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[ "Ring-opening reactions of N-methyl cyclic ketene-N,O-acetals with carboxylic acids, nitrophenol, and arylthiols.", "\nRing-opening reactions of N-methyl cyclic ketene-N,O-acetals with carboxylic acids, 4-nitrophenol, and arylthiols afforded amidoesters, amidoaryl ether, and amidothioethers, respectively, in good yields via an acid-catalyzed S(N)2 mechanism." ]

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[ "A top UN official has launched a broad attack on a mix of US and European politicians, beginning with Netherlands’ Geert Wilders and progressing as far as Nigel Farage and Donald Trump, while covertly comparing them to Islamic State terrorists.", "\n\n\"Populists use half-truths and oversimplification – the two scalpels of the arch propagandist... In its mode of communication, its use of half-truths and oversimplification, the propaganda of Daesh [Islamic State, IS, formerly ISIS/ISIL] uses tactics similar to those of the populists,” said the UN’s high commissioner for human rights, Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein, while addressing a security and justice conference in the Hague.", "\n\nThe UN official refrained from making a direct comparison, however. “", "Make no mistake, I certainly do not equate the actions of nationalist demagogues with those of Daesh, which are monstrous, sickening; Daesh must be brought to justice,” he said.", "\n\nHis remarks were largely addressed to the Dutch far-right’s Geert Wilders, who has been calling for a ban on all mosques and asylum centers in Holland, but the jibe actually targeted a wide scope of politicians.", "\n\nZeid accused Wilder of employing “lies and half-truths, manipulations and (the) peddling of fear” while speaking at the Hague-based Peace, Justice and Security Foundation, adding that Wilders had much in common with US Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump and former UKIP leader and Brexit campaigner Nigel Farage, as well as Hungary’s Prime Minister Viktor Orban and France’s National Front leader, Marine Le Pen.", "\n\n“All seek, in varying degrees, to recover a past, halcyon and so pure in form, where sunlit fields are settled by peoples united by ethnicity or religion,” said Zeid, branding such dreamers “populists, demagogues, and political fantasists.”", "\n\nHussein also spoke about how such leaders tend to look for an “outside enemy.”", "\n\n“The formula is therefore simple: Make people, already nervous, feel terrible, and then emphasize it’s all because of a group, lying within, foreign and menacing.”", "\n\n“Then make your target audience feel good by offering up what is a fantasy to them, but a horrible injustice to others. ", "Inflame and quench, repeat many times over, until anxiety has been hardened into hatred,” he added.", "\n\nThe UN official called for action to oppose European and US politicians who create “an atmosphere thick with hate” that “may descend into violence.”", "\n\nBoth Le Pen and Trump expressed solidarity with Farage following Brexit, and congratulated him.", "\n\nFarage visited a Trump rally last month and told the Republican presidential candidate’s supporters that, if he could vote in the November election, he wouldn’t choose Hillary Clinton.", "\n\nBefore his meeting with Farage, Trump, who is known to be very outspoken on Twitter, posted “they will soon be calling me ‘Mr. Brexit.’”", "\n\nIn a text message to AFP reacting to Zeid’s speech, Wilders retorted that the Jordanian prince was “an utter fool.”", "\n\n“Another good reason to get rid of the UN,” said the populist politician, who is known for his peroxide bouffant hairdo, while once again calling on the world to “de-Islamise”.", "“Islam and freedom are incompatible whatever this Jordanian bureaucrat says,” Wilders said." ]

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[ "Babies With Skin Tags - Everything You Need To Know\n\nDid you find a small piece of skin hanging on your baby’s body? ", "Is the hanging bump of skin soft to touch? ", "Do not panic, it’s only a skin tag. ", "What are they? ", "How do they occur? ", "What can you do about them? ", "Read our post and learn all about skin tags on babies here.", "\n\nWhat Is A Skin Tag?", "\n\nA skin tag or an acrochordon, a fibroepithelial polyp, a soft fibroma, a fibroma pendulum, etc., ", "is a soft, fleshy outgrowth of darkly pigmented tissue. ", "These tags vary in size; some are pinhead-sized bumps with a narrow stalk. ", "On the other hand, some are as large as a grape. ", "Moreover, a skin tag will be soft to touch, unlike warts that are rough with an irregular surface.", "\n\nAre Skin Tags On Newborns Harmful?", "\n\nIt is normal for you to panic when you see something wrong with your little one. ", "But, relax! ", "Skin tags are completely harmless and even benign. ", "They are just extra outgrowths on the body and do not you’re your baby in any way. ", "They are non-cancerous in most cases. ", "Moreover, they do not have the predisposition to become cancerous and remain harmless if left untreated except, that they appearance slightly changes.", "\n\nSometimes, these skin bumps bleed, display multiple colors, or grow, and may even turn cancerous. ", "So, if the skin tag on baby’s body exhibit any such signs then take him to a pediatrician immediately, or go for a biopsy test for cancer.", "\n\nAre Skin Tags Contagious?", "\n\nSkin tags are not contagious. ", "There is no scientific evidence to prove that such skin outgrowth spreads from one person to the other. ", "Thus, they are considered non-communicable.", "\n\nTreating Skin Tags In Babies:\n\nSurgical treatment is available for skin tags. ", "If you wish to seek medical intervention, consult a dermatologist or a surgeon and get the skin tag removed by a laser technique or by cutting off the skin portion with a scalpel. ", "If your baby’s tags are large, then your doctor will give him some general anesthesia as well.", "\n\nBut, if you are alright with your baby’s skin tags, then there is no reason to treat them now. ", "Skin tags are more of an embarrassment than a condition, and you can consider getting your baby skin tags removed when he is older. ", "It has a lot to do with peer pressure and self-image. ", "However, if you treat your baby normally with the unusual growth on his body, then don’t take him to a surgeon just yet, surgery isn’t an advisable thing for a baby.", "\n\nDoes your baby have skin tags? ", "Did you seek medical intervention for them, or did you leave them untreated and wait for him to grow older? ", "Tell us your story here and help fellow mommies in similar situations. ", "Do share your experience by dropping in a comment below. ", "We would love to hear from you." ]

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[ "Red Sox rally comes up short and Orioles take season opener, 2-1\n\nAbout the Author\n\nSteve Silva, a lifelong Massachusetts resident, joined Boston.com in 2004. ", "He's covered the world championship runs of the Red Sox, Patriots, Bruins, and Celtics, the Boston Marathon, and more as part of the BDC and Boston Globe sports teams.", "\n\nBALTIMORE -- Jon Lester's nemesis got the best of him again. ", "And new Orioles closer Tommy Hunter shut down the Red Sox rally in the ninth inning to close out the 2-1 victory for Baltimore in the season opener at Camden Yards.", "\n\nOrioles outfielder Nelson Cruz crushed a first-pitch homer to left field to give Baltimore a 2-1 lead in the seventh inning... just as it was announced that Junichi Tazawa was warming for the Red Sox.", "\n\nIt was the third career homer Cruz has hit off Lester. ", "He's 11-for-24 against the Sox lefty in his career including an opening day HR off Lester in 2011 when Cruz was member of the Rangers.", "\n\nLester left the game after seven innings, giving up six hits, two runs, one walk, and eight strikeouts. ", "He threw 104 pitches.", "\n\nThe Red Sox were 0-for-10 with runners in scoring position in this opener.", "\n\nComeback kid Grady Sizemore tied the game up at 1-1 in the fourth inning when he drilled a 3-1 pitch from Chris Tillman over the wall and off the fence in right field.", "\n\nSizemore's last two home runs were at Camden Yards -- before today, he hit the last one on July 15, 2011. ", "Sizemore has now homered in three of his six career Opening Day starts. ", "He also went deep in 2007 and 2008 as a member of the Indians.", "\n\nThe Orioles got on the scoreboard board first in the second inning. ", "Jon Lester's troubles began with a walk to Nelson Cruz and a bloop base hit to center by Orioles catcher Matt Wieters. ", "Delmon Young then grounded into a double play -- Dustin Pedroia to Mike Napoli to Xander Bogaerts -- but Cruz scored on the play.", "\n\nWith two outs in the bottom of the third, David Ortiz singled through the shift into right and Mike Napoli followed by ripping a double to left, but Ortiz was ultimately stranded at third when Mike Carp struck out swinging to end the threat.", "\n\nSizemore belted a single in his first at-bat in the second inning, his first major league hit since Sept. 22, 2011. ", "Mike Carp singled before Sizemore but the Red Sox came away empty as Xander Bogaerts and A.J. Pierzynski flied out and Will Middlebrooks was caught looking at strike three to end the inning.", "\n\nStarters Jon Lester (63) and Chris Tillman (79) combined to throw 142 pitches in the first four innings. ", "Tillman was done after five innings, giving up the one run on the Sizemore homer, seven hits, one walk and four strikeouts." ]

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[ "'Spooks' star cast in BBC lesbian drama\n\nThe actress, who has also appeared in The Tudors, will be joined in the new series by Laura Fraser, Fiona Button, Emun Elliott, Heather Pearce, James Anthony Pearson, Tom Mannion and ex-Hollyoaks actress Roxanne McKee.", "\n\nThe six-part show, set in contemporary Glasgow, follows the sex lives and lover affairs of a group of twentysomething lesbians.", "\n\nGedmintas will plays Frankie, an irreverent and provocative photographer who is described as a 'commitment-phobe'. ", "Fraser will play her former lover, Cat, who is still harbouring feelings for her, and Button plays Tess, Cat's best friend and flatmate.", "\n\n\"Harriet's scripts are very much authored pieces and, as such, the series takes a very vivid and authentic look at the lives and loves of modern British gay women on the cusp of life,\" said head of BBC drama Scotland Anne Mensah.", "\n\n\"The quality of the cast that the scripts have brought to the table really speaks for itself and Lip Service promises to be an emotionally-charged and utterly enjoyable drama series.\"" ]

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[ "\n\n\n\nLet It Ride 2016 – Scene 5: Ariana Marie & Seth Gamble\n\nSynopsis:\n\nUnlucky in love every-man Dave (Seth Gamble) is shattered when he finds out that his girlfriend Wendy (Eva Lovia) cheated on him with his best friend Tommy (Michael Vegas). ", "With help from his sexy next-door neighbor Cheryl (Ariana Marie), Dave finds his high school crush Vivian on a dating site, and Vivian guarantees Dave will get laid if he comes to visit her in Las Vegas. ", "Now a man on a mission, Dave invites Cheryl and Tommy on a road trip to Vegas. ", "After making a few unexpected detours and meeting several intriguing characters along the way, Dave, Cheryl and Tommy discover that when life gets complicated, it’s best to just let it ride.", "\n\nCast: Ariana Marie & Seth Gamble\n\nDuration: 25 Min\n\nCategories: Blowjob, Face Fuck, Pussy Licking, Indoors, Cowgirl, Missionary, Cumshot, Clean-Up, Romantic, Comedy, Deep Throat, Pussy, Fingering, Car, Outdoors, Doggystyle, Reverse Cowgirl, Sex\n\nLet It Ride 2016 – Scene 5: Ariana Marie & Seth Gamble\n\nCelebrity Nude – studio most glamorous and beautiful erotic videos in the world. ", "Erotic very attractive girls and guys who love hot shoots exclusively and only with first-class models. ", "Watch in HD.", "\n\nPorn videos and pictures of scenes with mature women, moms and neighbors, and grandmothers. ", "Free Mature, Grannies, Milfs and Moms XXX Tube Porn Videos, The Hottest Mature Babes on the net, Updated Hourly.", "\n\nPorn and erotica in HD, shoot beautiful girls daily updates" ]

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[ "Shaughnessy Cohen Prize Series, with Noah Richler\n\nToday we speak with Shaughnessy Cohen Prize for Political Writing nominee Noah Richler, whose What We Talk About When We Talk About War (Goose Lane Editions) has opened an engaging, important and heated dialogue by challenging Canada's long-accepted identity as a nation of peacekeepers. ", "A book that takes a hard look at the stories we tell ourselves, about ourselves, it is no surprise that What We Talk About When We Talk About War has popped up on multiple prize lists, including the Charles Taylor Prize for Non-Fiction longlist and the Governor General's Literary Award shortlist in addition to the Shaughnessy Cohen Prize shortlist.", "\n\nIt will be lucky number thirteen for one writer this year, with the thirteenth iteration of the Shaughnessy Cohen Prize for Political Writing, presented by the Writers’ Trust of Canada. ", "The prize rewards the year's finest book tackling a political subject of interest to Canadian readers.", "\n\nThe winner of the prize, who will receive $25,000, will be announced at Ottawa's premiere social event, Politics & the Pen on March 6, 2013. ", "In addition to the finalists, the event draws hundreds of politicians, staffers, diplomats and philanthropists as well as playing hosts to dozens of respected Canadian authors.", "\n\nNoah talks with Open Book about the paradoxes of war, why the before is more fun than the after and how life necessarily interrupts writing.", "\n\nOpen Book:\n\nTell us about the book for which you were shortlisted and how the project came about.", "\n\nNoah Richler:\n\nBack in 2006 I was listening to Shelagh Rogers interview a soldier, Master-Corporal Paul Franklin, who had lost both his legs after the car he was driving in Kandahar was blown up in the explosion that killed the diplomat Glyn Berry, the beginning of a very tough year for the Canadian Forces. ", "The inference of Franklin’s conversation with Shelagh was that if, subsequently, Canada pulled out of Afghanistan then he would have lost his legs for nothing. ", "It occurred to me then, as it would have done to many, that while that may have been true it was not a sound argument for staying on. ", "This is but one of the many paradoxes of war but it was the one that invited me in, so to speak, to writing a book that allowed me to discover just how upset I was with the proponents of Canada, the so-called \"warrior nation.\"", "\n\nCanada, under the Harper government, has undergone a radical change that has been shrewdly pushed forward by a manipulation of views about our history. ", "This project is deliberate, and ongoing, and was hugely facilitated by the way the war was promoted. ", "My book, however, is neither a judgment of the Canadian Forces nor even a judgment about the validity of the war. ", "But it is a judgment concerning the language, stories and many self-deceptions that Canadians have either supported or not objected to, ones that have been used to enable our new, apparently jingoistic self and to do away with the better, more generous Canada that I grew up in, a Canada that I believe still exists.", "\n\nOB:\n\nIn your opinion, what qualities or characteristics signify that a book qualifies as political writing?", "\n\nNR:\n\nWell, something that is broader than, say, writing about public policy. ", "Anything about the polity, really — and, just as with the arts (their political value often discounted), the good stuff should surprise, make us self-conscious and unsettle us.", "\n\nOB:\n\nThe prize is presented at an evening event in Ottawa called Politics and the Pen. ", "What are you most looking forward to about P&P? ", "Have you attended before?", "\n\nNR:\n\nI did attend, last year, as a guest of the Writers’ Trust. ", "Very august company it is. ", "I suppose that I am looking forward to the tension of not saying all the things I’d like to say when the opportunity is so ripe though, damn it, the temptation just may be too great.", "\n\nOB:\n\nIf you were to recommend one past finalist or winner of the Shaughnessy Cohen Prize to readers, which title would you choose?", "\n\nNR:\n\nDaniel Poliquin’s short biography, René Lévesque, is, to my mind, a wonderfully elegant, distilled and effective piece of writing. ", "It was short-listed in 2009.", "\n\nOB:\n\nIf you win the prize, how will you celebrate?", "\n\nNR:\n\nOh God, better to ask me how I shall celebrate if I don’t, as is four times more likely, though I imagine I shall celebrate the same way in both cases, which is to say beforehand. ", "I like the beforehand. ", "The afterwards fills me with dread.", "\n\nOB:\n\nWhat can you tell us about your next project?", "\n\nNR:\n\nThat I’ve started. ", "And that even this short Q&A, along with a zillion other things (cleaning, cooking, shovelling the walk), is interrupting it. ", "Hooray!", "\n\nNoah Richler made documentaries and features for BBC Radio for fourteen years before returning to Canada in 1998. ", "He has been books editor and literary columnist for The National Post and has contributed to numerous publications, including The Guardian, Punch, The Daily Telegraph, The Walrus, Maisonneuve, Saturday Night, The Toronto Star, and the Globe and Mail. ", "He is author of This Is My Country, What's Yours? ", "A Literary Atlas of Canada. ", "He lives in Toronto." ]

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[ "28 F.3d 106\nNOTICE: Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3 provides that dispositions other than opinions or orders designated for publication are not precedential and should not be cited except when relevant under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, or collateral estoppel.", "HOME SAVINGS OF AMERICA, F.A., a corporation, Plaintiff-Appellee,v.Charles E. KOHLHASE, husband; Beverly C. Kohlhase, wife,Defendants-Appellants.", "Lothar GOERNITZ; Chapter 7 Trustee, an Arizona GeneralPartnership; K & W Associates, an Arizona GeneralPartnership; Charles E. Kohlhase, husband, and Beverly C.Kohlhase, wife; Alan V. Watson, husband, and Virginia D.Watson, wife, Plaintiffs-Appellants,v.SUN STATE SAVINGS AND LOAN; Home Savings of America FA;Resolution Trust Corporation, as a receiver forSun State Savings and Loan, Defendants-Appellees.", "\nNos. ", "93-16865, 93-16393.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.", "\nArgued and Submitted May 10, 1994.Decided June 27, 1994.", "\n\n1\nBefore: WALLACE, Chief Judge, O'SCANNLAIN, Circuit Judge, and KELLEHER,* District Judge.", "\n\nMEMORANDUM\n\n2\nThese consolidated appeals arise out of a summary judgment, and a partial summary judgment and trial. ", " The Kohlhases, the Watsons, and the bankruptcy trustee for their real estate development partnership, Sun Valley Associates (collectively, Kohlhase), appeal from the summary judgment against them in their action against Home Savings. ", " The Kohlhases appeal from the partial summary judgment and trial judgment against them in Home Savings's action to recover on a personal guarantee, as well as from the district court's decision of how much payment was required under the personal guarantee. ", " The district court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Secs. ", "1332(a)(3), 1334, and 1441. ", " We have jurisdiction over these timely appeals pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. ", "1291. ", " We affirm.", "\n\n\n3\n* Kohlhase's central argument is that the summary judgments were improper because there was a genuine issue of material fact about whether, under the terms of the loan, the borrowers could call upon the letter of credit to make delinquent loan payments. ", " We review a summary judgment de novo. ", " Jones v. Union Pacific R.R., 968 F.2d 937, 940 (9th Cir.1992).", "\n\n\n4\nWe conclude that there is no genuine issue of material fact. ", " Home Savings was not required to apply the letters of credit to the delinquent loan payments. ", " The documents relevant to the first deed of trust specifically set out under what conditions the letters of credit may be released. ", " There is no evidence or argument that those conditions were met. ", " In addition, the provision requiring the letters of credit state that they are \"for the purpose of securing any deficit from the net cash flow realized by the Property ... including taxes and debt service.\" ", " (Emphasis added.) ", " Thus, the letters of credit clearly functioned as security. ", " The deeds of trust do not require the bank to draw on security to make payments. ", " Also, the deeds of trust state that at its option, Home Savings may \"apply toward the payment of any indebtedness ... any unapplied Funds held by Lender.\"", "\n\n\n5\nKohlhase points out that Home Savings had used funds derived from another letter of credit to make delinquent payments on the first deed of trust. ", " From this he extrapolates that even if the loan documents themselves are not ambiguous, there was a course of conduct under which Home Savings promised to use the second letter of credit to meet the delinquent payments on the second deed of trust. ", " This argument ignores the unique factual background surrounding how the funds from the first letter of credit came to be in Home Savings's possession. ", " In addition, even if we were to accept the argument that the parties set up a course of conduct creating a genuine issue of fact about the meaning of the loan documents, any such conduct, which related to the first deed of trust, was jettisoned in 1989 when the second deed of trust was issued. ", " It was the second deed of trust upon which the borrowers directly defaulted. ", " The district courts did not err in holding that there was no genuine issue of material fact regarding the use of the letters of credit.", "\n\nII\n\n6\nThe Kohlhases assign as reversible error several rulings during the nonjury trial which was held to determine how much they were required to pay on their personal guarantee of the second deed of trust.", "\n\n\n7\nFirst, they argue that the district court erred in refusing to let appraiser John Hansen testify and then excluding Hansen's appraisal report. ", " The parties disagree about the basis for the district court's ruling excluding Hansen's testimony. ", " It appears to us that the district court would not allow Hansen to testify unless he were deposed and refused to continue the trial to allow Home Savings to depose him.", "\n\n\n8\nA court may, within its discretion, decide not to continue a trial. ", " United States v. 2.61 Acres of Land More or Less, 791 F.2d 666, 670 (9th Cir.1985) (2.61 Acres ). ", " Its decision will not be overturned absent a showing of clear abuse. ", " Ticor Title Ins. ", "Co. v. Florida, 937 F.2d 447, 451 (9th Cir.1991). ", " Two of the elements that a court may consider in deciding to deny a continuance are whether the party was diligent in its efforts to avoid a continuance, and whether the continuance would cause inconvenience. ", " 2.61 Acres, 791 F.2d at 671. ", " In this case, both of these factors indicate that the district court could, within its discretion, refuse to continue the trial for the deposition of Hansen. ", " The Kohlhases were not diligent because they did not inform Home Savings that Hansen was again available to testify until the first day of trial, and because Hansen had not come to a previous deposition. ", " The continuance would have been inconvenient because the trial had been continued before, and because Home Savings's counsel was already scheduled to be out of town, thus interfering with a continuance.", "\n\n\n9\nIt is also within the district court's discretion to exclude an expert witness when the opposing party has not been informed as to the substance of the expert's testimony. ", " See Jenkins v. Whittaker Corp., 785 F.2d 720 (9th Cir.), ", "cert. ", "denied, 479 U.S. 918 (1986). ", " Home Savings did not have a chance to depose Hansen. ", " The court would not continue the trial to allow that discovery to take place. ", " Since the disposition would not occur, the court was within its discretion to exclude Hansen's testimony as not previously disclosed to Home Savings.", "\n\n\n10\nThe Kohlhases argue that the district court should not have excluded Hansen's appraisal report as hearsay. ", " We review the district court's evidentiary ruling for abuse of discretion. ", " McGonigle v. Combs, 968 F.2d 810, 818 n. 6 (9th Cir.), ", "cert. ", "dismissed, 113 S.Ct. ", "399 (1992). ", " A district court may refuse to admit an appraisal as hearsay when the appraiser is not available for cross examination. ", " See Waddel v. Commissioner, 841 F.2d 264, 267 (9th Cir.1988). ", " The Kohlhases argue that the appraisal should have been admitted as an adoptive admission of a party opponent, because Home Savings relied on the appraisal in making the loan. ", " Hearsay may be admitted under this rule if the party \"has manifested his adoption or belief in its truth.\" ", " Fed.", "R.Evid. ", "801(d)(2)(B). ", " The district court was within its discretion in determining that Home Savings did not adopt the appraisal as \"true\" just because it was viewed as an acceptable appraisal for meeting the conditions of the loan.", "\n\n\n11\nThe Kohlhases next contend that the district court's valuation of the property sold at the trustee's sale was clearly erroneous. ", " We review for clear error the district court's findings of fact. ", " Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 52(a). ", " The district court was justified in relying on the appraisal of the only nonparty expert witness to present testimony on the value of the property. ", " There was no clear error.", "\n\n\n12\nFinally, the Kohlhases argue that the district court improperly assessed the amount of attorneys' fees it awarded to Home Savings. ", " We review an award of attorneys' fees for abuse of discretion. ", " Drucker v. O'Brien's Moving and Storage, 963 F.2d 1171, 1173 (9th Cir.1992). ", " A provision in the Kohlhases' personal guarantee stated, \"Guarantors agree to pay all attorney's fees and all other costs and expenses which may be incurred by Lender in the enforcement of this guaranty.\" ", " This provision does not require the fees to be \"reasonable,\" and thus the Kohlhases' argument that the fees were unreasonable is irrelevant. ", " The Kohlhases rely on the statutory attorneys' fees provision, which requires \"reasonableness.\" ", " But Arizona law excludes contractual arrangements for attorneys' fees from the requirements. ", " See Conner v. Cal-Az Properties, 668 P.2d 896, 898 (Ariz.App.1983). ", " Even if the fees do have to be reasonable, the Kohlhases have not shown that the district court abused its discretion. ", " At best, they urge that we should come to a different conclusion on a de novo review.", "\n\n\n13\nHome Savings requests attorneys' fees on appeal pursuant to the same contractual right. ", " We award attorneys' fees to Home Savings and direct the district court to set them.", "\n\n\n14\nAFFIRMED.", "\n\n\n15\nNote: This disposition is not appropriate for publication and may not be cited to or by the courts of this circuit except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.", "\n\n\n\n*\n Honorable Robert J. Kelleher, United States District Judge, Central District of California, sitting by designation\n\n\n" ]

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[ "\n544 S.E.2d 197 (2001)\n247 Ga. App. ", "493\nSMITH et al.", "\nv.\nKLS CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC.", "\nNo. ", "A00A1794.", "\nCourt of Appeals of Georgia.", "\nJanuary 8, 2001.", "\nEugene C. Brooks IV, Savannah, for appellants.", "\nEllis, Painter, Ratterree & Bart, Tracy O'Connell, Rebecca C. Benton, Savannah, for appellee.", "\nPursley, Howell, Lowery & Meeks, Paul A. Howell, Jr., John C. Amabile, Atlanta, Charles F. Peebles, Norcross, Lane R. Frostbaum, amici curiae.", "\nPHIPPS, Judge.", "\nW. Hughes Smith III and Barbara Smith filed suit against the builder-seller of their home for damages allegedly caused by the use of synthetic stucco. ", "The trial court ruled that their claims were barred by the statute of limitation, and they appeal. ", "Because we find that the trial court applied the wrong statute of limitation to the Smiths' breach of contract claim, we reverse that portion of the trial court's summary judgment ruling.", "\nIn 1993, the Smiths contracted with KLS Construction Company, Inc. to construct their Savannah home. ", "The house was substantially completed and a certificate of occupancy was issued in 1994. ", "An inspection performed in 1999 revealed problems associated with the application of the exterior insulation and finishing system, or synthetic stucco, including termites and wood rot.", "\nOn April 22, 1999, the Smiths filed suit against KLS and asserted claims for negligent construction, breach of warranty, breach of contract and bad faith. ", "KLS moved for summary judgment on the basis that the Smiths' claims were barred by the four-year statute of limitation set forth in OCGA § 9-3-30 for trespass or damage to realty and that no basis existed upon which to toll the running of the statute. ", "The trial court granted the motion, finding that the four-year statute of limitation was applicable to all of the Smiths' claims and that the record was devoid of evidence of fraud that would toll the limitation period. ", "The Smiths appeal that decision, challenging only the dismissal of their breach of contract claim.", "\n1. ", "Recently we addressed the same issue in Mitchell v. Jones[1] and determined that the six-year statute of limitation governing simple written contracts[2] applies to a contract for the sale of new construction by a professional builder-seller. ", "Applying that rule here, we hold that the Smiths' breach of contract claim against KLS is subject to the six-year statute of limitation.", "\n*198 The limitation period on a construction contract commences on the date the work was substantially complete.[3] It is undisputed that the Smiths filed their complaint within six years of the date their home was substantially complete. ", "Because the Smiths brought their action within the applicable six-year statute of limitation governing simple written contracts, summary judgment was not warranted on their breach of contract claim.[4]\n2. ", "Because we find that the Smiths' claim for breach of contract was brought within the applicable statute of limitation, we need not address whether fraud or fraudulent concealment tolled the running of the limitation period.", "\nJudgment reversed.", "\nJOHNSON, P.J., and SMITH, P.J., concur.", "\nNOTES\n[1] 247 Ga.App. ", "113, 114(1), 541 S.E.2d 103 (2000).", "\n[2] OCGA § 9-3-24.", "\n[3] Fort Oglethorpe Assoc. ", "v. Hails Constr. ", "Co., 196 Ga.App. ", "663(1), 396 S.E.2d 585 (1990).", "\n[4] Mitchell, supra.", "\n" ]

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[ "Componibili modular units can be stacked and arranged according to one's desire. ", "Made of ABS, the system is put together via a tongue-and-groove system for quick construction and good stability. ", "Perfect for any home setting, in the bathroom, bedroom, kitchen or living room.", "\n\nFlexible, functional and practical, Componibili sliding-door storage cabinets have been in production for more than thirty years and are on display at the Museum of Modern Art in New York and at the George Pompidou Centre in Paris.", "\n\nBorn in Milan on Aug. 6, 1918, Anna Castelli Ferrieri was one of the first women to graduate from the prestigious Milan Polytechnic Institute, in 1943, with an architecture degree. ", "In 1949, she and her husband, Giulio Castelli, founded Kartell, which became a leading furniture company known for high-quality plastic designs. ", "With the success of Kartell, Ms. Castelli Ferrieri and her husband helped fuel the explosion of Italian modern design in the 60's, 70's and 80's. ", "In 1976, she became the art director of Kartell and continued to experiment with different kinds of plastic. ", "She passed away in 2006 at 87 years old due to complications from lung disease at her home in Milan. ", "She is best known for her \"Componobili,\" stackable round plastic containers, which continue to be popular to this day.", "\n\nKartell\n\nKartell works with renowned designers such as Ron Arad, Antonio Citterio, Michele De Lucchi, Ferruccio Laviani, Piero Lissoni, patricia Urquiola, Vico Magistretti, Enzo Mari, Alberto Meda, Paolo Rizzatto and Philippe Starck, who all appreciate the wealth of knowledge that Kartell has about plastics technology and the innovative ways in which it can be effectively applied to items for modern living.", "\n\nKartell has over fifty years of experience in designing classic furniture from plastics which has made the company famous in the history of Italian and international design.", "\n\nRated 5 out of\n5 by\nfrom\nThe perfect storage solution for paper products for a guest bathroom.", "We looked high and low for a something to store excess paper products for the guest restrooms in our offices. ", "Most candidates that fit the space were residential and looked that way. ", "This is sleek, clean solution. ", "The colors and price point make it the ideal solution. ", "The removable top makes it that much easier for the cleaning staff to restock.", "\n\nDate published: 2014-09-27\n\nRated 5 out of\n5 by\nRapo from\nI love this productThe components are attractive , light-weight, well-priced, sophisticated looking, and easy to assemble. ", "They are perfect for storing what i had in mind-- basically overflow items for use inthe bathroom that don't fit inthe medicine cabinet in my tiny bathroom.", "\n\nDate published: 2010-07-26\n\nRated 5 out of\n5 by\nfrom\nIt's an excellent product!I already had a tower built of these units over the last 8 years. ", "These units are incredibly convenient.", "\n\nDate published: 2009-04-13\n\nRated 4 out of\n5 by\nMarc L. from\nas described, sleek, cool and a nice pieceI'm a fan of Kartell and like the piece. ", "It arrived quickly and had no problems." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDefinition of static remote methods and their method signatures in Loopback\n\nFrom the loopback documentation it states that: \n\nBoth beforeRemote() and afterRemote() have the same signature; below\n syntax uses beforeRemote but afterRemote is the same. ", "For static\n remote methods, including custom remote methods:\nmodelName.beforeRemote( methodName, function(ctx, next) { ...\n next(); \n});\n\nThe documentation then goes on to say ... \n\nStatic methods have URL /api/modelName/methodName, while prototype\n methods have URL /api/mod elName/id/methodName.", "\n\nElsewhere, an example is provided \nmodule.exports = function(Review) {\n Review.beforeRemote('create', function(context, user, next) {\n var req = context.req;\n req.body.date = Date.now();\n req.body.publisherId = req.accessToken.userId;\n next();\n}); };\n\nBased on the above documentation ... I would expect that create would be a static method and therefore only have two arguments (but yet in this example above, and in practice, beforeRemote for create has three arguments. ", "\nIs there a different definition or a list of a static methods available? ", "\n\nA:\n\nI think this is an error in the documentation, since PersistedModel.create is a static method.", "\nA list of static and instance methods is in the reference docs: \nhttps://apidocs.strongloop.com/loopback/v/2.27.0/#persistedmodel\n\n" ]

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[ "Sir,\n\nAn emergence of a novel avian-origin reassortant influenza A (H7N9) virus in Eastern China has caused an alarming situation due to severe lower respiratory tract infections in humans. ", "As of January 2015, a total of 486 humans infections of H7N9 (resulting in 185 deaths) have been reported. ", "Human infections of H7N9 virus have been associated with poultry exposures in live bird markets although H7N9 virus is not easily transmitted to humans[@ref1]. ", "In the scenario of emerging avian influenza (AI) viruses in Asia, it is necessary to monitor high-risk population groups such as poultry workers for human infections. ", "In India, the outbreaks of highly pathogenic AI H5N1 virus were first reported in February 2006 in poultry at Navapur, Maharashtra, and then, several outbreaks have been reported in north-eastern India[@ref2][@ref3]. ", "Considering the proximity of north-eastern regions of India with China and likelihood of introduction of this virus, the present study was conducted to detect AI H7N9 virus infections among poultry workers as a high-risk group in western and north-eastern India during 2014.", "\n\nThe surveillance of AI H7N9 virus infections among poultry workers working at live poultry markets and farms in Pune (Western India), West Bengal and Assam (north-eastern India) was planned and executed with the approval and support of the local Municipal and State Health Departments. ", "The study was also approved by the Institutional Human Ethics Committee of the ICMR-National Institute of Virology at Pune, as per the guidelines laid down by the Indian Council of Medical Research for research on human subjects[@ref4]. ", "Written informed consent was obtained from individual study participants. ", "The study participants were interviewed for pre-existing co-morbid diseases, health conditions or illnesses in the recent past (last six month), current or routine nature of work and any other work assignments of similar or related nature.", "\n\nAn assumption of \\<5 per cent antibody prevalence against AI H7N9 virus was made based on the similar studies performed outside India[@ref5][@ref6][@ref7]. ", "The sample size calculations were performed using online OpenEpi software[@ref8]. ", "The estimated sample size was 500 assuming 5 per cent prevalence, 95 per cent confidence and precision of 0.02 per cent by 2-sided test with finite population correction for population size of 5000 for the study area. ", "Following this, the prospective clinical surveillance of acute respiratory illness (ARI) or influenza-like illness (ILI) was also undertaken in Pune and Assam among surveyed poultry workers[@ref9]. ", "The follow up of the poultry workers for any ARI/ILI episodes was carried out from January to July 2014.", "\n\nA total of 540 poultry workers were enrolled in the study during January to November 2014. ", "The samples were collected from Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation and Pune Municipal Corporation areas in Pune; Siliguri, Alipurduar, Dhupguri-Jalpaiguri, Kalimpong-Darjeeling, West Bengal and Dibrugarh, Assam. ", "Blood samples (3-5 ml) were collected from 540 poultry workers by venipuncture, and serum was separated and stored at -20°C until tested ([Table](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The serum samples were tested by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) assays as per the WHO recommended protocols for the detection of antibodies against H7N9 virus[@ref10][@ref11]. ", "HI assay was performed using 1 per cent horse red blood cells. ", "The reference H7N9 virus A/Shanghai/2/13 (H7N9)-PR8, V-VIE2 ID-CDC-RG-32A from CDC, Atlanta, USA, was used in the study. ", "A total of 31 throat and nasal swab samples were collected from individuals with ILI and tested for the presence of influenza A virus using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) as per the protocol recommended by the CDC, USA[@ref12]. ", "RNase *P* and RNA from known positive sample served as positive controls. ", "Nuclease-free water served as a negative control.", "\n\n###### \n\nDetails of specimen collections from different States in India in 2014\n\n![](", "IJMR-144-942-g001)\n\nThe poultry workers were individuals involved in handling, transport, cleaning and slaughter of poultry in live poultry markets, shops or farms. ", "The age group of poultry workers ranged from 15-79 yr with the median of 30 yr (mean 32, standard deviation 11.86). ", "The male to female ratio was 14. ", "Only 6.5 per cent were females as poultry workers were predominantly males.", "\n\nClusters of severe ARI (SARI) or individual SARI cases were not reported. ", "A total of 31 poultry workers reported ILI during the study; however, all samples were negative for the presence of influenza A virus by real-time RT-PCR. ", "All serum samples were negative for the presence of antibodies against H7N9 virus by both HI and MN assays using ≥80 titre[@ref13]. ", "No symptomatic or asymptomatic H7N9 human infections were detected among occupational high-risk groups of poultry workers employed at live poultry markets and farms.", "\n\nThe findings of a seroepidemiological study on AI H5, H7 and H9 viruses have been reported by Xiong *et al*[@ref5] in the urban general population in China. ", "The authors estimated the previous or transient asymptomatic and mild infections of AI viruses in the general population. ", "HI assay was used for determining antibody levels in human serum samples. ", "The study reported the absence of antibodies against H5N1 virus and low levels of antibodies to H7N9 virus. ", "The earlier studies from China have shown low levels of antibodies to H5 and H7 viruses in high-risk groups[@ref6][@ref7]. ", "Yin *et al*[@ref13] have reported lack of evidence of human infection with the H7N9 virus in veterinarians in China, using HA-specific ELISA and HI assays.", "\n\nOur earlier study on retrospectively analyzed samples from poultry workers and general population in Pune has shown no evidence of H7N9 virus[@ref14]. ", "The present study has also confirmed the absence of exposure to H7N9 virus among the high-risk human populations in western and north-eastern India. ", "The limitation of the present study was that the study was conducted over a limited period of time. ", "Considering the ongoing transmission of H7N9 virus in Asia, it has been recommended to monitor and investigate clusters of SARI or individual cases of SARI among travellers from affected countries[@ref15]. ", "Strengths of the present study were inclusion of high-risk people by profession, clinical surveillance along with serological surveillance and employment of MN assays. ", "The study population demographic characteristics were similar. ", "However, the study group represented the higher risk of infections than the veterinarians because of work environment and practices of poultry workers.", "\n\nIn conclusion, an emergence of a novel avian-origin influenza A H7N9 virus in China has caused concern in the neighbouring countries. ", "However, the limited surveillance of H7N9 virus conducted among poultry workers as a high-risk group in western and north-eastern India revealed the absence of H7N9 virus infections during 2014.", "\n\nAuthors thank Dr D.T. Mourya, Director, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, for support; Dr Ruben Donis, Influenza Division, CDC, Atlanta, USA, for providing H7N9 virus; Dr A.R. Deoshatawar, R.H. Jagtap, NIV, Pune; Drs Swarup Bakshi, Shweta Mandal, Rajheswar Singh, M.K. Golder, ARD Department for field work; Dr Biswa Ranjan Satpathi, Director, Dr Kamalakanti Pati, Jt. ", "Director, Health Services and State Health Officials, Government of West Bengal; Health Officials, Pune, and Pimpri-Chichwad Municipal Corporation for permission and support. ", "The study was partially funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research, Government of India and Supplemental Funding from CDC, Atlanta, USA, under the Cooperative Agreement No. ", "5U51IP000333CDC.", "\n\n***Conflicts of Interest:*** None.", "\n" ]

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[ "---\nname: Soumya Choubey\ninstitution: Government Engineering College ,Raipur,Chhattisgarh,India\nprofile_pic: Soumya.jpg\nquote: Engineering Teaches Us Everything Except Engineering. ", "Welcome to the world of Generalist batch 2020!", "\ngithub_user: SoumyaChoubey\n---\n" ]

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[ "name: Bundler Tools\ndescription: \nprojects:\n - appraisal\n - bundler-auto-update\n - bundler-console\n - guard-bundler\n - noexec\n - rubygems-bundler\n - spitball\n" ]

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[ "Frequently Asked\n\nQuestions\n\nFrequently Asked\n\nQuestions\n\nPlease Wait\n\nFAQs\n\nIn the credit card world, an authorized transaction can be reversed. ", "This may happen, for example, when a fraudulent transaction has been charged against a customer's account, and the customer disputes the transaction. ", "To avoid chargebacks, many merchants perform checks before accepting a transaction and refuse to accept it if suspicious. ", "Sometimes blocked transactions are actually legitimate, and so this practice has the negative effect of preventing valid customers from completing their purchase. ", "This type of chargeback does not occur with Interac Online Payment. ", "The financial institution authorizes each payment, and guarantees payment to the merchant." ]

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[ "Oxopentanoic acid\n\nOxopentanoic acid may refer to:\n\n Levulinic acid (4-oxopentanoic acid)\n 3-Oxopentanoic acid" ]

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[ "\n\n\n\nMicrosft is to be seizing a window of opportunity after its rival Zoom struggle to take care of its userbase, after recently discovered security and privacy issues. ", "the continued troubles have caused NYC to ban inf favor of Microsoft Teams across its 2000 schools.", "\n\nAlthough Skype remains a shadow of the former self due to the platform's mismanagement by Microsoft, the new \"Meet Now\" app arrives at the right time for a number of users looking to host and attend meetings remotely as Zoom halts its feature development and admits that they had access to non-public calls.", "\n\nUsers on desktop can join calls through the Skype app or its web-based client as long as there are employing a chromium-based browser. ", "mobile phone users also can join but as guests as they need to skype on their phones" ]

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[ "Graphic : Rebecca Fassola\n\nBook Review B+ The Outsider Publisher Scribner Author Stephen King\n\nStephen King’s The Outsider is in many ways a throwback novel, a creature feature that seems ripped from his ’80s heyday, his pulpiest book since perhaps Cell, but a work undeniably founded in today’s fears. ", "Ostensibly centered around a shapeshifting Pennywise-like murderer of children, its darkest threats are less fantastical and defeatable than uncontainable and unnervingly mundane. ", "King’s real subjects here are a world spinning out of control, the dangers of people who refuse to see the truth, and the rotting of a society in moral decay, like a supernatural No Country For Old Men. ", "It seems significant that a character is threatened not with death, but with cancer, this world’s condition made manifest in the flesh. ", "It seems more significant that twice we’re taken to locations where a ghastly event has occurred. ", "One of them is graffitied with a swastika, the other with TRUMP MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN TRUMP. ", "Well, don’t monstrous times deserve a monster of their own?", "\n\nShifting the action from King’s beloved Maine to an unholy Bible Belt, The Outsider opens with the discovery of a brutal crime: a child who was slaughtered, raped, and partially eaten. ", "The only silver lining for the Oklahoma cops investigating the case is its apparent open-and-shut quality—there are witnesses, fingerprints, and DNA evidence, all of which directly implicate the small town’s beloved Little League coach. ", "The only complicating factor is his airtight alibi, which can only be explained—or not explained, rather—by his being in two places at once. ", "It’s an example of genuinely alternative facts, in that both stories seem provably right, a contradiction that no one is able to grapple with.", "\n\n\nWhat’s remarkable and deeply pleasurable about the book is the way King slowly builds this world out. ", "He may be tilling genre ground that’s similar to early blockbusters like Pet Sematary and It, but he’s doing so with the patience and maturity that’s marked the elder statesman stage of his career. ", "He doesn’t tell a scary story so much as arrive at one; he takes the time to consider the rippling effects of violence on victims, and it isn’t until the book is significantly over that he even leaves his main characters to shade in what else is going on.", "\n\nAt the same time, here is the creepy King we grew up with, his grindhouse instincts firmly intact. ", "Old-school fans who prefer his down-and-dirty-pillows work to his more literary output will greet this as one of his strongest in years. ", "It certainly is from the point of view of pure plotting; King has become so adept at structure that multiple times you get that all-too-rare story satisfaction, as a key piece of information you absorbed without realizing it suddenly reveals its significance.", "\n\n\nAll of these strengths are enough to offset some of the book’s weaker qualities. ", "King’s premise is so engaging that there’s a bit of a downshift in enjoyment when the mystery section turns into suspense, and then again when suspense turns to action. ", "The Outsider itself, who also recalls Randall Flagg and the shit-weasels of Dreamcatcher (one sequence here, set during a bout of diarrhea, nearly justifies his impulse to write that misfire), finally emerges as a bit of a letdown, more compelling when talked about than in its onscreen moments. ", "And as much as a pageturner as this is, it isn’t one of King’s scariest.", "\n\nThere’s also King’s, shall we say, generous view toward his characters, his way of making them so distinct that they become distracting. ", "Conversations unnaturally include exchanges that explain jokes or underline references. ", "Some characters use invented slang while others with no other literary inclinations are liable to quote poetry or reveal thematically relevant memories to near-strangers. ", "It’s just not convincing that a modest and quiet woman would use the verb “splooge” here, or that she would refer to life being “poopy” after an attack.", "\n\n\nOf course, these things all come with the territory when it comes to King; they’re as much a part of the fun of his prose as they are a part of the problem. ", "And despite some rough edges, he really has given pop culture a near-unending parade of memorable moments and characters. ", "That tradition continues here, notably with a novice private investigator whose encyclopedic movie knowledge comes in unexpectedly handy (she’s introduced watching Stanley Kubrick’s Paths Of Glory. “", "Better than The Shining,” she declares). ", "He’s not saying that pop culture is going to save the world, but writing books that are this easy to devour nearly makes the case for him." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nTrouble on using multiple class object instances?", "\n\nI am using Ruby on Rails 3.0.9 and RSpect 2. ", "I am trying to refactoring some spec file in the following way (in order to test with less code similar User class object attribute values):\nlet(:user1) { Factory(:user, :users_attribute_a => 'invalid_value') }\nlet(:user2) { Factory(:user, :users_attribute_b => 'invalid_value') }\nlet(:user3) { Factory(:user, :users_attribute_c => 'invalid_value') }\n\n[ user1, user2, user3 ].each do |user|\n ...\nend\n\nHowever, if I run the above test I get the following error:\nundefined local variable or method `user1' for #<Class:0x00000103ddb158> (NameError)\n\nWhat is the problem? ", "How can I solve that?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou need your example code inside of a \"it\" block\ndescribe User do\n\n let(:user1) { Factory(:user, :users_attribute_a => 'invalid_value') }\n let(:user2) { Factory(:user, :users_attribute_b => 'invalid_value') }\n let(:user3) { Factory(:user, :users_attribute_c => 'invalid_value') }\n\n it \"should be whatever\" do\n\n [ user1, user2, user3 ].each do |user|\n ... \n end\n\n end\nend\n\n" ]

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[ "Winter ADA Coordinator Conference\n\nOrlando, FL Jan 28th-29th\n\nAll sessions attended at the conference may be applied as credits toward the ADA Coordinator Training Certification. ", "All Foundation courses for the\nTitle II Certification will be are offered .", "\nHear top expert session speakers from the U.S. Dept. ", "of Justice, U.S. Access-Board, and National Network of ADA Centers.", "\n\nNew this year: The ACTCP introduces our Title III Business Certificate.", "\nThis is a great opportunity of those that are in charge of ADA issues in private business.", "\nThis certificate will include training sessions on facility access, website access, customer service, employment issues, and more.", "\n\nHere are the rules to earn this certificate:\n\nAs an attendee, if you already have earned the ACTCP Title II Certification you would need to attend all “D” sessions on day two. ", "That's it.", "\nThere is no exam and no online courses after the conference. ", "Just attend the \"D\" sessions and you will earn the certificate.", "\n\nIf you have not earned the Title II Certification prior to the conference you would need to attend the 2010 Standards for Accessible Design (1 and 2) session on Day 1\nand then all the “D” sessions on Day 2. ", "If you can show us that they have previously taken the 2010 Standards prior to the conference then you would not have to repeat it.", "\n\nAs an introductory offer for the 2019 Winter ADA Coordinator Conference only, those attending may earn this certificate at no extra charge.", "\n\nThe ADA Coordinator Training Certification Program is offered through theUniversity of Missouri- College of Human and Environmental Sciences, School of Architectural Studies\nand the Great Plains ADA Center." ]

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[ "Infections acquired in the hospital account for major causes of death, morbidity, functional disability, emotional suffering and economic burden among the hospitalized patients.([@CIT1]) These nosocomial infections (NI) occur among 7-12% of the hospitalized patients globally with more than 1.4 million people suffering from the infectious complications acquired in the hospital.([@CIT2]) The issue is further complicated by the emergence of polyantimicrobial resistant strains of hospital pathogens. ", "The microbes have developed the ability to elude the best antimicrobial agents and to counter-attack with new survival strategies that has made the spread of NI easier, and the control even more difficult. ", "Evidence-based antimicrobial prescription policy could help curb the problem; however, surveillance of nosocomial infections is an essential pre-requisite. ", "Differences in the hospital settings preclude the generlistion of results from a hospital to the other hospitals.([@CIT3][@CIT4])\n\nA prospective study was, therefore, undertaken in a medical college hospital in Goa to estimate the incidence of Nosocomial infections in the medical and surgery wards, and also to study the antimicrobial susceptibility of the hospital isolates.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods {#sec1-1}\n=====================\n\nA prospective study among 498 in-patients, with the hospital stay of more than 48 h in the selected medical and surgical wards of the apex medical teaching institution in Goa, was undertaken during June-December 2005. ", "The patients were followed-up clinico-bacteriologically until they were discharged, or until death during hospitalization or the development of NI. ", "The specific nosocomial infections were diagnosed as per the criteria laid by the Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Atlanta.([@CIT5]) Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by the Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method. ", "For those with positive culture reports, repeat culture was made weekly, till discharge for an evidence of new infection. ", "Those with the similar isolates with the same antibiogram at subsequent cultures were reported to have a single episode of infection. ", "Isolation of more than two organisms from a sample was considered as an evidence of contamination, and the repeat sample was collected. ", "The antimicrobial sensitivity was tested to the following antibiotics as per the relevance: amoxycillin, augmentin (amoxycillin with clavulinic acid), methicillin, tetracycline, co-trimoxazole, roxithromycin, azithromycin, oxacillin, chloremphenicol, amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, netromycin, carbenicillin, teicoplenin, cefadroxyl, cefuroxime, cefoperazone, magnex (cefoperazone with sulbactam), ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, ceftazidime, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, furazolidone, rifampicin, vancomycin, and levofloxacin.", "\n\nIncidence of NI was expressed as infection percentage([@CIT6]) (number of patients infected per 100 patients), infection rate([@CIT6]) (number of episodes of NI per 100 patients) and incidence-density.([@CIT7])\n\nObservations and Discussion {#sec1-2}\n===========================\n\nOf the 498 patients, 103 developed 169 episodes of NI. ", "Thus the overall infection percentage was 20.68 ± 3.56%, and infection rate of 33.93 ± 4.16 infections per 100 patients. ", "The overall incidence-density was estimated to be 40.66 ± 7.85 infections per 1000 patient-days. ", "Urinary tract infection was the most common NI (26.63%), followed by surgical site infection (23.67%), wound infection (23%) and nosocomial pneumonia (18.34%). ", "Nosocomial phlebitis and septicemia, respectively, accounted for 4.73% and 3.55% of the total NI.", "\n\nTwo hundred and seventeen biological samples of blood, urine, sputum, pus, wound swabs, and intravenous catheter tips were sent for microbiological assessment during the study period, out of which 164 revealed positive culture reports; the rest five cases showing clinical evidence of NI. ", "In all, 232 isolates were cultured from 164 microbiologically positive cases of NI. ", "Of these, six (2.6%) were fungal while the remaining 226 (97.4%) were bacterial isolates. [", "Table 1](#T0001){ref-type=\"table\"} details the five common isolates from the different sites of NI.", "\n\n###### \n\nFive common isolates from the different sites of nosocomial infections\n\n Site of Nl Urinary infection Pneumonia Surgical site infection Skin/soft tissue infection Septicemia Phlebitis\n ------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ --------------------------------- ------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------\n Isolates *E. coli* (49.1%) *Pseudo. ", "aeruginosa* (47.0%) *Pseudo. ", "aeruginosa* (22.9%) *Pseudo. ", "aeruginosa* (29.4%) *Pseudo. ", "aeruginosa* (57.1%) *Citro. ", "diversus* (57.1%)\n *Pseudo. ", "aeruginosa* (12.7%) *Aceineto. ", "baumanii* (17. ", "7%) Steph. *", "aureus* (19.7%) Steph. *", "aureus* (23.5%) *Citro.* ", "diversus (28.6%) Others[†](#TF0001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} (14.3%)\n Klebsiella (12.7%) Steph. *", "aureus* (14.7%) *Aceineto. ", "baumanii* (14.7%) *Aceineto. ", "baumani* (16.2%) *Aceineto. ", "baumani* (14.3%) \\-\n Candida (10.9%) Klebsiella (8.8%) Klebsiella (13.1%) *E. coli*(11.8%) \\- \\-\n *Aceineto. ", "baumanii*(5.5%) Others[\\*](#TF0002){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} (2.9%) *E. coli* (11.5%) *Aceineto. ", "colcoaceticus*(8.8%) \\- \\-\n\nOthers include one isolate each of *P. aemginosa, S. pyogenes* and C. *frenudii*\n\nOthers include one isolate each of *E. coli, C. freundii*, Proteus and Group D streptococci\n\nMore than 80% of the NIs were caused by the Gram-negative Bacteria (GNB). *", "Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Aceinetobacter baumanii* and *Staphylococcus aureus* together constituted more than 70% of the isolates. ", "Increasing importance of GNB in NI has been commented on by a number of investigators.([@CIT8][@CIT9]) *Escherichia coli* was the most common isolate from the cases of urinary tract infection. ", "While *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* dominated the bacteriology of nosocomial pneumonia, surgical site infection, skin and soft tissue infection and septicemia; *Citrobacter diversus* was most commonly implicated in the causation of nosocomial phlebitis. ", "This observation is consistent with the findings of other researchers.([@CIT9]) [Table 2](#T0002){ref-type=\"table\"} depicts the nosocomial isolates (fungal isolates excluded) and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.", "\n\n###### \n\nNosocomial isolates and their antibiotic susceptibility[\\*](#TF0003){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}\n\n Organisms Total Resistant to all[†](#TF0004){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} Sensitive to Amikacin Sensitive to Magnex[‡](#TF0005){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} Sensitive to Others[§](#TF0006){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} \n -------------------------------- ------- --------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ ---- ------- ---- --------\n *Pseudomonas* 62 48 77.42 6 9.68 11 17.74 1 1.61\n *E. coli* 43 35 81.39 7 16.28 5 11.63 0 0.00\n *Staphylococcus aureus* 35 18 51.43 3 8.57 1 2.86 17 48.57\n *Aceinetobacter baumanii* 30 22 73.33 0 0.00 8 26.77 1 33.33\n *Klebsiella* 21 14 66.67 7 33.33 5 23.81 0 0.00\n *Citrobacter diversus* 14 12 85.71 2 14.28 2 14.30 0 0.00\n *Citrobacter freundii* 8 2 25.00 1 12.50 6 75.00 0 0.00\n *Aceinetobacter colcoaceticus* 8 4 50.00 0 0.00 4 50.00 0 0.00\n *Proteus mirabilis* 4 3 75.00 1 25.00 1 25.00 0 0.00\n Group D *Streptococci* 1 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 100.00\n Total 226 158 69.91 27 11.95 43 19.03 20 8.84\n\nThe table refers to only 226 bacterial isolates\n\nAll the antibiotics for which susceptibility was tested,\n\nMagnex-cefoperazone sulbactam combination\n\nOthers include Methicillin, Rifampicin, co-trimoxazole, Teicoplenin, Vancomycin\n\nOne hundred and fifty-eight (69.9%) isolates were resistant to all the antibiotics for which susceptibility was tested, 11.9% were sensitive to amikacin, 19% were sensitive to cefoperazone-sulbactam, and 8.84% sensitive to other antibiotics including methicillin, co-trimoxazole, teicoplenin, vancomycin and rifampicin. ", "The categories sensitive to amikacin and sensitive to cefoperazone-sulbactam are not mutually exclusive ones, as 7.5% (17 of 226) of the isolates were sensitive to both amikacin and cefoperazone-sulbactam. ", "Maximum sensitivity was thus demonstrated to cefoperazone-sulbactam, followed by amikacin. ", "Increased sensitivity of hospital pathogens to cefoperazone-sulbactam and amikacin, admist widespread antimicrobial resistance has been reported in few studies.([@CIT3][@CIT8][@CIT10])\n\nAmong the *Staphylococcus aureus* 28.6% (10/35) were sensitive to methicillin, implying the proportion of methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus* (MRSA) to be 71.4%. ", "Other studies in India have quoted the prevalence of MRSA ranging from 54.8%([@CIT11]) to 80.89%.([@CIT12]) Among the sensitive isolates of *Staphylococcus aureus* 88.2% were sensitive to vancomycin, and all were sensitive to teicoplenin. ", "Emergence of glycopeptide-resistance among *Staphylococcus aureus* has been described by several researchers.([@CIT9])\n\nInappropriate use of antibiotics and consequent selective antibiotic pressure has been incriminated in the genesis of the antibiotic resistant strains in the literature.([@CIT9][@CIT13][@CIT14]) [Figure 1](#F0001){ref-type=\"fig\"} depicts the correlation between the specific antibiotic usage in the study wards and the proportion of the isolates resistant to the antibiotic. ", "Antibiotics were prescribed among 72% of the total study subjects; however no attempt was made to probe in to the rationality and appropriateness of the antibiotic prescription.", "\n\n{#F0001}\n\nIt is observed that the antibiotics with maximum sensitivity were the ones that were rarely prescribed. ", "An observation similar to this was made with respect to the antimicrobial resistance among *E. coli* in a tertiary hospital in New Delhi, India.([@CIT15]) The observation reinforces the fact that selective antibiotic pressure escalates the drug resistance and forms a sound basis for the recommending the 'cycling of antibiotics'.([@CIT16]) This technique alternates the formulary of antimicrobials between drug classes every couple of months and theoretically reduces the selective pressures of one antimicrobial class.", "\n\nConclusion {#sec1-3}\n==========\n\nHigh incidence of NIs and the aetiological role played by the polyantimicrobial resistant strains of micro-organisms calls for the revival of the activities of the Infection Control Committee in the hospital. ", "Meticulous surveillance of NIs including the surveillance of hospital isolates and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns could help in formulation of an evidence-based antibiotic policy. ", "It has been stated that antibiotic prescriptions in teaching hospitals, worldwide, are inappropriate in 41-91% of instances.([@CIT16]) Frequent antimicrobial audit and qualitative research could give an insight in to the current antibiotic prescription practices and the factors governing the same. ", "Regular dissemination of the surveillance information to the health care professionals, feedback from them, and timely corrective actions shall forge a final link in the surveillance cycle.", "\n\n**Source of Support:** Nil\n\n**Conflict of Interest:** None declared.", "\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to correctly handle this IOException?", "\n\npublic void tokenize(){\n // attempt creating a reader for the input\n reader = this.newReader();\n\n while((line = reader.readLine())!=null){\n tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(line);\n while(tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()){\n toke = (tokenizer.nextToken().trim());\n this.tokenType(toke);\n //System.out.println(this.tokenType(toke));\n } \n\n }\n}\n\nprivate BufferedReader newReader(){\n try {//attempt to read the file\n reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(\"Input.txt\")); \n }\n\n catch(FileNotFoundException e){\n System.out.println(\"File not found\");\n }\n catch(IOException e){\n System.out.println(\"I/O Exception\");\n }\n return reader;\n}\n\nI thought I had handled it within newReader() but it appears to be unreachable. ", "Eclipse recommends a throws but I don't understand what that's doing, or if it's even solving the problem?", "\nAppreciate the help!", "\n\nA:\n\nIf you don't know how to handle an IOException in this method, then it means that it's not the responsibility of the method to handle it, and it should thus be thrown by the method. ", "\nThe reader should be closed in this method, though, since this method opens it:\npublic void tokenize() throws IOException {\n BufferedReader reader = null;\n try {\n // attempt creating a reader for the input\n reader = this.newReader();\n ...\n }\n finally {\n if (reader !", "= null) {\n try {\n reader.close();\n }\n catch (IOException e) {\n // nothing to do anymore: ignoring\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nAlso, note that unless your class is itself a kind of Reader wrapping another reader, and thus has a close method, the reader shouldn't be an instance field. ", "It should be a local variable as shown in my example.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Effect of aging on neuroglobin expression in rodent brain.", "\nNeuroglobin (Ngb), a recently discovered O2-binding heme protein related to hemoglobin and myoglobin, protects neurons from hypoxic-ischemic injury in vitro and in vivo. ", "In immunostained mouse brain sections, we found widespread expression of Ngb protein in neurons, but not astrocytes, of several brain regions that are prominently involved in age-related neurodegenerative disorders. ", "Western blots from young adult (3 month), middle-aged (12 month), and aged (24 month) rats showed an age-related decline in Ngb expression in cerebral neocortex, hippocampus, caudate-putamen, and cerebellum. ", "Loss of this neuroprotective protein may have a role in increasing susceptibility to age-related neurological disorders." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Ads\n\n6 Great Actors Who Went from ‘Harry Potter’ to ‘Game of Thrones’\n\nAdvertisements\n\nHarry Potter movies, with all their magic and the Game of Thrones TV show with the dragons and the white walkers may sound like they have a lot of things in common, when really they’re entirely different worlds. ", "But this doesn’t mean that the actors can’t appear in both series, linking Westeros and Hogwarts worlds even further. ", "All we need is Emilia Clarke playing some accountant, or Peter Dinklage as pretty much anyone, in the upcoming “Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them”,\nHere are just a few, more impactful, actors who have appeared in both series, as listing them all might literally take hours!", "\n\nMichelle Fairley was Hermione’s mother in the first part of “Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows”, but “Game of Thrones” fans might recognize her as Catelyn Stark.", "\n\nNatalia Tena is the amazing Nymphadora Tonks in the “Harry Potter” movies. ", "In the GoT, however she played the fan-favorite wildling Osha. ", "I really miss Osha." ]

