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tomekkorbak

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pii-pile-chunk3-900000-950000

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[ "Immunohistochemical study of extracellular matrices and elastic fibers in a human sternoclavicular joint.", "\nIn this study, we clarified the distribution of elastic and oxytalan fibers in a human sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) using a color image system and in extracellular matrices using immunoperoxidase staining. ", "Fine elastic fibers (EFs) were scattered in the fibrous layer of the sternoclavicular disk. ", "This articular disk was composed of a collagenous bundle on the sternum side of the articular disk in the SCJ and cellular components including connective tissue on the clavicular side of the articular disk. ", "The thickness of the disk gradually increased from the inferior to superior portion. ", "Collagen fibers type I, III and V and other extracellular matrices (ECMs) were detected in the hypertrophic zone in the clavicular and sternum side of the SCJ and in the connective tissue of the articulatio condylar. ", "On the cervical surface of the articular disk, cellular activity was higher than on the sternum surface." ]

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[ "WordPress Development Tools & Plugins For WordPress Developers\n\nAs WordPress is used by millions of people around the world, there are several folks that use it as a source of earning bread and butter. ", "As a WordPress developer, you have to create splendid themes, ingenious plugins and applications and offer custom WordPress development services and solutions to your clients spread all over the globe. ", "To do all things quickly, you need a bunch of powerful tools that can make your WordPress life easier and comfortable. ", "Just go through the collection of some WordPress development tools that will assist you a lot in creating awesome WordPress websites:\n\n1. ", "Theme Check\n\nEverybody makes mistakes and you can make blunders while creating a WordPress theme despite having several years of WordPress theme development experience. ", "This may cause catastrophic repercussion as your theme may fail in the official repository’s theme review process and may cause serious complications that can take a considerable amount of time to fix on your client’s websites.", "\n\nSo, it will be better for you to use Theme Check. ", "It is a brilliant plugin that checks your theme against WordPress theme review standards and will suggest you a report for further improvement if had made a mistake. ", "It’s a great tool for beginners and expert WordPress theme developers, both.", "\n\n2. ", "Cloud 9 IDE\n\nCloud 9 is an ideal development environment that allows you to join hands with another developer or a team of developers in an easy way and raise the issues that may arise while working with versioning products.", "\n\nC9 offers one click WordPress installation and supports quick key / auto-completion for your PHP code. ", "For this, you need to have an Internet connection to work on your files. ", "You can’t do it locally on your own PC.", "\n\n3. ", "WordPress Twitter Bootstrap CSS\n\nWordPress Twitter Bootstrap CSS offers you a library of components, a full css library and pre-built javascript elements, which helps you to load your contents on your site easily and quickly. ", "It helps you to harness the power of twitter Bootstrap from within your WordPress site.", "\n\nThis helpful plugin updates your site automatically, customize and pre-compile your design (with the help of LESS Compiler), and speed up your site for visitors.", "\n\n4. ", "WP SiteManager\n\nLogging in and out of different WordPress websites on a regular basis can be a complicated task and may consume a lot of time. ", "But, WP SiteManager stores your login information and gives you direct access to the main pages of all your WordPress sites in an easy way.", "\n\n5. ", "Monster Widget\n\nMonster Widget helps you to save lots of your time and energy while creating WordPress widgets as it consolidates all 13 core widgets into a single widget, which allows you to create several instances with ease.", "\n\nActually, this tool reduces the steps required to populate a sidebar with widgets. ", "Always keep in mind that this plugin is not created for using in production.", "\n\n6. ", "Duplicator\n\nDuplicator allows you to take the backup your WordPress sites, pull production sites down to your local machine for testing and authorization. ", "It supports both serialized and base64 serialized string replacement.", "\n\nIt also allows you to move a site between domains or hosts, duplicate a live site to a staging area or vice versa, bulldoze a live site to local host for development and bundle up an entire WordPress site for easy reuse or distribution.", "\n\n7. ", "Better Font Awesome\n\nWhen you use Better Font Awesome, it allows you to integrate the latest available version of Font Awesome into your WordPress project automatically apart from adding CSS, shortcodes, and TinyMCE icon shortcode generator.", "\n\nIt automatically gets the newest available version of Font Awesome, which means that you don’t need to manually update the version included in your theme/plugin. ", "It is also Backwards compatible, which means shortcode output is automatically updated in accordance with the Font Awesome you choose. ", "It helps you to switch versions easily without modifying your shortcodes.", "\n\n8. ", "Debug Bar\n\nWhere to Find: DebugBarCost: Nil\n\nThis toolkit is must for all WordPress developers as they eventually need to debug WordPress websites to ensure the enhanced performance. ", "Debug Bar adds a debug menu to the admin bar, which displays query, cache, and other helpful debugging information.", "\n\nIt helps WordPress developers in to find out different types of bugs and remove them easily:\n\nWhen WP_DEBUG is enabled- It tracks PHP Warnings and help developers to find them easily.", "\n\nWhen SAVEQUERIES is enabled: it tracks mysql queries and display them.", "\n\n9. ", "Dashboard Notepad\n\nDashboard Notepad offers a simple notepad and the widget settings permit you to select which roles can edit the notes and which one can read them only. ", "Additionally, you can display the contents of your notepad with the use of a template tag and/or shortcode.", "\n\nThe Widget permissions are applied to these tags also- users with permission to read the notes will watch the notes on the front end. ", "You can make use of div#dashboard-notes in your theme’s CSS file to style the notes.", "\n\n10. ", "Beaver Builder – WordPress Page Builder\n\nIt is not an easy task to become a web developer as it requires a lot of knowledge, practice, and experience in writing code. ", "If you wish to display your skills (of creating great WordPress websites) in a short duration of time, you should use Beaver Builder – WordPress Page Builder.", "\n\nThis tool helps you to create attractive and professional-looking websites without writing a single piece of code. ", "It is equipped with an intuitive front-end page builder, which allows you to design websites quickly by dragging and dropping elements.", "\n\nFinal Thoughts\n\nAs more and more people are joining the world of WordPress, developers need to have an adequate number of tools to automate their load of assignments and make their WordPress life comfortable and full of fun. ", "The above mentioned WordPress development tools help WordPress developers showcase their creative ideas to the world in an easy way. ", "So, just use these WordPress development toolkits and create websites as per your specific requirements." ]

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[ "The Ever-Evolving Yorgo Chalhoub\n\nHe is talented, charming, and yes, ever-evolving – and he wouldn’t have it any other way! ", "Talented actor Yorgo Chalhoub is the real deal, and we had the pleasure to get up close and personal with him on a sunny afternoon.", "\n\nON THE LEBANESE ACTING SCENE:\n\nYou have the reputation of being one of the top Lebanese actors. ", "You are also known as one of the most “expensive” actors around… What do you have to say about that?", "\n\n(Laughing) How do people know? ", "Well, the media often says ‘he is the most expensive and he asks for too much money’. ", "It’s not like Hollywood where the information is public anyways; they need to ask the producers about this - they should know. ", "I think I just ask for my rights based on what I have built over the past 24 years; I don’t care about being the most expensive.", "\n\nDo you ever accept or even refuse a role based on the other actors in the project?", "\n\nSometimes this is the case. ", "The main characters can result in the failure of a program, and now that I have built my career, I have the power to say no to a project (even though I don’t really like to say that because it’s not nice to eliminate - but sometimes you have to).", "\n\nIt seems anyone can become an actor or actress today based on their looks and not necessarily their talent. ", "What‘s your opinion regarding this?", "\n\nThis is the bad aspect of the field…. ", "but these days competition is very high and things are getting much better. ", "Great collaboration has to include all elements: the writers, producers, actors, and directors to really produce good work. ", "The audience and the actors are changing with the times as well. ", "The new generation is taking the art to new levels. ", "As we all learn from our predecessors, they are also learning from the new generation too.", "\n\nIf you weren’t an actor, what would you be doing?", "\n\nI could never sit behind a desk all day long, that’s for sure. ", "I would do something involving ACTION, even in business!", "\n\nON SPORTS & WORKING OUT:\n\nYou mentioned you love action. ", "Are you into any hobbies or sports involving action?", "\n\nI used to be into so many kinds of action sports; I love waterskiing and downhill skiing. ", "As an actor with varying schedules, it is hard to stick to a certain sport, hobby, or routine. ", "Even weekends aren’t necessarily yours. ", "Sometimes you worry about injuring yourself while practicing a dangerous sport, if you are working on a project.", "\n\nWhat types of sports or exercises do you currently practice?", "\n\nI love to perform bodybuilding, strength training, walking, running… it all depends on how I want my body to look or be at a certain time and how I am feeling about myself. ", "I even enjoy trying to take on the physical appearance for certain acting roles. ", "It helps get into character. ", "Sometimes you turn into a character from the outside-in and other times from the inside-out.", "\n\nHow often do you work out?", "\n\nI aim for 3-4 times per week, but it depends on my shooting schedule. ", "If I notice I am gaining weight, I up my routine with more cardio and strength training to feel my best. ", "I like to go to extremes, and sometimes this is not good. ", "I was lifting such heavy weights at one time and damaged my back. ", "That’s my character though.", "\n\nON FAMILY & CHILDHOOD:\n\nHow would you describe your childhood?", "\n\nControversial…. ", "I was just 3 months old when the war began, so I grew up with the sounds of war. ", "However, I remember having a lot of fun. ", "I have a great family and was always surrounded by a lot of love. ", "I had a lot of friends; we rode bikes, played outside, went to the beach. ", "There is no perfect childhood in the end and my parents did their best.", "\n\nI went through so many stages and my character has changed a lot over the years. ", "I think that is what lead me to acting. ", "I keep evolving as a person all the time. ", "Maybe I am lucky to be like that, but sometimes it is disturbing in a way.", "\n\nHaving famous parents in the acting industry, was it inevitable for you to enter the field as well?", "\n\nNo, I hate that idea. ", "My parents were surprised when I chose to study drama because I never mentioned my desire for it. ", "I was into science mostly and wanted to become a fighter pilot because I love speed and action. ", "However, since we didn’t have the necessary training facilities here, I thought of becoming a commercial pilot…. ", "Then I decided that would be too boring - better to become an actor and get my own plane later on (hahaha). ", "I flew a Cessna once though…\n\nYou are a dad! ", "How many children do you have and what kind of father are you?", "\n\nOne day I would like my kids to answer this question about what kind of father I am. ", "One thing I do know is that I love my kids so much and unconditionally. ", "I just hope that the craziness I go through doesn’t affect my life with my children. ", "I am not perfect but will always try to evolve as a father. ", "They are the best thing that has ever happened to me.", "\n\nON LIFESTYLE & PERSONALITY:\n\nHow would you describe your life these days?", "\n\nA little bit hectic. ", "Sometimes things cool down and it’s peaceful… and other times it is chaotic inside my head. ", "I am thinking too much… planning for the future both personally and business wise. ", "I am at a point in my life where I am making many crucial and important decisions.", "\n\nHow would you describe your personality?", "\n\nI actually don’t like to describe myself so simply. ", "If I have to choose a word or two though I would say always changing… always evolving.", "\n\nAre you an optimist or a pessimist?", "\n\nSometimes pessimistic ideas come to everyone’s head, but I usually try to be an optimist.", "\n\nAre you an introvert or extrovert?", "\n\nI am an introvert.", "\n\nWhat do you like to do in your free time?", "\n\nI really like watching movies and TV series… the American TV series are amazing!! ", "House of Cards, for example, I have watched all the seasons. ", "The writing, the build-up, the characters… it’s so smart and deep. ", "The way they portray relationships… you see how open and crazy they are. ", "They can tackle any subject and go to places that are taboo. ", "They make the characters naked, figuratively that is.", "\n\nHow do you describe life in Lebanon?", "\n\nHECTIC! ", "I love it and I hate it. ", "That’s how Lebanon is. ", "When I leave the country, I can’t wait to come back. ", "There is magic here. ", "It’s never boring and there is always action! ", "But the greatness of this country has been built on personal achievements… not by the government.", "\n\nSports make me relax, so when I am stressed out I go to extreme sports – the adrenalin goes up and afterwards, even though I feel tired and pain sometimes, I feel relaxed. ", "And sometimes I simply like to have a drink…\n\nWhat is your favorite food?", "\n\nI don’t have a favorite food. ", "There is nothing that I hate. ", "I love home-cooked Lebanese food!", "\n\nCan you cook?", "\n\nI can do steak, eggs, a little bit of pasta…lol…\n\nWhat is your worst habit?", "\n\nSmoking. ", "I started at the beginning of my university days and unfortunately when you are in the theatre domain you tend to be surrounded by smokers…\n\nON SOCIAL MEDIA:\n\nYou don’t seem to really put yourself out there in social media. ", "Why is this so?", "\n\nThat’s just me being me. ", "I don’t like posting photos of myself; I am not into taking selfies and revealing where I am and what I am doing. ", "I don’t feel the need. ", "My work should speak for itself… and when you do a nice interview, people will get to know you and your ideas.", "\n\nAt the same time, I don’t blame or judge those who are into social media; that’s their style. ", "One thing I learned in life is to not to judge anyone - you never know what makes others happy.", "\n\nWhich social media outlet do you prefer?", "\n\nI would have to say Facebook. ", "I have a Twitter account (but am not active) and an Instagram account where I post photos occasionally. ", "It’s a nice way to communicate with fans; they love you and make nice comments about your work and send nice messages. ", "Social media is just not my thing." ]

