosion 100% 78.6% 0.33 80% 1/14\n Tenosynovitis of biceps tendon 77.8% 50% 0.29 66.7% 9/6\n Rotator cuff rupture 100% 25% 0.3 72.7% 7/4\n Subdeltoid bursitis 100% 60% 0.67 86.7% 10/5\n \n *Knee* \n Suprapatellar effusion 80% 50% 0.25 60% 5/10\n Erosion (medial + lateral) 100% 64.3% 0.19 66.7% 1/14\n Popliteal cyst 100% 66.7% 0.76 93.3% 12/3\n \n *Tibiotalar joint* \n Synovitis 83.3% 66.7% 0.44 80% 12/3\n Erosion 87.5% 85.7% 0.73 86.7% 8/7\n \n *Talonavicular joint* \n Synovitis 80% 60% 0.35 66.7% 5/10\n\n[^1]: Academic Editor: Bruce M. Rothschild\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat to do with Business Analysts in a Scrum environment?", "\n\nIn a company, they have decided to adopt scrum about a year ago, and they still have BAs (Business Analysts), who are separated from the Scrum teams. ", "How it works is:\n\nThe BA will get the specs for the client (as usual) and will then\nprepare documents and BRDs (Business Requirements Documents). ", " \nThe client will sign off these documents.", "\nThey will hand over to the PO (Product Owner). ", "The PO will prepare stories and then then the typical Scrum process will take its course.", "\n\nTypically, the BAs will be quite ahead of the process, about 3-6 months ahead. ", "These documents once they are signed-off by the client (and product) they will hibernate, until the PO has space to take them in.", "\nAlbeit, this process is heavy, the company doesn't know any better. ", "What are better ways to improve the process, move it closer to agile, and improve the heavy status quo?", "\nNotes\n\nPO's interactions are with the BAs, the development teams and the product.", "\nThe BAs have little to no involvement and communication to the development team, as that's \"low level\" and they \"don't need to be that close\".", "\n\nA:\n\nTLDR\nThey're a bunch of oxygen thieves who are holding you back. ", "Either make them into useful people, get rid of them or have them guard the bees.", "\nSame point with more nuance (arguably):\nThe BAs are essentially doing what would the job of the product owner and the customer should be doing. ", "Potentially the preparation of stories is too much work for your PO to handle and they need extra help. ", "Clearly they don't need this much help, as you have a massive amount of inventory.", "\nI mean inventory in the lean sense. ", "Work in progress that cost time to make, costs time to keep track of, and will probably have decayed into uselessness by the time you need it. ", "This last one sounds particularly true, as I imagine your PO spends a lot of time reworking out-of-date specifications (or at least I hope they do). ", "Additionally, this massive pile of over-worked specs kind of makes a joke out of the idea of being responsive to change, and erects a barrier (in the time) between the customer and the developer. ", "\nThese BAs are getting in the way of communication between developers and the customer. ", "Traditional software development has a lot of gatekeepers that separate the developers (and other \"low level\" minions from the customers). ", "One of the key values of agile is a rejection of this, communication is key. ", "I've had BAs who see themselves as owners of the communication between the customer and developers, and it just adds confusion and delays feedback. ", "The fact that additionally your BAs won't talk to develops is just appalling. ", "\nSo what can you do with these people? ", "\nPerhaps there's something your team actually needs that the BAs are capable of, like testing or directly assisting your PO?", "\nThat's easier said than done. ", "How do we start being more effective within the current status quo now? ", "Here are a few of my ideas. ", "I've had a few guesses at what problems the BAs are causing, but spend some time with your team doing this, and come up with your own solutions.", "\nThe work is out of date and not valuable: There's nothing wrong with ignoring or throwing out someone's contribution if it isn't a positive one. ", "Make your your PO + development team does rework needed in communication with the customer.", "\nLack of communication with the customer: Circumvent the BAs during the rework and talk straight to the customer.", "\nLack of \"agility\": Use this communication to ensure that the customer can come straight to you guys with the stuff they actually want done urgently.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMediaWiki:Noarticletext page not shown in one language\n\nI have two MediaWiki wiki's and with both I've implemented a MediaWiki:Noarticletext system message, both with same text.", "\nOne wiki shows the text of that system message for a not existing page (as logged in user), the other shows 'There is currently no text in this page (for a not existing page, as logged in user). ", "You can search for this page title in other pages, search the related logs, or edit this page'. ", "\nWhat's the difference? ", "What am I doing wrong?", "\n\nA:\n\nFound: had something to do with language settings, so using Dutch in one wiki, English in second wiki. ", "Implementing MediaWiki:Noarticletext/en did the trick.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Lukou, Zhuzhou\n\nLukou Town() is an urban town and the seat of Zhuzhou County in Hunan, China.", "\nAs of the 2000 census it had a population of 78,000 and an area of 64.7 square kilometers.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Divisions of Zhuzhou County\nCategory:County seats in Hunan" ]

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[ "A 6-year-old Boulder girl fell about 40 feet from the Sundance Ski Lift at about 1 p.m. Sunday at Eldora Mountain Resort, according to the Boulder County Sheriff’s Office.", "\n\nThe Eldora Ski Patrol found the girl conscious and breathing, and she was taken to the ski resort’s first aid room and then to Boulder Community Hospital, according to the sheriff’s office.", "\n\nShe’s being treated for possible pelvic and leg injuries, according to the sheriff’s office.", "\n\nResort management and the Boulder County Sheriff’s Office are continuing to investigate." ]

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[ "Little Stoner Chick Lyrics\n\nSIDITIOUS\n\nI'm so lost in love\ndon't want to be found\nunder these purple clouds\nI wanna be lost in love\nI'm so lost in love\ndon't want my whereabouts\nat the foot of the mountain\nI wanna be lost in love\n\nwhere do I start\nthis mixed media art?", "\nyou climbed the charts\nand took over my heart\nfar from a farce\nif you like it I'll carve\nour initials in bark\nmy love like a spark\nthat can flame the big bang\nand nothing you can say\ncan break my array\neven if you were to say\nyou don't feel the same way\nI'd wait for the day\nthat we'd embrace\neven in the case\nI'd wait in the grave\nmore than I need me\nneed her sweet deity\non my knees begging please\nI love you more than anything\nmore than the first\nmore than the next\nin sickness til death\nwhere I'd call you collect\nevery millisec\nin hopes to express\nthe rest in treble clef\nthat went over your head\nlemme pick up loose ends\nlove the touch of your skin\nI love your more than my friends\nthis is more than pretend\n\n[Chorus]\nShe can Be My\nLittle Stoner Chick\nand I'll kiss her\non the lips like its\nthe last kiss I'll ever\nx2\n\nthere she goes\ndown the road\nhips throwed\nto and fro\nwent from looking quite stoned\nto looking like I was on coke\nshe's a blooming rose\nan angel in human clothes\ntruth be told my hearts been sold\nbefore I could propose\nx2\n\nI've got nothing but reverence\nfor her feminine presence\nwanna shower you with kesses\nfrom the steps of heaven\natop crescent moon and set\nof seven stars\natop a moonlit park\nforgetting where we are\ncarve our initials\nyour eyes shimmering like crystals\nI kiss you like I miss you\nwhich is when cupid hit you\nfeeling like a snake bit you\nput our issues in the past\nall I ask lets make this last\nand don't look back\n\n[Chorus]\nShe can Be My\nLittle Stoner Chick\nand I'll kiss her\non the lips like its\nthe last kiss I'll ever\nx2" ]

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[ "Never Miss A Story.", "\n\nDaily Edition\n\nThe suspension of an Albert Hughes film causes the lead actor and a finance company that made a bridge loan to attempt the collection of allegedly owed money.", "\n\nLast September, production on Motor City was suddenly halted just as it was about to begin shooting. ", "The film was to be directed by Albert Hughes (Menace II Society, Book of Eli) and had stars Gerard Butler, Mickey Rourke and Adrien Brody attached. ", "Perhaps most importantly, it had the backing of Randall Emmet/George Furla Productions, which has become an important producer in Hollywood.", "\n\nLess than six months after production on Motor City was suspended thanks to scheduling difficulties, Randall Emmet/George Furla Productions is now facing multiple legal actions for the move.", "\n\nButler is suing producers for allegedly violating the terms of his deal, which he says was \"pay-or-play.\" ", "But that's not all.", "\n\nLast Friday, Row 1 Entertainment, a motion picture finance company which provided a bridge loan for Motor City, commenced an arbitration at JAMS, alleging that it is now owed nearly $2.7 million, and that Emmett/Furla has refused to pay. ", "Additionally, Row 1 also filed a lawsuit on Wednesday at LA Superior Court, seeking the issuance of Writs of Attachment to prevent the producer from dissipating the funds it says it is owed.", "\n\nThe decision to pull the plug on the film, reportedly because producers weren't confident they'd make a hard release date, has now triggered a legal backlash.", "\n\nIn his lawsuit, Butler says his attachment to the film was used to pre-sell the distribution rights and raise financing. ", "He further alleges that after months of negotiations, the parties reached an agreement whereby the actor would get fixed guaranteed compensation of $4 million on a pay-or-play basis and contingent deferred compensation of $2 million more.", "\n\nAccording to the complaint, \"In reasonable reliance on those representations, Butler's agents turned down other potential offers for his acting services during the period of time that he was expected to render services on Motor City and refrained from actively seeking any alternative acting work on Butler's behalf during the period of time that he had committed to render services on Motor City.\"", "\n\nButler says that he was informed on August 31 that the picture had been canceled and that producers didn't intend to pay him.", "\n\nRick Rosenthal, an attorney for Emmett/Furla, told TheWrap, which first reported Butler's lawsuit, that it was \"frivolous,\" that the parties \"had no written agreement\" and that \"there were still outstanding deal points that were material to the deal that were not agreed upon.\"", "\n\nMeanwhile, Emmett/Furla must also contend with the financier who put up a bridge loan.", "\n\nAccording to that lawsuit obtained by The Hollywood Reporter, $1.735 million was made available with an agreement to pay 30 percent interest on the first $200,000 and 20 percent on the remaining amount. ", "Additionally, the maturity date of the loan is said to have been October 9, with monthly late fees of 5 percent of the total amount if defendants failed to repay the principal.", "\n\nAccording to the complaint, \"As of the time of the filing of this petition, Defendants have failed to repay any portion of the Amount Due and have failed to make any firm commitment to pay the amount due by a date certain.\"", "\n\nAlleging breach of contract, Row 1 wants a judge to confirm any award issued in the arbitration and make orders that would aid in the collection.", "\n\n\"This will be resolved according to what the contract says, not resolved according to the filing in an improper forum,\" Rosenthal tells THR in response.", "\n\nBoth Butler and Row 1 are being represented by Brian Wolf at Lavely & Singer." ]

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[ "In this day and age when computers are used in every corner of society and networks such as the Internet are widely used, the storing and processing of large-scale data has become common occurrence.", "\nConventionally, data structures suitable for high-speed processing of the large-scale data have been proposed. ", "For example, the inventor has proposed a data management mechanism suitable for searching, summarizing and sorting of large-scale data or particularly table data at a high speed (See Patent Document 1). ", "This data management mechanism uses an information block for representing the individual field values of a field included in the table data. ", "In this information block, field values belonging to a field of the table data are represented by field value sequence numbers assigned to the respective field values and an array of the actual field values arranged in the order of field value sequence numbers. ", "An array is provided in which the field value sequence numbers corresponding to the field values of respective records are arranged in the order of the record numbers. ", "The field value of a given record is identified by finding the value corresponding to the field value sequence number of this given record in the array of the field values. ", "Also, a record to be processed in table data is identified by use of an array in which record numbers are arranged in sequence.", "\nThe information block is a table in which field values corresponding to field value sequence numbers are stored in the order of field value sequence numbers with respect to each field of the table data, wherein the field value sequence numbers represent the sequencing of field values (i.e., assigning integers to field values) belonging to a given field. ", "The field values may be any type of data such as numerical values (integer, fixed point, floating point, or the like) or character strings. ", "This data management mechanism has an advantage in that a value of any data type can be treated as an integer that is a field value sequence number. ", "Namely, when character-string data are to be sorted according to this data management mechanism, for example, character-string data are not the actual sort objects subjected to sorting, but field value sequence numbers corresponding to the values of character-string data are the actual sort objects that are to be sorted. ", "In so doing, the results of sorting are represented by an array in which record numbers are arranged in sequence.", "\nIn order to execute a huge amount of calculation required for the processing of the large-scale data at a high speed, introduction of parallel processing has been attempted. ", "In general the parallel processing architecture is roughly classified into “distributed memory type” and “shared memory type”.", "\nIn the distributed memory type, each processor has its own local memory, and a system is constructed by connecting them. ", "With this way, a hardware system incorporating several hundreds to several tens of thousands of processors can be designed theoretically. ", "However, the distributed memory type has technical problems such as the complexity distributed data management and the low efficiency in communication between processors. ", "The inventor has proposed a distributed-memory type computer architecture that solves these technical problems and is capable of parallel processing of large-scale table data (See Patent Document 2). ", "The information processing system described in Patent Document 2 is provided with a plurality of memory modules having a memory and a controller and a data transmission path for connecting the memory modules to each other and transmitting a value contained in one of the memory modules to another memory module, in which the memory of each memory module is configured to hold a list of values sequenced in ascending order or descending order without duplication. ", "The controller of each memory module includes means for transmitting a value included in the value list to another memory module and means for receiving a value included in the value list from another memory module. ", "By this arrangement, the controller of each memory module can obtain a global order of the value of its own value list, considering the value in the value lists in other memory modules by comparing the value of its own value list with the value list of another memory module.", "\nOn the other hand, the shared-memory type is a way in which a single large memory space is shared by a plurality of processors. ", "In this way, traffic between the processor group and the shared memory makes a bottleneck, and it is considered difficult to construct a system using more than a hundred processors in actuality. ", "However, under these circumstances, personal computers configured as a shared-memory multiprocessor system using a plurality of CPU are available in recent years. ", "A standard CPU used in this type of personal computer operates with an internal clock of 5-6 times that of a memory bus and is internally provided with an automatic parallel execution function or a pipeline processing function so that approximately single data can be processed by a single clock (memory bus).", "\nTherefore, processing of large-scale data at a speed higher than that of a single processor system by using the personal computer configured as the shared-memory multiprocessor system is desired.", "\nPatent Document 1: International Publication No. ", "WO00/10103\nPatent Document 2: International Publication No. ", "WO2005/041066" ]

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nTurner syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality, affecting one in 2,000 female live-births ([@b1-etm-09-03-0801]). ", "X-chromosome monosomy (45XO karyotype) accounts for \\>55% of Turner syndrome cases. ", "Mosaicism, represented mainly by 45XO/46XX or 45XO/47XXX, has been detected in the remaining cases, with only 1--4% of the reported cases being 45XO/47XXX ([@b2-etm-09-03-0801],[@b3-etm-09-03-0801]).", "\n\nPatients with Turner syndrome present with a number of symptoms, including short stature, gonadal failure, broad chest, low hair-line, low-set ears and a webbed neck. ", "Medical problems associated with Turner syndrome include congenital heart disease, hypothyroidism, diabetes, vision and hearing problems, cognitive deficits and autoimmune diseases. ", "Mosaics with a normal cell line or an extra X chromosome tend to exhibit a milder phenotype. ", "In addition, patients with 45XO/47XXX may not develop mental or behavioral problems and have a higher fertility rate ([@b4-etm-09-03-0801]). ", "A previous study reported a case of congenital adrenal hyperplasia associated with Turner syndrome ([@b5-etm-09-03-0801]).", "\n\nInsulinomas are the most common type of functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET), with an incidence of two to four cases per million individuals each year. ", "Insulinomas usually result in recurrent episodes of fasting hypoglycemia and tend to be small with no mass effect ([@b6-etm-09-03-0801]). ", "Although insulinomas are often sporadic, they account for 10--30% of functioning PNETs in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. ", "In addition, these tumors have been reported in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 ([@b7-etm-09-03-0801],[@b8-etm-09-03-0801]). ", "However, insulinomas have not been previously reported in patients with mosaic 45XO/47XXX Turner syndrome or other forms of Turner syndrome. ", "To the best of our knowledge, the present study reports the first case of a pathologically confirmed insulinoma in a patient with mosaic 45XO/47XXX Turner syndrome. ", "Due to the rarity of the two diseases, the current case may represent a previously unrecognized association.", "\n\nCase report\n===========\n\nThe present case study was approved by the Ethics Committee of PLA General Hospital (Beijing, China), and informed consent was obtained from the patient. ", "A 30-year-old female presented with 'episodic dizziness, sweating and loss of consciousness' in April 2012. ", "The patient was admitted to the Chinese PLA General Hospital (Beijing, China) with deteriorating symptoms. ", "The patient was found to suffer from fasting hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (blood glucose, 2.8 mmol/l), which improved following the ingestion food high in glucose. ", "Within the 13-month period following the initial onset of symptoms, the patient gained \\~5 kg.", "\n\nMedical history review revealed an allergy to iodine contrast dye. ", "The patient experienced menarche at the age of 13 years and had regular monthly menses until the age of 23 years. ", "Despite treatment with progesterone and estrogen, the last spontaneous menstrual period of the patient was on the 10^th^ of December 2011. ", "The patient had been sexually active from the age of 23 years, but did not conceive despite regular unprotected sexual activity. ", "In addition, the female was a labor worker and did not smoke or drink alcohol. ", "There was no family history of Turner syndrome or other genetic diseases, with the exception of a parent having short limbs.", "\n\nPhysical examination revealed a short stature (152 cm), a webbed neck, short limbs, an abnormal upper-to-lower segment ratio, a low posterior hair line with acanthosis nigricans behind the neck and a body mass index of 33.3 kg/m^2^. External examination of the patient's genitalia revealed no abnormalities, a smooth vagina and a small uterus that was positioned forward, but was movable without tenderness. ", "The female was found to have an IQ within an average range according to the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ([@b9-etm-09-03-0801]).", "\n\nThe patient was subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test, where 75 g glucose was administered and blood samples were obtained at baseline, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h to detect the serum levels of glucose, insulin and C-peptide. ", "Serum results revealed that the fasting serum glucose level was low, while the levels of insulin and C-peptide were high ([Fig. ", "1](#f1-etm-09-03-0801){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The inulin/glucose ratio was consistently \\>0.3, indicating the possibility of an insulinoma.", "\n\nThe estrogen level was found to be slightly decreased, whereas the follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels were slightly elevated. ", "In addition, the levels of thyroid hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone and growth hormone in the patient were found to be normal. ", "Furthermore, the patient's cortisol level was slightly reduced at 8 am, while the adrenocorticotropic hormone level was slightly elevated. ", "Antibodies for insulin or islet cells were not detected. ", "A magnetic resonance imaging scan revealed a normal pituitary gland, and the chest X-ray scan appeared to be normal. ", "An ultrasound scan demonstrated that the left ovary was 1.4×0.9×0.6 cm^3^, the right ovary was 1.3×0.5×1.0 cm^3^ and the two ovaries were streak-like, without visible follicles.", "\n\nAn endoscopic ultrasound revealed a low-echo, dense lesion at the junction of the pancreas body and tail, with dimensions of 2.0×1.28 cm^2^. The observations were confirmed with ultrasonic angiography and enhanced computed tomography scanning of the pancreas, indicating the possibility of an insulinoma ([Fig. ", "2](#f2-etm-09-03-0801){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The karyotype of the patient was found to be 45XO/47XXX from a whole blood sample, with 68% 45XO and 32% 47XXX ([Fig. ", "3](#f3-etm-09-03-0801){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nSubsequently, the patient was transferred to the Department of Surgery at the Chinese PLA General Hospital and the lesion was removed under general anesthesia per standard protocol ([@b10-etm-09-03-0801]). ", "Pathological examination revealed a grade 1 neuroendocrine lesion that was well-differentiated. ", "Immunochemical staining revealed that the tumor was positive for synaptophysin (+++), CD56 (++), insulin (++), creatine kinase (+) and β-catinin (++), but negative for glucagon (−), CD10 (−) and Ki-67 ([Fig. ", "4](#f4-etm-09-03-0801){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Immediately following surgical removal of the insulinoma, the blood glucose level of the patient increased to 9.19 mmol/l, which was reduced to 6.0 mmol/l within four days of surgery. ", "The patient's symptoms were markedly resolved following surgery.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nTo the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first case report of an insulinoma in an individual with 45XO/47XXX mosaic Turner syndrome.", "\n\nAn increased number of X chromosomes has been shown to reduce the extent of ovarian failure and create a period of potential fertility ([@b4-etm-09-03-0801],[@b11-etm-09-03-0801]--[@b13-etm-09-03-0801]). ", "The patient in the present case study experienced normal menses for \\~10 years, between the age of 13 and 23 years. ", "For patients with mosaic Turner syndrome, during the time in which they have normal menstruation, they may be fertile ([@b14-etm-09-03-0801]--[@b16-etm-09-03-0801]).", "\n\nTurner syndrome is commonly associated with diabetes and insulin resistance. ", "Although a previous study supports the genetic basis for the declined β-cell function, the exact mechanism of the disease remains unclear ([@b17-etm-09-03-0801]). ", "Hypoglycemia in Turner syndrome is rare. ", "A previous case study reported the case of an infant with Turner syndrome who suffered from hypoglycemia due to a growth hormone deficiency ([@b18-etm-09-03-0801],[@b19-etm-09-03-0801]). ", "By contrast, the patient in the present study showed a normal growth hormone level.", "\n\nInsulinomas and Turner syndrome are relatively rare conditions. ", "The occurrence of two rare conditions simultaneously may be due to coincidence. ", "However, since insulinomas and mosaic Turner syndrome are caused by changes to the same allele on chromosome 11, a true association may exist that has not been previously recognized. ", "In the case that a patient presents with fasting hypoglycemia, the possibility of an insulinoma should be always considered. ", "However, the convergence of the two rare conditions should sensitize the consideration that in the context of mosiac Turner syndrome, an insulinoma may be more common.", "\n\n{#f1-etm-09-03-0801}\n\n{#f2-etm-09-03-0801}\n\n{#f3-etm-09-03-0801}\n\n{#f4-etm-09-03-0801}\n\n[^1]: Contributed equally\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "*> \\brief \\b DCOMBSSQ adds two scaled sum of squares quantities.", "\n*\n* =========== DOCUMENTATION ===========\n*\n* Online html documentation available at\n* http://www.netlib.org/lapack/explore-html/\n*\n*\n* Definition:\n* ===========\n*\n* SUBROUTINE DCOMBSSQ( V1, V2 )\n*\n* .. Array Arguments ..\n* DOUBLE PRECISION V1( 2 ), V2( 2 )\n* ..\n*\n*\n*> \\par Purpose:\n* =============\n*>\n*> \\verbatim\n*>\n*> DCOMBSSQ adds two scaled sum of squares quantities, V1 := V1 + V2.", "\n*> That is,\n*>\n*> V1_scale**2 * V1_sumsq := V1_scale**2 * V1_sumsq\n*> + V2_scale**2 * V2_sumsq\n*> \\endverbatim\n*\n* Arguments:\n* ==========\n*\n*> \\param[in,out] V1\n*> \\verbatim\n*> V1 is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (2).", "\n*> The first scaled sum.", "\n*> V1(1) = V1_scale, V1(2) = V1_sumsq.", "\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[in] V2\n*> \\verbatim\n*> V2 is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (2).", "\n*> The second scaled sum.", "\n*> V2(1) = V2_scale, V2(2) = V2_sumsq.", "\n*> \\endverbatim\n*\n* Authors:\n* ========\n*\n*> \\author Univ. ", "of Tennessee\n*> \\author Univ. ", "of California Berkeley\n*> \\author Univ. ", "of Colorado Denver\n*> \\author NAG Ltd.\n*\n*> \\date November 2018\n*\n*> \\ingroup OTHERauxiliary\n*\n* =====================================================================\n SUBROUTINE DCOMBSSQ( V1, V2 )\n*\n* -- LAPACK auxiliary routine (version 3.7.0) --\n* -- LAPACK is a software package provided by Univ. ", "of Tennessee, --\n* -- Univ. ", "of California Berkeley, Univ. ", "of Colorado Denver and NAG Ltd..--\n* November 2018\n*\n* .. Array Arguments ..\n DOUBLE PRECISION V1( 2 ), V2( 2 )\n* ..\n*\n* =====================================================================\n*\n* .. Parameters ..\n DOUBLE PRECISION ZERO\n PARAMETER ( ZERO = 0.0D+0 )\n* ..\n* .. Executable Statements ..\n*\n IF( V1( 1 ).GE.V2( 1 ) ) THEN\n IF( V1( 1 ).NE.ZERO ) THEN\n V1( 2 ) = V1( 2 ) + ( V2( 1 ) / V1( 1 ) )**2 * V2( 2 )\n ELSE\n V1( 2 ) = V1( 2 ) + V2( 2 )\n END IF\n ELSE\n V1( 2 ) = V2( 2 ) + ( V1( 1 ) / V2( 1 ) )**2 * V1( 2 )\n V1( 1 ) = V2( 1 )\n END IF\n RETURN\n*\n* End of DCOMBSSQ\n*\n END\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nProve that $f(x+h)-f(x) - \\langle\\nabla f(x), h\\rangle\\geq 0 \\Rightarrow f $ convex\n\nAt this link there is a demonstration that for $f$ continuously differentiable on $C \\subseteq \\mathbb{R}^n$ convex, $f(x+h)-f(x) - \\langle\\nabla f(x), h\\rangle\\geq 0 \\Rightarrow f $ convex. ", "This argument uses an intermediate step regarding \"$x\\mapsto \\nabla f(x)$ is monotone\", which I find tedious, and in general I find that this argument gets lost in alphas and betas and misses the geometry of the situation. ", "Does anyone know a more elegant argument?", "\n\nA:\n\nSince everything takes place along the line containing $x$ and $x+h$, it is sufficient to show this in one dimension (i.e. w.l.o.g. ", "$n=1$). ", " Now draw a picture, and it will be visually obvious.", "\nHowever, to make it a proof, consider\n$$ g(x) = \\sup\\{f(y) + (x-y)f'(y) : y \\in C\\} $$\nBy hypothesis $f(x) \\ge g(x)$. By looking at the special case $y = x$ we see that $g(x) \\ge f(x)$. Therefore $f(x) = g(x)$. And $g(x)$ is the suprema of linear functions, and the suprema of linear functions must be convex.", "\nAnd now we have a proof in one dimension, we can get a proof in $n$ dimensions:\n$$ g(x) = \\sup\\{f(y) + \\langle x-y,\\nabla f(y)\\rangle : y \\in C\\} $$\n\n" ]

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[ "[Type IV Ehlers-Danlos syndrome disclosed by acute obstructive renal insufficiency].", "\nA 64 year-old man was admitted for congestive heart failure induced by an acute renal failure due to obstruction. ", "Retroperitoneal periaortic-aneurysmal fibrosis was the etiology of the obstruction. ", "Type IV Ehlers-Danlos syndrome was diagnosed based upon clinical and histological cutaneous signs." ]

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[ "Kleen-Rite\n\nASO Score & Checklist\n\nTitles weight a lot in the App Store algorithm. ", "Try to add your strongest keywords in your title. ", "This will increase your app discoverability. ", "Use our Keywords Tool to find the best keywords for your app.", "\n\nOk, that's perfect. ", "You have screenshots with the optimized screen dimensions for each device. ", "We hope that users can see how great your app is. ", "Make sure that your first two screenshots showcase your best features, as they will be displayed in the Search Results on the App Store.", "\n\n●\nVersions\n\nYour last version was released more than 3 months ago. ", "Update your app with new features and/or some bug fixing.", "\nShow more >\n\nGet the latest tips and tricks to improve your ASO\nLearn all ASO best practices to boost your app on top of the charts and beat your competitors.", "\n\nPodcast with Steve Young: App Store Optimization Using AppTweak\n\nWe had the huge privilege to be part of Steve Young’s Podcast on Appmasters.co. ", "Throughout this insightful discussion, Steve and Laurie, content strategist at AppTweak, talk about App Store Optimization (ASO). ", "Useful tips and advices are on the menu. ", "Listen to the Podcast right away. ", "Steve Young Laurie Galazzo If you’re developing an app or if you’re an app marketer, you should definitely get started with App Store Optimization. ", "ASO can drastically improve your app discoverability and …\n\nDiscover the best ways to monetize your app\n\nAs an app developer, you may have been asking yourself this crucial question: how am I going to monetize my app. ", "Today, we are going to explore what are the most interesting options. ", "Different options to monetize your app It is important to know all the possibilities that you have to monetize your app. ", "The “paid app “business model Firstly, you can simply sell your app. ", "This is the “paid app” business model. ", "For instance, …" ]

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[ "En novembre, la Ville de Montréal a mandaté le Conseil des Montréalaises pour étudier la question de la sécurité des femmes lors des festivals se déroulant sur son territoire.", "\n\nMains aux fesses. ", "Insultes. ", "Baisers non désirés. ", "Le Conseil des Montréalaises réclame une amélioration des mesures de sécurité pour les femmes.", "\n\nPORTRAIT INQUIÉTANT\n\nEn novembre, la Ville de Montréal a mandaté le Conseil des Montréalaises pour étudier la question de la sécurité des femmes lors des festivals se déroulant sur son territoire. ", "Au terme d'entrevues avec plusieurs responsables de la sécurité aux événements et un vaste sondage auprès de 976 femmes, le portrait est inquiétant. ", "Le sondage mené en ligne du 9 février au 8 mars a révélé que 56 % d'entre elles avaient été victimes de paroles ou de gestes déplacés. ", "Cela peut être autant des insultes que des attouchements sexuels. ", "Dans le lot, 37 femmes ont toutefois dit avoir été agressées sexuellement alors qu'elles assistaient à un événement extérieur à Montréal. ", "Une précision s'impose : il ne s'agit pas d'un sondage mené par une firme reconnue, mais bien par le Conseil lui-même. ", "Celui-ci reconnaît d'ailleurs que son échantillon comporte une proportion nettement plus élevée de jeunes femmes par rapport à la population.", "\n\n« METTRE DES MOTS SUR UNE RÉALITÉ »\n\nCathy Wong s'attendait à faire de tristes découvertes en acceptant ce mandat de la Ville, mais la présidente du Conseil des Montréalaises admet avoir été surprise par l'ampleur du phénomène. ", "Surtout, elle assure que son organisation n'a pas voulu faire preuve d'alarmisme. « ", "Je ne pense pas que ce soit alarmiste. ", "On veut mettre des mots sur une réalité. ", "L'expérience des femmes lors des festivals n'est pas la même que celle des hommes. » ", "Elle prend soin de souligner que « Montréal n'est pas la pire », d'autres villes ayant des problèmes plus graves encore. ", "Cathy Wong espère toutefois que la situation sera prise au sérieux et que des améliorations seront rapidement apportées.", "\n\nINTERVENTION RAPIDE DEMANDÉE\n\nMême si la saison des festivals 2017 bat déjà son plein à Montréal, le Conseil des Montréalaises demande des actions immédiates. ", "Ainsi, on recommande la création dès cet été d'« espaces sécuritaires pour les femmes et transgenres ». ", "Il est suggéré de s'inspirer par exemple du festival Shambhala, en Colombie-Britannique, qui a créé une telle zone. ", "Ouvert 24 heures sur 24, situé en périphérie du site, le « Women's Safe Space » est composé uniquement de personnel féminin pour offrir du soutien aux festivalières qui ont besoin d'aide. ", "L'initiative a fait école puisque d'autres événements lui ont emboîté le pas, comme le célèbre festival de musique de Glastonbury, au Royaume-Uni. ", "Pour les prochaines saisons, le Conseil recommande que Montréal oblige les firmes de sécurité à former leurs agents à la réalité des femmes. ", "On suggère même que le personnel soit composé autant d'hommes que de femmes. ", "Des campagnes d'information devraient également être lancées.", "\n\nLE PARC OLYMPIQUE, UN MODÈLE\n\nLe Conseil note que la sécurité des événements est principalement assurée par des firmes privées. ", "Or, leurs agents « ne reçoivent pas de formation spécifiquement liée aux femmes », peut-on lire dans l'étude. ", "Parmi les gestionnaires de sites, le Parc olympique fait figure d'exception, selon le Conseil des Montréalaises. ", "Près du tiers de ses 80 agents sont des femmes. ", "On s'assure que l'une d'entre elles soit intégrée dans chaque équipe patrouillant, justement pour intervenir auprès de la clientèle féminine.", "\n\n« PLUS EN CONFIANCE »\n\n« C'est vrai que la sécurité est un domaine où traditionnellement il y a plus d'hommes, mais on fait un effort. ", "Avoir une femme dans les équipes permet d'avoir une approche différente, une analyse différente de la situation, particulièrement quand il y a intervention. ", "Ça permet dans certains cas de mettre les personnes plus en confiance ou de désamorcer une situation », explique Cédric Essiminy, porte-parole du Parc olympique. ", "Le Parc olympique a pris ce virage féminin dans son service de sécurité depuis l'arrivée d'un nouveau directeur de la sécurité. « ", "Pour lui, c'était primordial. ", "Il trouve que ça travaille beaucoup mieux, surtout que c'est un site grand public, très familial », explique Cédric Essiminy. ", "Ce dernier ajoute qu'on s'est assuré que les femmes ne soient pas uniquement en première ligne, mais occupent également des postes clés de gestion.", "\n\nD'AUTRES INDICES\n\nLe Conseil des Montréalaises souligne ne par être seul à soulever ces enjeux d'insécurité lors d'événements publics. ", "Une étude de 2013 a démontré que 26 % des victimes d'agression sexuelle traitées à l'hôpital d'Ottawa ont été agressées lors d'événements de masse. ", "Un sondage réalisé pour le SPVM en 2013 a par ailleurs révélé que 45 % des femmes disaient éviter certains endroits de la métropole par crainte pour leur sécurité, contre 29 % des hommes.", "\n\nLES GRANDS ÉVÉNEMENTS RÉAGISSENT\n\nLe Regroupement des événements majeurs internationaux (REMI) du Québec a salué l'initiative du Conseil des Montréalaises. ", "Il s'est engagé à étudier le rapport et à en tenir compte. ", "Le groupe, qui rassemble les principaux organisateurs de la province, pourrait mettre ce sujet à l'ordre du jour de l'une de ses journées de réflexion sur l'industrie. « ", "La sécurité des femmes et, plus largement, la sécurité de l'ensemble des festivaliers nous interpellent dans le contexte que nous connaissons bien. ", "Les plans d'intervention de l'ensemble des membres sont en constante évolution et tout apport externe pouvant amener des améliorations dans les pratiques est le bienvenu », a indiqué Martin Roy, PDG du RÉMI.", "\n\nPAS DE COMMENTAIRE DU SPVM\n\nInvitée à dire si des mesures particulières pour la sécurité des femmes avaient été prévues cet été lors des événements entourant la fondation de la métropole, la Société des célébrations du 375e anniversaire de Montréal a dit s'en remettre aux autorités compétentes. ", "Le Service de police de la Ville de Montréal (SPVM), qui établit les mesures de sécurité à prendre pour chacun des événements, a quant à lui préféré ne pas commenter le rapport, disant ne pas encore en avoir pris connaissance.", "\n\nPhoto Blake Jorgenson Photography, tirée de la page Facebook du festival Shambhala Le festival Shambhala, en Colombie-Britannique, a créé un «Women's Safe Space» composé uniquement de personnel féminin pour offrir du soutien aux festivalières qui ont besoin d'aide." ]

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[ "Optimization of medium composition for enhancing growth of Lactobacillus rhamnosus PEN using response surface methodology.", "\nResponse surface methodology was used to optimize media components such as carbon and nitrogen (simple and complex) sources, mineral agents and growth factors (B vitamins, amino acids) for enhancing the biomass production of Lactobacillus rhamnosus PEN. ", "For screening experiment the following carbon sources were selected: glucose, glucose+pyruvate, glucose+citrate, glucose+lactate, galactose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, lactulose, fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrins DP 4-7 and DP 13-17. ", "Nitrogen sources such as yeast extract, meat extract and peptone K were used in lower concentrations than in MRS medium which served as a control. ", "All experiments were run at 37 degrees C for 24-48 h under stationary conditions. ", "Constituents chosen after the first screening experiments were further screened by the Plackett-Burman design. ", "Glucose and sodium pyruvate, meat extract, potassium phosphate, sodium acetate, and ammonium citrate were chosen as promising medium components for further optimization studies. ", "By solving the regression equation and analyzing the response surface carton, optimal concentrations of the components were determined as: glucose (13.4 g/l), sodium pyruvate (3.4 g/l), meat extract (7.2 g/l), potassium phosphate (2.0 g/I), sodium acetate (5.0 g/1) and ammonium citrate (2.0 g/l). ", "In comparison to MRS broth the optimal medium contained fewer ingredients and in modified amounts but Lb. ", "ihamnosus PEN showed better growth activity. ", "Biomass concentration (as dry cell weight) of bacteria cultivated in optimal medium at bioreactor conditions was 5.5 g/l after 16 h of incubation, being higher in comparison with bacterial growth in MRS medium (1.9 g/l) under the same conditions. ", "Moreover, the new medium was less expensive." ]