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[ "JP-A-2009-52630 (Patent Literature 1), for example, discloses a conventional in-wheel motor driving device 101.", "\nAs shown in FIG. ", "15, the in-wheel motor driving device 101 includes a casing 102 which is attached to a vehicle body; a motor section 103 which is placed therein and generates a driving force; a wheel hub bearing section 104 which is connected to a wheel; and a speed reducer section 105 which reduces rotation of the motor section 103 and transmits the rotation to the wheel hub bearing section 104.", "\nIn the in-wheel motor driving device 101 of the above-described construction, a low-torque high-rotation motor is utilized for the motor section 103 in view of reducing the size of the device. ", "On the other hand, the wheel hub bearing section 104 requires a large torque in order to drive the wheel. ", "For these reasons, a cycloid reduction gear system is often utilized for the speed reducer section 105 due to its compactness and high speed-reduction ratio.", "\nThe speed reducer section 105 utilizing a cycloid reduction gear system includes a motor-side rotation member 106 which has eccentric sections 106a, 106b; cycloid discs 107a, 107b which are disposed in the eccentric sections 106a, 106b; roller bearings 106c which rotatably support the cycloid discs 107a, 107b with respect to the motor-side rotation member 106; a plurality of outer pins 108 which make engagement with outer circumferential surfaces of the cycloid discs 107a, 107b to generate rotational movement of the cycloid discs 107a, 107b; and a plurality of inner pins 109 which transmit the rotational movement of the cycloid discs 107a, 107b to a wheel-side rotation member 110.", "\nThe outer pins 108 are not held directly by a casing 102a of the speed reducer section 105, but by an outer pin housing 113 which is provided on an inner diameter surface of the casing 102a. ", "More specifically, two axial end portions of each outer pin are supported rotatably by needle bearings 114 which are fixed to the outer pin housing 113. ", "By making the outer pins 108 rotatable with respect to the outer pin housing 113 in this way, contact resistance caused by engagement with the cycloid discs 107a, 107b is reduced." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Purification and properties of two ribonucleases in different intracellular compartments in pea root tissue.", "\nTwo RNases in bound forms associated with the microsomal membrane and with the ribosomes or unknown particles in pea root tissue were solubilized by subjecting the membrane to sonic oscillation in the presence of EDTA and KC1 and by treating the particles with EDTA, respectively. ", "The RNases were than purified by DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-75 column chromatographies. ", "The elution profiles of RNases from the columns were very similar. ", "No significant differences were observed in their electrophoretic mobilities in polyacrylamide gels, in molecular weight, in activation by inorganic ions, urea or phospholipid micelles or in the dependence of their activities upon pH. The purified RNASES were not different from the bound enzymes as regards activation by inorganic ions and urea and the dependence of the activity upon pH. Triton X-100 stimulated the activity only if RNase was in a bound form associated with the microsomal membrane. ", "We propose that the two RNases may be the same molecular species and differ only in the form of association with intracellular structures." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "\n74 F.Supp.2d 109 (1998)\nOMNIPOINT COMMUNICATIONS ENTERPRISES, INC.", "\nv.\nThe TOWN OF AMHERST, NEW HAMPSHIRE.", "\nCivil No. ", "97-614-JD.", "\nUnited States District Court, D. New Hampshire.", "\nAugust 21, 1998.", "\n*110 Steven E. Grill, Devine, Millimet & Branch, PA, Manchester, NH, for Plaintiff.", "\n*111 Robert D. Ciandella, Donahue, Tucker & Ciandella, Exeter, NH, for Defendant.", "\n\nMEMORANDUM OPINION\nDiCLERICO, District Judge.", "\nThe plaintiff, Omnipoint Communications Enterprises, Inc. (\"Omnipoint\"), brought this action against the defendant, the Town of Amherst, New Hampshire (\"Town\" or \"Amherst\"). ", "The plaintiff alleges that the defendant violated the Telecommunications Act of 1996 (\"TCA\"), Pub.", "L. No. ", "104-104, 110 Stat. ", "56 (1996), in connection with the plaintiff's attempt to locate personal communication service (\"PCS\") facilities in Amherst. ", "Before the court are the defendant's Rule 12 motion (document no. ", "17), the plaintiff's motion for summary judgment (document no. ", "6), and the defendant's cross-motion for summary judgment (document no. ", "20).", "\n\n\nBackground[1]\nOn April 28, 1997, the federal government granted the plaintiff a license to provide PCS services in the New England region, including southern New Hampshire.[2] By the terms of the license, the plaintiff must provide PCS services to 25% of the population in the covered region by April 28, 2002, and 50% of the population in the covered region by April 28, 2007. ", "This lawsuit stems from the defendant's denial of the plaintiff's applications for special exceptions and variances for its proposed PCS system in Amherst.", "\nThe Town of Amherst is a predominately rural community with an historic village that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. ", "Route 101 runs through the Town and is one of the most important travel corridors in New Hampshire. ", "The Town's unique topography limits the available design options for a PCS system that will effectively serve both the residents and commuters on Route 101. ", "Amherst has attempted to preserve its rural character and doing so is a stated goal of Amherst's Master Plan.[3]\nThe TCA was signed into law on February 8, 1996. ", "See Sprint Spectrum L.P. v. Town of Easton, 982 F.Supp. ", "47, 49 (D.Mass.1997). ", "Among its other effects, the TCA imposed limits on the ability of local governments \"to make decisions regarding the placement of wireless communications service facilities within their borders.\" ", "Id. (quoting BellSouth Mobility, Inc. v. Gwinnett County, 944 F.Supp. ", "923, 927 (N.D.Ga.1996)). ", "In an effort to comply with the TCA's requirements, in March 1997, the defendant adopted a warrant article giving the members of the Amherst Board of Selectmen (the \"Selectmen\") authority to use Town property for siting telecommunications facilities. ", "In addition, Amherst adopted a zoning ordinance governing the placement of PCS facilities within the Town.", "\nThe Amherst zoning ordinance does not allow telecommunications towers to be placed anywhere in the Town as of right. ", "It prohibits their siting in four zones, in which towers can only be placed pursuant to a use variance, and provides for their siting in four other zones through the grant of a special exception.[4] In order to *112 qualify for a special exception, an applicant must show that the site satisfies the purpose of the zoning ordinance, which is as follows: \"To prevent the development of a proposed facility in areas that are unsatisfactory and will interfere with the view from any public land, natural scenic vista, historic building or district or major view corridor.\"", "\nIn addition, the zoning ordinance imposes setback requirements for telecommunications towers. ", "Towers must be set back at least five hundred feet from Route 101. ", "They must also be set back a distance equivalent to twice the height of the tower from any residential property line and a distance equivalent to the height of the tower from other kinds of property. ", "In order to place a 190-foot high PCS tower on a lot contiguous to Route 101 and meet the setback requirements, the parcel would have to be a minimum of approximately fourteen-and-one-half acres.[5] For smaller towers, smaller lots could comply with the setback requirements. ", "To be exempted from the setback requirements, a PCS provider must obtain a setback variance.", "\nTo qualify for a variance, an applicant must demonstrate the following factors: (1) failing to grant the variance would cause hardship to the applicant; (2) granting the variance would not violate the spirit and intent of the ordinance; (3) granting the variance would not diminish surrounding property values; (4) granting the variance would result in a benefit to the general public; and (5) granting the variance would result in substantial justice to the applicant.", "\nPursuant to the warrant article, the Selectmen placed a newspaper advertisement soliciting interest from PWS providers who were considering locating a system in Amherst. ", "On or about April 1997, the Selectmen entered negotiations with the plaintiff concerning the construction of PCS towers on Town land. ", "The digital technology used by the plaintiff provides clearer reception than cellular service, but requires that towers be closer together to provide coverage. ", "The plaintiff designed its system with input from the Selectmen to address issues about which they expressed concern. ", "In particular, because the Selectmen sought to avoid a proliferation of towers and to increase Town revenue, the plaintiff increased the height of its proposed towers to allow co-location with other PCS providers. ", "The proposed towers would thus allow up to four other PCS providers to utilize the same towers, and the Town would receive a portion of the revenue from providers co-locating on towers situated on Town owned land.", "\nAfter several months of negotiations, the plaintiff and the Selectmen reached an agreement on a system design that utilized 190-foot-high towers on four sites, three of which were on Town-owned land. ", "On August 27, 1997, the Selectmen and the plaintiff entered leases on the following three Town-owned sites: the Bragdon Farm site, the municipal recycling center site, and the public safety complex site. ", "The plaintiff also planned to utilize the privately owned Christ's Church site for the fourth tower.[6]\nThe Bragdon Farm site consists of 59.3 acres that the Town obtained, in part, with *113 Conservation Commission funds. ", "Approval for a tower on the site under the current zoning ordinance requires a special exception because of its location in the Northern Transition zone. ", "Despite the site's large size, two setback variances are required for the proposed tower site because the defendant requested that the plaintiff locate the tower behind a stand of old growth trees in proximity to the property line to shield the tower from view. ", "The tower could be constructed on the lot without setback variances if it were placed in open fields in the middle of the property, but then it would be more visible.", "\nThe municipal recycling center site consists of twenty-seven acres subject to restrictive covenants prohibiting commercial development over much of the property and containing a capped landfill which cannot support the construction of a tower. ", "Approval for a tower on the site requires a special exception because of its location in the Northern Rural zone. ", "Given the restrictions on the site, options for locating a tower are limited. ", "The proposed tower location requires two setback variances, one from Route 101 and one from an adjacent residence.", "\nThe public safety complex site is located within the Town's Historic District and currently houses the police and fire departments, which use an eighty-five to ninety-foot-high communications tower located on the site. ", "The proposed tower would replace the existing tower and provide an upgrade of the municipal police and fire communications systems funded by the plaintiff. ", "Approval for a PCS tower on the site requires a use variance because of the site's location within the Historic District, where towers are not a permitted use. ", "In addition, the proposed tower location requires setback variances from two lot lines and from Route 101. ", "Finally, the project, like all projects conducted within the Historic District, requires the approval of the Amherst Historic District Commission (\"HDC\").", "\nThe Christ's Church site is a twenty-two acre parcel of irregular shape. ", "Location of a tower on the site requires a special exception because it is located in the Rural Residential zone. ", "The parcel's shape makes it impossible to locate the proposed tower without a setback variance. ", "The initial proposed location invaded setbacks to abutting residences and, at the residents' request, the plaintiff moved the proposed site so that it only requires a setback variance from Route 101.", "\nThe license agreements entered by the plaintiff and the defendant on the Townowned sites contain the following disclaimer:\nThe [defendant] makes no warranties or representations regarding the proposed use and its compliance with local zoning or planning codes. ", "Its is expressly understood that it shall be the sole responsibility of the licensee to procure any and all applicable approvals or permits that may be necessary to construct the contemplated facility on the licensed premises and abutting premises. ", "The licensor shall not be responsible for procuring or assisting the licensee in obtaining the same except to indicate that it has no objection to the granting of the same. ", "However, failure to obtain any permit or approval necessary to construct said tower shall be cause to permit the licensee to declare this agreement terminated on the giving of 30 days written notice.", "\nPl.", "'s Mem. ", "of Law in Supp. ", "of Mot. ", "for Summ. ", "J., Gawelek Aff., ", "Exs. ", "3-5, Section 24. ", "Despite the fact that they were not required to do so, the Selectmen sent a letter to the ZBA expressing their support of the plaintiff's applications for the system as designed.", "\nOn September 3, 1997, the plaintiff submitted an application for the public safety complex site to the HDC. ", "On September 4, 1997, the plaintiff submitted applications for the required special exceptions and variances on all four sites to the Amherst *114 Zoning Board of Adjustment (\"ZBA\").[7] On September 15, 1997, the HDC conferred in a non-public session. ", "According to the plaintiff, it determined at this point to oppose the public safety complex application.", "\nThe ZBA met on September 16, 1997. ", "ZBA Member Rowe moved that the matter be deferred until December, so that more information could be obtained, but this proposal was defeated.[8] The plaintiff made a presentation to explain and support its applications. ", "It discussed the sites and the permits needed for each site, answering questions from the ZBA members, who requested further information. ", "The meeting was then opened for public comment. ", "Eventually, the hearing was suspended until the October meeting.", "\nThe HDC met in public session on September 18, 1997. ", "The plaintiff assumed, in keeping with the normal practice of the HDC, that its HDC application would not be acted upon at that time because the ZBA had not acted upon the underlying applications. ", "For that reason, the plaintiff did not attend the HDC meeting. ", "At the meeting, however, the HDC denied the plaintiff's request for approval to install a tower at the public safety complex site without the benefit of a presentation by the plaintiff. ", "The HDC members authored a letter to the ZBA indicating their \"unanimous opposition to the erection of a communications tower\" at the public safety complex site. ", "Pl.", "'s Mem. ", "of Law in Opp'n to Mot. ", "to Dismiss, Ex. ", "A. The HDC denial was predicated on members' determination that the proposed tower \"would not be visually appropriate,\" could not be screened from view, would be \"totally out of scale with anything else\" in the Historic District, and would not \"preserve the distinctive character and integrity of the district.\" ", "Id.; Gawelek Aff., ", "Ex. ", "12.", "\nThe ZBA met again on October 21, 1997. ", "In addition to the prior applications, the plaintiff sought an appeal from the HDC's denial relating to the public safety complex site. ", "The plaintiff provided additional information that had been requested at the September meeting and made a further presentation of the benefits of its plan. ", "ZBA Member Kirkwood raised the possibility that the plaintiff might better meet the goals of the Amherst Master Plan by having more, smaller towers. ", "ZBA Member Rowe asked about whether the applications met the Warrant Article requirements for being seen from the \"natural scenic vista, historic building or district or major view corridor\" and whether the proposed towers were compatible with the Master Plan. ", "The meeting was opened for additional public comment and because the matter was not concluded, the hearing was continued until the ZBA's November meeting.", "\nThe ZBA met again on November 18, 1997. ", "ZBA Chairman Buchanan opened the subject of the applications by noting that the ZBA had received more information on the plaintiff's proposals than on any other project in town, noting that the ZBA had received petitions with almost two hundred signatures requesting that alternatives be found to towers, and requesting that public comment be limited to new issues not discussed in previous meetings. ", "After extensive additional public comment, at the end of the meeting the ZBA found that the applications constituted a regional impact pursuant to the New Hampshire regional impact statute, N.H.Rev.", "Stat. ", "Ann. (\"", "RSA\") § 36:56 (Supp.1997), and deferred deliberation and decision on the applications until the December *115 meeting to allow input on the regional impact issue. ", "The ZBA announced that there would be no further presentation by the plaintiff and no further public testimony.", "\nThe plaintiff filed its initial complaint in this action on December 8, 1997. ", "It alleged a violation of the TCA based on the defendant's delay in deciding on its applications. ", "The ZBA met again on December 16, 1997. ", "At that time, it briefly discussed the issue of regional impact and began deliberations on the applications. ", "ZBA Member Rowe submitted typewritten motions that had been prepared prior to the meeting that recommended the denial of all the applications. ", "The applications, including the appeal from the HDC decision, were all denied unanimously. ", "At the time, the written record included the minutes of the meetings, the motions prepared by ZBA Member Rowe, and various materials submitted both by the plaintiff and by members of the public.", "\nOn January 2, 1998, the plaintiff amended its complaint to encompass the ZBA's denial of its applications. ", "It also requested that the ZBA reconsider its denial of the applications and grant a rehearing. ", "On January 8, 1998, the plaintiff moved for summary judgment. ", "The ZBA held a special hearing on January 12, 1998, at which it decided to let the plaintiff address points raised in the application for rehearing.", "\nOn February 17, 1998, the ZBA held the rehearing of the plaintiff's applications. ", "The plaintiff elected not to adduce additional evidence in support of its application, pointing out that the ZBA had not addressed any additional questions to it and resting on the record that had been developed. ", "The ZBA expressed dissatisfaction that the plaintiff had sought a rehearing and failed to come forward with more information. ", "It then accepted additional evidence from the public.", "\nPublic comment on the applications over the course of the meetings was, on balance, overwhelmingly negative and expressed numerous concerns. ", "Among other issues, residents questioned the appropriateness of the applications, expressed a desire to delay the applications and slow down the process, expressed concern about a possible diminution of the value of surrounding property, questioned whether Amherst residents needed the towers or whether the plaintiff was merely attempting to serve the transient commuters on Route 101, and expressed a preference that the plaintiff employ either a different technology entirely or a means of making the proposed towers less obtrusive. ", "The plaintiff attempted to respond to these concerns. ", "For example, in response to a suggestion that the plaintiff use shorter \"artificial tree\" type towers which would be less visually obtrusive, the plaintiff responded that this would defeat the goal of colocation espoused by the Selectmen and cause a proliferation of towers, which it believed the Town did not want. ", "In many instances, the plaintiff indicated that the alternatives requested by residents were not technologically feasible for deployment in Amherst given its topography.[9]\nOne serious point of contention concerned the issue of whether the proposed towers would have a deleterious effect on surrounding property values. ", "The plaintiff commissioned a study of property values in other communities by Craft Appraisal Associates, Ltd. The study indicated that although the limited data made it difficult to draw reliable conclusions, there was no evidence of decreased property values because of towers in other communities, no appraiser had lowered an appraisal because of a nearby tower, and no resident had asked for an abatement of real estate taxes because of the installation of a tower in the vicinity. ", "In response, Amherst real *116 estate brokers submitted letters criticizing the results of the study and opining, based on their experience and common sense, that the existence of towers would have a negative effect on surrounding property values.", "\nOn March 5, 1998, the ZBA deliberated on the motion for rehearing. ", "On March 16, 1998, it issued its final denial to the plaintiff with a more extensive written opinion that incorporated the initial, shorter denial. ", "The ZBA found generally that the plaintiff had failed adequately to support its applications, to research other technologies, or to demonstrate that the proposed towers were anything more than the most financially expedient solution for the plaintiff. ", "It also found that the plaintiff's primary interest was in providing service \"for the transient public along the Route 101 corridor, and in such a way that minimizes its cost and maximizes its profit without consideration to spirit and provisions [sic] of the Amherst Zoning Ordinance.\" ", "Def.", "'s Objection to Pl.", "'s Mot. ", "for Summ. ", "J., Ex. ", "2D, Attach. ", "1 (\"Decision\"), at 12. ", "The ZBA also criticized and rejected the conclusion of Craft Appraisal's report opining that there would be no diminution of property values connected with the towers. ", "By \"applying the Board's common sense\" to the conflicting evidence on this point, the ZBA concluded that the towers would have a detrimental effect on nearby residential property. ", "Id. at 10.", "\nThe written opinion also made findings with respect to the specific sites proposed. ", "With respect to the Bragdon Farm site, the ZBA made the following findings: no evidence in the record established that this area is not suitable for uses for which it is currently zoned; no evidence in the record established that a tower cannot be placed within the setback requirements of the site; the proposed tower would be visible from various roads in Amherst and Bedford, including Route 101; the proposed tower did not \"meet the spirit and intent of the Amherst Master Plan to maintain the rural character of the northern entrance to the Town\"; and the proposed tower would be contrary to the specific intent of the zoning ordinance to \"prevent the development of a proposed facility in areas that are unsatisfactory and will interfere with the view from any public land, natural scenic vista, historic building or district or major view corridor.\" ", "Id. at 5. ", "With respect to the municipal recycling center site, the ZBA found that the applications lacked detail and that the land is suitable for the use for which it is zoned and currently used, a municipal landfill. ", "With respect to the public safety complex site, the ZBA made the following findings: the site can be and is used for purposes other than the requested tower; the plaintiff failed to present evidence that a denial of the variance renders the property unsuitable for any permitted use; the plaintiff failed to present evidence that the spirit and intent of the Master Plan would be maintained by the grant of the variance; the tower would be visible from locations within and outside the Historic District; the plaintiff failed to present evidence that the proposed tower meets the objective of maintaining the rural character of the Town by siting facilities where they will not interfere with the view of public and private land; the plaintiff failed to demonstrate that the proposed tower would not cause a diminution in the value of the surrounding property; \"[t]he tower configuration is found not to be in the public interest\" because \"the Town has spent significant funds maintaining the rural and attractive entrance to, and character of the Town, along Route 101\" which would be undermined by the proposed tower; and \"[c]onflicting evidence was offered regarding whether technology is available to allow telecommunications facilities to be installed in Amherst in keeping with the Town ordinances.", "\"[10]Id. ", "at 8. ", "With respect *117 to the Christ's Church site, the ZBA found that the applications failed to establish that the proposed site was unsuitable for permitted uses and that the proposed tower would be visible from Route 101.", "\nThe rationale of the ZBA's rejection of the proposed towers is best exemplified by the following statement:\nSiting of these enormous towers in full view of the traveling and local populace would adversely impact the general welfare of the Town and particularly the residents nearby. ", "These behemoths would be a blight upon a pastoral and rural area which has been and hopefully will continue to be a source of comfort and relaxation for its inhabitants who have chosen to live in and maintain this scenic and bucolic atmosphere.", "\nId., Attach. ", "A, at 4. ", "The ZBA's denial seems to indicate that the plaintiff must screen any proposed towers entirely from view, establish that the only viable use for a parcel is as a site for a PCS tower, and prove that a tower would not cause a diminution in surrounding property values in order to secure approval of future PCS tower applications.", "\nOn March 27, 1998, the plaintiff filed a second amended complaint extending its claims of a TCA violation to the ZBA's denial on rehearing. ", "Since that time, the defendant has filed both a Rule 12 motion and a cross-motion for summary judgment.", "\n\nDiscussion\nThe TCA was signed into law on February 8, 1996. ", "See Sprint Spectrum L.P. v. Town of Easton, 982 F.Supp. ", "47, 49 (D.Mass.1997). ", "It was passed\nin order to provide a pro-competitive, deregulatory national policy framework designed to accelerate rapidly private sector deployment of advanced telecommunications and information technologies and services to all Americans by opening all telecommunications markets to competition. ", "More specifically, with this Act, Congress had tried to stop local authorities from keeping wireless providers tied up in the hearing process.", "\nThe legislative history evidences clear Congressional intent to take down the barriers to telecommunications....\nRecognizing that such sweeping changes in the industry may be met with resistance, federal lawmakers limited the ability of state and local officials to delay implementation of the TCA. ", "Specifically, Section 704 of the TCA states that actions taken by State or local governments shall not prohibit, or have the effect of prohibiting, the placement, construction or modification of personal wireless services.", "\nId. at 49-50 (quotations, citations, and alterations omitted).", "\nSubsection 7 of 47 U.S.C. § 332 is captioned \"Preservation of local zoning authority.\" ", "See 47 U.S.C.A. § 332(7) (West Supp.1998). ", "It provides, in relevant part, as follows:\n(A) General Authority\nExcept as provided in this paragraph, nothing in this chapter shall limit or affect the authority of a State or local government or instrumentality thereof over decisions regarding the placement, construction, and modification of personal wireless service facilities.", "\n(B) Limitations\n(i) The regulation of the placement, construction, and modification of personal wireless service facilities by any State or local government or instrumentality thereof —\n(I) shall not unreasonably discriminate among providers of functionally equivalent services; and\n(II) shall not prohibit or have the effect of prohibiting the provision of personal wireless services.", "\n(ii) A State or local government or instrumentality thereof shall act on any request for authorization to place, construct, or modify personal wireless service facilities within a reasonable period of time after the request is duly filed *118 with such government or instrumentality, taking into account the nature and scope of such request.", "\n(iii) Any decision by a State or local government or instrumentality thereof to deny a request to place, construct, or modify personal wireless service facilities shall be in writing and supported by substantial evidence contained in a written record.", "\n....\n47 U.S.C.A. § 332(c)(7)(A)-(B) (West Supp. ", "1998). ", "Although Congress in section A purportedly preserved local governmental authority over placement, construction, and modification decisions, that authority is clearly curtailed by the provisions of section B. The TCA works sweeping changes in local zoning authority because it \"clearly preempts any state regulations `which conflict with its provisions.'\" ", "Lucas v. Planning Board of LaGrange, No. ", "98 CIV. ", "0862(CLB), 1998 WL 261566, at *9-10 (S.D.N.Y. May 19, 1998) (holding provisions of New York State Environmental Quality Review Act invalid as preempted by TCA) (quoting Easton, 982 F.Supp. ", "at 50). ", "Although the precise dimensions of the TCA's general statutory prohibitions have not been defined, the TCA undoubtedly prohibits certain acts such as the adoption of successive moratoria to effectively deny applications, see Sprint Spectrum L.P. v. Jefferson County, 968 F.Supp. ", "1457, 1468 (N.D.Ala.1997), and the denial of applications based only on generalized concerns, see, e.g., Easton, 982 F.Supp. ", "at 52; BellSouth Mobility Inc. v. Gwinnett County, 944 F.Supp. ", "923, 928 (N.D.Ga.1996).", "\nDespite the statute's relatively recent enactment, a number of district courts have considered its application. ", "See, e.g., AT & T Wireless PCS, Inc. v. Winston-Salem Zoning Bd. ", "of Adjustment, No. ", "1:97CVO1246, 1998 WL 337748 (M.D.N.C. June 12, 1998), stay denied by 1998 WL 409382 (M.D.N.C. July 17, 1998); Omnipoint Communications, Inc. v. Zoning Hr'g Bd. ", "of East Pennsboro Township, 4 F.Supp.2d 366 (M.D.Pa.1998); Gearon & Co. v. Fulton County, No. ", "CIV. ", "A.1:97CV3231WBH, 1998 WL 292095 (N.D.Ga. ", "Apr. 23, 1998); Cellco Partnership v. Town Plan and Zoning Comm'n of Farmington, 3 F.Supp.2d 178, 1998 WL 220030 (D.Conn. ", "Apr.13, 1998); Sprint Spectrum L.P. v. Willoth, 996 F.Supp. ", "253 (W.D.N.Y.1998); Smart SMR of N.Y., Inc. v. Zoning Comm'n of Stratford, 995 F.Supp. ", "52 (D.Conn.1998); Virginia Metronet, Inc. v. Board of Supervisors of James City County, 984 F.Supp. ", "966 (E.D.Va.1998); AT & T Wireless Servs. ", "of Fla., Inc. v. Orange County, 994 F.Supp. ", "1422 (M.D.Fla.1997) (\"Orange County II\"); AT & T Wireless Servs. ", "of Fla. v. Orange County, 982 F.Supp. ", "856 (M.D.Fla. ", "1997) (\"Orange County I\"); Century Cellunet of S. Mich., Inc. v. City of Ferrysburg, 993 F.Supp. ", "1072 (W.D.Mich.1997); Sprint Spectrum L.P. v. Zoning Hr'g Bd. ", "of East Nottingham Township, No. ", "CIV. ", "A.97-1837, 1997 WL 688816 (E.D.Pa. ", "Oct.15, 1997); Easton, 982 F.Supp. ", "47; Sprint Spectrum L.P. v. Town of Farmington, No. ", "3:97 CV 863(GLG), 1997 WL 631104 (D.Conn. ", "Oct. 6, 1997); AT&T Wireless PCS, Inc. v. City Council of Virginia Beach, 979 F.Supp. ", "416 (E.D.Va. ", "1997); OPM-USA-Inc. v. Board of County Comm'rs of Brevard County, 7 F.Supp.2d 1316 (M.D.Fla.1997); Jefferson County, 968 F.Supp. ", "1457; Illinois RSA No. ", "3 v. County of Peoria, 963 F.Supp. ", "732 (C.D.Ill.1997); Western PCS II Corp. v. Extraterritorial Zoning Auth., ", "957 F.Supp. ", "1230 (D.N.M.1997); BellSouth Mobility, 944 F.Supp. ", "923; Sprint Spectrum, L.P. v. City of Medina, 924 F.Supp. ", "1036 (W.D.Wash.1996). ", "To date, neither the Circuit Courts nor the District Court for the District of New Hampshire has ruled upon the TCA. ", "Against this background, the court considers the specific arguments presented by the parties in the defendant's Rule 12 motion and the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment.", "\n\nI. Defendant's Rule 12 Motion\n\nOn April 17, 1998, the defendant filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings *119 seeking to dismiss the plaintiff's claims.[11] Pursuant to Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 12(c), such a motion will be granted if, accepting all of the plaintiff's factual averments contained in the complaint as true and drawing every reasonable inference helpful to the plaintiff's cause, \"it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of [its] claim which would entitle [it] to relief.\" ", "Rivera-Gomez v. de Castro, 843 F.2d 631, 635 (1st Cir.1988). ", "The court's inquiry is a limited one, focusing not on \"whether a plaintiff will ultimately prevail but whether [it] is entitled to offer evidence to support the claims.\" ", "Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236, 94 S.Ct. ", "1683, 40 L.Ed.2d 90 (1974) (motion to dismiss under Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 12(b)(6)). ", "Great specificity is not required to survive a Rule 12 motion. \"[", "I]t is enough for a plaintiff to sketch an actionable claim by means of `a generalized statement of facts.'\" ", "Garita Hotel Ltd. Partnership v. Ponce Fed. ", "Bank, 958 F.2d 15, 17 (1st Cir.1992) (quoting 5A Charles A. Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1357 (1990)).", "\nIn support of its motion, the defendant argues that the court lacks jurisdiction under the TCA to hear claims against the Selectmen. ", "It contends that the TCA limits the exercise of the court's jurisdiction to the review of zoning decisions and the only body that exercised zoning authority in this case was the ZBA. ", "The defendant also requests that the court dismiss all claims arising under 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(B)(ii) because the Town acted on the plaintiff's applications in a reasonable period of time. ", "The plaintiff responds that there is only one defendant in this case, the Town of Amherst, and urges the court to reject the defendant's attempt to limit the court's review to the actions of the ZBA. ", "The plaintiff also contends that its TCA claim should not be dismissed, inter alia, because the time within which the defendant acted is an integral part of its claim that the defendant's actions, taken together, violated the TCA.", "\nAs the plaintiff has noted, the Town of Amherst is the only defendant named in this action. ", "The court finds no authority for the defendant's effort to separate the actions of the Selectmen from the actions of the ZBA where the Town is the named defendant and the acts of both the Selectmen and the ZBA are alleged to be part of the TCA violation.[12] To adopt such an approach would impermissibly allow local officials acting in concert to impose conflicting requirements upon a telecommunications provider that, while not violating the TCA individually, could have the combined effect of prohibiting the provision of PWS services. ", "The court holds that the Town is a proper defendant in this action.", "\nAlthough it is true that the actions of the ZBA, which denied the formal applications for the proposed towers and upheld the HDC's rejection of the public safety complex site, will be of primary importance to the court's inquiry, the actions of other Town authorities are relevant to the issue of whether the Town violated the TCA. ", "As such, the court may properly review all of the plaintiff's dealings with Town officials pertinent to the denial of its applications for PCS facilities, whether they be by the Selectmen, the HDC, or the *120 ZBA. ", "Therefore, the court will neither \"dismiss\" the Selectmen, who were never defendants in the case, nor limit its review solely to the actions of the ZBA.", "\nThe defendant's attempt to separate an alleged TCA violation based on 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(B)(ii) from the rest of the plaintiff's complaint is also unjustified. ", "The plaintiff's second amended complaint contains only one count, which details several ways in which the defendant is alleged to have violated the TCA. ", "Even assuming arguendo that time taken by the ZBA to reach its decision does not itself constitute a violation of 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(B)(ii), the timing and circumstances surrounding the ZBA decision are still relevant to the plaintiff's claim that the defendant violated the TCA by having the effect of prohibiting PCS services. ", "Thus, the defendant has not shown its entitlement to judgment on the pleadings on the plaintiff's claim of unreasonable delay.", "\nFor these reasons, the defendant's Rule 12 motion (document no. ", "17) is denied.", "\n\nII. ", "Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment\n\nIn addition to the defendant's Rule 12 motion, both parties have moved for summary judgment. ", "The role of summary judgment is \"to pierce the boilerplate of the pleadings and assay the parties' proof in order to determine whether trial is actually required.\" ", "Snow v. Harnischfeger Corp., 12 F.3d 1154, 1157 (1st Cir.1993) (quoting Wynne v. Tufts Univ. ", "Sch. ", "of Med., ", "976 F.2d 791, 794 (1st Cir.1992)). ", "The court may only grant a motion for summary judgment where the \"pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.\" ", "Fed. ", "R.Civ.", "P. 56(c). ", "Summary judgment is thus appropriate where the material facts are not in dispute and the motions present solely an issue of law. ", "See Reich v. John Alden Life Ins. ", "Co., 126 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir.1997). ", "Here, although the parties differ as to the characterization and significance of certain facts, the material facts are undisputed and resolution of the case on summary judgment is appropriate.[13]\nThe cross-motions present the following five issues: (1) the scope of the court's jurisdiction and proper extent of the court's review; (2) whether the defendant acted on the plaintiff's applications in a reasonable time; (3) whether the defendant's denial of the plaintiff's applications constituted a written decision supported by substantial evidence contained in a written record; (4) whether the defendant's denial of the plaintiff's applications prohibited or had the effect of prohibiting the provision of PCS services in Amherst; and (5) if the defendant's acts violated the TCA, what the appropriate remedy would be. ", "The court considers these issues seriatim.", "\n\n1. ", "The Court's Jurisdiction and Proper Scope of Review Under the TCA\n\nThe defendant has reiterated its argument that the court lacks jurisdiction to consider the acts of the Amherst Selectmen in the summary judgment context. ", "However, the argument fails on summary judgment for the same reasons. ", "See Section I, supra. ", "Even assuming arguendo that the acts of the Selectmen were not themselves zoning decisions, they were part of the course of conduct engaged in by various Town entities that culminated in the denial of the plaintiff's applications, which the defendant concedes is a zoning decision that may properly be reviewed under the TCA. ", "Nothing in the plain language of the TCA or the cases cited by the *121 defendant suggests that the court is precluded from considering the entire course of conduct leading up to the denial of the applications. ", "Towns act through their various officials, boards, and commissions. ", "The court may properly consider all of the acts of the defendant in determining whether the denial of the plaintiff's applications violated the TCA.", "\n\n2. ", "Action Within Reasonable Time\n\nThe TCA provides, in part, the following:\nA State or local government or instrumentality thereof shall act on any request for authorization to place, construct, or modify personal wireless service facilities within a reasonable period of time after the request is duly filed with such government or instrumentality, taking into account the nature and scope of such request.", "\n47 U.S.C.A. § 332(c)(7)(B)(ii) (West Supp. ", "1998). ", "This provision prevents both unreasonable delay in deciding the merits of individual applications and unreasonable delay in processing applications in general through such techniques as the institution of moratoria. ", "See Farmington, 1997 WL 631104, at *6 (moratorium); Jefferson County, 968 F.Supp. ", "at 1468 (series of moratoria). ", "The prohibition against delay is not absolute and no specific time period within which to pass on applications is prescribed; the limit is one of reasonableness under the circumstances. ", "Compare, e.g., id. (series of moratoria invalid) with Medina, 924 F.Supp. ", "at 1037, 1040 (six-month moratorium on granting permits adopted five days after enactment of TCA to allow defendant to gather information and process applications does not violate TCA).", "\nIn this case, the plaintiff began negotiations with the Selectmen in approximately April, 1997. ", "The negotiations were concluded on August 27, 1997, when leases were entered into on the proposed tower locations. ", "On September 4, 1997, the plaintiff submitted applications to the ZBA that were subsequently expanded and revised. ", "The ZBA denied the applications on December 16, 1997. ", "The plaintiff requested a rehearing on January 2, 1998. ", "The ZBA allowed the plaintiff's request for a rehearing on January 12, 1998. ", "It held the rehearing on February 17, 1998, deliberated on March 5, 1998, and issued its final denial on March 16, 1998.", "\nThe defendant urges that it acted on the plaintiff's applications within a reasonable period of time. ", "In support of this claim, it points to the fact that approximately three and one-half months elapsed from the time the plaintiff filed its applications with the ZBA until those applications were denied. ", "The plaintiff responds that the additional time which the plaintiff spent engaged in negotiation with the Selectmen should be considered as part of the total time to reach a decision. ", "In addition, the plaintiff urges that three and one-half months is unreasonable because it exceeds the amount of time normally required for ZBA action. ", "It asserts that the ZBA erred by allowing extensive public comment and, at a late stage in the proceedings, opening the process for a consideration of regional impact.", "\nThe plaintiff's argument that time spent negotiating with the Selectmen should be considered as part of the total when determining whether the defendant took an unreasonable time to act on the plaintiff's applications overlooks the fact that it would have been required to spend time negotiating with any private landowners who it might have approached to seek the siting of PCS facilities in Amherst. ", "Evidence in the record suggests that the plaintiff usually spends six months engaged in such an initial negotiation and system design process; here it concluded negotiations with the Selectmen in approximately five months. ", "Although at some point a municipality might make preliminary negotiations so protracted that they constitute a clear effort to delay or derail the application process, nothing in the facts of this case suggests that this was *122 the intent or effect of the timing of negotiations between the plaintiff and the Selectmen.", "\nIn support of its claim, the plaintiff introduced evidence suggesting that the ZBA normally attempts to resolve applications within ninety days of their submission. ", "The plaintiff's argument that the three and one-half months the defendant took to deny its applications itself constitutes an unreasonable amount of time because it exceeded the normal ninety-day period, however, is inapposite. ", "The reasonable time requirement does not present an absolute deadline in which to pass on PWS applications, for what constitutes a reasonable time in a given case is measured \"taking into account the nature and scope of such request.\" ", "47 U.S.C.A. § 332(c)(7)(B)(ii). ", "The ZBA chairman noted that the ZBA had received more information relating to the plaintiff's applications than any previous applications. ", "In addition, the volume of public response to the applications was extremely high. ", "The court must consider both of these factors in determining whether the ZBA unreasonably delayed making its decision.", "\nCertain actions and decisions of the ZBA undoubtedly extended the decision-making process, but the record does not indicate that these actions were improper in intent or effect.[14] If the ZBA had decided sooner to hear input on the possible regional impact of the applications or had further curtailed the opportunity for public comment on the applications, a decision could have been reached more quickly. ", "At some point, acts such as raising additional procedural hurdles well after the process has begun and providing expansive opportunity for repetitious public comment can create an unreasonable delay. ", "However, there is no indication that such a point was reached in this case. ", "Given the complexity of the applications, neither the time added to the process by the challenged ZBA actions nor the total time required by the ZBA to make its decision violated the requirement of 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(B)(ii).", "\nThe conclusion that the ZBA acted on the plaintiff's applications in a reasonable time given the nature and the scope of the requests, however, does not end the relevance of the duration of the decision-making process to the question of whether the defendant violated the TCA. ", "As discussed more fully in subsection 4 infra, the chronology of the plaintiff's dealings with the defendant is relevant to the question of whether the defendant prohibited or had the effect of prohibiting the provision of PCS services.", "\n\n3. ", "Written Decision Supported by Substantial Evidence Contained in Written Record\n\nThe TCA also provides the following:\nAny decision by a State or local government or instrumentality thereof to deny a request to place, construct, or modify personal wireless service facilities shall be in writing and supported by substantial evidence contained in a written record.", "\n47 U.S.C.A. § 332(c)(7)(B)(iii) (West Supp. ", "1998). ", "The substantial evidence standard \"`requires governing bodies to produce a written decision, detailing the reasons for the decision and the evidence that led to the decision.'\" ", "Cellco Partnership, 3 F.Supp.2d at 184 (finding that denial was not supported by substantial evidence in written record) (quoting Virginia Metronet, 984 F.Supp. ", "at 972). ", "Although a telecommunications provider must come forward with a certain minimal amount of information in support of its applications in order to prevail, once an application has been supported this provision places the burden of proof to support any denial on the local government entity issuing the denial. ", "Compare Smart SMR, 995 *123 F.Supp. ", "at 56, and Easton, 982 F.Supp. ", "at 52 (\"[B]ecause the TCA effectively preempts state law in several respects, including the burden of proof, ... it is the [defendant's] burden to produce substantial evidence supporting its denial of plaintiff's application.\") (", "internal quotation omitted), with Gearson, 5 F.Supp.2d at 1355 (court dismissed plaintiff's claim that defendants' denial of its application to erect a tower violated TCA based on plaintiff's complete failure to submit necessary supporting information).", "\nAlthough the nature of the inquiry into whether a denial is supported by substantial evidence is highly fact-specific, certain general principles have been established. ", "To withstand judicial scrutiny a denial must be specific and detailed, for courts have found denials based on generalized aesthetic and safety concerns to be insufficient to meet the substantial evidence standard. ", "See Easton, 982 F.Supp. ", "at 52; BellSouth Mobility, 944 F.Supp. ", "at 928. ", "As one court has stated:\n[L]ocal governments may not mask hostility to wireless communications facilities with unreasoned denials that make only vague references to applicable legal standards. ", "The procedural requirement of a written decision with articulated reasons based on record evidence forces local governments to rely on supportable neutral principles if they wish to deny a particular wireless installation.", "\nOrange County I, 982 F.Supp. ", "at 862. ", "In addition, where a party has done everything possible to support an application and \"it appears from the record that there is nothing [the applicant] could have done which would have met with the approval of the [local authority,]\" a denial under those circumstances is not based on substantial evidence in a written record. ", "OPM-USA, 7 F.Supp.2d 1316, 1327.", "\nIn this case, the plaintiff contends that the defendant violated the TCA because the ZBA's decision to deny its applications was not supported by substantial evidence contained in a written record. ", "The defendant urges that its decisions were supported by substantial evidence. ", "The rationale for the initial ZBA denial was limited to the text of the motions proposed by ZBA Member Rowe. ", "After rehearing and while this case was pending, the ZBA supplemented its denial with additional written findings. ", "Because the plaintiff itself requested rehearing, the court concludes that the entire written record created through the final denial issued on March 16, 1998, may be properly considered as part of the denial. ", "But cf. ", "Winston-Salem, 1998 WL 337748, at *3 (rejecting written decision produced after appeal had been taken of one-word, rubber-stamped denial as pretextual). ", "The court holds that the ZBA denial satisfies the requirements of a written decision based on a written record.", "\nThe court is therefore presented with the question of whether the ZBA denial was based on substantial evidence. ", "The issue is complicated by the fact that the ZBA clearly relied on a number of impermissible factors in denying the applications. ", "For example, the denials rely in part on the ZBA's determination that the plaintiff failed to adequately support the applications and to demonstrate entitlement to a variance by showing that the proposed tower sites could not be used for anything other than a telecommunications tower. ", "Not only does such reasoning represent an impermissible attempt to shift the burden of proof back onto the applicant, see Easton, 982 F.Supp. ", "at 52 (noting that local laws placing burden of proof on PWS provider to support application are preempted by TCA), it also presents an insurmountable burden for any applicant. ", "The court takes notice of the fact that no applicant will ever be able to demonstrate that the only viable use for a given property is to site a PWS tower. ", "In light of the ZBA Chairman's recognition that the plaintiff had submitted more information in support of its applications than had been previously submitted for any other project, the ZBA's determination that the applications *124 were inadequately supported appears to be a pretext masking hostility toward PWS towers. ", "See OPM-USA, 7 F.Supp.2d at 1327 (where a party has done everything possible to support an application and \"it appears from the record that there is nothing [the applicant] could have done which would have met with the approval of the [local authority,]\" a denial under those circumstances is not based on substantial evidence in a written record); see also Orange County I, 982 F.Supp. ", "at 862.[15]\nDespite the ZBA's consideration of and reliance on impermissible factors in denying the applications, its denial also relies on reasons that it could permissibly consider, such as the effect of the proposed towers on neighboring property values. ", "The court need not determine, however, whether any of the reasons advanced by the defendant for the denial of the plaintiff's applications constitute substantial evidence sufficient to justify the denial. ", "Whether or not the denial was supported by substantial evidence, it has the effect of prohibiting the provision of PCS services, as discussed in subsection 4 infra.", "\n\n4. ", "Effective Prohibition of PWS Services\n\nThe TCA provides, in part, the following:\n(i) The regulation of the placement, construction, and modification of personal wireless service facilities by any State or local government or instrumentality thereof —\n. ", " . ", " . ", " . ", " .", "\n(II) shall not prohibit or have the effect of prohibiting the provision of personal wireless services.", "\n47 U.S.C.A. § 332(c)(7)(B)(i)(II) (West Supp.1998). ", "The TCA does not define the term \"have the effect of prohibiting,\" but some courts have considered the meaning of the provision. ", "A local government may, in some cases, deny an application without having the effect of prohibiting the provision of PWS services, see Virginia Beach, 979 F.Supp. ", "at 426-27, but the circumstances surrounding a single denial may provide sufficient evidence from which to conclude that the local government has a policy with the effect of prohibiting the provision of PWS services, see Smart SMR, 995 F.Supp. ", "at 58. ", "In addition, a town can, through delay, violate this provision without ever having denied a single application. ", "See Farmington, 1997 WL 631104, at *6; Jefferson County, 968 F.Supp. ", "at 1468. ", "Denials that \"mask hostility to wireless communications facilities,\" Orange County I, 982 F.Supp. ", "at 862, and denials where \"it appears from the record that there is nothing [the applicant] could have done which would have met with the approval of the [local authority,]\" OPM-USA, 7 F.Supp.2d at 1327, violate the TCA because they amount to a policy the effect of which is to prohibit the provision of PWS services.", "\nOn the other hand, denial of a single application or set of applications may be proper where PWS service is already established and the applications seek only to enhance the existing service. ", "See, e.g., Century Cellunet, 993 F.Supp. ", "at 1077.[16] Denial may also be proper where the record itself or the governmental authority making the denial makes clear how the failure of the system to meet approval can be remedied in future applications. ", "See, e.g., Willoth, 996 F.Supp. ", "at 258 (denial of applications for system of three towers upheld where defendant demonstrated by substantial evidence that one centrally located *125 tower could provide same level of service). ", "In both cases, the rationale for the denial demonstrates that the local government entity is not opposed to towers in general, but instead holds legitimate objections to the specific proposal before it.", "\nHere, the defendant's zoning ordinance does not allow the placement of PWS towers anywhere in the Town as of right even though it does not expressly prohibit all PWS facilities. ", "It is evident, however, that the zoning ordinance, as written and applied, creates serious obstacles to gaining approval for such facilities. ", "The plaintiff alleges that the defendant's denial of its applications and the rationale underlying the denial violate the TCA because they have the effect of prohibiting the provision of PCS services in Amherst. ", "The defendant asserts that its actions have not had such an effect and were limited to a proper rejection of the applications before it. ", "It has invited the plaintiff to seek approval for new applications if it so desires. ", "The invitation comes too late and without any indication that the plaintiff would fare any better.", "\nIn addition to the impermissible reasons relied on by the ZBA for its denial already discussed in subsection 3, supra, the ZBA rejected the plaintiff's applications by relying on a standard that could be used to deny any subsequent applications that the plaintiff might bring. ", "Among other things, the ZBA relied on general aesthetic concerns by finding that the proposed towers would \"interfere with the view from any public land, natural scenic vista, historic building or district or major view corridor,\" and that \"[t]hese behemoths would be a blight upon a pastoral and rural area which has been and hopefully will continue to be a source of comfort and relaxation for its inhabitants who have chosen to live in and maintain this scenic and bucolic atmosphere.\" ", "Decision at 5; id., Attach. ", "A, at 4. ", "The denial provides neither an indication as to how the plaintiff could overcome such amorphous concerns on future applications nor any guidance as to where it might permissibly locate towers to construct a functioning PCS system.", "\nThe court notes that aesthetic concerns about the appearance of towers will always be an issue, for \"it would be a rare event to be able to buffer a communications tower so that it is not visible at all.\" ", "OPM-USA, 7 F.Supp.2d at 1324. ", "Although aesthetic considerations may be properly taken into account by local governments in some circumstances, they cannot be used to exclude PWS towers entirely. ", "The practical and legal effect of what Congress has done by enacting the TCA is to ensure that telecommunications towers will become part of the American landscape. ", "The nature and character of the ZBA's denial here provides no guidance as to how the plaintiff might reasonable satisfy the ZBA's concerns, no indication that the next set of applications would fare any better, and ample reason to believe that it probably would not. ", "The court finds that the ZBA has evinced a hostility toward the erection of PWS towers in Amherst, that such hostility amounts to a policy that has the effect of prohibiting PWS service in Amherst, and that the defendant's denial of the plaintiff's applications therefore violates the TCA.[17]\n\n5. ", "Remedy\n\nGiven the court's conclusion that the defendant violated the TCA in its denial of the plaintiff's applications, the court must consider the issue of an appropriate remedy to correct the violation. ", "For whatever reason, Congress when it enacted the TCA did not specify what the remedy for a violation of its provisions would be. ", "See BellSouth Mobility, 944 F.Supp. ", "at 929. ", "The two basic choices of remedy employed by courts after finding a TCA violation are: (1) remand to the local authority for additional consideration or reconsideration; *126 or (2) mandatory injunctive relief, usually in the form of an order granting the improperly denied applications. ", "See, e.g., Virginia Beach, 979 F.Supp. ", "at 430; Bell-South Mobility, 944 F.Supp. ", "at 929.[18]\nIn choosing between a remand and injunctive relief, several courts have determined that\nsimply remanding the matter to [the relevant local authority] for their determination would frustrate the TCA's intent to provide aggrieved parties full relief on an expedited basis.", "\nId.; accord Easton, 982 F.Supp. ", "at 52; Western PCS, 957 F.Supp. ", "at 1237. ", "In addition to the statutory requirement that local governments act on applications within a reasonable time, see 47 U.S.C.A. § 332(c)(7)(B)(ii), the TCA also directs the court to resolve TCA claims on an expedited basis, see 47 U.S.C.A. § 332(c)(7)(B)(v). ", "Remand is particularly inappropriate where the case would go back before a local government that has already demonstrated hostility toward the location of PWS facilities within its borders. ", "See Virginia Beach, 979 F.Supp. ", "at 431.", "\nHere, the defendant has urged that mandatory injunctive relief would be inappropriate because the plaintiff's site review application has not been denied and because the plaintiff has not applied for any other permit from the town. ", "It suggests that, to the extent that it has violated the TCA, a remand would be appropriate. ", "The plaintiff argues that, given the ZBA's hostility to its applications, mandatory injunctive relief is appropriate.", "\nThe court concludes that remanding the case to the defendant would be inconsistent with the purposes of the TCA. ", "The ZBA has already denied the plaintiff's applications after extensive consideration. ", "The denial was based, at least in part, on impermissible considerations that evince a hostility toward the construction of PCS towers in Amherst. ", "The Town has had its opportunity to address the plaintiff's applications and has failed to comply with the TCA. ", "A remand would allow further delay and in all probability would result in another denial of the plaintiff's applications. ", "The TCA requires an expeditious determination of these matters and allows municipalities an initial opportunity to work with telecommunications providers at finding a mutually acceptable location for PWS facilities, but discourages giving municipalities that violate its terms a second chance. ", "See Virginia Beach, 979 F.Supp. ", "at 430-31. ", "Therefore, the court holds that mandatory injunctive relief ordering the defendant to approve the applications and remove any barriers to the construction of the proposed towers is the appropriate remedy.", "\nThe court notes that the license agreements entered by the plaintiff and the defendant, through the Selectmen, for the proposed tower sites on Town-owned land have, by their terms, terminated. ", "The agreements provided for an initial 120 day period from their execution within which the plaintiff had to procure necessary approvals or permits. ", "It also allowed the plaintiff to extend this period for an additional 120 days but provided that the failure of the plaintiff to obtain approval within the extended period would terminate the agreement. ", "The plaintiff never obtained the ZBA's approval. ", "The 240-day period did not expire, however, until this case was pending and the ZBA, an instrumentality of the defendant, had already denied the plaintiff's applications initially and on rehearing. ", "The court has determined that the ZBA's denial was unlawful *127 and was not the fault of the plaintiff. ", "Because the ZBA's denial was null and void, the relief herein granted relates back to December 16, 1997, the date of the initial unlawful denial. ", "As of that date the licensing agreements were in effect and therefore shall remain effective as if the ZBA had approved the plaintiff's applications on that date.", "\n\nConclusion\nThe plaintiff is entitled to summary judgment because the defendant's denial of its applications had the effect of prohibiting the provision of PWS services in the Town of Amherst contrary to 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(B)(i)(II). ", "A fortiori, the defendant is not entitled to summary judgment. ", "The defendant's Rule 12 motion (document no. ", "17) and summary judgment motion (document no. ", "20) are denied and the plaintiff's summary judgment motion (document no. ", "6) is granted.", "\n\nORDER\nThe decisions of the defendant denying the plaintiff's applications for variances on the Bragdon Farm site, the municipal recycling center site, the public safety complex site, and the Christ's Church site are null and void. ", "The court orders the defendant, its officers, boards, commissions, departments, and instrumentalities to approve the plaintiff's applications and remove any further impediments to the plaintiff's construction of the proposed towers, including the issuance of any required permits, within forty-five days of the date of this order. ", "The clerk is ordered to close the case.", "\nSO ORDERED.", "\nNOTES\n[1] As discussed more fully infra, the facts material to the resolution of this case are undisputed.", "\n[2] The record indicates that PCS, the term used by the plaintiff in its submissions to the court, is a subset of personal wireless services (\"PWS\"), the term used by the TCA. ", "For the purposes of this order, the two terms are functionally equivalent.", "\n[3] The Amherst Master Plan is not part of the record before the court, but undisputed evidence in the record supports the conclusion that the goals of the Amherst Master Plan include preserving the Town's rural character, particularly along the northern entrance to the Town.", "\n[4] The four zones in which PWS facilities are prohibited without a use variance are as follows: Floodplain, Wetland Conservation District, Watershed Protection District, and Historic District. ", "PWS facilities are allowed only by special exception in the following four zones: Residential/Rural, Northern Rural, Northern Transitional, and Industrial.", "\n[5] The plaintiff has calculated the minimum required lot size to be as large as seventeen acres, but the theoretical minimum lot size is immaterial. ", "Because of additional requirements of lot shape and topography, the actual size required for a suitable site could be substantially larger than the theoretical minimum. ", "In addition, the record is silent as to the existence of available parcels of land that could accommodate a PCS system in a way that provides adequate coverage without the need for setback variances.", "\n[6] During the course of the negotiation and approval process for its permanent PCS system, the plaintiff also sought and received permission to attach an antenna to the existing Pennechuck water tower at a fifth site to provide temporary service. ", "The antenna is visually unobtrusive and the approval for its erection was prompt and uncontroversial.", "\n[7] The plaintiff's initial filing was supplemented and modified so that it was not complete until November 3, 1997. ", "In addition, until November 12, 1997, the plaintiff provided conflicting information about the number of tower locations its proposed system would ultimately require.", "\n[8] Rowe abstained throughout the ZBA's deliberations from consideration of the plaintiff's applications with respect to the public safety complex site because his wife is the Chair of the HDC.", "\n[9] On November 24, 1997, Amherst held a workshop with a telecommunications consultant whose opinion as to the options for deploying PWS services in Amherst largely confirmed the plaintiff's opinion that the feasible options for design of a PCS system in Amherst were limited.", "\n[10] In regard to the appeal of the HDC denial, the ZBA found that the plaintiff's objections to the HDC denial were unrelated to the criteria relevant to the HDC decision, which were correctly applied by the HDC.", "\n[11] The defendant styled its motion as a \"Motion to Dismiss\" but did not specify the provision of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure under which it seeks to have the plaintiff's case dismissed. ", "Because the defendant answered the plaintiff's second amended complaint on April 10, 1998, the pleadings closed under Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 7(a) as of that date. ", "The court therefore treats the defendant's motion as a motion for judgment on the pleadings. ", "See Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 12(c).", "\n[12] The plaintiff has also asserted that the actions of the HDC constitute part of the alleged TCA violation. ", "The court notes that the defendant's motion to dismiss makes no attempt to characterize or accommodate the HDC's denial of the public safety complex application within its attempted distinction between the actions of the Selectmen and the ZBA, further highlighting the problematic nature of such a distinction in this case.", "\n[13] Furthermore, because the court is required to apply the \"traditional means of reviewing agency actions,\" which consists of relying on a written decision to analyze the defendant's rationale and determine whether it is supported by substantial evidence, a serious question exists as to whether TCA cases of this kind are ever appropriate for resolution by a trial. ", "See, e.g., Smart SMR, 995 F.Supp. ", "at 56.", "\n[14] Indeed, some delay in the final resolution of the applications appears to have been occasioned by the plaintiff itself, such as its supplementation of its apparently incomplete initial applications and its request for a rehearing.", "\n[15] Additional examples of the ZBA's reliance on improper considerations include its finding that the plaintiff was more concerned about providing PCS service to the commuters on Route 101 than the residents of Amherst and its determination that the plaintiff had failed to research adequately other technologies.", "\n[16] Such denials may, on the other hand, unreasonably discriminate between providers of functionally equivalent services in violation of 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(B)(i)(I). ", "In this case, the plaintiff has not claimed that the defendant has violated this provision of the TCA.", "\n[17] Because the court has concluded that the defendant's denial violated 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(B)(i)(II) for the reasons stated, it need not consider the plaintiff's argument that the defendant violated the TCA in several additional respects.", "\n[18] Despite the fact that several courts have purported to issue writs of mandamus, the court notes that the writ of mandamus has been abolished in United States district court. ", "See Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 81(b); see also Virginia Beach, 979 F.Supp. ", "at 430 & n. 25 (granting mandatory injunction); cf., ", "e.g., Western PCS, 957 F.Supp. ", "at 1239 (granting mandamus); Jefferson County, 968 F.Supp. ", "at 1469 (same); BellSouth Mobility, 944 F.Supp. ", "at 929 (same). ", "The effect of mandatory injunctive relief, however, is the same as the effect of a writ of mandamus. ", "See Virginia Beach, 979 F.Supp. ", "at 430-31.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to use XCTestSuite? (", "Swift 3)\n\nWe have a Jenkins job that runs our iOS UI tests, and I need to be able to ignore some tests (or test classes) based on certain runtime information during a test run. ", "According to the XCTestSuite documentation https://developer.apple.com/reference/xctest/xctestsuite you can create a custom test suite programmatically, but I haven't found any examples of how to actually do so. ", "So how exactly does one go about it?", "\nI've toyed with this with the code below as a starting point, but haven't really gotten anywhere. ", "When the IgnoreThisClass is run in Xcode, the test method in it gets run even though the testCaseCount in BaseTestClass' setUp() reports 0 tests in suite. ", "Do I need to override some init() method instead or do something else? ", "Any tips would be greatly appreciated!", "\nimport XCTest\n\nclass BaseTestClass: XCTestCase {\n var runThis: Bool?", "\n\n override func setUp() {\n if runThis !", "= nil {\n let suite = XCTestSuite(name: \"Custom suite\")\n\n if runThis! {", "\n suite.addTest(self)\n }\n print(\"Testcases in suite \\(suite.testCaseCount)\")\n // This causes an error that the suite has already started,\n // even though this call is present in Apple's example documentation.", "\n //suite.run()\n }\n XCUIApplication().launch()\n }\n\n override func tearDown() {\n super.tearDown()\n }\n}\n\n// Run this.", "\nclass RunThisClass: BaseTestClass {\n\n override func setUp() {\n super.runThis = true\n super.setUp()\n }\n\n override func tearDown() {\n super.tearDown()\n }\n\n func testThis() {\n print(\"Test class was run.\")", "\n }\n}\n\n// Don't run this.", "\nclass IgnoreThisClass: BaseTestClass {\n\n override func setUp() {\n super.runThis = false\n super.setUp()\n }\n\n override func tearDown() {\n super.tearDown()\n }\n\n func testIgnoreThis() {\n print(\"Ignored class was run.\")", "\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nTo achieve what you want, you won't be able to initialise the XCTestSuite from within an XCTestCase subclass. ", "This is because in order for an XCTestCase to run its tests (and therefore setup), it must be part of an XCTestSuite already - so initialising a custom test suite inside the already-initialized test won't work.", "\nXcode automatically initializes the necessary test classes, including an XCTestSuite, so you don't have control over when it's initialized and aren't able to send it any custom parameters.", "\nYour best bet would be to add an extension for XCTestSuite, and add the evaluation of whether to run test cases included within the suite there.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to get a list of states which come before a given state with Ruby `state_machine` gem?", "\n\nConsidering the state_machine gem, how does one select a set of state names/symbols that come before a given state?", "\nLets say I have four states: :pending, :signature_needed, :ordered, :finalized. ", "Assume a linear progression from the initial (:pending) to the final (:finalized) state.", "\nHow would I get all states which come before :ordered? ", "I would expect a result like [:pending, :signature_needed]. ", "\nNote: I just realized, after trying to figure out why this functionality is not provided, that state_machine is not currently supported (as I was going to make a PR that added this feature).", "\n\nA:\n\nThere is no such functionality built into the (currently unmaintained) state_machine gem. ", "Since its entirely possible for non linear state transitions, it may be extremely complex, and quite unpredictable, to accurately describe \"which state comes before another state.\" ", "Thus, each application which makes use of the state_machine gem will need to create its own mixin to dynamically determine which states in the cycle come before and after each other.", "\nCredit for answer goes to the comments below the OP.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "A fourth of this county's kindergartners missed immunizations. ", "Now there’s a measles crisis.", "\n\nMeasles outbreaks in New York and Washington state have officials scrambling to contain a disease eliminated nearly two decades agoin the USA. ", "Washington state declared a public emergency after an outbreak in Clark County infected at least 53 people, mostly children. ", "Health officials have long feared a measles outbreak could spread rapidly, given the cluster of non-vaccinated children: Nearly one in four of the county's kindergartners did not get all their advised immunizations during the year. ", "The New York outbreak is the largest there in decades.", "\n\nRalph Northam seems to have a way with words\n\nEmbattled Virginia Gov. Ralph Northam's media apology tour is off to a rough start. ", "Northam went on \"CBS This Morning\" in an interview with Gayle King that aired Monday in an effort to save his political career after reporters uncovered a racist photo on his medical school yearbook page.", "\n\nNortham: \"Just 90 miles from here, in 1619, the first indentured servants from Africa landed on our shores.\"", "\n\nKing: \"Also known as slavery.\"", "\n\nNortham: \"Yes.\"", "\n\nYou may never hear from Mueller\n\nSpecial counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into Russian election tampering has cast a shadow over Trump's presidency, But the public might never learn exactly what Mueller has – or hasn't – found. ", "Though the investigation brought charges against some of Trump's top aides and revealed Moscow ties, Justice Department rules say Mueller needs to submit only a confidential report when done. ", "William Barr, the man likely to be Mueller's next boss, cast doubt on whether he would let that document be revealed. ", "Those who know him say Mueller, reluctant to speak publicly, is unlikely to do so on his own. ", "That means you (and I) might never know if there are juicy details in the report.", "\n\nSpecial counsel Robert Mueller doesn't have a lot to say publicly.(Photo: J. Scott Applewhite, AP)\n\nSchool's out for a teacher walkout\n\nThere's a teacher strike in Denver. ", "Frustrated at chronic underfunding of public education, thousands of Denver Public Schools teachers didn't show up to start the school week. ", "Trading pencils for picket signs, the teachers protested their schools after last-ditch negotiations broke down over the weekend. ", "Hundreds of students from the 207 schools affected by the strike ditched class and joined the teachers in demands for better compensation. ", "It's the latest incident in a nationwide mobilization of educators disrupting school systems in hopes of having their voices heard.", "\n\nDenver Public Schools teachers and members of the community picket outside South High School on Feb. 11.(Photo: Michael Ciaglo, Getty Images)" ]