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[ "Age Specific Pretend Play Toys for 3 Year Olds\n\nThese are all the Pretend Play Toys available for 3 Year Olds . ", "At ebeanstalk our child-experts match every item to the ability of 3 Year Olds. ", "That's because 3 Year Olds grow and develop differently. ", "Our team reviews and tests thousands of fun, educational Pretend Play Toys and selects only the best for 3 Year Olds. ", "It's because of this process that we at ebeanstalk can guarantee a child's fun.", "\n\nEbeanstalk Picks\n\nThese are our FAVORITES. ", "With so many to choose from, we wanted to give a hand to help you find the absolute coolest toys on the site. ", "All Ebeanstalk Picks →\n\nGreat for future builders! ", "This is one complete tool building set. ", "Included are:- Adjustable belt with 'talking' feature.- Four tools that have Easy-grab grips like Dad's tools; screwdriver, hammer, ...\n\nIntroducing the most amazing and unique learning and play material to enter the market in years -Living Sands. ", "Consisting of sand and other natural ingredients, the only way to describe the feeling ...\n\nThis cool, calming rug will be a perfect fit for any Quiet time, block play or reading area.", "\nFeaturing a pond, garden, trails and a playground, little ones will have a great time relaxing on this bea...\n\nThis mini highchair encourages dolls to sit up straight and eat their food.", "\n-Imagination and Creativity: Encourages imitative and imaginary play; promotes fantasy story telling, role playing, and crea...\n\nA table just like yours encourages everyday role play\n-Imagination and Creativity: Encourages imitative and imaginary play; promotes fantasy story telling, role playing, and creativity.-Social Skills:...\n\nThis classic stroller lets your child take 'dolly' for a walk around the block andor all through the house.", "\n-Imagination and Creativity: Encourages imitative and imaginary play; promotes fantasy story..." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow slow is generating a new Vertex Buffer?", "\n\nI am currently working on a project that does 2D sprite-like graphics on Windows 8 (Metro-style app). ", "For that purpose I am using Direct3D with quads to act as sprites. ", "\nMy problem is that it get's very slow (30fps at 100 sprites) and profiling led me to believe that the bottleneck is withing the CreateBuffer call. ", "How can I solve that problem in an elegant way? ", "Wouldn't gathering copying vertex data from all elements that share the same texture in a single, bigger, buffer be more cost-prohibitive, as it is all done on the CPU?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou shouldn't be creating a new buffer each frame. ", " Memory allocation/deallocation operations are often quite slow, especially when it involves video memory as a CPU/GPU sync point may be introduced.", "\nA better way to work with vertex buffers is to reuse a single vertex buffer, mapping it with the DISCARD and NOOVERWITE flags, as appropriate, to let the driver know what you're doing. ", " This is a topic big enough for an article in itself, but this MSDN page has the basics. ", " If you search for \"dynamic vertex buffer\" on the web you'll find more articles about this. ", " BTW, this works essentially the same way in all versions of Direct3D, though the API calls and flags are a little different in D3D10-11 vs D3D9.", "\nAnd, just to be clear, you should definitely group together all the sprites that have the same texture and draw them at once. ", " Texture/shader changes have a nontrivial performance cost, so it's best to minimize the number of such changes.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Absorption of hydrophobic compounds into the poly(dimethylsiloxane) coating of solid-phase microextraction fibers: high partition coefficients and fluorescence microscopy images.", "\nThe use of solid-phase microextraction with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-coated glass fibers for the extraction and analysis of hydrophobic organic analytes is increasing. ", "The literature on this topic is characterized by large discrepancies in partition coefficients and an uncertainty of whether highly hydrophobic analytes are retained by absorption into the fiber coating or by adsorption to the fiber surface. ", "We applied a new method, which minimizes the impact of experimental artifacts, to determine PDMS water partition coefficients of 17 hydrophobic analytes including chlorinated benzenes, PCBs, PAHs, and p,p'-DDE. ", "These partition coefficients are several orders of magnitude higher than some reported values. ", "Two observations strongly suggest that the retention of hydrophobic organic substances is governed by partitioning into the PDMS coating. (", "1) The partition coefficients are proportional with octanol/water partition coefficients. (", "2) The fluorescence of fluoranthene was observed to be homogeneously distributed within the polymer coating when studied by means of fluorescence microscopy. ", "Implications of these findings for the application of solid-phase microextraction with respect to potential detection limits, with respect to biomimetic extraction, and with respect to measurements in multicompartment systems are discussed." ]

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[ "While a recent ruling allows a local marijuana production facility to be planted in Josephburg ground, additional conditions have been placed on the project.", "\n\nOn June 7, a split 2-2 decision by the Subdivision and Development Appeals Board (SDAB) resulted in a dismissal of a challenge issued by a group of Josephburg residents for a 74-acre medical cannabis production site, by Canadian Rockies Agriculture.", "\n\nHowever, while the tied ruling resulted in the residents concerns being shot down, the SDAB placed new conditions on the production facility, including revised standards for light, noise and odor pollution.", "\n\nNone of the new standards, though, are creating concerns for Canadian Rockies CEO Aaron Barr, who said the project is now full-steam-ahead.", "\n\n“Our HVAC equipment can’t be louder than 53 decibels, and all of our lighting needs to be 3,000 Kelvin or less in temperature, which are all completely reasonable conditions,” he explained.", "\n\n“(We) will obviously make it the least intrusive as we possibly can for neighbours in the surrounding area.”", "\n\nThe facility plan has already gone through a number of changes between the time a first application was made to Strathcona County, to the appeals hearings.", "\n\nSuch alterations to the project scope included reducing of the facility’s largest building from 100,000 square feet to 36,000; as well as lowering the number of exterior light posts from 30 to one.", "\n\nWhile Barr is happy with the outcome of the appeals process, he noted the appeal was both “costly and time-consuming.”", "\n\n—News Staff" ]

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[ "Fort Pitt Regiment will start play in the Midwest Region’s Great Lakes Conference this summer, giving PA West Soccer elite adult players the opportunity to continue to play and develop.", "\n\n“This new and exciting venture provides a higher level of competition for our older youth and young adult players,” said PA West Soccer President Natalie Schwoeble. “", "We are very proud to be the first state association in the country to sponsor an NPSL team.”", "\n\nPA West Soccer also wants to inspire the next generation of players with its team, partnering with YESsoccer to offer community soccer camps this summer.", "\n\n\"We recognize that community engagement and player development are basic to our mission,\" said Fort Pitt Regiment's Executive Director, Tim McCoy. \"", "We've partnered with YESsoccer because they have a track record of operating high-quality camps around the country.\"", "\n\nYESsoccer is an international soccer staffing company serving clubs across the U.S., including Chicago Fire Soccer Club of Major League Soccer.", "\n\n“We want to help our players improve, whether that means going from being a sub to a starter, from one of the starting 11 to All-American, or making the jump from the college game to the pros,” McCoy concluded. “", "In addition to developing players, as a USSF state association, we also have a mission to grow the sport. ", "The addition of the team in Pittsburgh is another step toward making the game more visible in a market that has a heritage with the game. ", "Our success could provide a road map for other state associations.\"" ]

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[ "The invention relates to storage and display of multiple categories of items in low cost packaging, and more specifically to low cost packaging made of thermoformed plastics having selectively and independently opening and closing doors to access multiple categories of items in separate chambers within the packaging." ]

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[ "Mehrauli Archaeological Park\n\nMehrauli Archaeological Park is an archaeological area spread over 200 acre in Mehrauli, Delhi, adjacent to Qutub Minar World Heritage site and the Qutb complex. ", "It consists of over 100 historically significant monuments. ", "It is the only area in Delhi known for 1,000 years of continuous occupation, and includes the ruins of Lal Kot built by Tomar Rajputs in 1060 CE, making it the oldest extant fort of Delhi, and architectural relics of subsequent period, rule of Khalji dynasty, Tughlaq dynasty, Lodhi dynasty of Delhi Sultanate, Mughal Empire, and the British Raj.", "\n\nOverview\nThe park contains sites like Tomb of Balban, ca 1287 CE, wherein a true arch and the true dome were built for the first time in India, Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb of Maulana Jamali Kamali (Jamali Kamboh), built 1526 - 1535 CE, Quli Khan's Tomb, Gandhak ki Baoli, Rajon Ki Baoli, a stepwell, and Madhi Masjid. ", "Other near by monuments Jahaz Mahal, Zafar Mahal of Bahadur Shah II alias Lal Mahal, Hauz-i-Shamsi and Tomb of Adham Khan. ", "Pillars and remains of several old temples are also lay scattered in the park.", "\n\nRedevelopment and conservation\n\nThe redevelopment of the area as an archaeological park and conservation of important structures started in 1997, in collaboration between Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation (DTTDC), the State Department of Archaeology, the Delhi Development Authority (DDA) and the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH), which first started systematic documentation of structures in the area and also started conducting heritage walks since 2000.", "\n\nOver the years, INTACH has restored some 40 monuments in the Park and added signages, heritage trails, and sandstone trail-markers.", "\n\nNotable monuments and structures\n\nSee also\n Qutb complex\n History of Delhi\n Baolis of Mehrauli\n List of Monuments of National Importance in Delhi\n\nReferences\n\n Mehrauli Archaeological Park Conservation INTACH\n\nExternal links\n Heritage Walks: Mehrauli Archaeological Park at INTACH\n \n Monuments of Delhi\n\nCategory:Archaeological sites in Delhi\nCategory:Parks in Delhi\nCategory:Mehrauli\nCategory:History of Delhi\nCategory:Archaeological parks" ]

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[ "Oh please, this change is long overdue. ", "It’s so sexist just to have women on there. ", "Just like these idiots who think that good cooks are only female or the female in the house should do all the cooking" ]