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[ "Chronic Mountain Sickness (CMS) is an illness of high-altitude residents, defined by exaggerated hypoxemia and excessive erythrocytosis in the absence of lung disease or other causes of polycythemia; it resolves with descent to a lower altitude, and recurs with relocation back to high altitude (\\>3000 m)[@b1][@b2]. ", "Prevalence of CMS in high-altitude populations varies from 1.2% to 33%, depending on altitude of residence and ethnicity, with Han Chinese much more susceptible than Tibetans, who have genetically adapted to high altitude over many millennia[@b1]. ", "Characteristic symptoms of CMS include fatigue, headache, dizziness, sleep disturbances, dyspnea, localized cyanosis, muscle and joint pain, and problems with concentration and memory[@b1][@b2]. ", "Patients with CMS may also develop serious complications of pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure, the most common cause of death. ", "The neurological symptoms are attributed to both hypoxemia and reduced cerebral blood flow from high blood viscosity. ", "Supporting the latter idea, bloodletting of 650 to 1300 ml improves CNS symptoms[@b3]. ", "To date, the only neurological complications reported have been cerebral thrombosis and infarct.", "\n\nWe observed in our clinic CMS patients who presented with unusual or more pronounced neurological symptoms than typical, including vomiting, lethargy, severe lassitude, weakness, and some with ataxia. ", "These symptoms and findings are similar to acute high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE)[@b4], and we wondered if these patients might have developed cerebral edema, which has not previously been reported in CMS. ", "The purpose of this study then was to determine if indeed cerebral edema were present in these patients and if so, what factors might explain it.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nClinical\n--------\n\nThe general characteristics of CMS and control subjects are shown in [Table 1](#t1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The two groups were similar in terms of age and body weight, while the CMS group had higher Hb and Hct, and lower SpO~2~% than the control group. ", "CMS score was of course higher in the CMS group. ", "All nine patients with encephalopathy were admitted to hospital; this was unnecessary for the others, who were treated in the outpatient clinic. ", "In the five who had lumbar puncture, mean CSF pressure was 21.1 ± 1.4 mmHg on the first hospital day. ", "CSF cell count, differential and chemistry analyses were all normal. ", "Various treatments for the hospitalized patients with cerebral edema included acute therapy of cerebral edema with supplemental oxygen, dexamethasone, furosemide, and mannitol, and additional routine therapy for CMS with oxygen, salvia miltiorrhiza and ginkgo biloba. ", "Following standard practice in China, these patients did not receive bloodletting. ", "All patients recovered completely within 2--3 weeks. ", "Six of the nine patients with CMS and encephalopathy returned to their high altitude homes in Tian Jun and Maduo area, with a program of regular check-ups and Tibetan herb medication. ", "The remaining three stayed in the Xining area. ", "The CMS patients without encephalopathy received standard care with oxygen and Tibetan herbs in Xining and continued with the herbs on return to home altitude, and also had scheduled follow-up.", "\n\nBrain imaging\n-------------\n\nAll 45 subjects had brain imaging; of the nine hospitalized patients with encephalopathy eight had CT and one had MRI. ", "CT imaging in the hospitalized group showed diffuse cerebral edema with small ventricles and effaced sulci, as exemplified in [Fig. ", "1](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Two of these patients in addition to edema had multiple old cerebral infarcts, and one had chronic thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus. ", "The brain blood density (CT value of Hounsfield Units, HU) of the bilateral middle cerebral arteries and the superior sagittal sinus was greater in CMS compared to non-CMS groups ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type=\"table\"} and [Fig. ", "2](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The MRI was obtained in a patient who did not have CT. ", "This 51-year-old female Han Chinese with CMS had resided at 3800 m for 15 years, suffering from headache, dizziness, fatigue, poor appetite, sleepiness, mood changes, and loss of memory for many years. ", "Ten days prior to admission, she developed severe headache, vomiting, irritability, lethargy, and ataxia. ", "Hemoglobin was 24.1 g/dl on admission and 15.4 g/dl after two-month's treatment that included staying at the lower altitude, as well as oxygen, dexamethasone, and furosemide acutely, followed by Tibetan herbs. ", "CSF pressure was 22.5 mmHg on admission. ", "Initial MRI ([Fig. ", "3](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) showed markedly increased T~2~ signal in cerebellar hemispheres, internal capsule, and parietal and occipital lobes that resolved after recovery two months later ([Fig. ", "3](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "With recovery, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values decreased in the cerebellar hemispheres from 1.26 ± 0.1 to 0.70 ± 0.06 (10^−3^ mm^2^/s) ([Fig. ", "3a](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"} left& right), and from 0.97 ± 0.07 to 0.75 ± 0.02(10^−3^mm^2^/s) ([Fig. ", "3b](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"} left & right) in other regions.", "\n\nCTP images\n----------\n\nCT perfusion parameters included mean transit time (MTT), time-to-peak perfusion (TTP), cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), and time delay curve (TDC) map. ", "MTT is time between arterial inflow and venous outflow, thus reflecting the state of blood flow in the entire capillary network. ", "TTP is the time contrast takes to achieve maximum enhancement (HU value) in the selected region of interest (ROI). [", "Table 1](#t1){ref-type=\"table\"} shows comparison of these parameters in grey and white matter between groups. ", "Grey matter CBF in CMS subjects was significantly lower than in controls (p \\< 0.001), and both TTP and MTT were significantly prolonged in the CMS group grey matter. ", "In white matter, MTT was delayed in CMS compared to non-CMS groups. ", "TDC data are shown in [Table 1](#t1){ref-type=\"table\"}, [Figs 4](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [5](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"}; the mean peak time in superior sagittal sinus and bilateral middle cerebral arteries in CMS patients ([Fig. ", "5a](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"}) was significantly longer than in control subjects ([Fig. ", "4a](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nA comparison of CMS patients with cerebral edema to those CMS patients without edema is provided in [Table 2](#t2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Cerebral edema patients had higher CMS score and hemoglobin, and lower SpO~2~%. ", "Perfusion scanning revealed lower CBF and greater circulatory delay in those CMS patients with cerebral edema compared to CMS patients without cerebral edema.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThe surprising finding of this study is that cerebral edema appears to be a complication of Chronic Mountain Sickness. ", "To our knowledge, this is the first report describing cerebral edema in CMS, and given the high incidence of this problem in mountainous regions of the world, this finding is clinically valuable. ", "The second new finding is significantly reduced cerebral blood flow, and cerebral circulatory delay in patients with Chronic Mountain Sickness. ", "Exactly how these two findings are related is unclear.", "\n\nThis was not a study of incidence, and we do not know how many patients with CMS actually develop cerebral edema. ", "Regardless, it is clear that cerebral edema occurs in CMS. ", "These patients would most likely have died without treatment. ", "Indeed, patients with CMS may have died from cerebral edema, but no reports of necropsy in CMS exist from this region to verify this, and the only few autopsy reports available from South America showed death from heart failure, with mention of \"congestion of the brain\"[@b5]. ", "Our report should alert physicians to the possibility of potentially fatal cerebral edema in CMS patients. ", "Early recognition and treatment might prevent complications such as cerebral infarctions and thrombosis, as well as progression to death.", "\n\nTreatment of CMS with descent to lower altitude, supplemental oxygen and Tibetan herbs is the standard in this part of China, and was successful. ", "However, controlled trials of the herbs are lacking, and whether descent and oxygen are sufficient is unknown. ", "In other countries, notably in Peru, bloodletting is sometimes used, and controlled trials have demonstrated subjective benefit but little physiological or measurable clinical benefit[@b1]. ", "The practice has not been adopted in China for concerns of acute anemia, and rebound polycythemia afterwards. ", "Recent work has shown that acetazolamide and ACE inhibitors are useful in treating CMS in patients who remain at their home altitude. ", "To our knowledge, these medications have not been introduced to China, and a trial comparing them to the Tibetan herbs would be informative. ", "In this study, we were concerned with immediate treatment of life-threatening cerebral edema, and used diuretics in addition to other therapies. ", "We must emphasize that diuretics are best avoided in CMS, since dehydration will aggravate polycythemia and microcirculatory sludging. ", "There were no apparent complications of diuretic use in these patients with CMS and cerebral edema, and we used them in low doses and for short duration. ", "Whether bloodletting is a valuable adjunct in those with CMS and cerebral edema, and might improve safety, awaits further study.", "\n\nThe mechanism of brain edema in this setting is unclear. ", "While all CMS patients had greater hypoxemia, polycythemia, reduced CBF and cerebral circulatory delay compared to healthy high-altitude residents, these factors were all exaggerated in those with brain edema, raising the possibility that at least in some persons, severe CMS per se can lead to cerebral edema. ", "The clinical presentation and response to treatment were comparable to acute high altitude cerebral edema (HACE), and perhaps mechanisms are similar. ", "One possibility is that a relatively acute drop in cerebral tissue oxygenation in these patients mimics acute ascent to altitude. ", "We theorize that in CMS the combination of low cerebral blood flow and low arterial oxygen pressure results in a precarious low flow/low O2 state resulting in marginal cerebral tissue oxygenation despite the high arterial oxygen content due to the very high hemoglobin. ", "Under these circumstances, acute reductions in arterial oxygen pressure, sleep disordered breathing, carbon monoxide exposure, blood pressure changes, dehydration, and ascent to higher altitude are all factors that could act as a \"tipping point\" for acute inadequate tissue oxygenation similar to acute ascent to altitude, and subsequent \"high altitude\" cerebral edema.", "\n\nSpecific mechanisms suggested for acute HACE include alteration of cerebral autoregulation, endothelial dysfunction, leaking of the blood brain barrier with extracellular vasogenic edema, and eventually cytotoxic edema[@b4][@b6][@b7][@b8]. ", "In addition to these mechanical factors, cytokines, altered signaling, HIF-induced gene regulation, and other mediators of permeability may also play a role[@b9]. ", "These same general mechanisms may participate in the cerebral edema in our CMS population, but have not been investigated.", "\n\nTo our knowledge, measurements of CBF in CMS are limited, and there are no previous CT perfusion measurements in CMS patients, or investigations of cerebral hemodynamics, except by transcranial Doppler (TCD). ", "The finding of reduced CBF is consistent with baseline measurements in earlier studies with TCD, and consistent with the established association of polycythemia and reduced CBF. ", "We also found a continuum of reduction in CBF with increasing severity of CMS across all subjects, not just those with edema, which might argue against the possibility that the reduced CBF in the most ill was due to the edema itself. ", "However, CBF in brain edema is expected to be low. ", "Previous studies have demonstrated loss of cerebral autoregulation in healthy Sherpa highlanders in Nepal[@b10], but this has not been assessed in CMS. ", "Sun *et al*. ", "found a lack of compensatory increase in CBF during sleep hypoxemia in CMS patients in Lhasa (7 Han, 1 Tibetan), measured by carotid blood flow velocity[@b11]. ", "Appenzeller and colleagues studied eight Peruvian men, four with CMS, and found no cerebral vasodilatation in response to NO, measured by TCD[@b12], but no differences between CMS and non-CMS highlanders. ", "They suggested that the cerebral vascular response to NO indicates fitness for life at high altitude, and that this is lacking in Andean natives, although not specifically in CMS. ", "Further studies of cerebral vascular reactivity will be necessary to confirm that CMS is associated with blunted cerebral vascular responses to hypoxemia or external stimuli, and to what extent CMS patents with cerebral edema differ from CMS patients without edema. ", "While animal models have been useful for understanding acute hypoxic cerebral edema, we are not aware of an animal model that develops cerebral edema with chronic hypoxia.", "\n\nThis work has limitations. ", "We lack complete clinical information, such as exact duration of symptoms, follow-up months later, and other possible comorbidities. ", "However, we did follow these patients for the duration of their treatment and stay in Xing, and most other illnesses were ruled out by careful physical examination and appropriate laboratory and imaging studies, as well as the course of their recovery. ", "We did not evaluate our subjects carefully for smoking history. ", "While normal spirometry rules out significant COPD, there may be some effect of smoking even with normal spirometry. ", "We did not obtain history of carbon monoxide exposure, but removal of the patients from their home environment to Xining would have resolved CO exposure, and these patients were the only ill persons from their families, making a home dwelling CO exposure unlikely. ", "Only one MRI was obtained, and more MRI data would help evaluate the nature of the brain edema. ", "MRI might also enable early diagnosis and therefore early treatment. ", "Future research should include development of an animal model of cerebral edema in chronic hypoxia to help elucidate the mechanisms. ", "Prospective clinical studies could determine whether some patients with CMS have subclinical edema and would help elucidate risk factors and possible triggers for developing cerebral edema. ", "Bloodletting, acetazolamide and ACE inhibitors should also be investigated.", "\n\nIn conclusion, some patients with chronic mountain sickness are at risk of developing cerebral edema. ", "This is a newly recognized complication of CMS (Cerebral Edema of Chronic Mountain Sickness). ", "Clinical and CT perfusion data support the idea that exaggerated severe chronic hypoxemia and excessive polycythemia in patients with CMS are contributing factors, but exact mechanisms are unknown. ", "Recognition and treatment of this serious complication will help reduce morbidity and mortality from CMS.", "\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nEthical approval\n----------------\n\nThis study conformed to the standards of the Declaration of Helsinki for medical research involving human subjects. ", "All subjects signed the informed consent and all experimental protocols were approved by the ethics committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University.", "\n\nSubjects and symptom score\n--------------------------\n\nOur 45 subjects included 30 CMS patients (one female) and 15 non-CMS male subjects, all permanent residents of the Qinghai--Tibetan plateau (3200 m to 4000 m). ", "CMS subjects were recruited over the course of one year from the high-altitude medical clinic of the Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University in Xining (2260 m), where they had been referred for medical evaluation. ", "One experienced physician (GRL) evaluated all subjects in this convenience sample. ", "28 of 30 CMS subjects were Han Chinese, as were all control subjects without CMS; two CMS patients were Tibetan. ", "Nine CMS patients had developed encephalopathy over one to two weeks prior to their evaluation. ", "These nine patients were admitted to hospital and studied within 24 hours, while CMS patients without CNS deterioration were studied as outpatients within two days after their arrival. ", "The non-CMS control subjects, who had also presented for medical evaluation for various non-neurological complaints, were studied two days after they descended to Xining from their home altitude. ", "We assessed presence and severity of CMS by international criteria (Qinghai CMS Score), which we described previously[@b2][@b10]. ", "The score obtained in Xining reflected the patients' condition at their home altitude, since symptoms did not change acutely with descent. ", "The score includes symptoms of headache, breathlessness, palpitations, sleep disturbance, cyanosis, tinnitus, paresthesia, and dilatation of veins. ", "For this study, we used the presence of facial telangiectasia as an indication of venous dilatation. ", "In addition, for diagnosis of CMS, hemoglobin concentration must be ≥21 g/dl in males and ≥19 g/dl in females. ", "The nine hospitalized patients in addition to the general symptoms of CMS had nausea or vomiting, mood changes, lethargy, drowsiness, and ataxia. ", "None of these patients had notable brain dysfunction previously. ", "These symptoms had gradually increased over 1--2 weeks despite treatment with salvia miltiorrhiza and rhodiola sachalinesis at the local clinics, prompting their referral to Xining. ", "The other CMS patients referred to the clinic had persistent symptoms of CMS, but without CNS progression. ", "Subjects were excluded if they had: (1) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, (2) asthma, (3) congenital heart disease, (4) a documented neurological disorder, or (5) a past history of head injury with loss of consciousness.", "\n\nClinical Tests\n--------------\n\nWe measured height, weight, blood pressure, and heart rate by standard methods. ", "Hb concentration and Hct were determined from venous blood samples using the Mindray Hematology Analyzer (BC-2300, Shenzhen, China). ", "We used a pulse oximeter (Ohmeda 3700 Pulse Oximeter, Datex-Ohmeda, Boulder, Colorado, USA) to record SpO~2~%. ", "Pulmonary function tests were performed using a standard electric spirometer controlled by a microcomputer (Transfer Screen II: Jaeger; Wuirzburg, Germany). ", "Lung volumes and maximal flow-volume loop were recorded and analyzed by the Jaeger system. ", "CSF pressure was obtained by lumbar puncture and standard manometer, measured lying flat in the decubitus position. ", "CSF analysis included standard cell counts and chemistries.", "\n\nPlain CT scan and perfusion CT imaging\n--------------------------------------\n\nWe used a 16-detector CT scanner (Philips Brilliance, Philips Medical System, Netherlands) for plain and perfusion CT scans. ", "Slice thickness was 6 mm, acquisition matrix 128\\*128\\*. ", "Additionally, blood density was quantified by measuring CT attenuation values (HU) in regions of interest (ROIs) that contained the bilateral middle cerebral artery and superior sagittal sinus, using standard circular ROI measuring 2 mm^2^. All ROI measurements were made by an independent observer blinded to both clinical and laboratory data.", "\n\n### CT perfusion (CTP)\n\nUnenhanced CT scan was immediately followed by CTP scan, using a dynamic first-pass bolus-tracking methodology. ", "Scan parameters were 6 mm slice thickness, 120 kVp, 150 mAs, matrix 512\\*512, total scan time 45 s during the automatic injection of 50 ml of non-ionic contrast agent (Ultravist 300, Schering, Berlin, Germany) containing 300 mg of iodine/ml, at a flow rate of 5 ml/s into the right median cubital vein. ", "120 images were analyzed for CTP parameters in each subject. ", "CTP maps were created with CTP prototype software (Philips Medical Systems, Best, Netherlands). ", "We selected the anterior cerebral artery as arterial input function (AIF) and the superior sagittal sinus as venous output function (VOF). ", "Six ROI were selected in white matter and grey matter (frontal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe). ", "Two experienced neuroradiologists blinded to all other data analyzed images independently. ", "One patient had brain magnetic resonance images rather than CT scan (MRI; Philips Achieva TX 3T), on admission and after treatment two months later. ", "Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were calculated precisely on the T2 maps. ", "MR sequences included T1WI, T2WI, DWI, and FLAIR.", "\n\nStatistical analysis\n--------------------\n\nData are expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD). ", "Comparisons between CMS and non-CMS groups and between cerebral edema and non-cerebral edema CMS subjects were made by the Fisher protected least significant difference test, and a student unpaired t-test. ", "A p value \\< 0·05 was chosen to represent significance. ", "We used SPSS software (Version 13·0; Chicago IL, USA).", "\n\nAdditional Information\n======================\n\n**How to cite this article**: Bao, H. *et al*. ", "Cerebral Edema in Chronic Mountain Sickness: a New Finding. *", "Sci. ", "Rep.* **7**, 43224; doi: 10.1038/srep43224 (2017).", "\n\n**Publisher\\'s note:** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n\nThis work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. ", "81260216), National Basic Research Program of China (No. ", "2012CB518200). ", "International cooperation project of Qinghai provincial science and Technology Department (No. ", "2012-H-807), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. ", "31571231).", "\n\nThe authors declare no competing financial interests.", "\n\n**Author Contributions** H.H.B. designed the experiments. ", "H.H.B. and Y.D.W. analyzed the data and wrote the paper. ", "X.P.Z., G.X.Y., Y.S.W. and L.M. performed the C.T. and M.R.I. scan. ", "F.F.W. and L.M. submitted manuscript. ", "R.L.G. and P.H. revised this paper.", "\n\n{#f1}\n\n{#f2}\n\n{#f3}\n\n{#f4}\n\n{ref-type=\"table\"}).](srep43224-f5){#f5}\n\n###### Clinical variables and CT perfusion parameters in CMS and non-CMS groups.", "\n\n Variables CMS (N = 30) Non-CMS (N = 15) P value\n -------------------------------- -------------- ------------------ ----------\n Age, years 43.5 ± 7.30 42.3 ± 3.5 0.330\n Body-mass index (kg/cm^2^) 24.3 ± 1.3 24.6 ± 1.6 0.332\n Hemoglobin (g/dl) 23.1 ± 1.6 14.6 ± 6.9 \\<0.001\n Hematocrit (%) 70.9 ± 4.2 45.5 ± 5.4 \\<0.001\n HR (beats/min) 83.7 ± 14.1 77.6 ± 13.9 0.221\n SpO~2~ (%) 85.1 ± 4.8 93.1 ± 2.8% \\<0.001\n Forced Vital Capacity, FVC (l) 4.23 ± 0.67 4.41 ± 0.77 0.136\n FEV1/FVC % 87.69 ± 5.43 88.31 ± 5.24 0.491\n FEF 25--75% (l/s) 3.30 ± 0.64 3.18 ± 0.59 0.261\n CMS score 13 \\[8--20\\] 1 \\[1--2\\] \\<0.0001\n CT value of SSS (HU) 55.91 ± 4.61 46.39 ± 2.76 \\<0.01\n CT value of BMCA (HU) 51.29 ± 5.13 38.83 ± 3.29 \\<0.01\n ACA-TDC (s) 25.50 ± 5.20 19.87 ± 2.26 \\<0.05\n SSS-TDC (s) 35.92 ± 5.68 26.80 ± 3.69 \\<0.001\n **White Matter** \n CBF \\[ml/(100 ml/min)\\] 15.6 ± 3.4 17.3 ± 3.6 0.270\n TTP (s) 17.4 ± 2.6 15.1 ± 3.3 0.121\n CBV (ml/100 g) 2.91 ± 1.1 3.07 ± 0.9 0.453\n MTT (S) 10.7 ± 2.0 6.69 ± 2.3 0.004\n **Grey Matter** \n CBF \\[ml/(100 ml/min)\\] 30.4 ± 4.8 40.5 ± 3.9 0.001\n TTP (s) 14.0 ± 2.5 11.0 ± 2.3 0.017\n CBV (ml/100 g) 4.60 ± 1.0 4.47 ± 0.9 0.358\n MTT (s) 6.51 ± 1.6 3.97 ± 0.7 0.004\n\nData expressed as mean ± standard deviation, FEV~1~%, percent of forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FEF~25--75%~, mean forced expiratory flow during half of the forced vital capacity; SSS, superior sagittal sinus; BMCA, bilateral middle cerebral artery; ACA-TDC, anterior cerebral artery time delay curve; SSS-TDC, superior sagittal sinus time delay curve; CBF, cerebral blood flow; TTP, time-to-peak; CBV, cerebral blood volume; MTT, mean transit time.", "\n\n###### Comparison of clinical variables and CT perfusion parameters in CMS-CE and CMS-nonCE.", "\n\n Variable CMS-CE (n = 9)[\\*](#t2-fn1){ref-type=\"fn\"} CMS-nonCE (n = 21) *P* value\n ---------------------- -------------------------------------------- -------------------- -----------\n Age (yr) 42.6 ± 8.1 43.6 ± 6.8 0.3916\n BMI (kg/cm^2^) 24.3 ± 1.3 24.1 ± 1.2 0.766\n Hb (g/dl) 25.5 ± 0.7 23.1 ± 1.4 \\<0.0001\n Hct (%) 74.1 ± 3.5 66.5 ± 5.1 0.0105\n HR (beats/min) 80.7 ± 4.2 77.2 ± 8.3 0.1346\n SpO~2~ (%) 80.1 ± 4.2 88.6 ± 4.5 0.003\n CMS score 15.6 ± 3.6 10.3 ± 32 0.017\n CSF pressure (mm Hg) 21.1 ± 1.4 ---  \n CT-SSS (HU) 58.3 ± 2.7 56.4 ± 5.3 0.184\n CT-BMCA(HU) 50.7 ± 3.3 48.4 ± 3.4 0.382\n **White Matter** \n CBF (ml/100 g/min) 15.4 ± 3.2 17.4 ± 4.8 0.04\n TTP (s) 18.4 ± 4.8 18.1 ± 3.2 0.700\n CBV (ml/100 g) 3.06 ± 0.9 2.89 ± 1.2 0.701\n MTT (S) 8.91 ± 1.4 9.3 ± 2.4 0.182\n **Grey Matter** \n CBF (ml/100 g/min) 28.9 ± 4.1 35.5 ± 3.2 0.017\n TTP (s) 16.9 ± 7.5 16.3 ± 2.1 0.585\n CBV (ml/100 g) 4.84 ± 1.0 4.17 ± 0.7 0.103\n MTT (s) 5.58 ± 0.8 5.12 ± 0.9 0.386\n\nData expressed as mean ± SD. ", "CE, cerebral edema; SSS, superior sagittal sinus; BMCA, bilateral middle cerebral artery.; ", "CBF, cerebral blood flow; TTP, time-to-peak; CBV, cerebral blood volume; MTT, mean transit time. ", "Attention: only 5 of the CMS with edema group have CSF value. ", "^\\*^Nine patients with CE, but n = 8 for 8 CT values.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "One of the hardest working players Coach P has ever seen ... very versatile and tough on the court ... can play the two, three and four positions ... a fierce competitor ... earned the Iron Blue Devil Belt award from strength and conditioning coach William Stephens for her hard work in the weight room and conditioning as a sophomore and junior.", "\n\nCareer: Signed a training camp contract with the Washington Mystics ... helped guide Duke to two ACC Tournament Championships, three ACC regular season titles and three trips to the NCAA Elite Eight over her four years ... part of 120 career wins ... one of only two Duke players to earn All-ACC Academic Team honors four straight years ... just the fifth Blue Devil in school history to be named Capital One Academic All-America .. one of only seven Blue Devils to score over 1,300 points and pull down over 800 rebounds ... became one of only 31 players in Blue Devil history to reach 1,000 points as a junior ... one of only four players in Duke history to hit over 50.0 percent of her field goals, 40.0 percent from downtown and over 75.0 percent from the charity stripe (Ali Day, Jenni Kraft, Laura Kurz, Alana Beard) in a season ... just the eighth Duke player to hit over 50.0 percent from the field in each of her first three years (Alana Beard, Chante Black, Payton Black, Ali Day, Tyish Hall, Monika Kost, Chris Moreland and Rochelle Parent) ... started 109 of 136 games ... featured a career field goal percentage of 50.0 ... an All-ACC second team honoree as a junior and All-ACC third team selection as a sophomore ... took 10 charges in four years ... collected 17 career double-doubles.", "\n\nDuke Single Season Record Book: Pulled down 273 rebounds as a junior to rank tied for sixth on the Duke charts ... notched 13 games with 10 or more rebounds, which ranks tied for fifth on the single-season list ... hit 47.4 percent from downtown to rank tied for third on the single-season charts ... her 52.2 field goal percentage ranked as the seventh-best by a Duke freshman in school history, while also leading the team ... pulled down 184 defensive rebounds as a junior to rank 10th.", "\n\nDuke Single Game Record Book: Totaled a school-record 15 defensive rebounds on Nov. 14, 2013 against USC Upstate ... her 20 rebounds versus USC Upstate was tied third most in school history.", "\n\nAs a Senior (2013-14): Named All-ACC Tournament second team ... preseason Naismith National Player of the Year candidate ... Capital One Academic All-America Third Team ... one of 10 finalists for the Senior CLASS Award ... All-ACC Academic Team ... started all 31 games she played ... missed four games with a knee injury ... averaged 11.2 points, a tied for team-best 7.6 rebounds, 1.7 assists and 1.3 steals ... notched six double-doubles ... pulled down a team-best 20 rebounds against USC Upstate, which was the tied for third-most in school history ... collected a season-high 22 points to go along with eight rebounds and four steals against Wake Forest ... pulled down 10 or more rebounds seven different times ... posted 15 rebounds at Georgia Tech ... in the ACC stats, ranked tied 30th in scoring, tied ninth in rebounding and sixth in defensive rebounds (5.5).", "\n\nAs a Junior (2012-13): All-ACC second team selection ... All-ACC Tournament first team ... All-ACC Academic Team ... Capital One Academic All-District III honoree ... started all 36 contests ... averaged 12.2 points, 7.6 rebounds, 1.9 assists and 1.1 steals ... totaled 10 double-doubles and 13 games with 10 or more rebounds ... led team in rebounding with a 7.6 per game average and 273 total, which ranked tied for sixth on Duke’s single-season list ... ranked 34th nationally in field goal percentage (50.7) ... in the ACC stats, ranked 20th in scoring, ninth in rebounding and 10th in field goal percentage (50.7) ... in ACC games only, ranked tied for 26th in scoring (11.8), eighth in rebounding (8.1) and tied for 12th in field goal percentage (48.1) ... teamed with Elizabeth Williams to pull down a combined 14.9 rebounds a game, which was the highest per game average since the 1995-96 campaign ... hit a career-best 27 three-pointers and drained 47.4 percent from downtown ... her 47.4 percent from downtown ranked tied for second on Duke’s single-season list ... tied a career high with 25 points at Virginia Tech, while pulling down 10 rebounds ... drained a career-high four treys against the Hokies ... opened the season with 21 points versus Presbyterian ... took three charges.", "\n\nAs a Sophomore (2011-12): All-ACC Third Team ... averaged 10.8 points, 5.6 rebounds, 1.3 assists and 1.3 steals ... started all 33 contests ... hit 51.2 percent from the field ... hit 18 treys and drained 43.9 percent from downtown ... posted a double-double with 18 points and 11 rebounds against Wake Forest ... drained 10-of-12 field goals against eighth-ranked Maryland, while scoring 21 points ... scored a career-high 25 points on 12-of-16 field goals at Vanderbilt in the NCAA Tournament ... totaled 19 games with 10 or more points ... All-ACC Academic Team selection ... pulled down at least two rebounds in every game ... grabbed a career-high four steals against Virginia and UNC Wilmington ... hit 13 out of her last 23 three-point field goal attempts to conclude the season.", "\n\nAs a Freshman (2010-11): Selected to the All-ACC Academic Team ... saw the court in all 36 games, while making nine starts ... started against DePaul and Connecticut in the NCAA Tournament Regionals ... brought down 3.6 rebounds per game including a career-high 13 in the win over Southern California ... shot 8-of-11 and scored a career-high 17 points against Western Kentucky ... hit 52.2 percent of her field goals and 73.5 of her free throws ... her 52.2 field goal percentage led the Duke team ... scored double-figures a total of 10 times ... averaged 10.7 points, 4.3 rebounds and 1.0 assists in the ACC Tournament ... took five charges on the season ... dished a career-high four assists at James Madison ... pulled down four or more rebounds in 17 games ... scored 15 points and had four rebounds as she hit 6-of-7 field goals at 21st-ranked Florida State ... had 14 points and four rebounds in the ACC Championship game against 19th-ranked North Carolina ... became the eighth freshman in school history to produce 10+ points in her first two career NCAA Tournament games.", "\n\n2010 USA U18 Women’s National Team: Invited to try out for the squad from June 8-11 ... one of 16 finalists.", "\n\nHigh School/AAU: A McDonald’s All-America selection in 2010 … 2010 New Jersey Gatorade Player of the Year … 2010 Parade Magazine Second Team All-America … recorded seven points, three rebounds and two assists in the 2010 McDonald’s All-America High School game … two-time New Jersey State Prep and Mid-Atlantic Prep League Player of the Year in 2009 and 2010 ... four-time First Team New Jersey All-State ... four-time Mid-Atlantic Prep League First Team All-League ... totaled 1,521 career points and 1,116 rebounds ... as a senior, averaged 19.8 points, 8.1 rebounds, 3.2 assists and 2.5 steals … shot 59.0 percent from three-point range, 84.2 percent from the free throw line and 54.0 percent from the field … led her team to a 25-2 record, its 14th straight Mid-Atlantic Prep A championship and 12th consecutive New Jersey State Prep Championship … helped Peddie win the ESPN Rise National High School Invitational her senior year, while being named tournament MVP … led Peddie to a top 25 ranking by USA Today … averaged 17.8 points, 11. ", "6 rebounds, 2.0 assists and 1.1 blocks as a junior ... totaled a career-high 34 points on 17-of-20 field goals against Lawrenceville in just over half a game ... led her squad to a 24-2 record and No. ", "43 ranking by ESPN Rise ... second team Sporting News All-America in 2010 and Honorable Mention selection in 2008 and 2009 ... attended the Nike National Skills Academy in 2009 ... a 2009 Boo Williams Invitational All-Tournament team selection ... Girls MVP of the 26th Eastern States Invitational ... two-time Myrtle Beach Holiday Invitational All-Tournament team in 2009 and 2010 ... as a sophomore, averaged 12.1 points, 10.6 rebounds, 1.9 assists and 1.8 steals ... led Peddie to a 22-4 record ... First Team All-League for the N.J. Mid-Atlantic Prep League ... Newark Star Ledger All-State, All-Mid Atlantic Prep League and Trenton Times All-Area First Team in 2007 … for her freshman year, averaged 10.0 points, 11. ", "8 rebounds, 1.5 assists and 1.5 steals ... team posted a 17-10 overall record ... named New Jersey Prep Rookie of the Year in 2006-07 ... Newcomer of the Year for the N.J. Mid-Atlantic Prep League ... played for the Philadelphia Belles AAU Nike Sponsored team from 2007-09.", "\n\nPersonal: Full name is Haley McCloskey Peters ... born September 17, 1992 in Summit, N.J. ... daughter of Kurt Peters and Sharon McCloskey ... has two brothers, Casey (24) and Ryan (22) ... her brother, Casey, was a member of the Duke basketball team and graduated in 2011 … her brother, Ryan, is a senior on the Emory basketball squad ... totaled a 4.2 grade-point average in high school ... earned a perfect score on the ACT college entrance exam and was valedictorian of her class … 2010 Presidential Scholar candidate ... selected to the Dean’s List at Duke in her first five semesters ... majored in political science along with a minor in English ... a three-time ACC Honor Roll selection." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhy won't pygame accept more than 2 keyboard inputs?", "\n\nIn every game I make with pygame it won't register any more then 2 simultaneous key presses. (", "e.g. if I'm holding up and left to move it won't let me press space to fire.) ", " Is this software? ", " Hardware? ", " Is there anything I can do about it?", "\nEDIT: I use a Digital Media Keyboard 3000 on one computer and it does pretty good. ", " According to KeyScan it can do about 6 keys at once. ", " The computer I code on OTOH, is a laptop and won't do more than 2 keys. ", " It is an HP Pavillion Entertainment PC. ", " Input capturing is like so: \n`for e in pygame.event.get():\n ## do stuff`\n\nBoth computers ran the same code when I tested them. ", " So I guess it is hardware. ", " Thanks everyone!", "\n\nA:\n\nI have no experience with pygame, but is probably a hardware issue. ", "You can use the KeyScan program mentioned in one of the answers posted there to test your keyboard.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Domainsrush Email Features\n\nWe offer a host of features with all Domainsrush Mailboxes.", "\n\nMailbox Storage – All mailboxes have a generous 1000Mb storage each which can be upgraded if required.", "\n\nJunk Email Filters – Junk email filters use special technology to strip out junk mail before you receive it. ", "You can also set an email address to send the junk mail to, so that you can check this address to ensure only junk mail is being caught, or just select to route such messages to a “Spam” folder in your mailbox.", "\n\nCatch All Email Forwarding – Catch all allows you to forward all email from your domain to any email address you choose, for example a Hotmail or Gmail address.", "\n\nUnlimited Multi Recipient Email Redirects – Redirects enable you to have email for one address sent to one or many email addresses on or off the server and are very useful if you have off server email accounts or need one address to send mail to many people.", "\n\nUnlimited Auto-Responders – Auto-responders are emails which automatically reply when an email is sent to it and with a message of your choice.", "\n\nUnlimited Mailing Lists – Mailing list are a way of sending an email out to multiple recipients by just sending a single e-mail to just one address. ", "This can enable you to set up newsletters to keep people informed of what is happening with your website etc.", "\n\nWeb Based Email – Webmail is available for all mailboxes on our system, so wherever you are you can always check your email from any computer.", "\n\nYour email is one of your business’s lifelines. ", "Our goal is to keep it up and running, and protect you from crashes, spam email, and the bad guys who are trying to break in. ", "Customer satisfaction is our bottom line.", "\n\nGet Your Own .co.uk | .org.uk | .com | .net | .org | .biz | .info\n\nThis website uses cookies to improve your browsing experience. ", "We do not store personal information via cookies. ", "Please accept that you're OK with this, you can opt-out if you wish.", "AcceptPrivacy Policy" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Eric Hill, creator of Spot the Dog, dies aged 86\n\nUpdated\n\nAuthor and illustrator Eric Hill, the creator of much-loved children's book character Spot the Dog, has died age 86.", "\n\nHe died at his home in California after a short illness, his publisher Puffin Books said in a statement posted online.", "\n\n\"Eric Hill was a master of simple design,\" the head of the company's children's division, Francesca Dow, said.", "\n\n\"He created one of the world's most loveable children's book characters - Spot, the charming, naughty, playful puppy, loved and appreciated across the world.", "\n\n\"Eric's ingenious lift-the-flap device turned the reading of a Spot book into a glorious game of hide and seek, enjoyed by children and adults alike.\"", "\n\nHill was born in North London, and cut his teeth as an illustrator while working as an errand boy in an arts studio.", "\n\nHe went on to work in advertising, and created Spot a few years after the birth of his son Christopher in 1976.", "\n\nThe Spot books have sold over 60 million copies around the world since the character debuted in Where's Spot? ", "in 1980.", "\n\nHill, who often referred to himself as \"Spot's dad\", was awarded an OBE for his services to children's literacy in 2008.", "\n\nHe moved to the US with his family in the 1980s and is survived by his wife Gillian and two children, Christopher and Jane.", "\n\nTopics: author, books-literature, arts-and-entertainment, united-states, england\n\nFirst posted" ]

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[ "[The isolation of nucleases Sm1 and Sm2 in preparative amounts and a study of their antigenicity].", "\nTwo enzyme forms of endonuclease (Sm 1 and Sm 2) strain B10M1 in 60 and 100 mg respectively have been isolated from the culture fluid Serratia marcescens. ", "The chromatographic and electrophoretic properties and N-terminal amino acid residues are different for both enzymes. ", "The purification procedure consists of dialysis and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE- and phosphocellulose. ", "The yield of nucleases Sm1 and Sm2 are 14% and 28% respectively. ", "The antigenic differences of nucleases Sm1 and Sm2 have been found by cross immunoenzyme analysis." ]

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[ "Mount '9' waits to learn playoff fate\n\nMount St. Charles beat Cumberland on Sunday to finish 7-11 in its first season playing Division I baseball.", "\n\nWOONSOCKET – Mount St. Charles will now sit back and see if a 7-11 record will be good enough to gain admittance to the 16-team Division I tournament. ", "The Mounties stated their case one final time Sunday with a 2-1 win against Cumberland High. ", "Garrett Hayward was the difference maker, blasting an inside-the-park two-run home run in the last of the sixth inning off of Cumberland ace Justin Patrick.", "\nMSC trailed 2-0 in the last of the sixth when catcher Derek Deschene led off with a single and was replaced with pinch runner Dan Glod. ", "A sacrifice bunt moved Glod into scoring position before Hayward blasted a deep drive to right-center that just kept on rolling.", "\nMSC starter Taylor Sutherland allowed one unearned run in 5 2/3 innings, striking out six. ", "Hayward’s blast made Collins Utterman a winner in relief after Utterman tossed 1 1/3 innings of scoreless ball. ", "Patrick pitched six innings with one strikeout for Cumberland, which will take a 7-10 record into this afternoon’s finale against Smithfield at Tucker Field.", "\n***\nCumberland 000 100 0 – 1-4-1\nMount St. Charles 000 002 x – 2-7-1\nJustin Patrick and Matt Billington. ", "Taylor Sutherland, Collins Uttermann (6) and Derek Deschene. ", "2B: Dan O’Brien. ", "HR: Garrett Hayward." ]

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[ "\"The only thing more delicious than my meal last night was the age-defiant owner.\" \"", "Run don't walk to Jimmy's Restaurant.\" \"", "Five stars,\" \"Anonymous2033488T.\" \"_\" \"_\" \"_\" \"_\" \"_\" \"I'm glad.\" \"_\" \"", "Hey!\" \"", "That's my parking spot, chief!\" \"", "Oh, hey, you!\" \"", "Are you here?\" \"", "You know it.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "I'll see you in a second.\" \"", "Bye.\" \"", "Um, what's the address of the park... that I'm at?\" \"", "Hello?\" \"", "Hello?\" \"", "Guys, here's why Jimmy couldn't make it.\" \"", "Yeah, my quake app is showing a 2.1 magnitude in Big Bear.\" \"", "I knew I felt something.\" \"", "No, honey, what you were feeling was frustration, disappointment, hopefully a little rage.\" \" ", "Let it out, Gerald.\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "Damn it!\" \"", "How could he do this?\" \"", "She turned two!\" \"", "He's dead to me, guys.\" \"", "I'm here!\" \" ", "Hey.\" \"", "Jimmy!\" \" ", "Sorry I'm late.\" \"", "Good to see you, man.\" \"", "Oh, good, Edie, he brought the champagne.\" \"", "Ooh, rough turnout.\" \"", "Did you even hire a party promoter?\" \"", "Next time, I have a guy.\" \"", "No, you are two hours late to a two-hour party, Jimmy.\" \" ", "You missed it.\" \" ", "Are you serious?\" \"", "That's my style;\" \"I show up fashionably late so I don't have to have awkward chit-chat with the host.\" \"", "The host was me.\" \"", "Clearly my plan didn't work.\" \"", "All right, what'd I miss?\" \"", "Yeah, yeah, your only granddaughter's second birthday.\" \"", "Oh, I apologize, Edie.\" \"", "But if your party was better, then more people would be here and I wouldn't have missed it.\" \"", "I just cleaned this.\" \"", "Don't make me get it dirty again.\" \"", "All right, I get it.\" \"", "I screwed up, but you know what?\" \"", "I know how to make this up to Edie.\" \"", "You know how?\" \"", "By paying for her college education?\" \"", "No, I'm gonna have an even better party for her at my restaurant tomorrow.\" \"", "Everyone's invited, friends, family, important people I know.\" \"", "Oh, invite your brother.\" \"", "Is he still in Palm Springs?\" \"", "Frederick?\" \"", "No, no, no.\" \"", "He's busy.\" \"", "Busy being a nut job?\" \"", "Does he still keep that sword in his trunk?\" \"", "He is crazy.\" \"", "He is.\" \"", "Anyway, it's gonna be a great party.\" \"", "Party starts at 1:00.\" \"", "You guys all show up at...\" \" 3:00?\" \" ", "Now you're getting it!\" \"", "Hey, hey, hey.\" \"", "Listen, you don't, uh, you don't need to do this.\" \"", "Have you ever even thrown a kid's birthday party before?\" \"", "Gerald, I've hosted Mariah Carey's 40th birthday party for the last five years.\" \"", "I think I can throw a party for a two-year-old kid who's not even famous.\" \"", "This is what I do.\" \"", "This is what I like to do, Gerald.\" \"", "Annelise, I need you to throw me a party.\" \"", "Now?\" \"", "I'm visiting my grandmother's grave.\" \"", "Is she going somewhere?\" \" ", "I'll be there soon.\" \" ", "Good, thanks, sweetie.\" \" ", "Oh, and tell her I said hi.\" \" ", "Okay.\" \"", "Look, if you, uh, if you really want to crush this, it would be cool if you got Big Bird to make an appearance.\" \"", "Edie and I are really huge fans.\" \"", "Got it.\" \"", "Get a bird.\" \"", "No, no, no, Big Bird.\" \"", "Yeah, all right, it'll be huge.\" \"", "Uh, you know, before you go, I, uh, I wanted to ask\" \" your opinion about something.\" \" ", "Yeah, I'd lose the shirt.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Um, no.\" \"", "See, I'm working on this whole master plan for my life.\" \"", "Step One:\" \"Meet my dad.\" \"", "Check.\" \"", "Step Two:\" \"Get some cool shirts.\" \"", "Apparently not check.\" \"", "Uh, Step Three:\" \"Bust out of the friend zone with Vanessa.\" \"", "You guys have a baby together.\" \"", "I'm pretty sure the word \"friend zone\" doesn't apply here.\" \"", "Plus, I heard feminists don't like that term.\" \"", "Yeah, we don't, but it's easier to use it.\" \"", "Anyway, I was thinking about sending her anonymous hydrangeas for her 26th birthday.\" \"", "Then on her 27th birthday, reveal it was me.\" \"", "Watch your toes.\" \"", "Fernando, where's my raw bar?\" \"", "My raw bar.\" \"", "Rose, these are gift certificates for a massage at Highland Spa.\" \"", "Make sure every kid gets one.\" \"", "Okay, watch-watch the cannolis.\" \"", "Why the hell are we doing this?\" \"", "I thought we hated children.\" \"", "He's in the doghouse for missing his granddaughter's b-day.\" \"", "Edie needs to get over herself.\" \"", "I'm on Team Jimmy.\" \"", "Bros before grandhos, right?\" \"", "That felt horrible to say.\" \"", "Guys, this isn't just about me fixing my mistake.\" \"", "This is a golden opportunity in disguise.\" \"", "I'm throwing a party at my Michelin-quality restaurant, the likes of which these people have never seen before.\" \"", "I'm gonna be a hero.\" \"", "Am I too obsessed with being loved?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \" ", "Who's to say?\" \"", "Oh, look, the magician is starting.\" \"", "This is the trick that killed my mentor.\" \"", "Hey, kid, do you know how much that caviar costs?\" \"", "I'm too young to know prices.\" \"", "Enjoy your childhood.\" \"", "Because when you grow up, the world will be out of water.\" \"", "Owning a restaurant?\" \"", "Piece of cake.\" \"", "Being a parent?\" \"", "Hardest job in the world, right?\" \"", "Being a grandparent is no cakewalk either.\" \"", "We don't have the energy you all have.\" \"", "Well...\" \"People ask us, \"Where do you live?\"\" \"", "We tell them, huh?\" \"\"", "The bathroom!\"\" \"", "I live in a modern loft downtown.\" \"", "Well, this is awkward.\" \"", "You and me at the same party.\" \"", "Oh, you're the chef, right?\" \"", "Yeah, I think you know who I am.\" \"", "The chef?\" \"", "Look, it's totally natural you and I would be wary of each other.\" \"", "We're both kind of like sons to Jimmy.\" \"", "Oh, I'm not like a son to Jimmy.\" \"", "Look, I'm just gonna cut to the chase here, bub.\" \"", "I feel totally threatened by you, and I'm not sure how to process it.\" \"", "Boom!\" \"", "I'm sorry, I didn't mean...\" \"I'm sorry.\" \"", "Hey, did you, um, invite a bunch of fancy people to the party to show off?\" \"", "I'm not trying to showing off.\" \"", "Oh, say, did you see Richie Sambora is playing?\" \"", "Oh, Sambora.\" \"", "You know what kids like.\" \"", "Wait till you taste the cake.\" \"", "It's tiramisu made with Saint Lucian rum.\" \"", "Can the kids eat that?\" \"", "Oh, we have another cake.\" \"", "Ravi, get another cake.\" \"", "Gotcha.\" \"", "Oh, say, were you invited to Ethan Purcell's third birthday party next weekend?\" \"", "'Cause I was.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Look, if it upsets you that much,\" \"I can get you on the list.\" \"", "You invited my brother?\" \"", "Yeah, turns out he wasn't busy.\" \" ", "I'm gonna go say hi.\" \" ", "Yeah, definitely.\" \"", "Uh, one thing you should know, though.\" \"", "Uh, he thinks you're a deadbeat who ran out on me when I got pregnant with Gerald.\" \"", "What?\" \"!\" \"", "I didn't know you were pregnant.\" \"", "Why would he think that?\" \"", "It was something he heard... from me.\" \"", "Why would you lie about that?\" \"", "I knew my family would think I was crazy for raising Gerald alone, so I just made it up, so that it would seem like it was out of my hands.\" \"", "Well, go tell him the truth.\" \"", "I will.\" \"", "Eventually.\" \"", "But, um, if get into this now, it'll ruin Edie's party.\" \"", "Can you just go along with this for now, please?\" \"", "All right, fine.\" \"", "But you owe me for my selflessness.\" \"", "Eh, Gandhi in Gucci over here.\" \"", "I mean, it probably won't even come up.\" \"", "Hey, sis.\" \"", "Hey, Frederick.\" \"", "Jimmy, thank you so much for inviting me.\" \"", "I'm gonna hit the bathroom, get a drink, and then at some point, I'm gonna come back and I'm gonna kill you, so...\" \"The birthday girl's here!\" \"", "Surprise!\" \"", "Surprise.\" \"", "Did he say \"kill\"?\" \"", "Frederick, can I have a word?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Aw, I'm kidding.\" \"", "Lighten up, James.\" \"", "You think I'm telling everybody about what you did to Sara?\" \"", "No, I don't think that.\" \"", "Are you?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "I'm kidding.\" \"", "No, no.\" \"", "I'm confused.\" \"", "So was Sara when you left her.\" \"", "Listen, about that.\" \"", "Could you keep that to yourself?\" \"", "I've invited some very important people here.\" \"", "And my reputation is important to me.\" \"", "But, hey, look.\" \"", "I feel terrible about, um, about what I did.\" \"", "You know what?\" \"", "Apology accepted.\" \"", "Really?\" \"", "No.\" \" ", "Yes.\" \"", "No.\" \" ", "Yes?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "No, yes.\" \"", "You better eat that.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "I have to go to the bathroom.\" \"", "Second door on the left.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Can you please help me?\" \"", "That is not my department, kid.\" \"", "I'm gonna go on the floor.\" \"", "Come on!\" \"", "Nope!\" \"", "Uh, Vanessa?\" \"", "I wanted to talk to you about something.\" \"", "I only stole massage gift cards from the rich kids.\" \" ", "What?\" \" ", "Fine!\" \"", "Here.\" \"", "No, that's not what I'm talking about.\" \"", "So-so-so sorry.\" \"", "Um, where do you want the falcon?\" \"\"", "The falcon\"?\" \"", "Yeah, Jimmy said you wanted a big bird.\" \"", "You got to be kidding me!\" \"", "No, I promised Edie we'd have Big Bird.\" \"", "Oh, oh!\" \"", "See, now, that would've been a great idea.\" \"", "That would've been so good.\" \"", "So, what did you want to talk to me about?\" \"", "Uh...\" \"Stay right here.\" \"", "I'll be right back.\" \"", "Stay right there.\" \"", "Ooh, got to be honest.\" \"", "I don't think Jimmy would've done that to me.\" \"", "Not that this is a competition.\" \"", "Does he hug you?\" \"", "He hugs me!\" \"", "Señor Plucky's.\" \"", "Excuse me?\" \"", "Excuse me...\" \"Hey.\" \"", "Uh, big fan of your food.\" \"", "Oh, nice.\" \"", "That's why I got into this game.\" \"", "Great.\" \"", "Uh, uh... random question... uh, is there any way I could, like, rent your costume for a couple hours?\" \"", "I'll pay anything.\" \"", "Yep.\" \"", "I get it.\" \"", "Just make sure you dry clean it.\" \"", "And don't videotape anything.\" \"", "What are you talking about?\" \"", "I'm not supposed to give the costume to furries.\" \"", "But, hey, everyone deserves love.\" \"", "No, no, no, no, no, no.\" \"", "It's for my, uh, two-year-old's birthday.\" \"", "Right.\" \"", "Got it.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "Just, uh, here...\" \"Thanks.\" \"", "I'm into some weird stuff, too!\" \"", "I believe you.\" \"", "All right, kids.\" \"", "Who wants to sing along with Frederick, huh?\" \"", "Yeah, gather around!\" \"", "Everybody, come on and sit down.\" \"", "Sit down.\" \"", "All right, y'all ready?\" \"", "We're gonna meet Frederick the Farmer.\" \"", "♪ Welcome to my vegetable farm\" \"♪ Want to see what I can grow?\" \"", "♪ Sing with me and then\" \"♪ You'll know\" \"♪ I have\" \"♪ Yummy, yummy corn\" \"Yummy, yummy corn!\" \"", "♪ Crunchy carrots\" \"Crunchy carrots.\" \" ", "It's cute.\" \"", "I like it.\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \" ", "I'm gonna go sing with the kids.\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "♪ Hot, hot peppers Hot, hot peppers!\" \"", "♪ Then I tried to grow beets, but the beets didn't grow ♪\" \"♪ So they died and now I have\" \"♪ Dead beets\" \"Dead beets!\" \"", "Sing loud, kids!\" \" ", "♪ Dead beets\" \" Dead beats!\" \"", "♪ Like Jimmy\" \" Like Ji...\" \" Like Jimmy!\" \"", "♪ Like Jimmy\" \"Like Jimmy!\" \" ", "♪ Keep going, kids\" \" No, don't.\" \"", "♪ That's right, every one\" \"♪ When Jimmy found out that Sara was pregnant with Gerald ♪\" \"♪ He split Dead beets!\" \"", "♪ So Sara had to work three jobs ♪\" \"♪ To take care of Gerald all alone ♪\" \"♪ Jimmy's a real...\" \" No, no, no, no...\" \" ♪ Dead beet\" \" Dead beet!\" \" ", "♪ Louder... dead beet\" \" Dead beet!\" \" ", "Stop... ♪ Jimmy's a dead beet Dead beet!\" \"", "I'm a black lesbian from the South,\" \"And this was the worst thing I've ever been through.\" \"", "What the...?\" \"", "I have to go to the bathroom, too.\" \" ", "Oh...\" \" Lise, this is terrible.\" \"", "Everybody hates me.\" \"", "The mothers hate me.\" \"", "My important friends hate me.\" \"", "Richie Sambora hates me.\" \"", "What do I do?\" \"", "Well, first off, I'd try to remember that today is supposed to be about your granddaughter.\" \"", "But I'd talk to Sara and just try to understand...\" \"Right!\" \"", "Edie... it's all about Edie.\" \"", "That's perfect.\" \" ", "What?\" \" ", "I got to go.\" \"", "And it looks like he does, too.\" \"", "Are you the bathroom lady?\" \"", "I used to be so much more.\" \"", "Attention, please!\" \"", "Gather around for the traditional grandfather uh, granddaughter dance,\" \"I guess?\" \"", "You got to help me win this crowd back.\" \"", "Look alive, kid.\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "Hello, everybody.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Now, uh, I know I can't change the past, but like I always say, \"The children are the future.\"\" \"", "Think what you want of me, but all I care about is what this little lady thinks of me.\" \"", "Edie, may I have this dance?\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "She said yes, she said yes!\" \"", "What the hell is he doing?\" \"", "Yes!\" \"", "What's that?\" \"", "Oh...\" \"I love you, too.\" \"", "I love you, too!\" \"", "She loves me, she loves me.\" \"", "Cherish this moment.\" \"", "This is a good one.\" \"", "♪ ...a land that I heard of\" \"♪ Once in a lullaby...\" \"Okay, here we go.\" \"", "Whoa!\" \"", "See that?\" \"", "She's got moves like Jagger, doesn't she?\" \"", "All right, guys, stop.\" \"", "Stop playing.\" \"", "Here.\" \"", "Look, I know, I get it, I get it.\" \"", "I can see the look in your eyes.\" \"", "You all think I'm a deadbeat.\" \"", "Well, you want to know the truth?\" \"", "Sara never told me she was pregnant with Gerald.\" \"", "Time out.\" \"", "Are you calling my sister a liar?\" \"", "Well, technically, yeah.\" \"", "Sara, is he telling the truth?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "♪ Happy birthday to you\" \"♪ Happy... ♪ ...birthday to you.\" \"", "Señor Plucky!\" \"", "No, no, I'm Big Bird.\" \"", "Big Bird's here!\" \"", "Okay!\" \"", "Señor Plucky's here!\" \"", "Who wants to be Señor Plucky's friend?\" \"", "Me!\" \"", "All right!\" \"", "On three, everyone, \"Happy birthday, Edie.\"\" \"", "One, two, three.\" \"", "Happy birthday, Edie.\" \"", "Happy birthday, Marmel!\" \"", "Sorry I blew your cover.\" \"", "I tried.\" \"", "I just couldn't take the heat.\" \"", "I know, you did try.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Did you really have to work three jobs when Gerald was little?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "I worked at the ear-piercing place in the mall,\" \"I was a cook at Casa Pasta, and I babysat.\" \"", "Kind of a poor man's Ryan Seacrest.\" \"", "If things were that hard for you, why didn't you come to me?\" \"", "And why didn't you tell me you were pregnant?\" \"", "I was going to tell you I was pregnant at the Cure concert.\" \"", "Remember that night?\" \"", "Right before we broke up,\" \"I got us tickets to The Cure in Anaheim.\" \"", "We were supposed to meet at my place first.\" \"", "I was doing my eye makeup.\" \"", "I was waiting to do yours, and at the last minute you called and said you were stuck at a pool party and you weren't gonna make it.\" \"", "So I went to the show by myself.\" \"", "And I stood there through the whole thing, pretending I didn't care.\" \"", "Until the last song...\" \"\"Pictures of You.\"\" \"", "I just started bawling.\" \"", "I mean a snotty mess.\" \"", "Eye makeup everywhere.\" \"", "And this guy next to me felt so bad, he put his arm around me.\" \"", "Then he tried to grab my boob.\" \"", "And you'd flaked on me plenty of times before, but that night I just made up my mind that you weren't capable of being there for little Anthony.\" \"", "I toyed with a few names before Gerald.\" \"", "You should've stuck with Anthony.\" \"", "And in case you're wondering,\" \"I fully realize that I may have made the wrong decision.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Oh, what are you doing?\" \"", "Attention everyone, hi.\" \"", "It's me again.\" \"", "Uh, I was thinking about what I said earlier, and, uh, you probably you don't even remember what I said, but...\" \"That Sara lied about you being a deadbeat?\" \"", "Yeah, and she hid her pregnancy from you.\" \"", "Yes, those are the headlines.\" \"", "It's true that Sara didn't tell me she was pregnant.\" \"", "But what's also true is I deserved it.\" \"", "I wasn't a very good guy back then.\" \"", "Just...\" \"Okay, yes, but he was also young.\" \"", "And I was the one who carried a grudge against him for 25 years instead of giving him a chance to change.\" \"", "Well, I don't know if I would have changed.\" \"", "If found out you were pregnant,\" \"I don't think I could have handled it.\" \"", "You blew me off for a pool party.\" \"", "So what?\" \"", "Why are you talking about this in front of us?\" \"", "It seems real private.\" \"", "Hey, he gave you Richie Sambora and a magician that pulled string out of his eye.\" \"", "He can do whatever he wants.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "My point is don't be mad at Sara.\" \"", "I mean, she did the right thing.\" \"", "I wasn't ready for a family.\" \"", "And I'm not sure if I'm ready for a family now, but I'm trying.\" \"", "I guess that's the main takeaway for today.\" \"", "Isn't the main takeaway \"Happy Birthday Edie\"?\" \"", "Oh, yeah, that too.\" \"", "Well, it's a tie.\" \"", "Good night, everybody.\" \"", "Wow.\" \"", "That's a lot of complicated stuff for a kid's party.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "I'm sorry.\" \" ", "Really?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Oh, I can't tell if I want to hug you or hurt you.\" \"", "Hug.\" \"", "I would choose hug.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Frederick, actually, you're hurting me.\" \"", "I know.\" \"", "I'm so confused.\" \"", "Excuse me, miss?\" \"", "Were you in the bathroom with my boys earlier?\" \"", "Yes, but I'm the bathroom lady.\" \"", "I think you just potty-trained my sons.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "I have to go to the bathroom.\" \"", "Nope.\" \"", "Great party, dude.\" \"", "Oh, hey, hey, I just want you to know, you put on a hell of a party.\" \"", "You're not bad at this grandpa stuff.\" \"", "Thanks, brother.\" \"", "Oh, I'm not your son.\" \"", "I'm your brother!\" \"", "Yo, G!\" \"", "Wait, hold up.\" \"", "Thanks for getting that chicken suit.\" \"", "It's a good look on you.\" \"", "Yeah, I'm thinking about keeping it.\" \"", "Spruce up my wardrobe.\" \"", "Yeah?\" \"", "Well, it's probably the mom hormones, but you're pretty hot when you do that dorky dad stuff.\" \"", "Later, Señor Plucky.\" \"", "♪ Happy birthday to you.\" \"", "Boy, your second birthday was a real barn-burner, huh?\" \"", "Look at that.\" \"", "Sorry I missed it.\" \"", "Wish I had been there.\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "Way it shook out, I, uh,\" \"I'm glad you get to watch it with me now.\" \"", "Edie can't get enough of this raw bar.\" \"", "Look at her.\" \"", "Look at her go!\" \" ", "Do I know kids or what?\" \" ", "You do.\" \"", "Um, this tiramisu is incredible.\" \"", "Do I know cake or what?\" \"", "Oh, see?\" \"", "It's a good park!\" \"", "Oh, look, they had a park ranger back then.\" \"", "Nope, no, that's just a guy going to the bathroom.\" \"", "Aw, man, you were a cute little chubster.\" \"", "Look at you!\" \"", "No more cake.\" \"", "♪ That I ever wanted more\" \"♪ All my pictures of you.\"" ]

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[ "Family members of rehab patients can seek drug rehab information by talking to the counselors and doctors at the facility. ", "Friends and family members can help and support patients by learning about drug addiction. ", "They may do this by participating in counseling sessions with the patient. ", "Counselors in rehab facilities can also teach family members and friends of patients how they can help. ", "They can learn about the coping skills that the patients are learning, the different drug abuse triggers, and the best ways to show love and support.", "\nAddiction affects not just the addict but also everyone that person comes into contact with. ", "The addict will likely suffer physical consequences, social consequences, emotional consequences, financial consequences, and perhaps even legal consequences as a result of their drug use. ", "As the drug addict’s personal life falls apart, their work and health will likely suffer as well. ", "Drug addicts are more likely to have domestic violence problems, to lose their jobs, and to be arrested than those who are not addicts, proving that addiction, if left untreated, can negatively impact every facet of a person’s life. ‘", "Not A Single Rehab Has Worked For Me,’ Says Woman With Alcohol Dependency\n\nFocus on one area where you’re experiencing the urge. ", "How do the sensations in that area feel. ", "For example, perhaps you feel hot, cold, tingly, or numb? ", "Are your muscles tense or relaxed? ", "How large an area is involved? ", "Describe the sensations to yourself and any changes that occur. “", "My mouth feels dry and parched. ", "There is tension in my lips and tongue. ", "I keep swallowing. ", "As I exhale, I can imagine the smell and tingle of a drink.”", "\n\nDetox is not the expulsion of ‘toxins’ from your system, but a reaction of your nervous system to the absence of alcohol. ", "Withdrawal from alcohol and its sedative effects results in an overreaction of the nervous system. ", "A number of severe symptoms can develop, such as disorientation, extreme anxiety, diarrhoea, very high blood pressure, delusions, heart rhythm changes etc. ", "This is very dangerous if not supervised and monitored by personnel experienced in addiction recovery treatment. ", "These symptoms can now be controlled in a safe way through proper medical attention and pharmacotherapy during the detox period. ", "Our clinical staff has extensive experience dealing with alcohol detox and conducts the process in as much safety and as comforting an environment as possible. ", "This is a vast improvement from a time before modern medicine when there was a death rate of 33% for those going through severe alcohol withdrawal.", "\nAccording to The National Institute on Drug Abuse, of the estimated 22.5 million Americans classified as having a drug abuse or addiction problem, only about 4 million will receive the care they need to heal.1 If you or someone you care about struggles with drug dependence, don’t wait any longer to get help. ", "Instead, contact us at Michael’s House today. ", "We can discuss your options in rehabilitation and help you to choose the program that will be most effective for you. ", "Call now.", "\n\nThe first Europeans to visit Ontario arrived by boat. ", "French explorers Étienne Brûlé and Samuel de Champlain followed the St. Lawrence River into Lake Ontario in 1610 and 1615. ", "Henry Hudson sailed into Ontario from the north and claimed the Hudson Bay area for Britain in 1611. ", "Read about Ontario’s first foreign settlers from across the Atlantic. ", "Explore French Ontario in the 17th and 18th centuries or learn about the migration of Germans to Canada. ", "Source: https://goo.gl/KYyyCn\n\nResidential Treatment Centers are available for all patients—men, women or adolescents. ", "With 24/7 support, patients can fully immerse in the recovery process with few distractions for the best outcomes. ", "Length of stay varies based on individual need. ", "After graduating from one of our therapeutic communities, treatment continues at an Outpatient facility best suited to each patient.", "\nThe behavior of people addicted to drugs is erratic, unpredictable, and secretive, and as their addiction deepens their health and physical appearance will inevitably begin to decline. ", "They may lose their jobs, drop out of school, lose long-term relationships, experience financial difficulties, or be arrested for crimes directly related to their substance abuse.", "\nAre you seeking an inpatient rehab center near you? ", "There are hundreds of residential rehabilitation centers (inpatient rehab facilities) all over the country. ", "The Recovery Village has various outpatient and inpatient treatment centers locations throughout the U.S. To find an inpatient facility near you, refer to the following Local Rehab Resources page, which allows you to narrow your search by city and state.", "\nWhen a person receives a diagnosis of alcoholism, the next important step is getting that person to appropriate alcoholism treatment. ", "Unfortunately, there is a variety of reasons alcoholics are reluctant to seek treatment including, the belief that therapy will not work, fear of being stereotyped and complete denial they have a problem at all. ", "The first thing alcoholic individuals and their loved ones should understand is that alcoholism is a disease. ", "In addition, just as some diseases cause pain, alcoholism produces responses such as fear of withdrawal and severe cravings. ", "It is also good for alcoholics to understand that treatment can be challenging but that it is all worth it to achieve a successful recovery. ", "Intervention by a loved one is usually a turning point for alcoholic individuals, often providing them with the motivation to seek the help they need. ", "While it is important an alcoholic's loved ones express their support, they will also need to be firm in their insistence that the person seeks treatment.", "\nOral medications. ", "A drug called disulfiram (Antabuse) may help prevent you from drinking, although it won't cure alcohol use disorder or remove the compulsion to drink. ", "If you drink alcohol, the drug produces a physical reaction that may include flushing, nausea, vomiting and headaches. ", "Naltrexone, a drug that blocks the good feelings alcohol causes, may prevent heavy drinking and reduce the urge to drink. ", "Acamprosate may help you combat alcohol cravings once you stop drinking. ", "Unlike disulfiram, naltrexone and acamprosate don't make you feel sick after taking a drink.", "\n\nCommitment and follow-through are key. ", "Recovering from alcohol addiction or heavy drinking is not a quick and easy process. ", "In general, the longer and more intense the alcohol use, the longer and more intense the treatment you’ll need. ", "But regardless of the treatment program’s length in weeks or months, long-term follow-up care is crucial to your recovery.", "\n\nCocaine is a stimulant drug that causes dangerous physical effects such as rapid heart rate and increased blood pressure. ", "Cocaine is extremely addictive due to its short half-life and method of action. ", "It keeps a steady stream of dopamine in the brain while users are high, preventing further dopamine production and closing down dopamine receptors. ", "When withdrawal sets in, the brain starts to crave the lost dopamine the drug once provided, making it extremely hard to recover from.10 Couples Drug Rehab Florida Couples Rehab Near Me Florida Detox Treatment Couples Inpatient Rehabs\n\nGetting alcohol out of the addicted person’s system is the first part of recovery. ", "People with a severe alcohol addiction can experience intense withdrawal symptoms. ", "A supervised alcohol detox is usually necessary for people addicted to alcohol to prevent potentially fatal complications. ", "Shaking, sweating, seizures, and hallucinations are possible alcohol withdrawal symptoms. ", "Woman Turns to Rehab After Struggling With Drugs, Alcohol: Part 1" ]

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[ "Bethel Church\n\nBethel Church may refer to:\n\nDenominations\nGereja Bethel Indonesia\n\nIndividual church buildings and congregations\nUnited States\n Bethel Church (Redding, California)\n Bethel Church (Jacksonville, Florida)\n Bethel United Methodist Church (Lake City, Florida)\n Bethel Church and Graveyard, Attica, Indiana\n Bethel Church (Morning Sun, Iowa)\n Bethel Church (Clay Village, Kentucky)\n Bethel Cemetery and Church, Falmouth, Kentucky\n Bethel Church (Labadie, Missouri)\n Bethel Church Arbor, Midland, North Carolina\n John Herrington House and Herrington Bethel Church, Mechanicstown, Ohio\n Bethel Church (Yale, South Dakota)\n Mount Bethel Church (Three Churches, West Virginia)\n\nSee also\n Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (disambiguation)\n Bethel Baptist Church (disambiguation)\n Bethel Methodist Church (disambiguation)\n Bethel Presbyterian Church (disambiguation)\n Bethel (disambiguation)" ]