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[ "Corona-Grafiken\n\n-\n\nDas sind die aktuellen Fallzahlen in Berlin und Brandenburg" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nVBA - How to AutoFilter on same field for more than two criteria?", "\n\nI've been searching for an answer all day and can't seem to find a solution to my issue. ", "The closest thing I found to my problem is this link right here:\nUse autofilter on more than 2 criteria\nThis is my worksheet:\n\nThat, however, doesn't solve my problem. ", "I've been using the answer from that question as a basis in my searching. ", "I'm not getting any errors, but when I run the code it filters out rows 6-35 (the whole thing!).", "\nDim calc as Worksheet\nDim lastrow as Integer\n\nSet calc = ThisWorkbook.", "Sheets(\"Calc\")\nlastrow = Application.", "CountA(Range(\"A6:A\" & Rows.", "Count)) + 5\n\ncalc.", "Range(\"A5:T\" & lastrow).AutoFilter _\n Field:=4, _\n Criteria1:=Array(3410, 3420, 3440, 3450, 3490, 1445), _\n Operator:=xlFilterValues\n\nI've also tried the same code but without the \"Operator\" part of it and it actually filters for the two rows (rows 6 and 20) with the last criteria in the Array (1445). ", "But why not for the rest? ", "I'm so lost and I've been searching for hours. ", "I feel like this SHOULD be straight forward.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe solution is to use quotes for numbers.", "\nThe other problem with your code is that you define last row on active sheet and this sheet can happen to be not calc sheet. ", "Precede your references with calc..\n\n" ]

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[ "Introduction {#s0001}\n============\n\nIt is estimated that more than one million workers worldwide perform welding as a part of their work (Sjogren & Langard, [@CIT0031]), and studies have shown that welders experience an increased risk of respiratory illness (Antonini, [@CIT0002]). ", "Welding fumes consist of a mixture of gas and agglomerated particles (networks of interacting particles) that are built up of primary nanoparticles (Jenkins & Eagar, [@CIT0017]). ", "A correlation between exposure to nanoparticles in urban air and adverse health effects, such as cardiovascular disease and pulmonary diseases such as bronchial asthma, has been suggested (Nawrot et al., [", "@CIT0026]). ", "The welding particles are small enough to remain airborne and are easily inhaled and deposited within the respiratory tract (Oberdorster et al., [", "@CIT0027]). ", "The effects of these deposited particles are probably dependent on particle parameters, e.g. chemical composition, size, surface properties, and shape, which influence solubility and the site of particle deposition in the airways (Maynard & Kuempel, [@CIT0022]).", "\n\nWhen particles encounter a biological fluid, molecules such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates will, in competition with each other, bind to the particle\\'s surface leading to the formation of a dynamic particle--biomolecule interaction (Cedervall et al., [", "@CIT0009]). ", "The protein corona that is formed can have a significant impact on the biological effects of the particles (Saptarshi et al., [", "@CIT0028]; Tenzer et al., [", "@CIT0033]). ", "The composition of the protein corona will constantly change until equilibrium is reached (Dell\\'orco et al., [", "@CIT0011]), but some proteins in the corona can remain bound to the particle as it travels from one environment to another (Monopoli et al., [", "@CIT0023]; Tenzer et al., [", "@CIT0032]). ", "Most previous investigations of the protein corona of nanoparticles have been performed with blood plasma proteins and only rarely in other fluids (Tenzer et al., [", "@CIT0033], [@CIT0032]).", "\n\nHuman nasal lavage fluid forms a defense against foreign microbes or particulates being deposited in the nasal cavity (Casado, [@CIT0007]; Casado et al., [", "@CIT0008]). ", "It contains a variety of proteins from plasma, mucus, serous fluids, and secretions from epithelial and immunological cells (Mygind & Dahl, [@CIT0024]). ", "There is a strong resemblance between the proteins identified in nasal secretions and in bronchoalveolar lavage (Bartlett et al., [", "@CIT0004]; Benson et al., [", "@CIT0005]; Kosanam et al., [", "@CIT0019]) making nasal lavage suitable for investigation of the protein corona formed in the lower airways. ", "Proteomic analysis can provide essential information to help understand the pathophysiologic pathways of the inhaled particles (Casado et al., [", "@CIT0008]).", "\n\nIn this study, welding fume particles were generated, collected on membranes, extracted, and finally incubated with nasal lavage proteins with the purpose of studying the particle--protein interactions. ", "The aim of the study was to identify the protein corona formed *in vitro* between welding fume particles and nasal lavage proteins and to understand how parameters such as particle size and chemical composition affect the composition and functionality of the protein corona.", "\n\nMethods {#s0002}\n=======\n\nWelding particles {#s0003}\n-----------------\n\n### *In situ* characterization of airborne welding particles {#s0004}\n\nThe source of the welding fumes was generated by metal active gas welding in mild steel according to the principle developed by Isaxon et al. ([", "@CIT0016]). ", "The size distribution (mobility diameter) of the agglomerated airborne welding particles (interacting particles built up of primary nanoparticles) was measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS, CPC model 3010, TSI Inc., Shoreview, MN). ", "The SMPS covered a size range of 10--700 nm and had a time resolution of ∼3 min. ", "The mass concentration was monitored online using a tapered element oscillating microbalance (Rupprecht & Patashnic Co. Inc., Albany, NY).", "\n\n### Fractionation and collection of welding particles {#s0005}\n\nWelding particles were collected from a 22 m^3^ stainless steel chamber using a high volume cascade impactor (HVCI; BGI 900 LPM, BGI Incorporated, Waltham, MA). ", "The HVCI had a flow of 0.9 m^3^/min, and particles were collected in fractions of ultrafine welding fume (UF~WF~) particles \\< 0.1 μm in diameter and fine welding fume (F~WF~) particles ranging from 0.1 µm to 2.5 μm in diameter. ", "The UF~WF~ fraction was collected on a polytetrafluoroethylene filter (PTFE), and the F~WF~ fraction was collected on polyurethane foam (PUF; Demokritou et al., [", "@CIT0012]). ", "Welding particles were recovered from the PTFE and PUF using a methanol extraction protocol. ", "The filters were washed repeatedly with methanol, and the resulting solution was decanted into a 50 mL sample tube. ", "The solution was vacuum dried. ", "The extracted particle mass was determined. ", "All weighing was performed in a climate-controlled environment and after a minimum 24-h acclimatization period. ", "The extracted particles were weighed three separate times, and the average mass and the standard deviation were calculated. ", "The chemical composition of the two fractions, F~WF~ and UF~WF~, was analyzed by particle-induced X-ray emission.", "\n\nModel particles {#s0006}\n---------------\n\nMagnetite Fe~3~O~4~ and Fe~2~O~3~ were selected as model particles because iron oxides are the main components of welding fumes. ", "Magnetite Fe~3~O~4~ (8 nm) in 30 wt% aqueous suspension was purchased from PlasmaChem GmbH (Berlin, Germany). ", "Fe~2~O~3~ (20--40 nm, 99% purity) was purchased in the form of dry powder from SkySpring Nanomaterials (Houston, TX).", "\n\nParticle characterization in fluid {#s0007}\n----------------------------------\n\nEach particle type was suspended in 20 mL vials (Scint-Burk glass pp-lock-Alu-foil, Wheaton Industries, Inc., Millville, NJ) to a total concentration of 2.56 mg/mL in milliQ water. ", "The suspension was sonicated for 16 min at 400 W and 10% amplitude using a Vibra-Cell sonifier (Soniucs & Materials, Danbury, CT) according to the Nanogenotox protocol (Jensen, [@CIT0018]). ", "The size of the particles in the suspension was measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). ", "DLS measurements were performed with a Malvern Zeta NANO S (Malvern Instruments Ltd, Worcestershire, UK) equipped with a 532 nm red laser and operating with a 90 ° scattering angle. ", "The measurements were evaluated with the Zetasizer software version 6.20 (Malvern Instruments Ltd, Worcestershire, UK). ", "All measurements were performed at 25 °C. ", "Each sample was measured at least three times with a delay of 15 s between the measurements, and the stability of the suspension was confirmed by re-measurement after 20 min. ", "The mean hydrodynamic diameter was measured for the agglomerated particles as well as the aggregated form (complexes consisting of several particles each with a protein corona) after incubation with nasal lavage proteins. ", "For some samples, the diameters could be determined by NTA using a NanoSight LM10 (Nanosight Ltd., Amesbury, UK) equipped with a 635 nm laser. ", "All samples were measured at room temperature three times for 60 s.\n\nTransmission electron microscopy (TEM) {#s0008}\n--------------------------------------\n\nParticles were collected from the air and from the liquid particle suspensions onto carbon-coated copper grids for TEM analysis. ", "The particles were collected using an electrostatic precipitator (NAS Model 3089, TSI Inc., Shoreview, MN).", "\n\nEndotoxin quantification {#s0009}\n------------------------\n\nTo test how much endotoxin the particles contained, a kinetic chromogenic *Limulus Amebocyte Lysate* (LAL) assay (Lonza, Walkersville, MD) was used according to the protocol of the manufacturer. ", "A 7-point standard curve was generated over the concentration range of 0.005--50 endotoxin unit/mL, and a control standard endotoxin *Escherichia coli* O55:B5 was used for reference values. ", "The samples were assayed in a 96-well pyrogen-free microplate (TPP, Hannover, Switzerland), and spectrophotometric measurements were taken at 405 nm.", "\n\nCollection of nasal lavage {#s0010}\n--------------------------\n\nNasal lavage was collected by flushing the nasal cavity of 20 healthy volunteers with 18 mL of saline solution. ", "The samples were evaporated to dryness, dissolved in 500 µL of milliQ water, pooled, and then desalted in Amicon Ultra-0.5 centrifugal filters (3 kDa cut-off) (Millipore, Carrigtohill, Ireland) at 14 000 × *g* for 30 min. ", "The samples were washed with 300 µL water and centrifuged again for 30 min at 14 000 × *g*. ", "The total protein content was determined with a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit (Pierce, Rockford, IL). ", "The solution of proteins obtained from the pooled nasal lavages was used in all incubations described below.", "\n\nParticle--nasal lavage protein incubation {#s0011}\n-----------------------------------------\n\nFor each type of particle suspension, three different amounts of particles were added to a final concentration of 800 μg nasal lavage protein/mL to yield 400, 200, and 100 μg particles/mL, and these were incubated for 6 h at 32 °C ([Scheme 1](#SCH0001){ref-type=\"scheme\"}). ", "All incubations were performed in triplicate. ", "Unbound proteins were separated from the particles by centrifugation for 1 h at 16 000 × *g*. ", "The supernatant was stored for further analysis, and the particle pellet was washed three times with milliQ water followed by a second and third centrifugation. ", "The supernatant was collected and further sampled in triplicate. ", "The amount of bound protein was determined by measuring the amount of proteins that did not bind to the particles using the BCA protein assay kit. ", "Proteins from the different incubations were analyzed by two different methods. ", "Scheme 1.Overview over the experiment. (", "1) (a) The particles (F~WF~, UF~WF~, Fe~2~O~3~ and Fe~3~O~4~) were suspended in water. (", "b) Nasal lavage fluids were concentrated and desalted. (", "2) Each particle type was incubated with nasal lavage proteins for 6 h. (3) Proteins bound to the particles (the protein corona) were separated from unbound proteins by centrifugation. ", "The pellet was either (a) dissolved in water and the proteins were trypsin digested or (b) incubated with denaturing solution. (", "4) The proteins in the supernatant were trypsin digested. (", "5) The tryptic peptides from steps 4 and 3b were analyzed with LC-MS/MS. (", "6) The denatured proteins were separated on 2DE, gel slices were cut out, the proteins were digested with trypsin, and the peptides were identified with MALDI-TOF MS.", "\n\nTwo-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) analysis/matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF MS) {#s0012}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPrior to 2DE analysis, proteins from the coronas formed by the four different particles (three replicates each and a positive control) were suspended in 150 µL of sample buffer containing 9 M urea, 65 mM DTT, 2% Pharmalyte (GE Healthcare, Bioscience, Uppsala, Sweden), 4% CHAPS, and 1% bromophenol blue and then centrifuged at 23 000 × *g* for 30 min at 4 °C. ", "The supernatant containing denatured proteins released from the particles (50 µg protein) was then mixed with a rehydration buffer consisting of 8 M urea, 4% CHAPS, 0.5% immobilized pH gradient, IPG, buffer 3-10NL (GE Healthcare, Bioscience, Uppsala, Sweden), 19 mM DTT, and 5.5 mM Orange G to a final volume of 350 µL. The 2DE was performed in a horizontal 2DE set up IPGphor. ", "The first dimension was performed by in-gel rehydration on pH 3--10 non-linear IPG strips (GE Healthcare, Bioscience, Uppsala, Sweden) and then proteins were transferred to homogenous home-cast gels (0.5 × 180 × 245 mm, 14% T, 1.5% C) running at 20--40 mA, 40--800 V, and 10 °C overnight.", "\n\nProteins were silver stained according to Shevchenko ([@CIT0029]) with minor modifications. ", "The protein patterns were then visualized using a cooled charged-coupled device camera digitizing at 1340 × 1040 pixels resolution (Fluor-S Multi-Imager, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) in combination with a computerized imaging 12-bit system designed for evaluation of 2DE patterns (PDQuest version 7.1.1, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA).", "\n\nThe protein spots were excised and destained according to Ghafouri et al. ([", "@CIT0015]). ", "About 25 µL of 20 µg/mL trypsin in 25 mM ammonium bicarbonate was added to the dried residue, and the samples were incubated overnight at 37 °C. ", "Tryptic peptides were dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and mixed 1:1 with matrix solutions consisting and 1 µL of the solution was spotted on the target plate. ", "Analysis of peptides was performed using MALDI-TOF MS (Voyager-DE PRO, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) equipped with a 337 nm laser and delayed extraction and operated in a reflector mode. ", "Data processing of the spectra was performed with Data Explorer™ (version 4.0, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA).", "\n\nThe mass list (mass + H^+^) generated from the 40 most abundant peaks of the MALDI spectra was submitted to a database search (NCBI, or SWISS-PROT, PIR, Newark, DE). ", "Restrictions were placed on species (Human), mass tolerance ( ± 50 ppm), maximum missed cleavages by trypsin (up to 1), and cysteine modification by carbamidomethylation.", "\n\nLiquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis {#s0013}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe protein corona samples from four different particles with three different particle concentrations and the supernatant, containing unbound proteins, were reduced by the addition of 2 µL of 50 mM DTT and incubated for 1 h at 60 °C. ", "Proteins were alkylated by the addition of 1 µL of 200 mM iodoacetamide and incubated in darkness at room temperature for 30 min. ", "All experiments were performed in triplicate. ", "To each sample, 10 µL of sequencing-grade trypsin (1:10 trypsin to protein ratio, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) and 1 µL of 100 mM calcium chloride were added. ", "The samples were then incubated overnight at 37 °C. ", "The trypsin-digested samples were centrifuged for 1 h at 16 000 × *g*, and the supernatants containing the trypsin-digested peptides were evaporated to dryness and dissolved in 200 µL milliQ water.", "\n\nThe MS platform was a 5500QTRAP hybrid triple quadropole/linear ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with a TurboIonSpray source (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA/MDS Sciex, Framingham, MA) coupled to an online liquid chromatography (LC) system (UFLCXR; Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). ", "A targeted LC-MS/MS method developed specifically for nasal lavage proteins with a total of 245 different proteins was used (Mörtstedt et al., [", "@CIT0025]). ", "Briefly peptides were separated on a C18-column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 3 µm pore size, VisionHT C18 CL; Grace Vydac, Hesperia, CA) using 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (B) in a gradient from 5% B to 10% B in the first 10 min, from 10% B to 30% B over 15 min, and from 30% B to 99% B over 5 min. ", "Each sample was analyzed twice. ", "Results were integrated in Skyline free software (Skyline, MacCoss Lab at University of Washington, Washington, DC) and manually reviewed. ", "To estimate the degree of binding of each individual protein in the nasal lavage protein solution to the different particle types, a ratio was determined between bound and unbound proteins (*R* ~b/u~), according to the equations below. ", "The mean peak values were calculated for each transition for which the two plus and three plus ions were detected (Equation (1)). ", "Peptide fold changes were calculated by relating the mean peptide peak area from the bound to the mean peptide peak area from the supernatant (Equation (2)). ", "The logarithmic ratio was used from Equation (2) to calculate the median ratio (Bantscheff et al., [", "@CIT0003]) for each protein, *R* ~b/u~, in Equation (3).", "\n\nStatistical evaluation {#s0014}\n----------------------\n\nAll statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). ", "Size differences between F~WF~ and UF~WF~ were statistically evaluated using the Mann--Whitney test. ", "The Jonckheere--Terpstra trend test was used for proteins that showed a decreased *R* ~b/u~ trend with decreasing particle concentrations, and *p* values ≤ 0.05 were considered significant (Bewick et al., [", "@CIT0006]; Simpson & Margolin, [@CIT0030]). ", "False discovery rate validation of the statistically significant results was pursued with a sequential goodness of fit test using the free software SGoF + (Software AG, Reston, VA) (De Uña-Alvarez & Carvajal-Rodriguez, [@CIT0014]; Diz et al., [", "@CIT0013]).", "\n\nPathway analysis of significantly stable proteins {#s0015}\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nProteins that had high affinity for the particles were further analyzed with Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) software (Ingenuity Systems, Redwood City, CA, [www.ingenuity.com](http://www.ingenuity.com)) to map interacting networks. ", "Default settings were used except for species, which was set to human, and only experimentally observed relationships were considered.", "\n\nELISA (HNE substrate inhibition) {#s0016}\n--------------------------------\n\nDetection of secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor (SLPI, antileukoproteinase) functionality was performed with a Human Neutrophil Elastase (HNE) Immunocapture Activity Assay Kit (EMD Chemicals, Darmstadt, Germany) that uses a monoclonal antibody to HNE immobilized on a 96-well microplate (EMD Chemicals, Darmstadt, Germany). ", "A total of 100 µL of the 20 ng/mL HNE solution was added to the plates and incubated for 1 h at room temperature. ", "The plate was washed four times with sample buffer followed by addition of SLPI standard, nasal lavage proteins, and different protein coronas for SLPI inhibitor functionality assessment. ", "SLPI standard solutions ranging from 0.01 nM to 7.5 nM along with the SLPI:particle aggregates (diluted to the same SLPI concentrations as for SLPI alone), nasal lavage proteins, particles, nasal lavage protein:particle corona, and a blank with just assay buffer were added in separate wells and incubated for 4 h at 32 °C. ", "SLPI was added to the particles at a concentration similar to the SLPI concentration in nasal lavage, thus 26.4 ng/mL SLPI was incubated with 400 µg/mL particles corona. ", "Material that did not interact with HNE was washed away four times. ", "The activity of HNE was detected with the fluorogenic substrate MeOSuc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val added to the wells, and the plates were incubated for 4 h at 37 °C. ", "Fluorescence was measured at an excitation wavelength of 370 nm and an emission wavelength of 460 nm and analyzed with a FlexStation 3 Microplate Reader (Molecular Devices, Silicon Valley, CA).", "\n\nResults {#s0017}\n=======\n\nNanoparticles {#s0018}\n-------------\n\nWe focused on welding fume particles and two model iron oxide particles, Fe~2~O~3~ and Fe~3~O~4~, which differ in particle size and in oxidation number.", "\n\nThe properties of welding fume particles in air {#s0019}\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nThe concentration of welding fume particles in the chamber during collection was ∼10^5^/cm^3^. The average number size distribution is shown in [Figure 1](#F0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The distribution is, as is typical for distributions of welding fumes in air, lognormal with a geometrical mean diameter of 270 nm. ", "The average mass concentration in the air during collection was, according to the tapered element oscillating microbalance, 2.2 ± 1.2 mg/m^3^. The chemical composition was analyzed and the major constituents of the welding particles after fractionation were iron (75%) and manganese (15%) equally distributed in both F~WF~ and UF~WF~ fractions (Figure S1). ", "Iron was expected to be in the form of the ferrous oxides FeO, Fe~2~O~3~, and Fe~3~O~4~ (Jenkins & Eagar, [@CIT0017]). ", "The welding particles are built up by chain-like structures of a few up to several hundred primary particles ranging in size from 2 nm to 70 nm (Figure S2) (Isaxon et al., [", "@CIT0016]). ", "Figure 1.Airborne welding fume particles. ", "Log-normal distribution to the average number mobility size distribution of airborne agglomerated welding particles detected with SMPS.", "\n\nEndotoxin levels in particle suspensions {#s0020}\n----------------------------------------\n\nParticles collected from the air can adsorb different compounds. ", "Endotoxins are common in the air, and certain proteins that are present in the airway bind to or have a defense activity against endotoxins. ", "Endotoxin contamination of the particles might influence the pattern of nasal lavage proteins binding to the particles; therefore, the endotoxin levels in the particles were determined. ", "The results showed that the endotoxin levels before incubation in nasal lavage protein solution were low (Table S1). ", "Because the concentrations of endotoxins were three orders of magnitude lower than the particle levels, they were expected to have a minor effect, if any effect at all, on the protein-binding capacity of the particles.", "\n\nParticle characterization in fluid {#s0021}\n----------------------------------\n\nThe shape and the number of primary particles in agglomerated particles change when collected from air and suspended in liquid depending on the collection method and the dispersion protocol used. ", "Characterization of the agglomerated particles size after sonication in water was determined by DLS and NTA ([Table 1](#t0001){ref-type=\"table\"} and Figures S3 and S4). ", "Significant differences in mean size (*p* \\< 0.01, Mann--Whitney test) between F~WF~ and UF~WF~ were observed, but were not as large as expected. ", "This was likely because large agglomerates can break up and form smaller or new agglomerates after they are suspended in liquid and sonicated. ", "F~WF~ and UF~WF~ have a broad size distribution compared with Fe~2~O~3~ and Fe~3~O~4~ (Figure S3), probably because of the more complex composition of the primary particles both with respect to size and chemical composition. ", "The manufactured Fe~3~O~4~ and Fe~2~O~3~ particles have larger particle diameters than specified by the manufacturer ([Table 1](#t0001){ref-type=\"table\"}), which probably can be explained by the primary particles forming agglomerates. ", "The agglomerated structure was confirmed by TEM (Figures S5 and S6). ", "Table 1.Size increase (mean diameter) between particles suspended in water and following addition of nasal lavage proteins or secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor (SLPI).ParticleMean diameter of particles in water ± SD^a^ (nm)Mean diameter of particles added to nasal lavage proteins ± SD (nm)Relative size increaseMean diameter of particles added to SLPI (nm)Relative size increaseF~WF~130 ± 6230 ± 221.7N/A UF~WF~99 ± 4140 ± 51.5420 ± 94.3Fe~2~O~3~100 ± 3260 ± 262.6330 ± 193.3Fe~3~O~4~26 ± 2160 ± 156.3N/A [^2]\n\nProtein corona formation {#s0022}\n------------------------\n\nSignificant changes in the diameter of the particles were detected after incubation of the particles with nasal lavage proteins ([Table 1](#t0001){ref-type=\"table\"} and Figure S3). ", "The experiment showed that the protein-driven particle aggregation is time dependent and reproducible data were only obtained by following a strictly time-controlled experimental procedure. ", "The DLS measurement was performed directly following the sonication of the particles. ", "All incubations with particles and nasal lavage proteins were performed within 20 min after the end of particle sonication, which is the time frame in which the particle agglomerates were shown to have a stable size distribution, followed by an additional DLS measurement. ", "Large increases in size following incubation in nasal lavage protein solution were detected for all particles ([Table 1](#t0001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The relative increase in size differed between particle types. ", "For example, Fe~2~O~3~ and UF~WF~ particles were of equal size in suspension, but the diameters increased by a factor of 2.6 and 1.5, respectively, after incubation in nasal lavage protein solution. ", "The amount of bound proteins per particle mass unit also differed between particles (Table S2). ", "Plotting the relative increase in aggregate size versus the amount of bound protein per particle mass unit showed that these two parameters are correlated (Figure S7).", "\n\nIdentification of proteins in the corona {#s0023}\n----------------------------------------\n\nThree different concentrations of each particle suspended in water were incubated with nasal lavage proteins ([Scheme 1](#F0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Proteins bound to the particles (the protein corona) were identified and relatively quantified by 2DE/MALDI-TOF MS and with targeted LC-MS/MS in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode.", "\n\nRepresentative 2DE separations of the proteins in the corona showed similar protein patterns for F~WF~, UF~WF~, and Fe~2~O~3~ ([Figure 2](#F0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}, Figure S8, and Table S3). ", "Proteins that bound to these particles to a high degree were lysozyme C and palate lung and nasal epithelium clone (PLUNC). ", "These proteins bound to a lower extent to Fe~3~O~4~. This particle showed an overall different protein composition in its corona, for example, lipocalin 1 was identified in the corona of the Fe~3~O~4~ particles but not in the coronas of any of the other particles. ", "Figure 2.Comparison of protein-corona patterns from different particle, 50 μg of the bound proteins were separated on 2DE. (", "A) F~WF~, (B) UF~WF~, (C) Fe~2~O~3~, and (D) Fe~3~O~4~. (1) PLUNC, (16) lysozyme C, (7) keratine and (2) lipocalin 1. ", "Each sample was analyzed in triplicates. ", "The most representative gels are presented here. ", "Numbers refer to identified proteins listed in Table S3.", "\n\nThe protein coronas were further analyzed with a complementary method using a label-free targeted LC-MS/MS (Mörtstedt et al., [", "@CIT0025]). ", "To estimate the degree of binding of each individual protein in the nasal lavage protein solution to the different particle types, a ratio was determined between bound and unbound proteins (*R* ~b/u~). ", "In a first step, the *R* ~b/u~ was calculated for particle concentrations of 400 µg/mL. Proteins with a *R* ~b/u~ ≥ 1 are listed in Table S4 along with the calculated isoelectric point (pI) and molecular weight (kDa) for each protein.", "\n\nThe protein coronas of F~WF~ and UF~WF~ were quite similar (Table S4), but a few proteins were only found bound to one or the other particle. ", "The *R* ~b/u~ ratios for F~WF~ and UF~WF~ were similar indicating that individual proteins bound to the particles with a similar affinity. ", "Fe~2~O~3~ particles bound to the same set of proteins as F~WF~ and UF~WF~. In addition, about 14 unique proteins were observed to bind only to Fe~2~O~3~. The protein corona of the smallest particles, Fe~3~O~4~, was distinct from the coronas of the three other particles. ", "However, the protein coronas formed on the four particles cannot be categorized based on a distinct size, net charge, or hydrophobicity of proteins. ", "The protein binding did not correlate to protein abundance for any of the four particles suggesting that the affinity between protein and particle is important.", "\n\nProteins binding with high affinity to the particles {#s0024}\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nIn order to determine which proteins occupy the particle surface with a high probability, proteins with a high affinity to the particle surface were identified using *R* ~b/u~ ratios. ", "Proteins with *R* ~b/u~ ≥ 1 were considered to be proteins with high affinity for binding to the particle surface, and these were included for further analysis (Table S4). ", "The *R* ~b/u~ at 400 µg/mL ranged from 1 to 1000 suggesting that the affinity of the proteins for the particles differed by a magnitude of approximately 10^3^. The *R* ~b/u~ was also determined for each protein and particle at two lower particle concentrations of 200 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL. At lower particle concentrations, less surface area is available for binding, and this leads to increased competition between binding proteins. ", "It was then possible to compare affinities between the binding proteins. ", "Proteins with significantly decreasing ratios (tested with the Jonckheere--Terpasta statistical test) at particle concentrations lower than at 400 µg/mL were excluded (including proteins at 100 µg/mL and 200 µg/mL with *R* ~b/u~ ≥ 1) because these proteins were considered to have a low affinity for the particles. ", "The remaining proteins are listed in [Table 2](#t0002){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "These are considered to bind the particles with high affinity and are probably the most interesting proteins in a realistic exposure situation. ", "Table 2.Proteins with high affinity for the particles.", "  *R*~b/u~AccessionProteinF~WF~UF~WF~Fe~2~O~3~Fe~3~O~4~P06702Protein S100-A91 1 P13647Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5117 P80511Protein S100-A121   Q96DA0Zymogen granule protein 16 homolog B1   P61626Lysozyme C25  Q7Z3Y7Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 28311 P59827BPI fold-containing family B member 44 730Q96HC4PDZ and LIM domain protein 58 1 P02533Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 1491522 P04406Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase14141288Q9NP55BPI fold-containing family A member 11965 P02788Lactotransferrin28811 Q96P63Serpin B12299418612 Q8TDL5BPI fold-containing family B member 136910 P62805Histone H4672345115786Q7Z5L0Vitelline membrane outer layer protein 1 homolog   24P23528Cofilin-1   1Q01469Fatty acid-binding protein, epidermal   1P61769Beta-2-microglobulin   2P04080Cystatin-B   3P13645Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 10   3P04220Ig mu heavy chain disease protein   4P26038Moesin   5P04792Heat shock protein beta-1  714Q08380Galectin-3-binding protein 3 21P60174Triosephosphateisomerase   24P06396Gelsolin   35Q13938Calcyphosin   98P06733Alpha-enolase  8300Q16378Proline-rich protein 4  233P01042Kininogen-1   51Q6UWW0Lipocalin-15   88Q9H293Interleukin-25  1 Q9H299SH3 domain-binding glutamic acid-rich-like protein 3  1 P00558Phosphoglycerate kinase 1  9 P08246Neutrophil elastase  10 P03973Antileukoproteinase 2816 Q9UKX2Myosin-2 1  Q06830Peroxiredoxin-1 1  P49913Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide 1  P05109Protein S100-A8 7  P02538Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6A 30  [^3]\n\nFor some of the proteins in the corona, the *R* ~b/u~ values were high indicating that a large fraction of the protein was bound to the particle and thus leaving only a small fraction unbound. ", "If the binding affects the function of the protein this might have clinically relevant implications.", "\n\nNetwork protein analysis by IPA of the high-affinity proteins for F~WF~ and Fe~2~O~3~ in [Table 2](#t0002){ref-type=\"table\"} shows common connections for nuclear factor kappa beta (NFκB) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), while inerleukin-6 (IL-6) showed a connection for UF~WF~ (Figures S9--S11). ", "This indicates that such binding can influence an inflammatory process. ", "No such connections were found for Fe~3~O~4~ (Figure S12).", "\n\nEffect of particle--protein interaction on protein functionality {#s0025}\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSLPI bound to UF~WF~ and Fe~2~O~3~ particles at an *R* ~b/u~ between 16 and 28 ([Table 2](#t0002){ref-type=\"table\"}) but bound only weakly to F~WF~ and Fe~3~O~4~. This protein was selected for a functionality testing due to the high abundancy in the nasal lavage and high ratio bound to the particles. ", "Before the experiment, the size of the SLPI:particle aggregates was determined ([Table 1](#t0001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The diameter of the formed aggregates was large but could only be determined for UF~WF~ and Fe~2~O~3~. No reproducible results could be obtained for the other particle types.", "\n\nThe potential effect on SLPI function due to the particle binding was tested by measuring the protease activity of HNE on elastine using a fluorogenic substrate (instead of elastine) that gives a fluorescent signal when cleaved (Figure S13A). ", "HNE activity is inhibited by SLPI, (Figure S13B), and we found that increasing concentrations of SLPI alone correlated with a decreasing fluorescent signal demonstrating inhibition of HNE ([Figure 3A](#F0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The addition of particles without SLPI had no effect on the HNE activity (data not shown). ", "Low concentrations of SLPI:UF~WF~ and SLPI:Fe~2~O~3~ aggregates eliminated the inhibitory effect of SLPI ([Figure 3A](#F0003){ref-type=\"fig\"} and Figure S13C), and this indicated that SLPI function was lost upon binding to the UF~WF~ and Fe~2~O~3~ particles. ", "At high concentrations of these aggregates, the inhibitory effect was equal to that of SLPI alone, and this was probably due to maximum inhibition being reached. ", "The SLPI:F~WF~ aggregates showed the opposite effect, however, and inhibition of HNE by SLPI was actually increased in these particles. ", "The decreased signal can be explained either by SLPI binding to F~WF~ particles in a way that improves the protein\\'s function or by steric hindrance for the substrate to reach to HNE due to large SLPI:F~WF~ aggregates. ", "Figure 3.HNE substrate inhibition. ", "Detection of SLPI inhibition of HNE activity was performed with (A) free SLPI compared with SLPI:F~WF~, SLPI:UF~WF~, and SLPI:Fe~2~O~3~ protein corona complexes and (B) nasal lavage protein (NL, which contains endogenous SLPI) compared with NL:F~WF~, NL:UF~WF~, and NL:Fe~2~O~3~ protein corona complexes.", "\n\nWe next measured the endogenous SLPI inhibition of HNE in the nasal lavage protein background containing endogenous SLPI ([Figure 3B](#F0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "No inhibition of HNE was observed in nasal lavage protein alone indicating that SLPI primarily inhibits free endogenous HNE present in nasal lavage protein solution or that the effect of SLPI on HNE is delayed due to the presence of other nasal lavage protein proteins. ", "Therefore, no particle effect was expected, and this was the case for F~WF~ and especially for Fe~2~O~3~ because it binds to endogenous HNE (P08246, [Table 2](#t0002){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "However, adding UF~WF~ particles to nasal lavage decreased the HNE activity. ", "It is possible that differences in the protein corona formation influenced the function of bound SLPI. ", "Thus, it is difficult to predict the influence of protein function induced by particle binding, but changes in activity are clearly possible and are likely to be dependent on particle type.", "\n\nDiscussion {#s0026}\n==========\n\nThe characteristics of the agglomerates depend on the welding process temperature and on the vapor pressure of the elements. ", "Therefore, the particles were collected as two fractions, F~WF~ and UF~WF~, according to the aerodynamic size of the particles.", "\n\nDLS is sensitive to larger particles since the intensity of the scattered light is proportional to the sixth power of the particle diameter. ", "It has a low peak resolution, and particles can only be resolved if the size differs by a factor of 3. ", "This makes it difficult to measure an exact size of the agglomerates. ", "But it is fast, easy to operate, and delivers a large amount of statistical data. ", "The shape and the structure of the agglomerates were confirmed with TEM.", "\n\nMeasurement of the formation of the protein corona revealed that although the hydrodynamic particle mean size was similar for Fe~2~O~3~ and UF~WF~ particles, Fe~2~O~3~ bound twice the amount of proteins than the UF~WF~ particles. ", "Thus the chemical composition of the primary particle along with the primary particle size of the agglomerates might determine the specific surface area available for binding (surface area per mass unit).", "\n\nBoth 2DE-MALDI-TOF MS and targeted LC-MS/MS revealed distinct differences in the protein coronas between Fe~3~O~4~ and the other particles. ", "But conflicting results were obtained regarding, for example, lactotransferrin. ", "Targeted analysis showed that three of the particles bound this protein to a high degree, but the 2DE separation and MALDI-TOF MS analysis did not confirm this finding. ", "Prolactin-inducible protein was detected by the 2DE method but not with SRM. ", "Discrepancies between proteins identified by the two methods might arise from a number of methodological differences, e.g. that targeted peptides must be unique for the identified protein or that parameters such as hydrophobicity and abundance might affect the results of 2DE. ", "Furthermore, digestion by trypsin could be sterically inhibited when the protein is bound to the particle. ", "This emphasizes the importance of combining methods.", "\n\nIn a real exposure scenario, many factors, such as particle number concentration, the deposited surface area, and the amount and composition of nasal lavage proteins, might influence the formation of the protein corona. ", "The formation of the protein corona is a dynamic process, and it is possible that in the upper airways the protein corona is constantly being partly or completely changed. ", "There will be a continuous secretion and removal of nasal fluids and deposited particles, and it is possible that the nasal fluid composition can change in response to particle deposition (Albanese et al., [", "@CIT0001]). ", "These factors, together with the time it will take for equilibrium between proteins and particle surface to be reached (Dell\\'orco et al., [", "@CIT0011]; Lundqvist et al., [", "@CIT0011]; Tenzer et al., [", "@CIT0032]), suggest the possibility that there are many different protein coronas present around particles in the nasal fluid at any given time. ", "Furthermore, in the *in vitro* situation, the ratio of particles and proteins will be important. ", "A large number of particles, i.e., a large surface area, in diluted protein samples, will enable proteins with low affinity to the particles to interact due to the excess of particle surface area (Dell\\'orco et al., [", "@CIT0011]). ", "This might lead to the identification of proteins in the corona that would never occur in a real-life scenario where the surface areas are likely to be limited. ", "In this study, we have identified proteins binding with a high affinity to the particles. ", "These proteins were selected due to an increased probability that they remain in the corona for a long time and thus have an increased probability of either influencing the distribution route of the particle or being subjected to inherent functionality changes.", "\n\nThere were still differences between the overall protein coronas in terms of which high-affinity binding proteins were associated with the different particle types ([Table 2](#t0002){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The protein corona of Fe~3~O~4~ was distinct compared with the three other particles, and this suggests that the composition of the protein corona depends on particle size and/or chemical composition.", "\n\nA loss of inhibitory function of SLPI was observed when the protein was incubated with UF~WF~ and Fe~2~O~3~ particles in an HNE activity assay. ", "The F~WF~ particles, however, appeared actually to not cause any loss of the inhibitory function of SLPI. ", "Thus, it is difficult to predict the potential influence that particle binding has on protein functionality, but this is still a relevant factor to investigate. ", "The majority of the amount of SLPI in nasal lavage was shown to bind to UF~WF~ and Fe~2~O~3~ particles leaving little unbound SLPI left. ", "Thus, any functional alteration would have a significant impact on the overall mechanism. ", "In general, binding of proteins to nanoparticles may be an important mechanism underlying a toxicological response due to any functional alteration induced during the particle-protein interaction.", "\n\nMost of the proteins presented in [Table 2](#t0002){ref-type=\"table\"} are associated with acute phase responses and immunological responses, and differences in the protein corona might have implications for the biological response caused by the particles. ", "The somewhat different coronas identified for different particles suggest that the initiation of different biological pathways could be expected upon inhalation of the particles. ", "Example of proteins with potential interest is BPI fold-containing family B member 4, which was found to bind to a much higher degree to Fe~3~O~4~ than to the F~WF~ and Fe~2~O~3~ particles. ", "This protein has a lipid binding capacity, and it also acts as an odorant carrier through the mucus to receptor sites. ", "Lipocalin-15, a transport protein that enables direct movement of substances into the cell, was found to bind almost exclusively to Fe~3~O~4~ particles. ", "Previous studies have shown cellular uptake of nanoparticles through endocytosis (Albanese et al., [", "@CIT0001]; Chen et al., [", "@CIT0010]), and it might be possible that nanoparticles with strong affinity for these proteins will be taken up by cells more efficiently. ", "However, this hypothesis needs to be further evaluated, for example, by exposing cells to particles coated with these proteins.", "\n\nConclusions {#s0027}\n===========\n\nIn this study, particles were collected from welding fumes and compared with model particles with a well-defined size distribution and less chemical complexity. ", "Analyses of the protein corona formation and the identification of the protein corona formed between different particle types and nasal lavage proteins were performed. ", "The results showed that chemical composition, physical shape, and agglomeration state of the particle influenced particle--protein interactions and functionality of bound proteins. ", "In addition, the protein pattern of the corona differed between the particle types. ", "Thus, it is important to include particles from real working environments and not just study more homogenous model particles.", "\n\nIn summary we demonstrate thatThe amount of protein bound to each particle type correlate with the relative size increase of the aggregates, suggesting that the surface area per mass unit determines the binding capacity.", "The relative increase in aggregate size following addition of nasal lavage proteins to particles showed that the increase was not only associated with particle size.", "The overall nasal lavage protein corona differed between particle types.", "The Fe~3~O~4~ particles, composed of the smallest agglomerates, had a very specific protein corona.", "The protein corona that formed did not correlate with the abundance of the proteins or with their size or net charge.", "Subsets of proteins were identified as binding with high affinity to different particles. ", "These proteins should be investigated in further studies because they might have relevant associations with toxicological responses.", "When proteins bind to particles, the function of the protein can be influenced in different ways as shown by SLPI in this study. ", "The inhibitory function of SLPI was decreased when bound to UF~WF~ and Fe~2~O~3~ particles, but not when bound to F~WF~ particles.", "\n\nSupplementary Material\n======================\n\n###### Supplementary Materials\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests. ", "The work presented here was funded by AFA Insurance and Forte, The medical faculty of Lund University and The Nanometer Structure Consortium (nmC) at Lund University.", "\n\n {#s0028}\n\n**Supplementary material**\n\nSupplementary material is available in [Figures S1-S13](http://www.informahealthcare.com/nan) and [Tables S1-S4](http://www.informahealthcare.com/nan).", "\n\n[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work.", "\n\n[^2]: Analysis was performed with dynamic light scattering.", "\n\n ^a^Standard deviations based on three measurements. ", "Measurements were performed over prolonged incubation times to determine the stability of the agglomerates. ", "No changes were observed in 20 min.", "\n\n N/A: No significant reproducible results could be obtained.", "\n\n[^3]: These include proteins that bind to the particles with *R* ~b/u~ ≥ 1 and for which the *R* ~b/u~ are stable in decreasing particle concentration. ", "The *R* ~b/u~ values shown here represent the protein binding ratio with a 100 µg/mL particle concentration.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Q:\n\nIs there a built-in way to determine the size of a WCF response?", "\n\nBefore a client gets the full payload of the web request, we'd like to first send it a measurement of the size of the response it will get. ", " If the response will be too large, the client will present a message to the user giving them the option to abort the operation.", "\nWe can write some custom code to preload the response on the server, determine the size, and then pass it on to the client, but we'd rather not if there's another way to do it.", "\nDoes anyone know if WCF has any tricky way to do this? ", " Or are there any free third party tools out there that will accomplish this?", "\nThanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nI don't think there's anything \"tricky\" in WCF or the .NET framework to do this, really. ", "What are you passing back to the client? ", "An instance of a class?", "\nWhat you could do is run the query or however you fetch the response, and then serialize that into a memory stream and see how big it gets. ", "This won't be a totally accurate size - the SOAP messages has some overhead to it, like SOAP envelope and headers and stuff - but it can give you a ballpark figure of whether you're about to return a few hundred bytes, or a couple megabytes.", "\nTrouble is: this might take a while on the server just to assemble / query, and then to actually \"measure\", too. ", "Plus you'd almost have to have two calls - one to \"MeasureResult\" which returns an Int or Long or something, and then a second call \"GetResult\" to actually get the results. ", "So you'll incur that effort to assemble the message twice....\nI don't really have a good answer for you, but maybe you just need to figure out some other way to allow the client to abort a call if it takes too long. ", "Or find a way to more quickly figure out an indicator as to how large the response will be (without getting all the details of the response itself).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nLaravel sqlsrv - unable to create timestamps()\n\nI am migrating an existing projekt in L5.1.x to a new server running with Server 2012 and an SQL Server 2012.", "\nI have some problems when using the timestamps() fields for tables. ", "When ill add in my Scheme:\n$table->timestamps();\n\nIll get the created_at and updated_at column with type \"datetime\".", "\nBut with that new configuration when ill try to add a Model to this database i am always getting that error:\nQueryException: Unable to convert an nvarchar Value to and datetime Value ....\n\nWhen ill disable the timestamp fields in my Model, everything is working:\npublic $timestamps = false;\n\n.. but of course no values for created_at and updated_at\nI dont know what cause this problem - any ideas? ", "i could manually set the created_at and updated_at field to \"GETDATE()\" - but i would like to use Laravels base functionality.", "\n\nA:\n\nOk ill found the problem - Laravel creates a datetime with format of:\n\"Y-m-d H:i:s.u\"\n\nBut the SQL Server wants the format of:\n\"Y-d-m H:i:s\"\n\nSo when you update your model function with:\npublic function fromDateTime($value)\n{\n return Carbon::parse(parent::fromDateTime($value))->format('Y-d-m H:i:s');\n}\n\nYou are able to convert to date format to the correct value for your SQL Server ( dont know why its Y-d-m, its not my server ;) ) \n\n" ]

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[ "Picunche\n\nThe Picunche (a Mapudungun word meaning \"North People\"), also referred to as picones by the Spanish, were a Mapudungun-speaking Chilean people living to the north of the Mapuches or Araucanians (a name given to those Mapuche living between the Itata and Toltén rivers) and south of the Choapa River and the Diaguitas. ", " Until the Conquest of Chile the Itata was the natural limit between the Mapuche, located to the south, and Picunche, to the north. ", " During the Inca attempt to conquer Chile the southern Picunche peoples that successfully resisted them were later known as the Promaucaes.", "\n\nThe Picunche living north of the Promaucaes were called Quillotanes (those living in the Aconcagua River valley north to the Choapa) and Mapochoes (those living in the Maipo River basin) by the Spanish, and were part of the Inca Empire at the time when the first Spaniards arrived in Chile.", "\n\nAmong the peoples the Spanish called the Promaucaes, the people of the Rapel River valley were particularly called by this name by the Spanish. ", "Those of the Mataquito River valley were called the Cures. ", "The people in the Maule River valley and to the south were distinguished as Maules and those to the south of the Maules and north of the Itata were known as Cauqui by the Inca and Cauquenes by the Spanish and that gave their name to Cauquenes River.", "\n\nThey did not survive as a separate society into the present day, because of a general population decline and having been absorbed into the general Chilean population during the colonial period.", "\n\nThe indigenous Picunche disappeared by a process of mestizaje by gradually abandoning their villages (pueblo de indios) to settle in nearby Spanish haciendas. ", "There Picunches mingled with disparate indigenous peoples brought in from Araucanía (Mapuche), Chiloé (Huilliche, Cunco, Chono, Poyas) and Cuyo (Huarpe). ", "Few in numbers, disconnected from their ancestral lands and diluted by mestizaje the Picunche and their descendants lost their indigenous identity.", "\n\nAgriculture\nThe Picunches' primary crops consisted of corn and potatoes, and they lived in thatched-roof adobe houses.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Mapuche groups\nCategory:Chilean society\nCategory:Ethnic groups in Chile\nCategory:History of Chile\nCategory:Indigenous peoples in Chile\nCategory:Pre-Columbian cultures" ]