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[ "/*\nBullet Continuous Collision Detection and Physics Library\nCopyright (c) 2003-2006 Erwin Coumans http://continuousphysics.com/Bullet/\n\nThis software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied warranty.", "\nIn no event will the authors be held liable for any damages arising from the use of this software.", "\nPermission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose, \nincluding commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it freely, \nsubject to the following restrictions:\n\n1. ", "The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not claim that you wrote the original software. ", "If you use this software in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be appreciated but is not required.", "\n2. ", "Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be misrepresented as being the original software.", "\n3. ", "This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.", "\n*/\n\n#ifndef BT_SIMPLE_BROADPHASE_H\n#define BT_SIMPLE_BROADPHASE_H\n\n\n#include \"btOverlappingPairCache.h\"\n\n\nstruct btSimpleBroadphaseProxy : public btBroadphaseProxy\n{\n\tint\t\t\tm_nextFree;\n\t\n//\tint\t\t\tm_handleId;\n\n\t\n\tbtSimpleBroadphaseProxy() {};\n\n\tbtSimpleBroadphaseProxy(const btVector3& minpt,const btVector3& maxpt,int shapeType,void* userPtr,short int collisionFilterGroup,short int collisionFilterMask,void* multiSapProxy)\n\t:btBroadphaseProxy(minpt,maxpt,userPtr,collisionFilterGroup,collisionFilterMask,multiSapProxy)\n\t{\n\t\t(void)shapeType;\n\t}\n\t\n\t\n\tSIMD_FORCE_INLINE void SetNextFree(int next) {m_nextFree = next;}\n\tSIMD_FORCE_INLINE int GetNextFree() const {return m_nextFree;}\n\n\t\n\n\n};\n\n///The SimpleBroadphase is just a unit-test for btAxisSweep3, bt32BitAxisSweep3, or btDbvtBroadphase, so use those classes instead.", "\n///It is a brute force aabb culling broadphase based on O(n^2) aabb checks\nclass btSimpleBroadphase : public btBroadphaseInterface\n{\n\nprotected:\n\n\tint\t\tm_numHandles;\t\t\t\t\t\t// number of active handles\n\tint\t\tm_maxHandles;\t\t\t\t\t\t// max number of handles\n\tint\t\tm_LastHandleIndex;\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\n\tbtSimpleBroadphaseProxy* m_pHandles;\t\t\t\t\t\t// handles pool\n\n\tvoid* m_pHandlesRawPtr;\n\tint\t\tm_firstFreeHandle;\t\t// free handles list\n\t\n\tint allocHandle()\n\t{\n\t\tbtAssert(m_numHandles < m_maxHandles);\n\t\tint freeHandle = m_firstFreeHandle;\n\t\tm_firstFreeHandle = m_pHandles[freeHandle].GetNextFree();\n\t\tm_numHandles++;\n\t\tif(freeHandle > m_LastHandleIndex)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tm_LastHandleIndex = freeHandle;\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn freeHandle;\n\t}\n\n\tvoid freeHandle(btSimpleBroadphaseProxy* proxy)\n\t{\n\t\tint handle = int(proxy-m_pHandles);\n\t\tbtAssert(handle >= 0 && handle < m_maxHandles);\n\t\tif(handle == m_LastHandleIndex)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tm_LastHandleIndex--;\n\t\t}\n\t\tproxy->SetNextFree(m_firstFreeHandle);\n\t\tm_firstFreeHandle = handle;\n\n\t\tproxy->m_clientObject = 0;\n\n\t\tm_numHandles--;\n\t}\n\n\tbtOverlappingPairCache*\tm_pairCache;\n\tbool\tm_ownsPairCache;\n\n\tint\tm_invalidPair;\n\n\t\n\t\n\tinline btSimpleBroadphaseProxy*\tgetSimpleProxyFromProxy(btBroadphaseProxy* proxy)\n\t{\n\t\tbtSimpleBroadphaseProxy* proxy0 = static_cast<btSimpleBroadphaseProxy*>(proxy);\n\t\treturn proxy0;\n\t}\n\n\tinline const btSimpleBroadphaseProxy*\tgetSimpleProxyFromProxy(btBroadphaseProxy* proxy) const\n\t{\n\t\tconst btSimpleBroadphaseProxy* proxy0 = static_cast<const btSimpleBroadphaseProxy*>(proxy);\n\t\treturn proxy0;\n\t}\n\n\t///reset broadphase internal structures, to ensure determinism/reproducability\n\tvirtual void resetPool(btDispatcher* dispatcher);\n\n\n\tvoid\tvalidate();\n\nprotected:\n\n\n\t\n\npublic:\n\tbtSimpleBroadphase(int maxProxies=16384,btOverlappingPairCache* overlappingPairCache=0);\n\tvirtual ~btSimpleBroadphase();\n\n\n\t\tstatic bool\taabbOverlap(btSimpleBroadphaseProxy* proxy0,btSimpleBroadphaseProxy* proxy1);\n\n\n\tvirtual btBroadphaseProxy*\tcreateProxy( const btVector3& aabbMin, const btVector3& aabbMax,int shapeType,void* userPtr ,short int collisionFilterGroup,short int collisionFilterMask, btDispatcher* dispatcher,void* multiSapProxy);\n\n\tvirtual void\tcalculateOverlappingPairs(btDispatcher* dispatcher);\n\n\tvirtual void\tdestroyProxy(btBroadphaseProxy* proxy,btDispatcher* dispatcher);\n\tvirtual void\tsetAabb(btBroadphaseProxy* proxy,const btVector3& aabbMin,const btVector3& aabbMax, btDispatcher* dispatcher);\n\tvirtual void\tgetAabb(btBroadphaseProxy* proxy,btVector3& aabbMin, btVector3& aabbMax ) const;\n\n\tvirtual void\trayTest(const btVector3& rayFrom,const btVector3& rayTo, btBroadphaseRayCallback& rayCallback, const btVector3& aabbMin=btVector3(0,0,0),const btVector3& aabbMax=btVector3(0,0,0));\n\tvirtual void\taabbTest(const btVector3& aabbMin, const btVector3& aabbMax, btBroadphaseAabbCallback& callback);\n\t\t\n\tbtOverlappingPairCache*\tgetOverlappingPairCache()\n\t{\n\t\treturn m_pairCache;\n\t}\n\tconst btOverlappingPairCache*\tgetOverlappingPairCache() const\n\t{\n\t\treturn m_pairCache;\n\t}\n\n\tbool\ttestAabbOverlap(btBroadphaseProxy* proxy0,btBroadphaseProxy* proxy1);\n\n\n\t///getAabb returns the axis aligned bounding box in the 'global' coordinate frame\n\t///will add some transform later\n\tvirtual void getBroadphaseAabb(btVector3& aabbMin,btVector3& aabbMax) const\n\t{\n\t\taabbMin.setValue(-BT_LARGE_FLOAT,-BT_LARGE_FLOAT,-BT_LARGE_FLOAT);\n\t\taabbMax.setValue(BT_LARGE_FLOAT,BT_LARGE_FLOAT,BT_LARGE_FLOAT);\n\t}\n\n\tvirtual void\tprintStats()\n\t{\n//\t\tprintf(\"btSimpleBroadphase.h\\n\");\n//\t\tprintf(\"numHandles = %d, maxHandles = %d\\n\",m_numHandles,m_maxHandles);\n\t}\n};\n\n\n\n#endif //BT_SIMPLE_BROADPHASE_H\n\n" ]

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[ "The fast-food industry’s experimentation with plant-based proteins hit a major milestone today with Carl’s Jr. launching a burger made with a Beyond Meat quarter-pound patty.", "\n\nThe Nashville, Tenn.-based chain, a subsidiary of CKE Restaurants, said it is now the largest national burger chain to serve a Beyond Meat product. ", "The limited-time burger, dubbed Beyond Famous Star, will be available through spring at roughly 1,100 Carl’s. ", "Jr. restaurants.", "\n\n“We’re thrilled to be Beyond Meat’s largest U.S. restaurant partner to date,” Owen Klein, CKE’s Vice President of Global Culinary Innovation, told Nation's Restaurant News in an interview conducted via email in late December.", "\n\nIn a follow-up interview with Carl’s Jr., the company said the quarter-pound patty will be “shipped to our restaurants frozen and tempered until ready for the charbroiler.”", "\n\nVegans and vegetarians should take note. ", "The company said the thawed product is cooked in the same appliances as regular beef patties.", "\n\n“The Beyond Famous Star burger is assembled in kitchens that also prepare animal-based products and byproducts,” the company told NRN. “", "The cooktops are used for both patties.”", "\n\nThe burger has the same build (beyond the patty) as the Famous Star, but with a much different price.", "\n\nThe Beyond version starts at $6.29. ", "However, the price varies by location. ", "For example, a Carl’s Jr. in Orange, Calif. was selling the Beyond Famous Star burger with cheese for $7.29. ", "The regular Famous Star with cheese sold for $4.39 at the same location.", "\n\nAt other Southern California locations surveyed by NRN, the price of a regular Famous Star ranged from $3.69 to $5.48.", "\n\nThe signature burger, founder Carl Karcher’s favorite, was chosen to showcase the alt-protein because it’s the brand’s “most iconic burger,” Klein said.", "\n\n“Truly a food innovation star, the new Beyond Famous Star burger looks, cooks and tastes like our iconic flame kissed beef,” the company said.", "\n\nThis is not Carl’s Jr.’s first vegetarian option. ", "Customers can swap a beef patty for a fried zucchini patty, Klein said.", "\n\nWhile Beyond Meat is reserved for the Famous Star, customers can substitute the plant-based product on any burger for a $2 per patty upcharge.", "\n\nKlein said the chain made the Beyond Meat leap to meet changing consumer preferences, which include a desire to limit or avoid animal proteins.", "\n\nThe number of restaurants serving plant-based proteins from suppliers such as Beyond Meat and Impossible Burger has stepped up in recent years.", "\n\nConsumer demand is driving the trend, which has expanded this year beyond healthful-oriented restaurant brands. ", "In mid-September, White Castle expanded its test of Impossible Sliders to all 377 restaurants in 13 states. ", "The $1.99 slider is made from a plant-based patty created by Beyond Meat rival, Impossible Foods.", "\n\nIn December, Del Taco expanded a test of Beyond Tacos (left), made with Beyond Meat, to 21 restaurants in Southern California. ", "The expansion came after the Lake Forest, Calif.-based chain saw a positive response from a smaller test at two Del Taco locations in Century City and Santa Monica, Calif. That trial started at the end of September.", "\n\nThe $2.49 taco is made with seasoned, plant-based meat that resembles ground beef. ", "It can also be substituted for proteins on other menu items including burritos, nachos and fries, Del Taco said.", "\n\nContact Nancy Luna at [email protected]\n\nFollow her on Twitter: @fastfoodmaven\n\nUpdate, Jan. 10, 2019: This story was updated to clarify the cooking method, price and availability of the Beyond Meat burger." ]