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[ "GAY PHOTO GALLERY\n\nRon paul gay\n\nPaul has stressed that certain essential responsibilities currently performed by agencies that he proposes to eliminate would be assumed by remaining agencies, or in the case of aviation management FAA and TSA , would be transferred to the private sector. ", "Retrieved February 7, Kevin Hassett , economic policy director of the American Enterprise Institute and chief economic adviser to John McCain's presidential campaign, praised Paul's aim of reducing the size of government but worried that, \"At the scale he's talking about, it's unlikely you could have an immediate reduction in government without hurtling the economy into recession. ", "Paul said the grant was \"not science\" but \"propagandizing\". ", "This is the reason for all of his goldbuggery and other crank economic ideas. ", "This indisputably makes him no less respectable or honorable than many other American politicians in office who he accuses of using the same tactics he did to get what they want. ", "The competition stimulates domestic efforts and hopefully serves as an incentive to get onerous taxes and regulations reduced\n\nRon Paul Blames Shockingly Racist, Anti-Semitic Tweet On Staffer\n\nHowever, he is unfailingly pro-life on abortion. ", "We're Here to Help\". ", "Paul argues that parents should have the responsibility to protect their own children from such actions. ", "Too often, conservatives and liberals fall short on defending environmental concerns, and they resort to saying, \"Well, let's turn it over to the EPA." ]

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[ "Effect of dentine conditioners on the bonding efficacy of one-bottle adhesives.", "\nThe bonding efficacy of four one-bottle adhesives (OptiBond Solo Plus, Gluma Comfort Bond, One Step and Prime & Bond NT) and a multi-step adhesive (Clearfil Photo Bond) as a control was evaluated. ", "The dentine cavity wall was conditioned with phosphoric acid or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and the marginal integrity was estimated by measuring the wall-to-wall contraction gap width between the composite and the dentine cavity surface. ", "In the positive control group, the adhesive was applied following glyceryl methacrylate (GM) priming. ", "The analyses were performed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests. ", "One-bottle adhesives were clearly inferior to the multi-step bonding system in marginal integrity when dentine was conditioned with EDTA. ", "The present findings also suggested that the marginal sealing ability of ethanol-based one-bottle systems was better than acetone-based one-bottle systems when dentine surfaces were conditioned with EDTA. ", "Nevertheless, further investigations are needed on the function of fillers in one-bottle adhesives for the prevention of contraction gaps." ]

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[ "Finzean\n\nFinzean (; ) is a rural community, electoral polling district, community council area and former ecclesiastical parish, which forms the southern part of the Parish of Birse, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. ", "Finzean was the subject of many well-known landscape paintings by the artist Joseph Farquharson, whose family have owned Finzean Estate (which occupies the eastern half of Finzean) since the 17th century. ", " Finzean extends to approximately 8000 hectares in area and had a population of approximately 270 in 2002.", "\n\nToponymy\nFinzean is pronounced: Fing-in (NOT fin-zeen)\n\nGeographical extent \nFinzean occupies the upper catchment of the Water of Feugh within the area of the Lower Deeside, the main tributary of the River Dee. ", " The southern boundary of Finzean is the old county boundary between Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire which follows the Water of Aven (or A'an) from Loch Tennet to the Feughside Inn at Whitestone. ", " The eastern boundary varies slightly between historic parish boundaries and modern-day polling district boundaries, but generally follows the route of the minor road north from Whitestone towards Potarch. ", " The northern boundary of Finzean follows the watershed separating the Feugh catchment from the Burn of Cattie, although it runs slightly to the north of this ridge in the eastern part of the parish, crossing the B976 at Berrysloch. ", " The western boundary of Finzean is the watershed separating the Feugh from Glen Tanar and Glen Esk.", "\n\nThe sparsely populated western half of Finzean, in the higher reaches of the Feugh catchment, is known as the Forest of Birse and does not form part of the Finzean Estate owned by the Farquharson family. ", " The boundary between the Forest of Birse and Finzean Estate is formed by two small tributaries of the Feugh: the Finlets Burn and the Laird's Burn.", "\n\nLandscape and natural heritage \n\nThe eastern end of Finzean occupies a broad valley which is a patchwork of fields and small woodlands with scattered houses, farms and small settlements. ", " Most of the population of the parish lives in this area, with the main clusters of housing being at Finzean village, Drumhead and Percie. ", " A ridge of low hills (highest point: Tom's Cairn, 310 metres) bounds this valley to the north and separates it from the valley of the Cattie Burn, which lies within the neighbouring community of Ballogie.", "\n\nTo the south and west, Finzean is shielded by higher granite hills which rise to more than 500 metres above sea level. ", " Notable hills which are prominent in views to the south and west include Clachnaben (589 m), which lies outside Finzean, and Peter Hill (617 m), which is the most prominent hill in Finzean (although Gannoch, in the Forest of Birse, is higher at 731 metres). ", " The hills are mostly covered with heather, but along their lower slopes, there are some extensive areas of forestry, most of which is planted with Scots pine and larch. ", "There is also a small area of natural pine forest at Glenferrick and Finlets, which is the most easterly remnant of the ancient Caledonian Forest.", "\n\nThe Twin Trees of Finzean are a natural curiosity that are well known locally and have been included in the Forestry Commission's Heritage Trees of Scotland. ", " The trees are about 100 years old and a branch from one has naturally grafted itself on to its neighbour, joining the two together in a natural arch that featured on old postcards of the area.", "\n\nThe Water of Feugh and the lower part of the Water of Aven are both designated as part of the River Dee Special Area of Conservation due to their importance for populations of Atlantic salmon and Eurasian otter.", "\n\nHistory and cultural heritage \n\nThe first people to live in Finzean were hunter-gatherers during the mesolithic era 8000 years ago. ", " The first farmers settled during the neolithic period about 6000 years ago. ", " Evidence of the neolithic settlers can be seen in the remains of Finzean House Long Cairn, one of two scheduled monuments in Finzean; the other being the Ballochan hut-circles in the Forest of Birse, which dates from the late bronze age or early Iron Age, between 2000–3000 years ago. ", " Another well-known monument in Finzean is the Dardanus Stone, which lies alongside the B976 road at Corsedardar. ", " This standing stone was uncovered at the end of the 18th century and has been held together by iron bars since being broken in two by workmen in about 1850. ", " The stone is alleged to commemorate a mythical Scottish king called Dardanus, who reigned in the 1st century AD according to the writer Hector Boece. ", " In reality, it is more likely to be a bronze age monument left by the Beaker people \n\nIn the 10th century the lands of Finzean became the personal property of the King of Scots, who used the Forest of Birse as a hunting reserve. ", "In the 12th century King William the Lion gifted the area to the Bishops of Aberdeen who continued to own it until the 16th century, during which they gradually sold off all the land. ", " During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Farquharson family acquired the whole of the eastern part of Finzean, while the Forest of Birse was owned by the Earl of Aboyne, but with ancient common rights retained by all the inhabitants of Birse parish to this day.", "\n\nEvidence of the rich later history of Finzean can be seen in the 17 listed buildings and monuments that have been designated in Finzean.", "\n\nCategory A Listed Buildings\n\nFinzean Bucket Mill; Finzean Sawmill and Turning Mill\n\nCategory B Listed Buildings\n\nBirse Castle; Easter Clune; Finzean Home Farm Steading; Mill of Clinter; Tillyfruskie\n\nCategory C Listed Buildings\n\nBirse and Feughside Parish Kirk; Birse Castle Kennels; Birse War Memorial; Bridge over Hollow Burn; Finzean House; Finzean House South Lodge; Forest of Birse Kirk; Haughend Grain Kiln; Memorial well to Joseph Farquharson; Mill of Clinter Cottage\n\nThe most important of these buildings are undoubtedly the three water-powered mills along the Water of Feugh which are owned and managed by Birse Community Trust. ", " These wooden buildings date from the 1850s but were restored to full working order in the 1980s.", "\n\nBirse Castle, which is the only remaining castle in Finzean, dates from about 1600, was restored from a ruin in 1905, and was extensively refurbished in 1999 as the main Scottish home of Charles Pearson, brother of the 4th Viscount Cowdray and owner of Dunecht estate, part of which is in the Forest of Birse.", "\n\nFinzean in the 21st century \nThe second half of the 20th century saw declines in traditional rural industries in Finzean, as elsewhere. ", "There are now only seven tenant farms in Finzean where there were nearly 20 in the 1950s, and Finzean estate's own farming operation now dominates much of the area. ", " This decline was countered by the growing wealth generated by the advent of the North Sea Oil industry in the 1970s. ", " This brought an influx of new people to the north-east of Scotland, and Finzean was no exception. ", " Being an attractive location on Royal Deeside and within commuting distance of Aberdeen, Finzean has become a desirable area in which to live. ", " Although this has made houses less affordable for local families, an enlightened approach by the estate regarding the sale of building plots has helped to limit this effect.", "\n\nFinzean is now a small but thriving community, with a primary school attended by about 50 children, a parish church that was extended and refurbished in 2005, an award-winning community hall that was rebuilt in 2003 and community woodlands that provide attractive walks for local residents. ", " Apart from the farms and estates, local businesses include a shop and post office, a farm shop and tearoom, a furniture restorer and cabinetmaker, a shortbread manufacturer and a number of building contractors and self-employed tradespeople.", "\n\nThe third meeting of the Rural Development Council, chaired by Richard Lochhead MSP was held in Finzean village hall in December 2008.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nFinzean Estate\nBirse Community Trust\nBirse and Feughside Parish Church\n\nCategory:Villages in Aberdeenshire" ]

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[ "DojoTrade Bots\n\nAmulet of Quoz FOIL\n\nArtifact\n\nRemove Amulet of Quoz from your deck before playing if you're not playing for ante., ", "Sacrifice Amulet of Quoz; Target opponent may ante the top card of their library. ", "If they don't, you flip a coin. ", "If you win the flip, that player loses the game. ", "If you lose the flip, you lose the game. ", "Activate this ability only during your upkeep." ]

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[ "Q:\n\n2nd order differential\n\nI can't understand why or how or what they did in the part with Kx. ", "I am confused because I don't know how they are getting K is negative or find out the x is -x..There has to be 2 cases where x is positive and x is negative but they rule out x is positive and say K is negative and thus x is negative...:S I don't get that part.", "\n\nEDIT: Is it because e^x can never be negative that they said K has to be negative to cancel the other negative out? ", "If K was positive then e^x never reaches -1 so is that the reason?", "\n\nA:\n\nWe have:\n$-1 = K = \\pm e^C$\nSince $K$ is negative, it can only be the case that we use the negative $-e^C$, since the exponential cannot be negative.", "\nNote, had the initial condition been, $y'(1) = 1$, then we would have chosen $+ e^C$.\nIs that clear?", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nNew Employee Production Scale\n\nI work in data entry and need to create a production scale for new employees. ", " If a veteran employee is expected to key 30 items an hour, what’s an acceptable percentage for a new employee to key?", "\n\nA:\n\nThere should be no production scale if this is how you are coming up with it\nAsking random internet strangers to give you a formula to score employees means that you/your organization doesn't really know how this particular job function works. ", "You evidently have been tasked with creating an evaluation system for the sake of it and your organization is fine with that evaluation system being arbitrary and based neither on operational experience or evidence.", "\n\nGo spend a day doing the job to find an answer to your question.", "\n\nGo ask whoever does the training for data entry at your organization to find an answer to your question.", "\n\nGo poll your current data entry employees and ask them for a number to answer your question.", "\n\nGo look at historical entry speeds. ", "If you do not have these, start tracking new hires and see where they start and where they peak and what the curve of speed improvement looks like. ", "If required, sit there all day with a watch and clipboard and count what the new employees do in an hour compared to the experienced ones. ", "And then wait a few weeks and gather the same stats on the same employees.", "\n\nThere are so many things that could impact the rate at which they enter data, from the learning curve of the software they are entering it into to the complexity of the information to how repetitive it is or whether the words/units/whatever are familiar and commonly used or highly domain-specific.", "\nEmployees deserve better than an arbitrary evaluation formula based on guesses and internet theories.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Picture used for representational purpose\n\nNEW DELHI: At a time when cases of abuse in children's homes have shaken the nation, Gujarat is showing the way on how foster care can be a sound alternative with the right mix of financial incentives and vetting of foster families with the state seeing a significant jump in children under care from 1,784 in 2015-16 to 9,588 in 2017-18.", "\n\nThe state's success in revamping its four-decade-old foster care system ties in with the Centre's recent effort to encourage foster care to reduce dependence on child protection homes that are difficult to monitor and have been vulnerable to misuse and the 'Gujarat model' is being seen as an experiment that could be emulated.", "\n\nThe Gujarat results were shared at a consultation in the capital with the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) where the state attributed the turnaround of its 'Palak Mata Pita Yojana' to reworking of rules that didn't work well.", "\n\nThe changes involved enhancement of monthly care support for a child from 1,000 to 3,000 up to 18 years and inclusion of children in cases where the mother had remarried after the father's death and was unable to take care of the child.", "\n\n\"Gujarat's department of social justice and empowerment is focusing on foster care over putting more children in child care institutions (CCI). ", "The number of children in CCIs over the last five years has been in the range of 3,800 to 4,200 at any given time. ", "There are around 125 CCIs across 33 districts of the state,\" said Inderjeet Chauhan, programme manager of child protection in Gujarat.", "\n\nNCPCR chairperson Stuti Kacker said \"The foster guide put out by NCPCR is an attempt to facilitate implementation of the Model Guidelines for Foster Care 2016 notified by the ministry of women and child development in keeping with the provisions of the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015.\"", "\n\n\"In Gujarat, the foster care scheme has helped in decreasing institutionalization of children, allowed children to grow in a family and led to a decrease in school dropout ratio. ", "Normally, it has been seen that the immediate relatives of the orphaned child are willing to take on the role of foster parents,\" Chauhan said.", "\n\nUnder the scheme, the annual income of foster parents has to be more than 27,000 in rural areas and 36,000 in urban areas.", "\n\nThe district child protection unit seeks assurance from foster parents on stamp paper that they will not push children into marriage at an early age and they will ensure completion of study till Class XII. ", "Children of age 6 and above must be enrolled in school and if the education stops, the assistance to the account of the child and the foster parents is discontinued.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nBTYD package in R dc.", "SplitUpElogForRepeatTrans too slow\n\nI'm trying to use the BTYD package in R to model customer lifetime value, but the step to split up the data for repeat transactions seem to be taking way too long.", "\nI have a data frame with less than half a million rows, and I have substituted customer_id's, which used to be long strings, into just integers, and it is still taking very long. ", "\nHere is the exact readout of str(df)\n'data.frame': 466617 obs. ", "of 3 variables:\n $ date : Date, format: \"2015-04-05\" \"2015-04-05\" ...\n $ sales: int 55 69 2 52 39 62 10 20 25 53 ...\n $ cust : int 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...\n\nwhen I run dc.", "SplitUpElogForRepeatTrans(df), this seem to go on forever.", "\nFor people who have used this package before, is half a million lines considered too much for this package? ", "What are some ways to speed up the process or get around it?", "\n\nA:\n\nI had the same problem as I have several million rows. ", "I found that the function dc.", "SplitUpElogForRepeatTrans was very slow, so I switched out the loop for some data.table magic. ", "Huge difference in speed. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "The brand was present on May 9th, 2019, in New-York for the global premiere of the Hollywood movie.", "\n\nInformation\n\n14 May 2019\n\nEditorial team\n\nRead : 1 min(s)\n\nShare\n\nSwiss watch manufacturer Carl F. Bucherer was also there, having supported director and friend of the brand Chad Stahelski with his latest work. ", "After featuring in the first two episodes about contract killer and car fan John Wick, the Lucerne manufacturer’s timepieces once again show the time of day in John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum, this time on the wrists of Laurence Fishburne, Halle Berry, and Keanu Reeves.", "\n\nThe timeless classic model with its white dial and black leather strap is inspired by the designs of the 1960s – the same decade that produced John Wick’s beloved Ford Mustang. ", "The three-hand model with date display draws the beholder’s attention to what really matters in the stainless steel case with a diameter of 38 millimeters, and the watch is always ready for action thanks to its reliable automatic caliber. ", "What is more, the 42-hour power reserve means that superstar Keanu Reeves aka John Wick could take it off for a while without any problems – not that he has that much time to rest.", "\n\nHalle Berry’s character Sofia combines femininity with ruthless action. ", "It is no wonder that the Manero Peripheral is so wonderfully suited to her. ", "The elegant timepiece with 60 diamonds on the bezel is a masterpiece of feminine details and powerful mechanics. ", "The striking stainless steel case with a diameter of 40 millimeters conceals the automatic CFB A2050 manufacture caliber, which is equipped with a peripheral rotor – an unmistakable reference to the craftsmanship and innovation of the watchmakers at Carl F. Bucherer. ", "Furthermore, the small-seconds subdial and date display on the finely shimmering, cognac brown dial of natural mother-of-pearl guarantee absolute clarity, even when the going gets tough.", "\n\nIn addition to the models that appear in John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum, the Manero AutoDate und Manero Peripheral are also available in other versions. ", "They can be purchased at Carl F. Bucherer boutiques all around the world and in selected retail stores, and are ideal for both action heroes and all other fans of the art of Swiss, “Made of Lucerne” watchmaking.", "\n\nThe brand\n\nWatches of technical perfection and beauty, through tradition and the force of innovation. ", "Carl F. Bucherer is an independent Swiss watchmaker with expertise in the production of precious contemporary watches in the premium market." ]

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[ "Lisa Last talks with Heather Thoma from FCT. ", "Introduction Heather Thoma is a Business Development Manager at FCT. ", "Founded in 1991, the FCT group of companies is based in Oakville, Ontario. ", "provides industry-leading title insurance, default solutions and other real...\n\nLisa Last talks with Jacklynn Pivovar from Duncan Craig LLP. ", "Introduction Jacklynn is an Associate with Duncan Craig LLP. ", "She practices primarily in the area of Litigation with an emphasis on Personal Injury and Estate Litigation. ", "Lisa and Jacklynn talk about the...\n\nLisa Last talks with Rebecca Frederick, a Licensed Insolvency Trustee with Frederick & Company LLP. ", "Introduction Rebecca Frederick is a Licensed Insolvency Trustee that’s been working in insolvency for over fifteen years. ", "Motivated by her desire to help clients...\n\nLisa Last talks with Jacklynn Pivovar from Duncan Craig LLP. ", "Introduction Jacklynn is an Associate with Duncan Craig LLP. ", "She practices primarily in the area of Litigation with an emphasis on Personal Injury and Estate Litigation. ", "Lisa and Jacklynn talk about wills,...\n\nLisa Last talks with Kent Zadko of Edward Jones from about the importance of having disability insurance. ", "Introduction Kent Zadko is a Financial Advisor with Edward Jones, located in Sherwood Park, AB. ", "With past work experience as a Consultant, and currently over 2..." ]

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[ "奴隷解放運動家 ハリエット・タブマンの人生を描く「Harriet（原題）」が3月より東京・TOHOシネマズ シャンテほか全国で公開される。", "\n\nアフリカ系アメリカ人女性として史上初めて20ドル紙幣に採用されることが決まったタブマンをモデルにした本作。農園の奴隷だった“ミンティ”ことアラミンタ・ロスの姿が描かれる。奴隷主が急死したことをきっかけに南部へ売りに出されることになったミンティは、メリーランド州から奴隷制が廃止されたペンシルベニア州を目指して脱走。奴隷制度廃止運動家ウィリアム・スティルと運命的な出会いを果たした彼女はハリエット・タブマンと名を変えて新たな人生を歩み始める。そして秘密組織“地下鉄道（アンダーグラウンド・レールロード）”の一員となったハリエットは、数多くの奴隷たちを自由の地へ導いていく。", "\n\nシンシア・エリヴォが主演を務め、 レスリー・オドム・ジュニアがスティル、 ジャネール・モネイが女性実業家マリー・ブチャノンに扮する。監督は「クリスマスの贈り物」の ケイシー・レモンズが務めた。なお第77回ゴールデングローブ賞では、エリヴォが主演女優賞、テーマ曲の「スタンド・アップ」が主題歌賞にノミネートされている。", "\n\n※「ハリエット」は、新型コロナウイルスによる感染症の拡大を受けて公開延期となりました。最新の情報は公式サイトをご確認ください\n\n上映スケジュール 近くの映画館 上映スケジュールがありません さらに読み込む\n\nシンシア・エリヴォのほかの記事" ]

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[ "A standard yarn-winding apparatus has a support that holds a spool centered on a spool axis for rotation about this axis, a friction-drive roller that is rotated at a constant speed and that radially engages the spool to rotate it, and guides for feeding the yarn to the spool so it is wound thereon as the spool rotates. ", "The guides includes a reciprocating traverse that lays the yarn in even layers on the rotating spool.", "\nSynthetic-resin yarns are very sensitive to their treatment parameters, as for instance their temperature, amount of stretch, tension, and the like. ", "Such a synthetic-resin yarn can take dye differently, develop different surface characteristics, and otherwise alter significantly to affect the appearance and feel of the finished goods, whether woven or knitted, that they are incorporated in if any of these treatment parameters varies excessively.", "\nIt has been determined that the yarn must be pulled at the very start of a winding operation with a tension that is somewhat greater than that used for the balance of the winding up. ", "This increased tension, which must not be great enough to snap the yarn, pulls the yarn tight and causes it to move smoothly afterward.", "\nIt is therefore known from German patent document 2,432,166 of J. Bock et al to provide the friction-drive roller with an annular raised region of greater diameter than the body of the roller that is positioned offset axially from the region where the yarn body will be formed. ", "Thus to start with the spool will be driven slightly faster than normal. ", "Once, however, the yarn body has built up on the spool sufficiently that it directly contacts the friction roller, the spool-rotation speed is reduced again and depends on the peripheral velocity of the body of the friction roller, not of its raised rim. ", "Such a system is very simple, but the first 1000 m or so of yarn is wound at a tension that is different from that of the balance of the yarn and, therefore, will behave differently in subsequent treatment.", "\nIn U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,831,362 of C. J. Dudzik the spool is provided at one end with a large-diameter rim, or such a rim is provided on the support carrying the spool. ", "The friction-drive roller is cylindrical so that at the start of winding it contacts only this large-diameter rim so that the peripheral speed of the spool is smaller than that of the friction roller. ", "This peripheral speed increases as the yarn body grows until the yarn body gets bigger than the rim and the drive roller loses contact with the rim, whereupon the peripheral speed stays the same for the rest of the winding operation. ", "Thus the innermost layers of yarn are wound somewhat more loosely than the outer ones, again producing nonuniform results during subsequent treatment.", "\nIn German patent document 3,009,714 of Y. Inouye and British patent 1,175,965 other winding systems are shown, but that do not give a high starting speed to get the filament up to speed while at the same time winding it on the spool with uniform tension." ]

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[ "Extinction might not be forever if synthetic biologists and others pursue their proposals to use advanced genetic engineering techniques to save endangered species and return extinct ones [@pbio.1001530-Kumar1]. ", "This is only the most eye-catching example of a broad engagement that will soon take place between the synthetic biology community and the biodiversity conservation community that may change the relationship between humans and the natural world. ", "Though these communities are strangers to each other now, the work they do and the goals they pursue are in places complementary and in others conflicting but uninformed by each other. ", "A respectful and open discussion between these two communities and society at large is urgent to determine how to proceed on issues that overlap.", "\n\nRecent international and intergovernmental meetings of the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) (October 2012) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (September 2012) have reconfirmed the serious attention the world community is paying to the vital need to conserve the natural world. ", "Commitments made by 94 governments in April 2012 to establish the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) are a tangible response to addressing the ever-increasing threats to global biodiversity, against the approaching beat of a changing climate. ", "These threats have created a set of \"wicked problems\" [@pbio.1001530-Rittel1], that are messy, intractable, subject to multiple interpretations, and for which solutions at present are not evident or inscrutable. ", "Dealing with the causes and consequences of biodiversity loss in a changing environment is one such problem.", "\n\nOver the past century an array of conservation strategies of increasing sophistication and scope have emerged to address biodiversity loss [@pbio.1001530-Adams1]. ", "The Aichi Biodiversity Strategy, adopted in 2010 by the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the CBD, distills these strategies into a set of 20 targets adopted by the international community. ", "The Strategy is designed to a) address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society; b) reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use; c) improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity; d) enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services; and e) enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management, and capacity building [@pbio.1001530-Convention1].", "\n\nThe Aichi Targets and Strategic Goals are challenging and will require the full array of tools, techniques and approaches if progress is to be made. ", "Yet, to date both the targets, and the institutional arrangements that support them, are built on an understanding of biodiversity and ideas about conservation strategies developed over the twentieth century, and have barely considered new scientific and engineering prospects such as those found in the emerging field of synthetic biology.", "\n\nThe Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues [@pbio.1001530-Presidential1] defined synthetic biology as \"a scientific discipline that relies on chemically synthesized DNA, along with standardized and automatable processes, to address human needs by the creation of organisms with novel or enhanced characteristics or traits.\" ", "The field is moving fast [@pbio.1001530-Carlson1],[@pbio.1001530-Church1]. ", "Billions of dollars are being invested globally, and developments of novel applications or improvements of existing ones emerge weekly [@pbio.1001530-Bergin1],[@pbio.1001530-Pennisi1]. ", "Huge claims are routinely made about the potential benefits of synthetic biology: \"many of the major global problems, such as famine, disease and energy shortages, have potential solutions in the world of engineered cells\" [@pbio.1001530-Collins1]. ", "Lloyds of London\\'s Emerging Risk Group wrote in 2009: \"Many believe that Synthetic Biology will be one of the transformative technologies necessary to combat climate change, energy shortages, food security issues and water deficits\" [@pbio.1001530-Lloyds1].", "\n\nSynthetic biology has the potential to transform many aspects of human economy and society, and the environment, not least as a key technology in an emerging \"bioeconomy\". ", "Citing the impacts of existing biofuel production, some are deeply suspicious of its possible impacts: the ETC Group suggests that \"The proposed use of synthetic microbes in the production of the next generation of fuels, medicines and industrial chemicals may massively increase human impact on biodiversity, while accelerating biopiracy and making a mockery of any notion of 'benefit sharing'\" [@pbio.1001530-ETC1]. ", "As Marris and Rose [@pbio.1001530-Marris1] observe, when discussing synthetic biology, \"utopias and dystopias seem to be the only scenarios possible.\"", "\n\nDespite growing general debate, there has been surprisingly limited consideration of the risks or advantages of synthetic organisms to the conservation of biological diversity [@pbio.1001530-Dana1]. ", "In the seven years prior to 2011, some 40 reports (in the English language alone) were published addressing the social, ethical, and legal issues raised by synthetic biology [@pbio.1001530-Zhang1]. ", "Ethicists and philosophers have considered the ways synthetic biology may change the relationship between humans and the natural world [@pbio.1001530-ECNH1]--[@pbio.1001530-Kaebnick1], and considerable discussion has taken place about who will be in control of synthetic biology (e.g., [@pbio.1001530-Carlson1]). ", "Critics have identified potential dangers of genetically modified organisms on native species, the resilience of natural ecosystems, small-scale producers in developing countries, and public safety [@pbio.1001530-ETC2]--[@pbio.1001530-Hall1]. ", "Horizon scanning studies have highlighted technologies that involve genetic engineering, such as the transfer of nitrogen-fixing ability to cereals [@pbio.1001530-Sutherland1].", "\n\nHowever, thus far, conservation scientists appear to have paid little attention to synthetic biology as a field of science and technology. ", "Recent surveys in biodiversity science have outlined many of the problems and promises that face the natural world [@pbio.1001530-Biermann1]--[@pbio.1001530-Rands1], yet synthetic biology has gone virtually unnoticed. ", "Noticed or not, change is coming, as the recently completed CBD COP 11 resolved to \"...consider the potential positive and negative impacts of components, organisms and products resulting from synthetic biology techniques on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity\"---but only to recommend further study [@pbio.1001530-The1].", "\n\nThe limited and timid engagement of conservation science and policy with the development of synthetic biology is unfortunate, because the technology is likely to transform the operating space within which conservation functions, and therefore the prospects for maintaining biodiversity into the future. ", "The shape of this transformation is unclear. ", "There are possibilities that synthetic biology may provide new solutions to established \"wicked\" problems such as disease affecting wildlife (e.g., [@pbio.1001530-Fisher1]) and may alleviate pressure on ecosystems by supplying sustainable food for a future world of 9 billion people. ", "There are also potentially negative impacts on natural and managed ecosystems and human welfare through the release of novel organisms [@pbio.1001530-ETC2]--[@pbio.1001530-Hall1]. ", "The potential consequences for biodiversity conservation of even the promise of innovations from synthetic biology are significant. ", "Considering the Aichi Targets (see above), we suggest ([Table 1](#pbio-1001530-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}) some plausible consequences of synthetic biology advances for the way that targets are addressed, the side effects of assuming the techniques work, and ultimate impacts on the wild species and habitats for which the targets were devised.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pbio.1001530.t001\n\n###### Examples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity Targets.", "\n\n![](", "pbio.1001530.t001){#pbio-1001530-t001-1}\n\n Aichi Strategic Goal Examples of Potential Impact of Synthetic Biology\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n A. Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society.(Targets 1--4) • Peoples\\' awareness of biodiversity may be affected by an ability to artificially transform organism genomes, eroding understandings of what \"nature\" is (1)• Transition to sustainable production and consumption (which protects biodiversity) may be promoted (4)• Proposed synthetic biology solutions might move policymakers away from addressing underlying causes for biodiversity loss (4)\n B. Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use.(Targets 5--10) • Synthetic traits in organisms may promote invasive capabilities (or novel organisms may be invasive) (9)• Synthetic organisms might improve potential for ecological restoration or creation (9)• The potential for synthetic organisms in the agricultural production sectors might foster \"sustainable intensification\" and \"land sparing\" to reduce land conversion and increase protection of wild habitats (6 and 7)• Industrial uses created by synthetic biology might drive significant land use change towards feedstock production (7 and 8)\n C. To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity.(Targets 11--13) • Novel organisms might affect the integrity of protected areas (11)• Recreated extinct species may create credits to species lists, allowing natural species extinctions to occur while meeting targets to arrest species extinctions (12)• \"Moral hazard\" may reduce society\\'s willingness to support measures to conserve endangered species (12)• Synthetic biology capability may make *ex situ* conservation more attractive relative to *in situ* with impacts on support for existing protected areas (13)\n D. Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services.(Targets 14--16) • Synthetic life forms could replace \"nature\\'s services\" for clean water, clean air, etc., ", "thereby removing the ecosystem services justification for nature conservation (14, 15)• Synthetic biology may extend private ownership of genetic material in ways that restrict access for public benefit (16)\n E. Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management, and capacity building.(Targets 17--20) • Since biological knowledge based on synthetic biology is both different and much more restricted than knowledge for biodiversity conservation, fundamental inequities may prevent the desired coherent, participatory actions for conservation (18 and 19)\n\nThere are 20 Targets grouped under five Strategic Goals agreed to by 193 countries that are Parties to the CBD in 2010. ", "Individual target numbers are indicated in parentheses under each example. ", "The full list of targets can be found at <http://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/>.", "\n\nConservation as a practice has frequently been backwards looking, focusing on reducing loss or on maintaining a status quo, an approach that has clearly not been effective in conserving biodiversity. ", "Potential major shifts in the relationship between humans and nature such as those represented by synthetic biology would be better engaged with early and deeply. ", "Yet of the hundreds of conservation practitioners with whom we have spoken, only a few had even heard of synthetic biology and had any sense of the changes it may bring. ", "In order to expedite the engagement between the two fields, we have organized a meeting entitled \"How will synthetic biology and conservation shape the future of nature?\" ", "to be held April 9--11, 2013, in Cambridge, United Kingdom (<http://www.wcs.org/thefutureofnature>). ", "Our hope is that this meeting and this article will ultimately result in a practice of conservation educated about synthetic biology and a practice of synthetic biology educated about the concerns and imperatives of biodiversity conservation.", "\n\nWe do not know what will happen when synthetic biology practice meets conservation practice. ", "There has been some speculation, but data cannot be gathered on what has not yet happened, leaving value-based claims free to proliferate. ", "Yet it is imperative that conservation practitioners engage with synthetic biologists, not only to influence the practice to become \"pro-conservation\", but also because without such informed engagement it would be too easy for policymakers and politicians to assume that synthetic biology solutions can provide easy fixes to intractable and expensive conservation actions and shift attention and support away from existing efforts such as protected area establishment and strengthening. ", "Biodiversity, ecosystem services, and humans would all suffer from such decisions.", "\n\nWe suggest that conservation needs new thinking and new strategies to cope with the challenges of synthetic biology. ", "We identify here five assertions that we believe highlight key emerging issues that need to be addressed by conservation scientists and practitioners, and institutions such as the CBD and IPBES.", "\n\n- Extinction may not be forever. ", "There are on-going attempts to recreate endangered species using the tools of synthetic biology. ", "These include the woolly mammoth, the passenger pigeon, and the thylacine [@pbio.1001530-The2]. ", "If successful, would such species be regarded as representatives of the species to which extinct forbears belonged? ", "Or would they be viewed as \"invasives from the past\" and a threat to existing species? ", "In accounting terms, how would extinction rates in conservation targets deal with recreated species? ", "Currently such experiments are slow and hugely costly, but if such costs fall as some predict (by analogy with the costs and power of computing), such re-creations might become routine and affordable. ", "How would choices be made about which species to save? ", "More fundamentally, what conservation value would these forms have if the habitats that once supported them are gone? ", "Might we face the moral hazard whereby confidence in our ability to recreate extinct species undermines our willingness to conserve naturally occurring biodiversity [@pbio.1001530-Norton1]?", "\n\n- Synthetic life evolves. ", "How will synthetic organisms interact with existing species and how far will such interactions be predictable from current ecological understanding of interspecific interactions? ", "Will they become invasive and damage existing communities, or might they be safe and useful in restoring degraded or polluted ecosystems or address other ecological problems that have been intractable to date? ", "Will the incorporation of synthetic organisms into ecosystems (e.g., through field agriculture, medical application, or accidental release) be seen as adding to the living diversity of the ecosystems in which they are incorporated and, if so, will these be judged as of higher value, or will loss of authenticity mean they are judged degraded [@pbio.1001530-Dudley1]? ", "Who will regulate the release of synthetic organisms outside the contained laboratory: will the permissive regulatory environment of \"garage biology\" be widely endorsed, will national governments try to establish individual regimes, and how will local and international views on the matter be taken into account?", "\n\n- Our working definition of \"natural\" is no longer fit for purpose. ", "Much of conservation is based on conserving ecosystems developed through ecological and evolutionary processes over the course of time, sometimes reflecting tight sets of inter-linkages that are hard to restore once lost. ", "Will interactions between synthetic and natural organisms arise easily, or might the very different origins lead to largely disruptive impacts on natural communities? ", "What would be the change to public perceptions of what is \"natural\" and the notion of evolution as a process beyond human construction? ", "Will these technologies challenge the ethical basis for conservation action, as they have done in other settings [@pbio.1001530-Kaebnick2]? ", "How will we evaluate organisms created using novel nucleic acids as part of their genetic code---products of xenobiology [@pbio.1001530-Schmidt1]?", "\n\n- Nature\\'s services can be synthesized. ", "The value of ecosystem to society is increasingly central to arguments about the importance of biodiversity [@pbio.1001530-Mace1]. ", "One of the most common promises of synthetic biology is to engineer organisms that generate services of benefit to people (e.g., carbon sequestration, pollution control). ", "What impact will this have on the relative value attached to natural ecosystems that already deliver these ecosystem services? ", "Might ecosystems containing synthesized elements out-compete existing evolved ecosystems, delivering more services with less biodiversity?", "\n\n- Synthetic life delivers private benefits. ", "Many forms of life being developed by synthetic biology are being patented. ", "The benefits provided by these organisms will reflect the economic interests of those able to invest in and develop them. ", "This may well favor applications in existing industrial processes and commodity chains (energy, agriculture, aquaculture) and the operations of large business corporations. ", "Impacts on the wider environment will tend to be treated as an externality. ", "Knock-on impacts of price and other economic changes on smaller producers (e.g., smallholder farmers) will affect their decisions about land conversion and management, and hence future patterns of biodiversity loss. ", "How will a balance be struck between private risk and gain versus public benefit and safety?", "\n\nA serious need exists for wider discussion of the relationship between synthetic biology and biodiversity conservation, and what choices society can and should make. ", "But this discussion is difficult, for two reasons. ", "First, synthetic biology is a technical field little understood by non-experts. ", "It will be difficult to create conditions for representative groups from society to engage in a well-informed, structured and balanced discussion. ", "Second, these discussions are hard to frame because it is difficult to identify the right counterfactuals or alternative futures to compare with those underpinned by the new technology. ", "It seems inevitable that synthetic biology will be a major factor in affecting the future. ", "That future world will not be a slightly older version of the world that we currently inhabit. ", "Rather, it will have a significantly altered climate, changed sea levels, novel pests and diseases, non-analog ecological communities, and a human population with changed priorities. ", "The costs, benefits, and risks of synthetic biology need to be considered against that backdrop, not against a projected version of the present as is the common practice, but rather through mechanisms such as scenario development [@pbio.1001530-WCSFutures1],[@pbio.1001530-Bioera1]. ", "This task is complicated by the fact that psychologists have shown how poor people are at thinking about the future---as Gilbert [@pbio.1001530-Gilbert1] has written, \"because predictions about the future are made in the present, they are invariably influenced by the present.\"", "\n\nSynthetic biology brings with it a powerful attraction, causing biology to veer towards engineering with its inherent approach of human problem solving. ", "It may prove to be a cure for certain wicked problems. ", "But we suggest that now is the time to consider whether synthetic biology may be a wicked solution, creating problems of its own, some of which may be undesirable or even unacceptable in the area of biodiversity conservation.", "\n\nBut despite these difficulties, the discussion between conservation and synthetic biology must take place. ", "It should not be based on alarmist or triumphalist positions, but on a clear-eyed examination of the norms, oversight, and public education necessary to make decisions about the enormous power of altering life on Earth. ", "Such a careful, respectful, public discussion must examine the continuing role of conservation values. ", "Much of conservation as currently practiced is predicated on the core ideals of wilderness and nature, though others envisage a carefully managed planet with all the biological components in place, albeit carefully tended by conscientious (human) custodians. ", "Synthetic biologists propose to further equip humans to actively and consciously engineer the living world. ", "The transformed world of 2050 will demand new strategies and new approaches in conservation.", "\n\nCBD\n\n: Convention on Biodiversity\n\nCOP\n\n: Conference of the Parties\n\nIPBES\n\n: Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services\n\n[^1]: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.", "\n" ]

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[ "Jean Mouliérat\n\nJean Mouliérat (13 November 1853 – 20 April 1932) was a French tenor. ", "He spent most of his career at the Opéra comique in Paris.", "\n\nOrigins \nBorn in Vers, near Cahors, Mouliérat was the son of an hotelier. ", "The paternal hotel-restaurant, La truite dorée (\"the golden trout\"), was very well known in the region and already frequented by the \"tourists\" of the time. ", "Having started his life as a simple shepherd at the age of 20, he joined the army. ", "Incorporated into the 18th foot chasseurs regiment of the , it is here that General Gaucher, remarked this young man with a golden voice when on 14 July 1875, the tenor sang the patriotic song: Vous n'aurez pas l'Alsace et la Lorraine. ", "Mouliérat then attended classes at the Conservatoire national de musique et de déclamation of Paris, under professor Grosset's protective wing.", "\n\nCareer \nAt the Opéra-Comique in Paris who hired him, Mouliérat was entrusted with the main roles of the repertoire: Wilhelm Meister in Ambroise Thomas' Mignon, Tybalt in Gounod's Roméo et Juliette, Don José in Bizet's Carmen, Tamino in Mozart's The Magic Flute, Alfredo in Verdi's La traviata. ", "In 1893, Werther in Massenet's work, consecrated him.", "\n\nAn affection for the vocal chords put an end to his singing career in 1898. ", "From then on, the singer became fascinated by the medieval castle which he acquired in 1896 at Prudhomat, in the Lot department, the Château de Castelnau-Bretenoux. ", "He restored the monumental edifice where he liked to receive personalities of letters, arts or politics such as Colette, Auguste Rodin, the queen of Madagascar, Ranavalona III, more commonly known as Queen Ranavalo, Henri Lavedan of the Académie française, painter Henri Martin, Anatole de Monzie...\n\nMouliérat died in Paris on 20 April 1932. ", "He donated his castle to the State (Ministry of Fine Arts). ", "He is buried at Montparnasse Cemetery.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Jean Mouliérat biography on Artlyriquefr\n 1 lettre de Jean Mouliérat à Jules Massenet (undated) on Gallica\n\nCategory:1853 births\nCategory:1932 deaths\nCategory:People from Lot (department)\nCategory:French operatic tenors\nCategory:Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur\nCategory:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery" ]

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[ "HISTOIRE\n\nParagraphe. ", "Cliquez ici pour ajouter votre propre texte. ", "Cliquez sur \"Modifier Texte\" ou double-cliquez ici pour ajouter votre contenu et personnaliser les polices. ", "Déplacez-moi où vous le souhaitez sur votre page. ", "Expliquez ici votre parcours et présentez votre activité à vos visiteurs.", "\n\nPrésentez votre entreprise, vos services et vos équipes. ", "Utilisez cet espace pour décrire votre activité. ", "Présentez votre équipe et les services proposés. ", "Expliquez à vos visiteurs vos motivations, vos objectifs et soulignez vos avantages par rapport à vos concurrents. ", "Démarquez-vous et captivez l'attention de vos visiteurs." ]

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[ "Aaron is joined by Falcons fan Tyrone James for a “fan talk” episode, looking back at Week 2 and ahead to Week 3. ", "They discuss the improved play-calling of Steve Sarkisian, the Saints being an easier matchup for the Falcons than the Panthers, concerns about vulnerabilities in the Falcons defense and whether the offense can exploit the cracks in the Saints defense. ", "They also discuss whether or not acquiring a Khalil Mack-type is the missing piece for the team’s defense.", "\n\nVisit MyBookie.ag Online Today! ", "Use the promo code LOCKEDON25 to get an additional $25 free play when making deposits after 7 p.m. Eastern time.", "\n\nAnd be sure to visit Swap.com for great deals on clothes. ", "Use the promo code LOCKEDON to get 35% off select items on your first purchase." ]