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[ "Most movies about artists tend to fall into one of two categories: they are either stories of success or stories of failure. ", "Well, sure, you might think. ", "What other story is there? ", "Okay, there’s the one where a psychotic fan kidnaps an author and forces him to write for her, which might actually be in both categories, depending on how you view success and depending on how you view failure. ", "But you get my meaning.", "\n\nTake, for instance, the recent and apparently divisive La La Land (if you must know, I loved it, because I, unlike some, have a soul), which introduces us to two down-on-their-luck artists: Mia (Emma Stone), a barista who dreams of becoming an actress, and Sebastian (Ryan Gosling), an unemployed jazz pianist who dreams of opening his own club. ", "Times are hard. ", "Mia can’t get cast. ", "Sebastian gets fired again. ", "It’s LA. ", "There’s a meet-cute or two. ", "Sebastian takes a soulless but high-paying gig. ", "Mia quits for good. ", "They try again. ", "Etc.", "\n\nSpoiler Alert: in the end, they both make it—she becomes a movie star and he gets the jazz club he’s always wanted, where he’s the star of his own particular show. (", "Actual spoiler alert: they also give one other up for their art, which is a refreshing [if, in practice, rather gutting] twist—they don’t actually get to have everything, which makes the film feel, among other things, quite modern.) ", "On the artistry front, it’s all very heartwarming and satisfying. ", "And hey, there are some frankly adorable dance numbers.", "\n\nIn the other category, you have films like the Coen Brothers’ 2013 effort Inside Llewyn Davis, which follows a relentlessly bleak week in the life of its eponymous aspiring musician (Oscar Isaac), who lives in Greenwich Village in the 1960s. ", "When I say relentlessly bleak, I mean it—I saw this film with a squadron of writers who all stumbled out of the theater clutching their notebooks and sobbing. ", "Well, not really, but it might as well be true. ", "Llewyn experiences artistic disappointment after artistic disappointment, rejection after rejection, and ass-kickings both emotional and physical until the film—which pointedly leaves off where it began, the final scene an echo of the first, except that time has gone by, what little money Llewyn once had has been spent, and everything is a little worse—mercifully ends. ", "The only character who has a remotely happy ending is the cat. ", "Don’t be an artist, this film counsels its viewer, because you’ll fail, and not only will you fail, but while you do you’ll probably have to watch someone ostensibly just like you, but not actually you (in this movie, it’s Bob Dylan) succeed.", "\n\nEnter Jim Jarmusch’s Paterson, which is about neither hitting the big time nor about failing miserably. ", "It is neither hopeful nor hopeless. ", "It is, in fact, the most realistic movie about an artist that I have ever seen—despite its spattering of surrealist Jarmuschian elements (the twins Paterson sees everywhere, the Japanese stranger’s final salvo). ", "The film follows a young man named Paterson (Adam Driver) who lives in Paterson, New Jersey, and who loves William Carlos Williams, one of Paterson’s famous residents, whose epic poem, also called Paterson, appears in numerous scenes in the movie, which, just as a reminder, is called Paterson. ", "Paterson is a bus driver, and he is also a poet. ", "His poems are neither good nor terrible. ", "Some have their moments. ", "He lives with a woman, Laura (Golshifteh Farahani), who is by turns trying and wonderful, and who creates art with abandon. ", "Her art is neither good nor terrible. ", "It has its moments. ", "Her cupcakes look delicious.", "\n\nIn this film, Paterson does what most writers—not most writers whose names you know, although those too, but actually most writers—do: he writes. ", "For himself. ", "In obscurity. ", "He writes before work, during his lunch break, and sometimes after work. ", "He writes in the moments that he has available to him, the moments that are not consumed by his job, or by his relationship, or by the sometimes-wonderful, sometimes-unsatisfying day-to-day business of his life. ", "He does not seem to want to do anything with his poems. ", "He does not want to publish them, or share them with anyone other than Laura. ", "He just wants to write them. ", "He just wants to write them, and have a beer in the evening, and wake up next to the woman he loves in the morning.", "\n\nSpoiler Alert: Paterson does not wind up with a book contract at the end of this movie. ", "He does not even receive any external appreciation for his poems, other than from his partner, who, as the movie frequently reminds us, has an extremely low bar for beauty. (", "But there is something important to learn from Laura too, a character who finds satisfaction and even joy, sometimes absurd, stupid joy, in the mere creation of art, and who believes honestly not only that both of them can do anything but that they will.) ", "Though this is a quiet film, things do happen: there is a moment of crisis that sends Paterson into a state that seems sort of like despair—although he’s stoic enough that it’s hard to tell. ", "There is a moment where a stranger restores him. ", "Time passes.", "\n\nLike Inside Llewyn Davis, Paterson leaves its protagonist more or less where he started. ", "But unlike it, while watching Paterson, you get the sense that all of Paterson’s days writing poetry for himself are, in fact, adding up to something, even if it’s nothing that would be called “success” by an external judge. ", "This is a much better story for the aspiring writer than either the rags-to-riches tale or the doom-and-gloom one, because this is a story that posits that the work can be, and should be, enough. ", "You probably won’t get famous. ", "You’ll probably have to keep your day job. ", "Often your days will be boring. ", "Often your poems will be bad. ", "Sometimes they will be good. ", "And all of that’s all right. ", "That’s how it should be. ", "More importantly, that’s how it is." ]

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[ "Microsoft’s personal assistant, Cortana coming to Android and iOS\n\nSeveral months ago, there was rumors and reports on Cortana coming to other platforms. ", "Today, Microsoft confirmed that Cortana is indeed coming to Android and iOS. ", "According to Microsoft, Cortana will be available as an app on both of the platforms, and work just like it does on Windows Phone and Windows 10. ", "Cortana will be able to help you get lots of things done, from searching for things on the web or your device to setting reminders, dictating email, or toggling device settings.", "\n\nMicrosoft states that you’ll need to install Cortana using the Phone Companion app which will be available with Windows 10. ", "However, Cortana will have some limitations on Android and iOS, for example, “Hey Cortana” won’t work on Android and iOS. ", "Here’s a video showing off Cortana running on Android (at the 01:47 mark):\n\nMicrosoft has announced that the Cortana companion will be available for Android phones at the end of June and for iPhones later this year. ", "If you’re an Android or iOS user, are you glad that Cortana is coming to other platforms?" ]

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[ "Welcome to the website of the Digital Media Law Project. ", "The DMLP was a project of the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society from 2007 to 2014. ", "Due to popular demand the Berkman Klein Center is keeping the website online, but please note that the website and its contents are no longer being updated. ", "Please check any information you find here for accuracy and completeness.", "\n\nDecember 13, 2017\n\nPrimary links\n\nLegal Resources for Digital Media\n\nSearch form\n\nSearch\n\nObsidian Finance Group v. Cox\n\nNOTE: The information and commentary contained in this database entry are based on court filings and other informational sources that may contain unproven allegations made by the parties. ", "The truthfulness and accuracy of such information is likely to be in dispute. ", "Information contained in this entry is current as of the last event mentioned in the \"Description\" section below; additional proceedings might have taken place in this matter since this event.", "\n\nThreat Type:\n\nLawsuit\n\nDate:\n\n01/14/2011\n\nStatus:\n\nPending\n\nLocation:\n\nOregon\n\nDisposition:\n\nDismissed (partial)\n\nVerdict (plaintiff)\n\nVerdict or Settlement Amount:\n\n$2,500,000.00\n\nLegal Claims:\n\nDefamation\n\nOn January 14, 2011, Obsidian Finance Group, LLC, and Obsidian Senior Principal Kevin Padrick filed a defamation suit in Oregon federal court against blogger Crystal Cox. ", "The complaint alleged that Cox had written a number of false and defamatory statements... read full description\n\nParties\n\nParty Receiving Legal Threat:\n\nCrystal Cox\n\nType of Party:\n\nIndividual\n\nOrganization\n\nType of Party:\n\nIndividual\n\nLocation of Party:\n\nOregon\n\nLocation of Party:\n\nMontana\n\nLegal Counsel:\n\nDavid Aman, Steven Wilker\n\nLegal Counsel:\n\nPro se\n\nDescription\n\nOn January 14, 2011, Obsidian Finance Group, LLC, and Obsidian Senior Principal Kevin Padrick filed a defamation suit in Oregon federal court against blogger Crystal Cox. ", "The complaint alleged that Cox had written a number of false and defamatory statements on her website, obsidianfincancesucks.com, and on \"other websites.\" ", "The statements quoted in the complaint involve \"tax fraud,\" \"fraud against the government,\" \"hir[ing] a hitman,\" and other statements.", "\n\nObsidian moved for partial summary judgment, arguing that Cox's statements on her blog constituted defamation as a matter of law. ", "Obsidian argued that because Cox had \"no evidence to support the truth of any of her statements,\" the judge should grant summary judgment as to the question of liability, leaving the question of damages for trial. ", "Padrick also filed a declaration denying the truthfulness of Cox's statements, and included copies of Cox's blog posts.", "\n\nOn May 4, 2011 Cox answered Obsidian's complaint, filed an opposition to Obsidian's motion for summary judgment, and made a number of counterclaims. ", "Her counterclaims alleged conspiracy, harassment, and defamation.", "\n\nAfter Obsidian and Cox traded another round of briefs on the summary judgment motion, and after Obsidian answered Cox's counterclaims, the judge ruled against Obsidian on the summary judgment question. ", "The opinion focused on the fact that Cox's contested posts were \"replete with scattershot, hyperbolic accusations,\" and that the \"broad context\" of the posts (including the name of the blog) meant that Cox's assertions were \"less likely to be viewed as statements of fact.\" ", "The judge also announced his intention to, sua sponte, grant summary judgment in favor of Cox. ", "He then gave Obsidian two weeks to file a brief in opposition of this new summary judgment ruling.", "\n\nObsidian then filed an opposing brief; Cox did not respond. ", "The judge then granted summary judgment for Cox as to all but one blog post. ", "The judge wrote that \"blogs are a subspecies of online speech which inherently suggest that statements made there are not likely provable assertions of fact.\" ", "He again found that the blogs' incendiary titles would cause readers to \"view [the posts] with a certain amount of skepticism and with an understanding that they will likely present one-sided viewpoints rather than assertions of provable facts.\" ", "The judge cited blogs' \"setting and format,\" which create a \"looser, more relaxed communication style\" less likely to be seen as factual. ", "Furthermore, the judge found that the \"general tenor\" of Cox's posts suggested that she had a \"personal vendetta\" against Obsidian, which \"undermine[d] the reader's expectations\" that Cox's assertions were factual.", "\n\nThe judge also described Cox's language – \"a fanciful diatribe\" – as undercutting a reader's expectation of factual information. ", "And while certain statements from Cox's post could, in isolation, be seen as arguably factual, when \"the content and context of the surrounding statements are considered,\" they would not be understood as assertions of fact.", "\n\nThe judge did deny summary judgment as to one post Cox made on another website, bankruptcycorruption.com. ", "He found that because the post was removed from the less factual context of obsidianfinancesucks.com, read more like a \"factual narrative,\" and contained some \"fairly specific allegations,\" it would be possible for a fact-finder to read the post as asserting facts.", "\n\nOn October 14, 2011, Obsidian moved for sanctions against Cox, arguing that she had not been cooperating in discovery.", "\n\nUPDATES:\n\nNovember 2, 2011: the district court allowed attorneys fees but denied further sanctions against Cox, and ordered Cox to comply with discovery requests. ", "On November 9, Obsidian filed a motion to compel, requesting answers to multiple interrogatories and discovery requests. ", "Cox objected, relying upon, inter alia, Oregon's right of retraction statute (O.R.S. § 31.215) and Oregon's media shield law (O.R.S. §§ 44.510–44.540). ", "In a verbal order on November 28 the judge denied application of the right of retraction and shield law.", "\n\nNovember 29, 2011: The case went to a one-day trial. ", "The jury in the case found for the plaintiff Obsidian for $1,000,000, and for Kevin Padrick for $1,500,000. ", "The jury instructions for the case make no mention of a negligence or other fault requirement for defamation in Oregon, specifically stating that the defendant's knowledge of the statement's truth or falsity was irrelevant to the determination.", "\n\nNovember 30: In a written order, the district court judge clarified his oral ruling from November 28. ", "The judge noted that Oregon's right of retraction law applies only to statements made in print or broadcast media, and does not apply to Internet blogs. ", "As for Oregon's media shield law, the court found that the law only applies to a person \"conected with … any medium of communication to the public,\" and that the statute defines \"medium of communication\" as \"any newspaper, magazine or other periodical, book, pamphlet, news service, wire service, news or feature syndicate, broadcast station or network, or cable television system.\" ", "The court declined to include blogs as part of that definition, and noted that even if it did, O.R.S. 44.530(3) states that the provisions of the shield law \"do not apply with respect to the content or source of allegedly\ndefamatory information, in civil action for defamation wherein the\ndefendant asserts a defense based on the content or source of such\ninformation.\"", "\n\nAs for the substantive claim of defamation, the court rejected several First Amendment claims made by Cox. ", "The court found that Obsidian and Padrick were not public figures as defined in New York Times v. Sullivan, that the jury did not have to find that Cox was negligent when publishing her statements under Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. because Cox is not a \"media\" defendant, and that the statements Cox made were not on a matter of public concern.", "\n\nJanuary 4, 2012: Cox filed a Motion for a New Trial and in the Alternative for Remittitur. ", "The Motion argued that, for three separate reasons, the Court should grant a new trial. ", "First, Cox argued that even if plaintiffs were treated as private figures, under Gertz the jury should have been instructed that she could be held liable for proven compensatory damages only if the jury found negligence, and for presumed damages only if the jury found actual malice. ", "Second, Cox argued that because Kevin Padrick was a court-appointed bankruptcy trustee, he should be treated as a public official with respect to his duties. ", "Third, she argued that a new trial or remittitur is required because the evidence presented did not support a finding of $2.5 million in damages.", "\n\nJanuary 11, 2012:Electronic Frontier Foundation (\"EFF\"), a non-profit digital rights organization, filed an amicus brief in support of Cox's Motion for a New Trial. ", "In its brief, EFF supported Cox's arguments that the court should have instructed the jury to apply a negligence standard in order to find her liable for defamation, and that the damage award lacked evidentiary support. ", "Additionally, EFF urged the court to reconsider its finding that Cox was not a \"media\" defendant. ", "EFF argued that Oregon's retraction statute should be interpreted to include Internet publishers, because \"Internet publication is no different ... than the broad publication methods identified in the statute.\" ", "EFF also argued that Cox should be protected under Oregon's shield law, because she was \"engaged in a medium of communication to the public.\" ", "EFF maintained that the court, in ruling against Cox on both issues, created an \"unnecessarily hostile\" environment for Internet speech.", "\n\nJanuary 30, 2012: Plaintiffs opposed Cox's motion for a new trial. ", "Plaintiffs argue that any objection over the jury instruction is waived by a failure to timely object to the motion under FRCP Rule 51. ", "Plaintiffs further argue that the minimum-fault rule in Gertz should not apply to this case, and that Oregon's shield law and retraction statute are inapplicable.", "\n\nMarch 27, 2012: The district court denied Cox's motion for a new trial. ", "The court first rejected Cox's argument that Padrick should be considered a \"special purpose\" public official. ", "According to the court, private bankruptcy trustees do not qualify as public officials of any sort. ", "The court also ruled that the \"matter of public concern\" category was not so broad as to encompass Cox's allegations.", "\n\nThe court next rejected Cox's argument, based on Gertz and other cases, that defamation defendants can only be held liable for compensatory damages if the jury finds negligence. ", "After an extended discussion of Supreme Court case law, the district court concluded that \"the question of what standard of liability to apply to a private plaintiff who sues a non-media defendant over allegedly defamatory statements made on a private issue, remains unanswered\" as a matter of constitutional law. ", "While the Supreme Court has repeatedly stated that media defendants receive no more First Amendment protection than other defendants, the district court stated that the Supreme Court has not yet \"squarely held\" that negligence is required in cases like Cox's.", "\n\nAfter briefly disposing of EFF's arguments under Oregon's retraction statute and shield law, the district court also ruled that \"the evidence supports the damages awarded to each of the plaintiffs,\" and denied Cox's motion on this ground as well.", "\n\nMarch 30, 2012: Cox filed her notice of appeal to the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals.", "\n\nApril 24, 2012: Plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal. ", "They appealed (1) the district court's order denying their motion for partial summary judgment and giving notice that it intends to grant summary judgment for the defendant, (2) the court's supplemental opinion denying their supplemental motion for summary judgment as to blog posts not previously submitted and granting summary judgment for the defendant with respect to all but one blog post, and, (3) the court's oral ruling ordering that their expert witness could not testify to the influence on buyers of derogatory statements appearing in a search engine results page.", "\n\nOctober 10, 2012: Crystal Cox filed her opening brief. ", "Cox argued, among other things, that she is entitled to a new trial because the district court gave faulty jury instructions on the fault standards applicable to her claim.", "\n\nFirst, Cox asserted that Gertz applies to all public speakers, regardless of whether they are members of the institutional press. ", "Therefore, she argued, even if the plaintiffs are private figures, the jury should have been required to find that she acted negligently in order to hold her liable for damages, and, in order to find her liable for presumed damages, the jury should have had to find that she acted with actual malice.", "\n\nShe further argued that her speech was on a matter of public concern, because allegations that a person is involved in crime generally constitute speech on matters of public concern, particularly allegations of fraud within a government program. ", "She distinguished Dun & Bradstreet v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc. on the basis that her speech was (1) not solely in her interest or that of her specific business audience, (2) available to the public at large, (3) not solely motivated by desire for profit, and (4) not objectively verifiable.", "\n\nShe also argued that allegations of tax fraud by a court-appointed bankruptcy trustee do not lose their public concern status even if they deal with an incident that has not yet been a matter of public discussion. ", "She argued that, as a matter of policy, it is unwise to grant lower protection to speakers unearthing a single instance of misconduct than to those covering a broader national problem or large-scale issue after particular misconduct is discovered. ", "She notes that the absence of an existing controversy may be relevant to whether the plaintiff is a public figure, but not to whether the speech is on a matter of public concern.", "\n\nCox relied on dictum in Newcombe v. Adolf Coors Co. to argue that the Ninth Circuit has found Gertz to require a showing of negligence even in private concern cases, and therefore, even if she is found to have spoken on a matter of purely private concern and the plaintiffs are found to be private figures, the court should have instructed the jury that she was only liable if she was negligent.", "\n\nWith respect to the plaintiffs' status as private or public figures, Cox argued that a court-appointed bankruptcy trustee should be treated akin to a public official with regard to the performance of his duties, and that, under New York Times v. Sullivan, the district court therefore should have instructed the jury that the plaintiffs had to prove actual malice. ", "She cited to several state court cases finding that when a court-appointee has government-delegated duties affecting citizens' money or property, those holding such positions should be considered public officials with regard to the performance of their duties. ", "She further argued that that the protections of Sullivan apply to her, regardless of whether she was a member of the institutional media, citing several Supreme Court cases that have applied the case to non-media speakers.", "\n\nOctober 17, 2012: The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press filed an amicus curiae brief in support of reversal. ", "The Committee noted that the distinction between media and non-media defendants in private-figure libel suits creates heightened interest in broadly defining the term \"news media.\"", "\n\nAlthough the Supreme Court has interpreted Gertz to prohibit strict liability in state defamation laws only when the laws are applied to speech on matters of public concern, the Committee argued that it is unresolved whether Gertz is limited to media defendants and that several states do not apply Gertz to nonmedia defendants. ", "This distinction, the Committee argued, makes the definition of \"media defendant\" critically important in libel cases.", "\n\nAs such, the Committee urged the court to interpret the term \"media defendant\" broadly enough to include any content provider who has the intent, when gathering information, to disseminate it to the public.", "\n\nThe Committee stated that the Supreme Court has long recognized that the definition of \"press\" does not depend on the medium of distribution and that many courts, including the Ninth Circuit, have held that testimonial privilege applies to individuals engaged in the practice of compiling information for public dissemination, regardless of their membership in the traditional press. ", "According to the Committee, in the same way that an author's function, not the medium of publication, triggers a shield law's protection, an author's function should determine whether he or she could be classified as a member of the media entitled to the protections afforded by Gertz.", "\n\nFinally, the Committee argued that courts must apply a broad definition of whether speech is in the public interest for purposes of establishing the standard of fault in libel cases. ", "The Committee examined a number of Supreme Court and Ninth Circuit cases that demonstrate that, when evaluating speech's public nature, courts interpret public concern broadly and look to the \"point\" of speech by evaluating factors like the target audience and the speaker's motivation. ", "In this case, the Committee argued that, by narrowly focusing its public concern analysis on speech that exposes public corruption, the lower court failed to comply with the broad principles outlined by the Ninth Circuit and the Supreme Court. ", "Therefore, the Committee recommended that the Ninth Circuit reverse the lower court's ruling and remand for a more thorough assessment of whether Cox meets the public concern test under the proper constitutional standards.", "\n\nOctober 17, 2012: SCOTUSblog filed an amicus curiae brief in support of neither party. ", "SCOTUSblog stated that, while it takes no position on the merits of the dispute, it filed a brief to illustrate how the criteria for liability applied by the district court could generate incorrect results in the case of a blog that provides a public service and should receive First Amendment protections\n\nThe brief notes that SCOTUSblog could be subject to allegations of libel and defamation like those asserted in this case, because it publishes strongly worded critiques that may offend their subjects.", "\n\nMoreover, SCOTUSblog asserted that it could not satisfy several of the criteria articulated by the district court, leaving it vulnerable to an adverse decision in a defamation case: only one of the blog's contributors has any training in journalism, the blog does not have media credentials or proof of affiliation with any recognized news entity, it does not as a general rule do any fact-checking, and it does not maintain notes of conversations, interviews, or research. ", "Given that the court did not specify how many characteristics the defendant would need to posses to qualify for First Amendment protections afforded to \"media,\" the blog expressed concern that it would not qualify. ", "This risk of liability would, it argued, have a chilling effect on the content the blog posts, which will result in less complete coverage of the Supreme Court.", "\n\nSCOTUSblog therefore requested that the Ninth Circuit establish that non-traditional news sources that provide a useful public service by gathering, analyzing, and disseminating information receive the same First Amendment protections afforded to traditional news sources, even if they cannot make the showings the district court outlined in this case.", "\n\nDecember 7, 2012: The plaintiffs filed their response brief and cross-appeal. ", "According to Obsidian and Padrick, Cox failed to preserve objections to the jury instructions at trial. ", "The plaintiffs further argued that the trial court did not commit a plain error that warranted reversal despite Cox's failure to object, because \"First Amendment protection of false speech [is] the exception, not the rule.\" ", "Any error that did occur was harmless, plaintiffs claimed, because \"Cox's undisputed conduct establishes negligence and a reckless disregard for the truth or falsity of [her] statements.\"", "\n\nOn cross-appeal, plaintiffs argued that the district court erred in finding that certain of Cox's blog posts were non-actionable opinion and granting Cox summary judgment on those blog posts. ", "Plaintiffs noted that these posts, which purported to be \"Truthfully Posted,\" asserted that the plaintiffs had committed numerous crimes, including fraud, bribery, money laundering, and possibly hiring a hit man. ", "According to the plaintiffs, \"[t]here is nothing figurative or hyperbolic about these accusations,\" and it \"is not necessarily a reasonable assumption\" that \"reasonable readers will view blogs as inherently less reliable than other sources of information.\" ", "Thus, they argued, the trial court should have left the question of whether these posts contained opinions to the jury.", "\n\nFebruary 4, 2013: Cox replied, arguing that, even under plain error review, the judgment below must be reversed because: Gertz applies to all public speakers; Cox spoke on matters of public concern; Gertz applies even to speech on matters of private concern; and Padrick was a public official for purposes of the Sullivan analysis. ", "She also asserted these arguments were preserved for review because the trial court was \"aware of Cox's position that she was entitled to First Amendment protections\" and had rejected her objection earlier in the trial. ", "Additionally, Cox argued that the district court correctly held that the other blog posts at issue were not libelous. ", "Cox conceded that Internet speech \"is not categorically immune from defamation liability,\" but, based on the context of the statements at issue, Cox claimed, \"even the statements that might in isolation seem like factual assertions would be seen by reasonable readers as opinions.\"", "\n\nJanuary 17, 2014: The Ninth Circuit issued its opinion. ", "The court held that \"liability for a defamatory blog post involving a matter of public concern cannot be imposed without proof of fault and actual damages.\"", "\n\nThe court, reviewing the judgment de novo, concluded that Gertz's protection for defendants in private defamation actions is not limited to institutional media defendants; the court held that a \"First Amendment distinction between the institutional press and other speakers is unworkable\" and constitutional protections cannot turn on the identity of the speaker-regardless of whether \"the defendant was a trained journalist, formerly affiliated with traditional news entities, engaged in conflict-of-interest disclosure, went beyond just assembling others' writings, or tried to get both sides of a story.\" ", "The court noted that the Supreme Court has \"repeatedly refused in non-defamation contexts to accord greater First Amendment protection to the institutional media than to other speakers,\" and that every other circuit to consider the question has found that Gertz applied broadly to non-institutional speakers.", "\n\nThe court did not decide whether Gertz is limited to speech involving matters of public concern, because it found that Cox's statements addressed such issues. ", "The court stated that \"[p]ublic allegations that someone is involved in crime generally are speech on a matter of public concern,\" and the allegations in this case \"raised questions about whether [defendants] were failing to protect the defrauded investors because they were in league with their original clients.\" ", "This allegation was not merely a matter of private concern because it was not \"solely in the individual interest of the speaker and its specific business audience,\" was published at large, and was not \"like advertising\" and therefore \"unlikely to be deterred by incidental state regulation.\"", "\n\nThe court refused to apply Sullivan's actual malice standard, however, holding that bankruptcy trustees are not \"tantamount to public officials.\"", "\n\nOn the plaintiffs' cross-appeal, the court affirmed the district court's grant of summary judgment on the other blog posts at issue in the original suit. ", "The court found that the \"general tenor of Cox's blog posts negates the impression that she was asserting objective facts,\" and that the name of the website-obsidianfinancesucks.com-\"leads ‘the reader of the statements [to be] predisposed to view [the blog posts] with a certain amount of skepticism.'\" ", "The court also relied on the fact that Cox's stream of consciousness-like sentences indicated that they were expressions of \"feelings rather than assertions of fact.\" ", "Cox's \"consistent use of extreme language,\" including her assertion that one of the plaintiffs had hired a hit man to kill her, also weighed in favor of finding that the blog posts did not assert facts. ", "Finally, the court held that the statements at issue were not \"sufficiently factual to be proved true or false\" because they were published on a \"non-professional website containing consistently hyperbolic language.\"", "\n\nThe court remanded the case to the district court to conduct a new trial on the single post still at issue in compliance with Gertz, stating that the district court must instruct the jury that it cannot find Cox liable for defamation unless it finds that she acted negligently and that it cannot award presumed damages unless it finds that Cox acted with actual malice.", "\n\nWe are looking for contributing authors with expertise in media law, intellectual property, First Amendment, and other related fields to join us as guest bloggers. ", "If you are interested, please contact us for more details.", "\n\nNewsletters\n\nMain menu\n\nCopyright 2007-17 Digital Media Law Project and respective authors. ", "Except where otherwise noted,content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License: Details.", "Use of this site is pursuant to our Terms of Use and Privacy Notice." ]

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[ "This COBRE Phase III proposal aims to further develop the Center for Molecular Medicine at the University of Kentucky. ", "This Center focuses on research aimed at understanding the molecular mechanisms associated with human disease with emphases on cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. ", "We propose to transition to independence the research infrastructure developed during previous COBRE funding. ", "Our COBRE funded Center for Molecular Medicine has had a number of successes. ", "During the previous funding period 30 junior faculty from 12 different departments and centers were funded as COBRE project or pilot grant PIs. ", "These mentored faculty received 27 NIH ROI grants, 11 other NIH grants, and 41 other peer-reviewed extramural grants. ", "The COBRE-supported junior faculty published more than 400 research papers. ", "These and other successes can in large part be attributed to a strong mentoring program, excellent institutional support, and the availability of the scientific cores associated with the Center. ", "For this application, we propose to transition the Center for Molecular Medicine and its three scientific cores to independence of NIH/NIGMS support and to enhance and upgrade core technologies. ", "It is worth noting that two of our original cores have or soon will transition to independence; the Proteomics core developed by this COBRE is now a University fee-for-service core, and the COBRE supported Imaging core is soon to become a department supported core. ", "During the proposed five-year transition period we will increase the critical mass of faculty associated with the Center and continue to enhace its Cores. ", "The use of vouchers will promote core usage and pilot grants will develop research collaborations and competitive grant submissions. ", "The Administrative Core will serve as the focal point of the grant and in conjunction with the Program Coordinator and Internal Advisory Committee will serve as the operational arm of the Center. ", "An External Advisory Committee, consisting of world-renown scientists will provide ongoing assessment and evaluation of the Center. ", "Continuing Institutional commitments will ensure programmatic growth, and long-term sustainability." ]

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[ "Loss of the pigmentation phenotype in Yersinia pestis is due to the spontaneous deletion of 102 kb of chromosomal DNA which is flanked by a repetitive element.", "\nThe pigmentation (Pgm+) phenotype of Yersinia pestis encompasses a variety of different physiological traits, all of which are missing in Pgm- mutants. ", "We have previously shown that loss of the Pgm+ phenotype is accompanied by the spontaneous deletion of at least 45 kb of chromosomal DNA, referred to as the pgm locus. ", "Using chromosomal walking, we have now mapped the full extent of the pgm locus in Y. pestis strain KIM6+. ", "Our results indicate that the locus spans 102 kb of DNA which is absent in the spontaneous Pgm- mutant, KIM6. ", "Yersinia pseudotuberculosis PB1/0 contains sequences homologous to the entire pgm locus while only part of this region hybridized to Yersinia enterocolitica WA-LOX DNA. ", "Restriction enzyme mapping and hybridization studies revealed the presence of a repetitive element at both ends of the pgm locus and in multiple copies elsewhere in the Y. pestis genome. ", "This element may be responsible for generating the deletion." ]

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[ "[An experimental study of the effect of different biologically active substances on the susceptibility of mosquitoes to the causative agent of malaria. ", "1. ", "Insect development regulators].", "\nIt has been shown on the model pair Ae. ", "aegypti-P. gallinaceum that dimilin, an inhibitor of insect chitin synthesis has practically no effect on female sensitivity to malaria agent. ", "An analogue of the juvenile hormone juvemon at a concentration of 0.001-0.002 mg/l, causing death of 35% of insects, produces a 7-17% decrease in sporozoite index value. ", "In concentration of 0.004-0.05 mg/l, there is a tendency towards an increase in the vector capacity of the survived female individuals. ", "No differences in the intensity of infection have been revealed between test and control female individuals. ", "No noticeable inhibition of the physiological conditions of test female individuals determined by the following parameters: activity of their aggression towards the donor and their death before and alter the infective feeding have been observed. ", "Thus, none of the substances tested is an inhibitor of the development of malaria plasmodia and their vectors." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIs there a way to specify a minimum number of workers for Cloud Dataflow w/ autoscaling?", "\n\nI'd like to specify a minimum number of workers for my job that autoscaling will not go below (akin to how it works for max_num_workers). ", "Is this possible? ", "My reason is that sometimes the worker startup takes long enough that the autoscaling decides to drop the number of workers to one, even though doing so is not optimal for my job. ", "I'd still like to use autoscaling in case the job is larger than my estimated minimum.", "\n\nA:\n\nMinimum number of workers is not yet supported. ", "Could file a ticket with job details so that it support can take a look to understand why it downscales to too few workers?", "\n\n" ]

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[ "\nDon't Go to College This Fall - tndl\nhttps://www.perell.com/blog/dont-go-to-college-this-fall\n======\nnickff\nThis is bad advice.", "\n\nEven the stereotypically low-earning majors (Education and English) are very\n(financially) rewarding to those who complete degrees. ", "This is true even\nthough most majors confer almost no useful skills or knowledge. ", "The only\ncaveat is that there is almost no reward for attending college, so you should\nonly go if you are reasonably certain that you will complete the degree.", "\n\n[1]\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Case_Against_Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Case_Against_Education)\n\n~~~\nnostrademons\nBusinesses are very financially rewarding to those who \"complete\" them, much\nmore so than degrees can be. ", "Your upside for completing a 4-year bachelors\ndegree is maybe $150k/year, best case, if you study CS from an Ivy League and\nend up at a FAANG. ", "Your upside for building a successful business can\npotentially reach hundreds of billions of dollars.", "\n\nThere's an issue of probabilities: you're probably a lot likely to complete a\n4-year degree than found a billion-dollar company. ", "But that's a risk/reward\ntradeoff, and it's worth remembering that there are a number of \"off ramps\"\nfrom the startup path that may not be billion-dollars but still lead to a job\njust as good as a college grad would get. ", "Being able to run a profitable,\nself-sustaining business is viewed very highly by many employers.", "\n\n~~~\nWkndTriathlete\n\"There's an issue of probabilities\" undersells it. ", "Lifetime average ROI on a\ncollege degree over the population has historically outperformed those\nentering the workforce - either employed or as an entrepreneur - over the past\n50 years. ", "And while the ROI difference has shrunk (mostly due to exorbitant\ntuition increases), it is still more profitable over a person's lifetime - on\naverage - to go to college instead of starting a business.", "\n\nGeorgetown actually did a fantastic site that shows ROI for a variety of\ninstitutions:\n\n[https://cew.georgetown.edu/cew-\nreports/collegeroi/](https://cew.georgetown.edu/cew-reports/collegeroi/)\n\n------\nErikAugust\nLet me outline this for you:\n\n1\\. Pontificates a bit on the “Don’t go to college, start an online business\ninstead” meme, arguing it as good advice.", "\n\n2\\. Claims writing is an important skill for starting an online business.", "\n\n3\\. Provides call-to-action selling online course about writing:\n[https://writeofpassage.school/](https://writeofpassage.school/)\n\nWe were all just making fun of the dropshipping cargo cult a few days ago and\nhere we are upvoting this.", "\n\n~~~\nthreatofrain\nWhat’s annoying is the article has no intention of delivering on its more\nmodestly stated title — don’t go to college this <fall>. ", "I was expecting a\nnarrative that gathers together facts about how schools were intending to\nreopen on time.", "\n\n------\nImnimo\n\"The smartest people I know are mostly self-educated.\"", "\n\nWhich direction do you think the causality arrow points in this sentence?", "\n\n------\nMR4D\nI get the sentiment, but it would also be good for a lot of people to goto\njunior college and knock out some pre-reqs at the same time.", "\n\nAlso, I think you should make it the whole school year, not just a semester\n(if we have issues this fall, we're likely to also have them in January and\nFebruary of next year).", "\n\nThis gives you several advantages:\n\n1 - you don't fall a year behind in schooling\n\n2 - you can still start a business, as junior colleges aren't trying to weed\nout students\n\n3 - your cost will be lower (no room & board, lower tuition)\n\nI fully agree with the author that now is a time to try something new, even if\nyou fail completely, you'll learn a lot more than you ever thought you would.", "\n\n~~~\ngreendave\nJunior college is a great option which far too many people dismiss.", "\n\n------\nlucasmullens\n> Use your time to start an online business.", "\n\nI feel like some people have been in the startup world too long and forget not\neveryone is trying to be an entrepreneur.", "\n\n> But what if my college goes out of business from a lack of tuition dollars?", "\n\nStudents aren't concerned about this. ", "No one goes to college with the goal of\nfunding their college.", "\n\nDegrees still matter in many industries, and this article seems to be\ntargeting too broad of an audience.", "\n\n------\nandreygrehov\nHonestly, it sounds like the author lives in his own bubble. ", "There are a ton\nof people who give zero shits about online businesses. ", "I'm sure all of us\nheard of those people, you know, they call them doctors, architects, teachers,\nactors, police officers, etc.", "\n\n------\ngreendave\n> The smartest people I know are mostly self-educated. ", "They already know the\n> secret: With an Internet connection and strong work ethic, you can teach\n> yourself.", "\n\n> To sum up, don’t pay $30,000 for Zoom classes. ", "Start a business instead.", "\n\nAuthor seems to be trying to be provocative, but at the risk of stating the\nobvious - there are lots of other in-between options too, including a formal\neducation that doesn't cost $30k/yr (zoom or no zoom).", "\n\n~~~\nalistairSH\nFor example, an undergraduate degree from Harvard's Extension School costs\nless than many Big State U degrees.[1] $60k for a Harvard degree seems like a\nbargain (yeah, it's the extension schoo, but by most accounts, it's still a\nrigorous, high-quality program).", "\n\n1 - \"At the 2019–20 rate, the total tuition cost of earning the full\nundergraduate degree is $58,880.\"", "\n[https://www.extension.harvard.edu/academics/bachelor-\nliberal...](https://www.extension.harvard.edu/academics/bachelor-liberal-arts-\ndegree)\n\n------\nabhisuri97\nCue another “college is useful/useless” debate in the HN comments...\n\n------\nsequoia\n> In the best-case scenario, you’ll end the year with a path towards a\n> profitable business and the money-making skills you thought you needed\n> student loans to build.", "\n\nAuthor should include a pie chart (or something) of the odds of this\nhappening. ", "When you're unable to see the \"profitable business on first try\nafter 4 months\" slice for how vanishingly small it is, that will put this\nadvice into context. ", "Basically, if someone wants to do this, they should\ndefinitely do it _for the experience_, not because this is a viable means of\nstarting a profitable business.", "\n\nI say this as someone who is not a fan of \"college for all\" and think that\ntaking a year after high school to work & experience life without grades (and\nwithout someone else paying the bills) before heading to college is very good\nidea.", "\n\n------\nrasengan\nIn general, this advice can make sense in some cases. ", "However, I want to share\nsome advice that I've found while both investing in hundreds of businesses and\nrunning a few myself:\n\n1\\. Don't start something you're not actually passionate about. ", "The easiest\nway to work your a __off and never procrastinate is to love what you do.", "\n\n2\\. If you build it, they will /not/ come. ", "It's all about marketing,\nmarketing, and, did I say, marketing.", "\n\nThat said, I agree with many of these comments here. ", "Having a degree really\nwill help you get a job unless you're the top in your field already.", "\n\n------\nars\nAnd what if you are going to College to learn something, rather than \"for the\nexperience\", or \"to socialize\"?", "\n\nWhat if you don't care how many amenities they have, or that the cafeteria is\nsomething special? ", "You just want some classes?", "\n\nIt seems to me college has gotten more and more expensive as teens are\ntreating it as some sort of adult theme park/experience.", "\n\n------\npurplezooey\n\"Use your time to start an online business\" instead of going to college? ", "Does\nthat strike you as a good idea? ", "A better strategy is comm. ", "college for a year\nespecially if you live in i.e. CA that has very good ones.", "\n\n------\nD13Fd\nThis is self-promotion. ", "He urges readers to \"Learn by watching YouTube\ntutorials and taking online courses\" instead of going to college and talks\nabout his YouTube videos and then links to his online courses.", "\n\n------\nykevinator\nWhy flagged?", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }

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[ "The ability to manipulate magnetic properties by the application of an electric field is an important functionality in designing devices for information storage and processing where it will remove the need to apply electrical currents which create heat dissipation and stray magnetic fields. ", "Magnetoelectric effects are also important for creating electrostatically tunable microwave resonators, phase shifters and filters which find applications in signal processing technologies[@b1][@b2][@b3], and in schemes for performing logical processing operations using spin waves[@b4][@b5][@b6].", "\n\nThese effects can be realised by voltage-induced strain in ferromagnet/piezoelectric hybrid structures[@b7][@b8][@b9][@b10][@b11][@b12][@b13] containing a magnetostrictive ferromagnetic component, as was proposed recently in concepts for energy efficient magnetic random access memory (MRAM)[@b14] and spin wave logical processing devices[@b4][@b5]. ", "The realisation of such nanoscale magnetoelectric devices requires the development of thin magnetic films with high magnetostriction constants. ", "Galfenol, an alloy of Fe and Ga has attracted great interest over the last decade or so because it exhibits the largest magnetostriction of any metal alloy not containing rare earth elements[@b15], whilst retaining a high magnetic moment, large spin polarisation and large magnetic anisotropy. ", "However, sputtered Galfenol in thin film form tends to show significant reductions of the magnetostriction due to the polycrystalline nature of the films[@b16]. ", "Also, especially detrimental for microwave applications is the fact that the resonant linewidths are large[@b17][@b18]. ", "To overcome this, Fe~1-x~Ga~x~ can be doped with boron resulting in narrow linewidths. ", "Unfortunately, whilst alloying with boron reduces the linewidth it also reduces the magnetostriction further[@b19][@b20] and so the magnitude of the magnetoelectric effect has to be traded off against linewidth. ", "Narrow resonant linewidths and low damping are particularly important attributes of materials for microwave and spinwave applications.", "\n\nIn this article we report the development of epitaxial thin films of Fe~81~Ga~19~ grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on GaAs(001) substrates. ", "The close lattice match to the substrate allows the growth of epitaxial films with a cubic structure. ", "Previous reports of MBE grown Galfenol have not included measurements of the magnetostriction or of the microwave properties[@b21][@b22]. ", "We have measured the magnetostriction by monitoring the change in the magnetic anisotropy in response to an applied strain (*i.e*. ", "the Villari effect) and found it to be as large as the best values reported for bulk single crystals of Galfenol, and larger than for any other thin films not containing rare earth elements. ", "Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) studies reveal a narrow resonant linewidth of 6.7 mT (at 10 GHz), and a strain tunable response of the resonant field of 19.3T per unit strain, larger than the best reported values for Galfenol based thin films.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nStructure\n---------\n\nThe crystal structure of our MBE-grown thin film was confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD). ", "Similar to the case of Fe/GaAs(001)[@b23], the (001) planes of the Fe~81~Ga~19~ film are parallel to those of the substrate, with a lattice constant which is approximately half that of GaAs. ", "The 2θ/ω scan shown in [figure 1(a)](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"} was fitted by standard XRD software using a model of a single perfect layer on a semi-infinite substrate. ", "From the fit we determined the thickness of the layer to be t = 21.0 ± 0.2 nm and the vertical strained lattice parameter nm, representing a lattice mismatch of 4.6%, where is the lattice parameter along the growth axis for the Fe~81~Ga~19~ film, and  nm corresponds to half the GaAs substrate lattice parameter. ", "The clear fourfold symmetry observed in the ϕ scan of the Fe~81~Ga~19~ (right inset to [Fig. ", "1(a)](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) confirms the epitaxial relationship between the film and the substrate. ", "The presence of the sharp majority component in the ω-scan (left inset to [Fig. ", "1(a)](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) indicates the high quality of the mean crystal structure. ", "The minor broad component is likely caused by localised, point like defects.", "\n\nDetermination of the magnetostriction\n-------------------------------------\n\nMeasurement of the magnetostriction in a thin film is complicated by the fact that the film is clamped to a substrate, and must be achieved by measuring the change in the magnetic anisotropy in response to a strain induced in the film. ", "To do this we employed a method developed previously in studying magnetostriction in dilute magnetic semiconductors[@b7][@b24]. ", "This involved bonding the magnetic film to a piezoelectric transducer and inducing a uniaxial strain in the film by the application of a voltage to the transducer. ", "The magnetic anisotropy was deduced by fitting to curves of magnetisation versus external magnetic field, which were extracted from electrical measurements on a Hall bar device fabricated in the Fe~81~Ga~19~ film. ", "Electrical measurements allow readout of the direction of the magnetisation by measuring the anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR). ", "To a good approximation, for in plane magnetisation, the longitudinal (ρ~xx~) and transverse (ρ~xy~) resistivities are given by and , where θ is the angle between the magnetisation and the current, ρ~av~ is the average of ρ~xx~ when the magnetisation is rotated through 360° in the plane, and *Δρ* is the amplitude of the AMR.", "\n\n[Figure 1(b)](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the change in ρ~xy~ measured at room temperature as an external magnetic field is applied in the film plane along the \\[100\\]/\\[010\\] directions for a positive voltage (V~P~) applied to the piezoelectric transducer, corresponding to a tensile strain induced in the \\[010\\] direction in the Hall bar device. ", "Large changes of ρ~xy~ correspond to large changes of the magnetisation orientation as the external magnetic field is swept through zero, indicating that field sweeps along such directions correspond to sweeps along hard magnetic axes. ", "Therefore, the magnetic easy axis can be identified as close to \\[010\\] for large tensile strain along that direction. ", "The magnetic hysteresis curve for the field along the hard \\[100\\] axis, extracted from the resistivity data, is shown in [figure 1(c)](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The shape of the magnetic hysteresis loop, involving a double step in each field direction, is characteristic of the magnetic reversal behaviour of a sample with biaxial anisotropy[@b25]. ", "The switching fields labelled H~1~ and H~2~ correspond to the magnetisation switching between the \\[100\\]→\\[010\\] and \\[010\\] →\\[−100\\] directions respectively.", "\n\nWe modelled the hard axis magnetisation curves by minimising the magnetic free energy, given by: where ψ is the angle between the magnetisation and the \\[010\\] crystal direction. ", "The first term in this expression represents the cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy density, favouring easy axes along the \\[100\\]/\\[010\\] directions. ", "The second term is a uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy density, typically found for ferromagnetic films deposited on GaAs(001) substrates[@b23], which favours the \\[110\\] direction for our films. ", "Fits to superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry measurements, reported previously[@b26] for our films, yield K~C~ = 33 kJm^−3^ and K~U~ = 9 kJm^−3^. The last two terms represent the Zeeman energy of the magnetisation M interacting with the external field, H applied at an angle δ to the \\[010\\] direction, and the magnetoelastic energy induced by the applied strain. ", "This is given by: Where is the magnetoelastic constant, *λ*~100~ is the magnetostriction constant, *c*~12~ and *c*~11~ are the elastic constants, and ε~xx~ and ε~yy~ are the relevant components of the strain tensor. ", "The method for extracting the components of the strain tensor from our electrical measurements has been described previously[@b26]. ", "It is not possible to separately extract the magnetostriction and elastic constants from our measurements due to the clamping of the thin film to the relatively thick substrate. ", "However, for the purposes of magnetoelectric applications, the magnetoelastic constant is the parameter of most interest. ", "The model was fitted to the switching fields from the data obtained for a range of induced strains, by minimising the energy density in [equation (1)](#m1){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"} with the additional condition that the magnetisation switching events between local energy minima occur when the reduction in the magnetic energy density equals the energy density required to de-pin a magnetic domain wall (E~DW~). ", "For this fitting B~1~ and E~DW~ were the only free parameters.", "\n\n[Figures 2(a) and (b)](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"} show and E~DW~ as a function of strain, extracted for a range of voltages applied to the piezoelectric transducer. ", "Also shown are the values that would be obtained for quench cooled alloys, taking values of 3/2*λ*~100~ = 3.95 × 10^−4^ and (c~12~--c~11~) = 39.4 GPa from ref. [", "@b15]. ", "The magnetostrictive response of our thin film is as large as the values for the best bulk single crystals. ", "This is likely due to the excellent crystal quality of our epitaxial Fe~81~Ga~19~films. ", "The diminished magnetostriction reported in polycrystalline thin films[@b16] arises from averaging of the crystal directions and may also be affected by grain boundaries which provide a mechanism by which the induced strain can relax.", "\n\nThe domain wall pinning energy, E~DW~ is found to have no significant dependence on the induced strain. ", "This can be understood if we consider pinning sites to occur where there are spatial variations in the quantity E~\\[100\\]-\\[010\\]~ = E(\\[100\\]) − E(\\[010\\]), the difference in the anisotropy energy for the magnetisation along the two cubic directions. ", "Homogeneous variations of the anisotropy energy due to the induced strain will not change the relative spatial fluctuations in E~\\[100\\]-\\[010\\]~ and so will not alter the domain wall pinning energy. ", "This observation will be important in designing and understanding the operation of devices which utilise strain as a method to control magnetic domain walls.", "\n\nFerromagnetic resonance studies\n-------------------------------\n\nIn order to measure the anisotropic FMR we utilized vector network analysis in combination with an octupole electromagnet capable of applying a field at any point in a sphere of 0.5T radius. [", "Figure 3(a)](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows a 2D resonance map obtained by measuring the s-wave parameter, S~12~ which is related to the microwave transmission, as a function of frequency and applied field.", "\n\nAn expression for the FMR frequency is given by Smit and Beljers[@b27] where M is the saturation magnetisation, ω the resonant angular frequency, γ the gyromagnetic ratio and and are the polar and in-plane azimuthal angles of the magnetisation, respectively, which can be calculated with the equilibrium conditions, The magnetic free energy density, F, is an expression similar to Eq. (", "1), with additional terms to account for a magnetic anisotropy term and demagnetising field, favouring magnetisation lying in the plane of the film. ", "By solving Eq. (", "3) under the conditions of Eq. (", "4), theoretical curves for the resonant frequency as a function of applied field were obtained and are in excellent agreement with the experimental data (red line in [Fig. ", "3(a)](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nLine scans through the frequency vs field map reveal the linewidth of the FMR, which is related to the damping in the ferromagnetic material. [", "Figure 3(b)](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows a horizontal line scan through [Fig. ", "3(a)](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"} at a frequency of 15 GHz. ", "The raw data is fitted to an asymmetrical peak, which takes into account the coupling between the magnetic sample and the coplanar waveguide (CPW) which can partly mix the real and imaginary parts of the magnetic susceptibility. ", "A striking feature of this epitaxial thin film is the narrow linewidth, defined as the half width at half maximum of the peak. ", "Such narrow linewidths are indicative of a high quality, weakly damped system. ", "Previous measurements of the FMR linewidth of bulk and thin film Fe~1-x~Ga~x~ have shown linewidths at X-band excitation frequencies (\\~10 GHz) between 40 mT[@b17] and 70 mT[@b18] for Ga concentrations around x = 20%. ", "In our epitaxial Fe~81~Ga~19~ thin films the FMR linewidth at 10 GHz is 7.7 ± 0.3 mT along the \\[100\\] and \\[010\\] easy axes and 6.7 ± 0.3 mT along the \\[110\\] hard axes, which is a factor of 5 to 9 lower than previous values found in the literature. ", "Narrow linewidths are important in microwave devices, for example, in maximizing the power output in spin torque oscillator devices, as well as increasing the range of dc currents where the oscillator will lock to a reference signal.", "\n\nThe effect of the voltage-induced strain on the value of the resonant field along the \\[100\\] direction was investigated at 15 GHz and is shown in [figure 4(a)](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "By applying voltages over the working range of the piezoelectric transducer in the hybrid structure we are able to tune the resonant field by 6 mT. Such a property has significant implications for electric-field tunable magnetic microwave oscillators developed from such materials. ", "The magnetoelastic energy can be extracted from [figure 4(a)](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"} using the relationship: where ΔH~R~ is the change in the resonance field in response to the induced strain. ", "The values of extracted from the FMR measurements, shown in [Fig. ", "2(a)](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, are consistent with the large magnetostrictive response observed in the electrical transport device. ", "Recent work by Lou et al \\[19\\] showed a giant tuning of the resonant frequency in the alloy FeGaB grown on the ferroelectric substrate PZN-PT. ", "Using the values from ref. [", "@b19] (λ~s~ = 60 ppm, Young\\'s modulus = 55 GPa), the corresponding curve for their FeGaB device is plotted in [Fig. ", "2(a)](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The sensitivity of and of the resonant field to an applied strain is approximately three times larger in our Fe~81~Ga~19~ thin film than in the films studied in ref. [", "@b19].", "\n\nThe effect of the voltage-induced strain on the linewidth of the FMR is shown in [Fig. ", "4(b)](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The frequency dependent linewidth, Δ*H(f)* is related to the damping parameter, α by[@b28]: From linear fits to the plots in [Fig. ", "4(b)](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"} using Eq. (", "6) we are able to extract both the intrinsic damping, α, and the extrinsic damping, ΔH~0~, as a function of strain. ", "The gradient of ΔH vs frequency is approximately equal for all applied strains, implying that the damping parameter, α = 0.017, is independent of strain. ", "A similar measurement of the related composite multiferroic FeGaB/PZN-PT by Lou et al.[@b20], showed a large variation of α with the voltage induced strain. ", "Given that ΔH is dependent on the voltage induced strain, but that the gradient is independent, the only remaining factor that can account for the change in linewidth is the offset, ΔH~0~, which is related to the extrinsic damping. ", "The inset to [Fig. ", "4(b)](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"} plots ΔH~0~ as a function of applied strain. ", "The extrinsic damping is enhanced for non-zero tensile and compressive strain. ", "Extrinsic damping is predominantly caused by inhomogeneous variations in the magnetic properties of the film. ", "One possible explanation for the voltage dependent extrinsic damping is that the voltage-induced strain may vary slightly across the film, thereby modifying the magnetic anisotropy inhomogeneously.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nGrowth of Fe~81~Ga~19~ on the GaAs(001) surface by MBE results in high quality epitaxial films. ", "The films do not suffer from the reduction in magnetostriction observed in thin Fe~1-x~Ga~x~ films grown by other methods, and exhibit an inverse magnetostrictive response as high as the best bulk single crystal samples. ", "The combination of large magnetostriction and cubic magnetic anisotropy has been shown previously to enable useful functionalities, including strain-mediated voltage-induced non-volatile switching of the magnetisation direction[@b26], and tunability of ordered magnetic domain patterns[@b29]. ", "The demonstrations of such functionalities highlight epitaxial Fe~81~Ga~19~ films as excellent candidates for applications in electric field controlled magnetic information storage[@b14] and logical processing devices[@b30].", "\n\nWe have shown that the large magnetostriction also enables large voltage-tunable shifts of the microwave resonant field and frequency. ", "Compared to previous work on tuning of the microwave properties of Galfenol based thin films by a piezoelectric substrate[@b19][@b20], our material achieves the largest reported change in effective field per unit strain. ", "In addition, we find that the damping in the film, as measured around the X-band frequency, is substantially lower than previously reported values for Fe~1-x~Ga~x~ and is comparable to the amorphous FeGaB compounds. ", "However, in the case of FeGaB, the addition of boron to reduce the linewidth is responsible for the diminished magnetostrictive effect. ", "The combination of large magnetostriction and low damping in our epitaxial thin films is very promising for applications in microwave frequency communications devices and concepts for logical processing using spinwaves.", "\n\nThe modifications of the resonance linewidth with applied strain are due to an increase in the extrinsic damping, likely caused by inhomogeneous strain, while the damping parameter, α remains constant. ", "By scaling down the device to micron or submicron size, such inhomogeneities should be negated, reducing the extrinsic damping parameter further. ", "In addition, reducing the size of the piezoelectric transducer to the micron range, or utilising single crystal piezoelectric chips such as those used in references \\[19\\] and \\[20\\], will allow large strains to be achieved by the application of only a few volts, thereby fully utilising the advantageous properties of our epitaxial ferromagnetic films to induce large shifts in the resonant frequency (Δf). ", "In the present device, we observe Δf/ε = 1950 GHz per unit strain at an applied field of 20 mT (inset to [Fig. ", "3(b)](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This compares favourably with the device in reference \\[19\\] where Δf/ε = 1800 GHz per unit strain was observed.", "\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nThe 21 nm molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) grown film was deposited by co-evaporation from Fe and Ga Knudsen cells at a substrate temperature of 0°C. ", "The GaAs(001) substrate was first prepared by a high temperature (550°C) bake in vacuum followed by the deposition of a high temperature GaAs buffer layer. ", "A 5 nm amorphous GaAs capping layer was grown to protect the metallic layer from oxidation.", "\n\nThe crystal structure of the layers was investigated by high-resolution x-ray diffraction. ", "We used a PaNalytical MRD diffractometer equipped with standard Cu x-ray tube, a parabolic x-ray mirror and a 4 × 220 Ge Bartels monochromator, as well as a 3 × 220 Ge channel-cut crystal analyser and a point detector. ", "We measured a symmetric 2θ/ω scan crossing the 002 Fe~81~Ga~19~ and 004 GaAs maxima, and a ω scan across the 002 Fe~81~Ga~19~ layer peak. ", "The ϕ scan was aligned on the Fe~81~Ga~19~(011) diffraction peak and rotated around the c axis to access the (011), (101), (0--11) and (−101) reflections. ", "ϕ = 0 corresponds to alignment with the GaAs cleavage edge which is the GaAs and FeGa \\[110\\] direction, meaning there is a 45 degree offset for ϕ with respect to the principal crystalline axes of both sample and substrate.", "\n\nFor electrical transport studies, standard photolithography techniques were used to fabricate a Hall bar of width 45 μm with voltage probes separated by 235 μm, with the direction of the current along the \\[110\\] crystal direction ([Fig. ", "1(d)](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Following a similar technique to Ref. [", "@b7] the chip was bonded onto a piezoelectric transducer capable of producing a uniaxial strain in the layer of order a few 10^−4^ at room temperature for applied voltages in the range −30 V to +50 V. Uniaxial strain was induced along the \\[010\\] crystal direction with tensile strain defined as positive along this direction.", "\n\nFor FMR measurements, an unpatterned 5 mm × 5 mm sample, bonded onto a piezoelectric transducer, was mounted face down onto a 50Ω coplanar waveguide (CPW) connected to a two port vector network analyser (VNA) and centred between the poles of an octupole vector magnet. ", "By measuring the microwave transmission losses whilst sweeping the microwave frequency as a function of bias field and angle, angular dependent FMR spectra were collected. ", "In order to remove artefacts due to the CPW and cables a background trace, obtained by applying a field large enough to push the FMR above the frequency range of the VNA, was subtracted from each frequency scan. ", "VNA-FMR spectroscopy over the microwave frequency range 0.5--20 GHz was used to measure the effect of the voltage induced strain on the resonant frequency, linewidth and anisotropy.", "\n\nAuthor Contributions\n====================\n\nD.E.P. processed the devices and carried out the transport measurements, L.S. performed the FMR measurements, P.W., V.H., M.W. and A.T.H. carried out the X-ray diffraction measurements and analysis, R.P.C. carried out growth of the MBE films, S.A.C. and G.v.d.", "L. performed the macrospin calculations, S.A.C. devised the FMR experiments, A.W.R. and K.W.E. devised the transport measurements, all authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript, analysis of the data and interpretation.", "\n\nThe authors acknowledge financial support from EPSRC grant number EP/H003487/1 and EU grant No. ", "NAMASTE 214499. ", "We are grateful for useful discussions with Dr Jan Zemen, Prof. Bryan Gallagher and Prof. Tomas Jungwirth.", "\n\n![", "Structural and magnetic properties.\\\n(a) X-ray 2θ/ω scan (main graph) and the ω scan (left inset) and ϕ scan (right inset) of the MBE-grown thin Fe~81~Ga~19~ film. ", "The points and lines denote the measured data and the fits, respectively. (", "b) The change in the transverse resistivity measured as a function of the magnetic field applied in the plane of the device along the \\[100\\]/\\[010\\] directions with tensile strain, ε = ε~xx~−ε~yy~ applied. (", "c) Magnetic hysteresis loop extracted from the data in (b) using the AMR formula for transverse resistivity and magnetic field applied along \\[100\\]. (", "d) Schematic diagram of the Hall bar/piezoelectric device layout showing directions of the tensile strain, ε~xx~, the electrical current, j, and the crystalline directions of the Fe~81~Ga~19~ film.](srep02220-f1){#f1}\n\n![", "Measured magnetoelastic and domain wall energies.\\\n(a) The magnetic free energy coefficient induced by the strain for the epitaxial thin Fe~81~Ga~19~ films obtained from electrical transport (black circles) and FMR measurements (blue squares). ", "For comparison the curves deduced from the numbers reported for bulk single crystals (solid red line)[@b15] and thin FeGaB (dashed blue line) films[@b19] are also shown. (", "b) The domain wall pinning energy extracted from fitting to the electrical transport measurements.](srep02220-f2){#f2}\n\n![", "Ferromagnetic resonance.\\\n(a) Frequency vs magnetic field map of absorbed microwave power (VNA S~12~) for the magnetic field applied along the \\[100\\] easy axis. ", "The Kittel resonance can be clearly identified. ", "The red line represents the theoretical curve. (", "b) The microwave transmission vs magnetic field measured from a line scan through (a) at a frequency of 15 GHz. ", "The data (red dots) are fitted to an asymmetric peak function (blue line) allowing the linewidth, defined as the half width at half maximum, to be extracted. ", "Inset shows the resonant frequency as a function of applied strain for μ~0~H = 20 mT applied along the \\[010\\] direction.](srep02220-f3){#f3}\n\n![", "Strain dependence of FMR resonance field and linewidth.\\\n(a) The resonance field (μ~0~H~R~) along the \\[100\\] axis as a function of the strain at an RF frequency of 15 GHz. (", "b) The FMR linewidth vs resonant frequency for different applied strain (points). ", "Fits to the data using Eq. (", "6) are shown by solid lines. ", "Inset: The intercept, μ~0~ΔH as a function of the applied strain.](srep02220-f4){#f4}\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAutocomplete using key press as well as enter key trigger\n\nI have to do autocomplete search by keypress and also after pressing enter key.", "After keypress it is working fine but it is not working after pressing enter key. ", "For Keypress i used\n$('document').ready(function(){\n $('.input-search-text').on('focus', function(){\n var $this = $(this),\n searchType = $(\"#network\").find('.dd-selected-value').val().toLowerCase(),\n searchURL = $(\".form-search-users\").attr('action');\n\n $this.autocomplete({\n //Remaining stuff.", "\n })\n})\n\nWhich is working fine. ", "But for enter key i used\n$('document').ready(function(){\n $('.input-search-text').keypress(function(){\n var $this = $(this);\n if(e.which == 13) {\n getSearch($this);\n }\n });\n});\n\nfunction getSearch(object) {\n var $this = object,\n searchType = $(\"#network\").find('.dd-selected-value').val().toLowerCase(),\n searchURL = $(\".form-search-users\").attr('action');\n\n $this.autocomplete({\n // Remaining stuff ...\n }); \n}\n\nMy code is working fine before $this.autocomplete({ }). ", "But by some reason $this is not working and If i use direct id like\n$('#input).autocomplete({\n // Remaining stuff ...\n});\n\nthen it work fine. ", "Please tell me from where i need change to make this working. ", "Thanks in advance.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou should to use autocomplete widget's method search in your getSearch function:\nfunction getSearch(object) {\n var $this = object,\n searchType = $(\"#network\").find('.dd-selected-value').val().toLowerCase(),\n searchURL = $(\".form-search-users\").attr('action');\n\n $this.autocomplete({\n // Remaining stuff ...\n })\n .autocomplete('search', $this.val()); \n}\n\nReference: http://api.jqueryui.com/autocomplete/#method-search\n\n" ]