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[ "Hazard: The beak of the watering can contains lead in the paint, which violates the federal law prohibiting lead paint on children's toys. ", "Lead is toxic if ingested by young children and can cause adverse health effects.", "\n\nDescription: The recalled Robbie Ducky™ Kids Watering Can is yellow with an orange beak and is about 10 inches high by 6 inches wide. \"", "Robbie Ducky™ Garden Collection Duck Watering Can\" is printed on a sticker on the bottom of the watering can.", "\n\nSold exclusively at: Jo-Ann Fabric and Craft Stores nationwide from February 2007 through August 2007 for about $10.", "\n\nManufactured in: China\n\nRemedy: Consumers should immediately take the watering can away from children and return it to any Jo-Ann Fabric and Craft Store for a full refund.", "Consumer Contact: For additional information, contact Jo-Ann Stores Inc. toll-free at (888) 739-4120 ext. ", "7 between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. ET Monday through Friday, or email the firm at guest.services@jo-annstores.com or visit the firm’s Web site at www.joann.com\n\nThis latest round of recalls involving children's goods made in China comes amid heightened scrutiny of Chinese exports following Mattel Inc's recalls of millions of toys this month -- some of which were due to excessive amounts of lead paint.", "\n\nLead is toxic and can pose serious health risks to young children who often put toys and other objects in their mouth.", "\n\nFriday, August 24, 2007\n\nRuby De Vera explains her reason for taking on City Hall and why she might take them on again; Fil Am community leaders react to her 125K lawsuit settlement\n\n“This outcome proves that my termination was unjustified and confirms legal precedence that no one should ever be fired because of their political activities. ", "I hope my case will encourage more Filipinos to pursue their dreams of running for office and be a voice for their community which has always been my passion,” De Vera stated in her first official statement after being awarded a 125K settlement in a lawsuit she filed against Councilman Ed Reyes and the City of Los Angeles.", "\n\nIt is a vindication, says her Filipina lawyer, Toni Jaramilla.", "\n\nDe Vera filed a free speech lawsuit against Reyes and City of LA for terminating her after running for public office. ", "She was terminated the very day she returned to work after running for an open seat in City Council during the November, 2005 elections. ", "De Vera, who was Reyes’ office manager at the time, did not run against her boss, but rather against Jose Huizar, a candidate Reyes later endorsed and was backed by Mayor Villaraigosa.", "\n\n“This was an enormous victory, both monetary and symbolically. ", "Ms. De Vera secured another job within days so her economic loss was not significant. ", "$125,000 is therefore very dignified. ", "But it was never about the money. ", "The lawsuit was always about holding a government and its leaders accountable for infringing on a citizen’s free speech rights to run for public office. ", "This was a righteous case and we could not wait to bring it before a jury,” Jaramilla said.", "\n\nHere's the rest of De Vera's press statement which includes a possible part two to this saga: because a councilmember (Bill Rosendahl) has accused De Vera of \"gaming the system,\" she and her legal team are \"examining our options at this point on whether to pursue an action against Rosendahl, and/or have the settlement voided and proceed to trial.\"", "\n\n\"Councilmembers Bill Rosendahl and Janice Hahn justified De Vera’s termination in their comments to the LA Times (August 18, 2007) that De Vera was an “at-will” employee. ", "Rosendahl went on to say that De Vera was “gaming the system” which De Vera denies. ", "Jaramilla remarks, 'Apparently, Rosendahl and Hahn fell asleep during history class when the U.S. Constitution was discussed. ", "It is appalling that some of our own elected officials cannot grasp the basic concept that just because you are an at-will employee, does not mean you have no protections under the Constitution or other state and federal laws that prohibit discrimination and retaliation in the workplace.'", "\n\nDavid Duchrow, co-counsel for De Vera states 'Ruby was an exemplary employee and is beloved in the community as demonstrated by the huge amount of votes she received. ", "This kind of ‘back room brokering’ of elections should not be tolerated in LA. ", "The public, and not government leaders by virtue of their power and influence, should decide who can and should run for political positions.' ", "Regarding Rosendahl’s comment about De Vera, 'We are examining our options at this point on whether to pursue an action against Rosendahl, and/or have the settlement voided and proceed to trial,” says Duchrow.'\"", "\n\nMeanwhile, here are some reactions from Filipino community leaders:\n\nPROSY DELACRUZ:As a student of leadership development, organizational development and quality management systems, what Ruby De Vera experienced was a profound blow to the civility and humane veneer that LA City municipal government sectors managed to create in its years of existence. ", "Even, myself as an insider and a volunteer member of its boards or commissions, could not imagine that someone would 'retaliate' in such a brazen way to Ruby who was exercising simply her right to participate in a democratic system by running in office to be elected as a councilperson. ", "I could not understand that someone like Ruby, who put in a decade of service to LA city government, a career public servant, a city government insider, could lose her job over the very essence of exercising her rights to participate publicly in city council chambers, if she had been elected, and literally preempted from functioning, made an outsider, thrown out of a job without a means of livelihood.", "Yet, the way the City Council responded to restore her dignity sent a very clear message that this brazen act of retaliation is not condoned nor enabled by this progressive Los Angeles City Council was an honorable act! ", "It restored my faith that indeed this LA City Government, under the leadership of its progressive Mayor and its City Council President is truly serious in pursuing its new pathway of Renaissance, of making this city government no longer an entity frozen in the practices of the 1950s, but a city government that leads us in progressive practices of green living, of healthy development that provides living wages to its residents, and a city government that works for all of its constituents, including the developers, the unions, its city employees and all 4,000,000 residents that come from all corners of the world.", "I am proud that this Los Angeles City Council voted to restore faith in the system and dignity to Ruby de Vera, two decades - long public servant who has served this city and our community honorably, respectably and unselfishly!Prosy Abarquez-Delacruz, J.D. Commissioner,Los Angeles City Convention and Exhibition Center Authority ( ID purposes only )Commissioner Emeritus, Los Angeles City Civil Service Commission, 2005-2007\n\nYEY CORONEL:There are people who believe that the decision made by the Los Angeles City Council on November 17, 2007 to settle Ruby De Vera’s lawsuit is a victory. ", "Initially, I would have agreed. ", "However, after reading the November 18 LA Times article by Steve Hymon, I became uncomfortable with all the questions that surfaced in my mind. ", "I'm going to mention just three of these questions.", "\n\nMy first question, some will say, is quite obvious given the numerous email responses I’ve been privy to these past few days. ", "Did the Council act with the understanding that Councilman Ed Reyes did something wrong or did they act in the best interest of certain Councilmembers? ", "Janice Hahn’s statement says quite a bit:\n\nIt bothered me because I thought it sent the wrong message to our at-will employees that if they were terminated they could sue,\" Hahn said. \"", "But the case was made to me that we could have a difficult time in court because of things said when she was let go, and I was convinced that this was the best way to put this behind us, especially for Councilman Reyes.", "Ruby’s lawsuit would have deposed Councilman Reyes as well as Councilman Jose Huizar, something that elected officials try to avoid as much as possible. ", "The deposition would have confirmed that prior to running for office, Ruby approached Councilman Reyes to let him know of her intentions to run. ", "According to Ruby, Reyes told her that she should talk to Jose Huizar. ", "At the time, certain City employees alleged that Reyes supported Huizar to gain favor with Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa since Reyes supported then Mayor James K. Hahn during the previous Mayoral race. ", "According to Ruby, she complied with Reyes’ instructions and Huizar gave her a go signal. ", "So she moved forward thinking that she had crossed her t’s and dotted her i’s. ", "But a week after coming back to work, Reyes fired Ruby for being an “embarrassment”. ", "Who knows what else was said to her? ", "This prompted her lawsuit.", "Bill Rosendahl’s statement accusing Ruby of \"gaming the system\" is a clear indication that not all the Councilmembers understand the real intent behind this lawsuit. ", "Yes, Ruby is an at-will employee who can be fired at any time. ", "In all my years spent in City Hall, I know that she is not the first to be fired for political reasons.", "\n\nBut was Ruby “gaming the system”? ", "There is no one I know who is less capable of this than Ruby de Vera. ", "Ruby has worked for years for the City of Los Angeles - years spent in unwavering loyalty, total dedication and perseverance despite all odds, years filled with hard work and good intentions.", "\n\nI believe that Ruby’s lawsuit was not about “gaming the system” but rather about reminding the system that even at-will employees have rights that are upheld by the Constitution. ", "Ruby actually confirmed my suspicion that, if she were simply told to leave the office, without any comments being made; she would have simply walked away. ", "Knowing Ruby, if that had been what transpired, there would have been no complaints. ", "If Ruby was about gaming the system, those who know her well can say that she has had many opportunities in the past. ", "With Rosendahl’s accusation, didn’t he just give her an opportunity to slap him with an oral defamation lawsuit? ", "But that isn’t Ruby.", "\n\nIn filing the lawsuit, Ruby has sent a clear statement to the City Council. ", "Whether they heard it or not is their responsibility and your evidence on whether or not they should remain as decision-makers for one of the largest cities in the world.", "\n\nNow that Ruby’s lawsuit has been settled, I can’t help but ask my second question. ", "Did Ruby receive the appropriate compensation? ", "Settlement, in legal terms, usually applies to taking the lesser of two evils. ", "Rosendahl’s statement that “taxpayers end up paying the bill” was so incongruous it made me laugh in exasperation. ", "We’re talking here about the same Council known to approve the settlement of cases more than fight them in court. ", "Who can really say how much is appropriate compensation in this situation? ", "The Filipino cultural norm is to adhere to a strong sense of honor, dignity and pride. ", "To be called an “embarrassment” as a reason for firing is like the foot that pushes you to the ground after being slapped in the face. ", "This is what Ruby received from the same person whom she helped place in his position of power. ", "What about Reyes, who seems to have surfaced out of all of this seemingly totally unscathed?", "\n\nSo now I have to ask my third question. ", "Who is the real victor in this case? ", "Let me know when you’ve figured it out.", "\n\nARTURO P. GARCIA: De Vera was active during the anti-martial law struggle against the US-Marcos dictatorship and promoted Filipino community empowerment. ", "She was an active supporter of the Filipino World War II veterans struggle and was also active advocate for the disabled community.", "JFAV coordinator Peping Baclig, testified at the Los Angeles city council in 2005 to support De Vera for her claims of discrimination. ", "De Vera ran in District 14 where there is a large Filipino American population.", "We will always fight discrimination and systemic racism in any form and way. ", "This is a clear that victory inspires us. ", "This is not only for Ruby but also for all in the Filipino community who seeks justice. ", "It’s a victory for Ruby. ", "It is a victory for the Filipino Community!", "\n\nIt was recently reported that the Los Angeles school district has been recruiting about 115 teachers from abroad - the largest group of foreign hires in more than 20 years - due to teacher shortage.", "Here's a report from FilipinOnline contributor Art Pacho about a training attended by the new recruits:\n\nNEWLY ARRIVED TEACHERS GET TRAINING FROM FELLOW FILIPINOSBy Art Pacho\n\nNew teachers from the Philippines attended an orientation training on surviving the classroom in Los Angeles. ", "On August 15, about 58 teachers who were recruited by the Los Angeles Unified School District received the training conducted by the Filipino American Educators Association of Los Angeles (FAEALA). ", "A similar training was held in June by FAEALA for 23 Filipino teachers.", "\n\nThe teachers learned basic topics as preparing a resume, classroom management, survival skills, transportation, housing arrangements, and comparison of instructional and discipline practices in the U.S. and the Philippines.", "\n\nFacilitators of the training were ZaidaMonserateJRA, Frances Lacebal, Dan Gumarang, Lucila Dypiangco, Joseph Nacorda, Glenn San Pedro, and Ron Hage. ", "The training was held with the support of the Los Angeles Unified School District, Human Services Department, represented by Imelda Fruto. ", "Erick Mata, a Filipino American principal at Marina del Rey Middle School, was the training coordinator.", "\n\nOther community service groups which cooperated with the training include the Filipino American Service Group (FASGI) represented by Bernie Targa and Filipino American Library (FAL) represented by Jonathan Lorenzo.", "\n\nA CBEST review is also scheduled for September 15 and 22, 2007 to be coordinated by Glenn San Pedro, ZaidaMonserateJRA and JunnieVerceles. ", "It will tentatively be held at Cochran Middle School in Los Angeles. ", "Passage of this test is a requirement to qualify as a teacher in California.", "\n\nFAEALA is an organization dedicated to helping the needs of Filipino American educators and promoting Filipino culture and heritage. ", "ZaidaMonserateJRA, the current FAEALA president, stated that this was the second training program conducted for free by the organization to help the largest number of Filipino teachers ever recruited by Los Angeles. ", "The training was a community effort to support the newly arrived teachers become successful in the classrooms in Los Angeles.", "\n\nWednesday, August 22, 2007\n\nIn Eagle Rock Plaza, you can get designer bags at Macy's, casual chic items at Target, as well as barong tagalog and Chickenjoy and other Pinoy goodies at its seven Filipino stores. ", "It is the only mainstream mall carrying that many Filipino retailers and restaurants.", "\n\nHere's a nice article in the LA Times about how Eagle Rock is now considered as \"ground zero\" for LA's Pinoys.", "\n\nHer former employers, Elizabeth and James Jackson of Culver City, pleaded guilty Monday to forcing Ruiz to work against her will in their home for months. ", "Federal officials called this case a \"modern-day slavery.\"", "\n\nOne of the things that struck AnnalisaEnrile, Gabriela Network USA chairperson, in this case was the fact that Elizabeth Jackson is a Filipina and a kababayanof Ruiz. ", "GABNET was one of the first organizations to give aid to Ruiz when her plight was exposed.", "\n\n\"I think it's to our benefit that we are made aware that things like this are not only done by menacing foreigners,\" Enrile said.", "\n\nElizabeth Jackson faces a maximum sentence of 46 months in prison for her forced labor charge while husband James’ sentence will include 200 hours of community service. ", "They are scheduled for sentencing this Nov. 5.", "\n\nRuiz is now living and working in Los Angeles with her husband. ", "She is currently employed as a caregiver.", "\n\nHere's the complete press release from the Department of Justice:\n\nCalifornia Couple Pleads Guilty to Human Trafficking ChargesWASHINGTON - Elizabeth and James Jackson, of Culver City, Calif., pleaded guilty today in federal court in Los Angeles to felony charges related to forced labor and human trafficking. ", "Elizabeth Jackson pleaded guilty to a single count of forced labor, and James Jackson pleaded guilty to a single count of alien harboring.", "\n\nElizabeth Jackson admitted to forcing a Filipino woman to work against her will in the Jacksons’ home for several months in 2001 and 2002 by creating a climate of fear through threats of abuse of the legal process. ", "James Jackson admitted to harboring the same Filipino woman in the Jacksons’ Culver City home for several months in 2001 and 2002, even though he knew her work visa had expired.", "\n\nElizabeth Jackson faces a maximum sentence of 46 months in prison for her forced labor charge. ", "James Jackson’s sentence will include 200 hours of community service, including providing immigration-related legal advice for indigents. ", "Both of the Jacksons are scheduled to be sentenced on Nov. 5, 2007.", "\n\n“These defendants subjected their victim to what amounts to modern-day slavery,” said Wan J. Kim, Assistant Attorney for the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice. “", "The Justice Department will remain dedicated to rooting out this horrible crime and prosecuting those who would enslave others.”", "\n\n“No person should ever be forced to live in a world of fear, isolation and servitude, particularly in a country that prides itself on its freedoms,” said Julie Myers, Homeland Security Assistant Secretary for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). “", "Today’s guilty pleas should send a message to those who traffic in human beings that ICE is committed to protecting those who cannot protect themselves.”", "\n\n“Freedom is the most basic of human rights and no one has the right to harbor illegal aliens and force them into labor,” said Salvador Hernandez, Deputy Assistant Director for the FBI’s Criminal Investigative Division. “", "The FBI takes human trafficking crimes very seriously and is committed to investigating those involved in the systematic abuse and degradation of this essential right.”", "\n\nThe Attorney General has made the prosecution of human trafficking crimes a top priority. ", "In the last six fiscal years, the Civil Rights Division, in conjunction with U.S. Attorneys’ Offices, has increased by six-fold the number of human trafficking cases filed in court.", "\n\nThe case was prosecuted by Special Litigation Counsel Andrew J. Kline from the Human Trafficking Prosecution Unit and Douglas Kern from the Criminal Section of the Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice. ", "The case was investigated by agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and the Department of Labor.", "\n\nWe're all familiar with the saying, \"When life gives you lemons, make lemonades.\"", "\n\nBut for Christine Pechera, a brave and now cancer-free Pinay, a more appropriate saying could be, \"When life gives you cancer, kick its behind.\"", "\n\nLast week, she related over the phone how ecstatic she felt just being able to do regular things again, like eating at a restaurant and standing under a New York rain.", "\n\n\"It was raining outside so I went out and just stood in the rain. ", "My mom was yelling, \"Get out of the rain, get out of the rain!\" ", "but I just wanted to let the rain hit my face. [", "With the second life given to me], I felt like it was a baptism. ", "It was like a moment of cleansing for me.\"", "\n\nHer family couldn't be happier now that she's back with them.", "\n\n\"When I arrived home, I had all these home-cooked meals waiting for me. ", "Dinuguan, monggo, adobo - all my favorites,\" she said.", "\n\nShe is as busy as ever. \"", "I plan to visit the churches and other Filipino communities in the area who organized bone marrow drives. ", "I want to give thanks to all of them for their support,\" she said.", "\n\nLOS ANGELES — Most people usually don’t cry while eating ice cream but that is exactly what Christine Pechera and her mother did a week ago at Friendly’s, their favorite diner in New York.", "\n\n“We were talking about the last time we were here and then we both just started crying,” Christine said. ", "The Pechera family, longtime East Coast residents, has been affected by the savageness of cancer more than most families. ", "Before she was diagnosed, Christine donated her own marrow to her brother, Francis Rex, who had lymphoma and also needed a transplant. ", "Because of Christine’s donation, Rex went on to live a few more years. ", "Her sister is a current survivor of lymphoma.", "\n\nIt’s been about 21 months since the Pechera women were at the same restaurant, talking about the cold realities of Christine’s cancer relapse. ", "This time she felt that it was more vicious than ever.", "\n\nChristine thought that it would be the last time she and her mom would be sharing their favorite ice cream treat.", "\n\n“I told my Mom that and she said, ‘No, you will get well. ", "We will come back here again, you’ll see’. ", "I was crying so hard because, morbid as it sounds, I knew that chances are, I will be coming back home in a box.”", "\n\nIn July 2006, she played her last card: A risky partial match transplant from a donor based in Hong Kong.", "\n\nWhen I caught up with her in March of this year, she said that was still not sure if she will make it.", "\n\n“A simple flu could kill me,” she said then. ", "Her life revolved around visits to the City of Hope hospital.", "\n\nBut 13 months after the transplant, she got the greatest news of her life: Her doctors told her that she is now cancer-free.", "\n\n“I just couldn’t believe it. ", "I literally went numb. ", "I kept asking my doctor, ‘Are you sure? ", "Are you absolutely sure?’”", "\n\nHer doctor showed her the scans. ", "It was completely clear.", "\n\n“The images were a cool blue, a peaceful blue. ", "A vast empty void of pure, unadulterated pristine health…this is beyond miracle,” Christine ecstatically wrote on her blog right after getting the news.", "\n\n“The results of the “one-year” bone marrow biopsy came back 100% donor. ", "In the past, “100% donor” meant “promising” or “a good sign”. ", "The marrow also came back “clear.” ", "This triple-confirms that the cancer has completely vanished. ", "At 13 months out, it is safe to officially say that the donor marrow has taken and that the transplant is successful,” she recently assured her supporters on her blog, adding that her father broke down on the phone when she told him that her plans of mounting a post-cancer celebration party is pushing through because she is, indeed, a full-pledged survivor now.", "\n\nThree years ago, at age 30, doctors told Christine that she had a rare and very aggressive form of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. ", "She was given a month to live. ", "Her father flew to California to bring her home to die.", "\n\nBut after receiving chemotherapy and an autologous transplant (a procedure where the patient’s own cells are used instead of a donor’s), Christine thought she had her cancer licked for good. ", "In December 2005, it was back. ", "This time, she needed a bone marrow transplant, and for that, she needed a matching donor.", "\n\nFinding a donor is hard enough but as a Filipino, Christine feared that her chances of finding a match were slim-to-none. ", "Among minorities, Filipinos contribute the least to the bone marrow registry.", "\n\n“I had less than 10 percent chance of surviving,” Christine said. ", "What she did with this knowledge astounded and inspired not only her family and friends but also strangers.", "\n\nUsing her remaining strength, she actively participated in