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[ " IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE\n\nAPPLIED ENERGETICS, INC., ", "a Delaware )\nCorporation, )\n )\n Plaintiff, )\n )\n v. ) C.A. No. ", "2018-0489-JTL\n )\nGEORGE FARLEY, an individual, and )\nANNEMARIECO., ", "LLC, a New Jersey )\nlimited liability company, )\n )\n Defendants. ", " )\n\n OPINION\n\n Date Submitted: July 23, 2020\n Date Decided: August 3, 2020\n\nJason C. Jowers, Elizabeth A. Powers, BAYARD, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; Patricia\nA. Winston, Ian D. McCauley, Kathleen A. Murphy, Kirsten A. Zeberkiewicz, MORRIS\nJAMES LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; David A. Robinson, Benjamin P. Pugh,\nENTERPRISE COUNSEL GROUP, A LAW CORPORATION, Irvine, California;\nCounsel for Plaintiff.", "\n\nKathleen M. Miller, SMITH, KATZENSTEIN & JENKINS LLP, Wilmington Delaware;\nRyan J. Whalen, GUSRAE KAPLAN NUSBAUM PLLC, New York, New York; Counsel\nfor Defendants.", "\n\nLASTER, V.C.\n\f Plaintiff Applied Energetics, Inc. (the “Company”) has sued George Farley, its\n\nformer director and principal executive officer, and AnneMarieCo, LLC, an entity owned\n\nby Farley’s wife and children. ", "The Company has asserted a variety of claims based on\n\nactions Farley took to issue himself twenty-five million shares of common stock and grant\n\nhimself an annual salary of $150,000 per year. ", "Farley has filed counterclaims against the\n\nCompany for breach of contract, for unjust enrichment, and to validate his actions under\n\nSection 205 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), 8 Del. C. § 205.", "\n\nThis court previously issued a preliminary injunction barring Farley and AnneMarieCo\n\nfrom transferring their shares pending the final disposition of this litigation. ", "See Applied\n\nEnergetics, Inc. v. Farley (Injunction Decision), 2019 WL 334426 (Del. Ch. ", "Jan. 23, 2019,\n\nrevised Jan. 24, 2019).", "\n\n The Company has moved for partial summary judgment. ", "First, the Company\n\ncontends that Farley lacked authority to issue himself twenty-five million shares and grant\n\nhimself an annual salary of $150,000 per year. ", "When Farley purported to take those actions,\n\nhe was the Company’s sole remaining director. ", "At the time, the board had three seats.", "\n\nConsistent with the default rule under Section 141(b) of the DGCL, 8 Del. C. § 141(b), the\n\nCompany’s bylaws required that a majority of the total number of directors be present at a\n\nmeeting to constitute a quorum. ", "As a matter of Delaware law, Farley could not validly take\n\nthe challenged actions as the sole remaining director on a board with three seats. ", "He could\n\nnot take the challenged actions at a meeting because he could not satisfy the quorum\n\nrequirement, and he could not bypass the quorum requirement by taking action by written\n\fconsent as the sole remaining director. ", "Farley’s actions as the sole remaining director were\n\ninvalid, and the Company’s motion for summary judgment on this issue is granted.", "\n\n Second, the Company contends this court lacks the ability under Section 205 of the\n\nDGCL to validate Farley’s otherwise invalid acts. ", "Under Section 205, the court has the\n\npower to validate a defective corporate act that was within the power of the corporation to\n\ntake but which failed for lack of proper authorization. ", "In its principal argument, the\n\nCompany contends that because Farley was the sole director on a board with three seats,\n\nthe corporation lacked the power to take the actions in question. ", "This contention\n\nmisunderstands the distinction between the absence of corporate power and a failure of\n\nauthorization. ", "The question of corporate power refers to the ability of the corporation as an\n\nentity to engage in a particular act, regardless of what steps may be necessary to properly\n\nauthorize that act. ", "The question of authorization refers to whether the appropriate\n\ncombination of intra-corporate actors—viz., ", "the officers, board of directors, or\n\nstockholders—took the proper steps to authorize the entity to exercise corporate power in\n\ncompliance with the requirements of the DGCL and the corporation’s constitutive\n\ndocuments. ", "Here, the Company had the corporate power to issue shares and compensate\n\nits officers and directors. ", "Farley’s attempts to cause the corporation to take those actions\n\nfailed because of defects in authorization. ", "His acts therefore can be validated under Section\n\n205. ", "The Company’s motion for summary judgment on this issue is denied.", "\n\n Third, the Company asserts that Farley could not have caused the Company to agree\n\nto pay him an annual salary of $150,000, and therefore judgment should be entered in its\n\nfavor on his claim for breach of contract. ", "This aspect of the Company’s motion rises and\n\n 2\n\ffalls based on whether the court can validate Farley’s decision to grant himself a salary.", "\n\nThe court has the power to validate that act, so the Company’s motion for summary\n\njudgment on this issue is denied.", "\n\n Fourth, the Company seeks summary judgment on Farley’s claim for compensation\n\nunder a theory of unjust enrichment. ", "When the record is construed in Farley’s favor, there\n\nis evidence which could support an award under a theory of quantum meruit. ", "The\n\nCompany’s motion for summary judgment on this issue is denied.", "\n\n I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND\n\n The facts are drawn from exhibits submitted in connection with the Company’s\n\nmotion for partial summary judgment.1 The evidence is viewed in the light most favorable\n\nto Farley and AnneMarieCo as the non-movant defendants, who receive the benefit of all\n\nreasonable inferences.", "\n\n Because of this standard, the facts as described in this decision differ substantially\n\nfrom the factual record as described in the Injunction Decision. ", "When issuing that decision,\n\nthe court could weigh evidence and choose among competing inferences when determining\n\nwhether the Company had satisfied the requirements for issuing a preliminary injunction.", "\n\nThe current procedural posture does not permit the court to weigh evidence or decide\n\n\n\n\n 1\n The evidentiary record is relatively limited. ", "The Company submitted thirty-nine\nexhibits, and the defendants submitted seventy-eight. ", "See Dkts. ", "212, 237, 244. ", "Citations in\nthe form “Ex. — ", "at —” refer to these documents.", "\n\n 3\n\famong competing inferences. ", "As a result, the facts as set forth in this decision largely\n\nreflect the defendants’ side of the story.", "\n\nA. The Company\n\n The Company is a Delaware corporation headquartered in Tucson, Arizona.2\n\nFounded in 2002 in response to the terrorist attacks on 9/11, the Company markets,\n\ndevelops, and manufactures products for the defense and security industry.", "\n\n On March 18, 2004, the Company went public through a reverse merger with a still\n\nlisted but otherwise defunct shell corporation. ", "In connection with that transaction, the\n\nnumber of directors who served on the board was expanded from five to six.", "\n\n Farley joined the board as the sixth director. ", "Ex. ", "15 at 13 (“Farley Dep.”). ", "When he\n\njoined, Farley had approximately forty years’ experience as a certified public accountant.", "\n\nIn 1962, he started working for a predecessor to the accounting firm now known as BDO\n\nUSA, LLP. ", "He became a partner in 1972. ", "While at BDO, he specialized in complex\n\nfinancial transactions and advised on more than 100 initial public offerings. ", "He established\n\nthe firm’s valuation practice, served as the national director of the firm’s mergers and\n\nacquisitions practice, and managed the Philadelphia office. ", "In 1995, he left BDO to become\n\nthe chief financial officer of Talk.com, Inc., where he also served as a director. ", "Beginning\n\nin 1999, Farley operated an independent consulting practice advising public and private\n\n\n\n\n 2\n The Company was originally named Ionatron, Inc. For simplicity, this decision\nignores the name change.", "\n\n 4\n\fcompanies, and he has served as a director and audit committee member for a number of\n\nfirms. ", "See Ex. ", "21 at 31; Ex. ", "A ¶¶ 3–5 (“Farley Decl.”).", "\n\nB. The Company’s Roller-Coaster Ride\n\n The Company initially enjoyed success. ", "Starting in 2003, it received federal funding\n\nthat it used to develop intellectual property for laser-guided-energy applications. ", "The\n\nCompany also developed intellectual property for its direct-discharge-electrical\n\ntechnology, which it used to develop an anti-mine device. ", "In May 2006, approximately two\n\nyears after the reverse merger, the Company’s stock price peaked at $14.24 per share,\n\ngiving the Company a market capitalization of nearly one billion dollars. ", "Soon after that,\n\nthe stock price plummeted, and by December 2006, the Company’s stock was trading\n\naround $4.00 per share. ", "Over the next two years, the Company’s stock price continued to\n\ndecline, and by December 2008, the Company’s stock price was trading around 30¢ share.", "\n\n In 2009, the Company’s laser failed to meet government specifications, and the\n\ngovernment cut the Company’s funding for its laser-guided-energy applications. ", "In March\n\n2010, the Company’s common stock briefly traded over a dollar. ", "During that year, the\n\ngovernment cut the Company’s funding for its direct-discharge-electrical technology. ", "In\n\nDecember 2010, one of the Company’s six directors resigned, and the board did not appoint\n\na replacement.", "\n\n In 2011, the Marine Corps cancelled its contract for the anti-mine device, leaving\n\nthe Company without any sources of revenue. ", "The Company attempted unsuccessfully to\n\ntransition to the commercial market. ", "By December 2011, the Company’s stock was trading\n\nfor less than 10¢ per share. ", "In January 2012, the Company delisted from Nasdaq.", "\n\n 5\n\f During a meeting of the board on July 9, 2012, one of the directors suggested that\n\nthe Company could limit expenses by reducing the size of the board from six to three. ", "The\n\nCompany’s bylaws do not fix the number of directors but rather state that the number “shall\n\nbe . . . ", "fixed by resolution of the Board.” ", "Ex. ", "1 art. ", "IV § 3.", "\n\n A set of unsigned minutes for the meeting on July 9, 2012, states that the board\n\nadopted the following resolutions:\n\n RESOLVED, that Mark Lister be, and hereby is appointed Chairman of the\n Board; and [be it] further\n\n RESOLVED, that the Board accept[s] the resignation [of James] Feigley\n and [James] Harlan effective at the close of business on July 9, 2012; and [be\n it] further\n\n RESOLVED, that the Audit, Nominating and Governance, Compensation\n and Strategic Planning Committee of the Board of Directors be suspended\n and that the activities previously conducted through such committees be\n conducted by the Board of Directors; and [be it] further\n\n RESOLVED, that George Farley be moved from Class II and [sic] Class III\n with his term to expire at the 2013 annual meeting of shareholders and Mr.\n Lister be moved from Class I to Class II, with his term expiring at the 2015\n annual meeting of shareholders and, in each case, a successor being duly\n appointed.", "\n\nEx. ", "2 at 2. ", "The board resolved that Farley and John Levy, the other remaining member of\n\nthe board, would receive directors’ fees of $50,000 per year. ", "As chairman, Lister would\n\nreceive a fee of $63,750.", "\n\n Although it was the board’s practice to review and approve minutes at the next\n\nmeeting, the minutes of the meeting on July 9, 2012, remained unsigned. ", "See id.; Ex. ", "F at\n\n19–20 (“Levy Dep.”). ", "Everyone appears to have acted as if the resolutions were effective.", "\n\n\n\n 6\n\f Over the next two years, the board tried to sell the Company’s patents, but third\n\nparties did not see any value in the Company’s intellectual property. ", "The board also tried\n\nto market the Company as a candidate for an entity seeking to go public through a reverse\n\nmerger, but that option was unattractive because it would trigger a change-of-control\n\npayment of $25 per share to holders of the Company’s Series A Redeemable Convertible\n\nPreferred Stock (the “Preferred Stock”).", "\n\n By the third quarter of 2014, the Company had a book value of roughly $160,000.", "\n\nAccording to the Company’s unaudited financial statements for the period ended\n\nSeptember 30, 2014, the value of the Company’s assets totaled $594,708 and consisted of\n\nprimarily cash and patents with nominal value. ", "The Company’s liabilities totaled $433,708.", "\n\n On August 19, 2014, the board determined that the Company would stop paying\n\ndirectors’ fees as of August 31, 2014. ", "Ex. ", "8. ", "The board suspended the Company’s business\n\nactivities and opted to continue as a shell company under Rule 12b-2 of the Securities\n\nExchange Act of 1934. ", "To qualify as a shell company under Rule 12b-2, the company must\n\nhave (i) no or nominal operations, and (ii) either (1) no or nominal assets, (2) assets\n\nconsisting solely of cash and cash equivalents, or (3) assets consisting of cash and cash\n\nequivalents plus nominal other assets. ", "See 17 C.F.R § 240.12b-2.", "\n\n Stephen Hayden was the Company’s principal executive officer. ", "Since 2012, he had\n\nalso served as the Company’s principal financial officer and principal accounting officer.", "\n\nIn August 2014, the board determined that going forward, Hayden would be compensated\n\nat $250 per hour, up to a maximum of ten hours per month.", "\n\n\n\n 7\n\fC. Farley Becomes The Company’s Sole Director And Officer.", "\n\n In February 2015, Hayden resigned. ", "For his services during 2014, the Company paid\n\nhim $107,500.", "\n\n During a meeting of the board on March 2, 2015, Lister resigned. ", "Farley and Levy\n\nappointed Farley to the positions of principal executive officer and principal financial\n\nofficer. ", "Ex. ", "9 at 1; Ex. ", "J at 2. ", "Farley’s responsibilities included maintaining the Company’s\n\nlisting with the SEC, signing and filing its periodic reports, preserving and protecting its\n\nassets, and examining business opportunities. ", "Ex. ", "J; Farley Decl. ¶ ", "11.", "\n\n Farley testified that he expected to be compensated for his services as an officer. ", "He\n\nunderstood that the Company did not have the money to pay him and expected to be paid\n\nif and when the Company obtained the funds. ", "Farley Decl. ¶ ", "13. ", "He believed that the terms\n\nof his compensation were the same as Hayden’s—$250 per hour for a maximum of ten\n\nhours per month. ", "Farley Dep. ", "83.", "\n\n Farley testified that during June and July 2015, he worked approximately ten hours\n\nper week. ", "His tasks included maintaining the Company’s financial reporting system,\n\npreparing financial reports for the SEC, meeting with potential buyers, having discussions\n\nwith a potential licensee of Company patents, and having discussions with Levy about the\n\nCompany’s path forward. ", "Id. at 38–39.", "\n\n As of September 30, 2015, the Company had a cash balance of $216,947. ", "In\n\nNovember 2015, to make a reverse merger more attractive for the Company’s common\n\nstockholders, the Company repurchased 93,750 shares of the Preferred Stock from two\n\nholders. ", "The liquidation preference of each preferred share was $28.48, but the Company\n\n 8\n\fpaid a total of $57,500, or 61¢ per share. ", "After the repurchase, only 13,602 shares of\n\npreferred stock remained outstanding. ", "The transaction implied a value for the Company’s\n\ncommon stock of $0.0002 per share. ", "Farley Decl. ¶ ", "19; see Ex. ", "WWW; see also Ex. ", "Q at\n\n13; Exs. ", "R, U.\n\n Farley testified that during the weeks leading up to the repurchase, he spent over 20\n\nhours per week on the Company’s business. ", "After the repurchase, he began working 40\n\nhours a week. ", "Among other things, he sought to re-engage with Steven McCahon, one of\n\nthe Company’s founders who had served as its chief technology officer. ", "See Farley Dep.", "\n\n197; Ex. ", "CC at 14 (“McCahon Dep.”). ", "McCahon owned a scientific advisory firm called\n\nApplied Optical Services, Inc. (“Applied Optical”), and McCahon and Farley discussed\n\nhaving the Company acquire Applied Optical. ", "Farley Decl. ¶ ", "16; McCahon Dep. ", "14, 18.", "\n\n The other remaining director, Levy, was not optimistic about the Company’s\n\nprospects. ", "He believed the Company should stop spending money to maintain its patents\n\nand allow them to lapse. ", "He also believed that the Company should stop filing reports with\n\nthe SEC and give up its registration. ", "He thought the Company should shut down entirely\n\nand close its books.", "\n\n In January 2016, Farley met with Levy and the Company’s outside counsel. ", "Farley\n\nreported on a plan to work with McCahon to reactivate the Company’s business. ", "During a\n\nfollow-up call, Farley said that he planned to issue five million shares each to Levy and\n\nhimself as compensation for their efforts. ", "Farley Dep. ", "42–44.", "\n\n Levy disagreed with Farley’s plan to reactivate the Company. ", "Id. at 44–45. ", "Levy\n\nalso disagreed with Farley’s plan to issue shares. ", "See Ex. ", "6; Levy Dep. ", "41–45. ", "Farley\n\n 9\n\fdisputes whether Levy disagreed with his plan to issue shares, citing evidence that he had\n\nnot yet determined how many shares to issue to Levy or himself. ", "See Ex. ", "Y at 2.", "\n\n On February 10, 2016, Levy resigned, leaving Farley as the sole director. ", "There is\n\na dispute of fact about whether Levy resigned on January 29, 2016, but it is not material.", "\n\nThe Company’s outside counsel also resigned, citing the Company’s financial condition.", "\n\nFarley Dep. ", "57. ", "The defendants cite evidence indicating that before resigning, the\n\nCompany’s outside counsel never raised any issue about Farley’s authority to act as the\n\nsole remaining director. ", "See Ex. ", "D at 47–48 (“Mittman Dep.”).", "\n\n Farley tried to find a second director. ", "He asked McCahon, who declined. ", "He asked\n\nHayden, who declined. ", "So did another former director, another former Company officer,\n\nanother former Company employee, and a retired admiral who had been involved with the\n\nCompany during its early stages. ", "See Farley Decl. ¶ ", "32.", "\n\nD. The Reactivation Plan\n\n Farley and McCahon decided that the Company would contract with Applied\n\nOptical to assemble a scientific team and develop new technologies based on the\n\nCompany’s patent portfolio. ", "Farley needed a way to pay McCahon, because the Company\n\nhad less than $100,000 in cash. ", "Farley Dep. ", "50; see McCahon Dep. ", "17–24; see Ex. ", "G. at\n\n8–9, 124–25 (“Hayden Dep.”); ", "Ex. ", "SSS 175 (“Schultz Dep.”). ", "Farley and McCahon agreed\n\nthat the Company would issue shares of common stock to McCahon and accrue cash\n\ncompensation for him at a rate of $150,000 per year, payable once the Company had\n\nsufficient funds. ", "See Ex. ", "RRR.", "\n\n\n\n 10\n\f Farley believed that the Company also needed to pay its patent counsel to maintain\n\nits patent portfolio. ", "Farley decided to compensate patent counsel with shares as well. ", "Farley\n\nalso decided to pay the Company’s accountant with shares. ", "Farley Dep. ", "71, 73; see Ex. ", "DD\n\nat 134–137 (“McCommon Dep.”). ", "In addition, Farley decided to issue stock to Christopher\n\nRahne, a long-time associate who was an expert in valuation, was “very well connected in\n\nthe private equity and hedge fund arena,” and had helped the Company in “negotiations\n\nwith some of the financing sources.” ", "Farley Dep. ", "72–73.", "\n\n Finally, Farley decided to issue shares to himself. ", "He also decided to pay himself\n\ncompensation, both retroactively and prospectively.", "\n\nE. Farley Works With Stein Riso.", "\n\n During early February 2016, Farley caused the Company to retain Stein Riso Mantel\n\nMcDonough, LLP as its corporate counsel. ", "Dennis Stein had acted as Farley’s personal tax\n\nattorney for a number of years and had occasionally provided tax services to the Company.", "\n\nFarley asked Stein to join the board, but he declined.", "\n\n Stein’s firm would not work for the Company without a retainer. ", "Ex. ", "Z at 21–23\n\n(“Stein Dep.). ", "Stein and Farley negotiated the terms of a retainer paid in stock over the\n\ncourse of several phone conversations, and Farley agreed to issue ten million shares of\n\ncommon stock to Stein Riso. ", "See id. at 35–36, 134–37; Ex. ", "4. ", "At the time, the Company’s\n\nstock was trading at approximately $0.003 per share. ", "Ostensibly for tax purposes, Stein\n\ndemanded that the price be set at $0.001 per share. ", "Farley Decl. ¶ ", "24; Stein Dep. ", "32–33,\n\n41–42. ", "Both Farley and Stein testified that they believed the value of the Company’s stock\n\n\n\n 11\n\fwas less than $0.001 per share, citing the Company’s status as a shell company and the\n\nrestrictions on the ability to sell shares. ", "See Farley Dep. ", "67–68; Stein Dep. ", "29–38, 80–81.3\n\n In preparing the documentation for the issuance, Farley sent Stein Riso “minutes\n\nauthorizing the issue of shares to [Stein Riso] and others.” ", "Ex. ", "EE at 2. ", "Stein Riso replied:\n\n 1. ", "If the board consists of only one person, then the form of your board\n minutes would be OK. ", "If there is more than one board member, then all board\n members should sign a written consent, unless you properly called a board\n meeting.", "\n\n 2. ", "In terms of the content of the minutes, I have not reviewed all the\n boilerplate language carefully but, in my view, a board authorization\n concerning the issuance of shares should also address: (a) the price of the\n shares; (b) the number of shares; and (c) the specific recipients.", "\n\nId. at 1. ", "Farley responded: “I am the only board member. ", "I can use par value as the price\n\nper share since it approximates FMV. ", "Will insert the names of the recipients and number\n\nof shares. ", "I am attaching a consent for the issuance of my shares.” ", "Id.\n\n Farley’s work with Stein Riso resulted in two documents. ", "The first was titled\n\n“Written Consent of Board of Directors,” dated February 15, 2016, and signed by Farley\n\nas “the sole member of the Board.” ", "Ex. ", "4 at 1, 4. ", "This decision refers to it as the “Board\n\nConsent.”", "\n\n The Board Consent recited that the board had resolved to\n\n offer and issue to the following named individuals or entities . . . (", "the\n “Purchasers”), pursuant to the terms of subscription agreements\n\n\n\n 3\n The Company cites evidence which, if credited, could support a finding that the\nshares were not valued in good faith. ", "See Exs. ", "29, 30; Farley Dep. ", "161. ", "In the Injunction\nDecision, the court could weigh this evidence and concluded there was little basis for using\na valuation of $0.001 per share. ", "2019 WL 334426, at *8.", "\n\n 12\n\f (“Agreements”) to be entered into between the Corporation and the\n Purchasers, on a private basis (the “Offering”), of the number of Shares\n identified below at a price of $0.001 per Share, in exchange for services\n provided or to be provided to the [Company], as indicated in the respective\n Agreements to be entered into with the Purchaser . . . .", "\n\n Steven McCahon for technical services – 20,000,000 Shares;\n\n Stein Riso Mantel McDonough, LLP for legal services – 10,000,000\n Shares;\n\n Stephen McCommon for accounting services – 2,000,000 Shares; and\n\n Christopher Rhane for valuation services – 1,000,000 Shares.", "\n\nEx. ", "4 at 1–2. ", "The Board Consent also stated that “Farley, the Chief Executive Officer of\n\nthe Corporation, hereby is granted as part of the Offering 20,000,000 Shares for past\n\nservices as a Director and Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation.” ", "Id. at 2.", "\n\n The second document resulting from Farley’s work with Stein Riso was titled\n\n“Unanimous Consent of the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors to Action\n\nTaken Without a Meeting,” dated February 15, 2016. ", "Ex. ", "6-1. ", "It was signed by Farley as\n\n“Chairman” and “the sole member of the Compensation Committee.” ", "Id. This decision\n\nrefers to it as the “Committee Consent.”", "\n\n The Compensation Committee was not active at that time. ", "During the meeting of\n\nthe board on July 9, 2012, the directors had resolved that the Compensation Committee “be\n\nsuspended and that the activities previously conducted through such committees be\n\nconducted by the Board of Directors.” ", "Ex. ", "2 at 2. ", "The record for purposes of the motion for\n\nsummary judgment contains no evidence of Farley attempting to reactivate the\n\nCompensation Committee.", "\n\n\n 13\n\f According to the Committee Consent, Farley resolved to award himself “5,000,000\n\nshares of common stock” under a “2004 Stock Incentive Plan.” ", "Ex. ", "6-1. ", "The reference to a\n\n2004 Stock Incentive Plan was an error. ", "The Company had created a stock incentive plan\n\nfor key employees in 2007, not 2004. ", "See Ex. ", "7 (the “2007 Plan”). ", "The 2007 Plan\n\nauthorized the Company to grant rights to a total of ten million shares, which could take\n\nthe form of stock options, restricted stock, deferred stock, or stock appreciation rights. ", "See\n\nid. §§ 1(t), 3, 8. ", "A single employee could receive all ten million shares over the life of the\n\nplan, but not more than four million shares in any single calendar year. ", "See id. § 3. ", "The\n\nissuance of five million shares to Farley exceeded the annual limit.", "\n\n The 2007 Plan provided that if it was administered by a committee, then the\n\ncommittee had to have at least two members. ", "See id. § 2. ", "In the Committee Consent, Farley\n\npurported to take action as the sole member of the Compensation Committee.", "\n\n At some point after executing the Board Consent, Farley authorized the Company\n\nto issue five million shares to the Company’s patent counsel. ", "Ex. ", "O at 30–32 (“Fettig\n\nDep.”). ", "Farley contends that he issued these shares through a unanimous written consent\n\nexecuted on March 11, 2016. ", "See Dkt 174 ¶ 72 (the “Counterclaims” or “Ctrcl.", "”).4\n\n\n\n\n 4\n The Company cites evidence suggesting that patent counsel did not ask for\ncompensation, only to be reimbursed for out-of-pocket expenses. ", "See Fettig Dep. ", "34–37.", "\nFarley also entered into a consulting agreement on behalf of the Company with McCahon\nin which the Company agreed to issue twenty million shares and “accrue monthly\npayments” to McCahon “at an annual rate of $150,000.” ", "Ex. ", "RRR § 2.", "\n\n 14\n\f When Farley purported to take these actions, the Company had 91,785,520 shares\n\nof common stock issued and outstanding. ", "The Board Consent, the Committee Consent, and\n\nthe issuance to patent counsel comprised another sixty-three million shares, bringing the\n\ntotal number of issued and outstanding shares to 154,785,520. ", "The Company’s certificate\n\nof incorporation only authorized a total of 125 million shares.", "\n\n To increase the number of authorized shares, Farley relied on an amendment to the\n\nCompany’s certificate of incorporation which the Company’s stockholders had approved\n\nfour years earlier, on April 10, 2012, but which the Company had never implemented. ", "The\n\nBoard Consent resolved\n\n that the authorized number of shares of Common Stock of the Corporation .", "\n . . ", "be increased from 125,000,000 Shares to 500,000,000 Shares pursuant to\n the April 10, 2012 stockholder resolution that approved an amendment to the\n Corporation’s certificate of incorporation to increase its authorized common\n stock from 125,000,000 to 500,000,000 Shares at such time as the Board\n determined that effecting such amendment would be in the best interests of\n the Corporation and its stockholders. ", "The Board believes that such\n amendment is in the best interests of the Corporation and its stockholders and\n hereby directs the Chief Executive Officer to file with the Secretary of State\n of the State of Delaware a certificate of amendment to its certificate of\n incorporation increasing our authorized common stock to 500,000,000\n Shares.", "\n\nEx. ", "4 at 1.", "\n\nF. Farley Works With Griffitts O’Hara.", "\n\n Stein Riso recommended that Farley consult with additional counsel to ensure that\n\nthe Board Consent and Committee Consent were properly drafted. ", "In March 2016, Farley\n\ncaused the Company to retain Mary O’Hara of Griffitts O’Hara LLP to opine on the validity\n\nof the Committee Consent. ", "See Ex. ", "LL at 17–18, 33–37 (“O’Hara Dep.”). ", "Her fee for this\n\n\n 15\n\fwork was $1,000. ", "Id. at 29–30. ", "O’Hara reviewed the Company’s records, including the\n\n2007 Plan, the Board Consent, and the Committee Consent. ", "Id. at 20–22, 45–52, 63–65.", "\n\n After O’Hara’s review, Farley executed a document titled “Unanimous Consent of\n\nthe Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors to Action Taken Without a\n\nMeeting,” dated March 25, 2016, and signed by Farley as “the sole member of the\n\nCompensation Committee.” ", "Ex. ", "6-2. ", "This decision refers to it as the “Revised Committee\n\nConsent.”", "\n\n The Revised Committee Consent corrected the erroneous reference to a 2004 plan\n\nby referring to the 2007 Plan. ", "O’Hara did not catch the fact that Farley was being issued\n\nmore shares than the 2007 Plan permitted. ", "She also did not catch the requirement that if\n\nthe 2007 Plan was administered by a committee, then the committee had to have at least\n\ntwo members.", "\n\n The Revised Committee Consent purported to award two million shares to the\n\nCompany’s accountant and one million shares to Rahne under the terms of the 2007 Plan.", "\n\nAs drafted, these issuances were in addition to the shares they received under the Board\n\nConsent.", "\n\n Meanwhile on March 21, 2016, the Company filed a Form 8-K disclosing that the\n\nCompany had amended its certificate of incorporation to increase the amount of authorized\n\nshares from 125 million to 500 million. ", "On March 22, 2016, Stein Riso issued a legal\n\nopinion to the Company’s transfer agent stating that the Company could validly issue a\n\nstock certificate to each recipient of shares. ", "On March 28, 2016, Griffitts O’Hara issued a\n\n\n\n 16\n\flegal opinion to the Company’s transfer agent stating that the shares contemplated by the\n\nRevised Committee Consent “will be validly issued.” ", "Ex. ", "SS.", "\n\n O’Hara never had any concerns about Farley’s authority to issue shares, and she\n\nnever raised any issue with Farley about his authority. ", "See O’Hara Dep. ", "41–43; Farley\n\nDecl. ¶ ", "15. ", "Stein Riso never raised any issue with Farley about his ability to issue shares.", "\n\nSee Stein Dep. ", "48–51, 59, 69–71, 88–90.", "\n\nG. The Company Discloses The Issuances.", "\n\n On March 30, 2016, the Company filed its annual report for the year ended\n\nDecember 31, 2015 (the “2015 Annual Report”). ", "The Company disclosed that it was\n\n“planning to reactivate its previous business activities.", "”5 The Company also disclosed that\n\nin March 2016, “Farley was granted 5,000,000 shares of common stock under the 2007\n\nPlan,” “two contractors were granted a total of 3,000,000 shares of common stock under\n\nthe 2007 Plan,” and “the Company sold 35,000,000 shares of its common stock to\n\n[McCahon] and 20,000,000 common shares to [Farley] for $0.001 per share.” ", "Id. at 7, F-\n\n19; see id. at 18–19. ", "Although not material to the outcome of this decision, the disclosure\n\nappears to have mistakenly included the shares issued to Stein Riso and the Company’s\n\npatent counsel in the total number of shares issued to McCahon.", "\n\n\n\n\n 5\n Applied Energetics, Inc., Annual Report (Form 10-K) 1 (Mar. 30, 2016),\nhttps://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/879911/000114420416091316/v435626_10k.ht\nm.\n\n 17\n\f On March 31, 2016, the Company filed a current report on Form 8-K disclosing that\n\non March 30, 2016, 5,000,000 shares of common stock were issued to Farley under the\n\n2007 Plan. ", "The Form 8-K also reported that the Company had accrued $150,000 in\n\ncompensation for Farley, to be paid when the Company had sufficient funds. ", "Ex. ", "5. ", "As of\n\nJanuary 2016, the Company had begun accruing compensation for Farley at $12,500 per\n\nmonth. ", "Farley Dep. ", "81.", "\n\n It is not clear whether Farley viewed his compensation as payment for his services\n\nas an officer or as a director. ", "The terms are more consistent with how the Company had\n\nbeen paying its officers. ", "In his declaration, however, Farley averred that he contemplated\n\nbeing compensated as a director, explaining that “[w]hile [the Company] suspended\n\ndirector’s [sic] fees in or about October 2014, I understood that the directors would receive\n\ncompensation for the time period they served without compensation if and when [the\n\nCompany] was able to do so.” ", "Farley Decl. ¶ ", "27. ", "For purposes of the current motion, the\n\ndistinction does not matter.", "\n\n In April 2016, Farley decided to transfer some of his shares to a trust for his children.", "\n\nOn April 8, he sent a draft trust indenture to Stein Riso. ", "On April 26, he gifted twenty\n\nmillion shares to AnneMarieCo, a company owned by Farley’s wife and six children. ", "For\n\npurposes of the transfer, Farley used a valuation of $0.004 per share, reflecting the current\n\ntrading price.6\n\n\n\n 6\n In the Injunction Decision, the court found that the Company had established a\nreasonable likelihood of success on the claim that the gift of stock to AnneMarieCo was a\n\n 18\n\fH. Stockholders Object To The Issuances.", "\n\n Meanwhile, on April 5, 2016, Jim Hudgins called Farley and left a voicemail asking\n\nto discuss the issuances. ", "See Ex. ", "XX; Ex. ", "WW ¶ 4 (“Hudgins Decl.”). ", "Hudgins was the\n\nCEO of Superius Securities Group, Inc., a stockholder of the Company.", "\n\n On April 12, 2016, Farley called Hudgins back, and they discussed Farley’s plan to\n\nreactivate the Company. ", "Hudgins told Farley that he “was troubled” by the issuances.", "\n\nHudgins Decl. ¶ ", "6. ", "Four weeks later, Farley and Hudgins held a follow-up call, and Hudgins\n\nreiterated his concerns. ", "See Ex. ", "ZZ.", "\n\n Hayden had also called Farley. ", "Hayden said that he “was disappointed with the\n\nissuance because it diluted the existing shareholders.” ", "Ex. ", "VV ¶ 4 (“Hayden Decl.”). ", "Farley\n\n\n\n\nfraudulent transfer. ", "2019 WL 334426, at *10. ", "The Company acknowledges that for\npurposes of its motion for summary judgment, Farley’s intent is not at issue. ", "See Dkt. ", "212\nat 14–15. ", "The defendants nevertheless attempted to respond to the court’s finding by citing\ntestimony from Stein that when Farley made the transfer, there did not appear to be any\nthreat of litigation over the issuances. ", "Stein Dep. ", "91–95; Ex. ", "TT. ", "Farley also submitted a\ndeclaration in which he described the transfer as part of the “regular pattern of conduct that\nI have engaged in for approximately the last twenty years as an estate planning practice.”", "\nFarley Decl. ¶ ", "25. ", "And the defendants pointed out that McCahon also gifted shares to his\nchildren. ", "McCahon Dep. ", "86–90.", "\n\n In the Injunction Decision, the court observed that when disclosing the transfer of\nshares to AnneMarieCo, the Company initially failed to disclose the relationship between\nFarley and AnneMarieCo. ", "2019 WL 334426, at *3. ", "The propriety of the Company’s\ndisclosures is not at issue on this motion. ", "The defendants nevertheless attempted to respond\nto the court’s observation by citing O’Hara’s testimony that she advised Farley that the\nCompany filing only had to identify any beneficial owners of 10% or more of\nAnneMarieCo who also lived in the same household as Farley. ", "O’Hara Dep. ", "134–37; see\nEx. ", "GGG. ", "Farley’s wife owned less than 10% of AnneMarieCo, and the children were\ngrown and lived on their own. ", "Farley also cited evidence supporting the inference that his\nson, Matt Farley, controlled AnneMarieCo, not his wife. ", "See Ex. ", "HHH.", "\n\n 19\n\ftestified that he had discussed the issuances with Hayden before he took action, and Hayden\n\nhad not expressed any disapproval. ", "Farley Dep. ", "100–01.", "\n\n On January 13, 2017, Superius and three other stockholders sued Farley, claiming\n\nthat he breached his fiduciary duties by engaging in the stock issuances. ", "Eight months later,\n\nthe action was dismissed without prejudice. ", "See Superius Secs. ", "Gp., ", "Inc. v. Farley, 2017\n\nWL 3919581, at *1 (Del. Ch. ", "Sept. 6, 2017). ", "The lawsuit did not contend that Farley lacked\n\nauthority to act as the sole remaining director.", "\n\n In March 2017, the Company retained Griffitts O’Hara to assist with a Form S-1\n\nRegistration Statement and the Company’s annual report for the year ended December 31,\n\n2016 (the “2016 Annual Report”). ", "O’Hara reviewed the Company’s books and records,\n\nincluding minutes dating back to 2012 and a questionnaire that Farley completed about the\n\nCompany’s directors and officers. ", "See O’Hara Dep. ", "77–84, 94–98; Exs. ", "CCC, DDD, EEE.", "\n\nO’Hara believed Farley had authority to make securities filings as the Company’s sole\n\ndirector. ", "O’Hara Dep. ", "90–92, 94–98.", "\n\n On April 25, 2017, the Company exited from shell-company status. ", "On October 31,\n\n2017, the Company filed a Form S-1 that registered 99,053,068 shares of Company\n\ncommon stock for sale. ", "At the time, the shares were trading over the counter at $0.03 per\n\nshare. ", "The selling stockholders included AnneMarieCo, McCahon, members of\n\nMcCahon’s family, Hayden, and Stein Riso.", "\n\nI. The Proxy Contest\n\n Meanwhile, in September 2017, a group of Company stockholders approached\n\nFarley with a different reactivation plan. ", "They offered the Company a financing package\n\n 20\n\fthat was conditioned on Farley resigning and the Company repurchasing his shares. ", "Farley\n\n“refused to agree to any financing unless he remained on the Board and maintained his\n\nthen-existing salary.” ", "Ex. ", "22 at 11.", "\n\n The insurgent group solicited consents to remove Farley from the board and elect\n\nthree new directors. ", "On March 8, 2018, the insurgent group delivered consents from\n\nholders of 58% of the outstanding common stock. ", "The consents removed Farley and filled\n\nthe three vacancies on the board with three new directors. ", "The insurgent group’s proxy\n\nmaterials did not contend that Farley lacked authority to act as the sole remaining director.", "\n\n Farley subsequently resigned as principal executive officer. ", "He observes that\n\nbetween his appointment as principal executive officer and subsequent resignation, the\n\nCompany’s common stock price rose from $0.009 to $0.076 per share, an increase of\n\n844%. ", "Farley Decl. ¶ ", "33. ", "Farley attributes the increase to his “efforts to reactivate [the\n\nCompany].” ", "Id. Farley maintains that he was not paid all of the compensation he was due,\n\nreceiving only $69,500 out of approximately $300,000 in salary he believes he was owed\n\nfrom March 2016 through March 2018. ", "Farley Decl. ¶ ", "34.", "\n\nJ. This Litigation\n\n On July 3, 2018, the Company filed this action against Farley and AnneMarieCo,\n\nasserting claims for breach of fiduciary duty, aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary\n\nduty, conversion, and fraudulent transfer. ", "The Company sought cancellation of the\n\ndefendants’ shares, an award of damages, and any other relief deemed fair or equitable.", "\n\nThe original complaint did not assert that Farley lacked authority to act as the Company’s\n\nsole remaining director.", "\n\n 21\n\f As interim relief, the Company sought a preliminary injunction prohibiting Farley\n\nand AnneMarieCo from transferring their shares. ", "On January 23, 2019, Justice\n\nMontgomery-Reeves, then a Vice Chancellor, granted the injunction. ", "In the Injunction\n\nDecision, she held that the Company had demonstrated a reasonable probability of success\n\non the merits of its claims that Farley (i) lacked authority to issue himself twenty-five\n\nmillion shares, (ii) breached his duty of loyalty by issuing himself the shares and setting\n\nhis own compensation, and (iii) fraudulently transferred twenty million shares to\n\nAnneMarieCo. ", "See generally Injunction Decision, 2019 WL 334426, at *5–13.", "\n\n After the issuance of the Injunction Decision, the Company filed the currently\n\noperative complaint. ", "It contains nine counts.", "\n\n • Count I asserts that Farley breached his fiduciary duty of loyalty by engaging in\n self-interested transactions, failing to appoint or have the stockholders elect\n additional directors, executing the Board Consent, the Committee Consent, and\n the Revised Committee Consent, entering into a stock subscription agreement\n with the Company, directing the transfer agent to issue sixty-three million\n shares, issuing stock at a valuation of $0.001 per share, failing to obtain an\n independent valuation of the shares, and causing the Company to enter into a\n consulting agreement with Applied Optical.", "\n\n • Count II asserts that Farley breached his fiduciary duty of loyalty by causing the\n Company to forego certain financing arrangements and enter into loans with\n unfavorable interest rates, prepayment penalties, and redemption terms.", "\n\n • Count III asserts that Farley breached his fiduciary duty of care when taking the\n actions described in Count I.\n\n • Count IV asserts that Farley breached his fiduciary duty of care when entering\n into the loans described in Count II.", "\n\n • Count V asserts that all of the actions Farley took in his capacity as the\n Company’s sole director from February 10, 2016, through his removal on March\n 9, 2018, were invalid, including Farley’s issuance of twenty-five million shares\n to himself and his compensation of $150,000 per year.", "\n\n 22\n\f • Count VI asserts that AnneMarieCo aided and abetted Farley’s breach of\n fiduciary duty.", "\n\n • Count VII asserts that Farley converted the Company’s corporate records.", "\n\n • Count VIII asserts that Farley fraudulently transferred twenty million shares of\n Company stock to AnneMarieCo.", "\n\n • Count IX seeks an injunction prohibiting Farley and AnneMarieCo from\n transferring, selling, registering, or otherwise disposing of any shares.", "\n\nThe Company also sued Stein Riso in the United States District Court for the Southern\n\nDistrict of New York, asserting claims for legal malpractice and aiding and abetting breach\n\nof fiduciary duty.", "\n\n On July 19, 2019, Farley and AnneMarieCo answered the Complaint and asserted\n\nfifteen affirmative defenses. ", "Farley asserted a counterclaim with four counts.", "\n\n • Count I asserts that Farley caused the Company to agree to pay him an annual\n salary of $150,000, that he is due at least $230,000, and that he is entitled to\n recover for breach of contract.", "\n\n • Count II asserts that Farley conferred benefits on the Company through his\n actions as a director such that the Company would be unjustly enriched if Farley\n was not awarded some form of damages.", "\n\n • Count III asserts that Farley performed services for the Company with the\n reasonable expectation of compensation such that the Company would be\n unjustly enriched if Farley did not receive compensation for his services.", "\n\n • Count IV asserts that the court should exercise its authority under Section 205\n of the DGCL to validate the actions that Farley took between February 10, 2016,\n and March 9, 2018, including Farley’s issuance of twenty-five million shares to\n himself and his compensation of $150,000 per year.", "\n\nAnneMarieCo joined in Count IV of the Counterclaims. ", "During oral argument on the\n\nmotion for summary judgment, Farley’s counsel agreed that there was no appreciable\n\ndifference between Counts II and III of the Counterclaims.", "\n\n 23\n\f While the litigation was pending, the Company entered into a new consulting\n\nagreement with McCahon. ", "The Company agreed to pay him a consulting fee of $180,000\n\nfor the first year and $250,000 during each of the second and third years. ", "In a section titled\n\n“Further Considerations,” the parties reached the following agreements regarding\n\nMcCahon’s shares:\n\n a. . . . ", "In exchange for the consideration set forth in Section 4.b., ", "below,\n the Company agrees that [McCahon] shall be entitled to retain the 20,000,000\n shares, and the Company agrees that it will not challenge the initial issuance\n of such 20,000,000 shares to [McCahon] or any provisions of the Prior\n Consulting Agreement.", "\n\n b. The parties shall enter into a separate agreement pursuant to which the\n Company shall purchase 5,000,000 shares of the 20 million shares referenced\n in 4.a from [McCahon] at a price of $0.06 per share in alignment with recent\n equity offerings conducted by the Company. . . .", "\n\n c. The Company agrees to use its best efforts to have the restrictive\n legend removed from the remaining 15,000,000 shares, so that they may be\n transferred or sold without restriction . . . .", "\n\n d. The parties agree that 5,000,000 shares of the 15,000,000 shares\n referred to in Section 4.c. ", "will be subject to a lock-up on their sale and should\n be released from the lock-up at a rate of 5,000,000 / 36 = 138,889 shares per\n month for the 36-month duration of this Agreement. . . .", "\n\nEx. ", "25 § 4.a, b, c, & d.\n\n On December 6, 2019, Justice Montgomery-Reeves was elevated to the Delaware\n\nSupreme Court, and the action was reassigned.", "\n\n II. ", " LEGAL ANALYSIS\n\n The Company has moved for partial summary judgment on Count V of the\n\nComplaint and on Counts I–IV of the Counterclaims. ", "Summary judgment may be granted\n\nonly when “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact” and the “moving party is\n\n 24\n\fentitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” ", "Ct. ", "Ch. ", "R. 56(c). “", "The role of a trial court . . . ", "is\n\nto identify disputed factual issues whose resolution is necessary to decide the case, but not\n\nto decide such issues. ", "In discharging this function, the court must view the evidence in the\n\nlight most favorable to the non-moving party.” ", "Merrill v. Crothall-Am., ", "Inc., 606 A.2d 96,\n\n99 (Del. 1992) (citation omitted). ", "Summary judgment “must be denied if there is any\n\nreasonable hypothesis by which the opposing party may recover, or if there is a dispute as\n\nto a material fact or the inferences to be drawn therefrom.” ", "Vanaman v. Milford Mem’l\n\nHosp., ", "Inc., 272 A.2d 718, 720 (Del. 1970).", "\n\nA. Count V Of The Complaint: The Validity Of The Actions Farley Took As The\n Sole Remaining Director\n\n In Count V of the Complaint, the Company asserts that the actions Farley took as\n\nthe sole remaining director after Levy resigned on February 10, 2016, until Farley’s\n\nremoval on March 9, 2018, were not properly authorized and therefore invalid. ", "Although\n\nthe Company challenges all of Farley’s actions, it targets his issuance to himself of twenty-\n\nfive million shares and his approval of his own compensation of $150,000 per year. ", "The\n\nCompany is entitled to summary judgment on this count.", "\n\n 1. ", " Statutory Invalidity\n\n The validity of the actions Farley took after February 10, 2016, until his removal on\n\nMarch 9, 2018, turns on his ability to act as the sole remaining director. ", "Although Farley\n\nwas the sole remaining director, the board had three seats, and the Company’s bylaws\n\nrequired the presence of a majority of the total number of directors to constitute a quorum\n\nfor action at a meeting. ", "As the sole remaining director, Farley could not meet the quorum\n\n\n 25\n\frequirement and therefore could not take action at a meeting. ", "Farley also could not act by\n\nunanimous written consent without a meeting, because Delaware law requires that the\n\nnumber of directors acting unanimously by written consent be sufficient to constitute a\n\nquorum if the action was taken at a meeting. ", "The actions Farley took as the sole remaining\n\ndirector, including his approval of the Board Consent and the Revised Committee Consent,\n\nare therefore invalid as a matter of law.", "\n\n Section 141 of the DGCL provides that “[t]he business and affairs of every\n\ncorporation . . . ", "shall be managed by or under the direction of a board of directors . . . .” ", "8\n\nDel. C. § 141(a). ", "A board of directors can take action in two ways. ", "One way is through a\n\nresolution adopted at a meeting. ", "See id. § 141(b). ", "Another is through unanimous action by\n\nwritten consent without a meeting. ", "See id. § 141(f). ", "The same rules apply to committees.", "\n\nSee id. § 141(c)(4), (f).", "\n\n To take action at a meeting, there must be a sufficient number of directors present\n\nto constitute a quorum. ", "Section 141(b) states that “[t]he vote of the majority of the directors\n\npresent at a meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of the board of directors\n\nunless the certificate of incorporation or bylaws shall require a vote of a greater number.”", "\n\nId. § 141(b). ", "The same provision states,\n\n A majority of the total number of directors shall constitute a quorum for the\n transaction of business unless the certificate of incorporation or the bylaws\n require a greater number. ", "Unless the certificate of incorporation provides\n otherwise, the bylaws may provide that a number less than a majority shall\n constitute a quorum which in no case shall be less than 1/3 of the total\n number of directors.", "\n\n\n\n\n 26\n\fId. This oddly drafted couplet establishes a default rule under which a majority of the total\n\nnumber of directors is required for a quorum, but where the number of directors required\n\nfor a quorum can be set higher or lower, although not lower than one-third of the total\n\nnumber of directors. ", "The “universal construction” of the phrase “total number of directors”\n\nis “that it refers to directorships, not directors actually in office.” ", "Crown EMAK P’rs LLC\n\nv. Kurz, 992 A.2d 377, 400 (Del. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted).", "\n\n Under this statutory scheme, if the number of directors in office is less than the\n\nnumber of directors necessary for a quorum, then the directors in office cannot take action\n\nat a meeting. ", "To address the resulting risk of deadlock, Section 223(a)(1) of the DGCL\n\nauthorizes “a majority of the directors then in office, although less than a quorum” or “a\n\nsole remaining director” to fill vacancies.7 It is thus a matter of blackletter law that\n\n“vacancies in the board reducing the number to less than a quorum of the number fixed by\n\nstatute or otherwise preclude action by the remaining directors other than to fill the\n\n\n\n\n 7\n 8 Del. C. § 223(a)(1) (“Vacancies and newly created directorships resulting from\nany increase in the authorized number of directors elected by all of the stockholders having\nthe right to vote as a single class may be filled by a majority of the directors then in office,\nalthough less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director.”). ", "There are additional rules\nfor committees. ", "The board may appoint additional members to the committee, or the board\nmay designate alternative members who may replace any absent or disqualified member.", "\nSee id. § 141(c)(1) & (2). ", "In addition, “[t]he bylaws may provide that in the absence or\ndisqualification of a member of a committee, the member or members present at any\nmeeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not the member or members present\nconstitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the board of directors\nto act at the meeting in the place of any such absent or disqualified member.” ", "See id. §§\n141(c)(1) & (2). ", "None of the special rules for committees applies in this case.", "\n\n 27\n\fvacancies.” ", "2 Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations § 419, Westlaw (database\n\nupdated Sept. 2019).", "\n\n A board or committee may also take action by unanimous written consent without\n\na meeting. ", "Section 141(f) states that “any action required or permitted to be taken at any\n\nmeeting of the board of directors or of any committee thereof may be taken without a\n\nmeeting if all members of the board or committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in\n\nwriting, or by electronic transmission.” ", "8 Del. C. § 141(f).", "\n\n Section 141(f) does not state explicitly that the number of directors executing the\n\nwritten consent must be sufficient to satisfy a quorum, but that result is implicit in the\n\nstatutory reference to “any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting.” ", "For\n\naction to be “taken at any meeting,” a quorum must be present, and a sufficient number of\n\ndirectors must vote in favor of the action to be taken to satisfy the applicable voting\n\nthreshold. ", "By statute, that voting threshold is a majority of a quorum, “unless the certificate\n\nof incorporation or the bylaws require a greater number.” ", "Id. § 141(b). ", "When action is taken\n\nwithout a meeting, Section 141(f) raises the voting threshold from a majority of a quorum\n\n(or greater number as required by the charter or bylaws) to unanimity. ", "Section 141(f) does\n\nnot dispense with the basic requirement that the number of directors acting unanimously\n\nmust be sufficient to constitute a quorum.", "\n\n This interpretation finds support in other sections of the DGCL which authorize a\n\nnumber of directors that is less than a quorum to act in special situations. ", "The most obvious\n\nis Section 223(a)(1). ", "As noted, it authorizes “a majority of the directors then in office,\n\nalthough less than a quorum” or “a sole remaining director” to fill vacancies or newly\n\n 28\n\fcreated directorships See id. § 223(a)(1). ", "Another example is the recently amended Section\n\n110, which provides that during an emergency, the board of directors may adopt emergency\n\nbylaws, operative during the emergency, “irrespective of whether a quorum of the board\n\nof directors or a standing committee thereof can readily be convened for action.” ", "H.B. 341,\n\n150th Gen. Assem. § ", "4 (2020); see 8 Del. C. § 110(a). ", "The provision further states that the\n\nemergency bylaws may provide that the “director or directors in attendance at the meeting,\n\nor any greater number fixed by the emergency bylaws, shall constitute a quorum.” ", "8 Del.\n\nC. § 110(a). ", "In the 2020 amendments, the General Assembly adopted Section 110(i), which\n\nstates that during any emergency condition, “the board of directors (or, if a quorum cannot\n\nbe readily convened for a meeting, a majority of the directors present) may” take action\n\nthat it determines to be practical and necessary to address the circumstances of such\n\nemergency with respect to either a meeting of stockholders or a dividend that has been\n\ndeclared as to which the record date has not yet occurred.8\n\n Except for specific provisions that authorize action by directors comprising less than\n\na quorum in particular situations, the DGCL operates on the principle that the number of\n\ndirectors taking action must always satisfy the requirement for a quorum. ", "Once the quorum\n\nrequirement is met, a sufficient number of directors must approve the action to satisfy the\n\n\n\n 8\n H.B. 341, 150th Gen. Assem. § ", "4 (2020). ", "As noted, Sections 141(c)(1) and (c)(2)\nauthorize a corporation’s bylaws to provide that “the member or members present at any\nmeeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not the member or members present\nconstitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the board of directors\nto act at the meeting in the place of any such absent or disqualified member.” ", "8 Del. C. §\n141(c)(1) & (2).", "\n\n 29\n\fapplicable voting threshold. ", "For action at a meeting, the voting threshold is a majority of\n\nthe quorum (or a greater number if specified in the charter or bylaws). ", "For action without\n\na meeting, Section 141(f) sets the requisite voting threshold at unanimity.", "\n\n The defendants argue that as long as the remaining directors then in office acted\n\nunanimously, even if less than a quorum, then Section 141(f) is satisfied. ", "That\n\ninterpretation is contrary to the structure of the statute, and it would permit directors to act\n\nby unanimous written consent even if they could not satisfy a quorum requirement and\n\ntherefore take action at a meeting. ", "Id. § 141(f). ", "It would also render superfluous provisions\n\nlike Section 223(a)(1) and 110(a). ", "There would be no need to authorize the remaining\n\ndirectors in those settings to take action, even though their number was less than a quorum,\n\nbecause the remaining directors in office could simply act by written consent.", "\n\n Section 141(f) is not a vehicle for directors to avoid the requirements of a meeting.", "\n\nIt is a vehicle for directors to use when they could satisfy the requirements for action at a\n\nmeeting but the consensus is unanimous and thus a meeting is unnecessary. “", "The policy\n\nunderlying board action by written consent is that ‘meetings should be required except\n\nwhere the decision is so clear that the vote is unanimous and in writing.", "’”9 Meetings are\n\n\n\n 9\n Solstice Cap. ", "II, Ltd. P’ship v. Ritz, 2004 WL 765939, at *1 (Del. Ch. ", "Apr. 6, 2004)\n(quoting what is now 1 R. Franklin Balotti & Jesse A. Finkelstein, Balotti and Finkelstein’s\nDelaware Law of Corporations and Business Organizations § 4.8[F] (3d ed. ", "Supp. ", "2020-\n2), Westlaw (database updated 2020)); cf. ", "Ernest L. Folk, III, Review of the Delaware\nGeneral Corporation Law for the Delaware Corporation Law Revision Committee 1965–\n67, at 61 n.2 (1964), https://delawarelaw.widener.edu/files/resources/folkreport.pdf (“It is\noccasionally suggested that non-unanimous written consents should be as effective as\nunanimous consents. ", "On this theory, a written consent by a majority of directors would be\n\n 30\n\fintended to provide directors with “forums in which ideas are exchanged and (hopefully) a\n\nconsensus reached.” ", "Folk, supra, at 61 n.2. ", "To further this policy, each director is entitled\n\nto know when a board meeting is taking place (either as a regular meeting or as a properly\n\nnoticed special meeting), and action taken at a secret or improperly noticed meeting can be\n\ninvalidated in equity. ", "See generally Klaassen v. Allegro Dev. ", "Corp., 2013 WL 5967028, at\n\n*4–17 (Del. Ch. ", "Nov. 7, 2013).", "\n\n The reason and principle underlying these decisions is this: Each member of\n a corporate body has the right to consultation with the others and has the right\n to be heard upon all questions considered, and it is presumed that if the absent\n members had been present they might have dissented and their arguments\n might have convinced the majority of the unwisdom of their proposed action,\n and thus have produced a different result. ", "If, however, they had notice and\n failed to attend they waived their rights; likewise if they signed a waiver of\n notice prior to the meeting . . . ", ".10\n\nThe defendants’ interpretation would permit the remaining directors in office, although less\n\nthan a quorum, to avoid reconstituting the board and bypass meetings by taking action by\n\n\n\n\nas effective as majority action taken at a duly called meeting. ", "This could, however, raise\nserious questions as to whether the non-consenting directors had received notice, whereas\nunanimous written consent ipso facto proves notice actually received. ", "Besides raising more\nquestions that it would solve permitting non-unanimous written consents would make\nserious inroads upon the concept of meetings as forums in which ideas are exchanged a[n]d\n(hopefully) a consensus reached.”).", "\n 10\n Lippman v. Kehoe Stenograph Co., 95 A. 895, 11 Del. Ch. ", "80, 89 (Del. Ch. ", "1915)\n(quoting Holcombe v. Trenton White City Co., 86 A. 618, 624 (N.J. Ch. ", "1912), aff’d, 91 A.\n1069 (N.J. 1913)); see also In re Acadia Dairies, Inc., 135 A. 846, 847 (Del. Ch. ", "1927)\n(noting that a director cannot act qua director by proxy); Lippman, 11 Del. Ch. ", "at 85\n(explaining that the reason a director cannot act by proxy is that “his associates are entitled\nto his judgment, experience and business ability, just as his associates cannot deprive him\nof his rights and powers as director”).", "\n\n 31\n\fwritten consent. ", "That approach runs counter to Delaware’s policy in favor of collective\n\ndeliberation and decision-making.", "\n\n In this case, Farley purported to act as the sole remaining director. ", "During the time\n\nhe acted, the board had three seats.11 The Company’s certificate of incorporation and\n\nbylaws did not lower the default rule that a majority of the total number of directors was\n\nnecessary for a quorum. ", "To the contrary, the Company’s bylaws provided that “[a]t all\n\nmeetings of the Board of Directors, the presence in person of a majority of the total number\n\nof directors shall be necessary and sufficient to constitute a quorum for the transaction of\n\nbusiness . . . .” ", "Ex. ", "1 art. ", "VII § 3. ", "As a result, a quorum required a majority of the total\n\nnumber of directorships. ", "For a board with three seats, a quorum required two directors, and\n\nFarley could not meet it.", "\n\n Farley therefore could not take action at a meeting because he could not meet the\n\nrequirements for a quorum. ", "For the same reason, Farley could not take action by written\n\nconsent without a meeting.", "\n\n The Board Consent was not validly approved by the unanimous consent of all of the\n\ndirectors then in office at a time when the number of directors in office was sufficient to\n\n\n\n\n 11\n There is arguably a dispute of fact as to whether the board had three or six seats,\nbecause the minutes memorializing the resolution on July 9, 2012, to reduce the number of\ndirectorships from six to three remain unsigned. ", "The evidence that the board took that\naction is sufficiently one-sided that the court could likely grant summary judgment on this\nissue in any event, but the dispute is immaterial. ", "In either case, Farley could not satisfy the\nquorum requirement as the sole remaining director.", "\n\n 32\n\fconstitute a quorum for action at a meeting. ", "The actions taken in the Board Consent were\n\ntherefore invalid, including Farley’s issuance of twenty million shares to himself.", "\n\n For the same reason, Farley could not validly take action to approve his own salary.", "\n\nDirectors have the authority to set their own compensation. ", "See 8 Del. C. § 141(h). ", "And a\n\ncorporation has the power to pay suitable compensation to its officers and agents. ", "See id. §\n\n122(5). ", "To take these actions, however, the board must have sufficient members to\n\nconstitute a quorum. ", "As the sole remaining director, Farley could not satisfy the quorum\n\nrequirement.", "\n\n The Revised Committee Consent was also invalid. ", "There is no evidence in the\n\nrecord that the Compensation Committee was ever reconstituted after the board suspended\n\nits operations on July 9, 2012. ", "As the sole remaining director, Farley could not satisfy the\n\nquorum requirement, and he therefore could not reactivate or populate the committee.12\n\n\n\n 12\n See id. § 141(b), (c)((1) & (2), & (f). ", "Technically, the analysis at the committee\nlevel is more nuanced because the voting standard that governs when a board takes action\nregarding a committee depends on whether the corporation was formed before or after July\n1, 1996. ", "See id. § 141(c)(1). ", "The default rule for corporations formed before July 1, 1996,\nis that the vote of a majority of the whole board is required to “designate 1 or more\ncommittees.” ", "Id. The default rule for corporations formed after July 1, 1996, is that only a\nmajority of a quorum is necessary to designate a committee. ", "Id. § 141(c)(2). ", "The Company\nwas formed after July 1, 1996, but it went public through a reverse merger with and into\nan existing shell corporation that was formed before July 1, 1996. ", "See Ionatron, Inc.,\nCurrent Report (Form 8-K) (Mar. 18 2004),\nhttps://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/879911/000114420404003455/v02210_8-k.txt\n(describing merger); see also Ex. ", "FF (attaching the shell corporation’s original certificate\nof incorporation filed on January 6, 1992); US Home & Garden Inc, Notification of Late\nFiling (Form 12b-25) (Sept. 27, 1996),\nhttps://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/879911/0000891554-96-000621.txt (shell\ncorporation’s filing with the SEC that reports of “its results of operations for the fiscal year\n\n 33\n\fFarley was a member of the Compensation Committee before its operations were\n\nsuspended, but he was one of two members of the Compensation Committee; the other was\n\nJames Harlan.13 To conduct business under a standard that requires a majority of the\n\nmembers for a quorum, a committee with two members needs the presence of both\n\nmembers. ", "As the sole remaining member of the Compensation Committee, Farley could\n\nnot satisfy the quorum requirement.", "\n\n Farley also did not have authority under the 2007 Plan to award shares as the sole\n\nmember of a committee. ", "The 2007 Plan provided that if a committee administered the plan,\n\nthen it had to have at least two members. ", "See Ex. ", "7 § 2.", "\n\n Farley’s issuance to himself of twenty-five million shares was therefore invalid. ", "So\n\ntoo was his determination to pay himself $150,000 per year. ", "Summary judgment on these\n\nissues is granted in favor of the Company.", "\n\n 2. ", " An Implied Amendment To The Bylaws\n\n To avoid the implications of the quorum requirement, the defendants argue that the\n\nbylaws were amended implicitly, either to reduce the size of the board to one director or to\n\n\n\n\nended June 30, 1996” would be delayed). ", "It therefore appears that the affirmative vote of\ndirectors sufficient to constitute a majority of the whole board was required to re-activate\nthe Compensation Committee, rather than just a majority of a quorum. ", "See Ex. ", "FF\n(attaching the Company’s certificate of incorporation and amendments, none of which alter\nthe requirement under 8 Del. C. § 141(c)(1)). ", "The outcome is the same: Farley lacked\nauthority to act as the sole remaining director.", "\n 13\n See Applied Energetics, Inc., Annual Report (Form 10-K) 24 (Mar. 29, 2012),\nhttps://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/879911/000114420412018030/v307134_10k.ht\nm.\n\n 34\n\fkeep its size at three and reduce the quorum requirement to one-third so that Farley could\n\ntake action by written consent. ", "The defendants contend that “there is a triable issue of fact\n\nas to whether [the Company’s] by-laws were implicitly amended to reduce the number of\n\ndirectors seats to one; and/or to permit [Farley], as sole director, to act on behalf of the\n\nboard.” ", "Dkt. ", "237 at 53. ", "The defendants’ arguments only address board-level action. ", "They\n\ndo not make any arguments regarding implied amendments for committee-level action. ", "In\n\nany event, their evidence is insufficient to create a material dispute of fact. ", "Judgment on\n\nthis issue is granted in the Company’s favor.", "\n\n “Ordinarily, a corporate by-law may be amended by implication and without any\n\nformal action being taken by clear proof of a definite and uniform custom or usage, not in\n\naccord with the by-laws regularly adopted, and by acquiescence therein . . . .” ", "In re Ivey &\n\nEllington, Inc., 42 A.2d 508, 509 (Del. Ch. ", "1945); accord In re Osteopathic Hosp. ", "Ass’n\n\nof Del., 195 A.2d 759, 762 (Del. 1963); see also Star Loan Ass’n v. Moore, 55 A. 946, 946\n\n(Del. Super. ", "1903). “[", "T]he course of conduct relied on to effect the change must have\n\ncontinued for such a period of time as will justify the inference that the stockholders had\n\nknowledge thereof and impliedly consented thereto.” ", "Ivey & Ellington, 42 A.2d at 509;\n\naccord Osteopathic Hops., ", "195 A.2d at 762.", "\n\n By definition, bylaws can only be amended by implication through a course of\n\naction by intra-corporate actors who otherwise would have the authority to amend the\n\nbylaws. ", "Under the Company’s certificate of incorporation, both the stockholders and the\n\nboard of directors had the authority to adopt, repeal, or amend bylaws. ", "See 8 Del. C. §\n\n109(a); Ex. ", "FF attach. ", "1 art. ", "VIII. ", "Once Farley became the sole remaining director, he\n\n 35\n\flacked the authority to amend the bylaws, because he could not satisfy the quorum\n\nrequirement. ", "His actions are therefore insufficient to support an amendment by implication.", "\n\n Even if Farley had authority to amend the bylaws, his actions were insufficient to\n\ncreate a material dispute of fact as to whether an amendment by implication took place.", "\n\nFarley became the sole remaining director on February 10, 2016. ", "He executed the Board\n\nConsent five days later on February 15, 2016. ", "He purported to execute the Revised\n\nCommittee Consent just thirty-nine days later on March 25, 2016. ", "Neither period of time\n\nwas sufficient to create a dispute of material fact about a custom and practice or course of\n\nconduct that could support an amendment by implication. ", "And during these brief interim\n\nperiods, Farley did not engage in any actions that would have supported a constructive\n\namendment of the bylaws. ", "The actions that the defendants cite occurred later, over the\n\nsubsequent two years. ", "That course of conduct cannot retroactively amend the bylaws by\n\nimplication so that Farley could have taken the actions he immediately took after becoming\n\nthe sole remaining director.", "\n\n Because Farley lacked authority as the sole remaining director to amend the bylaws,\n\nthe stockholders were the only intra-corporate actor with the power to amend the bylaws\n\nbetween February 10, 2016, until March 9, 2018. ", "The precedents on implicit bylaw\n\namendments consistently apply the doctrine to favor stockholder rights, not to favor\n\nincumbent director rights. ", "See, e.g., Dousman v. Kobus, 2002 WL 1335621, at *5 (Del. Ch.", "\n\nJune 6, 2002); Ivey & Ellington, 42 A.2d at 509; Belle Isle Corp. v. MacBean, 49 A.2d 5,\n\n8 (Del. Ch. ", "1946) (Seitz, V.C.).", "\n\n\n\n 36\n\f Dousman illustrates this principle. ", "There, the corporation’s bylaws required a two-\n\nthirds majority of a quorum for stockholders to take action at a meeting. ", "Dousman, 2002\n\nWL 1335621, at *2. ", "For three years, however, the corporation disclosed that stockholders\n\ncould take action with a simple majority of a quorum. ", "Id. Stockholders assembled sufficient\n\nproxies to remove the incumbent directors under a simple majority standard, but not under\n\nthe two-thirds standard. ", "Id. at *3. ", "The court found it reasonably conceivable that the board’s\n\nconduct had amended the bylaws to eliminate the supermajority requirement and permit\n\nthe stockholders to act by a simple majority of a quorum. ", "Id. at *4–5.", "\n\n The court again favored stockholders in Ivey & Ellington. ", "There, the corporation’s\n\nbylaws provided for a board of three directors, but the controlling stockholders elected two\n\nadditional directors and seated a board of five. ", "Ivey & Ellington, 42 A.2d at 508. ", "Over the\n\nnext two years, the board met only four times. ", "The controlling stockholders then notified\n\nthe directors that the bylaws only contemplated three seats. ", "Id. at 509. ", "The directors\n\ndeclined to step aside, and in the ensuing litigation, argued that the bylaws had been\n\nimpliedly amended. ", "Id. The court rejected this argument, explaining that “[w]here, as here,\n\nbut one inconsistent act is relied on and it does not appear that the stockholders were\n\nactually aware of the by-law provision, an intent to amend is not demonstrated.” ", "Id. at 510.", "\n\n Finally, in Belle Isle, then-Vice Chancellor Seitz considered whether a corporation\n\nhad validly issued 75,000 shares of common stock at a board meeting held in 1944. ", "49\n\nA.2d at 7. ", "In 1939, the stockholders had increased the number of directors from seven to\n\nten. ", "Id. No additional directors were ever appointed, and only four of the seven directors\n\nin office attended the meeting in 1944. ", "Id. at 8. ", "The court held that the issuance was invalid\n\n 37\n\ffor lack of a quorum and rejected the argument that the absence of any board or stockholder\n\naction in the interim resulted in an implied amendment. ", "Id. In language applicable to the\n\ncurrent case, then-Vice Chancellor Seitz could not “conceive how total stockholder and\n\ndirector inaction can form the basis for a custom inconsistent with a written by-law\n\nprovision.” ", "Id. The court also questioned whether the existence of vacancies could ever be\n\nconsidered inconsistent with the bylaws, since having less than the maximum number of\n\ndirectors did not give rise to any conflict. ", "Id. at 9.", "\n\n Under these precedents, the evidence is insufficient to create a dispute of material\n\nfact regarding whether the stockholders implicitly amended the bylaws. ", "As a threshold\n\nmatter, the defendants cannot even say how the bylaws were amended. ", "They suggest that\n\nthe bylaws were implicitly amended to reduce the size of the board to one director or,\n\nalternatively, to keep the size of the board at three and reduce the quorum requirement to\n\none-third. ", "Both implicit amendments address board-level action. ", "Neither addresses\n\ncommittee-level action. ", "To encompass Farley’s efforts to act at the committee level, the\n\ndefendants would have to come up with still more possible amendments. ", "As this court\n\nexplained in Ivey & Ellington, an amendment by implication requires “clear proof of a\n\ndefinite and uniform custom or usage.” ", "42 A.2d at 509. ", "The defendants have proffered\n\nalternative customs and usages, not a definite and uniform custom and usage.", "\n\n The defendants also have not pointed to any action by the stockholders that would\n\nsuggest acquiescence. ", "To support some form of amendment by conduct, the defendants\n\ncite the following public filings:\n\n\n\n 38\n\f • A current report on Form 8-K, filed on February 10, 2016, which disclosed that\n Levy resigned.", "\n\n • A current report on Form 8-K, filed on March 21, 2016, which disclosed that the\n Company amended its certificate of incorporation to increase the amount of\n authorized shares from 125 million to 500 million.", "\n\n • The 2015 Annual Report, filed on March 30, 2016, which disclosed that Farley\n was the Company’s sole director and officer and that the Company issued Farley\n twenty million shares of common stock.", "\n\n • A current report on Form 8-K, filed on March 31, 2016, which disclosed that the\n Company issued five million shares to Farley under the 2007 Plan and that his\n salary was $150,000 per year payable when the Company had sufficient funds.", "\n\n • The 2016 Annual Report, filed on March 31, 2017, which identified Farley as\n the Company’s sole director and officer.", "\n\n • The five Form S-1’s filed for comment with the SEC between April 21, 2017,\n and October 31, 2017, which identified Farley as the Company’s sole director\n and officer.", "\n\nThere are several problems with the defendants’ reliance on these filings.", "\n\n First, none of the filings suggests anything about an amendment to the bylaws to\n\neither reduce the size of the board or lower the quorum requirement. ", "None of the filings\n\naddresses action at the committee level. ", "The filings thus did not put the stockholders on\n\nnotice that any course of conduct contrary to the existing bylaws was underway.", "\n\n Second, each of the filings was made by Farley. ", "None of the filings reflects action\n\nby the stockholders. ", "During the period of time when Farley purported to act as the sole\n\nremaining director, there were no meetings of stockholders and no attempts by stockholders\n\nto take action by written consent. ", "At most, there was stockholder inaction, which is the\n\nopposite of a definite custom and usage. ", "The only instance of affirmative stockholder\n\naction was inconsistent with an implicit amendment. ", "When a stockholder majority acted to\n\n 39\n\fremove Farley by written consent, they proceeded in accordance with the existing charter\n\nand bylaws, and they filled the resulting vacancies with three nominees.", "\n\n Third, the defendants’ reliance on these public filings runs contrary to their\n\nrepresentations to this court. ", "After the hearing on the Company’s application for a\n\npreliminary injunction, the court asked the parties to supplement the record with an answer\n\nto the question: “What was the total number of directors fixed by, or in the manner provided\n\nin, the bylaws of [the Company] operative on February 15, 2016?” ", "Dkt. ", "112 at 2. ", "The\n\ndefendants responded as follows:\n\n The bylaws in effect February 15, 2016, provide . . . ", "in relevant part: “The\n number of directors comprising the Board of Directors shall be such number\n as may be from time to time fixed by resolution of the Board of Directors.”", "\n\n At the July 9, 2012 Board meeting, the number of directors was set at three.", "\n As of March 2015, the Board was comprised of [sic] Mark Lister, Jonathan\n Levy, and George Farley. ", "On February 23, 2015, Mark Lister resigned. ", "On\n February 10, 2016, Jonathan Levy resigned. ", "After these resignations, Farley\n sought out others to fill the vacancies, but no one was willing to serve as a\n director. ", "Even McCahon refused to serve.", "\n\nDkt. ", "115 at 1–2 (citations omitted). ", "Farley thus recognized that the bylaws set the size of\n\nthe board at three, that two of the three directors resigned, and that he was the sole\n\nremaining director on a board of three. ", "He also noted that he sought out others to fill the\n\nvacancies. ", "He did not argue that the bylaws had been amended in any way.", "\n\n The most that the defendants can point to in an effort to create a material dispute of\n\nfact is that neither the complaint in the Superius action, the stockholders in the proxy\n\ncontest, nor the initial complaint in this action asserted that Farley lacked authority to act\n\nas a sole remaining director. ", "There is a fundamental difference between stockholders\n\n\n 40\n\fknowingly consenting over an extended period of time to action contrary to the bylaws,\n\nand stockholders not taking any action. ", "The evidence in this case at most suggests the latter.", "\n\nThere is no evidence of the former.", "\n\n The evidence is not sufficient to create a disputed issue of material fact as to whether\n\nthe bylaws were amended by implication. ", "Summary judgment on this issue is granted in\n\nfavor of the Company.", "\n\n 3. ", " Ratification\n\n The. ", "defendants separately argue that even if Farley did not validly authorize the\n\nissuances of stock to himself, then the Company’s motion for summary judgment on Count\n\nV should be denied because the Company ratified all of the issuances that Farley approved\n\nby not seeking to invalidate the shares of common stock received by McCahon, Stein Riso,\n\nthe Company’s patent counsel, or the Company’s accountant. ", "Citing the Company’s\n\nsettlement with McCahon, the defendants contend that the Company must have ratified the\n\nissuances because it would otherwise have had to either “(1) ‘properly’ issue McCahon 20\n\nmillion shares in 2019 and then effect the agreement . . . , ", "or (2) ratify the 2016 issuance to\n\nMcCahon [under Section 204 of the DGCL].” ", "Dkt. ", "237 at 58–59 (footnote omitted).", "\n\n The Company quite obviously has claims against all of the recipients of the shares\n\nthat Farley issued. ", "A cause of action belonging to a corporation is a corporate asset that a\n\nboard of directors can determine whether or not to assert. ", "Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d 805,\n\n811 (Del. 1984) (subsequent history omitted); Zapata Corp. v. Maldonado, 430 A.2d 779,\n\n782 (Del. 1981). ", "When deciding whether or not to assert a corporate claim, a board of\n\n\n\n 41\n\fdirectors can take into account a range of factors.14 The fact that a board of directors\n\nchooses not to assert a particular claim does not mean that the corporation has ratified the\n\ntransaction giving rise to the claim.", "\n\n The Company’s decision to reach a settlement with McCahon and its decision not\n\nto pursue claims against other recipients of shares does not mean that the Company has\n\nratified the issuances. ", "It means that the Company’s duly authorized representatives have\n\nmade decisions about whether to pursue those claims. ", "Cf. ", "TR Inv’rs, LLC v. Genger, 2010\n\nWL 2901704, at *17 (Del. Ch. ", "July 23, 2010) (“Of course, the Trump Group received a\n\nbenefit when it purchased the Sagi Shares from the Sagi Trust and TPR, but that benefit is\n\nnot an indication of the Trump Group’s ratification of the 2004 Transfers. ", "Rather it is\n\nconsideration of a settlement that resolved the very problem Genger had created. ", "In other\n\nwords, Genger’s argument confuses the benefits that come from compromising claims\n\naway in return for a settlement with taking a benefit from a voidable transaction that\n\nindicates ratification.”), ", "aff’d, 26 A.3d 180 (Del. 2011).", "\n\n\n\n\n 14\n See La. Mun. ", "Police Empls.’ ", "Ret. ", "Sys. ", "v. Pyott, 46 A.3d 313, 339 (Del. Ch. ", "2012)\n(“[T]he board can take into consideration and balance the interests of multiple\nconstituencies when determining what outcome best serves the interests of stockholders.”),", "\nrev’d on other grounds, 74 A.3d 612 (Del. 2013); see also 1 Balotti & Finkelstein, supra,\n§ 13.15 (listing factors that special litigation committee should consider whether to assert\na corporate claim or take other action, including the “magnitude and merit of the claims,”\nthe “size and likelihood of a recovery of damages or other relief,” the “possible detriment\nto the company from the assertion of any claims, as well as the indirect costs, such as the\neffect upon other potential litigation to which the company is a party, and relationships\nwith customers or suppliers,” and the “remedial steps already taken and that, in the future,\ncould be taken by the corporation to prevent a reoccurrence of the challenged actions”).", "\n\n 42\n\f The evidence is not sufficient to create a disputed issue of material fact as to whether\n\nthe issuances were ratified. ", "Summary judgment on this issue is granted in favor of the\n\nCompany.", "\n\n 4. ", " The Status Of The Shares Owned By AnneMarieCo\n\n Farley’s transfer of twenty million shares to AmneMarieCo does not change the\n\nanalysis for purposes of those shares. ", "Under Delaware law, invalid shares in the hands of\n\ninnocent third parties remain invalid (absent ratification or validation). ", "See Blades v.\n\nWisehart, 2010 WL 4638603, at *1, *12 (Del. Ch. ", "Nov. 17, 2010), superseded by statute\n\non other grounds, 8 Del. C. §§ 204, 205.", "\n\n Delaware’s version of the Uniform Commercial Code provides a defense against\n\ninvalidity to a bona fide purchaser for value:\n\n A security other than one issued by a government or governmental\n subdivision, agency, or instrumentality, even though issued with a defect\n going to its validity, is valid in the hands of a purchaser for value and without\n notice of the particular defect unless the defect involves a violation of a\n constitutional provision. ", "In that case, the security is valid in the hands of a\n purchaser for value and without notice of the defect, other than one who takes\n by original issue.", "\n\n6 Del. C. § 8-202(b)(1); see id. § 8-205 (providing that “[a]n unauthorized signature placed\n\non a security certificate before or in the course of issue is ineffective” except against a\n\n“purchaser for value . . . ", "without notice of the lack of authority”).", "\n\n The statute defines “value” as follows:\n\n Except as otherwise provided in Articles 3, 4, and 5, a person gives value for\n rights if the person acquires them:\n\n\n\n\n 43\n\f (1) In return for a binding commitment to extend credit or for the extension\n of immediately available credit, whether or not drawn upon and whether or\n not a charge-back is provided for in the event of difficulties in collection;\n\n (2) As security for, or in total or partial satisfaction of, a preexisting claim;\n\n (3) By accepting delivery under a preexisting contract for purchase; or\n\n (4) In return for any consideration sufficient to support a simple contract.", "\n\nId. § 1-204.", "\n\n Under these provisions, AnneMarieCo was not a purchaser for value. ", "AnneMarieCo\n\nreceived the shares as a gift. ", "Unless otherwise ratified or validated, the shares remain\n\ninvalid notwithstanding the transfer to AnneMarieCo. ", "The defendants do not dispute this\n\npoint. ", "Summary judgment on this issue is granted in favor of the Company.", "\n\nB. Count IV Of The Counterclaims: Whether The Issuances Can Be Validated\n Pursuant To Section 205 Of The DGCL.", "\n\n In Count IV of the Counterclaims, the defendants ask the court to exercise its\n\nauthority under Section 205 of the DGCL to validate the actions that Farley took between\n\nFebruary 10, 2016, and March 9, 2018, including Farley’s issuance of twenty-five million\n\nshares to himself and his compensation of $150,000 per year. ", "Ctrcl. ¶ ", "80. ", "The Company\n\nseeks summary judgment on this claim, contending that (i) Farley did not take any\n\n“corporate acts” and (ii) whatever Farley may have attempted to do cannot be validated\n\nbecause the board lacked sufficient members to muster a quorum at the time the acts were\n\nperformed. ", "Contrary to the Company’s arguments, this court has the power under Section\n\n205 to validate Farley’s acts. ", "Whether the court will exercise that power can only be\n\ndetermined after trial.", "\n\n\n 44\n\f 1. ", " The Scope Of Sections 204 And 205\n\n Effective April 1, 2014, the Delaware General Assembly enacted Sections 204 and\n\n205 of the DGCL. ", "See 8 Del. C. §§ 204, 205 (the “Validation Provisions”). ", "The substantive\n\npurpose of the Validation Provisions was “to overrule the existing precedents requiring that\n\ndefective stock and acts be found void.” ", "C. Stephen Bigler & John Mark Zeberkiewicz,\n\nRestoring Equity: Delaware’s Legislative Cure for Defects in Stock Issuances and Other\n\nCorporate Acts, 69 Bus. ", "Law. ", "393, 394 (2014) [hereinafter “Restoring Equity”].", "\n\nProcedurally, the Validation Provisions established two statutory methods that parties can\n\nuse to fix defective corporate acts that otherwise might be void. ", "Section 204 is “a ‘self-\n\nhelp’ provision that allows the board of directors, by following specified procedures, to\n\nvalidate a defective corporate act.” ", "Id. at 402. ", "Section 205 is a judicial mechanism under\n\nwhich identified parties can “petition the Delaware Court of Chancery to enter an order\n\nvalidating or invalidating, as the case may be, the defective act.” ", "Id.\n\n The “keystone” provision is Section 204(a). ", "Id. It states that “no defective corporate\n\nact or putative stock shall be void or voidable solely as a result of a failure of authorization\n\nif ratified as provided in this section or validated by the Court of Chancery in a proceeding\n\nbrought under § 205 of this title.” ", "8 Del. C. § 204(a). ", "This provision “legislatively\n\noverturns” precedents which held “that stock issued or acts taken in contravention of the\n\nDGCL are void and not voidable and thus not susceptible to ratification or validation on\n\nequitable grounds or otherwise.” ", "Restoring Equity, supra, at 402.", "\n\n Other subsections in Section 204 establish procedures that a board of directors can\n\nuse to ratify defective corporate acts. ", "8 Del. C. § 204(b)–(d), (g). ", "No one in this case\n\n 45\n\finvokes these provisions. ", "The Company brought this lawsuit to invalidate actions that\n\nFarley purported to take, and Farley is no longer in control of the Company and therefore\n\ncannot use Section 204.", "\n\n Section 205 confers standing on certain parties to seek relief from the Court of\n\nChancery if self-help is unavailable or itself subject to challenge. ", "Section 205(a) provides\n\nthat\n\n upon application by the corporation, any successor entity to the corporation,\n any member of the board of directors, any record or beneficial holder of valid\n stock or putative stock, any record or beneficial holder of valid or putative\n stock as of the time of a defective corporate act ratified pursuant to § 204 of\n this title, or any other person claiming to be substantially and adversely\n affected by a ratification pursuant to § 204 of this title, the Court of Chancery\n may:\n\n (1) Determine the validity and effectiveness of any defective corporate act\n ratified pursuant to § 204 of this title;\n\n (2) Determine the validity and effectiveness of the ratification of any\n defective corporate act pursuant to § 204 of this title;\n\n (3) Determine the validity and effectiveness of any defective corporate act\n not ratified or not ratified effectively pursuant to § 204 of this title;\n\n (4) Determine the validity of any corporate act or transaction and any stock,\n rights or option to acquire stock; and\n\n (5) Modify or waive any of the procedures set forth in § 204 of this title to\n ratify a defective corporate act.", "\n\nId. § 205(a). ", "Item (3) “gives parties the opportunity to seek a determination regarding the\n\neffectiveness of an act that the corporation has not yet ratified or has not ratified effectively\n\nunder Section 204.” ", "Restoring Equity, supra, at 417. ", "The defendants request for relief falls\n\nwithin the scope of item (3) because the defendants have asked the court to validate the\n\n\n\n 46\n\fdefective corporate acts that Farley purported to take and which have neither been ratified\n\nunder Section 204 nor by other means.15\n\n Section 204(h)(1) defines the term “defective corporate act” as follows:\n\n [(i)] an overissue, an election or appointment of directors that is void or\n voidable due to a failure of authorization, or\n\n [(ii)] any act or transaction purportedly taken by or on behalf of the\n corporation that is, and at the time such act or transaction was purportedly\n taken would have been, within the power of a corporation under subchapter\n II of this chapter (without regard to the failure of authorization identified in\n § 204(b)(1)(D) of this title), but is void or voidable due to a failure of\n authorization.", "\n\nId. § 204(h)(1) (emphasis added and formatting altered). ", "The definition thus describes two\n\ncategories of defective corporate acts. ", "The first embraces overissues, elections of directors,\n\nor an appointment of directors. ", "The second encompasses “any act or transaction\n\npurportedly taken by or on behalf of the corporation that is, and at the time such act or\n\ntransaction was purportedly taken would have been, within the power of a corporation\n\nunder subchapter II of this chapter.” ", "In both cases, the definition requires that the act in\n\nquestion be “void or voidable due to a failure of authorization.”", "\n\n Section 204(h)(2) defines a “failure of authorization” to mean\n\n (i) the failure to authorize or effect an act or transaction in compliance with\n\n\n\n\n 15\n The current action also falls within the scope of item (4), which gives the court\nthe power to “[d]etermine the validity of any corporate act or transaction and any stock,\nrights or options to acquire stock.” ", "8 Del. C. § 205(a)(4). ", "As discussed below, Farley\nengaged in corporate acts. ", "Because Farley was the sole remaining director when he\npurported to take those acts, the resulting shares and compensation is invalid. ", "See Part II.A,\nsupra. ", "Under item (4), the court has the power validate those acts.", "\n\n 47\n\f (A) the provisions of this title,\n\n (B) the certificate of incorporation or bylaws of the corporation, or\n\n (C) any plan or agreement to which the corporation is a party or the\n disclosure set forth in any proxy or consent solicitation statement, if\n and to the extent such failure would render such act or transaction void\n or voidable; or\n\n (ii) the failure of the board of directors or any officer of the corporation to\n authorize or approve any act or transaction taken by or on behalf of the\n corporation that would have required for its due authorization the approval\n of the board of directors or such officer.", "\n\nId. § 204(h)(2) (formatting altered). ", "A failure of authorization is thus a failure to comply\n\nwith the requirements for the exercise of corporate power.", "\n\n 2. ", " A Corporate Act\n\n The Company maintains that validation under Section 205 is unavailable because\n\nFarley did not engage in any “corporate acts.” ", "According to the Company, a corporate act\n\nonly exists if the intra-corporate actor that purported to take the corporate act had the\n\nauthority to act and could have taken it, but erred in properly exercising their authority.", "\n\nContrary to the Company’s position, the requirement of a “corporate act” addresses a\n\ndifferent issue: the necessity that there have been a bona fide effort to exercise corporate\n\npower, rather than a backward-looking wistfulness for a past event that never took place.", "\n\n “Embedded within the definition of defective corporate act is the premise that an\n\nact, albeit defective, had occurred.” ", "Restoring Equity, supra, at 403. ", "This embedded\n\npremise preserves the common law expectation that there must have been an actual attempt\n\nto exercise corporate power. ", "See Liberis v. Europa Cruises Corp., 1996 WL 73567, at *8\n\n(Del. Ch. ", "Feb. 8, 1996) (“[T]he complete absence of board action is not an irregularity\n\n 48\n\fcorrectible by routine ratification.”), ", "aff’d, 702 A.2d 926 (Del. 1997) (TABLE). ", "Consistent\n\nwith this rule, the Validation Provisions “may not be used to authorize retroactively an act\n\nthat was never taken but the corporation now wishes had occurred, or to ‘backdate’ an act\n\nthat did occur but that the corporation wishes had occurred as of an earlier date.” ", "Restoring\n\nEquity, supra, at 403. ", "Parties attempting to invoke the Validation Provisions cannot pretend\n\nthat an attempt to act took place when it really did not.", "\n\n Once it is understood that there must have been a historical attempt to take corporate\n\naction, the next question is what level of evidence is necessary to demonstrate that the\n\nattempt took place. ", "In In re Numoda Corp. Shareholders Litigation, this court considered\n\nwhether to validate a series of contested actions under Section 205 in a dispute involving\n\nthe principals of a privately held company and various recipients of putative stock. ", "2015\n\nWL 402265 (Del. Ch. ", "Jan. 30, 2015), aff’d, 128 A.3d 991 (Del. 2015) (TABLE). ", "The\n\nprincipals “had a default policy of not issuing stock certificates and used informal\n\nprocesses.” ", "Id. at *3. “", "Generally speaking, board meetings did not involve prior notice,\n\nminutes, or other features familiar to our corporate law.” ", "Id. As a result, the evidence of\n\nthe contested acts “largely exist[ed] in the form of testimony, documents prepared by [an]\n\nindependent contractor . . . , ", "and representations by agents of the corporation (such as tax\n\nfilings) not formally adopted by the board.” ", "Id.\n\n In determining whether there had been a corporate act that could be validated, the\n\nNumoda court distinguished between “a bona fide effort bearing resemblance to a corporate\n\nact but for some defect that made it void or voidable” on one hand, and those acts that\n\n“extend far beyond failures of corporate governance features” on the other. ", "Id. at *10.", "\n\n 49\n\fWhile recognizing that Delaware law permits boards to conduct their business with some\n\ndegree of informality, the court stressed that\n\n there must be a difference between corporate acts and informal intentions or\n discussions. ", "Our law would fall into disarray if it recognized, for example,\n every conversational agreement of two or three directors as a corporate act.", "\n Corporate acts are driven by board meetings, at which directors make formal\n decisions. ", "The Court looks to organizational documents, official minutes,\n duly adopted resolutions, and a stock ledger, for example, for evidence of\n corporate acts.", "\n\nId. at *9.", "\n\n Applying this standard in a post-trial decision, the court found sufficient evidence\n\nto support a corporate act involving the issuance of what it called “the 2004 Exchange\n\nStock,” including a formal ratification attempt, entries in the stock ledger and share\n\nregister, and other evidence. ", "Id. at *10. ", "The court also found sufficient evidence of a\n\nmeeting of the board at which the directors approved and directed the issuance of some\n\n5,725,000 shares of stock. ", "Id. at *11. ", "And the court found that a stock certificate and a later\n\nattempt at ratification plus testimony and other documents were sufficient to support a\n\ncorporate act involving the separate issuance of 5,100,000 shares of stock. ", "Id. at *12. ", "But\n\nthe court found insufficient evidence of a corporate act to establish an issuance of 400,000\n\nshares of stock, noting that the record consisted only of “testimony and sundry documents,\n\nnone of which replaces official stock ledgers or effective resolutions.” ", "Id.\n\n On the facts of this case, Farley’s attempts to cause the Company to issue stock\n\neasily satisfy the evidentiary requirements for a corporate act. ", "Farley purported to take\n\naction by executing the Board Consent and the Revised Committee Consent. ", "He had two\n\nseparate law firms (Stein Riso and Griffitts O’Hara) review the consents before they were\n\n 50\n\fexecuted. ", "Both rendered opinions for the benefit of the Company’s transfer agent\n\naddressing the issuances. ", "Farley also caused the Company to issue a stock certificate for\n\nhis shares, and he caused the Company to make filings with the SEC that disclosed the\n\nissuances. ", "The record clearly reflects bona fide efforts to take corporate action.", "\n\n The record is more sparse regarding Farley’s decision to award himself a salary.", "\n\nThe strongest evidence is a Form 8-K which disclosed that “the Company’s board of\n\ndirectors . . . ", "directed the Company to accrue $150,000 annually as compensation to Mr.\n\nFarley, to be paid when the company has sufficient funds.” ", "Ex. ", "5. ", "Another reference\n\nappears in the Company’s 2016 Annual Report, which recorded Farley’s salary as an\n\naccrued expense. ", "Ex. ", "NNN at 19, F-6, F-17. ", "Farley also averred in his declaration that he\n\ngranted himself a salary. ", "Farley Decl. ¶ ", "34. ", "But there are no minutes of a purported meeting,\n\nnor any document purporting to represent a unanimous consent of the sole remaining\n\ndirector. ", "Cf. ", "Ex. ", "6.", "\n\n Under the court’s approach in Numoda, this scant evidence calls into question\n\nwhether Farley can establish the existence of a corporate act involving his salary that could\n\nbe validated under Section 205. ", "Numoda, however, was a post-trial decision, and this case\n\nis currently before the court on a motion for summary judgment. ", "The defendants have\n\npresented some evidence which, if credited, could support a finding in their favor. ", "Equally\n\nimportant, as a matter of policy, the Validation Provisions seek to authorize the curing of\n\ndefects which, if incurable, might destabilize a company’s capital structure. ", "See Restoring\n\nEquity, supra, at 402 (citing the “domino effect” that can result from a defective corporate\n\nact that infects subsequent acts); Olsen v. ev3, 2011 WL 704409, at *11 (Del. Ch. ", "Feb. 21,\n\n 51\n\f2011) (same). ", "It is easy to imagine settings in which a corporate act took place years ago,\n\nperhaps during the formative days of the corporation, and the issue was not identified or\n\naddressed until years later, perhaps when the company is cleaning up its records for an\n\ninitial public offering or an acquisition. ", "At that point, the documentary evidence of the\n\ncorporate act might well be incomplete or unavailable, yet a critical flaw in the capital\n\nstructure would still need to be fixed. ", "Because there are readily conceivable situations in\n\nwhich the equities might convince a court to act based on an abbreviated evidentiary record,\n\nit would be dangerous to hold categorically that validation under Section 205 requires more\n\nthan just witness testimony, or even a combination of testimony and some form of\n\ncorroborating evidence, such as a securities filing. ", "If that rule were adopted, the Fates\n\nwould likely conspire promptly to put the proposition to the test in a scenario where its\n\napplication appeared inequitable. ", "This court will not rule as a matter of law that a corporate\n\nact susceptible of validation could not have taken place. ", "It will determine at trial, after\n\nevaluating Farley’s credibility, whether the evidentiary record is sufficient to support the\n\nexistence of a corporate act regarding his salary.", "\n\n The Company’s request for summary judgment based on the absence of any\n\ncorporate acts is denied. ", "The Board Consent and the Revised Committee Consent were\n\nclearly attempts at corporate acts. ", "The evidence on Farley’s salary is less certain, but could\n\nsupport a finding of a corporate act.", "\n\n 3. ", " A Defective Corporate Act\n\n In its principal argument in favor of summary judgment, the Company maintains\n\nthat the court cannot validate Farley’s acts because they were not “within the power of a\n\n 52\n\fcorporation.” ", "8 Del. C. § 204(h)(1). ", "According to the Company, because the board lacked\n\na sufficient number of directors to supply a quorum, the Company lacked the “raw\n\ncorporate power” to take any acts. ", "Dkt. ", "212 at 5. ", "This argument misunderstands the\n\ndistinction between the power of the corporation and a failure of authorization.", "\n\n a. The Concept Of Corporate Power\n\n Properly understood, the concept of corporate power refers to whether the entity has\n\nbeen granted the ability to engage in a given act. ", "The concept of authorization refers to\n\nwhether the proper intra-corporate actors or combination of actors, such as the\n\ncorporation’s officers, directors, or stockholders, have taken the steps necessary to cause\n\nthe corporation to take the given act.16\n\n\n\n\n 16\n The distinction between power and authorization has a lengthy pedigree.", "\nQuestions about corporate power were an “oft-recurring theme” in the “formative years of\ncorporation law in the 19th and early 20th centuries,” when parties frequently invoked the\nultra vires doctrine to challenge the validity of corporate action. ", "1 David A. Drexler et al.,", "\nDelaware Corporation Law and Practice § 11.01, at 11-10 (2019). ", "The desire to preempt\nultra vires challenges “led the old school of corporate draftsmen to include page after page\nof boiler-plate corporate powers in the ‘purpose’ sections of their certificates of\nincorporation.” ", "Id. This practice resulted in “[c]orporate charters of stultifying length and\ncomplexity,” but without them, drafters feared that a corporate action could be held invalid\non the theory that the corporation lacked the power to take it. ", "Id. One of the goals of the\nmajor revision to the DGCL that took place in 1967 was to eliminate questions about\ncorporate power by\n\n (i) removing from Section 102(b)(2) any requirements that a certificate of\n incorporation set out explicitly the specific business or purposes for which a\n corporation is organized, thereby removing the statutory requirement that\n charters set forth express or implicit limitations upon what business a\n corporation might pursue; (ii) eliminating from Section 121 all implications\n that the corporate powers and authority granted to Delaware corporations are\n strictly limited to those powers expressly granted by the statute or their\n\n 53\n\f The definition of “defective corporate act” adopts this distinction. ", "The definition\n\nfirst frames a defective corporate act in terms of an act that is and was at the time it was\n\npurportedly taken “within the power of a corporation under subchapter II of this chapter .", "\n\n. . .” ", "8 Del. C. § 204(h)(1). ", "It then refers to the “failure of authorization” that makes the act\n\nvoid or voidable absent ratification or validation. ", "Id.\n\n The reference to “subchapter II of this chapter” points to subchapter II of the DGCL,\n\nentitled “Powers.” ", "That subchapter contains seven sections. ", "The first three (§§ 121, 122,\n\nand 123) identify the powers possessed by every Delaware corporation. ", "The last three (§§\n\n125, 125, and 127) identify the powers which, with certain narrow exceptions, are denied\n\nto Delaware corporations. ", "The intervening section, titled “Effect of lack of corporate\n\ncapacity or power; ultra vires,” limits the effect of the ultra vires doctrine by providing\n\ngenerally that “[n]o act of a corporation and no conveyance or transfer of real or personal\n\nproperty to or by a corporation shall be invalid by reason of the fact that the corporation\n\nwas without capacity or power to do such act or to make or receive such conveyance or\n\ntransfer . . . .” ", "Id. § 124; see generally Carsanaro, 65 A.3d at 648–54 (discussing Section\n\n\n\n\n certificates of incorporation; and (iii) abolishing through enactment of\n Section 124 whatever vestiges of the ultra vires doctrine may have remained\n with respect to the corporation’s dealings with third parties . . . .", "\n\nId. § 11.01, at 11-1. ", "These steps “have for virtually all intents and purposes obviated\ninquiries into whether or not Delaware corporations as a matter of their fundamental power\nor authority can undertake otherwise lawful acts.” ", "Id. See generally Carsanaro v.\nBloodhound Techs., ", "Inc., 65 A.3d 618, 648–54 (Del. Ch. ", "2013) (discussing ultra vires\ndoctrine), abrogated on other grounds by El Paso Pipeline GP Co. v. Brinckerhoff, 152\nA.3d 1248, 1264 (Del. 2016).", "\n\n 54\n\f124). ", "Illustrating that the reference to subchapter II is an intentional cross-reference to these\n\nsections, the Restoring Equity article contains a modified definition of “defective corporate\n\nact” that replaces the reference to subchapter II with a specific reference to “[sections 121\n\nthrough 127 of the DGCL, which deal with the general and specific powers granted to\n\nDelaware corporations, and the specific limits on those powers].” ", "Restoring Equity, supra,\n\nat 402–03.", "\n\n Section 121(a) is the principal section of the DGCL addressing corporate power.", "\n\nTitled “General powers,” it states:\n\n In addition to the powers enumerated in § 122 of this title, every corporation,\n its officers, directors and stockholders shall possess and may exercise all the\n powers and privileges granted by this chapter or by any other law or by its\n certificate of incorporation, together with any powers incidental thereto, so\n far as such powers and privileges are necessary or convenient to the conduct,\n promotion or attainment of the business or purposes set forth in its certificate\n of incorporation.", "\n\n8 Del. C. § 121(a).", "\n\n Notably, Section 121(a) confers corporate power collectively on “every corporation,\n\nits officers, directors and stockholders.” ", "By using this terminology, Section 121(a)\n\nintentionally avoids any implication as to which intra-corporate actors or combinations of\n\nactors could cause the corporation to exercise its powers. ", "The DGCL “elsewhere ascribes\n\nto each of these groups specific powers and authority with respect to specific types of\n\ntransactions. ", "It is to these latter provisions that one must look to determine which group or\n\ngroups can exercise, singly or jointly, particular powers.” ", "1 Drexler et al., ", "supra, § 11.02,\n\nat 11-3. ", "To reinforce this distinction, Section 121(b) provides that when exercising the\n\npowers conferred by Section 121(a), the corporation “shall be governed by the provisions\n\n 55\n\fand be subject to the restrictions and liabilities contained in this chapter.” ", "8 Del. C. §\n\n121(b).", "\n\n The two subsections of Section 121 thus distinguish between the presence of\n\ncorporate power (Section 121(a)) and the steps intra-corporate actors must follow to\n\nauthorize the corporation to exercise its powers (Section 121(b)). ", "Section 121 does not\n\nitself specify the requirements that intra-corporate actors must follow to authorize the\n\ncorporation to exercise its powers.", "\n\n Which of the groups is to exercise specific powers, and the manner in which\n the group is to exercise such powers, is either set forth in the various sections\n of the General Corporation Law (relating to such matters as amendments to\n the certificate of incorporation, mergers, sales of assets, etc.), ", "the certificate\n of incorporation or by-laws, or is allocated according to traditional common\n law concepts of exercise of corporate power.", "\n\n1 Balotti & Finkelstein, supra, § 2.1 (footnotes omitted); accord 1 Drexler et al., ", "supra, §\n\n11.02, at 11-3.", "\n\n In addition to the general grant of power in Section 121(a), Section 122 enumerates\n\nseventeen specific powers a Delaware corporation can exercise.17 The existence of these\n\n\n\n\n 17\n See 8 Del. C. § 122. ", "The powers enumerated in Section 122 are “a curious\nmixture.” ", "1 Drexler et al., ", "supra, § 11.03[1], at 11-4.", "\n\n Some of them deal exclusively with the organic structure of the corporation\n itself. ", "A second group addresses the internal functioning of the corporation,\n while a third group deals with the power to conduct various aspects of\n corporate business. ", "The inclusion of a specific power on the list appears to\n have been a matter of historical accident, with additions having been made\n from time to time by amendment to address a perceived problem, without\n\n 56\n\fspecific powers helps illustrate the distinction between the existence of corporate power\n\nand the ability of intra-corporate actors to authorize the corporation to exercise that power.", "\n\n For example, Section 122(6) grants a Delaware corporation the power to “[a]dopt,\n\namend and repeal bylaws.” ", "8 Del. C. § 122(6). ", "Another section of the DGCL—Section\n\n109—governs how particular intra-corporate actors can authorize the corporation to\n\nexercise this power. ", "See id. § 109. ", "Section 109(a) states that for a corporation with capital\n\nstock, the following intra-corporate actors can authorize the exercise of that corporate\n\npower: (i) the incorporators until a board of directors is designated, (ii) the board of\n\ndirectors until the corporation has received any payment for any of its stock, (iii) the\n\nstockholders after the corporation has received any payment for any of its stock, and (iv)\n\nthe board of directors concurrently with the stockholders if the certificate of incorporation\n\nso provides, except where otherwise limited by the DGCL. ", "Id. § 109(a); see 1 Drexler et\n\nal., ", "supra, § 9.02. ", "Section 109(b) places an additional limitation on the ability of these\n\nintra-corporate actors to authorize the exercise of that corporate power by providing that\n\n\n\n\n any overall concept or plan as to which corporate powers or types of powers\n ought to be specifically enumerated.", "\n\nId. One additional power—the power to deal in securities—is addressed specifically in\nSection 123. ", "See 8 Del. C. § 123. ", "A plausible argument can be made that Section 121 in its\ncurrent form eliminates the need for Sections 122 and 123. ", "See 1 Drexler et al., ", "supra, §\n11.03[1], at 11-3 to 11-4; see also id. § 11.04, at 11-9. ", "As someone who has had the\nopportunity to read many late nineteenth and early twentieth century ultra vires cases, I\nhave the sense that the General Assembly largely granted the specific powers enumerated\nin Sections 122 and 123 in response to specific court decisions, often in other jurisdictions,\nwhich held that a corporation lacked the power in question.", "\n\n 57\n\f“[t]he bylaws may contain any provision, not inconsistent with law or with the certificate\n\nof incorporation, relating to the business of the corporation, the conduct of its affairs, and\n\nits rights or powers or the rights or powers of its stockholders, directors, officers or\n\nemployees.” ", "8 Del. C. § 109(b); see also 1 Drexler et al., ", "supra, § 9.04. ", "Sections 109(a)\n\nand (b) thus limit the extent to which intra-corporate actors can authorize the exercise of\n\nthe corporate power to adopt, amend, or repeal bylaws. ", "Under Section 122(6), however,\n\nthe corporate power to adopt, amend, or repeal bylaws always exists. ", "8 Del. C. § 122(6).", "\n\n Questions about whether the relevant intra-corporate actors have complied with the\n\nrequirements of Section 109 when adopting, amending, or repealing bylaws raise issues of\n\nauthorization, not power. ", "The same is true for questions about whether the relevant intra-\n\ncorporate actors have complied with the corporation’s charter or bylaws. ", "If, for example,\n\nthe charter provides that directors can adopt, amend, alter, or repeal bylaws only by the\n\nunanimous vote of a quorum consisting of all members of the board then in office, the fact\n\nthat a majority of directors then in office purported to adopt a bylaw at a meeting attended\n\nonly by those directors renders the bylaw invalid, but that is due to a failure of\n\nauthorization, not a lack of corporate power. ", "Cf. ", "Frantz Mfg. ", "Co. v. EAC Indus., ", "501 A.2d\n\n401, 407 (Del.1985) (determining the validity of a bylaw requiring a unanimous director\n\nvote and the validity of non-compliant action). ", "The power to amend the bylaws invariably\n\nexists.", "\n\n Today, the DGCL retains only three limitations on corporate power. ", "See 1 Balotti\n\n& Finkelstein, supra, §§ 2.4–2.6. ", "First, with specified exceptions, no corporation formed\n\nunder the DGCL after April 18, 1945, may confer academic or honorary degrees. ", "8 Del. C.\n\n 58\n\f§ 125. ", "Second, no corporation formed under the DGCL can exercise banking power. ", "Id. §\n\n126(a). ", "Third, a Delaware corporation that is designated as a private foundation under the\n\nInternal Revenue Code cannot fail to comply with certain tax provisions, unless its charter\n\nprovides that the restriction is inapplicable. ", "Id. § 127. ", "That said, a corporation retains the\n\nability to introduce uncertainty about its capacity or power by including provisions in its\n\ncharter that disavow particular powers or forbid the corporation from entering into\n\nparticular lines of business or engaging in particular acts. ", "See 1 Balotti & Finkelstein,\n\nsupra, § 2.1.", "\n\n b. Corporate Power In This Case\n\n The plain language of the definition of “defective corporate act” thus uses the\n\nconcept of “corporate power” in the sense of the powers granted under subchapter II of the\n\nDGCL, and it distinguishes the concept of corporate power from a “failure of\n\nauthorization.” ", "The latter definition deploys the concept of authorization to refer to whether\n\nthe relevant intra-corporate actors have properly authorized the corporation to exercise its\n\npower in compliance with the DGCL and the entity’s constitutive documents. ", "As the\n\ndefinition makes clear, a failure of authorization may arise because the intra-corporate\n\nactors have failed to comply with (i) “the provisions of this title,” i.e., Title 8 of the\n\nDelaware Code, which includes the DGCL, (ii) “the certificate of incorporation or bylaws\n\nof the corporation,” or (iii) “any plan or agreement to which the corporation is a party . . .", "\n\n.” ", "8 Del. C. § 204(h)(2). ", "A failure of authorization can also encompass a simple failure of\n\nthe board or of an officer to authorize or approve an act that otherwise requires the approval\n\nof that intra-corporate actor. ", "Id.\n\n 59\n\f In this case, the Company claims it lacked the “raw corporate power” to engage in\n\nany of the acts that Farley purported to take because there were insufficient directors in\n\noffice to constitute a quorum. ", "See Dkt. ", "212 at 5. ", "That is incorrect. ", "The absence of a quorum\n\nis not a question of corporate power. ", "It is a failure to comply with “a provision of this title”\n\n(§ 141(b) of the DGCL) and the Company’s charter and bylaws. ", "It is therefore a failure of\n\nauthorization within the meaning of Section 204(h)(2).", "\n\n For purposes of Farley’s attempt to issue stock, the question of corporate power is\n\nanswered by Section 121 of the DGCL, under which “every corporation, its officers,\n\ndirectors and stockholders shall possess and may exercise all the powers and privileges\n\ngranted by this chapter or by any other law or by its certificate of incorporation . . . .” ", "8\n\nDel. C. § 121. ", "The reference to “this chapter” is a reference to the DGCL. ", "One of the\n\npowers “granted by this chapter” is the power to issue shares. ", "Section 151(a) states:\n\n Every corporation may issue 1 or more classes of stock or 1 or more series\n of stock within any class thereof, any or all of which classes may be of stock\n with par value or stock without par value and which classes or series may\n have such voting powers, full or limited, or no voting powers, and such\n designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special\n rights, and qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, as shall be stated\n and expressed in the certificate of incorporation or of any amendment\n thereto, or in the resolution or resolutions providing for the issue of such\n stock adopted by the board of directors pursuant to authority expressly vested\n in it by the provisions of its certificate of incorporation . . . .", "\n\nId. § 151(a). ", "The Company had the raw corporate power to issue shares.", "\n\n For purposes of Farley’s attempt to grant himself a salary as an officer, the question\n\nof corporate power is answered generally by Section 121 of the DGCL and specifically by\n\nSection 122(5), which grants every corporation the power to “[a]ppoint such officers and\n\n\n 60\n\fagents as the business of the corporation requires and to pay or otherwise provide for them\n\nsuitable compensation.” ", "Id. § 122(5). ", "The Company had the raw corporate power to pay\n\nFarley as an officer.", "\n\n To the extent Farley contends that he also granted himself compensation as a\n\ndirector, the question of corporate power is answered by Section 121 and Section 141(h),\n\nwhich states that “[u]nless otherwise restricted by the certificate of incorporation or bylaws,\n\nthe board of directors shall have the authority to fix the compensation of directors.” ", "Id. §\n\n141(h). ", "The Company had the raw corporate power to pay Farley as a director.", "\n\n This court has the authority to validate Farley’s issuance of shares and his approval\n\nof his compensation because those acts are within the power of the corporation but are void\n\nor voidable due to a failure of authorization. ", "The acts fall squarely within the grant of\n\nauthority provided by Section 205(a)(3).", "\n\n c. The View Decisions\n\n To argue against this settled understanding of corporate power, the Company relies\n\non this court’s decisions in Nguyen v. View, Inc. (View I), 2017 WL 2439074 (Del. Ch.", "\n\nJune 6, 2017), reargument denied, Nguyen v. View, Inc. (View II), 2017 WL 3169051 (Del.\n\nCh. ", "July 26, 2017). ", "Properly read, the View decisions are consistent with the distinction\n\nbetween the existence of corporate power and a failure of authorization that the Validation\n\nProvisions establish. ", "Moreover, to eliminate any potential implication that the View\n\ndecisions support a different interpretation, the General Assembly amended the statute.", "\n\n The View decisions concerned the validity of what the decision called the “Series B\n\nFinancing”—a recapitalization that dramatically reduced the voting power of Paul Nguyen,\n\n 61\n\fthe ousted founder of View, Inc., and the holder of 70% of its common stock. ", "View I, 2017\n\nWL 2439074, at *2–4. ", "As part of a settlement between View and Nguyen, View asked\n\nNguyen to consent to the Series B Financing. ", "Id. at *4. ", "The transaction documents included\n\nprovisions that would have adversely affected Nguyen, including a provision that would\n\nhave eliminated his ability as the holder of a majority of the common stock to protect\n\nhimself against increases in the number of authorized shares. ", "Id. The settlement gave\n\nNguyen the right to rescind his consent within seven days. ", "Id.\n\n Nguyen initially executed the consent, but subsequently exercised his right to\n\nrescind it. ", "Id. In the interim, View completed the Series B Financing. ", "Id. at *5. ", "Nguyen\n\ncommenced an arbitration to invalidate the Series B Financing, and the arbitrator\n\neventually ruled in his favor. ", "Id. By the time the arbitrator issued his ruling, View had\n\ncompleted four additional financings that raised over $500 million. ", "Id. The arbitral award\n\ncalled into question the validity of the original Series B Financing and each subsequent\n\nfinancing, putting at risk the company’s entire capital structure. ", "Id.\n\n In an effort to fix these problems, two venture capital firms who controlled View\n\nconverted shares of Series A preferred stock into enough shares of common stock to\n\nconstitute a majority of that class. ", "The venture capital firms and their board representatives\n\nthen proceeded to attempt to ratify the Series B Financing and subsequent transactions\n\nunder Section 204. ", "Id. Nguyen filed suit under Section 205, contending that the transactions\n\ncould not be ratified because he had withheld his consent. ", "Id. at *6. ", "View moved to dismiss\n\nNguyen’s complaint. ", "Id.\n\n\n\n 62\n\f The central legal question on the motion to dismiss was “whether an act that the\n\nmajority of stockholders entitled to vote deliberately declined to authorize, but that the\n\ncorporation nevertheless determined to pursue, may be deemed a ‘defective corporate act’\n\nunder Section 204 that is subject to later validation by ratification of the stockholders.” ", "Id.\n\nCiting the definition of “defective corporate act,” the court agreed that View had the\n\ncorporate power under Sections 121 and 151 of the DGCL to issue the Series B stock as\n\npart of the Series B Financing. ", "Id. at *8. ", "But the court did not regard that as the end of the\n\nmatter. ", "Noting that “the defective corporate acts that a corporation purports to ratify must\n\nbe within the corporation’s power ‘at the time such act was purportedly taken,’” id. at *9\n\n(quoting 8 Del. C. § 204(h)(1)), the court observed that when View engaged in the Series\n\nB Financing, “Nguyen enjoyed class voting protections as the holder of the majority of the\n\ncommon stock” and “had deliberately withheld his consent for the transaction—consent\n\nthat was required for the transaction to be valid as a matter of law.” ", "Id. The court concluded\n\nthat “at the time the defective corporate acts at issue here were taken, the Company did not\n\nhave the power to take these acts because its majority common stockholder had declined\n\nto approve them.” ", "Id.\n\n Despite having treated the issue in terms of “the power to take these acts,” the court\n\nexplained that what was really at stake was the distinction between a defective corporate\n\nact and an act that a relevant intra-corporate actor had properly rejected:\n\n What occurred when Nguyen revoked his consent to the Series B Financing\n was much more than a mere ‘failure of authorization’ as contemplated by\n Section 204. ", "It was the classic exercise of the stockholder franchise to say\n ‘no’ to a Board-endorsed proposal. . . . ", "The plain meaning of “failure” in\n [Section 204] is distinct from a “no” vote or outright rejection of the proposal\n\n 63\n\f by the majority of stockholders entitled to vote. ", "The reason the Series B\n Financing was declared void was not that View failed to comply with the\n [DGCL] or its own governance documents in securing the stockholders’\n approval of the transaction; the transaction was void because the majority\n common stockholder deliberately rejected it.", "\n\nId. To further emphasize this point, the court stated:\n\n Lest there be any lingering doubt regarding the distinction between a\n “failure” to authorize and a “rejection” of a corporate proposal, the plain\n meanings of these terms brings the matter into inescapable focus. “", "Failure”\n has been defined as “omission of occurrence or performance”; “a lack of\n success”; “deficiency; lack; want”; “[a]n omission of an expected action,\n occurrence, or performance.” ", "In contrast, to “reject” means “to refuse to\n accept, consider, submit to, take for some purpose, or use.”", "\n\nId. (citations and footnotes omitted). ", "The court therefore denied the motion to dismiss,\n\nholding that Nguyen had “pled facts that support his prayers for declaratory judgments that\n\nthe 2016 Ratifications cannot be sanctioned under any reading of Section 204.” ", "Id. at *11.", "\n\n View moved for reargument, and the court denied the motion, reaching the same\n\nconclusion. ", "The court initially framed the analysis in terms of corporate power, stating that\n\n“[w]hen Nguyen withdrew his consent . . . ", "and the arbitrator then determined that the\n\nproperly withdrawn consent rendered the Series B Financing void, the ruling confirmed\n\nthat View did not have the ‘power’ to undertake the Series B Financing at the time it\n\nclosed.” ", "View II, 2017 WL 3169051, at *3. ", "But the court immediately returned to the\n\ndistinction between a defective authorization and a legitimate rejection, reiterating that\n\nwhat had taken place was a rejection, not a failure of authorization. ", "Id. at *3 & n.26.", "\n\n The core holdings of the View decisions were thus that a corporation cannot claim\n\nthat an act was defectively authorized when in fact it was rejected by an intra-corporate\n\nactor whose consent was needed for approval. ", "The View decisions nevertheless contained\n\n 64\n\flanguage which could be read to suggest that a corporate act was not subject to validation\n\neven if the corporation had the power under subchapter II to take the action in question,\n\nsimply because the proper intra-corporate actors had not approved it. ", "To eliminate the latter\n\nimplication, the General Assembly responded by amending the definition of “defective\n\ncorporate act” to add the clause “(without regard to the failure of authorization identified\n\nin § 204(b)(1)(D) of this title)” after the requirement that the act must be “within the power\n\nof a corporation.” ", "See S.B. 180, 149th Gen. Assem. § ", "7 (2018) (the “2018 Amendment”).", "\n\nThe full definition now reads\n\n an overissue, an election or appointment of directors that is void or voidable\n due to a failure of authorization, or any act or transaction purportedly taken\n by or on behalf of the corporation that is, and at the time such act or\n transaction was purportedly taken would have been, within the power of a\n corporation under subchapter II of this chapter (without regard to the failure\n of authorization identified in § 204(b)(1)(D) of this title), but is void or\n voidable due to a failure of authorization.", "\n\n8 Del. C. § 204(h)(1). ", "The “failure of authorization identified in § 204(b)(1)(D)” is “the\n\nnature of the failure of authorization in respect of each defective corporate act to be\n\nratified.” ", "Id. § 204(b)(1)(D). ", "For View, the failure of authorization would have been the\n\nfailure to obtain approval from the holders of a majority of the common stock, had the\n\nabsence of approval resulted from a failure of authorization, rather than an explicit\n\nrejection.", "\n\n Through the 2018 Amendment, the General Assembly confirmed that the nature of\n\nthe failure of authorization does not determine whether or not the defective corporate act\n\nis within the corporation’s power and hence capable of validation. ", "Whether the corporation\n\nhas the corporate power to take the action in question is determined by the scope of\n\n 65\n\fsubchapter II of the DGCL. ", "The synopsis accompanying the 2018 Amendment emphasized\n\nthis point:\n\n The amendments to Section 204(h)(1) are intended to eliminate any\n implication from [the View decisions] suggesting that an act or transaction\n may not be within the power of a corporation—and therefore may not\n constitute a “defective corporate act” susceptible to cure by ratification—\n solely on the basis that it was not approved in accordance with the provisions\n of the Delaware General Corporation Law or the corporation’s certificate of\n incorporation or bylaws. ", "The amendments would not, however, disturb the\n power of the Court of Chancery to decline to validate a defective corporate\n act that had been ratified under Section 204, or to declare invalid any\n defective corporate act, on the basis that the failure of authorization that\n rendered such act void or voidable involved a deliberate withholding of any\n consent or approval required under the Delaware General Corporation Law,\n the certificate of incorporation or bylaws, nor would it limit, eliminate,\n modify or qualify any other power expressly granted to the Court of\n Chancery under Section 205 of the Delaware General Corporation Law.", "\n\nS.B. 180 syn., ", "149th Gen. Assem. (", "2018). ", "Two commentators have addressed the same\n\nissue, explaining that the 2018 Amendment\n\n overturn any implication from [the View decisions] that an act or transaction\n may not be within the power of a corporation solely on the basis that it was\n not approved in accordance with the provisions of the DGCL or the\n corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws. ", "Indeed, defective\n corporate acts require ratification because originally they were not so\n approved. ", "The amendments attempt to clarify that the failure to approve an\n act in accordance with the DGCL or the certificate of incorporation or bylaws\n may not, of itself, serve as a basis for excluding the act from the scope of the\n statute.", "\n\nJohn Mark Zeberkiewicz & Stephanie Norman, 2018 Proposed Amendments to the\n\nGeneral Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, INSIGHTS: Corp. & Secs. ", "L. Advisor,\n\nApr. 2018, at 14, 24–25.", "\n\n Relying on the View decisions, the Company makes two arguments. ", "First, the\n\nCompany contends that the absence of sufficient directors to constitute a quorum meant\n\n 66\n\fthat, as in View, the Company lacked the ability “at the time” to take corporate action. ", "In\n\ncontext, the definition states that a defective corporate act is\n\n any act or transaction purportedly taken by or on behalf of the corporation\n that is, and at the time such act or transaction was purportedly taken would\n have been, within the power of a corporation under subchapter II of this\n chapter (without regard to the failure of authorization identified in §\n 204(b)(1)(D) of this title), but is void or voidable due to a failure of\n authorization.", "\n\n8 Del. C. § 204(h)(1) (emphasis added). ", "Read in context, the reference to “at the time”\n\nsimply means a power that the DGCL granted a corporation “at the time” of the purported\n\ncorporate act. ", "The phrase ensures that the analysis considers whether the corporation had\n\nthe power to act both historically, when the act was taken, and at the time of ratification or\n\nvalidation.18\n\n It is true that the View decisions relied on the phrase “at the time” to create\n\nconceptual space for the requirement that Nguyen have consented to the Series B\n\nFinancing, but the thrust of those decisions was the distinction between a defective\n\n\n\n\n 18\n Other sections of the DGCL use the phrase “at the time” similarly. ", "See, e.g., H.B.\n341, 150th Gen. Assem. § ", "2 (2020) (amending 8 Del. C. § 102(b)(7) by adding the\nlanguage: “An amendment, repeal or elimination of such a provision shall not affect its\napplication with respect to an act or omission by a director occurring before such\namendment, repeal or elimination unless the provision provides otherwise at the time of\nsuch act or omission” (emphasis added)); 8 Del. C. § 145(f) (prohibiting elimination of\nright to indemnification or advancement “after the occurrence of the act or omission that is\nthe subject of . . . [", "a] proceeding for which indemnification or advancement of\nexpenses is sought, unless the provision in effect at the time of such act or omission\nexplicitly authorizes such elimination or impairment after such action or omission has\noccurred” (emphasis added)); id. § 145(d) (providing mechanisms for determining whether\nto indemnify “a director or officer of the corporation at the time of such determination”).", "\n\n 67\n\fcorporate act and a rejection. ", "The 2018 Amendment made clear that the phrase “at the\n\ntime” was not intended to introduce concepts of authorization into the question of corporate\n\npower. ", "Rather, corporate power is to be analyzed “without regard to the failure of\n\nauthorization” that otherwise renders the act void or voidable. ", "What survives this\n\namendment is the well-reasoned distinction in View between a failure of authorization and\n\nan affirmative rejection.", "\n\n In this case, Farley’s acts are voidable because of a failure of authorization. ", "Under\n\nSections 121, 122, 141, and 151, the Company had the raw corporate power under\n\nsubchapter II to take those acts. ", "The absence of sufficient directors to constitute a quorum\n\nresulted in a failure of authorization, not a lack of corporate power. ", "The View decisions do\n\nnot help the Company in this respect.", "\n\n Pivoting nimbly, the Company next argues that this case is analogous to View\n\nbecause there was a real-world rejection of Farley’s proposal to issue shares. ", "The Company\n\npoints out that before Levy resigned, he opposed Farley’s plan to issue the two of them\n\nshares. ", "The Company contends that this was a rejection comparable to Nguyen’s\n\nwithdrawal of his consent in View.", "\n\n If Farley relied on action taken while Levy was still a director, then the Company’s\n\nreasoning would be sound. ", "As long as Levy was a director, his refusal to accede to the\n\nissuance of shares was a rejection within the meaning of the View decisions, and any effort\n\nby Farley to document the issuance of shares and seek validation would be improper. ", "Once\n\nLevy resigned, however, he left Farley as the sole remaining director. ", "From that point on,\n\nFarley was the only individual clothed with the trappings of corporate authority who could\n\n 68\n\fpurport to cause the Company to act. ", "After resigning, Levy no longer had the ability to\n\ndeprive Farley of authority. ", "When Farley purported to act as the sole remaining director,\n\nthe only obstacle to the effectiveness of his actions was the quorum requirement under\n\nSection 141(b) and the Company’s charter and bylaws. ", "The definition of “failure of\n\nauthorization” makes clear that Farley’s inability to satisfy those requirements was just\n\nthat—a failure of authorization that can be validated under Section 205, not an absence of\n\ncorporate power that cannot.", "\n\n d. The Floodgates Argument\n\n In its final argument, the Company contends that if validation is available to Farley,\n\nthen it will be available “to anyone claiming to have the power to act on a corporation’s\n\nbehalf, even if the person lacks such power,” and “chaos will result.” ", "Dkt. ", "212 at 6.", "\n\nAccording to the Company,\n\n Anyone could purportedly act on a corporation’s behalf and ask the Court to\n validate an act under Section 205. ", "Such a usurper would be entitled to a full\n trial, including discovery, on whether Section 205(d)’s equitable factors tilt\n in his or her favor, even though the person had no power to act on the\n corporation’s behalf, and even when the individuals actually vested with the\n power to control the corporation disagree with the action. ", "The door would be\n opened to resentful directors, disgruntled CEOs, conniving employees, and\n minority shareholders who could lay claim to a “corporate” act in order to\n drag any corporation into court for an equitable analysis.", "\n\nId. at 6–7.", "\n\n Nothing about the current case opens the door to that dystopian scenario. ", "For\n\nstarters, the General Assembly established the universe of claimants entitled to seek relief\n\nunder Section 205. ", "Those parties are\n\n\n\n 69\n\f the corporation, any successor entity to the corporation, any member of the\n board of directors, any record or beneficial holder of valid stock or putative\n stock, any record or beneficial holder of valid or putative stock as of the time\n of a defective corporate act ratified pursuant to § 204 of this title, or any other\n person claiming to be substantially and adversely affected by a ratification\n pursuant to § 204 of this title.", "\n\n8 Del. C. § 205(a). ", "Parties outside this circle do not have standing to invoke the statute.", "\n\n Second, as explained above, a Section 205 claimant must identify a bona fide\n\nattempt to exercise power sufficient to qualify as a corporate act. ", "A random usurper\n\nclaiming to have acted on behalf of the corporation will not be able to meet this standard.", "\n\n Third, granting standing to Farley to seek to validate his defective corporate acts\n\ndoes not stray beyond the confines of Section 205 as framed by the General Assembly.", "\n\nSection 205 grants standing to “any member of the board of directors” or “any record or\n\nbeneficial holder of valid or putative stock.” ", "Farley was the sole remaining director who\n\nattempted to take the defective corporate acts, and he is a holder of putative stock. ", "For the\n\nreasons discussed previously, he is able to point to evidence of corporate acts that could be\n\nvalidated.", "\n\n This case is the classic scenario where a disputed corporate act is potentially subject\n\nto validation. ", "Chaos will not result from Farley invoking Section 205.", "\n\n e. The Conclusion Regarding Validation\n\n Validation under Section 205 is potentially. ", "Once its legal positions are rejected, the\n\nCompany does not argue that the facts of the case are so extreme that the court could not\n\npotentially validate Farley’s acts. ", "And appropriately so, because there is evidence which,\n\n\n\n\n 70\n\fif accepted and construed in the defendants’ favor, could support validation. ", "The\n\nCompany’s motion for summary judgment on Count IV of the Counterclaims is denied.", "\n\nC. The Remaining Counterclaims\n\n The Company also seeks summary judgment on Counts I, II, and III of the\n\nCounterclaims. ", "In Count I, Farley seeks to recover past due compensation at a rate of\n\n$150,000 per annum. ", "In Counts II and III, Farley advances claims for unjust enrichment.", "\n\n 1. ", " Count I Of The Counterclaims: Breach Of Contract\n\n Count I of the Counterclaims asserts that the Company and Farley “agreed . . . ", "that\n\nFarley would receive an annual salary of $150,000 ‘to be paid when the company has\n\nsufficient funds.’” ", "Ctrcl. ¶ ", "47. ", "The Company seeks summary judgment on this count on the\n\ntheory that as the sole remaining director, Farley could not have validly caused the\n\nCompany to agree to pay him $150,000.", "\n\n The Company is right that Farley did not validly act to approve his compensation,\n\nbut that does not entitle the Company to summary judgment. ", "Farley may be able to\n\nconvince the court to validate this defective corporate act, at which point that legal defense\n\nwill no longer be available.", "\n\n Validating the contract itself will not lead automatically to its enforcement, because\n\nvalidation “only removes the taint of voidness or voidability that stems from the ‘failure of\n\nauthorization.’” ", "Restoring Equity, supra, at 414. ", "Defective corporate acts, even if ratified\n\nor validated, “are subject to traditional fiduciary and equitable review.” ", "H.B. 127 syn.,", "\n\n147th Gen. Assem. (", "2013) (“Ratification of a defective corporate act under § 204 is\n\ndesigned to remedy the technical validity of the act or transaction; it is not intended to\n\n 71\n\fmodify the fiduciary duties applicable to either the approval or effectuation of a defective\n\ncorporate act or transaction or any ratification of such act or transaction.”). ", "Nevertheless,\n\nassuming Farley prevails on his claim to validate his authorization of his salary and proves\n\nthat the self-interested compensation was entirely fair, then he can pursue his claim for\n\nnon-payment. ", "The Company’s motion for summary judgment on this count is denied.", "\n\n 2. ", " Counts II And III Of The Counterclaims: Unjust Enrichment\n\n Count II of the Counterclaims assert that the Company was unjustly enriched\n\nbecause Farley achieved “significant improvements [in the Company’s] business at his own\n\nconsiderable expense,” including “Farley’s significant financial and/or other\n\ncontributions.” ", "Ctrcl. ¶ ", "53. ", "Count III asserts that Farley served as an officer and director\n\nwith the expectation of compensation and provided benefits to the Company, such that the\n\nCompany will be unjustly enriched if Farley does not receive compensation. ", "Id. ¶ 59. ", "At\n\noral argument, Farley’s counsel acknowledged that the two counts were substantively\n\nindistinguishable. ", "This decision treats Count II as abandoned and only considers Count\n\nIII.19\n\n The elements of unjust enrichment are: (1) an enrichment, (2) an impoverishment,\n\n(3) a relation between the enrichment and impoverishment, (4) the absence of justification,\n\n\n\n\n 19\n If Farley’s counsel had not made this concession, then this decision would have\ngranted summary judgment on Count II. ", "In that count, Farley seems to suggest that if his\nactions as a fiduciary benefitted the corporation, then he should get a cut of the\ncorporation’s increased value. ", "To the extent Farley seeks the fair value of his services, that\nclaim is covered by Count III. ", "To the extent Farley maintains that he is equitably entitled\nto a piece of the upside, he has not articulated a cognizable theory of recovery.", "\n\n 72\n\fand (5) the absence of a remedy provided by law. ", "Nemec v. Shrader, 991 A.2d 1120, 1130\n\n(Del. 2010). ", "The Company raises a series of arguments in support of its motion for\n\nsummary judgment.", "\n\n First, the Company argues that Farley agreed to serve as a director without pay. ", "See\n\nEx. ", "8 at 1. ", "Farley testified that he agreed to serve without pay because the Company lacked\n\nthe money, but that he expected to be paid if and when the Company received funds. ", "The\n\nconflicting evidence creates a dispute of material fact. ", "Summary judgment on this theory\n\nis denied.", "\n\n Second, the Company argues that under Delaware law, directors are presumed to\n\nwork without pay absent evidence to the contrary. ", "See Cahall v. Lofland, 114 A. 224, 231\n\n(Del. Ch. ", "1921), aff’d, 118 A. 1 (Del. 1922). ", "There is evidence in this case to the contrary.", "\n\nUntil the Company suffered reversals, the directors received fees. ", "They agreed to stop\n\ntaking fees because of the Company’s financial situation. ", "Farley testified that he expected\n\nto be paid if and when the Company received funds. ", "The conflicting evidence creates a\n\ndispute of material fact. ", "Summary judgment on this theory is denied.", "\n\n Third, the Company argues that Farley may not maintain a claim for unjust\n\nenrichment regarding his compensation as an officer or director because the relationship is\n\ngoverned by contract. ", "The Company notes that a corporation’s bylaws are interpreted as a\n\ncontract among the corporation and its officers, directors, and stockholders. ", "The Company\n\nthen argues that under the bylaws, officer pay is to be determined by the board. ", "See Ex. ", "1\n\nart. ", "VIII § 2 (“The salaries of all officers of the Corporation shall be fixed by the Board of\n\nDirectors, or in such manner as the Board may prescribe.”). ", "The Company further notes\n\n 73\n\fthat the resolution appointing Farley to the positions of principal executive officer and\n\nprincipal financial officer did not provide for compensation. ", "Ex. ", "9 at 1. ", "The Company\n\nconcludes that under Farley’s contract with the Company, i.e., the bylaws, Farley is not\n\nentitled to any pay.", "\n\n This is a clever argument that deploys authority from different contexts to create a\n\nlogical syllogism. ", "The reality is that the Company’s bylaws are not the exclusive means by\n\nwhich a director or officer can receive compensation. ", "Moreover, in the absence of a valid\n\ncontract, principles of quantum meruit come into play and can support a recovery under a\n\ntheory of unjust enrichment. ", "See Boulden v. Albiorix, Inc., 2013 WL 396254, at *14 (Del.\n\nCh. ", "Jan. 31, 2013, revised Feb. 7, 2013); Bakerman v. Sidney Frank Importing Co., Inc.,\n\n2006 WL 3927242, at *18 (Del. Ch. ", "Oct. 10, 2006, revised Oct. 16, 2006); Heimer, Aber\n\n& Goldlust v. Ingram, 1999 WL 1240904, at *2–3 (Del. Super. ", "Aug. 18, 1999), aff’d, 748\n\nA.2d 913 (Del. 2000) (TABLE). ", "Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Farley,\n\na claim for unjust enrichment could exist. ", "Summary judgment on this theory is denied.", "\n\n III. ", " CONCLUSION\n\n The Company’s motion for partial summary judgment is granted in part. ", "Farley\n\ncould not validly take action as the sole remaining director between February 10, 2016,\n\nand March 9, 2018. ", "The stock that he issued to himself is invalid, as is the compensation\n\nthat he attempted to grant to himself. ", "The shares that he gifted to AnneMarieCo remain\n\ninvalid, notwithstanding their transfer to AnneMarieCo. ", "Summary judgment is granted in\n\nthe Company’s favor on these issues. ", "The Company’s motion for partial summary\n\njudgment is otherwise denied.", "\n\n 74\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "Men with beards kill romance: Survey\n\nThe rugged-stubble look of men gets a thumbs down from the majority of women, who feel that it leads to rashes or skin irritation, a survey has revealed.", "\n\nGillette, a brand that deals with men's personal care, carried a survey by talking to women to know their view on facial hair on their men.", "\n\nThe results were conclusive with 93 percent of women preferring their men to be clean shaven.", "\n\nThe results were supported further by a nationwide survey that revealed that 75 percent of women like the look of stubble but hate the way it feels when a man kisses them, reports contactmusic.com.", "\n\n\"The current facial hair trends of today see men deliberately cultivating the rugged stubble look. ", "A recent US study had hinted that stubble was killing the kiss...\" said Jared Regan, brand manager of Gillette." ]