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[ "Estrogen signaling through the transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor GPR30.", "\nSteroids play an important role in the regulation of normal physiology and the treatment of disease. ", "Steroid receptors have classically been described as ligand-activated transcription factors mediating long-term genomic effects in hormonally regulated tissues. ", "It is now clear that steroids also mediate rapid signaling events traditionally associated with growth factor receptors and G protein-coupled receptors. ", "Although evidence suggests that the classical steroid receptors are capable of mediating many of these events, more recent discoveries reveal the existence of transmembrane receptors capable of responding to steroids with cellular activation. ", "One such receptor, GPR30, is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and mediates estrogen-dependent kinase activation as well as transcriptional responses. ", "In this review, we provide an overview of the evidence for the cellular and physiological actions of GPR30 in estrogen-dependent processes and discuss the relationship of GPR30 with classical estrogen receptors." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "In the prior art, the wire connecting box of a lamp is locked to a retaining block. ", "The center of the block has a hole. ", "A threaded tube is locked to the retaining block. ", "The threaded tube passes through a hole in the retaining block. ", "Then the threaded tube is fixed by screwing with a male nut so that the retaining block will not fall down. ", "A lower side of the retaining block is fixed with a hanging ring so that a lamp can be suspended from the ring. ", "Thereby, the buckling block can load the lamp. ", "However, above prior art has the following defects. ", "Firstly, the prior art retaining block is made of iron which is cheap, but weak. ", "It is often that after it is used for a time period, the retaining block cracks and thus is dangerous. ", "Moreover, in assembly, the lamp is heavy and much labor is necessary in assembly. ", "Thus the cost is high and the operation is inconvenient." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "The Mocha Club\n\nUser Stats\n\nProfile Images\n\nUser Bio\n\nThe Mocha Club is an online community of people giving up the cost of a few mochas a month to fund strategic & solution-oriented relief and development projects in Africa. ", "We work in five main project areas: Clean Water, Education, Child Mothers + Women At Risk, Orphan Care + Vulnerable Children, and HIV/AIDS + Healthcare.", "\n\nOur vision is to provide a way for people who don’t have hundreds or thousands of dollars to make a difference in Africa. ", "Our community-based website allows members to start a team and invite friends to join them in giving up the cost of a few mochas a month to support their chosen project. ", "We know that today’s tech-savvy generation can have a huge impact by using the viral nature of the web. ", "So we decided to equip The Mocha Club members themselves to grow awareness and support for Africa by inviting friends.", "\n\nWe’re aware of people’s general lack of trust that their money is being effective, and we address that by providing regular updates. ", "Each month, we update our Mocha Club members on how their money is helping the people of Africa through videos and blogs of the specific projects they are supporting." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Background {#Sec1}\n==========\n\nObesity is a complicated disorder that characterized mainly by excessive adipose tissue accumulation, and as a result of an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. ", "White adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) are two main types of adipose tissue in mammals. ", "WAT, especially visceral adiposity, is strongly associated with metabolic disorders. ", "Adipokines, secreted by WAT, function as pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines. ", "Some promote insulin resistance and inflammation; others improve insulin sensitivity in obesity. ", "Thus, abnormal secretion of adipokines since the dysfunction of WAT can lead to insulin resistance in obesity and its related complications \\[[@CR1]\\]. ", "Different from WAT, BAT has small lipid droplets and is rich in mitochondria. ", "Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1), which exclusively expressed in the inner membrane of the mitochondria in brown adipocytes, mediates energy expenditure and heat production. ", "Human studies predicted that BAT might be a promising target for the treatment of obesity \\[[@CR2]\\].", "\n\nMetformin is a classical anti-diabetes agent,that not only reduces blood glucose and cardiovascular risk, but also induces weight loss and improves insulin resistance \\[[@CR3], [@CR4]\\]. ", "It is reported that metformin can cross the blood brain barrier, inhibit the activity of adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase and decrease neuropeptide-Y (NPY), thereby reduce food intake \\[[@CR5]\\]. ", "Metformin potentially raise leptin receptor expression and improve leptin response \\[[@CR6]\\]. ", "In addition, metformin may elevate the level of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and enhance satiation signals \\[[@CR7]\\]. ", "In recent years, some researches supported that BAT maybe a target of metformin \\[[@CR8]\\]. ", "Lipid droplet content of BAT was reduced by metformin in mice \\[[@CR9]\\]. ", "Metabolic disorder was ameliorated by metformin via induction of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in adipose tissue \\[[@CR10]\\]. ", "However, effects of metformin on lipid metabolism in WAT and BAT have not yet been deciphered.", "\n\nOur previous research indicated that high-fat diet (HFD) might increase the apoptosis of brown adipocytes by up-regulated apoptosis-inducing factor 1 (AIF1). ", "Besides, HFD also activated fatty acid β-oxidation and enhanced compensatory energy consuming through up-regulating carnitine O-palmitoyl transferase 2 (CPT2) and UCP1 in BAT, respectively. ", "Thus, we aimed to examine the effect of metformin on WAT and BAT in HFD-induced obese mice and explore potential targets of metformin and underlying mechanisms of energy metabolism. ", "Using isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) coupled with two dimensional (2D)--LC--MS/MS, we performed comparative proteome analysis of WAT and BAT among three groups including, normal diet (ND), HFD, and metformin intervention (MET) group. ", "The main advantage of iTRAQ is high throughput and high stability; moreover it is able to analyze up to eight samples simultaneously by different iTRAQ labels \\[[@CR11]\\]. ", "Besides, 2D--LC--MS/MS is high-resolution that allow measure proteins at low levels with high precision and specificity \\[[@CR12], [@CR13]\\]. ", "In the present study, we took advantages of those technologies to demonstrate the effect of high-fat diet and metformin on lipid metabolism, and to further identify potential key proteins involved in energy metabolism with metformin intervention.", "\n\nMaterials and methods {#Sec2}\n=====================\n\nAnimals {#Sec3}\n-------\n\nAll animals were handled according to the Standards for Laboratory Animals (GB14925-2001) and the Guideline on the Humane Treatment of Laboratory Animals (MOST 2006a) established by the People's Republic of China. ", "The two guidelines were conducted in adherence to the regulations of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and all animal procedures were approved by Beijing Administration Office of Laboratory Animal (approval number: SCXK-Beijing- 2009-0004). ", "All efforts were made to minimize suffering. ", "Six- to eight-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were purchased from HFK Bioscience Laboratories (Beijing, China). ", "All mice were maintained under SPF conditions and 12 h light/dark cycle at 23 ± 2 °C, with free access to water and diet. ", "Mice were divided into two groups: one was fed with standard chow (SC; 10% lipids) diet and another group was fed with high-fat diet (HFD; 45% lipids) for 22 weeks. ", "Food intake for 24 h and body weight (once per week) were dynamically monitored. ", "After 22 weeks, body weight of mice in HFD group was increased by 65.7% when compared to normal diet (ND) mice. ", "Then obese mice fed HFD were randomized into two groups, one was control group (HFD,ddH2O 200 mg/kg BW, qd, i.g.), ", "the other was treated with metformin (MET, 200 mg/kg BW, qd, i.g.) ", "for 8 weeks.", "\n\nOral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and hyperinsulinemic--euglycemic clamp {#Sec4}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFor OGTT, 5 h fasted mice were given oral glucose (2.0 g/kg body weight, I.G.). ", "Blood was taken at 0 min and 30, 60 and 120 min after glucose was given. ", "Blood glucose concentrations were measured by glucose oxidase method \\[[@CR14]\\]. ", "Plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) were tested by enzymic method (Biosino bio-technology & science Inc, China). ", "Hyperinsulinemic--euglycemic clamp were performed after 8 weeks of metformin therapy. ", "With overnight fasted, mice were anesthetized with 80 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium, and inserted a single implantation tubing into the right jugular vein for infusion of insulin or glucose. ", "Indwelling catheter infused with constant rate of human insulin (20 mIU/kg/min) and variable rate of glucose solution (25%, w/v) to maintain blood glucose level at 5.5 ± 0.5 mmol/L. The insulin sensitivity was measured by glucose infusion rate (GIR) during the last 80 min \\[[@CR15]\\].", "\n\nPreparation of BAT and WAT samples {#Sec5}\n----------------------------------\n\nInter scapular BAT and gonadal WAT of mice among three groups were excised and washed with a cold saline solution. ", "BAT and WAT was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept at − 80 °C until analysis. ", "Total WAT and BAT proteins, extracted in each group, were pooled at the same amount respectively.", "\n\niTRAQ labeling {#Sec6}\n--------------\n\nBAT and WAT peptide samples were respectively labeled with iTRAQ reagent as follows: The digested ND samples were considered as internal standard. ", "The internal standard, HFD and MET samples were labeled by 114, 115, 116 iTRAQ. ", "Labeling was performed according to the manufacturer's protocol (ABsciex, Massachusetts, USA) \\[[@CR16]\\]. ", "The ND, HFD and MET samples were mixed into one sample at the same amount and lyophilized.", "\n\nLC--MS/MS {#Sec7}\n---------\n\nThe pooled mixture from labeled samples was first fractioned by high-pH RPLC column from Waters (4.6 mm × 250 mm, C18, 3 μm). ", "Triple TOF 5600 were used to analyze the sample. ", "The MS data were acquired with high sensitivity mode using the following parameters: 30 data-dependent MS/MS scans per every full scan; full scans was acquired at resolution 40,000 and MS/MS scans at 20,000; 35% normalized collision energy, charge state screening (including precursors with +2 to +4 charge state) and dynamic exclusion (exclusion duration 15 s); MS/MS scan range was 100--1800 m/z and scan time was 100 ms.", "\n\nDatabase search {#Sec8}\n---------------\n\nThe MS/MS spectra were respectively searched against the SwissProt mouse database from Uniprot website (<http://www.uniprot.org>) using Mascot software version 2.3.02 (Matrix Science, UK). ", "Scaffold was used to further filter the database search results by decoy database method. ", "The following filter was used in this study, 1% false positive rate at protein level and each protein with 2 unique peptides. ", "After filtering the results by above filter, the peptide abundances in different reporter ion channels of MS/MS scan were normalized.", "\n\nGene ontology (GO) functional analysis {#Sec9}\n--------------------------------------\n\nAll differential proteins identified by two approaches were assigned their gene symbol via the PANTHER database (Protein Analysis through Evolutionary Relationships, <http://www.pantherdb.org/>). ", "Protein classification was performed based on their functional annotations using GO for cellular component, biological process, and molecular function. ", "When more than one assignment was available, all of the functional annotations were considered in the results.", "\n\nIPA network analysis {#Sec10}\n--------------------\n\nAll differential proteins were used for pathway analysis. ", "For this purpose, the SwissProt accession numbers were inserted into the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software (Ingenuity Systems, Mountain View, CA). ", "This software categorizes gene products based on the location of the protein within cellular components and suggests possible biochemical, biological and molecular functions. ", "Furthermore, proteins were mapped to genetic networks available in the Ingenuity and other databases and ranked by score. ", "These genetic networks describe functional relationships between gene products based on known interactions in literature. ", "Through the IPA software, the newly formed networks were associated with known biological pathways.", "\n\nWestern blotting {#Sec11}\n----------------\n\nBAT or WAT protein was extracted with a detergent (Applygen technology Inc, China) and lysed in buffer solution containing 7 M urea, 2 M thiourea, 65 mM DTE, 83 mM Tris (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). ", "Protein content of adipose tissues was determined by the Bradford method with Bradford reagents (Thermo Fischer Scientific, USA). ", "Protein solution and loading buffer were mixed in proportion followed the instructions. ", "The antibodies were used as follows: anti-rabbit CPT2 (1:1000), AIF1 (1:500), RAS (1:200), CPT1a (1:1000), CPT1b (1:500), anti-mouse β-actin (1:4000; Sigma--Aldrich, USA). ", "After washing with TBST, the membranes were incubated with HRP conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:5000; Earthox LLC., ", "San Francisco, California, USA) and anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody (1:3000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, USA). ", "Western blot was analyzed by scanning with LAS4000 (Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan) and the data were analyzed using Image J software. ", "β-actin was used as a normalization control. ", "Duplicate experiments were carried out for all proteins.", "\n\nData analysis and statistics {#Sec12}\n----------------------------\n\nData derived from six mice in ND, HFD and MET group were presented as mean ± SEM. ", "Data distribution was assessed by qq-plots and homogeneity of variance was checked before one-way ANOVA. ", "Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 software. ", "All differential proteins were analyzed by the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. ", "Differences with p values \\< 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.", "\n\nResults {#Sec13}\n=======\n\nIn the study, C57BL/6J mice were induced to obesity by feeding HFD for 22 weeks. ", "Then metformin was administered to obese mice for 8 weeks, moreover, mice fed normal diet were considered as control group. ", "Body weight and food intake of mice were measured per week. ", "Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and hyperinsulinemic--euglycemic clamp were performed to evaluate glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity of mice. ", "Blood lipids and serum level of adipokines were tested to assess lipid metabolism and inflammation state in different groups of mice. ", "Using iTRAQ-coupled 2D LC--MS/MS, with normal diet group as a control, we compared and functional analyzed the differential expressed proteins in WAT and BAT among HFD and MET group. ", "In addition, western blotting was applied to validate several potential key proteins (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Fig.", " 1Work flow of the present study. ", "C57BL/6J mice were fed with normal diet (ND) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 22 weeks. ", "Six of HFD-induced obese mice were treated with metformin. ", "After treatment for 8 weeks, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and hyperinsulinemic--euglycemic clamp were performed to evaluate the improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. ", "Protein expressions of WAT and BAT in mice among ND, HFD, and MET group were identified and quantified with iTRAQ-coupled 2D LC-MS/MS. ", "The results were analyzed by MASCOT, Scaffold and IPA. ", "Finally, western blot analysis was performed to validate the variation of the key differential proteins\n\nMetformin improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity {#Sec14}\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAs compared with normal group (25.2 ± 1.0 g), body weight of mice fed HFD (41.1 ± 1.6 g) was increased 63%. ", "Metformin inhibited food intake (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}: Figure S1) and induced weight loss. ", "The body weight of obese mice was reduced by 10.9% with metformin (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}: Figure S2).", "\n\nIn order to evaluate effects of metformin on glucose tolerance, OGTT was performed on these three groups of mice. ", "The area under curve (AUC) of blood glucose in HFD group was larger than which in ND group, while AUC in MET group was decreased significantly, as compared with HFD group (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}: Figure S3).", "\n\nHyperinsulinemic--euglycemic clamp was applied to assess insulin sensitivity, which was represented by GIR. ", "The GIR of HFD group was lower than that of ND group. ", "The results were similar to our previous data \\[[@CR4]\\]. ", "The GIR in MET group were increased significantly compared with HFD group (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}: Figure S4).", "\n\nMetformin benefited for blood lipids and adipokines {#Sec15}\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nThe level of TC and TG in metformin group was lower than HFD group. ", "In obese mice, the serum leptin was increased dramatically and the level of adiponectin in serum was reduced significantly. ", "In addition, metformin lowered the level of leptin and raised the concentration of adiponectin significantly. ", "Resistin was not changed significantly among different groups. ", "Resistin was also identified in WAT; in addition, adiponectin was identified in both WAT and BAT by LC--MS/MS. ", "The variation tendency of both adipokines in adipose tissue was in accord with the serum level tested through ELISA. ", "However, leptin was only detected by ELISA, but identified neither in WAT nor in BAT by LC--MS/MS that might due to the limitation of methodology (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}).Table 1Body weight, adipose tissue weight and metabolic profile of C57BL/6J mice among different groups (mean ± SEM)NDHFDMETWAT mass (%)2.16 ± 0.38\\*\\*4.74 ± 0.574.56 ± 0.34BAT mass (%)0.26 ± 0.04\\*0.14 ± 0.020.20 ± 0.03TC (mg/dl)38.95 ± 0.82\\*\\*\\*76.20 ± 3.0472.71 ± 1.88TG (mg/dl)61.45 ± 1.70\\*\\*75.88 ± 3.1562.38 ± 1.39\\*\\*Leptin (pg/ml)687.56 ± 50.46\\*\\*\\*1144.19 ± 70.59707.91 ± 48.81\\*\\*\\*Adiponectin (ng/ml)4.98 ± 0.13\\*\\*\\*3.34 ± 0.264.09 ± 0.15\\*Resistin (pg/ml)793.91 ± 84.14811.32 ± 75.58667.40 ± 47.91*ND* normal diet, *HFD* high fat diet, *MET* metformin, *WAT* white adipose tissue, *BAT* brown adipose tissue, *TC* total cholesterol, *TG* triglyceride. ", "\\*Compared with HFD group.\\*p \\< 0.05, \\*\\*p \\< 0.01, \\*\\*\\*p \\< 0.001\n\nProtein expression profiling of WAT and BAT {#Sec16}\n-------------------------------------------\n\nTo identify how metformin altered proteome of adipose tissue in obese mice, we applied iTRAQ-coupled with 2D LC--MS/MS. ", "Each protein was determined by Mascot search against the Swissprot mouse database, and the iTRAQ quantitative analysis was performed by scaffold. ", "3469 and 2734 proteins were quantified in WAT and BAT, respectively. ", "The criteria were followed to determine the proteins: two or more high confidence unique peptides had to be identified; false positive rate of the identification of protein or peptide was less than 1%. ", "To diminish technical error, proteins with coefficient of variation (CV) for two runs \\> 0.25 were excluded (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}: Figure S5, S6). ", "With ND group as a control, a fold change of ≥ 1.5 was assigned for the iTRAQ ratio threshold to minimize biological and technical errors (Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type=\"media\"}: File S1 Dataset; Additional file [3](#MOESM3){ref-type=\"media\"}: File S2 Dataset).", "\n\nGlobal functional annotations of the quantified proteins in WAT and BAT {#Sec17}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nUsing GO database, differential proteins were categorized by cell component, molecular function and biological process. ", "36.1% WAT proteins and 36.9% BAT proteins in HFD group belonged to cell part. ", "For WAT, the proportions of cell part were increased in MET group, while they were decreased in BAT. ", "31.2% WAT proteins and 36.2% BAT proteins in HFD group were annotated as catalytic activity. ", "Metformin decrease the percentage of proteins that assigned to catalytic activity in WAT and BAT. ", "29.6% and 24.4% WAT proteins in HFD and MET group were involved in metabolic process. ", "33.8% and 36.7% BAT proteins in HFD and MET group were related to metabolic process. ", "As compare with whole genome profile, it revealed that more proteins in BAT were took part in metabolism (Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}a, b).Fig.", " 2We compared differential proteins from **a** WAT and **b** BAT between HFD and MET group through the PANTHER classification system. (", "i) Cell Component of whole genome and the differentially expressed proteins between ND and HFD, HFD and MET group. (", "ii) Molecular Function assigned to whole genome and the differentially expressed proteins between ND and HFD, HFD and MET group. (", "iii) Biological processes assigned to whole genome and the differentially expressed proteins between ND and HFD, HFD and MET group\n\nIn addition, functions of differential proteins were further analyzed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. ", "With ND group as a control, we compared HFD and MET group. ", "The related disease & biological function were ranked according to the degree of correlation. ", "In WAT, the top five related functions were lipid metabolism, molecular transport, small molecule biochemistry, cardiovascular disease and carbohydrate metabolism. ", "In BAT, they were lipid metabolism, molecular transport, small molecule biochemistry, cancer, and development disorder.", "\n\nThe statistically significant pathways were also analyzed. ", "Differentially expressed proteins in WAT were predominantly in pathway of EIF2 signaling, LXR/RXR activation and actin cytoskeleton signaling. ", "In the pathway of EIF2 signaling (-log (p value) was 17.5), Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 (Pik3c3) as well as 40 s and 60 s ribosomal subunit were 1.6 fold up-regulated in HFD group, and were 1.4 fold up-regulated in MET group. ", "Moreover, the pathway of EIF2 signaling in BAT was diverse since cluster of GTPase HRas (Hras1) was 1.5 fold up-regulated in HFD group, but metformin intervention decreased Hras1 to normal level.", "\n\nIn contrast, proteins in BAT were characterized by the pathway of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative phosphorylation. ", "In the pathway of mitochondrial dysfunction (−log (p value) was 28), apoptosis-inducing factor 1 (AIF1) was 2.3 fold up-regulated in HFD group, while it was 1.65 fold up-regulated in MET group. ", "Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1--3 (Vdac1--3), carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase1b (CPT1b), CPT2 and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone), mitochondrial (Dhodh) were up regulated, whereas protein DJ-1 (Park7), peroxiredoxin-1, 2, 3 (PRDX) and caspase-3 were down regulated. ", "In addition, differential expressed proteins involved in mitochondrial dysfunction of WAT mainly including, the up-regulation of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase1a (CPT1a), CPT1b, Cytochrome b5 (CYB5b), and the down-regulation of Cluster of Alpha-synuclein (Snca) and Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, somatic form, mitochondrial (Pdha1).", "\n\nConfirmation of potential key proteins by western blotting {#Sec18}\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nThrough functional analysis of differential proteins in WAT and BAT among different groups, and also based on previous data, five proteins involved in mitochondrial dysfunction and EIF2 signaling were verified by western blotting. ", "In WAT, although HFD did not alter Hras1 obviously, metformin down regulated it statistically significant. ", "AIF1 was up-regulated in MET group. ", "HFD up regulated CPT1a and CPT1b significantly, while metformin down regulated the expression of CPT1a. ", "CPT2 was not changed among different groups in WAT (Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}a, b).Fig.", " 3Western blotting was performed to validate proteomic data for some WAT proteins of interest and differential expressed in ND, HFD and MET groups. **", "a** Gel images of western blotting in ND, HFD and MET groups (n = 6/group). **", "b** β-actin was used as a normalization control. ", "Compared normalized density values from blots among ND, HFD and MET groups. ", "HFD group was considered as the control group. ", "RAS, cluster of GTPase HRas; AIF, apoptosis-inducing factor 1; CPT1a, carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase1a; CPT1b, carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase1b; CPT2, carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2\n\nAs for BAT, HFD up regulated Hras1 and AIF1, and those were not affected by metformin. ", "CPT1b and CPT2 were up-regulated by HFD, while they were down-regulated by metformin significantly. ", "However, CPT1a did not alter by different interventions (Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}a, b).Fig.", " 4Western blotting was performed to validate proteomic data for some BAT proteins of interest and differential expressed in ND, HFD and MET groups. **", "a** Gel images of western blotting in ND, HFD and MET groups (n = 6/group). **", "b** β-actin was used as a normalization control. ", "Compared normalized density values from blots among ND, HFD and MET groups. ", "HFD group was considered as the control group\n\nDiscussion {#Sec19}\n==========\n\nMetformin is widely used for diabetes in the world. ", "It was found that metformin is effective for the control of body weight and improvement of insulin sensitivity \\[[@CR17]\\]. ", "However, the effect of metformin on adipose tissue in obesity is less clear. ", "In the current study, we explored the potential targets of metformin on energy metabolism.", "\n\nMetformin improved insulin sensitivity and regulated adipokines {#Sec20}\n---------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIt was reported that high-dose metformin increased insulin sensitivity in high-fat fed rats \\[[@CR18]\\]. ", "In our study, obese mice were treated with metformin for an appropriate dose. ", "We found that the body weight of mice was reduced obviously by metformin, and hyperinsulinemic--euglycemic clamp showed that metformin improved insulin sensitivity. ", "There were researches demonstrated that metformin ameliorated insulin sensitivity in rodents by activating AMP-activated protein kinase \\[[@CR4]\\]. ", "Consequently, it might explain that metformin is benefit for insulin sensitivity in human. ", "However, further researches are required to determine whether the improvement of insulin sensitivity by metformin is independent from weight loss.", "\n\nLeptin, functions as a pro-inflammatory adipokine, regulates appetite through the central nervous system and the serum leptin positively correlates with adipose mass \\[[@CR19]\\]. ", "Metformin may ameliorate chronic inflammation by decreasing the level of leptin. ", "Besides, adipocytes synthesize and secrete anti-inflammatory adipokines like adiponectin, which was decreased in obesity. ", "A positive correlation was found between plasma adiponectin and insulin sensitivity \\[[@CR20]\\]. ", "Here the variation tendency of adiponectin in different group, indicating the insulin resistance was increased by HFD but improved by metformin. ", "Resistin is a pro-inflammatory adipokine, in addition it regulates insulin resistance and inflammation via IL-6 and TNF secretion from macrophages \\[[@CR21], [@CR22]\\]. ", "Resistin in our study was decreased in obese mice, indicated that insulin resistance may not evoked by resistin.", "\n\nMetformin ameliorated fatty acid metabolism in WAT and BAT {#Sec21}\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nBased on our previous study, HFD up regulated CPT1b and CPT2 in BAT, and it indicated that HFD might increase the compensated energy expenditure in BAT \\[[@CR23]\\]. ", "CPT1 regulates mitochondrial beta-oxidation, and this protein is highly expressed in liver, muscle, adipose tissue and brain \\[[@CR24]\\]. ", "CPT1a is liver isoform, while CPT1b is muscle isoform \\[[@CR25]\\]. ", "Some studies indicated that the different expressed of CPT1 is depended on species, gender or tissue \\[[@CR26]--[@CR28]\\]. ", "In the present study, we found that HFD stimulated fatty acid β-oxidation through up-regulated CPT1a and CPT1b in WAT. ", "Interestingly, with metformin intervention, CPT1a was down regulated in WAT significantly, while CPT1b was not affected obviously. ", "As for BAT, we discovered CPT1b and CPT2 were both down regulated by metformin. ", "Those implied that metformin might improve energy metabolism in WAT and BAT,then attenuate the compensated energy expenditure. ", "Furthermore, CPT1a might be predominant expressed in WAT, while CPT1b and CPT2 were more important with fatty acid metabolism in BAT.", "\n\nMetformin may improve endoplasmic reticulum stress in WAT {#Sec22}\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\nAmong differentially expressed proteins, according to IPA, the highest-scoring pathway in WAT was EIF2 signaling. ", "EIF2 signaling is associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress \\[[@CR29]\\], which is one of pathomechanisms of metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia and coronary artery disease \\[[@CR30]\\]. ", "In the present study, we found that Pik3c3, a catalytic subunit of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3 Ks), was increased in WAT of mice fed HFD as compared to ND. ", "PI3Ks consist of three classes of isoforms. ", "Pik3c3, the only class III PI3K, was also known as vacuolar protein sorting 34 (VPS34), which was first identified in saccharomyces cerevisiae as the gene product involved in the trafficking vesicles from the Golgi complex towards the vacuole \\[[@CR31]\\]. ", "It has been shown that Pik3c3 is a nutrient-regulated lipid kinase that regulates glucose and amino acid for protein synthesis and cell growth through mTOR-S6K1 signaling pathway \\[[@CR32], [@CR33]\\]. ", "In addition, there was evidence that Pik3c3 regulated autophagy activity and correlated with endoplasmic reticulum stress \\[[@CR34]\\]. ", "Here in the study, high-fat diet increased Pik3c3 and 40 s/60 s ribosomal subunit downstream. ", "This is an indicator that overload of lipid may stimulate cell proliferation and energy storage by activating Pik3c3 in white adipocytes. ", "The expressions of Pik3c3 in WAT were normalized via treated with metformin, which suggested that metformin may improve endoplasmic reticulum stress and be benefit for lipid metabolism.", "\n\nConclusions {#Sec23}\n===========\n\nIn summary, we discovered that metformin might affect energy metabolism in adipose tissue, and improve endoplasmic reticulum stress in WAT. ", "Besides, metformin improved fatty acid metabolism via CPT in WAT and BAT. ", "CPT1a might be an important enzyme for WAT, while CPT1b and CPT2 were more predominant for BAT in lipid metabolism.", "\n\nSupplementary information\n=========================\n\n {#Sec24}\n\n**Additional file 1: Figure S1.** ", "Average food intake per day among ND, HFD and MET groups was calculated. ", "Metformin decreased food intake of mice. **", "Figure S2** Weight changes of mice among ND, HFD and MET groups were measured per week. ", "HFD group was considered as the control group. **", "Figure S3** OGTT. ", "5 h fasted mice from ND, HFD and MET groups were given glucose (2.0 g/kg body weight, I.G.) for an OGTT. ", "Blood was taken at 0 min and 30, 60 and 120 min after glucose was given. ", "Blood glucose concentrations were measured by glucose oxidase method. ", "Results are given as mean ± SEM. ", "HFD group was considered as the control group. **", "Figure S4** With overnight fasted, hyperinsulinemic--euglycemic clamp was conducted and lasted for 120 min. ", "The insulin sensitivity was measured by glucose infusion rate (GIR) during the last 80 min. ", "The glucose infusion rate in MET group was increased significantly compared with HFD group. **", "Figure S5** Distribution of the coefficient of variation (CV value) in WAT from two run assays in LC-MS/MS was exhibited. ", "In order to minish technical error, proteins whose CV value greater than 0.2 were excluded. **", "Figure S6** Distribution of the coefficient of variation (CV value) in BAT from two run assays in LC-MS/MS was exhibited. ", "In order to minish technical error, proteins whose CV value greater than 0.2 were excluded. **", "Additional file 2: File S1 Dataset.** ", "Scaffold report for proteins in WAT identified by iTRAQ coupled with 2D LC--MS/MS. **", "Additional file 3: File S2 Dataset.** ", "Scaffold report for proteins in BAT identified by iTRAQ coupled with 2D LC--MS/MS.", "\n\nWAT\n\n: white adipose tissue\n\nBAT\n\n: brown adipose tissue\n\nND\n\n: normal diet\n\nHFD\n\n: high-fat diet\n\nOGTT\n\n: oral glucose tolerance test\n\nUCP-1\n\n: uncoupling protein 1\n\nNPY\n\n: neuropeptide-Y\n\nFGF21\n\n: fibroblast growth factor 21\n\nGLP-1\n\n: glucagon-like peptide-1\n\nAIF1\n\n: apoptosis-inducing factor 1\n\nCPT\n\n: carnitine O-palmitoyl transferase\n\niTRAQ\n\n: isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification\n\nLC--MS/MS\n\n: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry\n\nTC\n\n: total cholesterol\n\nTG\n\n: triglyceride\n\nGIR\n\n: glucose infusion rate\n\nGO\n\n: gene ontology\n\nIPA\n\n: ingenuity pathway analysis\n\nAUC\n\n: area under curve\n\nCV\n\n: coefficient of variation\n\nPabpc1\n\n: polyadenylate-binding protein 1\n\nVdac\n\n: voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein\n\n**Publisher\\'s Note**\n\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n\nTao Yuan and Juan Li contributed equally to this study\n\nSupplementary information\n=========================\n\n**Supplementary information** accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s13098-019-0490-2.", "\n\nThis work was supported by grants from Beijing Natural Science Foundation (7122144), Wu Jieping Medical Foundation (320.6750.15188) and the National Key Program of Clinical Science (WBYZ2011-873).", "\n\nTY, JL, WGZ and WS researched data, contributed to discussion, wrote the manuscript, and reviewed and edited the manuscript. ", "ZFS, SNL and QL researched data, contributed to discussion, and reviewed and edited the manuscript. ", "YF contributed to discussion and reviewed and edited the manuscript. ", "All authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nThis work was supported by grants from Beijing Natural Science Foundation (7122144), Wu Jieping Medical Foundation (320.6750.15188) and the National Key Program of Clinical Science (WBYZ2011-873).", "\n\nAll data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.", "\n\nThis study was approved by Beijing Administration Office of Laboratory Animal (Approval Number: SCXK-Beijing-2009-0004).", "\n\nNot applicable.", "\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "I have a special day coming up for a friend where we are required the bring a plate of food. ", "I decided to be creative and make something special instead of my usual supermarket run for dips n chips.. so I thought (far beyond my capabilities) it would be a great idea to try macaroons! ", "To be completely honest I’ve never even tried a macaroon. ", "I saw them on Master Chef – ages ago – it looked easy enough!", "\n\nSo I get the ingredients (after looking around for almond meal for ages not realising it would obviously be in the nut section) I get home and realise I don’t have anything to weigh the ingredients. ", "That’s ok! ", "So I work it out going on the 110g bag of almond meal I have. ", "I need 130g of almond meal. ", "Shit. ", "That’s ok! ", "So I compare the weight of that with the unmarked bag of icing sugar I have left over from some cake mix I had. ", "It felt heavier. ", "I reckon 150g. I needed about 220g but I need to compensate for the almond meal so that should be about right.", "\n\nI mix them together. ", "I need a sifter thingy. ", "I need to sift 3 times. ", "But I don’t have one, so the collander has to do. ", "I make a complete mess trying to sift it all 3 times.", "\n\nNext, I whip the egg whites, sugar and form peaks. ", "In the mixer thinga-ma-jig–what I thought would take a few minutes took ages! ", "It wasn’t working, damn it! ", "My appliance started to have this kind of.. burning smell going on after a while so I gave up on that and out comes the antique 100 year old hand held egg beaters. ", "It was a good work out I must admit, if you want one super strong man arm. ", "Swapping hands doesn’t help, it just gets messier.", "\n\nAfter a bit of good ol’ fashioned elbow grease the egg whites were looking pretty good! ", "Now, to fold them together.. I did it as gently as I could, trying not to squish out the air or whatever. ", "I had no idea what it was supposed to look like other than ‘smooth and shiny’. ", "Mine certainly wasn’t smooth or shiny, but slightly lumpy and pasty. ", "Ah well, lets see what happens! ", "Into the piping bag.. uh, hand made baking paper bag, and pipe 3cm small round dots. ", "They were pretty dodgy looking but some were not too bad! ", "Finally I let them sit for 20 mins then into the oven for 20 mins as directed.", "\n\n30 mins later.. tada! ", "Craparoons.", "\n\nFrom: BeckyB" ]

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[ "France's Le Pen refuses police interview over funding claims Published duration 24 February 2017\n\nimage copyright Reuters image caption Marine Le Pen said she will not speak to police before the election\n\nFrench presidential candidate Marine Le Pen has refused a police interview about her alleged misuse of EU funds.", "\n\nThe far-right leader denies wrongdoing and claims that the allegations are a plot to derail her campaign.", "\n\nOn Wednesday, Ms Le Pen's aide Catherine Griset was placed under police investigation over the payments.", "\n\nThe European Parliament alleges that more than €300,000 (£257,000; $321,000) of its funding was misspent by Ms Le Pen's National Front (FN) party.", "\n\n\"I will not respond [to the summons] during the election campaign,\" said Ms Le Pen on Friday.", "\n\n\"During this period, there cannot be the neutrality or calm necessary for the justice system to function properly,\" she added.", "\n\nAs a European member of parliament, Ms Le Penn was allocated the money for costs, on condition that the work was carried out in Brussels or Strasbourg.", "\n\nHowever, it is alleged the money was largely used to pay the salary of Ms Griset, who is said to have spent most of her time at the FN headquarters in Paris.", "\n\nMs Griset is a close friend of Ms Le Pen as well as her cabinet director. ", "Ms Le Pen's bodyguard, Thierry Legier, was also detained on Wednesday, but later released.", "\n\nmedia caption Why the French presidential election matters\n\nMs Le Pen said then that she had no intention of complying, and as a European member of parliament police cannot force her into questioning.", "\n\nShe has repeatedly claimed that she is a victim of a politically-motivated vendetta.", "\n\nThe BBC's Paris correspondent, Hugh Schofield, said Ms Le Pen's enemies hope the scandal will damage her reputation, but so far there is little sign of that, partly because there is no allegation of personal enrichment in the affair.", "\n\nMs Le Pen is one of the front-runners in the French presidential election to be held in April and May. If she wins, she has promised a Brexit-style referendum on France's membership of the EU." ]

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[ "Ponce de Leon Golf & Conference Resort - Pitch & Putt Course\n\nThis resort has an eighteen hole regulation course, a nine hole pitch-n-putt course and a putting course. ", "The Eighteen Hole Course brings together the waters of the Intracoastal Waterway along with the many marshes and trees of the area. ", "It provides a very challenging game of golf, along with some of Florida’s most beautiful scenery. ", "The breezy links-style front nine allows golfers a panoramic view of water birds feeding in the marshlands and sailboats traveling the Intracoastal Waterway. ", "The back nine represents a different design, with the fairways lined with rows of live oak trees and draped with Spanish moss. ", "The course follows the natural contour of the land, somewhat rolling, with the fairways turning in tune to the natural tree lines. ", "Most of the bunkers are near the greens. ", "There is water that comes into play on at least fourteen holes. ", "The course has been redesigned several times over the years, most recently by Joe Lee in 1991. ", "In 1990, holes #12, #13, and #14 were reconstructed to add some additional challenges. ", "Hole #14, a 498-yard, par 5, has since been named the best par 5 in North Florida by the \"Jacksonville Journal.\" ", "Many major tournaments have been held at the course over its eighty year history, with many charity tournaments still held here. ", "This traditional par 72 championship course was a regular stop for the professional tour in the 1930's and 1940's. ", "The 5,856-yard men's tee also has a ladies' course rating of 73.2 and slope of 133. ", "In addition to the championship course, the resort offers The Pitch and Putt Course and an eighteen hole putting course. ", "The green fee for The Pitch and Putt Course is good for all-day play, with cart included. ", "You may also walk the Pitch and Putt Course. ", "Ladies tee off from the same set of tees as the men on the Pitch and Putt Course.", "\n\nRecent News\n\nIf you love golf, then the best vacation in the world for you is probably going to be a golfing adventure somewhere at a great U.S. or foreign golf resort location. ", "There are many of these types of golf vacations and also many hotels that are offering special golf vacation packages.", " These are usually cheaper [...]\n\nWhen thinking about buying a golf car, there are number of things to consider. ", "Do you want to go with a new or used model? ", "What size of seating and storage capacity do you want? ", "Where do you plan on using the cart? ", "All of these factors and more should be considered when trying to [...]\n\nGolf is a sport which is becoming increasingly popular. ", "However golf, while it is a sport that is accessible to practically anyone within distance of a driving range or course, still has some particulars as to what is appropriate attire when out on the grass with your clubs. ", "For the most part, when one thinks [...]\n\nWhen looking for places to golf – be it while you are away on vacation or near your home, it is wise to see what specials the various clubs and courses are running. ", "A quick search online will give you the discounted green fees for almost any location, and for individual or group rates. ", "As [...]\n\nCourse Reviews\n\nMerion Golf Club - East Course\"Best Ever\"Merion is the best course ever and the only course that can even compare is Pine Valley.---Bob Jenkins, Kingston, PA USA\n\nCoharie Country Club\"Great Course\"This course requires all the clubs in your bag yet does not require a 300 yard drive to play. ", "Would recomment it to anyone for an enjoyable round of golf---Randy Wiggins, North Carolina\n\nChippewa Golf Club\"Wayne county gem!\"One of the nicest public tracks you will ever play! ", "Nice layout, fast greens, and carpet-like fairways. ", "Nice people running the show. ", "What a great track!!---Vic Marinello, Wooster Ohio\n\nLake Arrowhead Yacht & Country Club\"Great Game if you like water\"The course is a fun and enjoyable course the water hazards are interesting and challenging. ", "One hole very enjoyable roughly 50-60ft above the green hitting off a raveen down to the green 160 yds out.---John, Atlanta Georgia" ]

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[ "Note: Citations are based on reference standards. ", "However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. ", "The specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied.", "\n\nThe advancement of Christs interests the governing end of a Christians life : a second sermon preached before the Right Honourable Sir John Shorter, Knight, Lord Mayor of the city of London at Grocers-Hall, January the 9th, 1687/8\n\nReviews\n\nTags\n\nAdd tags for \"The advancement of Christs interests the governing end of a Christians life : a second sermon preached before the Right Honourable Sir John Shorter, Knight, Lord Mayor of the city of London at Grocers-Hall, January the 9th, 1687/8\".", "Be the first.", "\n\nThe advancement of Christs interests the governing end of a Christians life : a second sermon preached before the Right Honourable Sir John Shorter, Knight, Lord Mayor of the city of London at Grocers-Hall, January the 9th, 1687/8/Daniel Williams; London : Printed for J. Robinson ... and Tho. ", "Cockerill ..., 1688." ]

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[ "The manifestation of the motor activity circadian rhythm of blinded rats depends on the lighting conditions during lactation.", "\nThe purpose of this experiment was to examine the effect of different lighting conditions during lactation on the functioning of the circadian pacemaker in the adult rat in absence of the retinal input. ", "We reared one group of rats under constant light (LL-rats) and the other under constant darkness (DD-rats). ", "After weaning they were placed under light-dark cycles of 24h period for 29 days to eliminate the aftereffects of the previous lighting. ", "All the animals were then binocularly enucleated and motor activity was recorded. ", "Results reveal that, before and after the enucleation, the expression of the circadian rhythm was stronger in DD- than in the LL-rats. ", "Our results indicate that lighting conditions during lactation modify the functioning of the circadian pacemaker." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCan Demiplanes be connected to the Ethereal Plane and to each other?", "\n\nAFAIK, demiplanes are 30-ft3 cubes placed somewhere on the Ethereal Plane. ", "\nI’ve been thinking of a few ideas about demiplanes, but I’m not sure how demiplanes relate to the Ethereal Plane they’re in, so I’m not sure how or whether they work.", "\nMy ideas involve:\n\nCreating a window to the Ethereal Plane on the demiplane; if this is\npossible, what would happen if you open it?", "\nCreating two adjacent demiplanes and connecting them to make a larger space.", "\nCreating two demiplanes near each other and connecting them with a bridge.", "\n\nAre these things possible using game mechanics (without including use of the Wish spell)?", "\n\nA:\n\nWhat is a demiplane?", "\nDemiplanes are defined as \"small extradimensional spaces with their own unique rules\" (in the PHB's appendix C, p302, they're also described with slightly different wording in the DMG, p68). ", "So any small plane can be called a demiplane, and you shouldn't expect them to all be the same or have even have many rules in common. ", "The whole Ravenloft campaign setting is contained within the Demiplane of Dread, so even \"small\" is relative.", "\nCreating demiplanes with spells\nIn your question, you seem to be specifically referring to demiplanes created by the 8th spell Demiplane (PHB p231, in basic rules, and online here). ", "It's worth noting that that's not the only way to create such a plane. ", "Several other spells also create demiplanes, some of which are much simpler. ", "For example, the 2nd level spell Rope Trick (PHB p272, in the basic rules, and online here) creates a temporary demiplane at the top of the rope that is only defined well enough to say that it can fit up to eight medium-sized creatures. ", "The 7th level spell Mordenkainen's Magnificent Mansion (PHB p261, also in the basic rules as Magnificient Mansion without the proper name, and online here) lets its caster conjure up a whole building with furnishings and invisible servants that exists in a temporary demiplane.", "\nThe demiplanes created by the Demiplane spell have some specified characteristics (30ft cube, bounded by wood or stone walls, and since you can come back to the same demiplane, it's presumably permanent), but other characteristics are unspecified (like how a created demiplane relates to the Ethereal Plane). ", "There are no official rules yet in D&D 5e for joining demiplanes, or many of the other things you have asked about. ", "However, many of those ideas ripe targets for homebrew between a PC and their DM. ", "\nHomebrewing special rules for demiplanes\nIf you're the player of the PC who wants to play around with demiplanes, I suggest taking to your DM about exactly what you want to achieve. ", "Together you can work to come up with an appropriate set of rules. ", "For ideas, consider looking at earlier editions of D&D and Pathfinder, where you'll find playtested and at least somewhat balanced spells and other rules (though as with any homebrew, your DM will need to think about how well outside concepts will fit into your specific game). ", "This might be one good starting place!", "\nYour DM might tell you that you can just do whatever you have come up with, as part of casting Demiplane. ", "Or maybe you will eventually be able to learn to do it, but only after a long-term project, as you (or NPC wizards that you hire) will have to do a bunch of research and experimentation first. ", "The learning process might be something you come back to several times between your other adventures.", "\nBut your ambition to tinker around the defined boundaries of your spells also gives the DM a great hook to send you off on an adventure specifically about this topic! ", "Maybe your preliminary research will tell you that you can't merge two demiplanes without the knowledge of a specific wizard who once lived in your world. ", "But alas, she's been lost in extraplanar space for decades or centuries. ", "Can you find her? ", "If she's trapped on a demiplane with weird rules of physics and time, can you get her free without becoming trapped yourself? ", "Will she agree to teach you if you do rescue her? ", "It could be fun to find out!", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Determination of muscle-specific glucose flux using radioactive stereoisomers and microdialysis.", "\nThe purpose of the present study was to evaluate a novel approach for determining skeletal muscle-specific glucose flux using radioactive stereoisomers and the microdialysis technique. ", "Microdialysis probes were inserted into the vastus lateralis muscle of human subjects and perfused (4 microl/min) with a Ringer solution containing small amounts of radioactive D- and L-glucose as the internal reference markers for determining probe recovery as well as varying concentrations of insulin (0-10 microM). ", "The rationale behind this approach was that both stereoisomers would be equally affected by the factors that determine probe recovery, with the exception of L-glucose, which is nonmetabolizable and would not be influenced by tissue uptake. ", "Therefore, any differences in the probe recovery ratios between the D- and L-stereoisomers represent changes in skeletal muscle glucose uptake directly at the tissue level. ", "There were no differences in probe recovery between the D- (42.3 +/- 3.5%) and L- (41.2 +/- 3.5) stereoisomers during the control period (no insulin), which resulted in a D/L ratio of 1.04 +/- 0.03. ", "However, during insulin perfusion (1 microM), The D/L ratio increased to 1.62 +/- 0.08 and 1.58 +/- 0.07 (P < 0.05) during the two collection (0-15 and 15-30 min) periods, respectively. ", "This was accomplished solely by an increase (P < 0.05) in D-glucose probe recovery, as L-glucose probe recovery remained unchanged. ", "In a second set of experiments, the perfusion of 10 microM insulin did not increase the D/L ratio (1.40 +/- 0.11) above that observed during 1.0 microM (1.41 +/- 0.07) insulin perfusion. ", "These data suggest that this method is sufficiently sensitive to detect differences in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake; thus the use of radioactive stereoisomers in conjunction with the microdialysis technique provides a novel and useful technique for determining tissue-specific glucose flux and insulin sensitivity." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUsing induction to prove $\\sum_{i = 1}^{n} i\\cdot 2^i = (n - 1) \\cdot 2^{n + 1} + 2$\n\nI have to prove the following proposition:\n\n$$\\sum_{i = 1}^{n} i\\cdot 2^i = (n - 1) \\cdot 2^{n + 1} + 2$$\n\nI have the following proof thus far:\nProof by Induction\nBasis Step $(n = 1)$\nLHS: $\\sum_{i = 1}^{n} i2^i = 1 \\cdot 2^1 = 2$\nRHS: $2^2(0) + 2 = 2$\nLHS = RHS\nInductive Hypothesis\nAssume that the proposition is true for $i = 1, 2, 3, \\ldots, k$\nInductive Step $(n = k + 1)$\nLHS: $\\sum_{i = 1}^{k} i2^i + (k + 1) \\cdot 2^{k + 1} = 1 \\cdot 2^1 + 2 \\cdot 2^2 + \\ldots + k \\cdot 2^k + (k + 1) \\cdot 2^{k + 1}$\nRHS: $(k - 1) \\cdot 2^{k + 1} + 2 + (k + 1) \\cdot 2^{k + 1}\\\\ = (k - 1) \\cdot 2^{k + 1} + (k + 1) \\cdot 2^{k + 1} + 2\\\\ = ((k - 1) + (k + 1)) \\cdot 2^{k + 1} + 2\\\\ = (2k) \\cdot 2^{k + 1} + 2$\nLHS = RHS\nQED\nAm I correct? ", "If not, am I headed in the right direction? ", "I understand the basics of induction, but am continuing to apply it. ", "Thank you!", "\n\nA:\n\nYour base case is correct, but you need more information in the inductive hypothesis. ", "\nBase Case: $(n = 1)$\n$$\\sum_{i=1}^{1}i2^i = 1\\cdot 2^1 = 2 = (1-1) \\cdot 2^{1+1} + 2 $$\nInductive Hypothesis:\nAssume that $$\\sum_{i=1}^{k} i2^i = (k-1) \\cdot 2^{k+1} + 2 \\hspace{1in} \\text{IH}$$ for some integer $k >1$. You must show that \n$$\\sum_{i=1}^{k+1} i2^i = k2^{k+2} + 2$$\nInductive Step:\n$$\\sum_{i=1}^{k+1} i2^i = \\sum_{i=1}^{k} i2^i+ \\sum_{i=k+1}^{k+1} i2^i = (k-1) \\cdot 2^{k+1} + 2 + (k+1)\\cdot 2^{k+1} \\hspace{.5in} \\text{By IH}$$\n$$= (k-1)\\cdot 2^{k+1} + 2$$\n$$= 2^{k+1} [ (k-1) + (k+1)] + 2$$\n$$= 2^{k+1}\\cdot 2k + 2$$\n$$= k2^{k+1}\\cdot 2^1 + 2$$\n$$= k2^{k+2} + 2$$\nThus, \n$\\sum_{i=1}^{n} i2^i = (n-1) \\cdot 2^{n+1} + 2 \\ \\text{for any } n\\geq 1$\nQED\n\n" ]

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[ "LAFC, in conjunction with Major League Soccer, revealed today the 2019 MLS Best XI, recognizing the league’s top players at each position as determined by media, MLS players and MLS club technical staff. ", "LAFC led all teams with three players named to the Best XI: defender Walker Zimmerman, midfielder Eduard Atuesta, and forward Carlos Vela.", "\n\n2019 MLS Best XI\n\nGoalkeeper: Vito Mannone (Minnesota United FC)\n\nDefenders: Ike Opara (Minnesota United FC), Miles Robinson (Atlanta United), Walker Zimmerman (Los Angeles Football Club)\n\nMidfielders: Eduard Atuesta (Los Angeles Football Club), Carles Gil (New England Revolution), Maxi Moralez (New York City FC), Alejandro Pozuelo (Toronto FC)\n\nForwards: Zlatan Ibrahimović (LA Galaxy), Josef Martínez (Atlanta United), Carlos Vela (Los Angeles Football Club)\n\nAtuesta, 22, experienced a breakout season in his second year in Major League Soccer. ", "He appeared in 30 regular season matches, tallying three goals and 11 assists for the Club, and finished among the top 15 contributors in MLS in 2019. ", "The central midfielder also earned his first call to represent the Colombia U-23 National Team in August. ", "This marks Atuesta’s first MLS Best XI selection.", "\n\nVela led LAFC to a record-breaking season, both collectively and individually. ", "Vela was the 2019 MLS Golden Boot presented by Audi when he set an MLS single-season record with 34 goals, to go along with 15 assists, as that combined total of goals and assists (49) is also a league record. ", "He fueled LAFC to an MLS single-season record 72 points, a league-tying, single-season record of 85 goals as a Club, and the Club’s first Supporters’ Shield. ", "Earlier this season, he was voted to captain the MLS All-Star Game presented by Target for the second consecutive season. ", "This is Vela’s second MLS Best XI selection (2018, 2019).", "\n\nZimmerman started all 25 regular season matches he appeared in for the Club, anchoring an LAFC defense that allowed the fewest goals in MLS this season (37) and posted the best goal differential all-time (+48). ", "The 26-year-old added one goal and one assist in 2,169 minutes logged. ", "Zimmerman has also gained playing time for the U.S. Men’s National Team since debuting in 2017, becoming a regular this season with seven caps and featuring in the 2019 Concacaf Gold Cup. ", "This is Zimmerman’s first MLS Best XI selection.", "\n\nThe 11 players hail from eight different countries and represent some of the league’s most exciting and accomplished talent comprised of international stars, breakout players and top newcomers to the league. ", "Seven different MLS clubs are represented by this year’s Best XI squad, all of which qualified for the Audi 2019 MLS Cup Playoffs." ]