bone marrow drives and spoke at countless church and community events to enjoin Filipinos to sign up. ", "She was relentless.", "\n\nWhen I interviewed her last year at a bone marrow drive sponsored by Goldilocks when she had yet to find a match, Christine related her day-to-day struggle with dizzy spells and general weakness brought on by chemotherapy. ", "And yet, her focus to sign up donors didn’t seem to waver.", "\n\n“Even if I don’t survive, other patients might be if we sign up more people so I have to keep doing this,” she said then.", "\n\n“Christine was a very open and hardworking patient. ", "She went all out,” said Madhuri Mistry, public relations and South Asian outreach and recruitment coordinator of Asians for Miracle Marrow Matches (A3M).", "\n\nA3M is a Los Angeles-based organization that recruits donors in six Asian communities to assist patients in finding marrow matches. ", "Information on how to be a donor can be obtained from www.asianmarrow.org and in Filipino events such as the upcoming Festival of Philippine Arts & Culture (FPAC). ", "They are also mounting a fundraising concert featuring Martin Nievera in October to help more patients. ", "Currently, they are helping to find a donor for Hawaii-based Jonah Kalaikai Jr., a 5-year-old part Filipino with acute myeloma.", "\n\nA3M was able to sign up more Filipinos during the first five months of Christine’s involvement in the bone marrow registry campaign than they had in the last five years.", "\n\nHer story attracted even the mainstream media, culminating in an appearance on Nightline.", "\n\n“I saw her on TV and I was just floored by her so I sought her out,” said Jerome Williams, one of many former strangers who are now part of Christine’s life. ", "Williams has leukemia and his own quest to find a marrow donor can be found on his website, www.teamjerome.org.", "\n\nHe was one of Christine’s guests at a thanksgiving party that Christine recently gave after getting the good news that she is now cancer-free.", "\n\nJerome smiles widely as Christine takes over the dance floor, swaying to “Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go” with the gusto of a teenager. ", "The party’s prom theme was Christine’s choice because aside from its fun connotation, it also signifies an ending of an era, in her case, her battle with cancer.", "\n\n“I saw her when she has no energy, I saw her in her worst times…so it’s great to see her now living and enjoying life,” Williams said. “", "When you have a success story like Christine’s, it’s exciting. ", "It gives you hope. ", "It lets you know that you just have to keep on fighting.”", "\n\nChristine’s plate post-cancer is full but there is one thing that she will definitely make time for: Meeting her bone marrow donor. ", "As is the norm for cases like hers, donors are not allowed to be introduced to patients until after a year. ", "A few weeks after the one-year mark, Christine was finally able to communicate with “my angel,” a 36-year-old Hong Kong resident via e-mail. ", "Christine is not sure if he has Filipino blood but she believes that the fact that she is part Chinese accounted for their partial match.", "\n\nChristine is currently in the East Coast, spending time with her family but she plans to go back to Los Angeles in the near future to resume her career in films and TV. ", "Here, she talks more about her journey.", "\n\nYong B. Chavez: How did it feel going back home?", "\n\nChristine Pechera: It was very emotional. ", "I was so scared when I left 21 months ago. ", "I’m just so happy to be with family again and to do things I haven’t done in a long time.", "\n\nYC: Like what?", "\n\nCP: I went fishing. ", "I grew up near the ocean, in Long Island, so I really like fishing. ", "As I was sitting down, I just kept looking at the sky. ", "I was remembering those days when I was confined in the hospital for 145 days, not allowed to leave my room.", "\n\nYC: What kept you fighting for your life?", "\n\nCP: What gave me strength through all this was my faith in God. ", "What kept me fighting was all the support and prayers that were sent my way. ", "Just knowing that there were people praying and cheering from the sidelines kept the fires stoked and helped me to focus when things got downright scary.", "\n\nThere were so many people who were fighting for me: my family, friends, my doctors, my church, other survivors, fighters, supporters and absolute strangers. ", "How could anyone possibly give up when there is an ocean of love all around you, candles being lit in countless churches and temples, and letters being sent from all over the world? ", "One thing I learned is that we are loved more than we know. ", "It is too bad that it takes such a potential tragedy to expose the fact that there truly is goodness everywhere and in all of us, especially where you least expect it.", "\n\nYC: During the whole ordeal, what was the worst thing that you experienced?", "\n\nCP: Probably when my boyfriend dumped me after my cancer came back. ", "The timing was just terrible. ", "It was a few days after Valentine’s and it was my first day of chemotherapy. ", "But (the experience) actually made me find my own strength.", "\n\nCP: The most surprising and upsetting thing was hearing stories of potential donors who were contacted and then refused to donate their marrow. ", "Unfortunately this happens more often among the Asian population. ", "Imagine being told, “We found someone who can save your child’s life but they said ‘No.’” ", "I often cry for those patients who never found a donor, which are many. ", "But my heart simply breaks apart for those patients who did find a donor but died anyway because the donor said “No.” ", "The pain this inflicts on the patient’s family is immeasurable. ", "And imagine being the patient. ", "Being told that your life is not worth someone else’s time? ", "Absolutely tragic.", "\n\nYC: It sounds like you’ve learned a lot in such a short time.", "\n\nCP: For sure. ", "I’ve learned that life is truly about love and connections.", "\n\nYC: You’ve met a lot of people since your ordeal started. ", "What were the worst and best things that anyone has ever told you?CP: I used to have a problem asking for help, and one day, a friend of mine, a fellow patient, told me, “You have to let people help you because by allowing them to help you, they become a part of your healing.” ", "He told me that I have to believe that I’m not a burden, that by accepting help I’m giving someone an opportunity to be a better human being. ", "The worst thing that anyone said was at an interview. ", "A reporter asked this question to my mom: “Christine is already the 3rd of your children who got cancer, so does it get easier with each one?”", "\n\nYC: Whoa.", "\n\nCP: Yeah, it was really bad. ", "But don’t mention the reporter’s name. [", "laughs]\n\nYC: How was the Nightline feature experience? ", "Did this and other media exposure help you?", "\n\nCP: The Nightline piece was such an important moment for me. ", "On the day of the interview, I didn’t know how much time I had left. ", "It was May and rumor had it that I wasn’t going to make it to the end of summer. ", "We still had not found a donor and time was running out. ", "Originally I thought that by going on national TV, I’d find my donor and hopefully inspire more people to sign up with the National Marrow Donor Program. ", "But what actually happened was so much more.", "\n\nSoon after the piece aired and right up to this day, I hear from other survivors and caregivers who saw the story. ", "To these people, the story was less about me finding a donor and more about not giving up. ", "About keeping the flag flying high and fighting on despite the incredible odds stacked against you.", "\n\nAt that point I didn’t know if I was going to survive, but it gave me solace to know that all this uncertainty, suffering and pain was turning into a story of hope, strength and faith. ", "No matter what God had planned for me, at least I knew that others were being helped.", "\n\nYC: What’s next for you?", "\n\nCP: I will go back to work, doing what I love best which is film and TV. ", "I’m also writing. ", "I am a contributor to this book called “Writing for Wellness” coming out in October. ", "I am also looking at several other book proposals. ", "I will also continue to support bone marrow drives and speak on behalf of patients needing donors. ", "We still need to put Filipinos on the registry. ", "I am very busy and I love it. ", "What’s next for me, really, is the rest of my life.", "\n\nPosted below is the story I wrote for Philippine News about Ruby De Vera's case. ", "I'm hoping to hear back from her soon to get more details so that I can write the update where I will include reactions from Filipino community leaders.", "\n\nFilipina gets $125K in lawsuitYong B. Chavez,Aug 22, 2007LOS ANGELES — Ruby De Vera, a former Los Angeles councilman office manager was awarded a $125,000 settlement last week by the City of L. A. after she alleged in a lawsuit that her former boss fired her because she ran for office against a candidate he was endorsing.", "\n\n\"It’s a victory for our Filipino community,\" said De Vera.", "\n\nPhilippine News ran a story about her firing in 2005 where De Vera related what her boss, Councilman Ed Reyes, gave as a reason for her firing. \"", "He just told me I embarrassed him when I ran for office,\" De Vera said at the time.", "\n\nIn 2005, De Vera was working as Reyes' office manager when she ran for the City Council's 14th District, an area where many Filipinos reside. ", "She came in third among 12 candidates. ", "A candidate that Reyes was backing won the seat.", "\n\nElected officials in Los Angeles can hire and fire at will without dealing with civil service requirements but Reyes' council colleagues reportedly voted 9 to 2 to settle the case. ", "Without the settlement, the case would go to court and Reyes and possibly other council members would probably have to testify.", "\n\nDe Vera had been working for the City for about 10 years. ", "After her firing, De Vera went to work as a clerk/typist at the City controller’s office.", "\n\nIn her lawsuit, De Vera asked for compensatory, injunctive and punitive damages for, among other reasons, labor code violations and discrimination based on race/ethnic origin. ", "Her legal filing, posted on a prominent Los Angeles political blogsite, also mentioned that \"throughout her employment with the city, Plaintiff had always performed her duties competently, received favorable performance evaluations, and maintained an unblemished work history.", "\n\nPlaintiff was terminated not only because of her political activities and affiliations, but also because of her race (Filipino). ", "Defendants treated non-Filipinos more favorably by, among others, paying them higher salaries despite holding the same or less senior position than Plaintiff. ", "Plaintiff was also terminated because she was a visible and vocal member of the Filipino community, and was involved with various activities which supported the Filipinocommunity.\"", "\n\nDe Vera, the tough Pinay who took on City Hall when her boss, Councilman Ed Reyes, fired her allegedly for \"embarrassing him\" when she ran for public office against a Reyes-backed candidate, is going to get $125,000 in a lawsuit settlement.", "\n\nIn her lawsuit, De Vera asked for compensatory, injunctive and punitive damages for, among other reasons, labor code violations and discrimination based on race/ethnic origin.", "\n\nA Los Angeles political blogsite posted her Federal complaint which mentions that \"throughout her employment with the city, Plaintiff had always performed her duties competently, received favorable performance evaluations, and maintained an unblemished work history.", "\n\nPlaintiff was terminated not only because of her political activities and affiliations, but also because of her race (Filipino). ", "Defendants treated non-Filipinos more favorably by, among others, paying them higher salaries despite holding the same or less senior position than Plaintiff. ", "Plaintiff was also terminated because she was a visible and vocal member of the Filipino community, and was involved with various activities which supported the Filipino community.\"", "\n\nI will be posting the complete story about her victory soon. ", "In the meantime, congrats, Ruby!", "\n\nFriday, August 17, 2007\n\nHome Depot owes my wife a refund of over $300 and it is now in the hands of the state so I went to this government website.", "\n\nTry typing your last name and city, and you might also have some money waiting for you.", "\n\nWhen I looked up under Business Name and typed in Filipino American, I came up with a list of 23 unclaimed property. ", "The unclaimed amount totalled $6,697.75 representing 23 organizations in California. ", "The amount ranged from the highest of $2,223.78 to the smallest which was $41.00 (or an average of $291 for all organizations).", "\n\nThese organizations can claim their money by filing the proper form to the Bureau of Unclaimed Property under the California State Controller. ", "If after a time, the property is unclaimed, the state can take ownership. ", "Most of the property was for a dormant checking or saving account in the bank or credit union; payments by vendors; court settlements; or insurance refunds. ", "The Filipino organizations are located in San Francisco, Los Angeles, Sacramento, San Jose, Alameda, Tracy, Carson, Porterville, Garden Grove, Wilmington, Novato and Oakland. ", "Their treasurer or officer should begin to make a claim before the expiration date.", "\n\nThe names of some organizations are: Filipino American Chamber of Commerce, Filipino American Democratic Club, Filipino American Political Association, Filipino American Senior Citizens, Filipino American Service (Group, Inc), Filipino American Club of Southern California, and Filipino Americans for Good Government. ", "The Filipino American Chamber of Commerce in Carson can claim $2,223,78.", "\n\nOne suggestion for these organizations which have no interest in these unclaimed funds:\n\nHow about donating the money to a non profit organization in California? ", "We have Search to Involve Pilipino Americans, Filipino American Service Group, Inc., or Filipino American Library, etc. ", "that need support.", "\n\nThanks for the tip, Art. ", "To see the list of Filipino American orgs with unclaimed property, here's the link.", "\n\nThursday, August 16, 2007\n\nAt the LAX, Dennis Garcia, the husband of Anna Lisa Enrile, national chairperson of the Gabriela Network (GABNET), embraced his wife and the happiness on Dennis’ face is seen. ", "Anna Lisa herself smiled to GABNET members, friends and relatives who welcomed her arrival at Los Angeles airport.", "\n\nDr. Anna Lisa Enrile experienced harassment in the Philippines when she was not allowed to board the Philippine Air Lines and head for LA last Aug 5 and was informed that she was on a “watch list”. ", "Dr. Enrile was never clearly told why she could not go back to the U.S. With her, were writer NinotchkaRosca and Judith Mirkinson, both of GABNET. ", "The three women leaders were in Manila to attend the WISAP international solidarity conference of GABRIELA Philippines. ", "Enrile also led a medical mission to needy areas in the Philippines, together with her USC students who were learning about social work.", "\n\nIn Los Angeles, some 100 supporters from many organizations, SIPA, Pilipino Workers Center, UCLA, Alliance for Lasting Peace and Justice, People’s CORE, KmB, ANSWER LA, GABNET school chapters, PAGE, and the students of Dr. Enrile at USC held a candlelight vigil infront of the Philippine Consulate on Wilshire Blvd.", "\n\nPhilippine Consul General Mary Jo Aragon extended her assistance upon talking to the family of Enrile, Ivy Quicho, GABNET LA coordinator and members of the press last August 13. ", "Aragon called the Department of Foreign Affairs in Manila and expressed her support of Anna Lisa and urged them to allow Anna Lisa to come to Los Angeles.", "\n\nAnna Lisa Enrile said that the harassment will not prevent her from going back to the Philippines and in exposing the political killings in the Philippines. “", "I will go there every year.", "”Philippine Party List Representative Liza Maza and GABRIELA lawyer AlnieFoja intervened for the GABNET 3 who were delayed for an hour by the Bureau of Immigration officers who insisted that the three were”connected with the Taliban”.", "\n\nThe targeting and harassment coincide with the implementation of the RP Human Security Act that went into effect last August 11. ", "Since Gloria Arroyo Macapagal took office in 2001, there have been 900 murders and disappearances of Filipino activists, clergy, labor leaders and 90 of them were GABRIELA members or affiliates. ", "The Philippines has been called as the most dangerous country for journalists after Iraq.", "\n\nAt the IHOPWestchester, Anna Lisa’s parents are smiling. ", "They are now glad that their daughter is with them. ", "But the incident in Manila is just the beginning. ", "Anna Lisa will be reporting back about the WISAP conference, and for sure, will continue to monitor and expose the human rights violations in the Philippines.", "\n\n[photo courtesy of Al Garcia of People's CORE, taken at the protest vigil at the LA Phil Consulate]\n\nFriday, August 10, 2007\n\nThis particular scam has been around for quite sometime now pero marami pa ring nabibiktima so please tell everyone you know to be extra vigilant. ", "Thanks to FilipinOnline reader Levi G. for forwarding the alert e-mail.", "\n\nA team of organized criminals is installing equipment on legitimate bank ATMs in at least two regions to steal both the ATM card number and the PIN. ", "The team sits nearby in a car receiving the information transmitted wirelessly over weekends and evenings from equipment they install on the front of the ATM (see photos). ", "If you see an attachment like this, do not use the ATM and report it immediately to the bank using the 800 number or phone on the front of the ATM.", "\n\nThe equipment used to capture your ATM card number and PIN is cleverly disguised to look like normal ATM equipment. ", "A “skimmer” is mounted to the front of the normal ATM card slot that reads the ATM card number and transmits it to the criminals sitting in a nearby car.", "At the same time, a wireless camera is disguised to look like a leaflet holder and is mounted in a position to view ATM PIN entries.", "\n\nThe thieves copy the cards and use the PIN numbers to withdraw thousands from many accounts in a very short time directly from the bank ATM.", "\n\nThe Internet giant is kicking off a call for designs for an icon that best symbolizes “green.”", "\n\nFor artists and green-minded people out there, here's what they want:\n\n\"We’re looking for a graphic that will be used to flag simple, eco-friendly things you can do all over our network, so that everyone knows the many green choices and options available on Yahoo!. ", "That could include everything from making green purchases to finding the most fuel-efficient cars.", "\n\nYou don’t have to be a professional to design an icon. ", "You just have to make a clear, strong visual sign for “green” and send it in. ", "The chosen design will be seen possibly billions of times on Yahoo!", "’s product pages, by a global audience of more than 500 million people.", "\n\nIf your design is chosen, not only do you get to brag about it — the environmental nonprofit of your choice will receive a $20,000 grant from Yahoo!. ", "If your design is a runner-up (two will be chosen), your designated nonprofit will receive $5,000.\"", "\n\nIf you know someone who is a low income Medicare Part D beneficiary, here's some welcome news for them from the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services:\n\nDealing with the Medicare Prescription Drug Program (Part D) just got a little easier for people with low incomes. ", "Low-income Medicare Part D beneficiaries now enjoy a new, important right to change plans at any time during the year. ", "Previously, many of these Medicare beneficiaries could only change plans once a year, during the fall enrollment period.", "\n\nThe expansion of enrollment rights was announced by the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services last month and takes effect immediately. ", "Under the expansion, all Medicare Part D beneficiaries eligible for the Low Income Subsidy, also called “extra help,” (1.1 million Californians, 9.2 million beneficiaries nationwide) may switch plans as often as once a month. ", "The new right is most helpful to those who are in a plan that is too expensive or does not cover all of their drugs. ", "An individual who changes plans in August can be in a new plan as of September 1.", "\n\nThis continuous special enrollment period has many benefits. ", "If a beneficiary finds that his or her plan does not cover a necessary drug, it may be easier to switch plans than to seek an exception to the plan’s formulary. ", "Because of the plans’ intensive, attimes misleading marketing efforts, many individuals have joined plans that they do not understand or that they later realize do not meet their needs. ", "The continuous enrollment period makes it easy for them to switch to a better plan.", "\n\nAdvocates nationwide support the enrollment right expansion as an improvement to the Medicare prescription drug program.", "\n\n“This change is a step in the right direction. ", "It will help many low income individuals who have been trapped in a plan that does not cover their drugs,” says Katharine Hsiao , Staff Attorney at the National Senior Citizens Law Center , a member organization of the California Medicare Part D Language Access Coalition. “", "It is very important to spread the word about this newdevelopment, especially to low-income communities, including limited-English proficient communities. ", "This change is likely to assist thousands of individuals across the country.”", "\n\n“This change will help many in our community get access to the drugs they need,” says Caroline Lee, Health Access Advocacy Director of the Korean Resource Center in Los Angeles .", "\n\n“Last week, a couple came in because they could not afford to buy a newly prescribed heart medication that was not covered by their Part D plan. ", "Because of the enrollment right expansion, they were able to change to a plan that will save them over $300 a month. ", "Getting accurate information about Part D has been even more difficult for limited-English proficient clients than for English speakers. ", "We need to spread the word about changes like this one that can help low-income individuals.”", "\n\nThe California Medicare Part D Language Access Coalition is a coalition of advocacy and service providers working to improve access to Medicare Part D for limited-English proficient beneficiaries. ", "Some of the members are the Asian Pacific Islander American Health Forum, Asian Pacific American Legal Center , the California Pan-Ethnic Health Network, the Center for Health Care Rights, the Health Rights Hotline, the Korean Resource Center and the NationalSenior Citizens Law Center . ", "For a fact sheet on these new enrollment rights, or for a copy of the Coalition’s recent report, “Medicare Prescription Drug Plans Fail Limited English Proficient Beneficiaries,” see http://www.nsclc.org/areas/medicare-part-d.", "\n\n- Are printers hazardous to you health? ", "A study says it is while HP denies. ", "Per article, \"Office printer could be posing as much danger to the lungs as a drag on a cigarette, according to air quality tests by Australian scientists. ", "An investigation of dozens of laser printers revealed that almost 30 per cent emit potentially dangerous levels of tiny toner-like material into the air.\"", "\n\n- What's the best time of the day to do stuff? ", "This article IDs them. ", "Who knew that 4 p.m. is the best time of the day to clean the house? ", "It's a handy guide for many of us who've always thought it's at quarter-to-never.", "\n\n- Finally, here's a unique way to clean up dirty cops: Offending Thai cops will have to wear Hello Kitty armbands. \"", "Police officers caught littering, parking in a prohibited area, or arriving late — among other misdemeanors — will be forced to stay in the division office and wear the armband all day.\" ", "Meow!" ]