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[ "Devon Rugby Football Union\n\nThe Devon Rugby Football Union is the governing body for the sport of rugby union in the county of Devon in England. ", "The union is the constituent body of the Rugby Football Union (RFU) for Devon, and administers and organises rugby union clubs and competitions in the county. ", "It also administers the Devon county rugby representative teams.", "\n\nHistory \nThe first rugby team representing Devon was formed in 1877 but was solely a team with no organisation role. ", "The Devon RFU was formed, as the Devon County Football Association, in 1881.", "\n\nDevon senior men's county side\n\nThe Devon senior men's county side currently play in the Bill Beaumont Division 1 South. ", " Historically, they are one of the strongest counties in the competition having won it multiple times although they have not won a trophy since 2007.", "\n\nHonours:\nCounty Championship Cup winners (10): 1899, 1901, 1906, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1957, 2004, 2005, 2007\n\nAffiliated clubs\nThere are currently 48 clubs affiliated with the Devon RFU, most of which have teams at both senior and junior level. ", " The majority of teams are in Devon but several are based in Cornwall.", "\n\nBarnstaple\nBideford\nBrixham\nBuckfastleigh Ramblers\nCrediton\nCullompton\nDartmouth\nDevonport HSOB\nDevonport Services\nExeter Chiefs\nExeter Engineers\nExeter Saracens\nExeter University\nExeter Youth (juniors only)\nExmouth\nHoniton\nIlfracombe\nIvybridge\nKingsbridge\nNew Cross\nNewton Abbot\nNorth Tawton\nOkehampton\nOld Plymothian & Mannamedian\nOld Technicians\nPaignton\nPeninsula Medical School\nPlymouth Albion\nPlymouth Argaum\nPlymouth University\nPlympton Victoria\nPlymstock Albion Oaks\nSalcombe\nSaltash \nSidmouth\nSouth Molton\nSt Columba & Torpoint \nTamar Saracens\nTavistock\nTeignmouth\nTiverton\nTopsham\nTorquay Athletic\nTorrington\nTotnes\nUniversity of St Mark & St John\nWessex\nWithycombe\n\nCounty club competitions \n\nThe Devon RFU currently runs the following competitions for club sides based in Devon:\n\nLeagues\n\nTribute Cornwall/Devon (alongside Cornwall RFU) - league ranked at tier 8 of the English rugby union system for clubs that are based in either Cornwall or Devon\nDevon League 1 - tier 9 league for Devon clubs\n\nCups\n\nDevon Senior Cup - founded in 1888, open to clubs at tiers 5 of the English rugby union system\nDevon Shield - founded in 2018, open to clubs at tier 6\nDevon Intermediate Cup - founded in 2009, open to clubs at tiers 7-8\nDevon Junior Cup - founded in 1932, open to clubs at tiers 9-10\nDavid Butt Memorial Trophy - founded in 2016, pre-season cup for clubs at tiers 9-10\n\nDiscontinued competitions\n\nHavill Plate - knockout cup competition that ran between 1971 and 1999. ", " Initially, for sides knocked out of early rounds of the Devon Senior Cup but would later expand to also include clubs knocked out the Junior Cup\nDevon League 2 - tier 10 league that ran between 1987 and 2018.", "\n\nNotes\n\nSee also\nSouth West Division\nEnglish rugby union system\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nDevon RFU website\n\nCategory:Rugby union governing bodies in England\nCategory:1881 establishments in England\nCategory:Rugby union in Devon" ]