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[ "e\nLet q be 4 - (-2 - -5)/(-3). ", "Suppose -5*o = 4*h - 116 + 16, -2*o - 92 = -q*h. ", "Is 8 a factor of h?", "\nFalse\nLet u(i) = i**3 + 4*i**2 - 7*i - 6. ", "Let c be u(-5). ", "Suppose -3*p + 2*p + 31 = 5*j, c*j + 3*p = 27. ", "Let r = j - 3. ", "Is r even?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -2*j + 12 = -x, -24 = -5*j - x + 2*x. ", "Let n = 0 - 0. ", "Suppose n = -j*o - 2*g + 20, 2*g - 6 = -o - o. Does 2 divide o?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -5*y = -56 - 69. ", "Suppose -10 = -q + y. Is 13 a factor of q?", "\nFalse\nLet z = -2 + 4. ", "Let h = 6 - z. Suppose h*g + 22 = 6*g. ", "Is 11 a factor of g?", "\nTrue\nLet h(m) = -m**3 + 10*m**2 + 5*m - 14. ", "Does 14 divide h(10)?", "\nFalse\nLet w be ((-4)/6)/((-1)/(-27)). ", "Let x be w/12*(-28)/3. ", "Suppose -z - x = -3*z. ", "Does 3 divide z?", "\nFalse\nLet c(g) = -g**3 + g. Let n be c(1). ", "Suppose n*z + 4 = -z - 3*o, -2*o = 10. ", "Does 6 divide z?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -5*w = 4*l - 2100, -w - 5*l + 444 - 3 = 0. ", "Does 52 divide w?", "\nTrue\nLet c be 21/12 - (-3)/(-4). ", "Is c + 0 + 1 + 4 a multiple of 4?", "\nFalse\nLet p(s) = 4*s**2 + 6*s - 1. ", "Let j be p(4). ", "Let h be j - (9/3 - 2). ", "Let n = h - 50. ", "Is 12 a factor of n?", "\nTrue\nLet p(f) = f**3 - f**2 + f + 72. ", "Is p(0) a multiple of 36?", "\nTrue\nLet n = -12 - -10. ", "Let p be (n + 44 + 1)*4. ", "Suppose 2*z - p = -2*z - c, 3*z + 5*c - 112 = 0. ", "Does 13 divide z?", "\nFalse\nLet o = -41 - -83. ", "Is o a multiple of 14?", "\nTrue\nLet l(z) = z**3 - 10*z**2 - 6*z - 1. ", "Let t(q) = -q**3 + 9*q**2 + 5*q + 1. ", "Let b(v) = 3*l(v) + 4*t(v). ", "Is 13 a factor of b(6)?", "\nTrue\nLet v be (0 + 1)*1 - -3. ", "Suppose -y - 5*s + v = 0, 0*y = -y - 4*s + 6. ", "Is 14 a factor of y?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 1086 = 5*f - 2*f. ", "Suppose -2*y + 4*z + 140 = 0, -f = -5*y - 4*z + 30. ", "Is y a multiple of 11?", "\nFalse\nLet s(t) = t + 7. ", "Let j be s(-6). ", "Let i = j + 5. ", "Is 6 a factor of i?", "\nTrue\nLet n = -12 + 14. ", "Let t = n + 15. ", "Does 17 divide t?", "\nTrue\nLet h = 30 + -1. ", "Is h a multiple of 9?", "\nFalse\nLet w be (-2)/18 - 752/36. ", "Let h = -15 - w. Does 6 divide h?", "\nTrue\nLet d = 200 - 54. ", "Does 12 divide d?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 0 = -3*x - 0 + 12. ", "Let a be 1/3 - (-28)/6. ", "Suppose 5*t = -x*o + 24, a*o - 19 = 5*t + 56. ", "Is 6 a factor of o?", "\nFalse\nLet r = -12 - -6. ", "Let s = r + 16. ", "Is 5 a factor of s?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 3*o - 288 = -4*i, 384 = 6*o - 2*o + 5*i. ", "Does 32 divide o?", "\nTrue\nLet j be (3/(-12) + 2)*4. ", "Let t(c) = 2 - 2 + j*c. ", "Is 16 a factor of t(4)?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -5*r + 54 = v, 2*v + 58 = 5*r - v. Does 11 divide r?", "\nTrue\nLet j(s) = -3*s**2 + 5*s - 3. ", "Let y(p) = 2*p**2 - 3*p + 2. ", "Let i(f) = 6*j(f) + 11*y(f). ", "Is 12 a factor of i(3)?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -2*n + 22 = -0*n. ", "Let p be ((-18)/15)/((-8)/20). ", "Suppose -n = -2*a + p. Is 3 a factor of a?", "\nFalse\nLet x be (-20)/(-3)*(-2 + -1). ", "Suppose 4*d - 93 - 27 = 0. ", "Let l = x + d. Is 10 a factor of l?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -k = 34 - 4. ", "Let z = 57 + k. Is z a multiple of 8?", "\nFalse\nLet c = -26 - -36. ", "Is 5 a factor of c?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 5*v = 3*v + 24. ", "Is 3 a factor of v?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -m = -3*m. ", "Suppose m = 2*b - 5 - 31. ", "Is b a multiple of 9?", "\nTrue\nIs -3 + 23 + 4 + -3 a multiple of 8?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 23 = 4*k - 193. ", "Let t = k - 33. ", "Is t*6/9 - -2 a multiple of 8?", "\nTrue\nIs 3 a factor of (-122)/(-8) + 3/(-12)?", "\nTrue\nLet y = -29 + 73. ", "Is y a multiple of 22?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -2*s = -7*s + 3*o + 6, 3*s - 4*o = -3. ", "Let t = s + 5. ", "Is 8 a factor of t?", "\nTrue\nLet m(j) = 2*j**2 - 2*j + 4. ", "Let t = 3 + -3. ", "Let s be 0 + -2 + -1 + t. Is m(s) a multiple of 14?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -4*l - 28 = -2*w, 5*w + l + 0*l = 81. ", "Does 9 divide w?", "\nFalse\nLet o = 4 - 4. ", "Let u be 4 + 1 - (o + 1). ", "Suppose u*p - 4 = 0, -3*l - 2*p = -5*p - 60. ", "Is l a multiple of 21?", "\nTrue\nLet d(b) = -b**2 - 20*b - 11. ", "Does 8 divide d(-10)?", "\nFalse\nLet t(o) = -1 + o - 2 + 0. ", "Let s be t(3). ", "Suppose 0*u - 5*u + 75 = s. Is 8 a factor of u?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -4*x + 387 - 75 = 0. ", "Is 13 a factor of x?", "\nTrue\nLet c(v) = 5*v - 2. ", "Let l be c(2). ", "Suppose 5*s - 2 = l. Suppose 23 = n + 5*f, -s*n - 3*f = -17 - 1. ", "Does 2 divide n?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -3*a - 2*a = 0. ", "Let c = 1 - a. Is ((-15)/10)/(c/(-18)) a multiple of 9?", "\nTrue\nLet i = 12 + -7. ", "Suppose -5*l - b + 99 = -135, -i*l + 233 = 2*b. ", "Suppose 8 + l = 5*h. ", "Does 5 divide h?", "\nFalse\nLet h(g) = -7*g - 1. ", "Let p = -5 - -7. ", "Let z be h(p). ", "Let l = z + 29. ", "Is l a multiple of 14?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -45 = -4*l + 3*l. ", "Does 8 divide l?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 2*t - 54 = 72. ", "Is 7 a factor of t?", "\nTrue\nLet s(h) = 22*h**2 - 3*h + 2. ", "Is s(1) a multiple of 21?", "\nTrue\nLet x(c) be the third derivative of 0*c + 5/2*c**3 - 5/12*c**4 + 0 + 1/60*c**5 + c**2. ", "Is x(10) a multiple of 15?", "\nTrue\nLet t = 5 + -6. ", "Is (-2)/(((-1)/(-23))/t) a multiple of 23?", "\nTrue\nLet g(f) = f**3 - 9*f**2 - 16*f. ", "Is g(11) a multiple of 21?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 0 = -4*q - 16, -4*h - 3*q - 2*q = 60. ", "Let z be 84/h*(2 - -3). ", "Let b = -13 - z. Does 12 divide b?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -y + 15 = -2*t, 4*t - 8 = 5*y - 77. ", "Does 6 divide y?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 5 = -2*l + 7. ", "Let t = l - 2. ", "Is 7 a factor of -1*(t + 1) - -23?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 2*k + 0*k + 184 = 0. ", "Let f = -64 - k. Is f a multiple of 8?", "\nFalse\nLet n(l) = -2*l**2 + 5*l + 2. ", "Let a be n(4). ", "Let i be 216/10 + (-4)/a. ", "Suppose 0 = 2*d - i. Is d a multiple of 11?", "\nTrue\nLet w(r) = -r + 5. ", "Let s be w(5). ", "Let n(l) = l + 5. ", "Let j be n(-5). ", "Suppose s*h - 4*h + 16 = j. Does 2 divide h?", "\nTrue\nLet x = -194 + 308. ", "Is x a multiple of 19?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 7*v - 3*v = 252. ", "Is v a multiple of 9?", "\nTrue\nLet n(v) be the first derivative of v**3/3 - 4*v**2 + 4*v - 3. ", "Does 4 divide n(8)?", "\nTrue\nSuppose q = 15 + 26. ", "Does 12 divide q?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 0*a = 3*a - 120. ", "Suppose -5*w = -5*t - a, 1 - 5 = 4*t. ", "Is w a multiple of 6?", "\nFalse\nLet w = 235 - 65. ", "Suppose -2*f = 3*f - w. Is f a multiple of 17?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -3*y - y = -48. ", "Does 5 divide 0 - 3 - (2 - y)?", "\nFalse\nLet s = -5 + 79. ", "Does 12 divide s?", "\nFalse\nLet q be (4/7)/(2/7). ", "Suppose q*l - l = 34. ", "Is 17 a factor of l?", "\nTrue\nLet v(s) = -s**3 - 6*s**2 + 3. ", "Let h be v(-6). ", "Suppose 5*l + 2*k = -14, 18 = -5*l - k - h*k. ", "Is 178/4 + (-1)/l a multiple of 26?", "\nFalse\nSuppose i = 3*h - 13, 0*h - 3*h + 9 = -3*i. ", "Suppose h*r = -0*j + j - 19, 0 = 5*j - 2*r - 187. ", "Let v = -19 + j. Is v a multiple of 10?", "\nTrue\nIs ((-5)/15)/(1/(-6)) even?", "\nTrue\nDoes 28 divide 142 - 6/1*6/18?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -4*l + j + 152 = 0, -4*j = -l + 11 + 12. ", "Is l a multiple of 9?", "\nFalse\nLet o be 2 - (2 - (-1 + -7)). ", "Does 13 divide (o - 3)*1*-3?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 2*g - 62 = -3*h + 33, 2*h - 50 = -4*g. ", "Let a = 51 - h. Is a a multiple of 10?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 0 = 3*n - 15, 2*f - 5*n - 195 = -3*f. ", "Is 4 a factor of f?", "\nTrue\nLet g = 22 + -10. ", "Suppose -4*w - g = -2*w. ", "Let f = w + 18. ", "Does 6 divide f?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 0*y + 3*y = 2*n - 35, y = -4*n + 49. ", "Let v = n + -8. ", "Let d(f) = 2*f + 5. ", "Does 15 divide d(v)?", "\nTrue\nLet y(h) = -h**3 - h**2 + 10. ", "Does 4 divide y(0)?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 5*b - 399 - 291 = -3*d, 3*d = 2*b - 297. ", "Does 45 divide b?", "\nFalse\nLet m = 22 + -16. ", "Is 3 a factor of m?", "\nTrue\nLet w(z) = z**3 - 5*z**2 + 6*z - 3. ", "Let i be w(5). ", "Is 10 a factor of 0 + i - (-13 + 10)?", "\nTrue\nLet x(v) = v**3 + 10*v**2 + 3*v + 30. ", "Is 14 a factor of x(-9)?", "\nTrue\nLet t = -14 - -18. ", "Suppose t*c - 24 = 3*c. ", "Is 9 a factor of c?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -45 = -3*g + 2*g. ", "Let m = g - -6. ", "Suppose 3*c - 2*y + 4*y - m = 0, -5*y = -4*c + 45. ", "Does 15 divide c?", "\nTrue\nLet o(h) = -h**3 - 4*h**2 - 3*h - 1. ", "Is o(-5) a multiple of 2?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -2*f + 252 = 3*w, 2*w + 4*f - 66 - 102 = 0. ", "Is 13 a factor of w?", "\nFalse\nLet j(h) = -4*h + 1. ", "Let p = 5 + -3. ", "Suppose p*c - 4 = -18. ", "Is 16 a factor of j(c)?", "\nFalse\nIs 24/(-9)*(-162)/8 a multiple of 18?", "\nTrue\nLet q(h) = -4 + 2*h**2 + 0*h - 2*h + 7*h - h. Let y be ((-3)/(-2))/(18/(-48)). ", "Is q(y) a multiple of 4?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 3*t - t = -v + 8, -5*v - t = -4. ", "Suppose v = -4*i - 0*o + 3*o + 187, -5*i + 232 = -2*o. ", "Suppose 5*y - i - 29 = 0. ", "Does 6 divide y?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 0 = -a - 0*a + 79. ", "Is 16 a factor of a?", "\nFalse\nIs 22 a factor of ((-24)/15 + 2)*220?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -4 = -0*d + 4*d. ", "Let u be d/(-5) + 498/10. ", "Suppose -3*q = 2*q - u. Is 10 a factor of q?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 3*u - 4*k = -0*u - 158, 194 = -3*u - 5*k. ", "Is 2*1/(-4)*u a multiple of 12?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 3*b - 2*p - 3*p = 154, -10 = 5*p. ", "Let l = 81 - b. Does 11 divide l?", "\nTrue\nLet o(p) = -20*p + 24. ", "Is 36 a factor of o(-15)?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 12*s - 10*s = 0. ", "Suppose -2*m = -s*r + r - 2, 4*r - 4*m - 20 = 0. ", "Is 2 a factor of r?", "\nTrue\nLet p = -15 - -74. ", "Is 8 a factor of p?", "\nFalse\nIs -4*1/(-4) - (-1 + -14) a multiple of 8?", "\nTrue\nLet k(d) = -8*d. ", "Let y be k(-1). ", "Let a = y - 8. ", "Let u(i) = -i**3 + i**2 + 12. ", "Is u(a) a multiple of 8?", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Prognostic value of tumour regression grade in locally advanced rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.", "\nThe current standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer involves neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by total mesorectal excision. ", "There is a spectrum of response to neoadjuvant therapy; however, the prognostic value of tumour regression grade (TRG) in predicting disease-free survival (DFS) or overall survival (OS) is inconsistent in the literature. ", "This study was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. ", "A systematic search was undertaken using Ovid MEDLINE, Embase and Google Scholar. ", "Inclusion criteria were Stage II and III locally advanced rectal cancer treated with long-course CRT followed by radical surgery. ", "The aim of the meta-analysis was to assess the prognostic implication of each TRG for rectal cancer following neoadjuvant CRT. ", "Long-term prognosis was assessed. ", "The main outcome measures were DFS and OS. ", "A random effects model was performed to pool the hazard ratio (HR) from all included studies. ", "There were 4875 patients from 17 studies, with 775 (15.9%) attaining a pathological complete response (pCR) and 719 (29.9%) with no response. ", "A significant association with OS was identified from a pooled-estimated HR for pCR (HR = 0.47, P = 0.002) and nonresponding tumours (HR = 2.97; P < 0.001). ", "Previously known tumour characteristics, such as ypN, lymphovascular invasion and perineural invasion, were also significantly associated with DFS and OS, with estimated pooled HRs of 2.2, 1.4 and 2.3, respectively. ", "In conclusion, the degree of TRG was of prognostic value in predicting long-term outcomes. ", "The current challenge is the development of a high-validity tests to predict pCR." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Mitral replacement or repair for functional mitral regurgitation in dilated and ischemic cardiomyopathy: is it really the same?", "\nThis was a study to compare the results of mitral valve (MV) repair and MV replacement for the treatment of functional mitral regurgitation (MR) in advanced dilated and ischemic cardiomyopathy (DCM). ", "One-hundred and thirty-two patients with severe functional MR and systolic dysfunction (mean ejection fraction 0.32 ± 0.078) underwent mitral surgery in the same time frame. ", "The decision to replace rather than repair the MV was taken when 1 or more echocardiographic predictors of repair failure were identified at the preoperative echocardiogram. ", "Eighty-five patients (64.4%) received MV repair and 47 patients (35.6%) received MV replacement. ", "Preoperative characteristics were comparable between the 2 groups. ", "Only ejection fraction was significantly lower in the MV repair group (0.308 ± 0.077 vs 0.336 ± 0.076, p = 0.04). ", "Hospital mortality was 2.3% for MV repair and 12.5% for MV replacement (p = 0.03). ", "Actuarial survival at 2.5 years was 92 ± 3.2% for MV repair and 73 ± 7.9% for MV replacement (p = 0.02). ", "At a mean follow-up of 2.3 years (median, 1.6 years), in the MV repair group LVEF significantly increased (from 0.308 ± 0.077 to 0.382 ± 0.095, p < 0.0001) and LV dimensions significantly decreased (p = 0.0001). ", "On the other hand, in the MV replacement group LVEF did not significantly change (from 0.336 ± 0.076 to 0.31 ± 0.11, p = 0.56) and the reduction of LV dimensions was not significant. ", "Mitral valve replacement was identified as the only predictor of hospital (odds ratio, 6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 31; p = 0.03) and overall mortality (hazard ratio, 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 8.9; p = 0.02). ", "In patients with advanced dilated and ischemic cardiomyopathy and severe functional MR, MV replacement is associated with higher in-hospital and late mortality compared with MV repair. ", "Therefore, mitral repair should be preferred whenever possible in this clinical setting." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "A new method for the analysis of tetramethyllead in blood.", "\nIn this paper a method for the determination of alkyllead compounds in blood is described. ", "The method is based on extraction of the aklyllead compounds into an organic solvent, followed by separation by high-resolution gas chromatography. ", "A graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer is used as the detector. ", "A detection limit of 0.01 micrograms/ml for tetramethyllead was obtained in blood samples. ", "The method was used for the investigation of occupational exposure to tetramethyllead in gasoline. ", "Blood samples from tank cleaners and gasoline pump servicemen showed detectable amounts of tetramethyllead. ", "The reference group did not show any detectable levels of tetramethyllead." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Featured\n\nIt’s important to know how your food is produced, why it’s produced that way and how the world can produce enough to feed itself in the coming years. ", "We invite you to take a look at the collaborations we are making in agriculture, and to learn more about Monsanto.", "\n\nFeatured\n\nLast month, Monsanto was recognized at National FFA Convention as one of the five platinum sponsors of the National FFA Foundation in Louisville, Ky. Check out our infographic highlighting a few of the focus areas Monsanto supports within the FFA sponsorship.", "\n\nFeatured\n\nOur America’s Farmers campaign features real farm families doing what they do every day – growing not only our food, but also our economy and our quality of life here in America. ", "We're all connected to agriculture and it’s time we, as a nation, learn more about the industry that provides for us every day.", "\n\nMicrobials\n\nSustainable Solutions for Agriculture\n\nAs part of its commitment to bring a broad range of solutions to help nourish our growing world, Monsanto has expanded its research and development (R&D) efforts to include an Agricultural Biologicals platform. ", "Agricultural biologicals protect crops from pests, weeds and diseases and keep crops healthy. ", "Farmers can rely on agricultural biologicals in addition to breeding, biotechnology and agronomic practices to grow healthy and nutritious food. ", "Monsanto’s Agricultural Biologicals platform focuses on two core technologies: microbials and BioDirect™.", "\n\nMicrobials\n\nMicrobes are microorganisms so tiny that millions can fit into the eye of a needle. ", "They occur naturally in the environment and are found almost everywhere. ", "Countless microorganisms live in the soil and in close relation to plants, making up the plants’ microbiome. ", "Many of these microbes have distinctive properties that can help control fungi, bacteria, nematodes, insects and weeds. ", "They can also stimulate plant growth and yield by improving access to nutrients. ", "Microbial products are made from microbes that can work alone or complement traditional methods of plant production and protection. ", "They can offer real benefits to growers, like improving crop nutrient uptake, promoting growth and yield, and providing insect control and disease protection.", "\n\nMonsanto is collaborating with other industry leaders to explore microbial technologies. ", "As a result, Monsanto acquired the assets of the agricultural company Agradis Inc. to support its discovery capabilities in the microbial space and established a long-term strategic alliance with Novozymes to create The BioAg Alliance.", "\n\nThe BioAg Alliance\n\nThe BioAg Alliance brings together Novozymes’ and Monsanto’s capabilities within microbial discovery, development and production. ", "The BioAg Alliance is dedicated to fundamentally enhancing the R&D of naturally derived microbial technology to significantly increase productivity of the world’s crops for the benefit of agriculture, consumers, the environment and society at large. ", "The co-funded R&D platform is expected to catalyze the development of new microbial solutions to transform agriculture. ", "Already in 2014, The BioAg Alliance tested microbial strains on a scale never attempted before, testing hundreds of microbial strains in 170,000 field plots across 70 U.S. locations. ", "In 2015, The BioAg Alliance is working to more than double the number of field plots.", "\n\nIn addition to the discovery and development of new products, The BioAg Alliance is providing Novozymes’ current products to farmers worldwide through Monsanto’s global sales organization, known as Monsanto BioAg." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Alter Ego (Amanda Lear album)\n\nAlter Ego is a studio album by French singer Amanda Lear, released in 1995 by ZYX Music.", "\n\nBackground \nThe album was recorded at Metropolis Studio in Milan and PNG Studios in Munich, except for the previously released \"Everytime You Touch Me\", recorded at Gadda Studio in Bologna. ", "Alter Ego marked Lear's return to Munich, twelve years after she had last recorded there. ", "The album was produced by Michael Gordon and Tubi Forti. ", "The picture used on the cover is an original self-portrait painted by Amanda.", "\n\nAlter Ego spawned three singles: \"Everytime You Touch Me\", which first appeared on the Italian compilation Hits and More earlier in 1995, \"Peep!\", ", "the theme tune to Lear's erotic late night TV show of the same name which she hosted on German channel RTL II, and \"Angel Love\". ", "Despite numerous remixes and promotion on TV, all three singles were unsuccessful in the charts. ", "The album itself only met with limited commercial success and also failed to chart.", "\n\nThe album was released in Italy in 1996 with an alternate artwork. ", "In 2001, Alter Ego was re-released in Germany with the original artwork as part of the Golden Dance Classics series. ", "In 2004, the complete album was re-released as part of The Queen Is... Amanda – Platinum Edition, a three disc Italian compilation.", "\n\nTrack listing \n \"Alter Ego\" (Michael Gordon, Amanda Lear) – 2:01\n \"Angel Love\" (Michael Gordon, Jens Jordan, Amanda Lear, Helmuth Schmidt) – 4:36\n \"Love Me, Love Me Blue\" (Giampiero Scalamogna, Amanda Lear) – 3:48\n \"Muscle Man\" (Michael Gordon, Helmuth Schmidt, Amanda Lear) – 4:15\n \"This Man (Dali's Song)\" (Michael Gordon, Amanda Lear) – 4:34\n \"Peep!\" (", "Michael Gordon, Amanda Lear, Helmuth Schmidt) – 3:56\n \"Everytime You Touch Me\" (Amanda Lear, Michael Gordon, Helmuth Schmidt) – 3:43\n \"On the Air Tonight\" (Peter Bardens) – 3:34\n \"Rien ne va plus\" (Roberto Costa, Amanda Lear, Helmuth Schmidt) – 3:46\n \"Go Go Boy (When I Say Go)\" (Michael Gordon, Amanda Lear) – 2:01\n \"Dance Around the Room\" (Peter Bardens) – 4:04\n \"I'll Miss You\" (Ignazio Polizzy, Claudio Natili, Marcello Ramoino, Amanda Lear, Helmuth Schmidt) – 3:34\n \"Alter Ego (Part 2)\" (Michael Gordon, Amanda Lear) – 2:07\n\nPersonnel \n Amanda Lear – lead vocals, cover painting\n Carolina Balboni – backing vocals\n Ulli Essmann – backing vocals\n Tubi Forti – record producer (track 7)\n Michael Gordon – record producer, arranger\n Charles Hörnemann – guitar\n Sandrina Löscher – backing vocals\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Alter Ego at Discogs\n Alter Ego at Rate Your Music\n\nCategory:1995 albums\nCategory:Amanda Lear albums" ]

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[ "What is Dark Money, and more importantly, what impact does it have on local and state elections in Montana?", "\n\nIf you answered, “I don’t know” to either of those questions you should attend the Conrad Area Chamber of Commerce’s meeting on Oct. 9 to find out more about Dark Money and an initiative aimed at eliminating Dark Money in Montana.", "\n\nThe informative lunch meeting is scheduled for noon on Oct. 9 atThe Keg Family Restaurant at 618 S. Main in Conrad.", "\n\nFeatured speakers will be Sen. Llew Jones and Rep. Rob Cook, both of Conrad. ", "They will explain the need for passage of the initiative and how residents in the Golden Triangle can volunteer their resources to ensure the initiative not only makes it on the 2014 ballot, but is also approved by voters.", "\n\nSen. Jones commented, “Dark Money is the most treacherous force influencing politicians today. ", "Watergate taught America that the best deterrent to having a politician sell their vote is the ability for the electorate to follow the money.”" ]

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[ "Thor Island (Nunavut)\n\nThor Island is one of the Canadian arctic islands in Nunavut, Canada. ", "It lies south of Ellef Ringnes Island.", "\n\nExternal links\n Thor Island in the Atlas of Canada - Toporama; Natural Resources Canada\n\nCategory:Islands of the Queen Elizabeth Islands\nCategory:Uninhabited islands of Qikiqtaaluk Region\nCategory:Islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago" ]

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[ "Game Programming Projectile shoot (angry birds like)\n\nPosted 23 June 2014 - 11:30 AM\n\nHey, I'm developing an angry-birds like game. ", "But it shoots a ball into a basket. ", "I have a problem on the game logic. ", "I do not know how the ball will be shut from the slingshot, to the basket on the right using projectile maybe? ", "I don't really know.", "\n\nNote that when I click my left mouse button, the ball will be shut to the right, and the basket should be moving on its x-axis while I try to shoot the ball into it.", "\n\ntheta is just the angle the slingshot is tilted, and you could just have the initial velocity be a percentage of how far back the sling is pulled\nacceleration in the Y-equation is the force of gravity (whatever you want that to be). ", "Note how there is no acceleration in the X-direction, I'm assuming that you don't want to bother with air resistance.", "\n\nThat's the general math out of the way, now for putting it into programming terms.", "\nSince your x-directional velocity is always going to be constant, you can calculate it once (using the initial_v_x equation above). ", "Now you have the ball's x-velocity in units per second. ", "To actually draw this, you need it in units per frame, so you'd just divide that by your current FPS (or 60 as a standard, but using the current one smooths it out if you're way over that), and now you have the ball's units per frame movement value (deltaX). ", "Every frame, you're going to add deltaX to the ball's current X coordinate, and there's your horizontal movement done. ", "For the displacement in the Y-direction, it's even easier. ", "You take the ball's current X-coordinate (not deltaX, the ball's actual position, assuming the slingshot is at x = 0) and plug it in as the time value in the Y-directional position equation. ", "This gives you the exact y-coordinate of the ball at X distance from the slingshot.", "\n\nThat's pretty much basic projectile motion. ", "As a side note: don't forget to add a check somewhere to make sure the ball is stopping when it either hits the ground (y = 0) or the bucket (you'll need collision for that), or it goes off the screen." ]

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[ "The Jacksonville Jaguars will interview Mike Smith for their head coaching position, Rick Stroud of the Tampa Bay Times reports.", "\n\nSmith was hired as the Tampa Bay Buccaneers’ defensive coordinator last year, a position in which he did an outstanding job this past season. ", "While the Bucs defense started off a little slow, it finished the year as one of the very best in the NFL, especially in terms of producing turnovers.", "\n\nSmith transformed a mediocre defensive unit into one that could carry the team to victory even with middle-of-the-road offensive performances. ", "That fits Smith’s work with the Jaguars a decade ago, when he led them to outstanding defensive results year after year as their defensive coordinator.", "\n\nOf course, Smith is best known as the Atlanta Falcons head coach between 2008 and 2014, where he often led teams that dominated on offense but, ironically, struggled defensively.", "\n\nIf the Bucs lose Smith to the Jaguars, which seems fairly likely, they’ll have to scramble to find an adequate replacement on defense. ", "They have several in-house candidates, but it’s likely that Smith would target them as defensive coordinators for the Jaguars, too. ", "Keep an eye on defensive line coach Jay Hayes and linebackers coach Mark Duffner as potential in-house replacements." ]

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[ "Project Summary: This application is being submitted in response to the Notice of Special Interest (NOSI) identified as NOT-CA- 20-012. ", "The goal of this supplement is to build upon the amazing progress made in the parent Phase 1 SBIR in developing a less immunogenic asparaginase (ASNase) by adding pivotal studies that would demonstrate its reduced immunogenicity, potent anti-ALL action, and superior safety profile. ", "ASNases are enzyme drugs that systemically deplete asparagine from the blood and are a mainstay of treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a cancer of white blood cells and the most common pediatric cancer. ", "Despite being highly effective in the treatment of pediatric ALL, ASNases are associated with a multitude of toxic side effects, some so severe as to be fatal. ", "Their high toxicity precludes routine treatment in adult ALL, contributes to a much lower cure rate of <40% for adults, and prevents their use in other hematological malignancies (e.g. acute myeloid leukemia) and solid tumors (e.g. pancreatic cancer), despite strong preclinical efficacy evidence. ", "The two main sources of toxicity are L-glutaminase (GLNase) co-activity and immunogenicity due to their bacterial origins. ", "Since the toxic side effects can prevent or terminate treatment, there is a clear unmet clinical need for an safer ASNase with reduced immunogenicity and without GLNase co-activity. ", "We are currently developing an ASNase that addresses both problems - it is devoid of GLNase co-activity and mammalian in origin, specifically guinea pig (GpA). ", "We truncated and further humanized GpA to further reduce the risk of immunogenicity. ", "In our active Phase 1 SBIR, we identified potential antigenic epitopes and engineered deimmunized variants (GpA369hum-DI; >84% identity to the human homolog compared to ~25% identity for current ASNases), whose lessened ability to stimulate a T cell response will be confirmed in the grant?s last two months. ", "While clinical immunogenicity is extremely complex and impacted by many intrinsic and extrinsic factors, we are mitigating this risk by assessing potential immunogenicity issues at this early preclinical stage to avoid possible failure in the clinic, where costs are much higher, and patients? ", "lives are at risk. ", "This supplemental grant will enable us to demonstrate reduced immunogenicity caused by cytokine release syndrome (Aim 3) as well as provide critical preclinical evidence of in vivo bioavailability and efficacy of GpA369hum-DI in both B- and T-cell ALL (Aim 1) and a superior safety profile in toxicology studies (Aim 2). ", "This will strengthen our Phase 2 SBIR application by establishing preclinical feasibility, de-risking our lead candidate before entering clinical trials, and provide evidence of its value propositions to enhance its attractiveness for commercialization to private investors." ]

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[ "The governor of Michoacan called the United States hypocritical for issuing travel warnings amid the deadly school shooting in Parkland, Florida. ", "The politician called for a similar warning to be used against the U.S. as a result.", "\n\nMichoacan Governor Silvano Aureoles Conejo said he was deeply concerned when he heard about the shooting in Florida high school. ", "In his statements, Conejo, referenced the recent U.S. Department of State travel advisory, that as Breitbart Texas reported, places various parts of Mexico with cartel problems in the same category as Syria or other Middle-Eastern countries with respect to lacking security conditions.", "\n\n“Look at the contradiction: the U.S. issues out travel warnings for their citizens to not visit Mexico and we don’t have the massacres that they do,” Aureoles Conejo was quoted by Mexico’s Quadratin. “", "It’s a hypocrisy by the American government. ", "We should then issue a warning to not visit the U.S. because they kill innocent people by the dozens.”", "\n\nAs Breitbart News reported, 19-year-old Nikolas Cruz is suspected of killing 17 victims during a shooting rampage.", "\n\n\n\nThe comments made by Aureoles Conejo come after Mexico recorded its deadliest year to date with 25,399 murders in 2017, according Mexico’s most recent crime statistics. ", "In his state, Aureoles Conejo saw 1,277 homicides as members of the cartel known as La Nueva Familia Michoacana wage a fierce war for control against their rivals, Cartel Jalisco Nueva Generacion.", "\n\nIldefonso Ortiz is an award-winning journalist with Breitbart Texas. ", "He co-founded the Cartel Chronicles project with Brandon Darby and Stephen K. Bannon. ", "You can follow him on Twitter and on Facebook. ", "He can be contacted at Iortiz@breitbart.com.", "\n\nBrandon Darby is managing director and editor-in-chief of Breitbart Texas. ", "He co-founded the Cartel Chronicles project with Ildefonso Ortiz and Stephen K. Bannon. ", "Follow him on Twitter and Facebook. ", "He can be contacted at bdarby@breitbart.com." ]

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[ "import { isLeft } from 'fp-ts/lib/Either';\nimport * as io from 'io-ts';\n\nimport { ErrorLevel, ErrorType } from 'ErrorHandler';\nimport { CheckpointState, CheckpointStorageType, CommandState, LogLevel, RunState } from 'types';\n\n/* eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any */\nexport const decode = <T>(type: io.", "Mixed, data: any): T => {\n try {\n const result = type.decode(data);\n if (isLeft(result)) throw result.left;\n return result.right;\n } catch (e) {\n const daError = {\n error: e,\n level: ErrorLevel.", "Fatal,\n silent: false,\n type: ErrorType.", "ApiBadResponse,\n };\n throw daError;\n }\n};\n\nconst ioNullOrUndefined = io.union([ io.null, io.undefined ]);\nconst optional = (x: io.", "Mixed) => io.union([ x, ioNullOrUndefined ]);\n\n/* User */\n\nexport const ioDetailedUser = io.type({\n active: io.boolean,\n admin: io.boolean,\n id: io.number,\n username: io.string,\n});\n\nexport const ioDetailedUsers = io.array(ioDetailedUser);\n\nexport type ioTypeDetailedUser = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioDetailedUser>;\nexport type ioTypeDetailedUsers = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioDetailedUsers>;\n\n/* Info */\n\nexport const ioDeterminedInfo = io.type({\n cluster_id: io.string,\n master_id: io.string,\n telemetry: io.type({\n enabled: io.boolean,\n segment_key: optional(io.string),\n }),\n version: io.string,\n});\n\nexport type ioTypeDeterminedInfo = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioDeterminedInfo>;\n\n/* Slot */\n\nexport const ioSlotDevice = io.type({\n brand: io.string,\n id: io.number,\n type: io.string,\n uuid: optional(io.string),\n});\n\nexport const ioSlotContainer = io.type({\n devices: optional(io.array(ioSlotDevice)),\n id: io.string,\n state: io.string,\n});\n\nexport const ioSlot = io.type({\n container: optional(ioSlotContainer),\n device: ioSlotDevice,\n enabled: io.boolean,\n id: io.string,\n});\n\nexport const ioSlots = io.record(io.string, ioSlot);\n\n/* Agent */\n\nexport const ioAgent = io.type({\n id: io.string,\n registered_time: io.string,\n slots: ioSlots,\n});\n\nexport const ioAgents = io.record(io.string, ioAgent);\n\nexport type ioTypeAgent = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioAgent>;\nexport type ioTypeAgents = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioAgents>;\n\n/* Generic Command */\n\nconst ioUser = io.type({\n id: io.number,\n username: io.string,\n});\n\nconst ioCommandAddress = io.type({\n container_ip: io.string,\n container_port: io.number,\n host_ip: io.string,\n host_port: io.number,\n protocol: optional(io.string),\n});\n\nconst ioCommandMisc = io.partial({\n experiment_ids: optional(io.array(io.number)),\n trial_ids: optional(io.array(io.number)),\n});\n\nconst ioCommandConfig = io.exact(io.type({ description: io.string }));\n\nconst commandStates: Record<string, null> = Object.values(CommandState)\n .reduce((acc, val) => ({ ...acc, [val]: null }), {});\nconst commandStatesIoType = io.keyof(commandStates);\n\nexport const ioGenericCommand = io.type({\n config: ioCommandConfig,\n exit_status: optional(io.string),\n id: io.string,\n misc: optional(ioCommandMisc),\n owner: ioUser,\n registered_time: io.string,\n service_address: optional(io.string),\n state: commandStatesIoType,\n});\n\nexport const ioGenericCommands = io.record(io.string, ioGenericCommand);\n\nexport type ioTypeCommandAddress = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioCommandAddress>;\nexport type ioTypeGenericCommand = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioGenericCommand>;\nexport type ioTypeGenericCommands = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioGenericCommands>;\n\nconst runStates: Record<string, null> = Object.values(RunState)\n .reduce((acc, val) => ({ ...acc, [val]: null }), {});\nconst runStatesIoType = io.keyof(runStates);\n\n/* Trials */\n\nconst checkpointStates: Record<string, null> = Object.values(CheckpointState)\n .reduce((acc, val) => ({ ...acc, [val]: null }), {});\nconst checkpointStatesIoType = io.keyof(checkpointStates);\n\nconst ioMetricValue = io.any;\nconst ioMetric = io.record(io.string, ioMetricValue);\nexport type ioTypeMetric = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioMetric>;\n\nexport const ioValidationMetrics = io.type({\n num_inputs: io.number,\n validation_metrics: ioMetric,\n});\nexport type ioTypeValidationMetrics = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioValidationMetrics>;\n\nconst startEndTimeDef = {\n end_time: optional(io.string),\n start_time: io.string,\n};\n\nexport const ioCheckpoint = io.type({\n ...startEndTimeDef,\n id: io.number,\n resources: optional(io.record(io.string, io.number)),\n state: checkpointStatesIoType,\n step_id: io.number,\n trial_id: io.number,\n uuid: optional(io.string),\n validation_metric: ioMetricValue,\n});\nexport type ioTypeCheckpoint = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioCheckpoint>;\n\nexport const ioValidation = io.type({\n ...startEndTimeDef,\n id: io.number,\n metrics: optional(ioValidationMetrics),\n state: runStatesIoType,\n});\nexport type ioTypeValidation = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioValidation>;\n\nexport const ioStep = io.type({\n ...startEndTimeDef,\n avg_metrics: optional(ioMetric),\n checkpoint: optional(ioCheckpoint),\n id: io.number,\n num_batches: optional(io.number),\n prior_batches_processed: optional(io.number),\n state: runStatesIoType,\n validation: optional(ioValidation),\n});\nexport type ioTypeStep = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioStep>;\n\nexport const ioTrialDetails = io.type({\n end_time: optional(io.string),\n experiment_id: io.number,\n hparams: io.record(io.string, io.any),\n id: io.number,\n seed: io.number,\n start_time: io.string,\n state: runStatesIoType,\n steps: io.array(ioStep),\n warm_start_checkpoint_id: optional(io.number),\n});\nexport type ioTypeTrialDetails = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioTrialDetails>;\n\nexport const ioTrial = io.type({\n best_available_checkpoint: optional(ioCheckpoint),\n best_validation_metric: ioMetricValue,\n end_time: optional(io.string),\n experiment_id: io.number,\n hparams: io.record(io.string, io.any),\n id: io.number,\n latest_validation_metrics: optional(ioValidationMetrics),\n num_completed_checkpoints: io.number,\n num_steps: io.number,\n seed: io.number,\n start_time: io.string,\n state: runStatesIoType,\n total_batches_processed: optional(io.number),\n});\nexport type ioTypeTrial = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioTrial>;\n\n/* Experiments */\n\nconst checkpointStorageTypes: Record<string, null> = Object\n .values(CheckpointStorageType)\n .reduce((acc, val) => ({ ...acc, [val]: null }), {});\nconst ioCheckpointStorageType = io.keyof(checkpointStorageTypes);\n\nexport const ioCheckpointStorage = io.type({\n bucket: optional(io.string),\n host_path: optional(io.string),\n save_experiment_best: io.number,\n save_trial_best: io.number,\n save_trial_latest: io.number,\n storage_path: optional(io.string),\n type: optional(ioCheckpointStorageType),\n});\n\nconst ioDataLayer = io.type({\n container_storage_path: optional(io.string),\n type: io.string,\n});\n\nconst ioExpResources = io.type({ max_slots: optional(io.number) });\n\nconst ioExperimentConfig = io.type({\n checkpoint_policy: io.string,\n checkpoint_storage: optional(ioCheckpointStorage),\n data_layer: optional(ioDataLayer),\n description: io.string,\n labels: optional(io.array(io.string)),\n resources: ioExpResources,\n searcher: io.type({\n metric: io.string,\n smaller_is_better: io.boolean,\n }),\n});\nexport type ioTypeExperimentConfig = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioExperimentConfig>;\n\nexport const ioExperiment = io.type({\n archived: io.boolean,\n config: ioExperimentConfig,\n end_time: optional(io.string),\n id: io.number,\n owner_id: io.number,\n progress: optional(io.number),\n start_time: io.string,\n state: runStatesIoType,\n});\n\nexport const ioExperiments = io.array(ioExperiment);\n\nexport type ioTypeExperiment = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioExperiment>;\nexport type ioTypeExperiments = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioExperiments>;\n\nconst ioValidationHistory = io.type({\n end_time: io.string,\n trial_id: io.number,\n validation_error: optional(io.number),\n});\n\nexport const ioExperimentDetails = io.type({\n archived: io.boolean,\n config: ioExperimentConfig,\n end_time: optional(io.string),\n id: io.number,\n owner: ioUser,\n progress: optional(io.number),\n start_time: io.string,\n state: runStatesIoType,\n trials: io.array(ioTrial),\n validation_history: io.array(ioValidationHistory),\n});\n\nexport type ioTypeExperimentDetails = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioExperimentDetails>;\n\n/* Logs */\n\nconst ioLogLevels: Record<string, null> = Object.values(LogLevel)\n .reduce((acc, val) => ({ ...acc, [val]: null }), {});\nconst ioLogLevelType = io.keyof(ioLogLevels);\nexport const ioLog = io.type({\n id: io.number,\n level: optional(ioLogLevelType),\n message: io.string,\n time: optional(io.string),\n});\n\nexport const ioLogs = io.array(ioLog);\n\nexport type ioTypeLog = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioLog>;\nexport type ioTypeLogs = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioLogs>;\n\nconst ioTaskLog = io.type({\n assigned_event: io.unknown,\n container_started_event: io.unknown,\n exited_event: optional(io.string),\n id: io.string,\n log_event: optional(io.string),\n parent_id: io.string,\n scheduled_event: optional(io.string),\n seq: io.number,\n service_ready_event: optional(io.type({})),\n snapshot: io.type({ config: io.type({ description: io.string }) }),\n terminate_request_event: optional(io.string),\n time: io.string,\n});\n\nexport const ioTaskLogs = io.array(ioTaskLog);\n\nexport type ioTypeTaskLog = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioTaskLog>;\nexport type ioTypeTaskLogs = io.", "TypeOf<typeof ioTaskLogs>;\n" ]

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[ "Meet and Greet the Tipzy Team, 4 Pack of Tipzy Coasters w/ Stand, 2 Limited Edition Tipzy Coasters autographed, Wine Tasting at Local Winery, Sit-in on Round Table discussion for new upcoming Tipzy versions. (", "Limited to 5, valid for buyer and guest) (Airfare and Transportation responsibility of buyer)\n\nLess" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nProlog: Is there a command to list all built in predicates?", "\n\nIs there a command that can be used in Sicstus Prolog that prints a list of built in predicates to the console window? ", "Or something with a similar behaviour?", "\nThe following link suggests that a predicate apropos can be used to suggest predcicates based on a keyword, but this is for SWI-Prolog, no Sicstus.", "\nhttp://www.swi-prolog.org/pldoc/doc_for?object=section%282%2C%27F.1%27%2Cswi%28%27%2Fdoc%2FManual%2Fpredsummary.html%27%29%29\n\nA:\n\nIn SICStus Prolog, you can use the predicate_property/2 built-in predicate to list built-in predicates. ", "For example:\n| ?- ", "predicate_property(P, built_in).", "\nP = get_char(_A) ? ;", "\nP = execution_state(_A) ? ;", "\n...\n\nIf you want a list with all built-in predicates, try:\n| ?- ", "findall(P, predicate_property(P, built_in), L).", "\nL = [get_char(_A),execution_state(_B),nospy _C,print_coverage(_D),print_profile(_E),debugging,disable_breakpoints(_F),current_breakpoint(_G,_H,_I,_J,_K),execution_state(_L,_M),spy(...)|...] ? ", "\nyes\n\n" ]

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[ "Soosia diodonta\n\nSoosia diodonta is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Helicodontidae.", "\n\nDistribution \nThe distribution of Soosia diodonta includes south-eastern Europe:\n Eastern Serbia\n Western Romania\n Bulgaria\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Helicodontidae\nCategory:Gastropods described in 1821" ]

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[ "Obituaries and Death Notices from the Wellesley Maple Leaf - L\n\nLackner, Clarence\n\nLackner,\nFrederick G.\n\nOne\nof the pioneers of Hawkesville, Mr. F. G. Lackner, died last week, aged 70\nyears. ", "He has lived there for 54 years. ", "A fuller obituary will be published in\nthe next issue in our Hawkesville letter, which is crowded out this week. ", "Wellesley Maple Leaf, December 3, 1903\n\nHAWKESVILLE.It is our sad duty to record the death of one of\nHawkesville’s pioneers, Mr. Frederick G. Lackner. ", "Deceased was born in Baden,\nGermany, in 1833. ", "In 1839 he came with his parents to Canada, settling near St.\nJacobs, and later on in the virgin forest near Hawkesville. ", "He afterwards\nlearned the trade of blacksmithing and for 34 years he wielded the hammer, but\nwas living retired at the time of his demise. ", "He leaves a widow, four sons, two\nsisters and two brothers. ", "The bereaved friends have the heartfelt sympathy of\nthe community.", "Wellesley Maple Leaf, December 10, 1903\n\nLackner,\nWilliam A\n\nThe death of Mr. William A. Lackner at Berlin last Friday removes one\nof the early settlers of Wellesley township. ", "He was in business in Hawkesville many\nyears ago, then went extensively into farming and thoroughbred stock raising.", "\nHe was in the council five or six years, president of the Wellesley Agricultural\nSociety and held other positions of trust. ", "He is survived by a widow, four sons\nand two daughters, among the sons being Dr. Lackner, M. L A. Wellesley Maple Leaf, November 8, 1906\n\nLamont,\nJohn\n\nBrussels.", "\nOnt., ", "June 28.—John Lamont, a highly respected young farmer living near here,\nwas accidentally killed to-day while working in the bush. ", "Lamont, in company\nwith his father and three other men, were using a large spring pole, which was\noverhead, when the pole gave way and fell full weight on the back of Lament's neck\ncausing instant death. ", "He was thirty years old and unmarried. ", "Wellesley Maple Leaf, July 7, 1904\n\nLantz (infant)\n\nGreat sympathy is felt\nfor Mr. Christian Lantz over the death of his little son. ", "The funeral left on Saturday for Wellesley. ", "Wellesley Maple Leaf, February 11, 1904\n\nLanz,\nElizabeth\n\nRATZBURG The death of Mrs. Lanz, mother of Mr. John Lanz, occurred at the home of her son, just east of here late on Monday evening, in her 81st year. ", "She had been in her ordinary health when retiring last Friday evening, but on the following morning the following morning the family found her in bed unconscious from paralysis, in which condition she remained until the end. ", "Deceased was born in Germany but came to Canada early in life, and in November, 1845 was married to the late Mr. Henry Lanz, who died 12 years ago. ", "They settled at once on the farm upon which she died on Monday after living there continuously for 59 years, and from which her remains are being taken away this afternoon for interment in the Alles church cemetery. ", "Wellesley Maple Leaf, April 20, 1905\n\nLasch, Caroline (nee Hartwig)\n\nLasch, Paul\n\nLasch, Wilhelmina (nee Kliefoth)\n\nLauer,\nCatharine\n\nDEATH OF MRS.", "\nD LAUER.The\nfollowing from the Berlin Daily Telegraph- refers to the mother of Mrs. Wm.", "\nKelterbornThe\ndeath of Mrs. Daniel Lauer, a highly respected resident of this town took place\nat 8 o’clock on Sunday morning at her home, 23Foundry street. ", "Death was due to bronchitis\nfrom which she suffered for about two weeks.", "The\ndeceased, whose maiden name was Catharine Bucher, was born in Hillsbach, Baden,\nGermany in 1841, and was therefore in her 67th year. ", "When 13 years of age she\ncame to Canada with her parents and directly to Berlin where she has lived ever\nsince. ", "She was married in 1871 to Mr. Daniel Lauer, who predeceased her three\nyears. ", "Two daughters and three sisters survive a kind mother and faithful\nsister. ", "The daughters are, Miss Mary Lauer, at home, and Mrs. William Kelterborn\nat Wellesley, and the sisters are Mrs. G. Schamlach [?] , ", "Mrs. J. Oberholtzer,\nand Mrs. Chris Krueger [?]", ".The\nlate Mrs. Lauer was a consistent member of St. Peter’s Lutheran church and for\ntwenty-two years held the post of secretary of the Ladies Aid of that church. ", "The funeral will be held Wednesday afternoon at\n2 o'clock from the residence to St. Peter's church and from thence to Mount\nHope cemetery, Rev. F. E. Oberlander officiating. ", "Wellesley Maple Leaf, July 30, 1908\n\nLauer,\nDaniel\n\nDANIEL\nLAUER.Mr. ", "Daniel Lauer, father of Mrs. Wm. ", "Kelterborn,\nof Wellesley village, passed away at his home in Berlin last Friday morning\nafter an illness of several months, in his 56th year. ", "He had lived in Berlin\nover thirty years and was highly respected, and during his visits to Wellesley\nhe made many friends by his genial qualities. ", "The funeral on Monday was a largo\none, several from here being\namong the number. ", "Wellesley Maple Leaf, June 22, 1905\n\nLeighton,\nJennie\n\nCrosshill\n- Their friends extend sympathy to Mr. and Mrs. W. K. Leighton in the death of\ntheir only child, a daughter, which died on the 6th inst. ", "Mr. L. has\npurchased the blacksmithing business and had just moved to the village, when\nthe little one’s death occurred.", "Wellesley Maple Leaf, August 15, 1901\n\nLeighton,\nJessie\n\nWe are pained to report the death of Mrs. W. K. Leighton at her home in Crosshill this week. ", "The funeral occurs this afternoon. ", "Deceased was highly respected in this village where she resided when her husband was in business here. ", "Wellesley Maple Leaf, September 21, 1905\n\nCrosshill - It is our sad duty to record the death of Mrs. William Leighton, which occurred on Tuesday morning of last week. ", "Deceased had been ailing for some time but her death came unexpectedly. ", "The funeral service was conducted at the house on Thursday by Rev. Mr. Haig. ", "The remains were followed to the cemetery by a large number of friends. ", "Among the beautiful floral offerings was a pillow from her son in Toronto and a sheaf from Mr. Leighton’s sisters in Toronto. ", "A husband and a little son and daughter are left to mourn their loss. ", "We extend our sympathy to the bereaved ones. ", "Wellesley Maple Leaf, September 28, 1905\n\nLeis, Elizabeth (nee Bast)\n\nLeis,\nKatherine\n\nDEATH OF MRS. ", "LEIS.The\ndeath of Mrs. Leis, widow of the late Joseph Leis, occurred at the home of her\nson-in-law, Mr. Chr. ", "J. Lichty, just east of Crosshill, on Thursday last, aged\n71 years and four months. ", "Deceased was one of the very earliest of residents of\nthis section, coming here with her father, Mr. Kennel, who settled on the\neastern border of Wellesley when she was a mere child. ", "Since that time she has always\nlived here, and throughout her long and useful life she retained the highest\nrespect of all. ", "Besides a large number of descendants and relatives, Mrs. Leis\nleaves a family of thirteen children : Noah, John, Magdelene (Mrs. P. Jantzi),\nChris., ", "Jos., ", "David, Daniel, Catherine (Mrs. C. J. Lichty), Menno, Barbara(Mrs. ", "C. Gingerich),\nJacob, Phronica (Mrs. N. Roth), and Solomon. ", "Those children are all living and\nsettled in this neighborhood, and all of them attended the large funeral which\noccured [sic] on Sunday last at the Mennonite Church, 3rd. ", "line. ", "Wellesley Maple Leaf, November 19, 1903\n\nLenhard,\nMadelene\n\nWord\nhas reached here that Madelene, the youngest child of Mr. John Lenhard, who\nrecently resided in Wellesley, died in the (Moose Jaw, (Stask.) ", "hospital a week\nago Monday from appendicitis. ", "Until this year, Madelene was a pupil of the\nschool in this village and her death has caused lunch sorrow especially amongst\nthe children here. ", "Wellesley Maple Leaf, November 1, 1906\n\nLenhard,\nPeter\n\nOLD\nSETTLER GONE.The death of Peter Lenhard, Sr., ", "which occurred\nat his home in St. Clements, last Saturday morning, removes one of the very\noldest settlers of the township of Wellesley. ", "He lacked but one month from\nreaching his 81st birthday. ", "Deceased was born in Germany coming to this neighborhood\nwhen a young man of about twenty yours, settling on the farm just west of the\nsaw mill in this village, which he cleared and latter [sic] on moved to the\nfarm now occupied by his son, John where he lived for about ten years. ", "He then\nmoved to a farm near St. Clements where ho resided until he retired about ten\nyears ago when he moved into St. Clements, remained until his death. ", "He was wed\nknown by all the older residents and in the early days helped to clear many of\nthe farms in this neighborhood. ", "His family consists of: John, near Wellesley\nvillage; Louis, in Michigan; Mrs. Voisin, near St. Clements; George, in\nMinneapolis, Minn: Peter, on the homestaed [sic] near St. Clements; Edmund, Valley\nCity, North Dakota ; Magdalena, at home; Kate, who died a year or so ago, and\nJonas (Father Lenhard) parish priest at Mackton [sic]. ", "His aged wife survives\nhim. ", "The funeral on Tuesday was a very large one notwithstanding the deep snow and\ncold.", "Wellesley Maple Leaf, February 16, 1905\n\nLeyes,\nElizabeth\n\nThe\ndeath took place on Friday, Sept. 9. ", "at Michawaka, Ind., of Mrs. Wm. ", "Leyes, a\nformer resident of Wellesley Village. ", "The deceased was born in Rhenish, Bavaria,\nGermany, in August, 1826. ", "In 1846 she emigrated with her husband to New York,\nwhere they resided nearly 10 years. ", "In 1859 they came to Wellesley village,\nWaterloo Co. Here they lived over 45 years, after which they moved to St.\nClements. ", "At the close of 1902 they sold out and went to Michawaka, where\nnearly all their children are residing. ", "She leaves a sorrowing husband, 84\nyears old, 5 sons, 6 daughters, 45 grandchildren, and 11 great\ngrandchildren.—Berlin News Record. ", "Wellesley Maple Leaf, September 29, 1904\n\nLichty,\nEphraim\n\nThe\ndeath of Ephraim Lichty occurred at his home at Wetzell, Mich., on Dec. 20th,\nlast after an illness of about three months duration, in his 30th year. ", "He was\nwell known in this neighborhood, having lived with his parents on the farm,\njust west of the village, and later with his uncle, Mr. John B.\nLichty. ", "He was a son-in-law of Mr. Chas. ", "Knapp, of Lisbon.", "\n\nThe death of Ephraim Lichty, in Michigan, which\noccurred just before Christmas, cast a gloom of sorrow over this village, where\nhe was well known, being a son-in- law of Mr. Chas Knapp. ", "Wellesley Maple Leaf, January 3, 1901\n\nLichty, Katherine(nee Zehr)\n\nOBITUARY.MRS.", "\nJACOB F. LICHTY.The unexpected death of this well-known and\nhighly respected lady, which occurred at her home just east of the village last\nSaturday evening, cast a gloom of sorrow over the community. ", "She has been\nsomewhat ill of late hut was thought to be improving. ", "She retired early on\nSaturday evening and shortly after wards complained of a pain in her heart,\nwhich rapidly increased until she expired in about twenty minutes. ", "She was a\ndaughter of Christian Zehr, sr., ", "of this village, and was in her 32nd year.", "\nBesides her sorrowing husband, Bishop Lichty, she leaves a family of four\nchildren, the youngest a babe six weeks old. ", "Then was an immense attendance at the\nfuneral, which occurred yesterday. ", "Bishop Bender of Tavistock, preaching the\nsermon, assisted by Mr. Gascho, of St. Agatha. ", "The remains were interred in the\ncemetery adjoining Bishop Lichty’s sorrow-stricken home.", "Wellesley Maple Leaf, October 2, 1902\n\nLichty,\nNicholas\n\nThe\ndeath of Mr. Nicholas Lichty occurred at his home, just west of St. Agatha,\nlast Sunday. ", "Deceased was secretary of the insurance society of\nthe Amish Mennonites and was highly thought of in the community. ", "A large number\nfrom this neighborhood are attending his funeral today (Wednesday). ", "Wellesley Maple Leaf, July 14, 1907\n\nLippert,\nRebecca\n\nDoering’s Corners - Mrs. Peter Berg was called to\nWalkerton last week by the death of her sister, Mrs. Fred Lippertwho\npassed away on Wednesday last, the funeral occurring on Friday. ", "Deceased and\nher husband were well known here, both\nbeen raised in this township, and the sympathy of the public goes out to the\nlatter. ", "Wellesley Maple Leaf, February 23, 1905\n\nLivingston,\nLouisa\n\nThe announcement last\nSaturday of the death of Mrs. Livingston, sister-in-law of Wm. ", "Hogg of this\nplace, was received with extreme sorrow here where the deceased lady has many\nfriends.", "\n\nDEATH OF MRS. ", "LIVINGSTONBaden – A\ngloom of sorrow has been cast in the vicinity by the sudden death of the wife\nof Mr. Jas. ", "Livingstone, ex M. P. P. which occurred Saturday last in her 64th\nyear. ", "Her daughter, who is ill with pneumonia, was reported to be much worse\nand Mrs. Livingstone hastened to the room.", "On reaching the top of the stairs she became faint, she fell and an hour\nor so later expired.", "She was a robust,\nactive lady and her sudden death comes as a terrible shock to her large circle\nof friends.", "Deceased was a daughter of\nthe late Mr. Learch, a former county clerk: she was born at Wilmot Centre and\nhas spent almost all her life here.", "Wellesley Maple Leaf, January 28, 1904\n\nLochner,\nDaniel\n\nREV. ", "D. LOCHNER DEAD.A telegram was received here on Monday announcing the death of Rev. D. Lockner, [sic] which had occurred early on Sunday morning. ", "He was pastor of the Miss. Lutheran church here for eleven years, removing to charge near Sherwood, Ohio last February. ", "But he failed in health almost at once and was only able to preach once to his now charge. ", "Mrs. Lochner and her estimable family have the profound sympathy of a large circle of warm friends in Wellesley. ", "Wellesley Maple Leaf, September 6, 1906\n\nThe congregation of St. Pauls (Miss) church recently made a liberal donation to their former pastor, the late Rev. Mr. Lochner, and also erected a tombstone on the grave of his little twin son who died while he was in charge here. ", "Last Sunday morning a letter from Mrs. Lochner, thanking the congregation for these touching kindnesses was read from the pulpit by pastor Batttenberg, producing a profound impression on the assemblage.", "Wellesley Maple Leaf, November 8, 1906" ]