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[ "ACIP adopts guidelines on immunizing health care workers.", "\nMaintaining immunity is an essential part of prevention and infection control programs. ", "The ACIP strongly recommends all health care workers be vaccinated against hepatitis B influenza measles, mumps, rubella varicella." ]

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[ "Royal & SunAlliance offloaded its loss-making estate agency business, the third-largest in the UK, to Skipton building society yesterday in another step towards reshaping its flagging business.", "\n\nThe purchase will make Skipton the second-largest estate agency chain in the UK, taking on RSA's Barnard Marcus, William H Brown and Fox & Sons brands, among others, and its 2,500 staff.", "\n\nThe financial details of the deal were yesterday undisclosed at the request of RSA, but RSA's 323 estate agency branches made an operational loss of £7m last year on a turnover of about £100m. RSA said it would have to take a £221m hit on its profit and loss account from the disposal. ", "The company said, however, that this figure was an accounting device for goodwill it has already written off on the businesses.", "\n\nIt said the move would have no \"material effect on the group's funds, capital or net assets\", as the same amount will be credited to the group's balance sheet.", "\n\nSkipton intends to run Sequence, the name of RSA's estate agency division, as a separate business to its Connells estate agency arm. ", "The building society yesterday said all the 4,000 jobs in the enlarged division would be safe and all the brand names would be kept. ", "Skipton will have 480 branches throughout the country.", "\n\nJohn Goodfellow, the chief executive of Skipton, said: \"As demand in the housing market remains strong, supported by low interest rates, a low volume of newly built homes and increasing demand for owner-occupied properties, estate agency businesses are a sound investment.\" ", "The building society yesterday said RSA's chains had \"lost their way\" recently by trying to branch out into utility and van rentals. ", "It will refocus the chains on pure estate agency business.", "\n\nRSA has been shedding assets in the past year after it revealed a shortfall in the capital it needed to fund its business. ", "It has already sold off assets in the US, shut its UK life companies to new business and floated its Australian arm. ", "But a further shock for investors came last month when it revealed an £800m black hole in its reserves. ", "It has since recently completed a one-for-one deeply discounted rights issue to raise £1bn to strengthen its reserves for liabilities.", "\n\n\"This is not a material transaction for RSA but Andy Haste, the chief executive, is proving that he is, at least, an executor. ", "He has laid out his plan and he is getting on with it,\" Roman Cizdyn, an insurance analyst at Commerzbank, said. ", "Shares in RSA closed down 1.9 per cent at 90.75p." ]