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[ "Horton Heath, Hampshire\n\nHorton Heath is a semi-rural village and forms part of the civil parish of Fair Oak and Horton Heath in the borough of Eastleigh in Hampshire, England. ", "The village is about three miles south east of Eastleigh town centre. ", "It adjoins Fair Oak.", "\n\nThe village greatly expanded during the late 1980s and 1990s with developments such as The Drove and Meadowsweet way. ", "A new Village hall was also built at this time.", "\n\nIt forms part of the Southampton Urban Area.", "\n\nThe parish hosts two pubs (on Botley Road): The Brigadier Gerard in the south and The Lapstone Inn in the north.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nFair Oak and Horton Heath Parish Council\n\n \n\nCategory:Villages in Hampshire\nCategory:Borough of Eastleigh" ]

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[ "Invasive mammary carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation: histological features and diagnostic challenges.", "\nThe aim of this study was to review the histomorphological features of primary neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC) of the breast, in order to identify features useful in recognition of this entity for appropriate classification. ", "2003 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the breast and female genital organs defined NEC of the breast as a subtype of invasive mammary carcinoma in which >50% of the tumor cells express neuroendocrine markers. ", "Seventy-four cases that fulfilled the WHO diagnostic criteria for NEC of the breast, excluding small cell carcinoma and low-grade solid papillary carcinoma with a predominant in-situ component, were identified between 1984 and 2008 from MD Anderson Cancer Center, and were included in the study. ", "NECs of the breast had variable histomorphological features. ", "The most common histologic patterns were papillary (80%) and nested (64%). ", "Mixed growth patterns were common (59%), including admixed ductal component. ", "The tumor cells could be polygonal, round, plasmacytoid, spindled, or with signet ring cell features. ", "The cytoplasm could be granular, eosinophilic, clear, or finely vacuolated. ", "These tumors frequently mimicked invasive or in situ ductal carcinoma, or invasive lobular carcinoma. ", "NEC of the breast is underrecognized. ", "Careful attention to cytologic and architectural features can help to identify cases that require further immunophenotypic confirmation for correct tumor classification." ]

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[ "So. ", "Some of you may have noticed that the food article that was just shared wasn't, in fact, shared from my personal blog, or (probably) from anyplace you've seen before. ", "It was shared from Kitchenette; a new sub-blog of the Jezebel mainpage devoted to everything food. ", "As part of Gawker Media's Recruits program, Jezebel has hired me to write Kitchenette in the hopes that I won't totally and completely screw it up. ", "Personally, I think they're betting long odds, but maybe my deep and abiding hatred for tomatoes will somehow be the Step 2 that leads to Step 3: Profit. ", "Either way, we're going to find out.", "\n\nAny minor success I have attained in getting this gig, and any success I attain through it in the future, will be credited entirely to you guys. ", "GT is the place where people actually acknowledged my stupid, over-the-top rants, and without that, I wouldn't have kept writing them. ", "I'm still trying to process the fact that for the first time in my life, I'm being paid to talk words good, and I owe that to you. ", "GT is where my soul lives, and it always will be. ", "You guys are THE FUCKING BEST.", "\n\nHere's the kicker: I need your help again. ", "In order for this to be a long-term thing rather than a short-term deal, I need as many articles as I post on Kitchenette (and there will be a lot of them) shared to as many places by as many people as I can possibly get. ", "I'll share them to GT/CT (unless Slay/Celia/chritter indicate that that's a no-no), so don't worry about that, but Facebook, Twitter, wherever else — I need as much help as you guys are kind enough to provide. ", "Look, you guys have been better to me than I ever deserved already, and I don't have any right to be asking for your help again. ", "But I'm asking it all the same, because I want this to be a success more than I can say. ", "Also, forgive me for the fact that I'm going to bump this again tonight when I get home from my other job so that as many people see it as possible (I know, self-aggrandizement is not becoming).", "\n\nGoing along with this is the fact that you guys won't be seeing me all that often on GT (I know; like three of you are legit unhappy, half of you just rejoiced, and the rest just shrugged indifferently) — I need to focus as much creative energy as possible on Kitchenette (besides which, I'm still working said other job). ", "But I'll be reading GT as much as I can, and commenting as much as I'm able. ", "A lot of you know this already, but anyone else who wants to reach me outside of GT can get me at WilyUbertrout@gmail.com or on Twitter @EyePatchGuy. ", "Don't be shy, and don't be strangers." ]

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[ "Education Workforce Data & Reports\n\nVDOE annually collects information from school divisions related to average teacher salaries as well as information about critical shortage teaching endorsement areas defined by a school vacancy which a division receives applications from three or fewer qualified candidates." ]

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[ "Murder charge filed in infant's death\n\nA local woman has been charged with murder for allegedly leaving her infant son unattended in a car.", "\n\nSheryl Ann Jackson, 24, of Greenville was taken into custody Monday and arraigned Tuesday morning on one count of murder while committing a felony offense in connection with the death of Tytus Hoskins. ", "Bond was set at $250,000.", "\n\nJackson is alleged to have left Hoskins unattended in a vehicle for more than two hours on Dec. 1, 2012, according to an indictment issued last month by the Hunt County grand jury.", "\n\nThe indictment, which was issued sealed pending Jackson’s arrest, accused Jackson of “intentionally or knowingly committing or attempting to commit an act clearly dangerous to human life” — namely leaving Hoskins unattended in the vehicle for more than two hours — and then, after seeking medical attention, not informing doctors for two days that the boy had been left in the vehicle. ", "The indictment also alleged the incident was an act of family violence.", "\n\nThe Greenville Police Department reported the six-month old Hoskins began to succumb to exposure and the consequences of exposure on the day when the temperature rose to an unseasonably warm 81 degrees.", "\n\nJackson retrieved the child and sought medical attention, allegedly telling emergency personnel the child felt hot, but not informing them Hoskins had been left inside the vehicle. ", "The boy was transported to the Hunt Regional Medical Center and then later by air ambulance to a Dallas hospital where he died." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy (CLE), an optical imaging technique allowing non-invasive examination of the mucosa on a (sub)- cellular level, has proven to be a valuable diagnostic tool in gastroenterology and shows promising results in various anatomical regions including the oral cavity. ", "Recently, the feasibility of automatic carcinoma detection for CLE images of sufficient quality was shown. ", "However, in real world data sets a high amount of CLE images is corrupted by artifacts. ", "Amongst the most prevalent artifact types are motion-induced image deteriorations. ", "In the scope of this work, algorithmic approaches for the automatic detection of motion artifact-tainted image regions were developed. ", "Hence, this work provides an important step towards clinical applicability of automatic carcinoma detection. ", "Both, conventional machine learning and novel, deep learning-based approaches were assessed. ", "The deep learning-based approach outperforms the conventional approaches, attaining an AUC of 0.90.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Maike Stoeve$^1$, Marc Aubreville$^1$, Nicolai Oetter$^{2,3}$, Christian Knipfer$^{4,3}$, Helmut Neumann$^{5,3}$, Florian Stelzle$^{2,3}$, Andreas Maier$^{1,3}$'\ntitle: Motion Artifact Detection in Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy Images\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nWith over 500,000 diagnosed cases each year, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is considered the sixth most common cancer type worldwide [@2567-01]. ", "For diagnosis of HNSCC, invasive biopsy and subsequent histopathological examination is applied as gold standard method [@2567-02]. ", "As alternative, non-invasive optical imaging technologies as narrow-band imaging, autofluorescence imaging and confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) are gaining interest in research [@2567-03]. ", "Among those technologies, CLE has already proven to be a valuable diagnostic tool in gastroenterology and has been successfully applied to examine lesions in the oral cavity [@2567-04]. ", "Both, the interpretation of CLE images and the histopathological examination of tissue samples require experience and proficiency and entail a subjective component [@2567-05]. ", "Thus, promising approaches using machine learning techniques for automatic carcinoma detection based on CLE images were developed [@2567-06].", "\n\nAs the accuracy of these algorithms is highly affected by the occurrence of artifacts, artifact-tainted images were excluded manually prior to training in a time-consuming manual labeling step in all known approaches. ", "In the scope of this work, an automatic motion artifact detection pipeline was developed and evaluated. ", "Hence, this work provides the basis to integrate a fully automatic motion artifact detection into existing carcinoma detection frameworks, an important step towards clinical applicability.", "\n\nMotion artifacts\n----------------\n\nA frequent cause of image impairment are motion artifacts. ", "They can either be caused by movements of the investigated anatomical structures or motion induced by the physician. ", "The proportion of motion artifact images compared to good quality images is highly dependent on the experience of the physician [@2567-07]. ", "As shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:2567-fig1-3\\], two different manifestations can be observed. ", "The first manifestation is characterized by streaky patterns originating from the repeated acquisition of the same, shifted image line. ", "This pattern can be observed, when the sum of the velocities of probe, organ and scanning is approximately equal to zero. ", "This requires an organ movement in the same direction as the sampling pattern or a probe motion in the correspondingly opposite direction. ", "If a significant relative motion results from organ or probe motion, the cells are stretched or blurred. ", "This second manifestation is hard to detect, as distinction between elongated cells is difficult without the observation of adjacent frames. ", "Finally, motion artifacts can impair the whole image leading to a total loss of information or only influence parts of the image still allowing a diagnosis based on untainted regions [@2567-07]. ", "Due to the meander-shaped optical sampling pattern, only whole image rows are affected by motion artifacts.", "\n\nMaterials and methods\n=====================\n\nFor the present work, 116 CLE sequences comprising 11,234 images from 12 patients and 4 sites within the oral cavity, namely the upper alveolar ridge, the lower inner labium, the palatal region and the lesion site itself were utilized. ", "The CLE sequences were recorded at the department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the University Hospital Erlangen by a standalone probe-based CLE system (Cellvizio, Mauna Kea Technologies, Paris, France). ", "The obtained images are approximately of size 576$\\times$578 pixels. ", "The overall image quality was assessed by an expert and artifact regions were annotated manually within each image. ", "Details on the data can be found in [@2567-06].", "\n\nIn the scope of this work, two different methodical approaches were established for the detection of motion artifact-tainted CLE image regions. ", "The first approach uses conventional pattern recognition methods extracting characteristic image features, whereas the second approach applies deep learning strategies. ", "For both approaches, images with low signal-to-noise ratio are excluded. ", "The remaining CLE images are converted to 8-bit integer values after a quantile-based dynamic range compression following Aubreville et al. [", "@2567-06] was performed.", "\n\nFeature-based motion artifact detection\n---------------------------------------\n\nThe feature-based approach consists of three steps: pre-processing, feature extraction and classification. ", "The pre-processing step is required due to the unusual round shape of CLE images complicating the feature extraction process. ", "Jaremenko et al. ", "circumvented this problem by dividing the image in overlapping, square patches and concatenating the information of all patches for the classification of the whole image [@2567-08]. ", "As motion artifacts always cover the whole width of an image, slices with a width of the maximum extent of the CLE image in x-direction, a fixed height of 128 pixels and an overlap of 30% (HOG) or 50% (corrAngle) are extracted. ", "To allow the detection of motion artifact-tainted slices of an image and differentiate them from untainted slices of the same image, either Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) or angle of maximum correlation (corrAngle) features are extracted for each slice. ", "For classification, a random forest classifier (RF) and a support vector machine (SVM) classifier were used. ", "Undersampling of the majority class is applied to deal with the class imbalance. ", "Prior to training of the linear SVM classifier, the feature vector is standardized. ", "For evaluation purposes of both classifiers, 5-fold cross-validation is used. ", "The different slices of one image are all assigned to the same fold.", "\n\n### Histogram of oriented gradients (HOG)\n\nThe Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) feature descriptor of Dalal and Triggs is frequently used in the field of object recognition [@2567-09]. ", "Basically, the occurrence of gradient directions is computed in a local image region characterizing the local shape of an object. ", "In contrast to the original pipeline, no gamma and color normalization is used. ", "A cell size of 32$\\times$32 and block size of 64$\\times$64 resulted in the best classification performance. ", "Due to the varying length of CLE image slices, the obtained HOG feature vectors are of varying length. ", "Hence, mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis are computed over all 9 bins of the feature vector individually. ", "The statistical properties for all bins are subsequently concatenated to form a feature vector of a fixed length of 36.", "\n\n### Angle of Maximum Correlation (corrAngle)\n\nThe angle of maximum correlation feature (corrAngle) is designed under consideration of the origin of the streaky patterns visible in most motion artifact-tainted images. ", "The direction of the relative motion accounts for the angle $\\theta$ characterizing the direction of the stripe pattern. ", "To create a feature vector describing the presence or absence of motion artifact patterns in an image slice with length $L$, a centered reference segment of row $i$ of the CLE image slice is extracted. ", "For a set of angles equally distributed between $\\frac{\\pi}{8}$ and $\\frac{7}{8} \\pi$ and a fixed radius $R$, comparative segments are extracted with center at $(\\frac{L}{2} + R \\sin(\\theta), j + R + R \\cos(\\theta))$ using bilinear interpolation. ", "Then, the correlation coefficient of the reference segment and each comparative segment is computed as measurement of similarity. ", "The angle responsible for the highest correlation coefficient is saved. ", "This procedure is repeated for each row despite the first and last $R$ rows. ", "Finally, all approximated motion angles are concatenated to form the final feature vector. ", "For a motion artifact-tainted image slice, the approximated angle is constant (stripe pattern). ", "In contrast, CLE image slices without motion artifacts show high variations of the approximated motion angle over image rows.", "\n\nDeep learning-based motion artifact detection (artiNet)\n-------------------------------------------------------\n\nBuilding on the Inception v3 architecture of Szegedy [@2567-10] pretrained on , the deep learning-based detector of motion artifact-tainted CLE image areas (artiNet) is build by inserting a 2d 1$\\times$1 convolutional layer after the eighth inception block followed by a column fusion and a softmax layer as depicted in Fig.", " \\[fig:2567-fig4\\]. ", "Thus, the input representation for the new layers still entails spatial information. ", "The convolutional layer is used to map the 17$\\times$17$\\times$768 dimensional input to the two output classes motion artifact and good quality. ", "The result is a 17$\\times$17 grid of predictions. ", "To obtain predictions of motion artifact regions covering the whole image width comparable to the slices of the conventional approach, a column fusion layer extracts the maximum over the image width resulting in a 17$\\times$2 representation fed to the final softmax layer.", "\n\n![", "Visualization of the artiNet for motion artifact detection in CLE images based on an Inception v3 network [@2567-10] pre-trained on ImageNet.](2567-fig4.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"115mm\"} \\[fig:2567-fig4\\]\n\nPrior to training the grayscale images are transformed to RGB color representation. ", "Then, a centered image patch of 400$\\times$400 pixels is extracted and resized to 299$\\times$299 pixels. ", "Due to the slice-wise detection of motion artifacts and available corresponding labels effectively representing a fully convolutional approach with a network capacity according to one with smaller patches, data augmentation seems less important. ", "Within the TensorFlow framework, the network was fine-tuned in $2000$ training steps using the Adam optimizer with an initial learning rate of $5\\cdot10^{-6}$. For the training of the new layers, a learning rate of $5\\cdot10^{-5}$ was used. ", "In each training step, a minibatch consisting of 25 randomly selected instances of both classes is processed to deal with the class imbalance of the data set. ", "For evaluation, a leave-one-patient-out cross-validation was performed.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nThe top result is obtained by the artiNet, where an AUC of 0.90 is achieved. ", "The best performance following the conventional pattern recognition pipeline is achieved by the corrAngle feature and RF classification. ", "For this combination, an AUC of 0.85 is reached. ", "The corrAngle-based motion detection with RF performs significantly better than the RF and SVM predictors trained on HOG, where approximately equal ROC curves with AUC values of 0.73 and 0.74 are achieved. ", "In contrast to the RF classification performance, the results of the SVM classifier trained on the corrAngle features are poor. ", "For additional insight into the performance of the artiNet, the comparison of predictions for single image slices and respective labels is visualized in Fig.", " \\[fig:2567-fig5-6\\].", "\n\n\\[fig:2567-fig5-6\\]\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nDue to the included patch extraction step of the artiNet, the image borders are discarded. ", "For motion artifact detection, the center of the slice is representative as a motion induced deterioration covers the whole extent in x-direction. ", "Still, the information at the top and bottom of the image is removed. ", "Thus, motion artifacts only deteriorating the rejected areas can not be detected. ", "An improved performance is to be expected if the whole image is used. ", "As the manifestation of stretched cells is underrepresented in the data set, a performance gap between the two possible manifestations of motion artifacts, stripe patterns and stretched cells might occur. ", "Moreover, the performance of the proposed methods was only assessed on data of one clinical team. ", "Hence, additional training instances are required to obtain a robust artifact detector.", "\n\n[10]{}\n\nBlaszczak W, Barczak, W, Wegner A, et al. ", "Clinical value of monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. ", "Med Oncol. ", "2017;34(4):60.", "\n\nOetter N, Knipfer C, Rohde M, et al. ", "Development and validation of a classification and scoring system for the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinomas through confocal laser endomicroscopy. ", "J Transl Med. ", "2016;14(1):159.", "\n\nNathan CAO, Kaskas NM, Ma X, et al. ", "Confocal laser endomicroscopy in the detection of head and neck precancerous lesions. ", "J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. ", "2014;151(1):73–80.", "\n\nThong PS, Tandjung SS, Movania, MM, et al. ", "Toward real-time virtual biopsy of oral lesions using confocal laser endomicroscopy interfaced with embedded computing. ", "J Biomed Opt.2012;17(5):0560091–05600910.", "\n\nNeumann Helmut, Vieth M, Atreya R, et al. ", "Prospective evaluation of the learning curve of confocal laser endomicroscopy in patients with IBD. ", "Histol Histopathol.2011;26(7):867.", "\n\nAubreville M, Knipfer C, Oetter N, et al. ", "Automatic classification of cancerous tissue in laserendomicroscopy images of the oral cavity using deep learning. ", "Sci Rep.2017;20(7):11979.", "\n\nSharman MJ, Bacci B, Whittem T, et al. ", "In vivo confocal endomicroscopy of small intestinal mucosal morphology in dogs. ", "J Vet Intern Med.2013;27(6):1372–1378.", "\n\nJaremenko C, Maier A, Steidl S, et al. ", "Classification of confocal laser endomicroscopic images of the oral cavity to distinguish pathological from healthy tissue. ", "Proc Bvm.2015; p. 479–485.", "\n\nDalal N, Triggs B, et al. ", "Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. ", "In: Proc IEEE Comput Soc Conf Comput Vis Pattern Rocognit. ", "vol. ", "1 of CVPR ‘05.IEEE;2005. ", "p. 886–893.", "\n\nSzegedy C, Vanhoucke V, Ioffe S, et al. ", "Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Vision. ", "In: Proc IEEE Comput Soc Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit;2016. ", "p. 2818-2826.", "\n" ]

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[ "There are dozens of reasons Nature feels sad and angry and confused about her brother's death, but one trumps the rest: \"On the news, they publicized that he was a violent offender and he went to jail for violent crimes, and it was never nothing like that,\" she says. \"", "He wasn't a violent person at all. ", "He was just like a genuinely good person.\"", "\n\n\"It's one thing to lose somebody under those circumstances,\" she continues. \"", "But then when you're grieving and going through that, to have to see it all over the internet, it's unspeakable.\"", "\n\nOver the last 18 years, Nature's family has shrunk from five to one. ", "Now she's approaching 30, with two children and a solid job as a nursing assistant, but her home is full of urns. ", "She shows me Jodon's, on a shelf in her dining room, next to a photo of him and a small pile of Jolly Ranchers — his favorite. ", "She answers all of my questions openly, often through tears. ", "But when she asks me a question — \"Did you watch the chase?\" — ", "I stumble.", "\n\nI was born and raised in Phoenix, but I was sitting at my desk in New York when I saw the first tweets about a car chase in Arizona. ", "I began tuning in while Romero was still on the westbound I-10 — a stretch of highway I've spent an ungainly amount of my life driving. ", "I watched him swiftly switch lanes and narrowly pass semi-trucks on the shoulder, and I thought of every time I'd seen a frustrated driver pull the same hasty moves on that long, dull desert road (albeit without a dozen patrol cars following them). ", "Yes, I watched the chase. ", "Yes, I saw its awful conclusion.", "\n\nBut I also reported on it. ", "I wrote about Fox's mistake, and uploaded a video of Fox's mistake, and helped make Fox's mistake go viral. ", "How do you tell a grieving sister that? ", "Because of a \"severe human error,\" thousands watched her brother die in real time, but because of you, hundreds of thousands watched it later?", "\n\nYou tell her the truth. ", "And then you listen as she tells you about her brother — about all the details that weren't on the news that day. ", "About his personality (always laughing), his hobbies (remodeling his house), his five children (the oldest is 15, the youngest was born in March), and his funeral. (", "A formal church ceremony, then a more casual memorial. ", "They played Tupac.)", "\n\nCar chases can be thrilling to follow, but they're often consumed with little context. ", "When we watch a chase, we never really know the full details of how or why it began. ", "Shepard Smith didn't know the man he called a \"dingbat\" had no history of violent crimes. ", "The scores of people watching the chase didn't know Romero was a father of four with a baby on the way. ", "I didn't know Romero had lost all but one of his relatives by the time he was 21.", "\n\nBefore I leave her house, I ask Nature what she would say to the people responsible for airing — and sharing — her brother's death, if they were, say, sitting cross-legged on her couch right now.", "\n\n\"They can never know the kind of impact that leaves, the lasting impression on us.\"", "\n\nHer voice is charged, but her expression is exhausted.", "\n\n\"To see my brother shoot himself and to see him fall down — that's embedded in my head forever.\"" ]

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[ "NEW YORK (Fortune) -- Rules makers adopted guidelines Thursday that give financial firms more latitude in applying so-called mark-to-market accounting, just in time for what is shaping up as another tough earnings season.", "\n\nThe Financial Accounting Standards Board, the private sector body that sets U.S. bookkeeping rules, moved Thursday to adopt a rule that makes clear that firms need not write down the value of their assets based on so-called distressed sales of similar assets by other banks.", "\n\nFASB members discussed the change earlier Thursday morning and reached an agreement on the new rule.", "\n\nThe decision, which will apply to the numbers banks report for the first quarter ended earlier this week, comes amid pressure from Congress over the supposed role of mark-to-market accounting in the financial crisis.", "\n\nNumerous legislators called on the FASB in hearings last month to ease so-called fair value rules to ensure that banks aren't being forced to take excessive writedowns at a time of economic stress. ", "Just days later, the five-member FASB put the proposal up for comment.", "\n\nMembers of Congress and some bankers have been sharply critical of what they call the FASB's foot-dragging on the fair value issue. ", "But David Larsen, a managing director at valuation consultant Duff & Phelps, said last month that the release of the current FASB proposal amounted to \"the second-quickest issuance of accounting guidance in history.\"", "\n\nThe rule changes come just as big U.S. banks are preparing to issue their first-quarter results. ", "Analysts are expecting another rough quarter for big institutions such as Citigroup (C, Fortune 500), Bank of America (BAC, Fortune 500), JPMorgan Chase (JPM, Fortune 500) and Wells Fargo (WFC, Fortune 500), as a soaring unemployment rate and tumbling house prices should translate into higher loan losses.", "\n\nThe new FASB rules could help boost banks' earnings by making it clear that institutions can account for mortgage-backed securities and other assets based on their internal estimates of cash flow and other factors, rather than relying on sales prices in largely inactive markets.", "\n\nBut observers such as Larsen note that the latest guidelines only confirm what careful readers of the FASB's fair value rules have known all along, that fire sales aren't meant to be the main determinant of value.", "\n\nThus, if the banks have been following the rules as intended all along, there could be little effect on the earnings.", "\n\nThe FASB, which sets the guidelines under the aegis of the Securities and Exchange Commission, on Thursday also tweaked the rules for how banks may account for securities such as bonds that aren't expected to be repaid in full, but whose market value has been depressed as markets have grown less liquid.", "\n\nUnder the new rules, these so-called \"other-than-temporary\" impairments will be divided into two buckets, one that reflects the expected credit losses tied to a security and another that accounts for other declines in value, which may be tied to market uncertainty.", "\n\nShares of the big banks rose sharply on the news Thursday, as the broader market rallied on the backdrop of plans for increased global funding for the International Monetary Fund. ", "Bank of America and Citi, two of the most troubled banks, were each up nearly 10% in mid-morning trading.", "\n\nThe moves Thursday represent the latest twist in the long-running struggle between accounting rules makers and foes of fair value accounting.", "\n\nThe latter, led by the likes of former bank regulator Bill Isaac and onetime Federal Reserve official Bob McTeer, argue the fair value rules have deepened the economic crisis by reducing bank capital and constraining lending. ", "They have called for the rules to be completely repealed.", "\n\nBut proponents of fair value rules champion the transparency they provide to investors and say changing the rules wouldn't solve problems that are mostly driven by a collapse of underwriting standards during the credit boom.", "\n\nLarsen, for one, likens a move away from fair value accounting to \"taking the freshness date off the milk bottles. ", "Does it really address the real problem?\"" ]

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[ "Generator Test Systems\n\nAX Series Test Systems for Component\nProduction & MRO Testing\n\nThe Avtron Aerospace AX Series Test System offers our customers the most versatile generator test system in the industry. ", "This next generation stand replaces the very successful K838AT & K938 platforms, retaining compatibility with previously sold adapters. ", "These systems are primarily used for production, and return-to-service testing of a broad range of aircraft units, including:\n\nMain, Auxiliary, and APU Generators\n\nIDGs\n\nCSDs\n\nWild Frequency Generators and Starter/Generators\n\nDC starter/Generators\n\nAvtron’s AX Test Systems are the cornerstone products for universal generator testing. ", "While supporting a wide range of components, these systems improve the bottom line for our customers by decreasing test times and enhancing quality control. ", "The AX Series is ideal for supporting regional jet, narrow body, and wide body aircraft, such as CRJ, ERJ, C-Series, 737, A320, 777, 787, A350 and A380.", "\n\nAX systems include options for automatic, semi-automatic, and manual modes of operation. ", "Standard system ratings of 150-1500 HP provide flexibility for MRO shops testing small AC and DC generators and starter/generators to shops supporting the latest commercial aircraft. ", "These systems have been designed as a universal test platform and will support a wide range of aircraft generator components. ", "Adapter kits and software supporting individual components are available to increase the support capability of the system. ", "Please consult with an Avtron Aerospace sales representative to ensure appropriate configuration of system options are provided to meet the needs of your business.", "\n\nThe AX Series Test Stands use AC motor/drive technology for improved system performance and lower long-term maintenance cost. ", "With AC motors, there is no need for expensive brush and commutator maintenance you normally have with DC motors. ", "AC motors offer higher operating speeds, which can either eliminate the need for a speed increasing gearbox or reduce the gear ratio of the speed increasing gearbox. ", "Reduced gearbox ratios improve system performance by providing higher output torques and improved speed control. ", "Avtron only uses AC motors and drives from industry-leading manufacturers, so long term support is guaranteed.", "\n\nK838 Test System\n\nAvtron’s Model K838 Test Stand is available in versions from 50 HP to 150 HP, designed for manual operation. ", "These low-cost units are ideal for smaller airline and OEM shops testing AC and DC starter/generators found on most business jets, commuter aircraft, and military and commercial helicopters. ", "Motors are rated for continuous horsepower application and overload capability. ", "A universal test adapter design means that future upgrades can be added at low cost. ", "In addition, many options are available for the K838 design, allowing it to be tailored for each customer’s specific requirements.", "\n\nDrive System. ", "A variety of gearboxes and high-speed AC motors are available to provide the speed ranges your applications demand. ", "Microprocessor drive controls feature programmed-in protection, programmable range limits, and precise digital control. ", "These solid-state controls and heavy-duty motors contribute to a long service life and easy replacement if ever needed.", "\n\nStarter testing can be accomplished without the need of additional test fixtures. ", "The K838 can perform locked rotor, free-spin, and load inertial testing, without ever removing the generator from the test stand.", "\n\nHydraulic systems and load banks are sized to meet existing and future needs\n\nEasy access to controls helps speed up manual testing\n\nControls and displays are designed to simplify testing and shorten a user’s learning curve\n\nModular design makes future modifications and expansion of test capabilities easy and cost effective to meet the needs of a fluctuating shop environment\n\nK400C Test Systems for Military Aircraft Component Testing\n\nThe K400C Test Stand (NSN 4920-01-618-5463) replaces the obsolete Avtron K400B Test Stand (NSN 4920-01-093-0521). ", "The K400C supports all military aircraft and has a T.O. documentation package familiar to the USAF and FMS customers. ", "The K400C has options for automatic, semi-automatic, and manual operating modes. ", "The K400C is fully compatible with K400B and K938 test adapters, thus protecting USAF and US Navy investment in legacy aircraft support. ", "The 500 HP DC drive motor, dual pad gearbox and flexible hardware configuration ensure newer aircraft such as F-22, F-35, KC-46A, and others can be supported for years to come.", "\n\nF-15 Series\n\nC-130 Series\n\nC-5\n\nE-3\n\nC-17\n\nB-1B\n\nF-22\n\nUH-60\n\nCH-47\n\nE-2\n\nF-16 A-D\n\nKC-46A\n\nA-10\n\nKC-135\n\nB-52\n\nF-18 C/D\n\nF-35\n\nUH-1\n\nCH-53\n\nV-22\n\nDevelopment Lab & Custom Test Systems\n\nThe key to our success in development test systems is establishing a close collaborative relationship with OEM engineers to precisely define test needs, and then engineer a customized system to meet those needs. ", "Avtron assumes complete responsibility, including program management, for delivering a turnkey system that meets the OEM’s specifications and performance requirements. ", "Moreover, we deliver systems that typically cost less than homegrown test stands built in-house.", "\n\nDrive and motor configurations from 50 HP to 2000 HP\n\nSingle or dual coupled motors for reduced inertia\n\nSingle pad, dual pad, or triple pad gearbox configurations and speeds up to 100,000 RPM\n\nAvtron’s experience includes OEM development systems for a wide variety of commercial and military aircraft. ", "On the commercial side, this ranges from small airframes such as the Bombardier Global Express to the latest Boeing 787 and Airbus A350 and A380. ", "Our military experience includes test systems that supported development of the F-16, F/A-18, F-22, and the Comanche attack helicopter.", "\n\nApplication Flexibility. ", "Avtron’s development lab test system designs encompass open hardware and software architectures. ", "When a copper/iron bird lab project is completed, the Avtron system for that phase can be deployed for production testing. ", "Because we make extensive use of highly reliable COTS components, every test system can be easily upgraded for future development lab applications.", "\n\nWhether the need is manual, semi-automatic, or fully automatic testing, Avtron will configure a system to fit your budget and project goals. ", "Our computerized systems use the latest Intel® microprocessor technology running on a Windows® operating system. ", "Computer data acquisition is available for detailed analysis, including trending and statistical process control. ", "Our user interface is designed to make test setup easy and minimize the opportunity for human errors.", "\n\nOptions for Demanding Applications. ", "Avtron has delivered test stands ranging in size from 50 HP for rotary wing aircraft to 2000 HP AC drives for development of the latest high-power commercial and military applications.", "\n\nTest Stand XL Upgrades\n\nAvtron’s K738 and K400B Generator Test Stands have proven to be highly reliable, even after many years of service. ", "While the motors and gearboxes on these systems can continue to serve the applications for which they were designed, more modern electronics can further extend system life and improve test efficiency. ", "To increase our customers’ satisfaction and improve their return on investment, Avtron offers its XL (eXtendedLife) upgrades for these two test stand models. ", "The XL upgrades include updated controls, drive power supply, load bank, data acquisition system, metering, and user interface. ", "An XL upgrade will:\n\nProtect your investment by avoiding the need for a new test stand and adapter hardware. ", "XL upgrades maintain compatibility with existing test solutions.", "\n\nExtend the life of existing equipment at a fraction of the cost of a new stand.", "\n\nIncrease productivity by including Avtron’s ATE++ operating software. ", "This application runs on Microsoft Windows® and provides an improved user interface to simplify operation.", "\n\nReduce maintenance costs by replacing crucial parts of the system with the latest commercially available electronics. ", "This will improve system reliability and help increase uptime.", "\n\nStart-up and training services are included with the purchase of an XL upgrade. ", "In addition, all XL upgrade components carry an Avtron one-year warranty.", "\n\nAbout Avtron\n\nSince 1953, Avtron has been developing innovative test technology to support the needs of aircraft manufacturers, component OEMs, and MRO facilities worldwide. ", "We are the preferred provider of generator and hydraulic test systems, automatic test equipment for electronics, ground support equipment, aircraft load banks, and custom test solutions used to test aircraft flight components.", "\n\nAvtron Aerospace\n\nLorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. ", "Lorem Ipsum has been the industry is standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. ", "It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. ", "It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nRename a merged commit without losing that commit's parents\n\nTL;DR: Is it possible to rename a commit from a merged (no fast forward merge) branch - without destroying history? ", "\nI want to rename a commit. ", "Something like rebase --interactive HEAD~5. ", "But I want to keep the HEADs in their current position. ", "Rebase will flatten the log.", "\nI'm using feature branches\n* c3cb3ad - Merge branch 'featureX' into develop (15 minutes ago) <FOO>\n|\\ \n| * d945c71 - Did stuff (17 minutes ago) <FOO>\n| * d4356f4 - inline commits are aweosm <FOO> (27 minutes ago) <LSC>\n|/ \n* 6ef9569 - bla bla bla\n\nThis is how I git:\n~/dev/foo/ (develop)$ git checkout -b featureX\n~/dev/foo/ (featureX)$ git add foo.html\n~/dev/foo/ (featureX)$ git commit -m \"inline commits are aweosm\"\n~/dev/foo/ (featureX)$ git checkout develop\n~/dev/foo/ (develop)$ git merge --no-ff featureX\n~/dev/foo/ (develop)$ git branch -D featureX\n~/dev/foo/ (develop)$ git add bar.html\n~/dev/foo/ (develop)$ git commit -m \"Lorem Ipsum\"\n\n... oh crap. ", "There's a typo in my commit message!", "\n\nA:\n\nUse git rebase with --preserve-merges\n\n" ]