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", "Just select the destination folder and simply click the \"Resize\" button! ", "The tool supports all major graphic formats such as JPEG, JPG, PNG, BMP and TIFF. ", "You can also set the desired width and height values either manually or using presets while retaining the original aspect ratio if desired.", "\n\nIcecream Screen Recorder Pro 5.76 MultilingualFile size: 53.3 MBIcecream Screen Recorder Pro - easy to use program for recording video from your computer screen (recording games, Skype, webinars, and more), as well as how to create screenshots of all windows, and the selected area. ", "The app has a complete set of tools required for professional video capture from the screen. ", "Screen Recorder allows you to capture the selection of any screen size. ", "If you need to allocate a portion of the screenshot or add text comments to him, this program has the drawing tools. ", "They allow you to draw on the screenshot shapes, lines and text overlay.", "\n\nIcecream PDF Candy Desktop Pro 2.60 MultilingualFile size: 141 MBPDF Candy Desktop is a versatile tool that enables you to convert files from PDF to various supported formats (PDF to DOC, PDF to JPG, etc), convert documents, ebooks and images to PDF, merge PDF, split PDF, extract images and text from PDF, edit PDF metadata, protect PDF and unlock password-protected PDF files. ", "Most modes support processing files in a bulk. ", "All these features are available through modern and user-friendly interface.", "\n\nIcecream Screen Recorder Pro 5.71 MultilingualFile Size: 52.1 MBIcecream Screen Recorder Pro - easy to use program for recording video from your computer screen (recording games, Skype, webinars, and more), as well as how to create screenshots of all windows, and the selected area. ", "The app has a complete set of tools required for professional video capture from the screen. ", "Screen Recorder allows you to capture the selection of any screen size. ", "If you need to allocate a portion of the screenshot or add text comments to him, this program has the drawing tools. ", "They allow you to draw on the screenshot shapes, lines and text overlay.", "\n\nIcecream Slideshow Maker PRO 3.31 MultilingualFile size: 21.4 MBMeet Icecream Slideshow Maker, a software that you can use to create beautiful slideshows from your favorite photos. ", "Breathe life into them by adding fancy transition effects and background audio. ", "You don't need to be tech savvy to create a multimedia slideshow with music in a few minutes; just add photos, configure slides transitions and durations, add a suitable music file, preview the project and simply press the \"Create\" button to enjoy the end result!", "\n\nIcecream Screen Recorder Pro 5.70 MultilingualFile Size: 51.4 MBIcecream Screen Recorder Pro - easy to use program for recording video from your computer screen (recording games, Skype, webinars, and more), as well as how to create screenshots of all windows, and the selected area. ", "The app has a complete set of tools required for professional video capture from the screen. ", "Screen Recorder allows you to capture the selection of any screen size. ", "If you need to allocate a portion of the screenshot or add text comments to him, this program has the drawing tools. 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", "All these features are available through modern and user-friendly interface.", "\n\nFile size: 160 MB | Icecream PDF Candy Desktop Pro 2.50 MultilingualPDF Candy Desktop is a versatile tool that enables you to convert files from PDF to various supported formats (PDF to DOC, PDF to JPG, etc), convert documents, ebooks and images to PDF, merge PDF, split PDF, extract images and text from PDF, edit PDF metadata, protect PDF and unlock password-protected PDF files. ", "Most modes support processing files in a bulk. ", "All these features are available through modern and user-friendly interface.", "\n\nFile size: 55.8 MB - Icecream Screen Recorder Pro 5.64 MultilingualIcecream Screen Recorder Pro - easy to use program for recording video from your computer screen (recording games, Skype, webinars, and more), as well as how to create screenshots of all windows, and the selected area. ", "The app has a complete set of tools required for professional video capture from the screen. 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", "Screen Recorder allows you to capture the selection of any screen size. ", "If you need to allocate a portion of the screenshot or add text comments to him, this program has the drawing tools. ", "They allow you to draw on the screenshot shapes, lines and text overlay." ]

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[ "Idiotypic vaccination against human B-cell lymphoma. ", "Rescue of variable region gene sequences from biopsy material for assembly as single-chain Fv personal vaccines.", "\nIdiotypic determinants on neoplastic B cells could provide tumor antigens for vaccination of patients with B-cell tumors. ", "Because this approach requires an individual vaccine for each patient, simple methods for obtaining idiotypic antigen are desirable. ", "Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with family-based V-gene and J-region primers, the variable region genes of heavy and light chains (VH and VL) of Ig have been obtained from biopsy material from 13 patients with B-cell tumors. ", "In each case, analysis of random clones derived from the PCR product showed repeated, clonally-related sequences, whereas normal lymphoid tissue generated no repeated sequences. ", "In 3/3 cases, the repeated sequences were found to be the same as those in a tumor-derived hybridoma. ", "Mutational patterns in the V-genes differed among the tumors, with follicular lymphoma tending to be more highly mutated. ", "The individual VH and VL sequences have been assembled with a flexible linker sequence to encode single-chain Fv (scFv). ", "The scFv sequences can be cloned into bacterial expression vectors to produce protein, or into vectors suitable for direct vaccination using naked DNA. ", "In a model system, expressed scFv protein retained all idiotypic determinants defined by a panel of five anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). ", "Similarly, expressed scFv proteins from two patients were shown to react with anti-idiotypic antibodies. ", "This approach allows production of potential vaccines from surgical biopsies within 2 to 3 weeks." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nFilter queryset by date on prefetch_related\n\nI need to filter a queryset by comparing dates on related objects, but the filter its ignored.", "\nMy resumed model is:\nclass Requerimiento(models.", "Model):\n nombre = models.", "CharField(max_length=30)\n fecha_publicacion = models.", "DateField(default=datetime.now)\n fecha_aprobacion = models.", "DateField(default=datetime.now, blank=True)\n aprobacion = models.", "BooleanField()\n autor = models.", "ForeignKey(User, null=True, blank=True)\n\n def __unicode__(self):\n return self.nombre\n\nclass Contexto(models.", "Model):\n nombre = models.", "CharField(max_length=30)\n requerimientos = models.", "ManyToManyField(Requerimiento, \n related_name = 'contextos')\n\n def __unicode__(self):\n return self.nombre\n\nclass Proyecto(models.", "Model):\n nombre = models.", "CharField(max_length=30)\n cod_proyecto = models.", "CharField(max_length=10)\n contextos = models.", "ManyToManyField('Contexto', related_name = 'proyectos')\n fecha_publicacion = models.", "DateField(default=datetime.now)\n autor = models.", "ForeignKey(User, null=True, blank=True)\n\nAnd the queryset is:\nqueryset=Proyecto.objects.filter(pk=proyecto_id)\\\n .prefetch_related('contextos')\\\n .prefetch_related('contextos__requerimientos')\\\n .filter(contextos__requerimientos__fecha_aprobacion__lte=F('fecha_publicacion'))\n\nWhat i'm doing wrong?", "\nEDIT\nLooking with debug-toolbar i see the following with proyect id 2 selected in the following code\nrequerimientos = ProyectoFilter(request.", "GET,\n queryset=Proyecto.objects.filter(pk=proyecto_id)\n .distinct()\n .prefetch_related('contextos')\n .prefetch_related('contextos__requerimientos')\n .filter(contextos__requerimientos__fecha_aprobacion__lte=F('fecha_publicacion')))\n\nFirst query:\nSELECT ••• FROM \"sgrs_proyecto\" INNER JOIN \"sgrs_proyecto_contextos\" \nON ( \"sgrs_proyecto\".", "\"id\" = \"sgrs_proyecto_contextos\".", "\"proyecto_id\" ) \nINNER JOIN \"sgrs_contexto\" ON ( \"sgrs_proyecto_contextos\".", "\"contexto_id\" = \n\"sgrs_contexto\".", "\"id\" ) INNER JOIN \"sgrs_contexto_requerimientos\" \nON ( \"sgrs_contexto\".", "\"id\" = \"sgrs_contexto_requerimientos\".", "\"contexto_id\" ) \nINNER JOIN \"sgrs_requerimiento\" ON ( \"sgrs_contexto_requerimientos\".", "\"requerimiento_id\" = \"sgrs_requerimiento\".", "\"id\" ) \nWHERE (\"sgrs_proyecto\".", "\"id\" = 2 AND \"sgrs_requerimiento\".", "\"fecha_aprobacion\" \n<= \"sgrs_proyecto\".", "\"fecha_publicacion\")\n\nSecond query:\nSELECT ••• FROM \"sgrs_contexto\" INNER JOIN \"sgrs_proyecto_contextos\" \nON ( \"sgrs_contexto\".", "\"id\" = \"sgrs_proyecto_contextos\".", "\"contexto_id\" ) \nWHERE \"sgrs_proyecto_contextos\".", "\"proyecto_id\" IN (2) \nORDER BY \"sgrs_contexto\".", "\"indice_riesgo\" DESC\n\nThird query:\nSELECT ••• FROM \"sgrs_requerimiento\" INNER JOIN \"sgrs_contexto_requerimientos\" \nON ( \"sgrs_requerimiento\".", "\"id\" = \"sgrs_contexto_requerimientos\".", "\"requerimiento_id\" )\nWHERE \"sgrs_contexto_requerimientos\".", "\"contexto_id\" IN (3, 7, 6, 4, 2, 5, 1)\n\nThe date filter is in the first query and should be in the third, is this correct?", "\nHow can i get the correct filter position?", "\nThanks\n\nA:\n\nOK, finally got it.", "\nI took out the filter from the queryset and make this comparison in the template.", "\nJust added the following:\n...\n{% for requerimiento in contexto.requerimientos.all %}\n{% if requerimiento.fecha_aprobacion <= proyecto.fecha_publicacion %}\n...\n\nHope this helps others.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "\n\nPhysicists finally explain why your earphones are always tangled - kwilsom\nhttp://blogs.discovermagazine.com/seriouslyscience/2014/06/18/scientific-explanation-earphones-always-tangled/#.VdqUZFNViko\n\n======\ntrevordev\nLooks like they used string theory.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }

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[ "Neurocognitive effects of estrogens across the adult lifespan in nonhuman primates: State of knowledge and new perspectives.", "\nThis article is part of a Special Issue \"Estradiol and cognition\". ", "This review discusses the unique contribution of nonhuman primate research to our understanding of the neurocognitive effects of estrogens throughout the adult lifespan in females. ", "Mounting evidence indicates that estrogens affect many aspects of hippocampal, prefrontal and cholinergic function in the primate brain and the underlying mechanisms are beginning to be elucidated. ", "In addition, estrogens may also influence cognitive function indirectly, via the modulation of other systems that impact cognition. ", "We will focus on the effects of estrogens on sleep and emphasize the need for primate models to better understand these complex interactions. ", "Continued research with nonhuman primates is essential for the development of therapies that are optimal for the maintenance of women's cognitive health throughout the lifespan." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Following successful completion of the \"Slovenian Center\" project during the European Handball Championship in Wroclaw, Poland, (VIDEO), this February marks the beginning of this year's 2nd tour of the international business-investor programs of VZMD: Invest to Slovenia – investo.si and International Investors' Network – invest-to.net. ", "These days the island of Grand Cayman is the venue of the important conference Alternative Investment Summit 2016, which is also attended by the VZMD President, Mr. Kristjan Verbič, at the special invitation by one of the event partners.", "\n\nThe prestigious conference at the eminent Ritz-Carlton hotel entitled \"Supercharging Alternative Investments in an Age of Uncertainty\", was opened by the Prime Minister of the Cayman Islands, Mr. Alden McLaughlin. ", "The events, with Dart Enterprises, KPMG, the Ritz-Carlton and Deutsche Bank as their principal partners, are attended by the most prominent investment bankers and enterprise representatives such as: The Blackstone Group, Apollo Global Management, Aberdeen Asset Management, Highland Capital Management, Arbiter Partners Capital Management, Global Health Investment Fund, Darsana Capital Partners etc.", "\n\nIn addition to the international investment funds' representatives, the conference is also attended by many other influential and noticeable people such as the American TV presenter and comedian Jay Leno, the founder of the Virgin Group Sir Richard Branson, the actresses Jamie Lee Curtis and Meghan Markle, and many others.", "\n\nApart from interesting developments at the conference, which has become a renowned platform for innovative thinking about alternative investments in the past three years, Mr. Verbič also attended the evening's reception by the renowned law firm Mourant Ozannes.", "\n\nThe tour continued in London, where Mr. Verbič was invited to the grand conference celebrating the fifth anniversary of the European Banking Authority – EBA.", "\n\nSLOVENIAN CENTER IN WROCLAW - large attendance and numerous opportunities for Slovenia's promotion, as well as promising business collaborations, also within the VZMD's business-investor programs and the premiere of its PRESENTATIONAL VIDEO\n\nVIDEO INVITATION – Opportunity for company presentations - »SLOVENIAN BUSINESS CENTER« at the European handball championship" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Q:\n\nGithub. ", "An authentication error occurred. ", "We could not sync with the server\n\nI am using GitHub for Mac. ", " \nNow If I try to perform Sync, I got the following message:\nAn authentication error occurred. ", "We could not sync with the server.", "\n\nIf I go to the following page https://github.com/settings/ssh/audit\nI get the following message: \nAll your SSH Keys have been verified.", "\n\nWhat can I do to fix this problem?", "\nP.S.\nI have already followed the following steps with no success:\nhttp://help.github.com/linux-set-up-git/\n\nA:\n\nHave you set the remote repo correctelly?", "\nSettings -> Primary remote repository (origin)\n\nPaste your project's repo address (e.g. git@github.com:username/your_proj.git) to there.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "import logging\nimport math\nimport os\n\nfrom amlb.benchmark import TaskConfig\nfrom amlb.data import Dataset\nfrom amlb.datautils import reorder_dataset\nfrom amlb.results import NoResultError, save_predictions_to_file\nfrom amlb.utils import dir_of, path_from_split, run_cmd, split_path, Timer\n\nlog = logging.getLogger(__name__)\n\n\ndef run(dataset: Dataset, config: TaskConfig):\n log.info(\"\\n**** AutoWEKA ****\\n\")\n\n is_classification = config.type == 'classification'\n if not is_classification:\n raise ValueError('Regression is not supported.')", "\n\n # Mapping of benchmark metrics to Weka metrics\n metrics_mapping = dict(\n acc='errorRate',\n auc='areaUnderROC',\n logloss='kBInformation'\n )\n metric = metrics_mapping[config.metric] if config.metric in metrics_mapping else None\n if metric is None:\n raise ValueError(\"Performance metric {} not supported.", "\".format(config.metric))\n\n train_file = dataset.train.path\n test_file = dataset.test.path\n # Weka to requires target as the last attribute\n if dataset.target.index !", "= len(dataset.predictors):\n train_file = reorder_dataset(dataset.train.path, target_src=dataset.target.index)\n test_file = reorder_dataset(dataset.test.path, target_src=dataset.target.index)\n\n training_params = {k: v for k, v in config.framework_params.items() if not k.startswith('_')}\n parallelRuns = config.framework_params.get('_parallelRuns', config.cores)\n\n memLimit = config.framework_params.get('_memLimit', 'auto')\n if memLimit == 'auto':\n memLimit = max(min(config.max_mem_size_mb,\n math.ceil(config.max_mem_size_mb / parallelRuns)),\n 1024) # AutoWEKA default memLimit\n log.info(\"Using %sMB memory per run on %s parallel runs.\", ", "memLimit, parallelRuns)\n\n f = split_path(config.output_predictions_file)\n f.extension = '.weka_pred.csv'\n weka_file = path_from_split(f)\n cmd_root = \"java -cp {here}/lib/autoweka/autoweka.jar weka.classifiers.meta.", "AutoWEKAClassifier \".format(here=dir_of(__file__))\n cmd_params = dict(\n t='\"{}\"'.format(train_file),\n T='\"{}\"'.format(test_file),\n memLimit=memLimit,\n classifications='\"weka.classifiers.evaluation.output.prediction.", "CSV -distribution -file \\\\\\\"{}\\\\\\\"\"'.format(weka_file),\n timeLimit=int(config.max_runtime_seconds/60),\n parallelRuns=parallelRuns,\n metric=metric,\n seed=config.seed % (1 << 16), # weka accepts only int16 as seeds\n **training_params\n )\n cmd = cmd_root + ' '.join([\"-{} {}\".format(k, v) for k, v in cmd_params.items()])\n with Timer() as training:\n run_cmd(cmd, _live_output_=True)\n\n # if target values are not sorted alphabetically in the ARFF file, then class probabilities are returned in the original order\n # interestingly, other frameworks seem to always sort the target values first\n # that's why we need to specify the probabilities labels here: sorting+formatting is done in saving function\n probabilities_labels = dataset.target.values\n if not os.path.exists(weka_file):\n raise NoResultError(\"AutoWEKA failed producing any prediction.\")", "\n with open(weka_file, 'r') as weka_file:\n probabilities = []\n predictions = []\n truth = []\n for line in weka_file.readlines()[1:-1]:\n inst, actual, predicted, error, *distribution = line.split(',')\n pred_probabilities = [pred_probability.replace('*', '').replace('\\n', '') for pred_probability in distribution]\n _, pred = predicted.split(':')\n _, tru = actual.split(':')\n probabilities.append(pred_probabilities)\n predictions.append(pred)\n truth.append(tru)\n\n save_predictions_to_file(dataset=dataset,\n output_file=config.output_predictions_file,\n probabilities=probabilities,\n predictions=predictions,\n truth=truth,\n probabilities_labels=probabilities_labels)\n\n return dict(\n training_duration=training.duration\n )\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "There's this small, Polish airline SprintAir.", "\nIs there a way to find a flight search engine that would know about its flights, and include them in separate-tickets itinerary, like Skyscanner or Kiwi do?" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "In internal combustion engines, an engine crankshaft is the primary source of torsional load. ", "A crank gear is typically mounted on one end of the crankshaft for driving the engine gear train which includes the cam gear and camshaft among other gear driven elements. ", "Throughout operation of the engine, the torque applied to the crankshaft varies due to, for example, the periodic firing of the engine's cylinders, the engagement and disengagement of driven elements such as a transmission, and the starting, stopping and variations in the speed of rotation of the crankshaft. ", "These torque variations create torsional vibrations which may be transferred to the gear train of the engine often undesirably causing increased noise, premature engine wear and thus reduced gear life and possibly engine failure. ", "In addition, since the engine drive gear train is used to drive engine components which are critical to proper engine operation, torsional vibrations transmitted through the gear train may adversely affect engine operation, such as the accuracy of fuel injection timing.", "\nMany torsional variation absorbing or damping devices have been developed and used in different locations throughout an engine. ", "It is well known to use a damper connected to one end of the crankshaft so as to rotate with the shaft for damping torsional vibrations generated by the crankshaft. ", "Many of these dampers are tuned to approximately the first torsional natural frequency of the crankshaft to provide optimum damping at the natural frequency. ", "Untuned dampers, such as viscous dampers, have an effect at all frequencies, but they provide the greatest reduction in crank torsional vibrations at the crank natural frequency. ", "When the engine operating conditions, i.e. firing frequency or a harmonic of firing frequency, coincides with the natural frequency of the crankshaft, a resonance effect may be created which increases the amplitude of the torsional vibrations thus increasing the likelihood of damage to the crankshaft and other engine components and gears driven by the crankshaft. ", "For example, U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "1,913,803; 2,926,546; 4,172,510 and 5,188,002; French Patent No. ", "1,049,924; German Ref. ", "No. ", "2115099; and U.K. Patent Application No. ", "2173879 all disclose various types of torsional vibration dampers mounted on a shaft including tuned rubber dampers and viscous type dampers.", "\nAnother manner of reducing torsional vibrations in an engine drive train is to use a coupling between a cam gear and the camshaft. ", "For example, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,017,178 discloses a resilient coupling apparatus for connecting a ring gear to a camshaft. ", "The coupling includes sets of spring-biased pistons spaced circumferentially around a plate member and mounted in respective bores. ", "Lubrication fluid in the respective bores becomes trapped upon movement of the pistons to viscously dampen the pistons and thus dampen the varying loads transferred to the camshaft from the ring gear or vice versa. ", "However, the use of springs, pistons and a lubrication circuit integrated into a gear connection creates an excessively complex and costly device. ", "Moreover, this device only provides a resilient connection between a camshaft and a ring gear which is driven by a timing gear mounted on a crankshaft and thus only dampens vibrations between these gears. ", "As a result, torsional vibrations generated by the crankshaft will be transmitted to the timing gear and any other gears driven by the crankshaft and the timing gear, causing adverse effects such as increased noise and reduced gear life.", "\nVarious torque transmitting couplings capable of damping vibrations have been developed. ", "For instance, U.K. Patent Publication No. ", "2153489 discloses a torsion absorber device for a friction clutch of a motor vehicle transmission which includes coil spring resilient devices for permitting relative movement between two parallel coaxially mounted disks. ", "The absorber also includes an elastic member or rubber block positioned in an axial groove formed by complementary recesses in the outer surface of a hub and the inner surface of one of the disks mounted on the hub. ", "The rubber block is designed to absorb vibrations transmitted through the connection. ", "However, during compression, one half of the rubber block is subjected to a force in a first direction while an opposing force acts solely on the other half of the block. ", "Therefore, this block is subject to high levels of shear force resulting in rapid block wear and possible failure over time. ", "Also, the hub teeth contact the disk directly to provide an unabsorbed connection between the hub and the disk and therefore this elastic block connection does not provide a dampening connection during all engine operating conditions. ", "In addition, this coupling does not resiliently couple a crank gear to an engine crankshaft and therefore does not prevent crankshaft induced torsional vibrations from reaching an engine drive train.", "\nRussian Patent Publication No. ", "591637 discloses a shock-absorbing torque transmission coupling for connecting two shafts positioned end-to-end which includes a central shaft having radial vanes extending into respective recesses formed in an outer coupling surrounding the central shaft. ", "Resilient elements in the form of bellows filled with a rubber-like substance are positioned on both sides of each vane between the vane and the recess wall. ", "The bellows function to damp torque vibrations between the connected shafts. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "2,012,012 and 2,446,942 disclose similar devices using rubber elements positioned between engaging portions of two couplings to eliminate torsional vibration in the shafts. ", "However, the dampeners disclosed in these references do not resiliently couple a crank gear to an engine crankshaft and therefore does not prevent crankshaft induced torsional vibrations from reaching an engine drive train.", "\nGerman Patent Publication Nos. ", "837,343 and 536,684 each appear to disclose torsional vibration dampers or resilient couplings for connecting two coaxial shafts wherein extensions formed on one shaft engage unsupported resilient webs attached to the other shaft. ", "However, these devices rely on the unsupported portion of the resilient elements to transmit the rotative force to the other shaft thus placing a large bending forces on the elements in high load conditions. ", "As a result, the resilient elements are likely to be prone to excessive wear and possibly failure rendering the coupling inoperable. ", "Moreover, this design relies on the connection of the resilient elements to one of the shafts resulting in increased assembly costs and possible disengagement and thus failure of the coupling. ", "In addition, these couplings do not resiliently couple a crank gear to an engine crankshaft and thus do not function to minimize the torsional vibrations in crank gear and associated drive train.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,834,041 to Valev discloses a resilient coupling connecting an auxiliary drive shaft to one end of a crankshaft. ", "The auxiliary drive shaft is used to drive various auxiliary devices such as a generator, a water pump or a fan. ", "Valev also appears to disclose the use of a torsional damper mounted on the end of the crankshaft. ", "However, the auxiliary drive does not drive engine components critical to engine operation, such as fuel injectors and therefore, the resilient coupling does not function to minimize torsional vibrations to ensure proper engine operation, such as fuel injection timing. ", "In addition, this coupling does not resiliently couple a gear to an engine crankshaft and thus does not reduce gear noise and extend gear life.", "\nThe technical article PA6-280 by Pielstick appears to disclose a main pinion, i.e. crank gear, resiliently connected to, and driven by, an engine crankshaft via a tuned elastomer type vibration damper. ", "The main pinion is driven directly off the damper inertia ring. ", "The damper appears to include semi-cylindrical resilient members positioned between inner and outer shaft rings located at one end of the crankshaft. ", "The damper functions both as a torsional vibration damping device and an isolator or absorber for minimizing the vibrations transmitted to the main pinion. ", "However, by integrating the damping and isolating functions into a single structure, this damper is incapable of adequately functioning as an isolator for protecting the main pinion and downstream gear train from torsional vibrations at all engine operating conditions. ", "This rubber or elastomer type damper must be tuned to approximately the natural frequency of the crankshaft to permit the damper to dampen the relatively large torsional vibrations caused by resonance when the engine operates at or near the natural frequency. ", "However, when the engine operates below the natural frequency, the damper will not sufficiently function to dampen vibrations but will undesirably transmit torsional vibrations to the main pinion and the timing gear train. ", "Moreover, when the engine operates at approximately the natural frequency, the motion of the damper inertia ring should actually amplify the crankshaft torsional vibrations. ", "The torsional activity of the damper inertia ring is directly applied to the crank gear, adversely affecting engine operation, increasing gear wear and gear noise, and possibly causing gear or shaft failure.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "1,649,426 discloses a means for preventing the vibrations of the crankshaft from being imparted to a timing chain via a timing gear mounted on the crankshaft which includes an intermediate resilient torque transmitting material, i.e. rubber, positioned in the connection of timing gear to the crankshaft. ", "The rubber material completely fills the space provided between lugs extending outwardly from the crankshaft and inwardly extending lugs formed on the timing gear. ", "This design also uses a friction plate to dampen vibrations experienced by the timing gear by frictionally engaging the timing gear thus assisting in maintaining the proper timing and functioning of parts driven from the timing gear. ", "However, the rubber material completely fills the space between the timing gear and the crankshaft thus restricting the deformation of the rubber material. ", "As a result, use of rubber material having sufficiently high resiliency characteristics necessary for providing sufficient torsional vibration absorption would undesirably permit excessive relative movement between the crankshaft and timing gear resulting in unacceptable timing error while reducing the durable life of the material. ", "On the other hand, use of a resilient material of sufficient stiffness to maintain timing error within acceptable limits would be incapable of adequately absorbing torsional vibrations.", "\nConsequently, there is a need for a simple yet effective crankshaft gear torsional vibration isolator assembly capable of effectively minimizing the transmission of torsional vibrations to the engine's timing gear train throughout all engine operating conditions while maintaining the functional timing relationship between the crankshaft and camshaft." ]

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[ "When the soccer World Cup kicks off this Thursday,\nimagine watching it as 3D \"holograms\"\non your kitchen table.", "\nThat may not be far off thanks to a new technique\nthat turns YouTube videos\ninto 3D reconstructions of matches.", "\nThe key to the approach\nis a convolutional neural network –\na type of artificial intelligence algorithm\nloosely modelled on the part of the brain\nthat processes visual data – that\nresearchers trained to estimate how far the\nsurfaces of each player are from the camera\nthat recorded the match.", "\nThe network analyzed 12,000 2D images of players\nextracted from the soccer video game FIFA\nalongside the corresponding 3D data from the game engine\nto learn how the two correlate.", "\nThat allowed it to estimate depth maps for\nplayers from unseen 2D images.", "\nWhen shown unseen videos, the system accurately\npredicted depth maps for each player and combined\nthem with the color footage to reconstruct\neach player in 3D.\nThe players were then superimposed on a virtual\nsoccer pitch allowing the match to be viewed\nin any 3D content viewer.", "\nThe researchers tested the approach with Microsoft’s\nHoloLens smart glasses, which let them overlay\nthe 3D reconstruction onto a real-world tabletop.", "\nThe end product is still glitchy,\nit can't recreate the ball, doesn’t work in realtime,\nand only permits watching\nfrom the side of the pitch the video was recorded.", "\nBut the technique could be more scalable\nthan leading approaches for reconstructing sport in 3D,\nwhich require arrays of cameras\naround the pitch recording every angle.", "\nThe researchers say the approach should also\nwork for other events that happen in predefined arenas\nlike music concerts or theatre.", "\n" ]

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[ "\n510 F.Supp.2d 893 (2007)\nNEW LENOX INDUSTRIES, INC., ", "a Florida corporation, Plaintiff,\nv.\nCharles H. FENTON, an individual, Airbelt Systems, LLC., ", "Defendants.", "\nNo. ", "5:06-cv-184-oc-10GRJ.", "\nUnited States District Court, M.D. Florida, Ocala Division.", "\nMay 3, 2007.", "\n*894 *895 *896 *897 Gayle Wrede Kirkpatrick, George Donovan Conwell, Jr., Suzanne R. Eschrich, Conwell, Sukhia & Kirkpatrick, P.A., Tampa, FL, for Plaintiff.", "\nDennis D. Leone, Shankman, Leone & Westerman, P.A., Tampa, FL, for Defendants.", "\n\nORDER\nHODGES, District Judge.", "\nOn April 28, 2006, the Plaintiff initiated this breach of contract and fraud action against the Defendants by filing a six-count Complaint in the Circuit Court of the Fifth Judicial Circuit In and For Marion County, Florida (Doc. ", "2). ", "The Defendants removed the case to this Court on the basis of diversity jurisdiction on May 31, 2006, (Doc. ", "1), and soon thereafter moved to dismiss the entire Complaint on various grounds, including lack of personal jurisdiction (Doc. ", "5). ", "On August 30, 2006, the Court authorized the Plaintiff to engage in limited jurisdictional discovery, and permitted both parties to file supplemental memoranda (Doc. ", "23). ", "The parties did so on October 30, 2006 (Does. ", "44, 45).", "\n*898 On February 23, the United States Magistrate Judge issued a report (Doc. ", "48) recommending that the Defendants' Motion to Dismiss, Or Alternatively, For A More Definite Statement (Doc. ", "5) be denied in all respects other than as to Count V of the Complaint, the claim for unjust enrichment. ", "The Defendants have filed objections to the Magistrate Judge's report and recommendation, (Doc. ", "50), again urging dismissal. ", "of all claims, and the Plaintiff has filed a memorandum in opposition to the Defendants' objections (Doc. ", "53).", "\nUpon due consideration and an independent examination of the record, the Defendants' objections, and the Plaintiff's response in opposition, the Court concludes that the Magistrate Judge's report and recommendation is due to be adopted, confirmed, and made a part of this Order. ", "The Defendants' objections focus on two areas: (1) the Magistrate Judge erred in finding personal jurisdiction under Florida's long-arm statute, Fla. Stat. § ", "48.193, because the alleged contract which is at the heart of this case was not capable of being performed in Florida; and (2) the Plaintiff has failed to plead any facts demonstrating that the applicable statute of limitations has not yet expired. ", "The Court has considered both of the Defendants' arguments and finds them to be without merit. ", "The Magistrate Judge's well-reasoned report addressed both of these contentions, and carefully and correctly addressed each of the Plaintiff's claims and all challenges to them.", "\nAccordingly, and upon due consideration, it is hereby ordered and adjudged that:\n(1) The Report and Recommendation of the Magistrate Judge (Doc. ", "48) is adopted, confirmed, and made a part hereof;\n(2) The Defendants Charles H. Fenton's and Airbelt Systems, LLC's Objections (Doc. ", "50) are OVERRULED;\n(3) The Defendants' Motion to Dismiss, Or Alternatively, For a More Definite Statement is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. ", "Count V of the Plaintiff s Complaint, which asserts a claim for unjust enrichment, is DISMISSED. ", "In all other respects the Defendants' Motion to Dismiss, Or Alternatively, For a More Definite Statement is DENIED.", "\nIT IS SO ORDERED.", "\n\n\nREPORT AND RECOMMENDATION[1]\nJONES, United States Magistrate Judge.", "\nPending before the Court is Defendants' Motion To Dismiss, Or Alternatively, For A More Definite Statement. (", "Doc. ", "5.) ", "Plaintiff has filed a response in opposition. (", "Doc. ", "15.) ", "On August 30, 2006 the Court granted Plaintiff's request to engage in limited jurisdictional discovery (Doc. ", "23)[2] before the Court ruled upon Defendant's challenge to personal jurisdiction and further authorized the parties to file supplemental memoranda after completion of the limited jurisdictional discovery. ", "Pursuant to the Court's invitation, the parties filed supplemental memoranda (Does. ", "44 & 45) and, accordingly, the matter is now ripe for review.", "\nFor the following reasons, Defendants' Motion To Dismiss, Or Alternatively For A *899 More Definite Statement is due to be DENIED in all respects other than as to Count V of the Complaint, which is due to be dismissed.", "\n\nI. BACKGROUND AND FACTS\n\nThis case concerns a claim by Plaintiff, New Lenox Industries (\"NLI\") against Defendant, Charles Fenton (\"Fenton\") and Defendant Airbelt Systems, LLC (\"Airbelt\"), alleging that Fenton, acting through, AirBelt, disclosed and licensed NLI's confidential and proprietary information to third parties concerning NLI's cold gas airbag inflation mechanism technology. ", "Plaintiff's complaint purports to allege causes of action for breach of a confidentiality agreement, fraud, misappropriation of trade secrets, civil theft, unjust enrichment and wrongful assignment of patents.", "\nA review of the allegations in the complaint, and of the declarations and depositions filed of record, disclose the following details. ", "NLI is a Florida corporation that develops and owns technology, which inflates airbags used in vehicles.[3] Fenton, a Utah resident,[4] worked as an airbag industry consultant and later formed AirBelt, a closely held California limited liability company, with Lawrence Schultz (\"Schultz\").[5] Airbelt developed, marketed and patented its own air bag technology.[6]\nAccording to the allegations in NLI's Complaint, a third party, which was considering investing in NLI, retained Fenton to evaluate and audit NLI's airbag technology at NLI's Dunellon, Florida office.[7] Before the evaluation, on January 24, 1995, Fenton entered into a confidentiality agreement (the \"Agreement\") with NLI agreeing not to use or disclose NLI's confidential information for three years.[8] According to NLI, at that time, NLI's airbag technology was not known in the airbag or automotive industries and no one else had held or had applied for a patent covering the technology.[9] NLI alleges that it was the first company to develop a mechanism to properly inflate a cold gas airbag — the micro-detonator.[10]\nDuring the evaluation of NLI's technology, NLI disclosed to Fenton its micro-detonator drawings and technology. ", "Additionally, NLI disclosed to Fenton its newer technology that created a less explosive charge and enhanced the directional shock wave of an airbag.[11] In a letter dated February 12, 1995, NLI emphasized to Fenton the importance of keeping the disclosed proprietary information confidential.[12]\nFollowing the evaluation, Fenton wrote a letter on January 31, 1995 to NLI stating that NLI needed 24 to 30 months of development before it was ready to market its airbag technology.[13] Fenton also sent a negative report regarding NLI's airbag technology to the third party who had retained him, and after receiving the negative report, the third party did not invest in NLI.[14]\n*900 Thereafter, Fenton and Schultz created the company AirBelt in October of 1995, and after its creation Fenton served as President.[15] Airbelt developed and patented a spool valve to control the explosive airflow in the cold gas airbag inflation system.[16] To market the spool valve technology on behalf of Airbelt, Fenton attended two airbag technology conferences in Florida. ", "There, Fenton passed out literature detailing Airbelt's spool valve technology, and eventually, Airbelt entered into a license with one of the manufacturers Fenton had contacted at the Florida conferences.[17]\nPlaintiff's theory of the case is that Fenton, in the guise of an industry consultant, stole NLI's proprietary technology. ", "Then, according to Plaintiff, Fenton formed Airbelt for the purpose of developing and patenting similar technology based on the stolen information, and then he marketed the technology to third parties.", "\nIn their Motion to Dismiss, Defendants argue that Plaintiff's Complaint should be dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction over the Defendants. ", "Defendants also allege that each cause of action in Plaintiff's Complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. ", "Specifically, Defendants argue that: (1) the claim for breach of contract is barred by the statute of limitations; (2) the claim for fraud is barred by the economic loss rule and/or preempted by Florida's Uniform Trade Secrets Act (\"FUTSA\"); (3) the claim for trade secret misappropriation is barred by the economic loss rule and/or fails to allege what Plaintiff sought to protect and what Defendants are accused of misappropriating; (4) the claim for civil theft does not apply to trade secret misappropriation; (5) the claim for unjust enrichment is preempted by FUTSA; and (5) the assignment of patents claim is not recognized in Florida and/or lacks an equitable remedy.", "\n\nII. ", "STANDARD OF REVIEW\n\nIn determining the propriety of granting a motion to dismiss, a court must accept all the factual allegations in the complaint as true and evaluate the inferences derived from the facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.[18] In passing on a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court is mindful that \"[d]ismissal of a claim on the basis of barebones pleadings is a precarious disposition with a high mortality rate.", "\"[19] A complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears \"beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.", "\"[20] The threshold of sufficiency that a complaint must meet to survive a motion to dismiss is exceedingly low.[21]\n\nIII. ", "DISCUSSION\n\nA. Personal Jurisdiction\nA court must address a challenge to its exercise of personal jurisdiction before *901 looking at the other claims in a motion to dismiss.[22] The plaintiff has the burden of initially establishing a prima facie case of personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant. \"", "A prima facie case is established if the plaintiff presents sufficient evidence to defeat a motion for a directed verdict.", "\"[23] The district court accepts the facts alleged by the plaintiff as true as long as they do not conflict with the defendant's affidavits.[24] Where the pleadings and supporting documents are in conflict, the court must construe all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. ", "However, the plaintiff must provide additional support for his claim of personal jurisdiction where the defendant has made a strong argument against such jurisdiction.[25]\nIn the instant case, Plaintiff has made the requisite prima facie showing in the Complaint, and Plaintiff has offered additional support through Plaintiffs Opposition to Motion to Dismiss (Docs. ", "15 and 45) and accompanying depositions and declarations.", "\nA court must engage in a two-part analysis to determine whether it has personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant.[26] First, the court must determine if jurisdiction can be obtained over the defendants under Florida's long-arm statute. ", "Second, the court must then decide whether the nonresident defendants have sufficient \"minimum contacts\" with Florida to meet the constitutional requirements under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.[27] Even if jurisdiction is found under Florida's long-arm statute, a separate review of the facts must be undertaken by the Court to determine if the constitutional test is met.[28]\n1. ", "Florida's Long-Arm Statute\nBecause Florida law dictates the reach of the long-arm statute, this Court must interpret it in the same way that the Florida Supreme Court would.[29] Therefore, this Court must strictly construe the statute,[30] and the burden of proving the facts which make the statute applicable to the Defendants is on the Plaintiff.[31]\nFlorida's long arm statute, Florida Statute § 48.193(1), provides in relevant part:\n[a]ny person, whether or not a citizen or resident of this state, who personally or through an agent does any of the acts enumerated in this subsection thereby submits himself or herself . . . ", "to the jurisdiction of the courts of this state for any cause of action arising from doing any of the following acts:\n(a) Operating, conducting, engaging in, or carrying on a business or business venture in this state or having an office or agency in this state.", "\n\n*902 (b) Committing a tortious act within this state . . .", "\n* * *\n(g) Breaching a contract in this state by failing to perform acts required by the contract to be performed in this state . . . [", "32]\nTo meet the Florida long-arm, the Plaintiff must demonstrate that the \"connexity\" requirement has been met — a higher standard than that which is required by most other jurisdictions' long-arm statutes. \"", "To satisfy this requirement, \"the cause of action [must have] some [] connection to a specific act committed in Florida.", "\"[33]\nPlaintiffs claim they have satisfied Florida's long arm statute because Defendants \"conducted and engaged in business in this state, have committed a tort within this state, and have breached contractual duties to NLI in this state.", "\"[34] To establish that a defendant engaged in a general course of business activity in Florida, the activities the defendant carried out \"must be considered collectively and show a general course of business activity in the State for a pecuniary benefit.", "\"[35] Plaintiff asserts that Defendants engaged in a regular course of business activity in Florida as evidenced by the following four events: (1) Fenton evaluated NLI's technology in NLI's Dunnellon, Florida office; (2) Fenton communicated with NLI regarding a prospective position at NLI; (3) Fenton on behalf of Airbelt attended two trade shows in Florida and; (4) at one of the trade shows, Fenton, through Airbelt, secured a license to sell Airbelt's technology.", "\nThese acts do not establish that either Defendant engaged in a general course of business activity in Florida. ", "During his first trip to Florida, Fenton performed due diligence as a consultant at the behest of a third party. ", "His own consulting company did not direct business in Florida. ", "Moreover, merely discussing a discrete offer for employment is not sufficient to establish that Fenton was conducting a general course of business in Florida. ", "Additionally, there is no evidence that Defendants purposely directed their sales efforts to Florida by attending two airbag industry trade shows and fortuitously securing a client at one of the shows:[36]\nWith respect to whether Plaintiffs can establish the tortious activity prong of Florida's long arm statute, \"[t]he plaintiff must demonstrate that the nonresident defendant `committed a substantial aspect of the alleged tort in Florida' by establishing that the activities in Florida were essential to the success of the tort.", "\"[37] The tortious act does not have to take place in Florida, but \"a substantial aspect\" would include \"the situation in which a foreign tortious act causes injury within the forum.", "'\"[38]\nPlaintiffs allege that both Fenton and Airbelt committed a tort in Florida based upon the fact that Fenton traveled to Florida for the purpose of misappropriating NLI's confidential and proprietary information and then formed Airbelt to patent and market the stolen technology, *903 which Defendants accomplished during two airbag industry trade shows in Florida, essentially perpetuating the tort.", "\nDefendants suggest that they did not commit a tort in Florida because Airbelt's technologies that were sold are unrelated to NLI's technologies. ", "According to Airbelt, their \"spool, valve\" technology restricts the airflow unlike NLI's technology which initiates the airflow. ", "Moreover, relying upon Doe v. Thompson,[39] Defendants maintain that Fenton cannot be forced to defend a suit against him personally based on one meeting in Florida as a representative of a third party.", "\nAt this stage of the proceedings, the Court does not need to determine whether Airbelts' technologies are the same as NLI's or are derived from NLI's technologies because for purposes of determining whether Plaintiff has satisfied Florida's long arm statute the Court must accept the allegations in the Complaint as true and must evaluate the inferences derived from the facts in the light most favorable to the Plaintiff. ", "Simply stated, the Plaintiff has alleged that Fenton stole NLI's technology while in Florida performing his due diligence for a third party and then used the confidential technology to market a similar air bag product through Airbelt during at least two trade show visits to Florida.", "\nMoreover, Defendants' reliance on Doe is misplaced because Fenton is alleged to have performed due diligence in his capacity as an independent contractor, conducting his own consulting on behalf of the third party, and not as an officer or employee of a third party. ", "Accordingly, the Court concludes that Plaintiff sufficiently has established under Florida's tortious activity section of the long arm statute that both Defendants committed a substantial aspect of a tort in Florida.", "\nIn addition to satisfying the tortious activity prong of Florida's long arm statute, Plaintiffs have also established that Defendant Fenton falls within the reach of subsection (g) of the Florida long-arm statute, which recognizes personal jurisdiction over a defendant who breaches a contractual obligation existing in Florida. ", "During Fenton's first trip to Florida to perform due diligence, Fenton signed a nondisclosure agreement in which he agreed to keep NLI's airbag technology confidential. ", "Plaintiffs allege that Fenton breached this agreement, an agreement executed in Florida to protect NLI, a Florida corporation, from damage as a result of the unauthorized disclosure of its technology. ", "Accordingly, as to Defendant Fenton, the Plaintiffs have also established that the claimed conduct by the Defendant falls within the purview of section (g) of Florida's long arm statute.", "\n2. ", "Due Process\nHaving determined that the Plaintiffs have established that the claims against the Defendants fall within the purview of Florida's long-arm statute, the Court must next determine whether each individual defendant has sufficient minimum contacts with the forum to satisfy the due process requirements of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution so that the exercise of personal jurisdiction *904 does not offend \"traditional notions of fair place and substantial justice.", "\"[40]\nThe Eleventh Circuit utilizes a three-part test to determine whether there are sufficient minimum contacts:\n[f]irst, the contacts must be related to the plaintiffs cause of action . . . ", "Second, the contacts must involve some act by which the defendant purposefully avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum . . . ", "Third, the defendant's contacts with the forum must be such that the defendant should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there.[41]\nMinimum contacts may support two types of personal jurisdiction, general jurisdiction and specific jurisdiction. ", "Specific jurisdiction is involved where a party's contacts with the forum relate to the cause of action. ", "General jurisdiction, on the other hand, is where a party's contacts are unrelated to the litigation, but nonetheless are \"continuous and systematic,\" such as owning property, running a business, or maintaining a bank account.[42] In the instance case, the minimum contacts alleged by Plaintiff are directed to the cause of action and therefore relate to specific jurisdiction. ", "As such the first part of the test — that the contacts are related to the cause of action — is established.", "\nWith regard to the second and third parts of the test, Defendants argue that each part of the test cannot be met because of the Defendants' lack of contacts with the state of Florida. ", "Defendants highlight that they do not do business in Florida, have no office, agents, employees or property in Florida and do not advertise in Florida.", "\nPlaintiff counters that Defendant Fenton's contacts with Florida include his execution of the confidentiality agreement with NLI in Dunnellon, Florida, a letter sent to Florida regarding NLI's technology, subsequent communication with NLI about employment opportunities and two visits to Florida to attend trade shows. ", "Taken together, Plaintiff maintains that Fenton's contacts constitute purposeful availment.[43] Furthermore, Plaintiff argues that Defendant Airbelt is the alter ego of Fenton and thus meets the requisite for sufficient contacts through Fenton.", "\nA number of courts have recognized that where a defendant's tortious conduct is intentionally and purposefully directed at a resident of the forum, the minimum contacts requirement is met, and the defendant should anticipate being haled into court in that forum.[44] In this case, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants committed one or more intentional torts and breached a *905 contract against Plaintiff who was injured in Florida.", "\nAccordingly, under the three-part test enumerated above, because Defendants' contacts with Florida relate to Plaintiffs cause of action and the Defendants purposefully directed their conduct toward a Florida resident, the Defendants reasonably should have anticipated being haled into court here. ", "The Court therefore concludes that the assertion of personal jurisdiction over the Defendants passes constitutional muster.", "\nB. Service of Process on Airbelt\nIn addition to challenging personal jurisdiction, Defendant Airbelt also argues that the Court does not have personal jurisdiction over it because it was not properly served with process in this case.", "\nService of process in an action in federal court is detailed in Rule 4 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. ", "Pursuant to Rule 4(h)(1) service of process on a corporation may be perfected in the manner prescribed by state law or by serving an \"officer, a managing or general agent, or any other agent authorized by law to receive service of process . . .\"", "\nIn its original motion Airbelt alleged that service of process was ineffective because the summons and complaint was served upon an employee of a private mailbox location, where Larry Schultz maintained a private mailbox, rather than being served upon Schultz personally as Airbelt's registered agent.", "\nIn addition to attempting to serve Schultz, Plaintiff also served Charles Fenton, as the President of Airbelt. ", "Airbelt challenged this service as well, contending that Fenton is not an officer of Airbelt. ", "However, Fenton subsequently filed an Amended Declaration, admitting that Airbelt was formed as an \"LLC\" in California and that he is the President and a member of the LLC.[45] Consequently, any issue as to whether service of process was effective on Airbelt has been remedied. ", "Because Fenton is an officer of Airbelt service upon him on behalf of Airbelt is in compliance with the requirements of Rule 4 Fed. ", "R.Civ.", "P. and is in compliance with Florida Statute § 48.081(1). ", "Accordingly, Defendant Airbelt's motion to dismiss for improper service of process is due to be denied.", "\nC. Failure To State A Cause Of Action\n1. ", "Breach of Contract Against Defendant Fenton\nThe elements of a breach of contract action are: (1) a valid contract, (2) a material breach, and (3) damages.[46] Defendants do not dispute that the Complaint alleges these requisite elements. ", "Instead, Defendants argue that the statute of limitations has run on Plaintiffs breach of contract claim based upon the fact that the nondisclosure agreement executed by Fenton prohibited him from disclosing NLI's proprietary information for a period of three years.", "\nNLI alleges in its Complaint that it disclosed the confidential information to Fenton on or around January 24, 1995.[47] Consequently, Fenton argues that the information remained confidential only until January 24, 1998. ", "Thus, according to Fenton, Plaintiff was required to file the lawsuit no later than January 24, 2003, five years[48] after the last possible date *906 Fenton was prohibited from disclosing the confidential information.", "\nThe central problem with Defendant's argument at this point is that the Plaintiff has not alleged in the Complaint when Fenton disclosed the confidential information or when the Plaintiff was first damaged by the alleged breach. ", "It is axiomatic that under Florida law, a cause of action accrues, for statute of limitations purposes \"when the last element constituting the cause of action occurs.", "\"[49] Consequently, if the alleged damage to Plaintiff occurred within the five year period preceding April 28, 2006 (the date the complaint was filed in state court) the action would not be time barred. ", "Thus, the trigger date for the five year statute of limitations is not necessarily the last day of the three year nondisclosure period but rather the date when Plaintiff allegedly suffered damage as a result of the breach, which would be the date that the last element of the cause of action occurred.", "\nIn the instant case because it is not evident from the Complaint when Fenton disclosed the proprietary information or the date that Plaintiff contends it was damaged as a result of the alleged breach, the Court cannot conclude that the claim is time-barred.[50] The guiding rule is that a complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears \"beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.", "\"[51] Accordingly, because Defendant cannot prove beyond doubt that Plaintiff can prove no set of facts to support a claim for breach of contract against Fenton, Defendant's motion to dismiss Count I of the Complaint is due to be denied.", "\n2. ", "Fraud In The Inducement Claim\nDefendants request the Court to dismiss Plaintiffs claim for fraud in the inducement in count II of the Complaint, contending that it is: (1) barred by the economic loss rule, and (2) preempted by the Florida Uniform Trade Secrets Act. (\"", "FUTSA\".)[52] The Court will address each of these arguments in turn.", "\nWith regard to the economic loss rule, Defendants argue that Plaintiff cannot bring a tort action where the only damages suffered are the \"economic losses\" that flow from a contractual breach.[53] Defendants contend that Plaintiffs \"allegation that `Fenton represented to Barnes that he would not make such a disclosure or use of this information' plainly relates to performance of the Agreement.", "\"[54] According to Defendants, failure to comply with that representation would only be breach of the Agreement and merit contractual remedies and thus not constitute an independent tort.", "\nThe economic loss rule is a judicially created doctrine which bars a tort action where a defendant has not committed a breach of duty apart from a breach of contract.[55] The economic loss rule bars *907 a plaintiff from bringing tort claims to recover purely economic damages from a breach of contract absent personal injury or property damages.[56]\nThe problem with Defendants argument is that they have incorrectly characterized the substance of Plaintiffs claim as one for misrepresentation relating to the performance of the duties under the contract rather than a claim for fraudulent inducement.", "\nA review of the complaint discloses that the claim in Count II is indeed one for fraudulent inducement and not a claim for fraud in the performance of the contract. ", "Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that Fenton fraudulently concealed the fact that he was a competitor of NLI, who had been attempting to develop a cold gas airbag inflation system, before entering into the Agreement.[57] Plaintiff claims that it would not have disclosed its proprietary information to Fenton had it known Fenton was a competitor. ", "Additionally, Plaintiff alleges that Fenton never intended to keep his promise not to use or disclose the proprietary information.[58] Under Florida law, \"a promise is actionable as fraud . . . ", "when the promisor had a positive intent not to perform his promise, or made the promise without a present intent to perform.", "\"[59] Thus, under either theory Plaintiff s claim alleges a valid cause of action for fraudulent inducement and a breach of duty separate from the duties imposed by the Agreement.", "\nThe Florida Supreme Court has recognized in its economic loss rule jurisprudence that fraud in the inducement is a recognized exception to the economic loss rule.[60] This exception was also recognized by the Florida Supreme Court in Indem. ", "Ins. ", "Co. of N.A., the case favorably cited by Defendants in support of their argument that the claim should be barred by the economic loss rule. ", "There, the Florida Supreme Court declined to apply the economic loss rule to bar a cause of action for professional neglect.[61] The court reasoned that \"the rule was primarily intended to limit actions in the product liability context.\" ", "Moreover, the court noted that intentional torts, such as fraud, that require an additional element of \"intent\" would remain separate from a contract action and are not barred by the economic loss rule.[62] Thus, where the claim, as here, alleges an intentional tort such as fraud the claim is viewed as separate from the contract action. ", "The mere fact that the damages sought in both counts are similar has no bearing on the separateness of the two claims.[63]\nAccordingly, because Plaintiffs claim as alleged in Count II of the Complaint is one for the separate tort of fraudulent inducement it is not barred by the economic loss rule and therefore Defendants' argument is without merit.", "\nDefendants alternatively argue that even if the fraudulent inducement claim is not barred by the economic loss rule, it is still subject to dismissal because it is preempted by FUTSA. ", "According to Defendants, Plaintiffs claim for fraudulent *908 inducement is identical to Plaintiffs claim for misappropriation of a trade secret and essentially is nothing more than an attempt to tack additional causes of action on to a trade secret misappropriation claim in order to avoid the reach of FUTSA.", "\nBy its own provisions FUTSA forecloses other tort actions or remedies. ", "FUTSA states in relevant part that it \"displace[s] conflicting tort, restitutory, and other law[s] of this state providing civil remedies for misappropriation of a trade secret.", "\"[64] Thus, as a general proposition other torts involving the same underlying factual allegations as a claim for trade secret misappropriation will be preempted by FUTSA.[65] In order to pursue claims for additional tort, causes of action where there are claims for misappropriation of a trade secret, there must be material distinctions between the allegations comprising the additional torts and the allegations supporting the FUTSA claim.[66]\nTherefore, the question the Court must resolve is whether the fraudulent inducement claim as alleged in Count II and the misappropriation of trade secret claim are factually distinct. ", "The Court concludes that the claims, as pled, are distinct. ", "The crux of Plaintiffs fraud in the inducement claim is that Fenton misled Plaintiff into believing that NLI's technology was being evaluated by an independent industry expert, rather than by a potential competitor, in order to obtain access to Plaintiffs confidential proprietary information. ", "In contrast, the gist of Plaintiffs misappropriation of trade secret claim under FUTSA is that Defendants disclosed the unlawfully obtained trade secrets to others in the airbag industry and utilized the information to compete with Plaintiff.", "\nThe Court therefore concludes that there are material differences between the fraudulent inducement claim and the FUTSA claim. ", "Accordingly, Count II of the Complaint is not preempted by FUTSA and as such Defendant's motion to dismiss Count II of the Complaint is due to be denied.", "\n3. ", "Claim For Misappropriation of Trade Secret\nDefendants request dismissal of count III of Plaintiffs complaint on the grounds that Plaintiff has failed to allege a claim for trade secret misappropriation because NLI has failed to allege what trade secrets were used or disclosed. ", "Additionally, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs claim for misappropriation of a trade secret is barred by the economic loss rule.", "\nAs an initial argument Defendants contend that the disclosure of the actual trade secret in the pleading is crucial to stating a claim[67] and that because Plaintiff has failed to \"identify what part of the alleged trade secret it is accusing Fenton of using or disclosing, or how he used or disclosed it,\" Count III of the Complaint should be dismissed.", "\nA review of the Complaint discloses that contrary to Defendant's argument, Plaintiff has sufficiently identified the trade secret, which allegedly was misappropriated. ", "In paragraphs 9 and 10 of the Complaint Plaintiff describes its proprietary airbag inflation system as one *909 which uses a micro-detonator with a scored diaphragm to open a helium filled, high pressure vessel, thereby inflating the air bag with helium. ", "Plaintiff states in the Complaint that this technology causes the canister holding the cold gas under pressure to open and deploy in the milliseconds required to properly fill the airbag. ", "The Court therefore concludes that Plaintiff has more than adequately identified the trade secrets it alleges were stolen.", "\nAlternatively, Defendants contend that because the alleged misappropriation arises from the Agreement, that the FUTSA claim is barred by the economic loss rule. ", "Defendants argue that the economic loss rule bars Plaintiff from bringing a claim for misappropriation of a trade secret because that claim is indistinguishable from the breach of contract claim. ", "In short, Defendants contend if any trade secrets were disclosed the obligation not to disclose the information was solely within the terms and scope of the Agreement and as such must be pursued through contractual remedies.", "\nDefendant's argument is misplaced because it is not supported by Florida law. ", "The Florida Supreme Court has unequivocally held that the economic loss rule does not bar statutory causes of action[68] The reason for this rule is that \"[C]ourts do not have the right to limit and, in essence, to abrogate . . . ", "the expanded remedies granted . . . ", "under [a] legislatively created scheme by allowing the judicially favored economic loss rule to override a legislative policy pronouncement and to eliminate the enforcement of those remedies.", "'\"[69] While there are no reported Florida cases specifically dealing with the application of the economic loss rule in a claim under FUTSA, in all other contexts involving statutory claims, Florida courts have consistently held that statutory causes of action are not limited by the economic loss rule.[70]\nAccordingly, because the economic loss does not limit the right to maintain statutory causes of action, Defendants' motion to dismiss Count III of the Complaint is due to be denied.", "\n4. ", "Claim For Civil Theft\nWithout citation to any supporting case law, Defendants argue that Plaintiff has failed to state a claim for civil theft in Count IV of the Complaint because Florida's civil theft statute, Fla. Stat. § ", "772.11, does not apply to the allegations in the Complaint. ", "According to Defendants, the legislature did not include in the civil theft statute the specific crime of \"trade secret, thefts and embezzlement\"[71] in the list of enumerated crimes for which a civil remedy applies. ", "Thus, Defendants contend the theft of a trade secret is not an enumerated crime for which the legislature has provided a civil remedy. ", "In the absence of such, Defendants surmise, there is no claim under the statute.", "\nA review of the history of the civil theft statute discloses that prior to its amendment in 1999, § 772.11 included § 812.081 as an enumerated crime for which a civil remedy applied.[72] The current version of *910 § 772.11 — which is applicable to this case — now includes in the list of enumerated crimes \"any violation of §§ . ", "812.012-812.037 or § 825.103(1)\" but it does not expressly list § 812.081, as one of the enumerated crimes.[73]\nPlaintiff correctly points out that although § 812.081 is not included in the current version of the statute, the enumerated list of crimes for which a civil remedy applies still lists the general theft statute, § 812.014. ", "Section 812.014 applies whenever a person \"knowingly obtains or uses, or endeavors to obtain or to use, the property of another with intent to, either temporarily or permanently . . . [", "d]eprive the other person of a right to the property or a benefit form the property [or] [a]ppropriate the property to his or her own use or to the use of any person not entitled to the use of the property.", "\"[74] Thus, while the civil theft statute might not include a specific listing for theft of trade secrets, it nonetheless continues to include the broader listing for crimes committed under the general theft statute.", "\nMoreover, there are a number of Florida cases both before and after the amendment, which have all consistently recognized that there is a cause of action for civil theft of trade secrets under Florida law.[75] Lastly, well after the amendment of the civil theft statute the Florida Supreme Court approved the 2005 Jury Instructions for the general theft statute, which expressly instructed juries regarding how to ascertain the \"value\" of trade secrets for purposes of the general theft statute.[76]\nAccordingly, for these reasons, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has stated a claim for civil theft in Count IV of the Complaint and therefore Defendants' motion to dismiss Count IV is due to be denied.", "\n5. ", "Unjust Enrichment\nDefendants move to dismiss the unjust enrichment claim in Count V of the Complaint on the grounds that it is preempted by FUTSA. ", "In its opposing memorandum Plaintiff states that \"It appears that Count V's claim for unjust enrichment is in fact preempted by FUTSA.\"[77] The Court agrees. ", "Because FUTSA expressly authorizes a plaintiff to recover the \"unjust enrichment caused by misappropriation\"[78] a claim for unjust enrichment is indistinguishable from the remedy under the statute and therefore is preempted. ", "Consequently, count V of the Complaint for unjust enrichment is due to be dismissed.", "\n5. ", "Assignment of Patents\nDefendants contend that count VI of the Complaint should be dismissed because Florida law does not provide a cause of action for \"Assignment of Patents.\" ", "Further, Defendants argue that if Plaintiff is really requesting the Court to impose a constructive trust, Plaintiff cannot pursue the equitable remedy of imposition of a *911 constructive trust because Plaintiff has an adequate remedy at law, and in any event, a constructive trust is merely a remedy and not a cause of action and should not be included separately in a count of the Complaint.", "\nWhile Defendants are correct that the equitable remedy of imposition of a constructive trust normally is not available where there exists adequate remedies at law,[79] the request for an assignment of patents is an entirely different remedy from the equitable remedy of constructive trust. ", "In cases involving the theft of intellectual property rights, such as trade secrets, a number of courts have ordered as a remedy an assignment of patents to the party from who confidential information was misappropriated when the other party secured a patent based upon unlawfully obtained confidential information.[80]\nTherefore, while the claim for assignment of patents might better be characterized as an available remedy in a trade secret theft case, the Court does not conclude that this is a sufficient reason to dismiss the claim as a stand alone count in the Complaint. ", "Accordingly, Defendants' motion to dismiss Count VI of the Complaint is due to be denied.", "\nD. Motion For More Definite Statement\nLastly, Defendants alternatively request that in the event the Court does not dismiss Plaintiffs Complaint, that the Plaintiff be required to file a more definite statement.", "\nRule 12(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allows a party to move for a more definite statement before responding to the pleading when that pleading \"is so vague or ambiguous that a party cannot reasonably be required to frame a responsive pleading[.]\"[81] The motion \"attacks unintelligibility in a pleading, not simply mere lack of detail.", "\"[82]\nSuffice it to say, that the Complaint sufficiently advises the Defendants of the substance and the nature of the claims in each of the counts. ", "Because the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide for notice pleading it is the general view that \"[m]otions for more definite statement are disfavored in light of the liberal discovery practices.", "\"[83] Therefore, to the extent that the Defendants need to obtain additional information to defend themselves at trial discovery is the avenue to pursue, and not a motion for a more definite statement.[84] Accordingly, the Defendants' alternative request for a more definite statement is also due to be denied.", "\n\nIV. ", "RECOMMENDATION\n\nIn view of the foregoing, it is respectfully RECOMMENDED that Count V of Plaintiffs Complaint should be DISMISSED *912 but that in all other respects Defendants' Motion To Dismiss, Or Alternatively, For A More Definite Statement (Doc. ", "5) is due to be DENIED.", "\nDated February 23, 2007.", "\nNOTES\n[1] Specific written objections may be filed in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 636, and Rule 6.02, Local Rules, M.D. Fla., within ten (10) days after service of this report and recommendation. ", "Failure to file timely objections shall bar the party from a de novo determination by a district judge and from attacking factual findings on appeal.", "\n[2] The Court also issued a further order on October 30, 2006 authorizing the Plaintiff to issue subpoenas to the IRS to obtain selected documents. (", "Doc. ", "43.)", "\n[3] Doc. ", "2, Complaint, ¶ 2.", "\n[4] Doc. ", "8, Declaration of Charles H. Fenton, ¶ 1.", "\n[5] Doc 45, Deposition of Lawrence Schultz, pp. ", "27-28.", "\n[6] Id. at pp. ", "5, 28-29, 34.", "\n[7] Complaint, ¶ 3.", "\n[8] Id. at ¶¶ 4-5.", "\n[9] Id. at ¶ 5.", "\n[10] Id. at ¶ 9.", "\n[11] Id. at ¶ 10.", "\n[12] Id. at ¶ 11.", "\n[13] Id. at ¶ 6.", "\n[14] Id.\n[15] Doc. ", "45, Deposition of Charles H. Fenton, pp. ", "22-23, 27.", "\n[16] Id. at 29-30.", "\n[17] Id. at 60-73, 86-87.", "\n[18] See e.g.; Bryant v. Avado Brands, Inc., 187 F.3d 1271, 1273 n. 1 (11th Cir.1999).", "\n[19] Int'l Erectors, Inc. v. Wilhoit Steel Erectors Rental Sen., 400 F.2d 465, 471 (5th Cir.1968).", "\n[20] Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. ", "99, 101-02, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957). ", "See also Cook & Nichol, Inc. v. The Plimsoll Club, 451 F.2d 505, 506 (5th Cir.1971)(\"a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim should not be granted unless it appears to a certainty that the plaintiff would not be entitled to recover under any state of facts which could be proved in support of his claim\").", "\n[21] See Ancata v. Prison Health Servs., ", "769 F.2d 700, 703 (11th Cir.1985) (citation omitted).", "\n[22] Madara v. Hall, 916 F.2d 1510, 1514 (11th Cir.1990).", "\n[23] Cable/Home Communication Corp. v. Network Prods., ", "Inc., 902 F.2d 829, 855 (11th Cir.1990) (quoting Morris v. SSE, Inc., 843 F.2d 489, 492 (11th Cir.1988)).", "\n[24] Id.\n[25] Wallack v. Worldwide Mach. ", "Sales, Inc., 278 F.Supp.2d 1358, 1364 (M.D.Fla.2003).", "\n[26] Horizon Aggressive Growth v. Rothstein-Kass, 421 F.3d 1162, 1166 (11th Cir.2005).", "\n[27] Id.\n[28] Cable/Home Communication, 902 F.2d at 856 (quoting Venetian Salami Co. v. Parthenais, 554 So.2d 499, 500 (Fla.1989)).", "\n[29] Horizon Aggressive Growth, 421 F.3d at 1167.", "\n[30] Madara, 916 F.2d at 1514.", "\n[31] Restorative Prods., ", "Inc. v. Mmar Med. ", "Group, Inc., No. ", "94-1920 CIV-T-17A, 1995 U.S. Dist. ", "LEXIS 18695, at *5 (M.D.Fla. ", "Oct. 18, 1995); Bloom v. A.H. Pond Co., Inc., 519 F.Supp. ", "1162, 1168 (S.D.Fla.1981).", "\n[32] Fla. Stat. § ", "48.193 (1995).", "\n[33] Bloom, 519 F.Supp. ", "at 1168.", "\n[34] Complaint, Doc. ", "2, ¶ 16.", "\n[35] Sculptchair, Inc. v. Century Arts, Ltd., 94 F.3d 623, 627 (11th Cir.1996) (quoting Dinsmore v. Martin Blumenthal Associates, Inc., 314 So.2d 561, 564 (Fla.1975)).", "\n[36] Cf. ", "Geodetic Services Inc. v. Metronor AS, 2000 WL 1027222, *5 (M.D.Fla.2000).", "\n[37] Cable/Home Communication, 902 F.2d at 857 (citing Williams Elec. ", "Co., Inc. v. Honeywell, Inc., 854 F.2d 389, 394 (11th Cir.1988)).", "\n[38] Id. at 857 (quoting Rebozo v. Wash. Post Co., 515 F.2d 1208, 1212 (5th Cir.1975)).", "\n[39] 620 So.2d 1004 (Fla.1993). ", "In Doe v. Thompson, the Florida Supreme Court held that under the corporate shield doctrine \"acts of [a] corporate employee performed in [his] corporate capacity, do not form the basis for jurisdiction over a corporate employee in his individual capacity.\" ", "The Florida Supreme Court affirmed the rationale for the corporate shield doctrine as stated by the New Hampshire Supreme Court in Estabrook v. Wetmore which found that \"it is unfair to force an individual to defend a suit brought against him personally in a forum with which his only relevant contacts are acts performed not for his own benefit but for the benefit of his employer.\"", "\n[40] Int'l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 326, 66 S.Ct. ", "154, 90 L.Ed. ", "95 (1945).", "\n[41] Posner v. Essex Ins. ", "Co., 178 F.3d 1209, 1220 (11th Cir.1999) (quoting Vermeulen v. Renault, U.S.A., Inc., 985 F.2d 1534, 1546 (11th Cir.1993)).", "\n[42] Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 414-15, 104 S.Ct. ", "1868, 80 L.Ed.2d 404 (1984) (citing Perkins v. Benguet Consol., ", "Mining Co., 342 U.S. 437, 438, 445, 72 S.Ct. ", "413, 96 L.Ed. ", "485 (1952)).", "\n[43] Sea Lift, Inc. v. Refinadora Costarricense, 792 F.2d 989, 994 (11th Cir.1986) (finding a foreign defendant's direct solicitation of business from a forum resident as \"purposeful availment\").", "\n[44] Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783, 790, 104 S.Ct. ", "1482, 79 L.Ed.2d 804 (1984); Posner, 178 F.3d at 1222; Silver v. Levinson, 648 So.2d 240, 243-44 (Fla.Dist.", "Ct.", "App.1994); Allerton v. State Dep't of Insurance, 635 So.2d 36, 40 (Fla.Dist.", "Ct.", "App.1994); Int'l Harvester Co. v. C. Rex Mann, 460 So.2d 580, 581-82 (Fla.Dist.", "Ct.", "App.1984) (\"[T]he commission of a tort within Florida by a nonresident is a sufficient `minimum contact' with Florida to justify personal jurisdiction in light of the federal constitution.\") (", "citing Godfrey v. Neumann, 373 So.2d 920, 922 (Fla.1979)).", "\n[45] Doc. ", "30, ¶ 6.", "\n[46] Beck v. Lazard Freres & Co., LLC, 175 F.3d 913, 914 (11th Cir.1999).", "\n[47] Doc. ", "2, ¶ 5.", "\n[48] The statute of limitations under Florida law for a breach of contract action is five years. ", "Fla. Stat. § ", "95.11(2)(b).", "\n[49] Fla. Stat. § ", "95.031(1).", "\n[50] Additionally, Plaintiff argues that there are sufficient grounds to support the argument that the statute of limitations was tolled. ", "The determination of whether there are valid reasons for tolling under Fla. Stat. § ", "95.051(1)(a) or for tolling of the statute of limitations under equitable principles is not appropriate on a motion to dismiss. ", "By necessity that determination would require the Court to go beyond the four corners of the Complaint.", "\n[51] Conley, 355 U.S. at 45-46, 78 S.Ct. ", "99.", "\n[52] Fla. Stat. ", "688.001 et seq.", "\n[53] See, Indem. ", "Ins. ", "Co. of N.A. v. Am. ", "Aviation, Inc., 891 So.2d 532, 536 (Fla.2004).", "\n[54] Doc. ", "2, ¶ 24.", "\n[55] Indem. ", "Ins. ", "Co. of N.A., 891 So.2d at 537.", "\n[56] AFM Corp. v. Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Co., 515 So.2d 180, 180 (Fla.1987).", "\n[57] Doc. ", "2, ¶¶ 8, 24.", "\n[58] Doc. ", "2,¶ 24.", "\n[59] Wynfield Inns v. Edward Le Roux Group, Inc., 896 F.2d 483, 490-91 (11th Cir.1990).", "\n[60] HTP, Ltd. v. Lineas Aereas Costarricenses, S.A., 685 So.2d 1238, 1239 (Fla.1996); Moransais v. Heathman, 744 So.2d 973, 981 (Fla. 1999).", "\n[61] Indem. ", "Ins. ", "Co. of N.A., 891 So.2d at 542.", "\n[62] Id. at 542-43.", "\n[63] Bradley Factor, Inc. v. U.S., 86 F.Supp.2d 1140, 1144-46 (M.D.Fla.2000).", "\n[64] Fla. Stat. § ", "688.008(1).", "\n[65] Am. ", "Honda Motor Co. v. Motorcycle Info. ", "Network, Inc., 390 F.Supp.2d 1170, 1180-81 (M.D.Fla.2005) (where \"the allegations of trade secret misappropriation alone comprise the underlying wrong, only the FUTSA claim will survive the motion to dismiss.\").", "\n[66] Allegiance Healthcare Corp. v. Coleman, 232 F.Supp.2d 1329, 1335-36 (S.D.Fla.2002).", "\n[67] Del Monte Fresh Produce Co. v. Dole Food Co., 136 F.Supp.2d 1271, 1291 (S.D.Fla. ", "2001); Lovell Farms, Inc. v. Levy, 641 So.2d 103, 104-5 (Fla.Dist.", "Ct.", "App.1994).", "\n[68] Comptech v. Milam Commerce Park, Ltd., 753 So.2d 1219, 1222 (Fla.1999).", "\n[69] Id. (quoting Delgado v. J.W. Courtesy Pontiac GMC-Truck, Inc., 693 So.2d 602, 609 (Fla. Dist.", "Ct.", "App.1997)).", "\n[70] See, e.g. Delgado, 693 So.2d 602, 609 (Fla.Dist.", "Ct.", "App.1997)(economic loss rule does not limit claims under the Florida Deceptive And Unfair Trade Practices Act (\"FDUTPA\")); Stallings v. Kennedy Electric, Inc., 710 So.2d 195 (Fla.Dist.", "Ct.", "App.1998)(economic loss rule does not limit claims under Fla. Stat. § ", "553.84).", "\n[71] Fla. Stat. § ", "812.081.", "\n[72] Fla. Stat. § ", "772.11 (1988).", "\n[73] Id.\n[74] Fla. Stat. § ", "812.014(1)(a)-(b).", "\n[75] See, e.g. Florida Power and Light Co. v. Utilities Services of America, Inc., 550 So.2d 13, 14 (Fla.Dist.", "Ct.", "App.1989)(affirming judgment entered on jury verdict for civil theft of trade secret); Information Technology & Engineering Corp., v. Reno, 813 So.2d 1053 (Fla.Dist.", "Ct.", "App.2002)(referring suit for civil theft of trade secrets to arbitration); Future Tech International, Inc. v. Tae Il Meida, Ltd. et al., ", "944 F.Supp. ", "1538, 1569 (S.D.Fla.1996)(holding that claim for civil theft of trade secrets is not barred by the economic loss rule).", "\n[76] In re Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases (No. ", "2004-1), 915 So.2d 609, 612 (Fla.2005).", "\n[77] Doc. ", "15, p. 14, n. 4.", "\n[78] Fla. Stat. § ", "688.004.", "\n[79] CSC Holdings, Inc. v. Kimtron, Inc., 47 F.Supp.2d 1361, 1365 (S.D.Fla.1999) (dismissing constructive trust claim because statutes provided legal remedy of damages).", "\n[80] Richardson v. Suzuki Motor Co. Ltd., 868 F.2d 1226, 1249-50 (Fed.", "Cir.1989), cert. ", "denied, 493 U.S. 853, 110 S.Ct. ", "154, 107 L.Ed.2d 112 (1989); Saco-Lowell Shops v. Reynolds, 141 F.2d 587, 598 (4th Cir.1944) (requiring assignment of patent that was based on ideas received in confidence for invention development by licensee from licensor); Taborsky v. State, 659 So.2d 1112, 1115-16 (Fla.Dist.", "Ct.", "App.1995), rev. ", "denied, 666 So.2d 145 (Fla.1995).", "\n[81] Davison v. Santa Barbara High School District, 48 F. Supp 2d 1225, 1228 (C.D.Cal. ", "1998)\n[82] Id. at 1228\n[83] Bazal v. Belford Trucking Company, 442 F.Supp. ", "1089 (S.D.Fla.1977).", "\n[84] Erickson v. Hunter, 932 F.Supp. ", "1380, 1384 (M.D.Fla.1996).", "\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUse ng2-adal to get access token for Microsoft Graph Client\n\nI'm trying to create an Angular application that uses the Angular 2 ADAL library to login into Azure Active Directory and afterwards call Microsoft Graph Client to retrieve some informations about the current user.", "\nUnfortunately the Graph client always returns InvalidAuthenticationToken and I don't know how to further investigate to find the root cause.", "\nmy.component.ts\nimport { Component, Inject, OnInit } from '@angular/core';\nimport { PLATFORM_ID } from '@angular/core';\nimport { isPlatformBrowser } from '@angular/common';\n\nimport * as MicrosoftGraph from '@microsoft/microsoft-graph-types';\nimport { Client } from '@microsoft/microsoft-graph-client';\n\nimport { SecretService } from '../../shared/secret.service';\nimport { AdalService } from 'ng2-adal/services/adal.service';\n\n@Component({\n selector: 'my',\n templateUrl: './my.component.html'\n})\nexport class MyComponent implements OnInit {\n isBrowser: boolean;\n private graphClient: Client;\n private userProfile: any;\n\n constructor(\n @Inject(PLATFORM_ID) platformId: Object,\n private adalService: AdalService,\n private secretService: SecretService) {\n this.isBrowser = isPlatformBrowser(platformId);\n adalService.init(secretService.adalConfig);\n\n // Don't initialize graph client in server-side-rendering\n if (this.isBrowser) {\n this.graphClient = Client.init({\n authProvider: (done) => {\n done(undefined, this.adalService.getCachedToken(this.secretService.adalConfig.clientId));\n }\n });\n }\n }\n\n get isLoggedIn(): boolean {\n if (!", "this.isBrowser)\n return false;\n\n return this.adalService.userInfo.isAuthenticated;\n }\n\n ngOnInit() {\n // Fast exit on server-side-rendering\n if (!", "this.isBrowser)\n return;\n\n // Initialize ADAL service\n this.adalService.handleWindowCallback();\n this.adalService.getUser();\n\n // If we are already logged in (cause reply url is called from login)\n // use Graph API to get some data about the current user\n if (this.isLoggedIn) {\n this.graphClient.api('/me').get().then((value) => {\n this.userProfile = value;\n }).catch((error) => {\n // Currently I'm always getting here, but never in the above then() call.", "\n console.log(error);\n });\n }\n }\n\n onLogin() {\n this.adalService.login();\n }\n\n onLogout() {\n this.adalService.logOut();\n }\n}\n\nmy.component.html\n<md-toolbar>\n <md-toolbar-row>\n <button color=\"primary\" md-button *ngIf=\"!isLoggedIn\" (click)=\"onLogin()\">\n Login\n </button>\n <button color=\"accent\" md-button *ngIf=\"isLoggedIn\" (click)=\"onLogout()\">\n Logout\n </button>\n </md-toolbar-row>\n</md-toolbar>\n<md-card>\n <md-card-content>\n <section>\n {{userProfile}}\n </section>\n </md-card-content>\n</md-card>\n\nA:\n\nBased on the code, you were calling the Microsoft Graph using the id_token issued from Azure AD. ", "To call the Microsoft Graph, we need to use the access_token and its audience should be https://graph.microsoft.com.", "\nYou need to acquire the access_token for the Microsoft Graph using the code like below: \nthis.adalService.acquireToken(\"https://graph.microsoft.com\").subscribe(function(token){\n this.graphClient = Client.init({\n authProvider: (done) => {\n done(undefined, token);\n } \n });\n\nMore detail about authentication of Microsoft Graph, you can refer the link below:\nGet access tokens to call Microsoft Graph\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "PLEASE USE THE FIELD BELOW TO SEARCH THE MILITARY SERVICE FILES\n\nThe Military Service Files database includes an entry for all individuals identified in the military service files and/or military service ledgers of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment and Newfoundland Forestry Companies the Royal Newfoundland Regiment and Newfoundland Forestry Companies duplicate remove, held by The Rooms Provincial Archives as part of GN 19 Newfoundland military service records (Great War) collection.", "\n\nIncluded are the over 6700 members of the First Newfoundland Regiment (later \"Royal\") and the Newfoundland Forestry Companies, including officers, other ranks, Drum and Bugle Corps, attached specialists and special duty assignments.", "\n\nAn individual's complete service file is attached where available. ", "Service files do not exist for all individuals identified in the records. ", "In this instance, a database record was created based on content recorded in the Military Service ledgers.", "\n\nUsing the Military Service Files database\n\nThe records are keyword searchable and sortable based on the column headings: Name, Community, Service number, Age at enlistment, Next of kin, Occupation, Active date, Date of death and Religion. ", "POW status and Fatality status are yes/no searchable fields.", "\n\nTo search for a specific individual, enter their name and/or service number.", "\n\nTo view the attached service file, click on the individual's name.", "\n\nTo view details of an individual's commendations, select the pdf file at the right\n\nFor additional information, including military service ledgers, photographs, personal papers, wills and other documents contact The Rooms Provincial Archives Reference Room archives@therooms.ca or 709-757-8088.", "\n\nOriginally enlisted with Newfoundland Forestry Companies April 1918; transferred to Newfoundland Regiment August 1918; Forestry Service # retained. ", "In volume two of the Military Service Ledgers the entry for Service # 8492 follows entry for Service # 2033.", "\n\nPOW Date: 1917\nChesley seemed to have enlisted under the name of Moftall; however, he listed his next of kin as Noftall. ", "All the official paperwork was generated under the name Moftall. ", "This may have been a spelling error by the enlisting officer, a possible name change by the soldier, etc." ]