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[ "The temperature dependence of electrical excitability in fish hearts.", "\nEnvironmental temperature has pervasive effects on the rate of life processes in ectothermic animals. ", "Animal performance is affected by temperature, but there are finite thermal limits for vital body functions, including contraction of the heart. ", "This Review discusses the electrical excitation that initiates and controls the rate and rhythm of fish cardiac contraction and is therefore a central factor in the temperature-dependent modulation of fish cardiac function. ", "The control of cardiac electrical excitability should be sensitive enough to respond to temperature changes but simultaneously robust enough to protect against cardiac arrhythmia; therefore, the thermal resilience and plasticity of electrical excitation are physiological qualities that may affect the ability of fishes to adjust to climate change. ", "Acute changes in temperature alter the frequency of the heartbeat and the duration of atrial and ventricular action potentials (APs). ", "Prolonged exposure to new thermal conditions induces compensatory changes in ion channel expression and function, which usually partially alleviate the direct effects of temperature on cardiac APs and heart rate. ", "The most heat-sensitive molecular components contributing to the electrical excitation of the fish heart seem to be Na(+) channels, which may set the upper thermal limit for the cardiac excitability by compromising the initiation of the cardiac AP at high temperatures. ", "In cardiac and other excitable cells, the different temperature dependencies of the outward K(+) current and inward Na(+) current may compromise electrical excitability at temperature extremes, a hypothesis termed the temperature-dependent depression of electrical excitation." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nInvalid converstion from void* to char**\n\nIt has been a while since I messed with C code. ", "\nI am getting the following error when compiling C code under Ubuntu using gcc. ", " \nThe command I am using to compile code is (if these errors are because of compiler I am using, please let me know how to make that go away):\ngcc -o runnable mycode.", "C \n\nerror: invalid conversion from ‘void*’ to ‘char**’\n\nLine 39 is : \nsequence=malloc(sizeof(char *)*seqNum);\n\nsequence is declared as: \nchar **sequence;\n\nseqNum is declared as: \nint seqNum\n\nA:\n\nAdded: The fasted solution to Arron's actual problem is provided by sgm in a comment. ", "The text below is all accurate, and hopefully helpful, but a second rate solution to the problem at hand.", "\n\nYour compiler is being very stiffnecked about pointer casts (are you using a c++ compiler?), ", "adding an explicit cast like\nsequence=(char**)malloc(sizeof(char *)*seqNum);\n\nshould make the error go away. ", "Alternately you might be able to convince the compiler to go easy on you with some kind of option like\n$(CC) --lighten-up-baby code.c\n\nwhich might be preferable if this is in some third party code that you don't really want to hack. ", "Read your compiler documentation to find the option you want. ", "Since all the gccs I have on hand (versions 4.0 and 4.2) are happy with that code, I'm not in a good place to offer advice on switches to turn this behavior off.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou need to cast the result of malloc to be the type you want. ", "\nSo:\n\n char **sequence;\n ...\n sequence = (char **)malloc(sizeof(char *) * seqNum);\n\nAlso remember that if you're going to use sequence you'll need to allocate a list of \"char *\"s as you have done but then you don't have the pointed-to memory allocated, it's only allocated the space for the list of pointers themselves.", "\nPart of the reason for this being an error is that assigning between different pointer types can change the alignment required. ", " Malloc is guaranteed to return a pointer to space with alignment suitable for any type.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nOpenWRT firewall package\n\nI'm new to OpenWRT. ", "I read that firewall3 (fw3) is the default app that works with UCI and it is some kind of wrapper for iptables.", "\nOn my SDK, through menuconfig, I selected iptables and iptables6 but when I burn image on my device, fw3 is missing as also /etc/config/firewall and /etc/init.d/firewall.", "\nWhat package do I need to install? ", "In my menuconfig there I didn't find any package named fw3.", "\nCan anyone help me with this?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou need to install firewall package (located in Base System section)\n\n" ]

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[ "The present invention generally relates to a gas fired hydronic water and space heating system for use in typical recreational vehicles such as a motor home, boat and the like.", "\nHeretofore, recreational vehicles, such as campers and travel trailers, have traditionally employed gas fired, forced hot air furnaces for space heating along with a gas fired, tank type, water heater to supply domestic hot water. ", "However, motor homes, having a combustion engine available for generating heat, have typically tapped the hot engine cooling medium for such heating." ]