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[ "Who’s Harry Potter, and what’s all this about a cursed child?", "\n\nYeah, very funny. ", "Harry Potter is, of course, the most famous boy wizard in literature, and probably now eclipses Gandalf too as the most bankable wizard of them all. ", "JK Rowling’s seven-book cycle ranks as the best-selling book series of all time (more than 450m copies worldwide) and its last four books broke records for fastest-sales too.", "\n\nThe celluloid spin-offs form the second highest grossing film series, raking in $7.7bn. ", "Just when it looked as though Pottermania was subsiding after the final installment of Deathly Hallows (in 2011), last June it was suddenly announced that Rowling was going to add to the franchise in a theatrical way. ", "Harry Potter and The Cursed Child will form the \"eighth story in the Harry Potter series and the first official Harry Potter story to be presented on stage\". ", "In other words, the saga continues…\n\nWhen will all be revealed, and what do we know about the show so far?", "\n\nThe official opening is on July 30 at the Hogwartsian Palace Theatre, a magnificent gothic pile (built in 1891) bang in the heart of the West End. ", "Expect a red carpet affair to out-dazzle even Leicester Square movie premieres – especially as the theatre was bedecked with Cursed Child paraphernalia three months before the show's official opening:" ]

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[ "Leszek Borkowski\n\nLeszek Borkowski (born 27 June 1952) is a Polish boxer. ", "He competed in the men's bantamweight event at the 1976 Summer Olympics. ", "At the 1976 Summer Olympics, he lost to Patrick Cowdell of Great Britain.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1952 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Polish male boxers\nCategory:Olympic boxers of Poland\nCategory:Boxers at the 1976 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Sportspeople from Łódź" ]

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[ "The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has created a global pandemic, with ongoing regional COVID-19 outbreaks across the world. ", "For many patients, COVID-19 manifests simply as a viral respiratory syndrome, but a subset of patients develops a life-threatening course with significant and prolonged systemic inflammation.[@bib1] Increasing data show that many severe COVID-19 cases have features of cytokine storm syndrome, including characteristics of acute respiratory distress syndrome and macrophage activation syndrome, such as hyperferritinaemia, systemic hyperinflammation, and multi-organ system dysfunction.[@bib2] Indeed, several early reports highlighted that patients with severe disease had clinical and laboratory features of hyperinflammation and cytokine storm, including elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6).[@bib3], [@bib4] Based on these observations and the encouraging results of an early case series using tocilizumab (a recombinant humanised monoclonal antibody against the IL-6 receptor),[@bib5] clinicians facing rising numbers of patients with COVID-19 have increasingly turned to cytokine-directed therapies for critically ill patients.", "\n\nIn *The Lancet Rheumatology*, Giovanni Guaraldi and colleagues[@bib6] report the results of the TESEO study, a large, multicentre, retrospective cohort study of tocilizumab for severe COVID-19 pneumonia. ", "The study included 544 patients with confirmed COVID-19 and severe respiratory symptoms (defined as tachypnea, hypoxemia, poor oxygenation, and lung infiltrates of more than 50%) at three centres in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. ", "179 (33%) of these patients received tocilizumab (intravenous or subcutaneous) and standard of care therapy, and 365 (67%) patients with similar respiratory symptoms received only standard of care therapy (supplemental oxygen, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, combination antiretrovirals, and low molecular weight heparin). ", "The primary outcome was a composite of death or progression to invasive mechanical ventilation. ", "At day 14 from hospital admission, 22·6% (95% CI 16·2--29·0) of tocilizumab patients had the primary outcome, compared with 36·5% (30·7--42·2) of patients receiving standard of care. ", "13 (7%) of 179 patients treated with tocilizumab died, compared with 73 (20%) of 365 who received standard of care. ", "When adjusted for age, gender, recruiting centre, duration of symptoms, and Subsequent Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, tocilizumab treatment showed a hazard ratio for death alone of 0·38 (95% CI 0·17--0·83; p=0·015). ", "Similar numbers of patients received intravenous and subcutaneous tocilizumab, on the basis of local availability, and no significant difference in the outcomes or side-effect profile were found according to the route of administration. ", "Regarding safety, more secondary infections were diagnosed in the tocilizumab group (24 \\[13%\\]) than in the standard of care group (14 \\[4%\\]), which has also been seen in randomised trials of tocilizumab.[@bib7] The present study included one patient receiving tocilizumab who died from acute liver failure due to herpes simplex virus 1 reactivation.", "\n\nThis study is the largest of its kind reported thus far and represents a crucial addition to the literature regarding tocilizumab in COVID-19. ", "It is also an impressively rigorous effort undertaken at the height of the pandemic in northern Italy, with patients enrolled in a systematic manner with informed consent, standardised data collection, and predefined study outcomes. ", "Dosing was also standardised at either 8 mg/kg (up to 800 mg) administered twice intravenously, or 162 mg administered subcutaneously in two simultaneous doses (81 mg in each thigh). ", "These doses were based on pharmacokinetic data and were intended to mimic peak plasma concentration. ", "Finally, patients receiving tocilizumab were compared with a contemporaneous cohort of controls with the same inclusion and exclusion criteria. ", "The primary limitation of this study, and all cohort studies, is that the patients and controls were not randomly chosen, thus introducing both measurable and unknown potential biases. ", "Patients were offered tocilizumab treatment mainly on the basis of availability of the drug, but potentially also because of both demographic and disease-specific factors. ", "Indeed, the patients treated with tocilizumab were younger, and in Modena (where more granular clinical data was available), they were more likely to have comorbidities. ", "Treated patients also had worse baseline oxygenation and SOFA scores, and those in Modena had more severe markers of cytokine storm, including higher C-reactive protein, IL-6, and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations, and worse thrombocytopenia. ", "However, the authors adjusted results for several of the key variables and found no differences based on these strata.", "\n\nThis study adds key new information to our understanding of tocilizumab in COVID-19. ", "Previous studies of tocilizumab in COVID-19 have largely been encouraging, but either did not have a matched comparator group,[@bib5], [@bib8] did not match to contemporaneous controls,[@bib9] or were small and probably underpowered for key safety and efficacy outcomes.[@bib10], [@bib11] This study provides strong evidence that tocilizumab might prevent intubation and death in adults with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. ", "These findings are also in agreement with emerging evidence that, in the setting of COVID-19-induced cytokine storm, immunosuppressive treatments might be most helpful earlier in the disease: after the onset of severe disease but before florid respiratory failure.[@bib9] The precise group of patients who might benefit from tocilizumab and the optimal biomarkers for identifying cytokine storm in the setting of COVID-19 remain unknown. ", "The most crucial question concerns the relative utility of tocilizumab treatment versus other non-specific immunomodulatory agents (including corticosteroids) and other cytokine-directed therapies, which is the focus of multiple ongoing randomised trials.", "\n\n© 2020 Shutterstock2020Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. ", "The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company\\'s public news and information website. ", "Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. ", "These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.", "\n\nI report consulting fees from Novartis and Swedish Orphan Biovitrum (SOBI), and I am supported by the National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disorders, National Institutes of Health (grant K08-AR072075).", "\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nImprove Update Statement Performance\n\nI am building SQL Update Query\nThis query has to show top Paid vendors and the details of the payments for each vendor per month, and at the same time the total payments for the vendor\nVendorTable\nVendor varchar(100)\nMonth Date\nMonthlyAmt int\nTotalAmt int\n\n-\nVendor Month MonthlyAmt TotalAmt\nVendor1 Jan-15 $100 NULL\nVendor2 Mar-16 $250 NULL\nVendor3 Sep-16 $300 NULL\nVendor1 Dec-16 $140 NULL\nVendor2 Feb-17 $210 NULL\nVendor1 Apr-17 $400 NULL\nVendor3 Aug-17 $420 NULL\nVendor2 Nov-17 $330 NULL\nVendor2 Mar-18 $110 NULL\nVendor1 May-18 $230 NULL\n\nExample of the end result\nVendor Month MonthlyAmt TotalAmt\nVendor1 Jan-15 $100 $870\nVendor2 Mar-16 $250 $900\nVendor3 Sep-16 $300 $720\nVendor1 Dec-16 $140 $870\nVendor2 Feb-17 $210 $900\nVendor1 Apr-17 $400 $870\nVendor3 Aug-17 $420 $900\nVendor2 Nov-17 $330 $900\nVendor2 Mar-18 $110 $900\nVendor1 May-18 $230 $870\n\nMy Update looks like this\nbut it is taking very long time to be processed\nI wonder if there is a much faster way to do that\nUPDATE VendorTable \nSET TotalAmt = (SELECT SUM(MonthlyAmt) FROM VendorTable B WHERE B.Vendor = A.Vendor)\nfrom VendorTable A\n\nA:\n\nTry something like...\nWITH X AS (\n SELECT Vendor , SUM(MonthlyAmt) AS TotalAmtCalculated\n FROM VendorTable\n GROUP BY Vendor\n)\nUPDATE t \n SET t.TotalAmt = x.TotalAmtCalculated\nFROM VendorTable t \nINNER JOIN x ON t.Vendor = x.Vendor\n\nYour query is slow because your inner select s getting executed for each row returned by the outer update query. ", "\nAlso check if there are any indexes on the table with the TotalAmt column in them, those indexes will also slow down your updates.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "var createCaseFirst = require('./_createCaseFirst');\n\n/**\n * Converts the first character of `string` to upper case.", "\n *\n * @static\n * @memberOf _\n * @since 4.0.0\n * @category String\n * @param {string} [string=''] The string to convert.", "\n * @returns {string} Returns the converted string.", "\n * @example\n *\n * _.upperFirst('fred');\n * // => 'Fred'\n *\n * _.upperFirst('FRED');\n * // => 'FRED'\n */\nvar upperFirst = createCaseFirst('toUpperCase');\n\nmodule.exports = upperFirst;\n" ]

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[ "As the filmmakers not having faith in this project being able to stand up on its own. ", "That it needs all these superfluous LoTR tie-ins. ", "That instead of being its own story, it needs to be a LoTR sequel (assuming Frodo is reading the book after the events of LoTR).", "\n\nDoes The Hobbit need to be told through Frodo's reading of Bilbo's book? ", "Not in the least bit.", "\n\nNow The Hobbit has to be viewed in the context of The Lord of the Rings, instead of it being the other way around.", "\n\nRemember, from a storyline perspective, The Hobbit doesn't need The Lord of the Rings. ", "The Lord of the Rings needs The Hobbit." ]

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[ "jobsearch\n\nSearch Jobs\n\nJob Search\n\nDistribution Associate - Milford, DE\n\nBranch ID: 5844\n\nPay Rate/Salary: $9.00 - $9.50\n\nStaffmark is hiring for Distribution Associates in Milford, DE for a company located off 242 S Rehoboth Blvd. ", "If you are looking for a new Distribution Associate position, Staffmark would like to talk to you!", "\n\nSupport from your Staffmark team to help you find the job that fits YOU!", "\n\nWhat's next? ", "How can you come work for Staffmark?", "\n\nCheck out our website and APPLY Today at www.mystaffmark.com\n\nCall or text us 302-422-0606\n\nEmail: seawatchmilford@staffmark.com\n\nCheck us out on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Staffmark (Milford,DE)\n\nStarting Pay from $9.00 to $9.50 per hour!", "\n\nRequirements:- No Seafood allergies - Ability to apply common sense understanding to carry out simple one- or two-step instructions. - ", "Ability to complete duties with standardized situations with only occasional or no variables. - ", "Must be able to efficiently work well in a team setting - Ability to work at a fast pace - Must be reliable with a commitment to having an excellent attendance record - No previous experience is required!", "\n\nAbout Staffmark\n\nThe Company supports affirmative action and equal employment opportunity. ", "The Company will provide equal employment in employment practices to all applicants for employment. ", "Employment decisions shall be made without regard to any protected characteristic such as, but not limited to, race, color, religion, gender, age, disability, national origin, ancestry, citizen status, gender identity, sexual orientation, marital status, status in regard to public assistance, disabled veterans, recently separated veterans, Armed Forces service medal veterans and other protected veterans, genetic information and other legally protected classes. ", "Furthermore, the Company is an E-Verify employer. ", "Information provided on this application will not be used for any discriminatory purposes. ", "The Company complies with all applicable federal, state and local non-discrimination laws and regulations. ", "The Company will provide reasonable accommodations in the application or interviewing process. ", "If you need a reasonable accommodation in the application or interviewing process, please contact us." ]

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[ "Was Jon Lester playing Temple Run during a baseball game he pitched in?", "\n\nAug. 3, 2013\n|\n\nBOSTON, MA - AUGUST 2: Jon Lester #31 of the Boston Red Sox sits in the dugout after being pulled from a game against the Arizona Diamonds in the top of the fifth inning at Fenway Park on August 2, 2013 in Boston, Massachusetts. (", "Photo by Gail Oskin/Getty Images) ORG XMIT: 163494823 ORIG FILE ID: 175342235 / Gail Oskin Getty Images" ]

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[ "Pages\n\nFriday, 22 April 2016\n\nEOTDs: MUA Cosmetics Teals...\n\nAbout time I posted a teal theme hey - I do so love this hue, and thankfully, MUA Cosmetics features this pretty shade in quite a few of their collections, and of course, they're all different, which is I why I have to have so many palettes ha ha! ", "Well that's my excuse anyway ♥ For this first look, I used the MUA Winter Forest Matte Collection, a palette I bought over 12 months ago - well two actually, one for me and one for a friend. ", "I decided to let go of mine in one of my giveaways as I had quite a few of the hues in other sets, but the one I gave to my friend recently came back to me as she hardly ever used it...\n\nWell I couldn't be happier about this return because I've fallen in love with it all over again and will be giving it a major workout this winter - how about those gorgeous caramels and greys? ", "The lighter shadow I used is called Azure and the dark one, Aqua, and what a stunning couple they make...\n\nI used Eye of Horus Teal Malachite Goddess Pencil as my base, which is why the Azure looks so deep and somewhat greener than in the pan. ", "Using this crayon underneath gave both mattes a hint of sparkle so they didn't look completely flat, and I also used it on the waterline as well...\n\nFace piccie was a horror as I still had the flu, so let's just move onto the jewellery - more turquoise than teal, but close enough...\n\nThis second look features aqua and purple from the MUA Poptastic palette. ", "Used the same Eye of Horus Teal Malachite Goddess Pencil underneath, and on the waterline...\n\nAll the shadows in this palette are super shimmery, buttery and fabulously pigmented...\n\nFor my face I went back to my old HG foundation, Lancôme Teinte Visionnaire - it's such a perfect match for my skin tone, just wish it wasn't so darn expensive. ", "Cheeks were a mix of Maybelline Master Glaze Stick Blush in Pink Fever and Real Purity Frosted Orchid Powder Blush. ", "Lips were Makeup Revolution Make Me Magnificent...\n\nAnd here are the accessories, featuring my fabulous new stretchy bracelet from Lovisa that matches one of my bling rings perfectly ♥\n\nNo way, really? ", "I haven't ordered from MUA for yonks and had no idea they no longer posted out here. ", "I'm happy to order from Crush, especially as they are at least in Australia, but they don't have anywhere near the whole range - boo!", "\n\nIt's my favourite Goddess Pencil of them all neurotic - gives any eye look a lift with it's pretty shimmer. ", "Yes the pendant is turquoise - my Dad gave it to me about 25 years ago after we were burgled, and I had all my jewellery stolen xxx\n\n@katshepsutt Instagram Feed\n\nKats Colourings recommends...\n\nAbout Me\n\nI'm an IT professional in my early 60's. ", "I've worn makeup all my life, but only really started exploring the multitude of possibilities & techniques after I joined beautyheaven 8 years ago. ", "In February 2012, I started participating in the EOTD (Eye of the Day) forum thread, and well, the rest is history..." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSpring mvs - responceEntity(status ok) sending to ajax (but error-section called)\n\nПосылаю запрос на сервер - сохраняю данные с формы в БД (здесь все норм), и пытаюсь вернуть на сервер обновленные даные с БД но у ajax срабатывает error секция, притом что дебагер показывает на успешный запрос\n00:29:44.587 [http-bio-8080-exec-6] DEBUG org.springframework.web.servlet.", "DispatcherServlet - Null ModelAndView returned to DispatcherServlet with name 'dispatcher': assuming HandlerAdapter completed request handling\n00:29:44.587 [http-bio-8080-exec-6] DEBUG org.springframework.web.servlet.", "DispatcherServlet - Successfully completed request\n\nкод ajax\n $.ajax({\n type: 'post',\n contentType: 'application/json; charset=utf-8',\n url: 'addAcc',\n dataType: 'json',\n data: JSON.stringify(acc),\n success: function (result) {\n alert('its ok');\n //alert(result);\n },\n error : function (xhrv) {\n //alert(\"error\");\n alert(JSON.stringify(xhrv));\n }\n });\n\nPS:JSON.stringify(xhrv) возвращает 0 статус, 0 стадию и еррор текст \nконтроллер:\n@RequestMapping (value = \"addAcc\", method = RequestMethod.", "POST)\n@ResponseBody\npublic ResponseEntity<String> getBooking(@RequestBody AccountDto accDto, BindingResult bindingResult) {\n System.out.println(\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n data is on server \\n\\n\\n\\n\");\n if (!(", "accountService.findByName(accDto.getName()) == null)) {\n return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.", "BAD_REQUEST).body(\"Account already exsists\");\n }\n //todo: if (accountValidator.validateAccount(accDto));\n Account acc = new Account(accDto);\n accountRepo.save(acc);\n System.out.println(\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n data is on sevbxcvbnrver1 woo \\n\\n\\n\\n\");\n List<AccountDto> listAccDto = accountService.getAccDto(accountRepo.findAll());\n System.out.println(\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n data is on sevbxcvbnrver2 woo \\n\\n\\n\\n\");\n return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.", "OK).body(new Gson().toJson(listAccDto));\n}\n\nPS: sout-ты все выводяться\nБуду очень благодарен за помощь\n\nA:\n\nПроблема была в том, что кнопка (по которой выполняеться запрос), была типа submit - из-за чего происходила прерывание request-a, и на клиента приходил пустой ответ\n\n" ]

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[ "My Bipolar Life\n\nMenu\n\nTelling My Story\n\nThis afternoon, I get to go to the state psychiatric hospital and tell my story to a group of nurses. ", "I’ve done this before, and I’m looking forward to it. ", "The nurses there are always very receptive. ", "One of my sisters is a psychiatric nurse, so I have a special love for them.", "\n\nEach time I tell my story, I’m reminded where I’ve been and where I am now. ", "It was a long road, but I’m glad it happened. ", "Now, I get to share recovery.", "\n\nI get to share what happened to me. ", "AA taught me and mental health recovery teaches me that my story is the most valuable resource I have. ", "Sharing my story helps others living with mental illness that recovery is possible.", "\n\nThere’s a whole class taught in our Certified Peer Specialist training about igniting the spark of hope. ", "We do it by guiding a peer through their own realization of having a goal, and we use our stories as part of the guide.", "\n\nThe most exciting thing about it is that no goal is too small or too big. ", "All goals have value. ", "All of them.", "\n\nMeta\n\nThis is my writing.", "\n\nUnauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blog’s author and owner is strictly prohibited. ", "Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Winning with Bipolar with appropriate and specific direction to the original content. ", "This work is protected under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License." ]

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[ "25 January 1995Manchester United's talismanic striker Eric Cantona launces a kung-fu kick into the stands at Selhurst Park. ", "He is suspended for eight months but Ferguson persuades the Frenchman to remain in English football\n\nSummer 1995Ferguson, to much criticism, allows Paul Ince, Mark Hughes and Andrei Kanchelskis to leave United. ", "He shows faith in his new crop of youngsters, which included Gary Neville, Nicky Butt and David Beckham, above. ", "To which Alan Hansen famously proclaimed - “You can't win anything with kids”\n\nApril 27 1996Perhaps Ferguson's most famous 'mind games' inspire a now infamous rant from Newcastle United manager Kevin Keegan. ", "United go on to win the league on the last day of the season, and beat Liverpool in the FA Cup final" ]

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[ "It’s really too bad that the coffee cartels are causing mayhem in Mexico and even on the streets of American cities. ", "Those bloodthirsty profiteers in the illegal market for coffee who are killing their competitors must be stopped. ", "What? ", "You haven’t heard about the coffee cartels? ", "Actually, neither have I. Why do you think that is, whereas there is a violent war between sellers of illegal drugs. ", "Is it that coffee isn’t addictive? ", "For many people, it is. ", "So what is the difference?", "\n\nThe key difference is that coffee isn’t illegal (yet), whereas marijuana, cocaine, and heroin are. ", "And what’s happening in the illegal drug markets is happening not because the goods exchanged are drugs, but because they’re illegal.", "\n\nBecause drugs are illegal and the penalties for being in the \"industry\" are very high, the illegal-drug industry attracts criminals. ", "In the wars between rival drug \"firms,\" competition is often cutthroat – literally – and many innocent people are killed. ", "If drugs were legal, competition would be just as it is on legal goods – based on price, quality, and convenience. ", "When Prohibition ended in 1933, organized crime left the liquor industry – and so did violence.", "\n\nNotice that I use the term \"firm,\" not \"cartel,\" to refer to organizations that produce drugs. ", "The reason is that they are not cartels. ", "A cartel is an organization of firms that colludes to keep prices high and output low. ", "It is unlikely that the drug firms are cartels. ", "The very fact that they are engaged in violent conflict means that they are unlikely to have a collusive agreement. ", "Calling them cartels reflects the same kind of sloppy thinking that favors the drug war.", "\n\nWhenever you hear politicians like Hillary Clinton express their concern about the violence, keep in mind that the government created this crime problem. ", "Those expressions of concern you see from politicians are, in many cases, crocodile tears. ", "Mrs. Clinton doesn’t feel the pain; she, and the many politicians who have supported the drug war for most of the 20th century and all of the 21st so far, have caused and are causing the pain.", "\n\nThe drug war has caused many ironies. ", "Take the high price. ", "It’s due to the fact that the drugs are illegal and, therefore, suppliers, to be willing to supply, charge a risk premium. ", "In an unpublished article I wrote a few years ago, \"The U.S. Drug War on Latin America,\" I compared two exports from Colombia, both of which are drugs or contain drugs, and both of which begin with the letter \"c.\" I refer to cocaine and coffee. ", "I estimated that if the same markups applied to cocaine as to coffee, which would occur with cocaine legalization, then cocaine’s price in the United States would fall by about 97 percent. ", "No one would need to steal to support a cocaine habit. ", "That would not mean, of course, that no one would steal to support a habit. ", "People steal to get the wherewithal to buy even items that are cheap and legal. ", "But virtually no one would need to steal to afford cocaine.", "\n\nConsider the legitimate concern many people have that drug users would die from overdoses or from foreign substances used to \"cut\" the drugs. ", "Even this problem is due to the fact that drugs are illegal. ", "Because the drugs are illegal, no one in the business can use advertising to establish a reputation and brand name. ", "You can’t have a brand name for, say, cocaine, that is at all comparable to the brand name for Coca-Cola. ", "Therefore, there is much less incentive to provide a known-quality product.", "\n\nIt may be a hard pill to swallow, so to speak, but it is true, nevertheless, that the vast majority of harm attributed to drugs is, in fact, due to the drug war. ", "End the drug war, and it’s true that some people will consume things that others don’t want them to; but it’s also true that the amount of violence in that market would decline to the amount seen in the legal alcohol market. ", "That is, there would be almost no violence. ", "Keep that in mind when you see politicians advocating stemming the violence by escalating violence against sellers of illegal drugs.", "\n\nCopyright © 2009 by David R. Henderson. ", "Requests for permission to reprint should be directed to the author or Antiwar.com." ]

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[ "We’ve talked about aerial drones quite a bit on MAKE, but yesterday, Aug. 26, it was a nautical drone that made history.", "\n\nBack in 2010, a group of college kids started working on an unmanned robotic motor boat that could cross the Atlantic from Rhode Island to Spain. ", "Why? ", "Because a robotic boat that motors around a pond or lake is cool, but one that can cross the ocean is an inspiration to everyone.", "\n\nThe crew consists of Dylan Rodriguez (engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute), Dan Flanigan (civil engineering, Bucknell University), Max Kramers (mechanical engineering, University of Rhode Island), Ken Muller (mechanical engineering, Worcester Polytechnic), Brendan Prior (liberal studies, Endicott College), Mike Flanigan (aerospace engineering, Notre Dame), and David Pimental (computer science, Northeastern).", "\n\nThey started construction on the final version of their boat, called Scout, in April 2012. ", "It launched on Aug. 24 and the crew has already broken the record for distance traveled by an autonomous transatlantic water craft. ", "Scout had traveled about 100 miles out to sea by yesterday evening. ", "They beat a previous record of about 60 miles set by a team from Aberystwyth University in the 2010 Microtransat Challenge.", "\n\nInitially the crew wanted the solar-powered vessel to begin its journey earlier in the summer, to take maximum advantage of long sunny days. ", "They were ready to launch from a point on Rhode Island on June 29, and made their first attempt. ", "Bad weather prevented Scout from being able to collect enough power during the day to make it out to sea. ", "Rather than risk the craft being washed up on shore, the crew collected Scout to try again.", "\n\nA second attempt was foiled due to a faulty rudder servo. ", "If you don’t succeed, try, try, again. ", "Scout was successfully launched on the third attempt in the wee hours of Saturday morning on Aug. 24.", "\n\nThe Scout Transatlantic project has a very nice feature that allows you to track Scout’s progress from your computer or mobile device. ", "I’ve been stuck to the the automatically refreshing page like glue since I learned about the project this week.", "\n\nThe crew worked to design around every risk they could imagine. ", "The hull was designed to be strong, but lightweight, reinforced with several sturdy bulkheads. ", "They maximized the number of solar panels they could fit by removing the aluminum frames, and tilted the deck to face south for greater exposure to the sun. ", "When power is low, Scout enters a low power drift mode to save batteries. ", "An Arduino Mega microcontroller handles navigation, and a second Mega handles sensors and communications through an Iridium satellite transceiver. ", "The software is reset every 12 hours to avoid pesky memory leaks or corruption from long term use. ", "A weighted keel will right the boat if it should capsize. ", "The boat is as water tight as they could make it, but it is also equipped with bilge pumps.", "\n\nThe route was planned to cross shipping lanes at right angles, minimizing chances of a collision. ", "They planned to take Scout south into the Gulf Stream and cross the Atlantic as quickly as possible. ", "The longer the voyage takes, the more chances there are that something will go wrong.", "\n\nAlthough the crew worked hard to test and re-test the system, Murphy did manage to throw in one surprise. ", "Scout included code to avoid having to backtrack to a waypoint that it had floated past while in drift mode. ", "Instead the code caused Scout to bypass most of its planned waypoints. ", "The crew has analyzed the error and understand what happened. ", "They believe that Scout is now navigating to waypoint 44, near the coast of Spain. ", "Once Scout reaches that waypoint, it should continue normally through the last sixteen or so waypoints to the shores of Sanlucar de Barrameda, Spain, where Columbus began his second journey to the New World.", "\n\nThis project didn’t get made as research for some corporation or government. ", "It wasn’t made to win a contest, or for a school project. ", "These guys built Scout because they wanted to, and they haven’t let anything stop them. ", "Early on, one of the schools denied their request for lab space for the project. ", "Due to legal concerns, they said. ", "The crew was undeterred. ", "They did their own research and consulted with a family friend with experience in marine law and decided to proceed.", "\n\nScout ended up costing about $6,000 to build. ", "That’s not a lot of money as this sort of project goes, but quite a bit to come up with if you don’t have help. ", "The crew has been very happy with their major sponsor, Jamestown Distributors, a family-run marine and building supply business. ", "There are also many enthusiastic individual contributors who have donated money or just cheered for the crew on their Facebook page.", "\n\nThrough many, many hours of work, they built a boat that has so far succeeded where others have failed. ", "Despite many technical challenges, the team persevered. ", "They even had a minor run in with local police while testing Scout at night. ", "Several teens hanging out on a dock at night may have looked suspicious, and the police were not inclined to believe their story about a robotic boat floating nearly invisibly out in the water. ", "Would you? ", "Luckily, they were able to show the police Scout’s blue marker light moving around and explained that the unmanned boat would come back to dock by itself in fifteen minutes. ", "The police didn’t bother to wait around and left them to it.", "\n\nNow that Scout is off to sea, the team actually has little to do but watch and wait. ", "There is no way to give Scout commands, so it’s just Scout’s programming, systems, and hull against the ocean. ", "Scout’s journey may take about three months, but the team will be able to make a much better prediction as time passes and more data is collected.", "\n\nThey are feeling confident that Scout will reach its destination, but even if it doesn’t, they’ve already succeeded. ", "If Scout fails, they’ll build a new boat and make it better using what they learned the first time. ", "In the meantime, they’ll keep watching http://www.gotransat.com/tracking/ with the rest of us." ]

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[ "Coleotechnites coniferella\n\nColeotechnites coniferella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. ", "It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from California, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, New York, Ontario, Washington and Wisconsin.", "\n\nThe wingspan is about 9 mm. ", "The forewings are yellowish-white or pale cinereous, overlaid with white in the middle of the wing from the base to the end of the cell, and above the fold. ", "There are three oblique fasciae, all much broken into spots. ", "The inner consists of a black dot on the costa at the base, and there is a tuft of black and white raised scales below the fold at the inner fifth. ", "The second consists of a black dot on the costa before the middle, hardly separated from a larger dot below it on the middle of the wing. ", "Below this is a third distinctly separated dot above the dorsum. ", "The outer fascia begins in outer third of the costa, with a large dot. ", "Below it, towards the base, is a small round dot, and another towards the apex in the form of a short horizontal line. ", "Below the first of these, above the dorsum, is another small dot. ", "All of these dots, except on the costa, consist of tufts of black raised scales, bounded outwardly with white raised scales. ", "The apex of the wing is heavily powdered with black, obscurely forming four black marginal dots. ", "The hindwings are pale grey.", "\n\nThe larvae feed on Pinus species.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Moths described in 1907\nCategory:Coleotechnites" ]

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[ "Sometimes you're just not the right person or dog for the job. ", "Gavel was too friendly for police work and flunked out of police dog academy. ", "However, he landed firmly on his paws and found a new job that perfectly matched his personality." ]

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[ "Registration\n\nRegistration Fee\n\nITEM\n\nStandard\n\nStudent\n\nCompany Person\n\nFull paper with publication\n\nUS$ 550\n\nUS$ 450\n\nN/A\n\nFull paper/Abstract without\npublication\n\nUS$ 350\n\nUS$ 300\n\nN/A\n\nListeners\n\nUS$ 300\n\nUS$ 250\n\nUS$ 200\n\nPayment\n\n• Full payment should be made in advance of the\nconference\n• Method of payment will be through Bank\nTransfer&Credit Cards (in registration\nform)\n•\nAccepted Credit Cards:\nVISA & MasterCard only\n• Credit cards exchange rate at the time\nof transaction changed\n\nCancellation Policy\n\n• The cancellation request must be\nmade before 30th November, 2018\n•\nRegistrations cancellation is subject to\nUS$ 30-30% of the registration fee cancellation cost\n• No refunds will be issued after 10th\nDecember, 2018" ]

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[ "Hearthstone部門の報告になります。", "\n\nReneKuroi（ルネ）\n\nTwitter\n\ntwitch\n\nの加入が決まりました。", "\n\nカードゲームでの実績は申し分なく、\n\nゲームに対する情熱やモチベーションも素晴らしいです。", "\n\n今後は、DeToNatorの一員として共に様々な活動をしていきたいと思っています\n\n【ReneKuroiコメント】\n\n本日よりDeToNatorのHearthstone部門所属となりましたルネと申します。", "\n\n何より、まずは結果を残せるよう頑張りたいと思いますので、\n\n応援よろしくお願い致します！", "\n\n＜戦績＞\n\nTuesday Night Hype #53 3位\n\n天野記念 優勝\n\nHearthstone Japan China Arena Tournament予選 ルーザーズ優勝\n\nHearthstone Japan China Arena Tournament 日本代表として出場\n\nGAMERSLEAGUE2014 Season1 #4 優勝\n\nGAMERSLEAGUE2014 Season1 プレーオフ Best4\n\nZOTAC Hearthstone SEA Cup #12 #17 Best8\n\nKoroneko Cup #2 優勝 etc.", "\n\n第1回ドミニオン世界選手権 優勝\n\n第1回ドミニオン日本選手権 優勝\n\n第4回ドミニオン日本選手権 優勝" ]

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[ "Mescalyne\n\nMescalyne is the first EP by the black metal band Spektr. ", "It was released in 2007 on Debemur Morti Productions.", "\n\nTrack listing\nHollow Contact - 6:43 \nMescalyne - 5:37 \nMaze of Torment - 4:57 \nRevelations - 5:41\n\nExternal links\nMetal Archives\n[ Spektr] at Allmusic\n\nCategory:2007 EPs\nCategory:Spektr (band) albums" ]

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[ "Kilburn railway station, Adelaide\n\nKilburn railway station is located on the Gawler line. ", "Situated in the inner northern Adelaide suburb of Kilburn, it is from Adelaide station.", "\n\nHistory\n\nThe station opened in 1915.", "\n\nTo the west of the station lies the Australian Rail Track Corporation standard gauge line to Crystal Brook.", "\n\nServices by platform\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Railway stations in Adelaide" ]

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[ "Ozagrel\n\nOzagrel (INN) is an antiplatelet agent working as a thromboxane A2 synthesis inhibitor.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Imidazoles" ]

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[ "Streptomyces coelicoflavus\n\nStreptomyces coelicoflavus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces. ", "Streptomyces coelicoflavus produces acarviosin-containing oligosaccharides.", "\n\nFurther reading\n\nSee also \n List of Streptomyces species\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nType strain of Streptomyces coelicoflavus at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase\n\ncoelicoflavus\nCategory:Bacteria described in 1986" ]

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[ "A Winnipeg judge has thrown out an assault charge after determining police got the gender and name of the alleged victim wrong in an official court document.", "\n\nPatricia Scott filed a complaint with police in January 2015 alleging a co-worker physically assaulted her at work.", "\n\nBut when the case was heard in court Sept. 7 and 8, provincial court Judge Brian Corrin noted the information sworn by police indicated the witness was a man by the name of Pat Scott.", "\n\nA Winnipeg judge has thrown out an assault charge after determining police got the gender and name of the alleged victim wrong in an official court document. ", "0:23\n\n\"I went into the courtroom and I did my swearing on the bible and I gave my name and the judge said, 'Who are you, are you, the complainant?' ", "And I said yes,\" Scott told CBC News.", "\n\n\"He thought Pat Scott was a male name. ", "He was expecting a man and not me, and then he pretty much stopped everything right there.", "\n\n\"I was stunned. ", "Just stunned,\" Scott said.", "\n\nIn court, the judge pointed out the error to both the defence and Crown.", "\n\n\"The complainant is actually a female and her name is Patricia Scott, not Pat,\" Corrin said. \"", "She also has a middle name. ", "The Crown, if it had read the information in a timely fashion, could have had the police relay the information correcting all the errors.\"", "\n\n\"It's a very unusual situation that doesn't arise very often in the context of trials,\" Corrin said.", "\n\nThe man accused in this case was facing a charge of assault causing bodily harm arising from an alleged workplace incident that happened in an office of the East Side Road Authority, a provincial agency recently dismantled by the provincial government.", "\n\nScott was a finance manager at the East Side Road Authority when she blew the whistle on what she saw as financial irregularities at the agency in March 2015, filing a complaint with the provincial ombudsman.", "\n\nIn an interview last June with the CBC News I-Team, she said the incident that led to her allegations of assault in the workplace were not related to the whistleblower complaint.", "\n\nError discovered too late\n\nDefence lawyer Martin Glazer told CBC News he was instructed by his client not to comment on the assault case.", "\n\nIn court he had argued it was too late for the Crown to amend the document or lay a new charge.", "\n\nCrown attorney Valerie Hébert argued in court that communications back and forth with the defence prior to the trial consistently referred to a female complainant, using the pronouns \"she\" and \"her\".", "\n\n\"It was abundantly clear at the outset by both parties that Ms. Scott was female and this does not mislead [the accused],\" Hébert told court.", "\n\n\"I'm not sure where the injustice would lie,\" Hébert said. \"[", "the accused] can't possibly be arguing he wasn't given fair notice of the charge.\"", "\n\nThe judge questioned whether the person who filed the paperwork for the police was an officer with any knowledge of the investigation.", "\n\n\"The defence argues that the mistakes previously referenced are evidence in and of themselves that the informant had neither personal knowledge nor reasonable grounds to believe that his client committed this offence,\" Judge Corrin said. \"", "I concur.\"", "\n\nJudge: police didn't have handle on basics\n\nHe said the errors were \"not reflective of a simple typographical error or something of that sort.\"", "\n\nPatricia Scott alleged she was assaulted at work but a judge has thrown out the case because police got her name and gender wrong on a court document. (", "CBC) Corrin said the police agent \"clearly didn't even have a handle on the basics — the full name and gender of the complainant. ", "Accordingly, because I strongly suspect he or she didn't actually read the investigative reports, I quash the information as requested by the defence.\"", "\n\nA spokesperson for Manitoba Justice said the decision is under review by the Crown.", "\n\nAfter waiting more than a year for the assault case to go to trial, Scott said she hopes the case can be revived.", "\n\n\"My intent is to see if there is anything more that can be done,\" Scott told CBC. \"", "I'm really discouraged.\"", "\n\nA police spokesperson said WPS could not comment because it hasn't reviewed the judge's decision yet.", "\n\nGot a tip for the CBC News I-Team? ", "Email iteam@cbc.ca or call the confidential tip line at 204-788-3744." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nFile lost from TFS\n\nI've got a problem with our TFS server (don't know the exact version unfortunately, but it's definitely something old).", "\nI've checked in a changeset where among others a.cs is changed. ", "Now, when looking in source control explorer a.cs is gone, as well as b.cs which wasn't in the changeset. ", "Looking at a log the last commit is my changeset where a.cs is marked as \"edit\" - no deletion shown.", "\nFrom the log details it is possible to select \"view\" on a.cs and get the up-to-date file contents, but I can't understand why it is gone from source control explorer or what to do about it.", "\n\nA:\n\nIt's possible some one else deleted it.", "\nFrom visual studio go to Tools | Options. ", " Then pick Source Control | Visual Studio Team Foundation Server. ", " Turn on \"Show deleted items in the Source Control Explorer\" and see if it shows up.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "title: server-spawn\n---\ntype: event\n---\nsummary: Emitted right after the server was started.", "\n---\nbody:\n\nWhen the development server boots up it emits this event if plugins want\nto spawn their own development tools. ", " For instance it can be used to\nstart a background process that kicks off webpack or similar tools. ", " There\nis a second event called [server-stop :ref](../server-stop/) which can be\nused to detect server shutdowns.", "\n\n## Example\n\n```python\nimport os\nfrom subprocess import Popen\n\nclass MyPlugin(Plugin):\n ...\n\n webpack = None\n\n def on_server_spawn(self, **extra):\n path = os.path.join(self.env.root_path, 'webpack')\n self.webpack = Popen(['webpack', '--watch'], cwd=path)\n\n def on_server_stop(self, **extra):\n if self.webpack is not None:\n self.webpack.kill()\n```\n" ]

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[ "Effect of reduced perfusion pressure and acetylcholine on local blood flow in tumors in the rat kidney.", "\nThe local blood flow (LBF) in a sarcoma and a hepatoma implanted into the rat kidney was examined during renal vasodilation, with and without increased total renal blood flow (RBF). ", "Both tumor types had a control LBF of about 0.7 ml/min per g, i.e. 35 per cent or less as compared with the renal LBF, as simultaneously determined by the H2 gas clearance technique. ", "The RBF averaged 4.6 ml/min per g as recorded electromagnetically. ", "During about 20 mmHg reduction of renal arterial pressure the tumor LBF was maintained relative to the renal LBF, whether the RBF was autoregulated or not. ", "Provided neoplastic vessels account for most of the vascular resistance to tumor blood flow, they must therefore possess autoregulatory ability. ", "The tumor LBF was maintained when the RBF was maximally increased by continuous renal arterial infusion of acetylcholine. ", "This may suggest that a neoplastic vessel vasodilatory response to acetylcholine prevented reduction of the tumor flow." ]

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[ "This disclosure relates to integrated circuit devices, and more specifically, to a fully depleted silicon on insulator structure for random access memory and a method to produce the structure.", "\nFully depleted silicon on insulator, or FDSOI, also known as ultra-thin or extremely thin silicon-on-insulator (ET-SOI), is a planar process technology that reduces silicon geometries while simplifying the manufacturing process. ", "In FDSOI, an ultra-thin layer of insulator, called a buried oxide (BOX) layer, is positioned on top of the base silicon. ", "Then, a very thin silicon film is used to implement the transistor channel. ", "Due to how thin the silicon layer is, there is no need to dope the channel, thus making the transistor “fully depleted”. ", "The benefits of backgate biasing in FDSOI are well known. ", "Backgate biasing can dynamically alter the threshold voltage, speeding up or reducing the leakage of circuits on the fly. ", "Biasing can also be used to adjust for process variations and fine-tune circuit operation, especially in static random-access memory.", "\nRandom-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage. ", "Non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM) is a type of random-access memory that retains its information when power is turned off, therefore the name “non-volatile”. ", "This is in contrast to other types of RAM such as dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) and static random-access memory (SRAM), which both maintain data only for as long as power is applied." ]

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[ "The female air force pilot whose missions against Isis were dubbed 'boobs on the ground' has reportedly been disowned by her family and labelled an 'ingrate'.", "\n\nMariam Al Mansouri's participation in F-16 bombing raids for the UAE was celebrated in the West, but an anonymous statement claiming to be from her family 'disowned' her for 'taking part in the brutal international aggression' against Syria.", "\n\nIt also expressed support for the Islamic State, saying 'we are proud of the Sunni heroes in Iraq and the Levant'. ", "The brutal terrorist group's original name was the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, or Isil.", "\n\nScroll down for video\n\nCourageous: Major Mansouri, from Abu Dhabi, made a remarkable rise through the ranks of the UAE air force. ", "She's pictured here in an F-16 Desert Eagle\n\nMajor Al Mansouri's F-16 fighter was one of several from a group of Arab nations that are blitzing Isis\n\nTHE STATEMENT IN FULL In the name of God All Merciful. '", "O ye who believe! ", "Take not your fathers or your brethren for friends if they favour disbelief over faith. ", "Those of you who taketh them for friends are wrong-doers.' [", "Quranic verse] 'Renouncement of Mariam Al Mansouri: 'We the Mansouri family in the United Arab Emirates hereby publicly declare that we disown the so-called Mariam Al Mansouri as well as anyone taking part in the brutal international aggression against the brotherly Syrian people, starting with our ingrate daughter Mariam Al Mansouri. '", "We hereby remind the Muslim nation all over the world of its duty to defend the causes of the nation [meaning the Islamic nation], and we urge them to take up the jihad [holy war] for the sake of God to support the blessed Syrian revolution against the descendants of Ibn Al Alqami.' [", "Sunni Islamist insurgents refer to the Shi'a as 'alqami' - a reference to Mu'ayyad al-Din Muhammad Ibn al-Alqami, a Shi'ite minister in the last Abbasid caliphate, who purportedly assisted the Mongols in conquering Baghdad in 1258.] '", "We call upon all factions and battalions operating on the Syrian battleground to unite and join efforts and forces towards the single objective of overthrowing the monstrous Assad regime perched on the pure and blessed Syrian land. '", "Al Mansouri family, in the UAE and abroad, takes this opportunity to declare its support for the blessed Syrian revolution and to all free men defending their rights everywhere in the world. '", "Our family is proud of all free men who defend their cause and of all those who take up arms to defend the honour of their nation [The Islamic Nation}. ", "We are proud of the Sunni heroes in Iraq and the Levant and all those who take up the banner of righteousness wherever they may be. ", "We may not know them, but God knows them and would champion them. '", "We ask our countrymen not to burden us with the consequences of the actions of the so-called Mariam Al Mansouri. ", "All the honourable members of our family have agreed to this statement. '", "Al Mansouri family.' ", "Advertisement\n\nThe statement also expressed support for the Syrian revolution, according to the Palestinian Wattan news agency.", "\n\nIt said: 'We the Mansouri family in the United Arab Emirates hereby publicly declare that we disown the so-called Mariam Al Mansouri as well as anyone taking part in the brutal international aggression against the brotherly Syrian people, starting with our ingrate daughter Mariam Al Mansouri.", "\n\n'We ask our countrymen not to burden us with the consequences of the actions of the so-called Mariam Al Mansouri.'", "\n\nIt continued: 'We call upon all factions... on the Syrian battleground to unite and join efforts and forces towards the single objective of overthrowing the monstrous Assad regime.", "\n\n'Our family is proud of all free men who defend their cause and of all those who take up arms to defend the honour of their nation [the Islamic Nation]. ", "We are proud of the Sunni heroes in Iraq and the Levant and all those who take up the banner of righteousness wherever they may be.'", "\n\nIt's not clear whether the views expressed in the statement represent those of the entire family or indeed if it is genuine.", "\n\nThe Mansouri tribe has some influential members, including the country's economics minister, but it's also very large – the second biggest in Abu Dhabi, the capital of UAE, so it certainly can't be assumed that the views expressed in the statement are representative of the whole group.", "\n\nThe statement could well have been made anonymously out of fear of punishment, as voicing dissent against the UAE government can result in imprisonment.", "\n\nIf true, the statement won't represent the first time the Mansouri family has been linked to extremism.", "\n\nIn January this year high-profile lawyer Mohammed al-Mansoori was jailed for allegedly trying to set up an 'international' branch of the controversial Muslim Brotherhood in the UAE, according to the BBC.", "\n\nMajor Mansouri, from Abu Dhabi, made a remarkable rise through the ranks of the UAE air force. ", "She joined it in 2007 and is now a squadron commander.", "\n\nShe is one of eight children and has a degree in English literature.", "\n\nThe UAE is known to have the most liberal views on women's rights in the Middle East and Mansouri said that she was treated as an equal by her commanding officers.", "\n\nShe told Deraa Al Watan magazine: 'Everybody is required to have the same high level of combat competence.'", "\n\nShe says that her nearest relatives are supportive of her role in the air force.", "\n\nThere was also no difference between men and women with regards to training and assignments, she said.", "\n\n'Everybody is required to have the same high level of combat competence,'\n\nEarlier this week Fox News host Eric Bolling apologised for calling Major Mansouri's missions as 'boobs on the ground'.", "\n\nMajor Mansouri, from Abu Dhabi, made a remarkable rise through the ranks of the UAE air forc\n\nFOX NEWS HOST ERIC BOLLING APOLOGISES FOR SEXIST 'BOOBS ON THE GROUND' JOKE ABOUT FEMALE FIGHTER A Fox News host has issued an apology after making a sexist comment about a female fighter pilot earlier this week on The Five. ", "During a segment about Maj. ", "Mariam Al Mansouri, a female pilot from the United Arab Emirates who led a mission this week against ISIS in Syria, Eric Bolling referred to her mission as 'boobs on the ground.' ", "Now, after outrage from viewers, and even his own wife, following these insensitive remarks, he has apologized. '", "I made a joke and when I got home, I got the look, and realized some people didn't think it was funny at all,' Bolling said on the air today. '", "I said sorry to my wife and I apologize to all of you as well and want to make that very clear.' ", "This all began when Bolling's cohost, Kimberly Guilfoyle, praised Maj. ", "Mansouri on the program Wednesday afternoon. '", "Hey ISIS, you were bombed by a woman,' Guilfoyle said. '", "Oh yeah, hell came down on ISIS in Syria, because guess what: the first female pilot piloting for the [United Arab Emirates], there she was, leading the strikes. ", "Dropped the bombs on ISIS Monday night.' ", "Maj. ", "Mansouri, 35, was the first woman to join the Emirati Air Force. '", "This is really incredible,' Guilfoyle continued. '", "Major Mariam Al Mansouri is who did this. ", "Remarkable, very excited. ", "I wish it was an American pilot. ", "I'll take a woman doing this any day to them. ", "Right after she said this, the men on the panel began making sexist jokes. ", "Advertisement\n\nIt comes as Britain, Belgium and Denmark on Friday joined the U.S.-led coalition of nations that are launching airstrikes on Isis.", "\n\nThe European politicians flatly described the moves as critical to security on home soil, arguing that facing down terrorists has become a matter of urgency.", "\n\nPrime Minister David Cameron made a passionate plea for action in drastic terms - noting that the militants had beheaded their victims, gouged out eyes and carried out crucifixions to promote goals 'from the Dark Ages.'", "\n\n'This is about psychopathic terrorists that are trying to kill us and we do have to realize that, whether we like it or not, they have already declared war on us,' he said. '", "There isn't a `walk on by' option.", "\n\nThere isn't an option of just hoping this will go away.'", "\n\nCameron told a tense House of Commons during more than six hours of debate that the hallmarks of the campaign would be 'patience and persistence, not shock and awe' - a reference to the phrase associated with the invasion of Iraq.", "\n\nThat unpopular intervention has cast a shadow over the discussions because critics fear that Europe will be drawn into a wider conflict, specifically taking on the Islamic group's fighters in Syria.", "\n\nBritish MPs voted 524-43 for action after being urgently recalled from a recess. ", "Belgian lawmakers also overwhelmingly approved, voting 114-2 to take part, despite widespread concerns that more terrorism may follow in their homeland as a result.", "\n\nThe White House said in a statement that it welcomed the countries to the coalition." ]