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[ "Kwanzaa\n\nKwanzaa is an African-American cultural festival beginning on December 26th and ending on January 1st.", "\n\nThe festival was created in 1966 by Dr. Maulana Ron Karenga. ", "Dr. Karenga's goal was to establish a holiday that would facilitate African-American goals of building a strong family, learning about African-American history, and developing unity.", "\n\nWhile developing the new holiday, Dr. Karenga studied many African festivals and found many of them to be harvest related. ", "Because of this, he named the celebration Kwanzaa from the Kiswahili word meaning \"first fruits.\"", "\n\nA Seven Day Celebration\n\nKwanzaa is a seven day celebration. ", "It begins on December 26th, the day after Christmas, and lasts until January 1st, the first day of the New Year.", "\n\nThe celebration is focused around seven very important Principles, called nguzo saba. ", "Though these principles are important all year long, they are thought about a great deal during this holiday.", "\n\nEach night, people gather together to light the candles of the kinara and to share their thoughts on the special principle of that day.", "\n\nThe gatherings take place seven times until all seven candles have been lit and all seven principles have been talked about.", "\n\nPeople might get together in their homes, or they may gather in a church or the home of another family they know.", "\n\nOn the sixth day, which falls on December 31st, there is a great feast called the karamu. ", "This is a joyous celebration of music, happiness, folktales, song, and dance.", "\n\nDuring the feast, everyone present will sip from the kikombe cha umoja, the cup of unity. ", "The karamu is also the time when the zawadi, the gifts, are exchanged.", "\n\nThe Seven Principles\n\nThe Seven Principles, also known as nguzo saba are the main ideas that are most important to the celebration of Kwanzaa. ", "Each principle is represented by one of the seven days of the holiday.", "\n\nDay 1. ", "Umoja means unity.", "\n\nDay 2. ", "Kujichagulia means self-determination.", "\n\nDay 3. ", "Ujima means working together.", "\n\nDay 4. ", "Ujamaa means supporting one another.", "\n\nDay 5. ", "Nia means purpose.", "\n\nDay 6. ", "Kuumba means creativity.", "\n\nDay 7. ", "Imani means faith in ourselves and the world.", "\n\nThe Karamu\n\nA typical karamu feast will go something like this:\n\nWelcomingElders and distinguished guests are welcomed.", "\n\nRememberingSome form of cultural expression, such as a song, dance, or story-telling is performed.", "\n\nShort talkSomeone will say a few words of importance, perhaps an honored guest.", "\n\nRejoicingThis is when an offering is poured into the unity cup and all drink from it.", "\n\nDrums are sometimes played as the names of ancestors and Black heroes are called.", "\n\nThis is also when the feast begins and more songs and dances are performed.", "\n\nFarewell statementThis is when the karamu is finished and friends and loved ones bid each other farewell.", "\n\nThe Symbols of Kwanzaa\n\nThe mkeka is a straw mat. ", "All of the other symbols of Kwanzaa are put on top of it.", "\n\nThe seven candles of Kwanzaa are called mishumaa. ", "They represent the Seven Principles.", "\n\nThe kinara is the candle holder. ", "It represents the stalk from which all life springs.", "\n\nKaramu is the name for the feast of Kwanzaa. ", "It is a time when the community gets together to give thanks for their accomplishments during the past year. ", "There is not only food, but music, dance, and lots of laughter and conversation. ", "The feast is held on the evening of December 31st.", "\n\nThe kikombe cha umoja is a cup of unity. ", "Everyone at the feast will sip from it.", "\n\nThe muhindi are ears of corn. ", "There is supposed to be one ear of corn for each child. ", "Children are one of the most important things being celebrated at Kwanzaa.", "\n\nThe zawadi are the gifts of Kwanzaa. ", "Gifts are supposed to be creative and often are made by hand. ", "When the gifts are bought from a store, they are often educational (like a book) or inspirational (like artwork).", "\n\nOnline Public Information File\n\nViewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. ", "Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or fccinfo@fcc.gov." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "= s - -0.72. ", "Let b be 1 + -2 + (-15)/(-17). ", "Put 1/7, b, v in decreasing order.", "\nv, 1/7, b\nLet w be (-90)/4*(-1)/(-6)*-4. ", "Suppose 0*f = -3*f + w. Put 14, f, -4 in ascending order.", "\n-4, f, 14\nSuppose 16*w - 171 = 7*w. ", "Suppose -w = 4*q - 7. ", "Sort q, 3, 2 in increasing order.", "\nq, 2, 3\nLet k(r) = r**2. ", "Let o(w) = -6*w**2 - 8*w + 9. ", "Let g(i) = 5*k(i) + o(i). ", "Let y be g(-9). ", "Let h = 4 - 0. ", "Sort 2, y, h in descending order.", "\nh, 2, y\nSuppose 0 = -25*l + 23*l + 10. ", "Let p(d) be the first derivative of -2*d**2 + 15*d + 4. ", "Let u be p(l). ", "Sort 5, u, 1 in increasing order.", "\nu, 1, 5\nLet s(k) = k**2 - 3. ", "Let o be s(0). ", "Suppose 3*g - 2*g - 3 = 0. ", "Put o, 1, g in decreasing order.", "\ng, 1, o\nSuppose g + 6*i + 17 = 3*i, 0 = -3*g + 3*i - 3. ", "Put g, -4, 8, -2 in decreasing order.", "\n8, -2, -4, g\nLet o be -3*(3 - 2) - (2 - 8). ", "Sort -1, -3, 37, o in decreasing order.", "\n37, o, -1, -3\nLet a(s) = s**2 - 9*s + 9. ", "Suppose 5*o = 4*r + 40, 5*o - 6 = o - 2*r. ", "Let y be (-16)/((-2)/4*o). ", "Let l be a(y). ", "Put 5, l, -5 in descending order.", "\n5, l, -5\nSuppose -17*i + 12*i - 130 = 0. ", "Let u = -19 - i. Sort 1, 2, u in descending order.", "\nu, 2, 1\nLet r = -4 + 6. ", "Suppose t + 6*m + 17 = 2*m, r*m + 4 = 4*t. ", "Sort -2, -3, t.\n-3, -2, t\nLet t be 12/(-9) - 1/(-3). ", "Suppose 21 = 11*i - 8*i. ", "Let l be (i + -2 + 5 + -8)/1. ", "Put 5, l, t in increasing order.", "\nt, l, 5\nSuppose -4*w + 9*w - 5*u - 55 = 0, 5*u = w + 1. ", "Let g be 14/4 - 7/w. Suppose -s - l + 7 = 0, g*s - 2*l = -l + 13. ", "Put 2, s, 1 in decreasing order.", "\ns, 2, 1\nLet g = -20 - -19. ", "Let h = 6 + g. Put -7, h, -2 in descending order.", "\nh, -2, -7\nSuppose 25 = 9*k - 11. ", "Let a = k + -4. ", "Put a, -3, -1 in ascending order.", "\n-3, -1, a\nLet z = 7/68 + -6/17. ", "Put -2/9, 0.3, z in decreasing order.", "\n0.3, -2/9, z\nSuppose 0 = l - 5*t + 14 - 29, -4*l - 2*t - 28 = 0. ", "Sort -1, 168, l in descending order.", "\n168, -1, l\nSuppose 0 = -0*p - 2*p + p. Let x be -13 - (2 - 3 - -2). ", "Sort 1, x, p.\nx, p, 1\nLet l be 2 + (-280)/(-68) + -6. ", "Let j = -0.3 - 0.7. ", "Sort l, -0.3, j.\nj, -0.3, l\nSuppose 3*p - 6 = 12. ", "Let n be (-1)/(2 + -1 + 0). ", "Suppose 5*s - z + 24 = 0, 0 = -2*s - s - 4*z - 19. ", "Put s, p, n in decreasing order.", "\np, n, s\nLet r(k) = k**2 - 5*k - 494. ", "Let h be r(25). ", "Put h, -0.3, 0.3, -11 in descending order.", "\nh, 0.3, -0.3, -11\nLet a(s) = 3*s**3 + 2*s**2 - 2*s + 1. ", "Let j be a(1). ", "Let y(w) = -2*w + 10. ", "Let p be y(11). ", "Let z = p + 38/3. ", "Put z, j, -0.4 in ascending order.", "\n-0.4, z, j\nLet l = 102/11 + -328/33. ", "Sort 2, l, 4, -0.5.", "\nl, -0.5, 2, 4\nLet m = 2 - 1.6. ", "Suppose -4*l = -7*l. ", "Let x be (3/(-15)*l)/1. ", "Sort x, 5, m.\nx, m, 5\nLet u = -9.7 - -10. ", "Let t = 5 - 4.98. ", "Let s = 0.98 + t. Put 2, u, s in decreasing order.", "\n2, s, u\nLet g = -127 - -139. ", "Put 5, 2, g, -3 in ascending order.", "\n-3, 2, 5, g\nLet p(f) = -f**3 - 6*f**2 + 9*f + 17. ", "Let i be p(-7). ", "Suppose -2*r + 1 = -3*g + 3, 2 = -i*r + 5*g. ", "Sort 5, r, -6, -5 in decreasing order.", "\n5, r, -5, -6\nLet x be 1 + (-1 - 0) + 2. ", "Let g(o) = o**3 - 5*o**2 - 17*o + 2. ", "Let d be g(7). ", "Let w = 18 + d. Sort w, x, -3 in ascending order.", "\n-3, w, x\nLet h be 12/(-15)*(-4 + (-15)/(-6)). ", "Sort 5, h, -1 in increasing order.", "\n-1, h, 5\nSuppose u + 13*v - 11*v + 2 = 0, 0 = -2*v - 2. ", "Put 1, u, 4 in decreasing order.", "\n4, 1, u\nLet f(j) = j**2 + 5*j + 1. ", "Let b be 45/20*(-16)/(-6). ", "Let u be ((-16)/b)/((-4)/(-6)). ", "Let w be f(u). ", "Sort w, -1/3, 4 in descending order.", "\n4, -1/3, w\nLet a = 103/4 + -26. ", "Sort a, 0.2, 1 in decreasing order.", "\n1, 0.2, a\nLet a = 29/4 - 151/12. ", "Sort a, 0.2, -3/8 in ascending order.", "\na, -3/8, 0.2\nLet g = -10 - -15. ", "Suppose -o + 0*o = 4*h + 35, g*h = 5*o - 75. ", "Let v = h + 11. ", "Sort -1, 3, v in descending order.", "\n3, v, -1\nLet u = 37 + 1. ", "Suppose -5*w + p - u = -p, -2*w + 8 = 5*p. ", "Let x be 3/9*(-4)/w. ", "Put x, 3, -6 in ascending order.", "\n-6, x, 3\nSuppose 5*z + 3*z = -40. ", "Sort 5, -8, z, -4 in descending order.", "\n5, -4, z, -8\nSuppose 2*r - s = 2*s - 7, 17 = -4*r + 3*s. ", "Suppose 4*p - 16 = 0, 0 = 2*u - p + 5 - 3. ", "Put r, u, 2 in descending order.", "\n2, u, r\nSuppose 220 = -2*b + 226. ", "Let y(p) = -2*p + 4. ", "Let m be y(4). ", "Put -1, 0, b, m in decreasing order.", "\nb, 0, -1, m\nSuppose -5*q - 3*k = -k + 246, 3*q + 5*k = -159. ", "Let o be 2/4*(-64)/q. ", "Put 0.2, o, 1 in descending order.", "\n1, o, 0.2\nLet t = -30 + -68. ", "Let d = t + 102. ", "Put -5, -3, -1, d in descending order.", "\nd, -1, -3, -5\nLet b(k) = -k**3 + 5*k**2 - 3*k - 2. ", "Let f = 2 + 1. ", "Suppose f = -5*y + 23. ", "Let u be b(y). ", "Sort -2, u, 5 in descending order.", "\n5, u, -2\nLet q = -0.0022 + 0.0022. ", "Sort q, -2/9, 1/2, -3.3 in descending order.", "\n1/2, q, -2/9, -3.3\nSuppose 1 = 2*p + 11. ", "Put -6, 5, p in decreasing order.", "\n5, p, -6\nSuppose -17 = -3*b + 229. ", "Suppose -s - 81 = -b. ", "Put -3, 5, s, 3 in decreasing order.", "\n5, 3, s, -3\nSuppose -14*m + 11 = -31. ", "Sort 0, m, -6, -2.", "\n-6, -2, 0, m\nLet s(y) = 11*y + 140. ", "Let x be s(-12). ", "Put -8, x, 0 in ascending order.", "\n-8, 0, x\nSuppose -3*b - 5*q - 17 = -6*q, -3*b + 4*q - 23 = 0. ", "Put -1, -8, b in descending order.", "\n-1, b, -8\nSuppose -3*h = 4*j - 204, -302 = -4*j + 4*h - 98. ", "Put j, -4, 5 in increasing order.", "\n-4, 5, j\nLet r = 16 + -11. ", "Suppose -r*w = -3*w - 2. ", "Suppose 0 = -31*c + 51*c + 60. ", "Sort -1, c, w in decreasing order.", "\nw, -1, c\nLet s = 0.377 - 4.377. ", "Sort 1.7, s, 5, -6.", "\n-6, s, 1.7, 5\nLet i(l) = l**2 + 18*l + 62. ", "Let r be i(-13). ", "Put 0, r, -10, -5 in descending order.", "\n0, r, -5, -10\nSuppose 0 = -19*x + 15 - 34. ", "Let y = 3 + -3.3. ", "Let p = -2.7 + 3. ", "Sort y, x, p.\nx, y, p\nLet v = -222 - -220. ", "Suppose 0 = -5*t - 58 + 18. ", "Let m be 29/35 - t/(-20). ", "Sort m, v, 0.4 in descending order.", "\nm, 0.4, v\nSuppose 2*d = -1 + 3. ", "Let x be 228/44 - 2/11. ", "Sort x, d, -5 in increasing order.", "\n-5, d, x\nLet t = -2.97 + 31.97. ", "Sort t, -1/3, -4/9.", "\n-4/9, -1/3, t\nSuppose -47*z = -52*z - 15. ", "Sort -1, 5, 16, z in descending order.", "\n16, 5, -1, z\nLet o = -1 + 2. ", "Let f be 119/255 - (-2)/10. ", "Put -3, -5, o, f in ascending order.", "\n-5, -3, f, o\nLet n = 2.6 - 2.6. ", "Sort -3/2, n, -4.", "\n-4, -3/2, n\nLet o = 9 - 3. ", "Let s = 26 + -31. ", "Put 5, o, s, 4 in decreasing order.", "\no, 5, 4, s\nLet x(b) = -b**2 - 7*b + 15. ", "Let i be x(-7). ", "Let y = -194 - -191. ", "Sort 0, y, i in decreasing order.", "\ni, 0, y\nLet k be (-1065)/(-1207) + 4/34. ", "Put -5, 0, k, 44 in descending order.", "\n44, k, 0, -5\nLet b = -441 - -418. ", "Put 1, -5, b in increasing order.", "\nb, -5, 1\nSuppose -3*f + 8 = -7. ", "Suppose -5*x + 2*r - f = 0, -5*x + 5*r = -0*x + 5. ", "Suppose -2*b + 3 - 9 = 0. ", "Sort 3, x, b.\nb, x, 3\nLet j(g) = 7*g**2 + 8*g - 3. ", "Let l(n) = -11*n**2 - 12*n + 5. ", "Let c(b) = -8*j(b) - 5*l(b). ", "Let m be c(-2). ", "Sort 1, 2, m in increasing order.", "\n1, 2, m\nSuppose -1032 = -s - 1034. ", "Sort -3, 55, s in descending order.", "\n55, s, -3\nLet a = -23.7 - -32.65. ", "Let v = a - -0.05. ", "Let g = 17.7 - 18. ", "Sort g, 5, v.\ng, 5, v\nLet z = -0.317 - -0.337. ", "Sort 0.07, z, 3 in descending order.", "\n3, 0.07, z\nSuppose -4*u - 4*d = -4, -5*u = -2*u + 4*d - 2. ", "Suppose -u*b - 3*c - 4 = 8, 9 = -5*b + 3*c. ", "Put b, -6, 3 in descending order.", "\n3, b, -6\nLet g be 148/210 + 2/(-15). ", "Sort -5, -134, 2, g.\n-134, -5, g, 2\nLet y(j) = -j**3 + 4*j**2 + 3*j + 50. ", "Let m be y(6). ", "Sort 2, m, -3, 67/5 in descending order.", "\n67/5, 2, -3, m\nLet c be 9/(-3) + 0 - (-232)/64. ", "Let m = -19/24 + c. Sort m, 2, -2 in decreasing order.", "\n2, m, -2\nLet t = -2157.97 + 2158. ", "Let u = 0 - 5. ", "Let g = u - 0. ", "Sort t, 4/7, g in increasing order.", "\ng, t, 4/7\nSuppose -2*x - 6 = 10. ", "Let w(r) = -r**2 - 17*r. ", "Suppose 7*i + 73 = -46. ", "Let l be w(i). ", "Sort x, 3, l in decreasing order.", "\n3, l, x\nLet b be (-36)/342 - (-69)/114. ", "Sort 0, -4, b, 3/5 in increasing order.", "\n-4, 0, b, 3/5\nLet m = -19886 - -596669/30. ", "Let f = -19/6 + m. Let a = 222 - 226. ", "Put a, 3/7, f in descending order.", "\n3/7, f, a\nLet h = 201 - 198. ", "Let t(o) = o**3 - 11*o**2 + 13*o - 28. ", "Let w be t(10). ", "Put h, w, 1, 4 in decreasing order.", "\n4, h, w, 1\nLet g be 332/(-20) + 11 + (-6)/(-10). ", "Suppose 0 = -5*c + 8 + 17. ", "Sort c, -2, g in decreasing order.", "\nc, -2, g\nLet r(a) = 64*a + 5. ", "Let w be r(-4). ", "Let g be 2005/(-2)*(-2)/8. ", "Let v = w + g. Put 2, 1/5, v in descending order.", "\n2, 1/5, v\nSuppose 2*u + 0 = 10. ", "Let r(g) = g - 8. ", "Let j be r(u). ", "Suppose 0 = -3*h - q - 8 + 10, -h = 2*q + 6. ", "Put h, j, -2 in decreasing order.", "\nh, -2, j\nLet c(r) = 19*r - 122. ", "Let p be c(7). ", "Put -7, 5, p in descending order.", "\np, 5, -7\nSuppose -99*p + 333 = -90*p. ", "Sort -5, p, -2, 5 in increasing order.", "\n-5, -2, 5, p\nLet s = -647 + 650. ", "Sort s, -32, -2, -4/5 in descending order.", "\ns, -4/5, -2, -32\nLet w be 143/55 - (-35)/25. ", "Le" ]

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[ "When they were 70-413 Exam Questions And Answers very young they promised to marry one day, and when they grew older and it was made abundantly clear that no cousins might ever marry in that family, they became implacable enemies.", "\n\nA large crystal bowl lay on the rug, the remains of a sherry trifle slopping in 70-413 Pdf Exam 70-413 its base.", "\n\nThey could 70-413 Actual Questions duplicate what had gone before, but they originated nothing.", "\n\nHe 70-413 Dumps Pass4sure paused and 70-413 Exam Paper then said, Furthermore, 70-413 Braindump Pdf Ben, our 70-413 Sample Questions brother, will accompany the contingent who 70-413 Exam Paper will go down the river to set up a base camp for future groups to use.", "\n\nBut Bertholt s comment was accurate.", "\n\nHer eyes were still closed.", "\n\nTheir small group could not afford to lose a http://www.bestexamlab.com/OG0-091.html pair of Designing and Implementing a Server Infrastructure 70-413 hands, 70-413 Actual Questions though, and that was the reality." ]

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[ "Definition of two new symbiovars, sv. ", "lupini and sv. ", "mediterranense, within the genera Bradyrhizobium and Phyllobacterium efficiently nodulating Lupinus micranthus in Tunisia.", "\nIn this study, a polyphasic approach was used to analyze three representative strains (LmiH4, LmiM2 and LmiT21) from a collection of six previously described strains isolated in Tunisia from root nodules of Lupinus micranthus. ", "The phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated rrs, recA and glnII genes showed that strain LmiH4 had 100% concatenated gene sequence identity with the type strain Bradyrhizobium retamae Ro19T. Similarly, strain LmiM2 shared 100% concatenated gene sequence identity with the species Bradyrhizobium valentinum LmjM3T. However, strain LmiT21 showed an identical concatenated gene sequence with reference strain Phyllobacterium sophorae CCBAU03422T. The recA-glnII concatenated protein-coding genes used produced incongruent phylogenies compared with 16S rDNA phylogeny. ", "The nodC gene analysis showed that the strains were phylogenetically divergent to the Bradyrhizobium symbiovars defined to date, and represented two new symbiovars. ", "Plant infection analysis revealed that the three strains showed moderate host range and symbiotic specificities. ", "Based on their symbiotic characteristics, we propose that the three strains isolated from Lupinus micranthus nodules belong to two new symbiovars, with the first denominated lupini within the two species Bradyrhizobium valentinum (type strain LmiM2) and B. retamae (type strain LmiH4), and the second denominated mediterranense within the species P. sophorae (type strain LmiT21)." ]

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[ "South Korean shipbuilders'\n\nSeoul - Yonhap\n\nThe number of orders won by South Korean shipbuilders fell 36 percent last year as global demand for new ships shrank due to a tumble in oil prices, industry data showed Friday.", "\nThe data by global market researcher Clarkson Research Services said South Korean shipbuilding companies took orders totaling 11.78 million compensated gross tons (CGTs), or 305 ships, ranking it second in the industry for the fifth consecutive year. ", "China retained its top ranking for the same period." ]

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[ "Relatives of those who died on board Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 are travelling to Madagascar to lobby for the search for debris to be expanded.", "\n\nGrace Subathirai Nathan, whose mother was on the plane, is making the self-funded journey with six other MH370 relatives." ]

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[ "NFL Quarterback Club 98\n\nNFL Quarterback Club '98 is a football video game, released on October 24, 1997. ", "It was developed by Iguana Entertainment and published by Acclaim Entertainment under their Acclaim Sports banner for the Nintendo 64. ", "It was the first football game announced for the Nintendo 64.", "\n\nFeatures \nThere are two kinds of Simulation modes, Custom and Historic. ", "Custom Simulation mode allows one to create one's own scenario, including both teams' scores, who possesses the ball, how much time is left, and where the team with possession of the ball is on the field. ", "Historic Simulation mode contains fifty different scenarios, based on games that happened in history, and a certain task is to be accomplished, often to \"change history\" and win with the team that lost the game, but sometimes to replicate a team's victory.", "\n\nAnother feature found in the game allows one to create a player. ", "The game allows one to enter information such as the player's position, name, jersey number, height, weight, dominant hand, skin color, and age. ", "After one fills out this information, he or she is taken to a stat customization screen where one can edit a player's stats, such as accuracy and range (for kickers and quarterbacks), catching abilities, agility, speed, and strength (all for numerous players). ", "After a player is created, he is put into Free Agency, where a player must be signed by a team.", "\n\nPlayers can also create a team, using color schemes of the 30 NFL teams found in the game. ", "Teams' playbooks, stadiums, and initials (shown next to a team's score during gameplay) can be edited, and a team may contain up to 55 players. ", "Players can be put onto any of the 30 teams already in the game, as well as Free Agents (including created players), and can be substituted into any position.", "\n\nIn addition to the 30 pro teams in the game, there were also four hidden teams, accessed by entering a cheat code. ", "Two teams, AFC and NFC, are the Pro Bowl teams from 1997. ", "The other two teams are based on Iguana Entertainment and Acclaim, the developer and publisher of the game respectively, and feature then-employees as members of the team. ", "Iguana Entertainment and Acclaim's teams are the two best teams statistically in the game.", "\n\nThere is a season mode where players can select a team and play through their 1997 schedule. ", "There is also a playoff mode where a player can select a team and try to guide them through the playoffs. ", "Quarterback Club '98 also features a Quarterback Profile feature. ", "This feature contains 30 quarterbacks, one from each team, and their college and pro football achievements in encyclopedic format.", "\n\nThe game's commentary was done by Marv Albert. ", "Brett Favre was the chief spokesperson for the game.", "\n\nDevelopment\nAcclaim brought the NFL Quarterback series into the 64-bit age using technology they had been working on for several years for Turok: Dinosaur Hunter. ", "With this, they were able to keep the game running at 30fps in high-resolution (640 x 480), something that hadn't yet been done in the U.S. They obtained the full NFL license, including all the teams, stadiums and rosters. ", "Their competitor for the N64 that year, Electronic Arts' Madden Football 64 was not able to get the NFL license in time for the game's release as Acclaim had acquired all the licenses for that year, but the game did feature real player names as it did get a license from the league's players' association that year. ", "As a result, NFL Quarterback Club 98 is the only football video game for the Nintendo 64 to be fully licensed by the NFL in 1997.", "\n\nAdrian Murrell served as the actor for the game's motion capture. ", "A number of the plays in the team playbooks were designed by Brett Favre.", "\n\nA version of the game was in development for the Sega Saturn, but was cancelled as part of Acclaim's withdrawal of support for that console.", "\n\nReception\nNFL Quarterback Club '98 has received mixed scores from reviewers. ", "GameSpot gave it a 5.4 out of 10, noting its graphics as being advanced for the time, but heavily criticizing the passing physics of the game, the sound, and the AI intelligence. ", "IGN gave it the higher score of 7.8/10, also praising the graphics but giving the gameplay, sound, and lasting appeal mediocre scores. ", "It has a 76% on GameRankings.", "\n\nNext Generation reviewed the Nintendo 64 version of the game, rating it three stars out of five, and stated that \"In the end, serious football fans may want to stick with Quarterback Club 64 for its realism, but the slow play is likely to drive gamers crazy.\"", "\n\nOther titles \nNFL Quarterback Club '99\nNFL Quarterback Club 2000\nNFL QB Club 2001\nNFL Quarterback Club 2002\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1997 video games\nCategory:Acclaim Entertainment games\nCategory:Cancelled Sega Saturn games\nCategory:Nintendo 64 games\nCategory:Nintendo 64-only games\nCategory:NFL Quarterback Club video games\nCategory:Video games developed in the United States" ]

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[ "‘Panic’ as Mugabe appears to back new Zimbabwe opposition\n\nJohannesburg – Zimbabwe’s ex-leader Robert Mugabe sent shockwaves through the party he dominated for decades when he posed with the retired general who will take on the ruling Zanu-PF in this year’s election.", "\n\nMugabe grinned broadly in the posed photo, standing beside brigadier general Ambrose Mutinhiri, the leader of opposition party the National Patriotic Front (NPF), which hopes to unseat the government in polls expected by August.", "\n\nMutinhiri’s abrupt resignation from Zanu-PF last week followed by his surprise announcement that he would be the presidential candidate of the new party exposed deep divisions in the governing party.", "\n\nThe symbolism of the photo opportunity, which was featured at the top of a press release issued by the new pro-Mugabe splinter party, was unmistakable.", "\n\nTwo days later Zanu-PF Youth League supporters chanted “down with Mugabe” at a rally, a rare outburst from the normally disciplined members of the party that Mugabe led for nearly four decades.", "\n\nA leader of the league, Pupurai Tigarepi, later said that if Mugabe “is not responsible, we are going to look at him as a new enemy”.", "\n\nIn response to the hostility, the new president did little to defend the man who was once presented by Zanu-PF to the world as a liberation hero and father of the nation.", "\n\n“There is an issue regarding the former president,” said President Emmerson Mnangagwa.", "\n\n“Currently we see in the media various speculations about his activities… we are not happy with what the media is saying. ", "We don’t know whether it’s correct or not but it is an issue we are examining.”", "\n\n‘Understated panic’\n\n“(The photo) sort of solidifies the whole idea that the Mugabe family is behind the project,” said Gideon Chitanga, an analyst with the Johannesburg-based regional think-tank Political Economy Southern Africa, describing Mugabe’s meeting with Mutinhiri as “very cordial”.", "\n\nOther analysts said that Mnangagwa had every reason to be concerned by Mugabe’s sudden re-emergence on the political scene.", "\n\n“There is an understated panic – especially within Zanu-PF,” said Zimbabwean political analyst Brian Kagoro who added that the ruling party had already struggled to formulate a response to the opposition following the death of its figurehead Morgan Tsvangirai in February.", "\n\n“It would have been a much easier task to concentrate on infiltrating the (opposition) – but now they have to deal with uncertainty as to who is with them,” said Brian Kagoro, a director of the UHAI Africa think-tank.", "\n\nMugabe was forced to quit when the military briefly took power in November and Zanu-PF lawmakers launched impeachment proceedings against their once beloved leader. ", "Since his dramatic reversal of fortune, he has largely appeared to stay out of public life.", "\n\nThe military moved against Mugabe, 94, after he sacked his then-deputy and heir-apparent Mnangwga apparently fearing the nonagenarian was grooming his wife Grace to succeed him as president.", "\n\nThe former first lady had cultivated her own factional support base within Zanu-PF known as “G-40” that was seen as hostile to the security establishment.", "\n\n“There is a fight for legitimacy among the retired military supremos,” said Kagoro, who suggested that Mugabe was behaving with “grand malice” over his treatment.", "\n\n‘No interference by the army’\n\nThe NPF claims to have many members “who are outraged by the unconstitutional and humiliating manner in which president Mugabe was criminally ousted from the leadership of both Zanu-PF and the country”.", "\n\nDespite the NPF’s emergence and the ensuing trepidation at the top of Zanu-PF, the pretender party is unlikely to make significant inroads at the polls.", "\n\n“They are trying to create the impression that Mugabe has a lot of residual support,” said Derek Matyszak, a independent Zimbabwean political analyst. “", "But I don’t think they are going anywhere.", "\n\n“And though he is unaccustomed to not exercising his bit of power, I can’t see him going full on into the political field because he is dependent on Mnangagwa to have a comfortable retirement.”", "\n\nMutinhiri himself is seen as a marginal figure without an established regional or ethnic base that would be essential to dent Zanu-PF’s monolithic grip on power.", "\n\nChitanga, the analyst, said it was unfortunate that Mugabe appeared to be “getting entangled in opposition politics”.", "\n\n“The normal thing would have been for him to retire quietly,” he said.", "\n\nThe NPF has quoted Mugabe as saying that “people are free to belong to parties of their choice”.", "\n\nIt also vowed to ensure “there is no interference by the army, or those that would want to resort to violence as a means of getting votes”.", "\n\nIt is an irony that will not be lost on voters that elections held under Mugabe were marred by violence and voter intimidation – alongside allegations of electoral fraud." ]

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[ "How many times have you seen a repo with a custom RC installer of .bashrc or .zshrc files? ", "Repos with a file, like these:\n\nExamples are numerous, since everyone is reinventing a wheel. ", "I have done it once or twice. ", "So eventually, I have decided to write my own “nano-framework” that solves exactly this problem and that can be used with any config out there. ", "Here is how the README.md for my config repo looks like:\n\nIn order to install config please do: cd /tmp\n\ngit clone https://github.com/OwnInfrastructure/configs.git\n\ncd configs\n\nRC_PATH=.commonrc\n\ncurl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/b0noI/rcinstaller/master/install.sh | bash /dev/stdin $RC_PATH\n\nThe main line that I want to bring to your attention is the following:\n\ncurl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/b0noI/rcinstaller/master/install.sh | bash /dev/stdin $RC_PATH\n\nThis is the example of a usage of the “rcinstaller”, the “nano-framework” that installs script to the .bashrc and/or .zshrc. ", "The home repo of the framework is here.", "\n\nNow anyone can just create a config repo with configs and use this framework in a README file to describe the installation without re-implementing the wheel.", "\n\nHow I Can Use It?", "\n\nIt is simple, just add something like the following to your README file:\n\nHow Does the “rcinstaller” Work?", "\n\nOverall, the script executes the following steps:\n\nchecks if the ~/.profile.d directory exists and if not — created it; adds “[ -f ${HOME}/.profile.d/.sh ] && source ${HOME}/.profile.d/.sh” to the .zshrc (if it is not exists there already); same for the .bashrc; copies the rc file from the input (or .commonrc if there is no input) from the current directory to the: ~/.profile.d.", "\n\nCurrently, it requires your rc files to have a unique name. ", "This is needed simply because the script will overwrite whatever is in the file with the same name. ", "Also, it works only with one input script at a time.", "\n\nHow I Can Help?", "\n\nIf you would like to help, there are some feature requests and issues that need to be implemented, any help would be highly appreciated. ", "You can add a star to the repo as well, or just share the article with your friends.", "\n\nAlso I have the Patreon page;)" ]

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