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[ "Correction: A previous version of this article incorrectly stated the year that Bill Clinton, then governor of Arkansas, spoke to the Democratic National Convention. ", "It was 1988. ", "This version has been corrected.", "\n\nCHARLOTTE — Just hours after a prime-time speech to the Democratic National Convention, Maryland Gov. Martin O’Malley arrived at a breakfast here Wednesday with the Iowa delegation. ", "It could have been a triumphant moment.", "\n\nInstead, O’Malley was facing tepid reviews of Tuesday night’s performance as he addressed a few dozen activists who will help pick the winner of the nation’s first presidential caucuses in 2016.", "\n\nO’Malley got a standing ovation when he finished. ", "Still, Linda Langston, one of the delegates, seemed to sum up the group’s mood when asked what she thought of his convention performance.", "\n\n“I think Martin O’Malley is a steady, solid guy,” said Langston, an official in Linn County. “", "Steady and solid sometimes win the race, but you also have to get people jazzed up to keep our interest over the next four years.”", "\n\nHer assessment was much kinder than some that started while O’Malley was still on the podium Tuesday night, leading the crowd in chants of “Forward, not back” and warning that a Mitt Romney presidency could lead to “a country of less.”", "\n\n“I think we can all agree Martin O’Malley is not better off today than he was four days ago,” Conn Carroll, an editorial writer for the Washington Examiner, said on Twitter.", "\n\nTrue or not, it was immediately clear that O’Malley’s speech was not generating nearly the same buzz as more-spirited addresses by some of the party’s other rising stars, including Newark Mayor Cory Booker and Massachusetts Gov. Deval Patrick, who lifted the convention crowd into a frenzy just before O’Malley took the stage shortly before 10 p.m.\n\nTo some, O’Malley’s speech seemed canned. ", "Others suggested it played better in the convention hall than on television, which didn’t capture the level of audience participation.", "\n\n“He got a little competition,” said Jennifer Duffy, senior editor of the Cook Political Report, who said that the convention has been good for O’Malley in other other ways.", "\n\n“For those with 2016 ambitions, this is really about getting your name out there and not falling on your face, and he certainly didn’t do that,” Duffy said. “", "He comes out of it with a thousand business cards, and hopefully a lot of them are from Iowa and New Hampshire.”", "\n\nO’Malley, chairman of the Democratic Governors Association, began the week facing high — perhaps unrealistically high — expectations. ", "For months, talk had been building about his interest in pursuing the presidency, fueled by pugnacious appearances on the Sunday talk shows as a surrogate for President Obama.", "\n\nIronically, it was a talk-show appearance that tripped O’Malley up just as his convention week was getting started. ", "On “Face the Nation,” he answered “no” when asked if he could honestly say that the country is better off than it was four years ago.", "\n\nRepublicans pounced, and O’Malley scrambled in interviews and on Twitter to explain that Obama has made great progress on the economy since inheriting the “Bush recession.”", "\n\nA less significant but still symbolic setback happened Monday, when O’Malley, who has a side career as a musician, was to appear on stage with a band fronted by actor Jeff Bridges during a street festival here. ", "Shortly before O’Malley was to be called to join the band, a torrential downpour cut the show short.", "\n\nThere have been some considerable upsides to the week for O’Malley, whose jampacked schedule has exposed him to an array of state delegations, interest groups and business leaders. ", "He has been almost universally well-received in those gatherings.", "\n\n“When he’s walking through the place, he’s getting a good reception from people here,” veteran Democratic consultant Joe Trippi, who ran Howard Dean’s presidential campaign in 2004, said Wednesday. “", "He’s still part of the buzz here.”", "\n\nOn Monday, O’Malley hit four delegation breakfasts, including one for the Indiana delegation, where he relayed that his mother was from Fort Wayne.", "\n\nAfter his speech Tuesday night, he decamped to an Irish bar, where his Celtic rock band, O’Malley’s March, entertained at an event sponsored by the DGA until 2 a.m.\n\nA few hours later, O’Malley was back out on the breakfast circuit, speaking to the Texas delegation before heading to the Iowa gathering. ", "O’Malley shared with activists there that he had spent months in Iowa in the 1980s, working on Gary Hart’s two presidential campaigns.", "\n\nTodd Eberly, a political science professor at St. Mary’s College of Maryland, called O’Malley’s Tuesday speech “a missed opportunity.” ", "But he said there could be a silver lining.", "\n\n“If he can learn from it, he may in the long run be helped by this more than anything,” Eberly said.", "\n\nHe pointed to an example of a Democrat whose 1988 convention speech received far more negative reviews. ", "Four years later, Bill Clinton was elected president." ]

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[ "Mechanical & cell culture properties of elastin-like polypeptide, collagen, bioglass, and carbon nanosphere composites.", "\nCollagen, the most commonly used extra-cellular matrix protein for tissue engineering applications, displays poor mechanical properties. ", "Here, we report on the preparation and characterization of novel multi-component composite systems that incorporate a genetically engineered, biocompatible polymer (elastin-like polypeptide, ELP), biodegradable ceramic (45S5 bioglass), carbon nanosphere chains (CNSC), and minimal amount (~25% w/w) of collagen. ", "We hypothesized that incorporation of bioglass and CNSC would improve mechanical properties of the composites. ", "Our results showed that the tensile strength and elastic modulus nearly doubled after addition of the bioglass and CNSC compared to the control ELP-collagen hydrogels. ", "Further, MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts were cultured within the composite hydrogels and a thorough biochemical and morphological characterization was performed. ", "Live/dead assay confirmed high cell viability (>95%) for all hydrogels by day 21 of culture. ", "Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteocalcin (OCN) production assessed the pre-osteoblast differentiation. ", "Normalized ALP activity was highest for the cells cultured within ELP-bioglass-collagen hydrogels, while normalized OCN production was equivalent for all hydrogels. ", "Alizarin red staining confirmed the mineral deposition by the cells within all hydrogels. ", "Thus, the multi-component composite hydrogels displayed improved mechanical and cell culture properties and may be suitable scaffold materials for bone tissue engineering." ]

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[ "The use of adhesives in chondrocyte transplantation surgery. ", "Preliminary studies.", "\nThis report describes the in-vitro use of mussel adhesive protein (MAP) as a possible adjunct to chondrocyte allograft surgery. ", "Experiments were performed to define the attachment kinetics of chondrocyte onto bone using MAP, and to assess the biocompatibility of this material in vitro. ", "The results indicate that MAP is biocompatible and may have future clinical applications in orthopaedic procedures." ]

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[ "Critical role of IL-6 in dendritic cell-induced allergic inflammation of asthma.", "\nInterleukin (IL)-6 plays important roles in autoimmunity and inflammation and is essential for T helper (Th) 2 and Th17 differentiation. ", "However, whether it is involved in the development and function of dendritic cells (DCs) during allergen-induced airway inflammation and airway hyper-reactivity (AHR) remains undefined. ", "In this study, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p)-induced airway inflammation and AHR were studied in IL-6 knockout (KO) mice. ", "Der p-loaded bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) from IL-6 KO mice were used to assaying their ability to induce airway inflammation in naïve wild-type mice. ", "Our results showed that IL-6 KO mice showed reduced AHR, significant decreases in inflammatory cell recruitment and Th2 and Th17 cytokine production in the airways, and lowered Der p-specific immunoglobulin G1 after Der p exposure. ", "Further exploration of BMDCs from IL-6 KO mice revealed decreased activity of phagocytosis and reduced expression of MHC class II and CD86 after Der p stimulation. ", "Adoptive transfer of Der p-loaded BMDCs from IL-6 KO mice also showed a functional defect in their inability to induce Th2 and Th17 immune responses and trigger airway inflammation and AHR in recipient mice. ", "Finally, in allergic asthmatics, DCs that differentiated from monocytes treated with anti-IL-6 receptor antibody (tocilizumab) had poor capacity for eliciting Th2 polarization as compared to DCs generated from monocytes without antibody treatment. ", "In conclusion, IL-6 signaling in DCs is essential for their uptake of allergens, maturation, and initiation of Th2/Th17-mediated airway inflammation and AHR in asthma, thus providing a new potential target for treating allergic asthma. ", "IL-6 signaling is important for DCs to take up allergens and to initiate Th2/Th17-mediated airway inflammation. ", "DCs from allergic asthmatics treated with anti-IL-6 receptor antibody had poor capacity for eliciting Th2 polarization. ", "Anti-IL-6 treatment may provide a new potential target for treating allergic asthma." ]

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[ "D'abord, toutes les statistiques tendent à démontrer une chose: la proportion de francophones en Ontario ne cesse de diminuer d'un recensement à l'autre. ", "À cet égard, je vous invite à jeter un coup d'oeil à une étude intitulée «Portrait des minorités de langue officielle au Canada: les francophones de l'Ontario», dirigée par Jean-Pierre Corbeil et Sylvie Lafrenière, publiée en 2010 et disponible sur le site Internet de Statistique Canada.", "Alors que les personnes de langue maternelle française représentaient 10 % de la population de l'Ontario au début du XXe siècle, vous verrez qu'elles représentaient 7,4 % de cette population en 1951, et 4,2 % en 2006. ", "À cela, il faut ajouter que, en 2006, 42 % des Ontariens de langue maternelle française déclaraient parler une autre langue que le français le plus souvent au foyer. ", "Par conséquent, en 2006, seulement 2,7 % des Ontariens avaient le français comme langue principale. ", "Dans la mesure où la langue qui domine au foyer est habituellement celle qui est transmise aux enfants, vous devinez ce que ces statistiques signifient pour le devenir de la communauté franco-ontarienne.", "Ensuite, Corbeil et Lafrenière rapportent une forte augmentation de la proportion des couples exogames français-anglais (donc linguistiquement mixtes) en Ontario entre 1971 et 2006. ", "Ils en concluent que l'on pourrait observer une baisse du taux de transmission de la langue française aux enfants dans les prochaines années dans cette province.", "Sur ce point, l'étude précise que déjà en 2006, seulement un enfant sur deux, issu d'un couple constitué d'au moins un partenaire de langue maternelle française, s'est vu transmettre le français comme langue maternelle. ", "De plus, toujours en 2006, seulement 57 % des enfants issus d'un couple constitué d'au moins un partenaire de langue maternelle française fréquentaient une école primaire ou secondaire de langue française. ", "Ces statistiques ne décrivent-elles pas une situation alarmante?Enfin, lorsqu'on ajoute à ces statistiques — démontrant les tendances à l'assimilation et à l'anglicisation de la population francophone de l'Ontario — les chiffres sur la sous-fécondité de la communauté franco-ontarienne et ceux attestant le pouvoir d'attraction quasi inexistant du français auprès de la population allophone de l'Ontario, je ne peux comprendre comment vous pouvez afficher un tel «optimisme» et annoncer sans détour qu'un avenir «attrayant» attend la francophonie ontarienne. ", "Surtout que plusieurs experts qui étudient la situation de la francophonie canadienne depuis des années affirment que la population francophone hors Québec est «bel et bien en situation d'assimilation collective». (", "Voir à ce sujet Charles Castonguay, «Assimilation linguistique et remplacement des générations francophones et anglophones au Québec et au Canada», étude publiée en 2002 et disponible sur Internet.)Je n'ai pourtant pas la prétention de vous apprendre quoi que ce soit. ", "Ces statistiques ne sont un secret pour personne. ", "Chaque Franco-Ontarien en prend connaissance régulièrement, dans la vie de tous les jours.", "Lorsque j'entends les élèves de presque toutes les écoles secondaires de langue française de l'Ontario discuter entre eux en anglais dans les corridors et en dehors des heures de cours, je ne conclus pas, comme vous le faites, que «le français, ici en Ontario, est bien vivant et en bonne santé».", "Lorsque j'entends mes petits-cousins, pourtant élevés en français par deux parents francophones, discuter entre eux exclusivement en anglais dans une réunion familiale, et persistant même après l'intervention de la mère qui affirme que «ici on parle français les gars», je ne peux conclure, comme vous le faites, que «notre avenir n'est pas menacé».", "Lorsqu'un Franco-Ontarien comprend rapidement à un très jeune âge que l'anglais est en Ontario la seule véritable langue d'accès à la culture, au travail et à la vie sociale, j'ai de la difficulté à comprendre comment vous pouvez prétendre que l'avenir est tout rose pour la francophonie ontarienne.", "Notez que je ne remets pas en question les quelques chiffres auxquels vous nous renvoyez pour démontrer l'engagement de l'Ontario dans le financement de l'éducation en français. ", "Ne croyez pas que je ne trouve pas encourageantes les lois auxquelles vous faites référence pour vanter le bilan de votre gouvernement en matière de services en français.", "Toutefois, cela est bien peu pour soutenir sans nuance que la situation du français en Ontario est radieuse. ", "La vitalité d'une communauté ne se mesure pas au versement de quelques subventions et à l'adoption de quelques lois. ", "De plus, cela est bien peu en contrepartie des nombreuses années où le français comme langue d'enseignement était interdit en Ontario. ", "Cela est aussi bien peu en contrepartie de toutes ces années où la communauté franco-ontarienne a dû lutter pour que soit enfin confirmé le statut des écoles de langue française en Ontario.", "Finalement, le portrait que vous dressez de la situation de la communauté francophone de l'Ontario n'est que très sélectif. ", "Une meilleure vue d'ensemble vous amènerait sûrement à adopter une position beaucoup plus nuancée.", "En attendant, sachez que votre position n'a pour effet que d'occulter une réalité qui est tout autre. ", "Cela ne rend certainement pas justice à tous les Franco-Ontariens qui s'inquiètent pour l'avenir de leur communauté et, à plus forte raison, cela n'est certainement pas un moteur de réflexion pour mettre de l'avant de nouvelles solutions pouvant améliorer l'essor de la francophonie en Ontario et ailleurs.***Éric Poirier - Franco-Ontarien" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow can I find the highest value in a django admin queryset?", "\n\nI would like to find out what the highest value in a specific field is within a queryset, how can I go about this? ", "I have a list of people who are in certain groups and i want to find out basically how many groups are there, I figured running max on the groups column would tell me what the highest number of groups is for that queryset, help?", "\ndef some_action(modelAdmin, request, queryset ):\n\n hightest_value = queryset.aggregate(Max('group') # Not working for me\n\n for x in queryset:\n x.group = highest_value / 2\n x.save()\n\nA:\n\nWhat if you try to sort it:\nqueryset.order_by('group').first()\n\nOr get the latest('group') or earliest('group') value.", "\nYou may also find usable reverse() or -group for descending direction, or [:2] for multiple values.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "= Lab Exercise 3: Create Your Own Security Policy From Scratch\n:toc2:\n:linkattrs:\n:imagesdir: images\n\n== 3.1 Introduction\n\nImagine that your company has approved an internal security policy that enforces certain configurations for laptops being used outside the company site.", "\nYour task is to implement an automated way of checking the laptop configuration.", "\nIn this lab exercise, you learn how to solve the task using `ComplianceAsCode`.", "\n\n.*Goals*\n\n* Learn how to represent your company security policy as a security profile in `ComplianceAsCode`\n* Learn how to operate with basic building blocks (rules) of `ComplianceAsCode`\n* Learn how to choose between hundreds of existing rules and add them into a profile\n* Learn how to customize the rules for your needs by using variables\n* Learn how to create a new rule\n* Learn how to scan your system against the profile you created\n\n\n.*Preconfigured Lab Environment*\n\n* The `ComplianceAsCode` repository was cloned to the `lab3_profiles` directory.", "\n* The following dependencies required for the `ComplianceAsCode` content build were installed using `yum install`:\n** Generic build utilities: `cmake` and `make`\n** Utilities for generating SCAP content: `openscap-scanner`\n** The Python dependencies for putting content together: `python3-pyyaml` and `python3-jinja2`\n\nIMPORTANT: Content used in this lab has been altered to increase its educative potential, and is therefore different from the content in ComplianceAsCode upstream repository or the content in the scap-security-guide package shipped in Red Hat^(R)^ products.", "\n\n\n== 3.2 Creating a New Empty Profile\n\nThe basic building block of a security policy in `ComplianceAsCode` is a rule.", "\nThe rule represents a single configuration setting--for example,\n\"Password length is at least 8 characters\" or \"Logging is enabled.\"", "\n\nA set of rules is called a profile.", "\nA profile represents a specific security policy.", "\nIn `ComplianceAsCode`, there are multiple profiles.", "\n\nThere are profiles for different products.", "\nThe term \"product\" means operating systems or applications--for example,\nRed Hat^(R)^ Enterprise Linux^(R)^ 8 or Red Hat OpenShift^(R)^ Container Platform 3.", "\nThe products are represented by directories in the root of the `ComplianceAsCode` repository--for example,\n`rhel7`, `rhel8`, or `ocp3` directories.", "\n\nEach product has a different set of profiles because some security policies are relevant only for certain operating systems or applications.", "\nThe profiles are located in the `profiles` directory in the product directory.", "\nThe profiles are represented by a simple YAML (YAML Ain't Markup Language) file, such as\n`ospp.profile`, which defines a profile.", "\n\nIn this lab, you create a new “Travel” profile for Red Hat^(R)^ Enterprise Linux^(R)^ 8.", "\nThe profile represents your company's new security policy for laptops.", "\n\n=== 3.2.1 Navigating the Profiles Directory\n\n. ", "Go to the profiles directory for Red Hat^(R)^ Enterprise Linux^(R)^ 8:\n+\n----\n[... ~]$ cd /home/lab-user/labs/lab3_profiles\n[... lab3_profiles]$ cd rhel8/profiles\n[... profiles]$ ls\ncjis.profile cui.profile hipaa.profile ospp.profile pci-dss.profile rht-ccp.profile standard.profile\n----\n+\nAs you can see, there are already some `.profile` files in the `profiles` directory.", "\nYou can get some inspiration from them.", "\n\n=== 3.2.2 Creating the New Profile\n\n. ", "Create a new `travel.profile` file in the `profiles` directory and open it in the editor:\n+\n----\n[... profiles]$ nano travel.profile\n----\n\n. ", "Next, create the basic structure and fill in the profile title and description as specified in this listing.", "\nYou can copy and paste the following text to the editor--just keep in mind that when pasting to the console, you\nhave to use\n// link:lab0_setup.adoc#copy-pasting[ have to use ]\n`Ctrl+Shift+V`.", "\n+\n----\ndocumentation_complete: true\n\ntitle: Travel profile for corporate laptops\n\ndescription: This profile represents settings that are required by company security policy for employee laptops.", "\n\nselections:\n - sshd_enable_strictmodes\n----\n\n. ", "When you are finished editing,\npress `Ctrl+X`, then enter `y` to save and exit.", "\n. ", "Go back to the project's root directory.", "\n+\n----\n[... profiles]$ cd /home/lab-user/labs/lab3_profiles\n----\n+\n[NOTE]\n====\n`profile` is a file in YAML format.", "\nExpect it to be fine if you copy and paste the content from the previous listing.", "\nWhen creating a new YAML file from scratch, the most common mistake tends to be incorrect indentation.", "\nMake sure you use spaces, not tabs.", "\nAlso check that there is no trailing whitespace.", "\n\nThe profile consists of four items that are required:\n\n.. `documentation_complete: true` means that your profile is not in a draft state, so the build system picks it up.", "\n.. `title` is a short profile title.", "\n.. `description` consists of a few paragraphs that describe the purpose of the profile.", "\n.. `selections` is a list of rules and variables that make up the profile.", "\nIt cannot be an empty list, so for now you add the `sshd_enable_strictmodes` rule. ", "You learn how to find and add other rules later in this lab exercise.", "\n====\n\n\n=== 3.2.3 Rebuilding and Reviewing the Content [[content_review]]\n. ", "Rebuild the content:\n+\n----\n[... lab3_profiles]$ ./build_product rhel8\n...\n----\n+\nThis command rebuilds content for all of the product profiles in Red Hat^(R)^ Enterprise Linux^(R)^ 8, including your new “Travel” profile.", "\nThe command builds the human-readable HTML guide that can be displayed in a web browser and the machine-readable SCAP files that can be consumed by OpenSCAP.", "\n\n. ", "Check the resulting HTML guide to see your new profile.", "\n.. This is the same thing you did in the first lab--click `Activities` and then the \"file cabinet\" icon to open the file browser:\n+\nimage::desktopfilefolder.png[100,100]\n\n.. Just to make sure, click the `Home` icon in the upper left portion of the file explorer window.", "\n.. Navigate to the location of the exercise by double-clicking `labs`, followed by double-clicking the\n`lab3_profiles`, `build`, and `guides` folders.", "\n+\nimage::files-navi.png[700,700]\n\n.. Finally, double-click the `ssg-rhel8-guide-travel.html` file.", "\nA Firefox window opens and you can see the guide for your \"Travel\" profile, which contains just the single `sshd_enable_strictmodes` rule:\n+\n.The header of the HTML Guide generated by OpenSCAP during the build\nimage::2-01-guide.png[HTML Guide]\n\n\n== 3.3 Adding Rules to the Profile\n\nNext, imagine that one of the requirements of your company policy is that the `root` user cannot log in to the machine via SSH.", "\n`ComplianceAsCode` already contains a rule implementing this requirement.", "\nYou only need to add this rule to your “Travel” profile.", "\n\n=== 3.3.1 Finding the Relevant Rule\n\nRules are represented by directories in `ComplianceAsCode`.", "\nEach rule directory contains a file called `rule.yml`, which contains a rule description and metadata.", "\n\n. ", "In this case, you are looking to see if you have a `rule.yml` file in your repository that contains “SSH root login.” ", "You can use `git grep` for this:\n+\n----\n[... lab3_profiles]$ git grep -i \"SSH root login\" \"*rule.yml\"\nlinux_os/guide/services/ssh/ssh_server/sshd_disable_root_login/rule.yml:title: 'Disable SSH Root Login'\n----\n\n. ", "If you want, you can verify that this is the right rule by opening the `rule.yml` file and reading the description section.", "\n+\n----\n[... lab3_profiles]$ nano linux_os/guide/services/ssh/ssh_server/sshd_disable_root_login/rule.yml\n----\n+\nIt looks like this:\n+\n----\ndocumentation_complete: true\n\n\ntitle: 'Disable SSH Root Login'\n\n\ndescription: |-\n The root user should never be allowed to login to a\n system directly over a network.", "\n To disable root login via SSH, add or correct the following line\n[ ... snip ... ]\n----\n\n. ", "In order to add the rule to your new \"Travel\" profile, you need to determine the ID of the rule you found.", "\nThe rule ID is the name of the directory where the `rule.yml` file is located.", "\nIn this case, the rule ID is `sshd_disable_root_login`.", "\n\n\n=== 3.3.2 Including the Rule in the New Profile\n\n. ", "Add the rule ID to the selections list in your \"Travel\" profile.", "\n+\n----\n[... lab3_profiles]$ nano rhel8/profiles/travel.profile\n----\n\n. ", "Add `sshd_disable_root_login` as a new item in `selections` list.", "\nThe `selections` list is a list of rules that the profile consists of.", "\n+\nPlease make sure that you use spaces for indentation.", "\n. ", "After you are finished editing, press `Ctrl+X`, then enter `y` to save and exit.", "\n+\nExpect your `travel.profile` file to look like this:\n+\n----\ndocumentation_complete: true\n\ntitle: Travel profile for corporate laptops\n\ndescription: This profile represents settings which are required by company security policy for employee laptops.", "\n\nselections:\n - sshd_enable_strictmodes\n - sshd_disable_root_login\n----\n\n\n=== 3.3.3 Verifying the Result\n\n. ", "To review the result, you need to rebuild the content:\n+\n----\n[... lab3_profiles]$ ./build_product rhel8\n----\n+\nThe `sshd_disable_root_login` rule is included in your profile by the build system.", "\n\n. ", "Check the resulting HTML guide.", "\n.. Switch to the graphical console in the web browser on your laptop.", "\n.. Click `Activities`, and then the \"file cabinet\" icon to bring up the file browser.", "\nExpect to be in the `labs/lab3_profiles/build/guides` directory from the previous step.", "\nIf that is not the case, refer to the end of the <<content_review>> section for the steps to get there.", "\n\n.. Double-click the `ssg-rhel8-guide-travel.html` file.", "\nA Firefox window opens and you can see your \"Travel\" profile, which contains two rules.", "\n\n\n== 3.4 Adding Customizable Rules to the Profile and Customizing Them\n\nImagine that one of the requirements set in your company policy is that the user sessions must timeout if the user is inactive for more than 5 minutes.", "\n\n`ComplianceAsCode` already contains an implementation of this requirement in the form of a rule.", "\nYou now need to add this rule to your “Travel” profile.", "\n\nHowever, the rule in `ComplianceAsCode` is generic--or, in other words, customizable.", "\nIt can check for an arbitrary period of user inactivity.", "\nYou need to set the specific value of 5 minutes in the profile.", "\n\n\n=== 3.4.1 Adding Another Rule to the List\n\nThis is similar to the previous section.", "\n\n. ", "First, use command line tools to search for the correct rule file:\n+\n----\n[... lab3_profiles]$ git grep -i \"Interactive Session Timeout\" \"*rule.yml\"\nlinux_os/guide/system/accounts/accounts-session/accounts_tmout/rule.yml:title: 'Set Interactive Session Timeout'\n----\n+\nAs you already know from the first lab exercise, the rule is located in `linux_os/guide/system/accounts/accounts-session/accounts_tmout/rule.yml`.", "\nIt is easy to spot that the rule ID is `accounts_tmout` because the rule ID is the name of the directory where the rule is located.", "\n\n. ", "Add the rule ID to the selections list in your \"Travel\" profile.", "\n+\n----\n[... lab3_profiles]$ nano rhel8/profiles/travel.profile\n----\n\n. ", "Add `accounts_tmout` as a new item in the selections list.", "\n+\nMake sure your indentation is consistent and use spaces, not tabs.", "\nAlso make sure there is no trailing whitespace.", "\n\n. ", "Check the rule contents to find out whether there is a variable involved:\n+\n----\n[... lab3_profiles]$ nano linux_os/guide/system/accounts/accounts-session/accounts_tmout/rule.yml\n----\n+\nYou do not need to make any changes.", "\n. ", "After you are finished looking, press `Ctrl+X` to bring up the \"save and exit\" option.", "\nIf you are asked about saving any changes, you probably do not want that, so enter `n`.", "\n+\nFrom the rule contents you can clearly see that it is parametrized by the `var_accounts_tmout` variable.", "\nNote that the `var_accounts_tmout` variable is used in the description instead of an exact value.", "\nIn the HTML guide, you later see that `var_accounts_tmout` has been assigned a value.", "\nThe value is also automatically substituted into OVAL checks, Ansible^(R)^ Playbooks, and the remediation scripts.", "\n\n\n=== 3.4.2 Examining the Parametrization\n\n. ", "In order to learn more about the parametrization, find and review the variable definition file.", "\n+\n----\n[... lab3_profiles]$ find . ", "-name 'var_accounts_tmout*'\nlinux_os/guide/system/accounts/accounts-session/var_accounts_tmout.var\n[... lab3_profiles]$ nano linux_os/guide/system/accounts/accounts-session/var_accounts_tmout.var\n----\n\n. ", "The variable has multiple options, which you can see in the options list:\n+\n----\noptions:\n 30_min: 1800\n 10_min: 600\n 15_min: 900\n 5_min: 300\n default: 600\n----\n+\n`options:` is defined as a YAML dictionary that maps keys to values.", "\nIn `ComplianceAsCode`, the YAML dictionary keys are used as selectors and the YAML dictionary values are concrete values that are used in the checks.", "\nYou use the selector to choose the value in the profile.", "\nYou can add a new key and value to the `options` dictionary if none of the values suits your needs.", "\nLater, you add a new pair--variable name and selector--into the profile and you use the `5_min` selector to choose 300 seconds.", "\n\n. ", "After you are finished looking, press `Ctrl+X` to bring up the \"save and exit\" option.", "\nIf you are asked about saving any changes, you probably do not want that, so enter `n`.", "\n\n\n=== 3.4.3 Completing the Parametrization\n\n. ", "To finalize the rule's parametrization, the variable and the selector have to be added to the selections list in your `travel` profile.", "\n+\n----\n[... lab3_profiles]$ nano rhel8/profiles/travel.profile\n----\n+\nAs with the rule IDs, the variable values also belong to the `selections` list in the profile.", "\nHowever, the entry for a variable has the format `variable=selector`. ", "So in this case, the format of the list entry is `var_accounts_tmout=5_min`.", "\n\n. ", "Make sure your `travel.profile` file looks like the following listing:\n+\n----\ndocumentation_complete: true\n\ntitle: Travel profile for corporate laptops\n\ndescription: This profile represents settings which are required by company security policy for employee laptops.", "\n\n\nselections:\n - security_patches_up_to_date\n - sshd_disable_root_login\n - accounts_tmout\n - var_accounts_tmout=5_min\n----\n+\nPlease make sure that you use spaces for indentation.", "\n. ", "After you are finished editing, press `Ctrl+X`, then enter `y` to save and exit.", "\n\n\n=== 3.4.4 Reviewing the Result\n\n. ", "To review the result, rebuild the content again:\n+\n----\n[... lab3_profiles]$ ./build_product rhel8\n----\n+\nThe `accounts_tmout` rule gets included into your profile by the build system.", "\n. ", "Check the resulting HTML guide.", "\n\n.. The file browser already has the corresponding guide loaded, so you just need to refresh it to review the changes.", "\nClick the \"Refresh\" icon in the top left corner of the browser window.", "\n\n.. The Travel profile now contains three rules.", "\nScroll down to the *Account Inactivity Timeout* rule and note that `300 seconds` is substituted there.", "\n\n\n== 3.5 Scanning the System Against the New Profile\n\nIn this section, you use the new profile that you just created to scan your machine using OpenSCAP.", "\n\nYou have examined only the HTML guide so far, but for automated scanning, you use a datastream instead.", "\nA datastream is an XML file that contains all of the data (rules, checks, remediations, and metadata) in a single file.", "\nThe datastream that contains your new profile was also built during the content build.", "\nIt is called `ssg-rhel8-ds.xml` and is located in the `build` directory.", "\n\n. ", "Run an OpenSCAP scan using the built content.", "\n+\n`oscap` is the command line tool that you use to scan the machine.", "\nYou need to give `oscap` the name of the profile (`travel`) and the path to the built datastream (`ssg-rhel8-ds.xml`) as arguments.", "\nYou also add arguments to turn on full reporting, which generates XML and HTML results that you can review later.", "\n\n.. Use `sudo` to run the command as the privileged user, to scan the parts of the system that common users are not able to access.", "\n+\n----\n[... lab3_profiles]$ sudo oscap xccdf eval --results results.xml --oval-results --report report.html --profile travel build/ssg-rhel8-ds.xml\n----\n+\n. ", "Check the scan results.", "\n+\nIn your terminal you see all three rules, and all of them were evaluated:\n+\n.The `oscap` output from evaluating the \"Travel\" profile\nimage::2-02-terminal.png[Terminal]\n+\n. ", "Review the details in the HTML report.", "\nThe report is located in the `/home/lab-user/labs/lab3_profiles` directory, so you can locate it using the file explorer as you did in the previous exercises:\n\n.. Open the file explorer by clicking `Activities`, and then the \"file cabinet\" icon.", "\n.. Once it opens, click `Home` at the top left corner of the browser's window.", "\n.. Then, double-click the `labs` and `lab3_profiles` folders.", "\n.. Double-click the `report.html` file to open it in the browser.", "\n+\nThe structure of the HTML report is similar to the HTML guide, but it contains the evaluation results.", "\n.. After clicking the rule title, you can see the detailed rule results.", "\n+\nIn the detailed rule results for the *Set Interactive Session Timeout* rule, you can review the rule description to see which requirement was not met by the scanned system.", "\n.. Review the *OVAL details* section to examine the reason why this rule failed.", "\nIt states that items were missing, which means that objects described by the table shown below the message do not exist on the scanned system.", "\nIn this specific example, there was no string to match the pattern in `/etc/profile`, which means there is no `TMOUT` entry in `/etc/profile`.", "\nTo fix this problem, you need to insert `TMOUT=300` into `/etc/profile` and then run the scan again.", "\n+\n.Details of the rule evaluation displayed in the HTML report\nimage::2-03-report.png[Report]\n\n\n== 3.6 Creating a New Rule from Scratch\n\nImagine that one of the requirements in your corporate policy is that users have to install the Hexchat application when their laptops are used during travel outside the company site because Hexchat is the preferred way to communicate with the company IT support center.", "\n\nYou want to add a check to your new profile that checks if Hexchat is installed.", "\n\n`ComplianceAsCode` does not have a rule ready for installing this application yet.", "\nThat means you need to add a new rule for that.", "\n\n=== 3.6.1 Creating the rule definition file\n\nYou will now create the `rule.yml` file for your new rule.", "\n\n. ", "Find a group directory that best fits your new rule.", "\n+\nThe rules are located in the `linux_os` directory.", "\nRules in the `ComplianceAsCode` project are organized into groups, which are represented by directories.", "\nIt is up to you to decide which group the new rule belongs to.", "\nYou can browse the directory tree to find a suitable group:\n+\n.. You are in the `linux_os/guide` directory, which has `intro`, `system`, and `services` directories.", "\n.. You definitely do not want to configure a service setting, so explore `system`.", "\n.. There are more subdirectories under `system`, and as you want a new software package installed, it makes sense to explore the `software` directory.", "\n.. Here, you create the directory for your rule.", "\n+\n. ", "Create a new rule directory in a group directory.", "\n+\nThe name of the directory is the rule ID.", "\nIn this case, `package_hexchat_installed` is a suitable ID.", "\nYou create the directory using `mkdir` and use the `-p` switch to make sure that the directory is created along with its parents if needed.", "\n+\n----\n[... lab3_profiles]$ cd /home/lab-user/labs/lab3_profiles\n[... lab3_profiles]$ mkdir -p linux_os/guide/system/software/package_hexchat_installed\n----\n\n. ", "Create `rule.yml` in the rule directory.", "\n+\nA description of the rule is stored.", "\nEach rule needs to have it.", "\n`rule.yml` is a simple YAML file.", "\n+\n----\n[... lab3_profiles]$ nano linux_os/guide/system/software/package_hexchat_installed/rule.yml\n----\n\n. ", "Add the following content to the `rule.yml` file:\n+\nTIP: You can select the text in the laptop's browser, copy it to the clipboard using `Ctrl+C`, and paste it to the `nano` editor using `Ctrl+Shift+V`.", "\n+\n----\ndocumentation_complete: true\n\ntitle: Install Hexchat Application\n\ndescription: As of company policy, the traveling laptops have to have the Hexchat application installed.", "\n\nrationale: The Hexchat application enables IRC communication with the corporate IT support centre.", "\n\nseverity: medium\n----\n\n. ", "When you have finished editing,\npress `Ctrl+X`, then enter `y` to save and exit.", "\n+\n[NOTE]\n====\n.. `documentation_complete: true` again indicates that the rule is picked up by the build system whenever it is applicable.", "\n.. `title` is the rule title, which is displayed on the command line and in SCAP Workbench.", "\n.. `description` is a section that describes the check.", "\n.. `rationale` needs to contain a justification for why the rule exists.", "\n.. `severity` can be either `low`, `medium`, or `high`.", "\n====\n. ", "Add the rule ID to the profile selections.", "\n\n.. As described in the previous section, you need to add the ID of your new rule (`package_hexchat_installed`) to the selections list in your profile (`travel.profile`).", "\nYou do it by editing the travel profile file:\n+\n----\n[... lab3_profiles]$ nano rhel8/profiles/travel.profile\n----\n\n.. When adding the `package_hexchat_installed` item, please make sure that you use spaces, not tabs for indentation:\n+\n----\ndocumentation_complete: true\n\ntitle: Travel profile for corporate laptops\n\ndescription: This profile represents settings which are required by company security policy for employee laptops.", "\n\nselections:\n - sshd_enable_strictmodes\n - sshd_disable_root_login\n - accounts_tmout\n - var_accounts_tmout=5_min\n - package_hexchat_installed\n----\n\n.. When you have finished editing,\npress `Ctrl+X`, then enter `y` to save and exit.", "\n\n\n=== 3.6.2 Use templates to generate checks automatically\n\nYou have successfully defined the rule and added it to the profile.", "\nHowever, the rule currently has no check nor remediation.", "\nThat means OpenSCAP can't check if the Hexchat package is installed.", "\nWriting OVAL checks is a process out of scope of this chapter and it is described in a separate lab.", "\nHowever, in some cases you can use the already created templates.", "\nYou can try to search by keyword in link:https://github.com/ComplianceAsCode/content/blob/master/docs/manual/developer_guide.adoc#732-list-of-available-templates[list of templates] to find out if some template suits your case.", "\nIn this case it does.", "\n\nTemplates are a great way of simplifying development of new rules and avoiding unnecessarily large amount of duplicated code.", "\nThere are sets of rules which perform very similar checks and can be remediated in a similar way.", "\nThis applies for example to checks that a certain package is installed, that a certain Systemd service is disabled, etc.", "\nUsing templates is recommended whenever possible to avoid code duplication and possible inconsistencies.", "\nAnother benefit of templates is ease of creation of new rules.", "\nAs demonstrated below, you don't have to know how to write OVAL checks or Bash remediations to create a fully working rule.", "\nThe template will create this for you automatically.", "\nYou only need to append a special block at the end of the particular `rule.yml` file.", "\n\n. ", "Open the link:https://github.com/ComplianceAsCode/content/blob/master/docs/manual/developer_guide.adoc#732-list-of-available-templates[list of templates] in your web browser.", "\n\n. ", "You can quickly glance through the list of templates.", "\nNotice that every template is accompanied by a description and one or more parameters.", "\nFinally, search for the `package_installed` template.", "\nNotice that the template has two parameters:\n+\npkgname:: name of the RPM or DEB package, eg. ", "tmux\n+\nevr:: Optional parameter. ", "It can be used to check if the package is of a specific version or newer. ", "Provide epoch, version, release in epoch:version-release format, eg. ", "0:2.17-55.0.4.el7_0.3. ", "Used only in OVAL checks. ", "The OVAL state uses operation \"greater than or equal\" to compare the collected package\n\n. ", "Open the `rule.yml` file for the `package_hexchat_installed` rule .", "\n+\n----\n[... lab3_profiles]$ nano linux_os/guide/system/software/package_hexchat_installed/rule.yml\n----\n\n. ", "Add the special block at the end of the file, so it looks like this:\n+\n----\ndocumentation_complete: true\n\ntitle: Install Hexchat Application\n\ndescription: As of company policy, the traveling laptops have to have the Hexchat application installed.", "\n\nrationale: The Hexchat application enables IRC communication with the corporate IT support centre.", "\n\nseverity: medium\n\ntemplate:\n name: package_installed\n vars:\n pkgname: hexchat\n----\n+\nNotice that you used one of the two possible parameters; `pkgname`.", "\n\n. ", "When you have finished editing,\npress `Ctrl+X`, then enter `y` to save and exit.", "\n+\n. ", "Build the content.", "\n+\n----\n[... lab3_profiles]$ ./build_product rhel8\n----\n\n. ", "Check the resulting HTML guide.", "\nExpect to still have it as a tab in your browser, which you can refresh by clicking the refresh button in the browser window.", "\nAlternatively, you can locate the `ssg-rhel8-guide-travel.html` file in the `/home/lab-user/lab3_profiles/build/guides` directory as you already did earlier in this exercise.", "\n+\n.The Firefox Refresh Page button\nimage::browser-refresh.png[500,500]\n+\nEither way, you see your \"Travel\" profile with four rules, including the newly added rule.", "\n+\n.New \"Install Hexchat Application\" rule displayed in the HTML guide\nimage::2-04-rule.png[New rule]\n\nFor more details about the `rule.yml` format, please refer to link:https://github.com/ComplianceAsCode/content/blob/master/docs/manual/developer_guide.adoc#711-rules[contributor's section of the developer guide].", "\nFor more information about the templating system, including the list of currently available templates, refer to the link:https://github.com/ComplianceAsCode/content/blob/master/docs/manual/developer_guide.adoc#templating[Templating section of the developer guide].", "\n\n<<top>>\n\nlink:README.adoc#table-of-contents[ Table of Contents ] | link:lab4_ansible.adoc[Lab exercise 4 - Using Ansible in ComplianceAsCode]\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMerge sort throws StackOverflowError\n\nI have a simple merge sort function in Java that for list with larger than 3 length throw StackOverFlow exception ,\nI pass the array object each time with it's offset's to produce the stack storage but it throw stackOverFlow exception !!", "\n where is the problem ??", "\npublic class DiviedAndConquer {\n\n/**\n * @param args\n */\npublic static void main(String[] args) {\n // TODO Auto-generated method stub\n DiviedAndConquer app=new DiviedAndConquer();\n Integer[] arr={3,5,1,8};\n app.mergSort(arr,0,arr.length-1);\n for(int i = 0;i<=arr.length-1;i++)\n System.out.print(arr[i]+\" \");\n\n}\npublic void mergSort(Integer[] arr,int l,int h){\n if(h-l>0){\n int m=(h-l+1)/2;\n //int l=arr.length-h;\n mergSort(arr,l,m);\n mergSort(arr,m+1,h);\n merg(arr,l,h);\n }\n\n}\npublic void merg(Integer[] arr,int l,int h){\n Integer[] tarr=new Integer[h-l+1];\n for(int p=0;p<=h;p++)\n tarr[p]=0;\n int m=(h-l)/2;\n int j=m+1;\n int k=0;\n int i=l;\n while(i<=m && j<=h){\n if(arr[j]<arr[i]){\n tarr[k]=arr[j];\n j++;\n }\n else{\n tarr[k]=arr[i];\n i++;\n }\n k++;\n }\n\n if(i<=m){\n for(;i<=m;i++){\n tarr[k]=arr[i];\n k++;\n }\n k--;\n }\n else if(j<=h){\n for(;j<=m;j++){\n tarr[k]=arr[j];\n k++;\n }\n k--;\n }\n for(int z=0;z<=k;z++){\n arr[l+z]=tarr[z];\n }\n\n}}\n\nA:\n\nYou are computing an incorrect middle index.", "\nint m=(h-l+1)/2;\n\nshould be\nint m=(h+l)/2;\n\nThat's probably the reason your recursion never ends.", "\nYou also have some errors in your merg method :\nChange \npublic void merg(Integer[] arr,int l,int h) {\n Integer[] tarr = new Integer[h-l+1];\n for(int p=0;p<=h;p++)\n tarr[p]=0;\n int m=(h-l)/2;\n ...\n\nto\npublic void merg(Integer[] arr,int l,int h){\n Integer[] tarr = new Integer[h-l+1];\n for(int p=0;p<tarr.length;p++) // corrected the range of the loop\n tarr[p]=0;\n int m=(h+l)/2; // the same fix of m calculation as before\n ...\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to ensure repayment of investment from space colonies in an information economy?", "\n\nImagine a world in which earth has started to colonize other worlds slowly, though the expense to send ships to other worlds is extremely high, and without FTL drive it takes some times to create a self sustaining colony. ", " To support the building of these colonies governments have looked to the support of investors for financial backing. ", " These backers are putting a significant expense into supporting colonization, both due to the high original colony ship construction expense and the opportunity cost of tying so much capital into a potentially risk effort, and will expect the colonies to make a pretty hefty repayment to cover these expenses. ", " Effectively each colony is going to start out in significant debt and is going to be expected to work to repay their original colonization expense & interest over decades, if not generations, once they become self sufficient.", "\nDue to the expense of of travel between worlds shipping supplies between worlds is almost never cost effective, thus a colony can not repay its debt by sending supplies back to Earth. ", " However, the existence of reliable and high-bandwidth FTL comms has made an information economy viable, see second half of my answer here (Interplanetary commerce: how do you compare currencies?). ", " \nColonies are small compared to earth, and don't tend to produce a significant amount of science or cultural resources, such as movies. ", " However, many other forms of information exchange & economy exist. ", " For instance, programmers on a colony may be hired to write software for a program being created on Earth, or telemarketers on a colony may call people on Earth to ask if they want to buy some product, or Amazon may by cloud computing power from servers built on the colony. ", " A therapist or accountant or Engineer on the colony may tele-communicate with clients on Earth etc etc. ", " Thus there are many ways to produce value for earth from a colony via ansible alone, which could be used to eventually repay investors. ", " Likewise all the same serves can be purchased by people on the colony from earth, plus Earth having a much larger culture will have numerous works of media and science etc that the colony is going to want. ", " Thus the colony is incentivized to do work for Earth to earn the money required to purchase the information/media it desires from Earth.", "\nSo in theory this sort of investment is viable to support colonization. ", " However, the people on the colony will likely get frustrated with having much of their earnings from earth being taken to pay for interest on the original colonization fees incurred by their grandparents. ", " Due to the high interest rate on colonization backed stocks and the decades, or longer, that interest had to build up before the colony was self sufficient and capable of starting to produce value to repay Earth the final colonial debt is high and will take a very long to repay. ", " It would be tempting for the colony to write off its own debt and refuse to repay it rather then spend so long doing so, and Earth is too far away to send anyone to physically take back any of the supplies they sent to support the colony.", "\nThus the only means of enforcing repayment of debt is via market forces & restricting the colonies access to information from Earth until debts are replayed. ", " The problem being that other colonies exist, any data that Earth sells to colony A can then be sold from A to B to C etc. ", " In much the same way that another countries exports are often easy to pirate online because your home countries laws provide little protection/restriction from pirating media not produced within that country. ", " If Earth-originated information were to start being 'pirated' earth would lose most of its means of compelling a colony to repay its own debts. ", " Again, Earth has no way of imposing its laws about not pirating data on external colonies by force.", "\nSo, can Earth reliable gaurentee a means of enforcing a colonies will repay their debt, over whatever length of time it takes, once the colonies becomes self sufficient? ", " Will economic forces be able to ensure this occurs? ", " Or will colonies all revolt against their collective debt?", "\nFor now assume that Earth's economy is mostly integrated and consistent rules are enforced across all Earth Ansibe communications, regardless of country of origin. ", " Ie, ignore inconsistency in laws and assume whatever laws Earth passes in regards to Ansible and colony debt are aided by. ", " Also assume these laws are written to support the backers of colony ships by ensuring they will get repaid.", "\nAlso for now assume that it is possible, eventually, for colony to repay their own debt. ", " I'm not sure this is true, it could reach the point where the interest on the debt grows faster then the colony can produce income to pay off the debt; but that will be a follow up question only after this one is answered.", "\n\nA:\n\nYour premise is flawed.", "\nInvestors loaned money to governments. ", "Regardless of what governments use that money for, they are the one who owe money, not the colonies.", "\nYour governments are likely already neck deep in debt, so those investors will have to take a number and get in line along with all the other people who loaned them money. ", "Like all the people who are loaning money to US or France despite abysmal debts. ", "If you have investors who specifically gave money for space colonization because they deeply believe it makes humanity a better race, chances are they're fine with parting with that money in the first place.", "\nSecondly, your colonies will need people. ", "Those people will be citizens of Earth nations. ", "So you'll have governments selling colonization to people for the low, low price of eternal indebtment for you and your grand-children. ", "Not going to lie, I've seen better value propositions. ", "If you try to pull a bait-and-switch on them, they'll likely throw space-tea in orbit and tell you where you can shove your government.", "\nFurthermore, your colony is a territory of your government. ", "You can't ask French Guyana to pay for the French debt because it's not cheap to export Nutella to there. ", "Nutella is already going to be overpriced when it gets there, so you'd be asking them to pay twice with interests. ", "That's just preposterous. ", "Revolutions typically happen when people feel shafted by the system, and they would have legitimate reason to feel shafted in this particular instance.", "\nYou can't pin the sins of your whole nation on one single colony. ", "Historically, that hardly ever ended well. ", "If you do pin it on them, you'll alienate them and eventually they'll either secede or abandon the colony.", "\n\nA:\n\nWhy would anyone want to invest into space colonies?", "\nWhat are the sources of income new colonies are likely to generate?", "\n\nTeleworking\nMedia & Entertainment - a small but steady source, especially if you have a beautiful planet\nOriginal research - esp. ", "from colonies that had their own ecosystem, could be potentially extremely valuable\nInformation services, like safe storage of sensitive data\nSavings at home - exporting prisoners and troublemakers - a one-time bonus many governments would be happy to pay\n\nSo there is a stream of income for investors on Earth. ", "But besides a few dreamers and maybe insurance companies, few would like to invest when the pay-off is generations away.", "\nInstead, you should invest into colonization. ", "The first few colonies will be producing losses for a long time, but once they get up and running, they'll practically guarantee a steady income. ", "Then, anyone can invest money that will go into new colonies while getting profits from the established colonies. ", "This will be hard to start but will get more attractive the more colonies there are.", "\nWhat are the colonies getting out of this?", "\nThe colonies are obviously getting valuable information. ", "Besides their own benefit, they can also pass on or sell the information to other colonies (the piracy aspect you've mentioned), which gives them an additional motivation to buy information and a chance for some good old-fashioned Arbitrage.", "\nSince any 'tax' or surcharge on information will be annoying in the long-term, it is in the interest of any large colony to eventually repay their debt.", "\nA colony will either grow into a big information-producer or likely never repay its debt, scrounging credits to get the most important stuff or buy or exchange data with other colonies.", "\nAny colony can renounce its debt at any time, but then it's back to the Basic Plan. ", "If its government wants to keep its population happy with the latest 3D series and the intellectuals busy debating the latest books, it better acknowledges the debt again - even if it's NEVER repaid.", "\nSo how does Earth keep the colonies friendly?", "\nIt is in the best interest of Earth to supply some basic information (news, sports results, some of the research) for free. ", "This is to build goodwill, help colonies grow and maintain cultural ties.", "\nEarth will also have to recognize the potential for piracy and the rapidly declining value of information. ", "If you want the latest hits and hottest research, you'll have to pay extra. ", "The older the material, the less of a premium there will be.", "\nBecause of all this, the best way to keep the colonies happy is to reasonably price the information and be willing to change the price. ", "It is the same as when companies started to sell music by the song - each song costs the user a reasonable amount that is just under the pain threshold for a user. ", "If you are a big music fan, it's time to buy in bulk.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Eumannia\n\nEumannia is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae. ", "It was described by David Stephen Fletcher in 1979.", "\n\nSpecies\n Eumannia lepraria (Rebel, 1909)\n Eumannia oppositaria (Mann, 1864)\n Eumannia psyloritaria (Reisser, 1958)\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Boarmiini" ]

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[ "Spatangus\n\nSpatangus is a genus of heart urchins in the Spatangidae family. ", "The genus is synonymous with the previously recognised genera Prospatangus Lambert, 1902 and Spatagus. ", "There are nine recognised species. ", "The type species is Spatangus purpureus Müller, 1776 by subsequent designation (Rowe & Gates, 1995).", "\n\nSpatangus comprises marine heart urchins that feed on subsurface deposits and graze.", "\n\nFossil of heart urchins of this genus have been found in the sediments of Europe, United States, Egypt and Australia from Cretaceous to Pliocene (age range: 85.8 to 2.588 Ma).", "\n\nSpecies\nSpecies within this genus include:\n Spatangus altus Mortensen, 1907\n Spatangus baixadoleitensis Maury, 1934a †\n Spatangus beryl Fell, 1963\n Spatangus brissus\n Spatangus californicus H.L. Clark, 1917\n Spatangus capensis Döderlein, 1905\n Spatangus diomedeae Fell, 1963\n Spatangus glenni Cooke, 1959 †\n Spatangus inermis Mortensen, 1913\n Spatangus luetkeni A. Agassiz, 1872\n Spatangus lutkeni A. Agassiz, 1872\n Spatangus mathesoni McKnight, 1968\n Spatangus multispinus Mortensen, 1925\n Spatangus pallidus H.L. Clark, 1908\n Spatangus paucituberculatus A. Agassiz & H.L. Clark, 1907\n Spatangus purpureus (O.F. Müller, 1776)\n Spatangus raschi Lovén, 1869\n Spatangus savignyi Fourtau\n Spatangus subinermis Pomel, 1887\n Spatangus tapinus Schenck, 1928 †\n Spatangus thor Fell, 1963\n\nReferences\n\n \n J. E. Gray. ", "1825. ", "An attempt to divide the Echinida, or Sea Eggs, into natural families. ", "Annals of Philosophy, new series 10:423-431\n\n \nCategory:Santonian genus first appearances\nCategory:Extant Late Cretaceous first appearances" ]

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