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[ "It has begun. ", "Ford and Google will partner to build Driverless Cars, according to sources. ", "I must be Nostradamus. ", "Just last week I explained “How Car Companies Can Survive The Self-Driving Car Apocalypse,” and now Ford has allegedly done precisely what I suggested OEM’s need to do to ensure their survival. ", "Ford, as the first American OEM to partner with Google, has now gained a temporary but Brobdingnagian advantage over every other legacy OEM on the planet.", "\n\nYes, Brobdingnagian. ", "On the scale of size, that’s bigger than big, massive or colossal.", "\n\nEveryone else making cars better have a plan, because this partnership changes everything. ", "Let’s break this down point-by-point, starting with the rumors I believe to be true and ending with my predictions for the coming months:\n\n1. ", "Legally Separate Entities? ", "Duh.", "\n\nNo surprises here. ", "Reports have already suggested Google’s Self-Driving Car unit will be spun off as a standalone “Alphabet” company in 2016. ", "Of course Ford would do the same. ", "Liability is the first and most obvious concern, at least until the legal issues around Autonomous Driving are sorted out by regulators on a federal level, which is inevitable. ", "Google, Volvo & Mercedes have already stated they would accept full responsibility for any accidents that occur under full autonomy, which makes Ford’s apparent reticence odd. ", "It might tell us something about the nature and pace of their twin-pronged autonomous product roll-out, which we’ll get to in point #3 and #4.", "\n\n2. ", "The Consequences of Non-Exclusivity\n\nOf course the partnership is “understood to be non-exclusive.” ", "Google would never agree to anything else. ", "Look at this from their side. ", "If they want to go to war with Uber, they need an OEM to build a mountain of their little Wall-E pod cars. ", "Soon. ", "The United States will be the first battleground. ", "What was the alternative initial American partner? ", "GM? ", "I’d pick Ford, too. ", "Former Ford CEO Alan Mulally is on Google’s board, and Google Self-Driving CEO John Krafcik used to work at Ford in engineering. ", "Both are intimately knowledgeable with Ford’s manufacturing capabilities. ", "The pieces all fit, except for Ford not being big enough, even as the world’s seventh largest manufacturer. ", "We know Google has been in discussions with other manufacturers for some time. ", "Google needs the flexibility to do battle globally, and even if a manufacturer existed with sufficient capacity and global reach, it would be madness to license their AD to a single partner at this early stage in the Self-Driving Apocalypse.", "\n\nAs for Ford, they had no choice. ", "I’m sure they not only wanted to sign, they had to, to prevent GM from doing so first, if the latter ever had a shot. ", "FCA? ", "You don’t need to be Nostradamus to know they were a distant third in Google’s callback list. ", "Rumors suggest Toyota and Daimler’s Self-Driving R&D is ahead of everyone but Google and Tesla, but Tesla doesn’t factor in a war this size. ", "At least not yet. ", "Ford not only wanted access to Google’s tech, but to...\n\n3. ", "The OEM First-Mover Advantage\n\nThis may be temporary, but it is still an advantage. ", "Ford, as the first OEM to partner with Google, wins two-fold here. ", "Google’s Self-Driving tech will not only drive Ford’s new unit, but will bleed upward to the latter’s product lineup until reaching ubiquity. ", "Ford sees the writing on the wall. ", "The center of car production/sales gravity will eventually and permanently tip toward Self-Driving Cars. ", "They might win half the battle in the US market merely by manufacturing the coming Google-branded units, if their Gen 1 Wall-E car are of truly superlative quality. ", "If not, I’m sure Google has an out. ", "I’m also sure neither side wants to see Google use it.", "\n\nThe battle’s second half is now Ford’s to fight from a position of technological strength vis-a-vis Toyota, Daimler and the other OEMs. ", "Daimler CEO Dieter Zetsche has already said they won’t be the Foxconn of car companies, ceding that business for now—at least in the United States—to Ford. ", "If anyone else wants to get in on manufacturing Google’s US-targeted cars, they’re not too late, but with Mulally and Krafcik where they are, first-mover might never have been an option.", "\n\nHow quickly will Ford capitalize on this advantage? ", "I predict Ford will announce full assumption of liability for their Self-Driving products—just like Google, Volvo and Mercedes—at CES in two weeks. ", "If they don’t, they’ll have failed to exploit both the technological and public relations leap this partnership provides. ", "But they will. ", "Trust me. ", "My Nostradamus factor has been running at 90% so far, at least on this topic.", "\n\n4. ", "What Precisely Will These Entities Do?", "\n\nThe report refers to the partnership as moving “toward a new business of automated ride sharing.” ", "We already know Google wants to do battle with Uber, and can infer that Ford will build the first iteration of Google’s competing product. ", "But Ford? ", "Their new unit will be pure Mobility with a focus on EVs, possibly under a sub-brand. ", "ForDrive, anyone? ", "They’ve already gotten their car-sharing feet wet with their Smart Mobility Plan and a partnership with Getaround. ", "Although Ford may offer an in-house sharing services under the new unit, the first of many more battles will likely begin with car rental companies, who don’t appear to have any meaningful plan for the future whatsoever. ", "One could write a novella about that one.", "\n\n5. ", "What This Means For Uber and Their BIG Secret\n\nThe biggest target in the coming shared-services war is now on Uber’s back. ", "Uber needs a manufacturing partner. ", "Uber’s Self-Driving R&D progress is the best kept secret in the automotive world. ", "More importantly, when Google boasts about 1M miles driven autonomously, they do so knowing that Uber may nearly have a full house when it comes to collecting data. ", "It just isn’t AD data. ", "How many tens of millions of miles of data has Uber collected at consumer level about taxi usage patterns? ", "Orders of magnitude more than anyone else. ", "It is almost certainly in an inverse correlation to what Google knows on that same topic. ", "Where Google has much to learn, Uber doesn’t, and Uber has a shorter road to travel toward deploying full AD than Google does in deploying taxis.", "\n\nWhat does Uber need? ", "They need a Ford. ", "Soon.", "\n\n6. ", "My Craziest Theory\n\nSomething tells me the non-exclusivity in the Ford/Google partnership wasn’t completely reciprocal. ", "Something tells me there was a single clause restricting one side of the partnership, at least for a few years.", "\n\nIf I were Google, I would have insisted that Ford be forbidden from building Uber’s Self-Driving Cars.", "\n\nCrazy. ", "But possible. ", "Given that Ford needed Google more than Google needed Ford, it makes sense.", "\n\nWhich leads us to...\n\n7. ", "The Second Biggest Question in the Automotive World\n\nWho will build Uber’s Self-Driving Cars? ", "If it isn’t Ford, there are too many variables for a good guess. ", "In the US market, between GM and FCA, you know my pick. ", "We know it won’t be Daimler, at least not for now. ", "Toyota? ", "Nissan? ", "Uber, light-years ahead of all but one company in app-based car services, is going to need more manufacturing sooner than almost anyone else. ", "They’re already in more markets—actively on the ground—than anyone else. ", "Their cost of market entry is already lower than almost anyone else. ", "The instant Self-Driving Cars clear regulatory hurdles, Uber will be the first company to deploy Self-Driving cars. ", "Mark my words. ", "Unlike Google and Apple, their current business is already in the business, and they are one partnership and one law away from going where everyone else wants to. ", "They already have what everyone else needs: a massive customer base who use their app. ", "How many people use Getaround? ", "Turo? ", "Ouicar? ", "Gett? ", "Arro? ", "How many billions will Google and as-yet unaligned OEMs need to spend to pry Uber users away to a rival service?", "\n\nThere is one company bigger, China’s Didi Dache. ", "They’ve already invested in Lyft. ", "I wonder which OEM(s) they’ll partner with.", "\n\n8. ", "The Biggest Question in the Automotive World\n\nApple.", "\n\nSo, in the US, we’ve got Google/Ford vs Uber/TBD vs. Apple/TBD.", "\n\nThe next five years will be exciting. ", "Let. ", "Them. ", "Fight.", "\n\nP.S. I omitted Tesla for a reason. ", "They have a secret, hiding in plain sight, but it deserves its own story.", "\n\nAlex Roy is the author of the LiveDriveRepeat blog and Editor-at-Large for The Drive.", "\n\nPlease follow me on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nmsxml3.dll in context sp_OAMethod 'send'\n\nWorking code from Win2003 + SQL Server 2005 is not working under Win2012 + SQL Server 2012 sp1. ", " \nThe only ~real solution I found is: \n\nI copied C:\\Windows\\System32\\msxml3.dll from a Server 2008 to the same\n dir on a server 2012. ", "Problem on 2012 server solved, sending with POST\n and GET working fine.", "\n\nBut as I cannot modify server and both msxml3.dll and msxml6.dll are locked - I need to understand what is wrong and apply other way. ", " \nCode is simple as usual for grabbing soap web service: \nDeclare @Object as Int;\nDeclare @ResponseText as Varchar(8000);\nDeclare @ErrCode Int;\n\nExec sp_OACreate 'MSXML2.ServerXMLHTTP', @Object OUT;\nExec sp_OAMethod @Object, 'open', NULL, 'post','http://example.com/Authentication.asmx','false'\nExec sp_OAMethod @Object ,'setRequestHeader' ,NULL ,'Content-Type' ,'text/xml; charset=utf-8'\nExec sp_OAMethod @Object ,'setRequestHeader' ,NULL ,'SOAPAction' ,'\"http://www.example.com/Login\"'\nExec @ErrCode=sp_OAMethod @Object, 'send',null,'<soap:Envelope xmlns:soap=\"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/\" xmlns:xsd=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema\" xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\">\n <soap:Body>\n <Login xmlns=\"http://www.example.com/\">\n <databaseName>db1</databaseName>\n <userName>login</userName>\n <password>pass</password>\n </Login>\n </soap:Body>\n</soap:Envelope>'\nExec sp_OAMethod @Object, 'responseText', @ResponseText OUTPUT\nSelect @ErrCode,@ResponseText\nExec sp_OADestroy @Object \n\nI tried both MSXML2.XMLHTTP and MSXML2.ServerXMLHTTP (as well as .6.0 versions) objects.", "\nError id: -2147024809, with remark 'send' failed. ", "The parameter is incorrect. ", " \nOf course Ole Automation Procedures is enabled.", "\n\nA:\n\nI stumbled upon this nasty issue for an entire weekend. ", "I personally found horrible the \"replace DLL\" workaround, so I did my best to come out with a safer solution... Luckily enough, I actually found two of them.", "\nSolution 1\nApply the following MS HotFix, which fixes the issue for good:\n\nhttps://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/2968741/error-0x80070057-when-sql-server-communicates-to-a-web-server-using-st\n\n(read the post for further info and to request the hotfix via e-mail through MS secure channels)\nSolution 2\nIf you can't apply the HotFix, you can still get the job done by using a slightly different syntax when issuing the SEND command. ", "Instead of this:\nExec @ErrCode=sp_OAMethod @Object, 'send',null,'your-data';\n\ndo this:\nExec @ErrCode=sp_OAMethod @Object, 'send(\"your-data\")';\n\nIt works for any type of HTTP request data: JSON, XML and even application/x-www-form-urlencoded for standard POST request. ", "The downside is that such syntax is quite ugly... and you have to change all your Stored Procedures that way.", "\nFor additional info regarding the issue you can also read this post on my blog.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Get over 50 fonts, text formatting, optional watermarks and NO adverts! ", "Get your free account now!", "\n\nWhen there's a new Speedster introduced on the show - And you can't wait to start making shitposts about them.", "\n\nCheck out all our blank memes" ]

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[ "CLEMSON, S.C. -- Ben Boulware was exhausted, and the bus ride home felt interminable. ", "He hadn't slept more than a few minutes since Clemson stunned Alabama 35-31 in Tampa, Florida, on Monday night to secure the school's first national championship in 35 years.", "\n\nThe adrenaline that fueled the senior linebacker through a raucous night of celebration was gone, and he struggled to stay awake as the fleet of buses rounded Perimeter Road and went up over the hill into the parking lot of Memorial Stadium.", "\n\nThen Boulware saw them, nearly 6,000 orange-clad fans eager to join the celebration.", "\n\n\"I had tears in my eyes when I saw it,\" he said.", "\n\nThe 2016 national champions spilled from buses and were quickly enveloped by a mass of humanity that had begun assembling outside the stadium hours in advance.", "\n\nDeshaun Watson, who led a game-winning drive in the final seconds and now will head to the NFL, pulled his luggage from a bus, signed autographs and posed for photos with fans.", "\n\nDefensive coordinator Brent Venables signed hundreds of shirts, programs and stuffed animals, posing for selfies and hugging fans like family.", "\n\nA fan held a sign asking Dabo Swinney's son Will to prom, and players eagerly tried to arrange a meeting.", "\n\nOne fan wept as he told Boulware how proud the team had made him.", "\n\n\"Our fans are uncommon, our football team is uncommon, and the culture here is uncommon,\" said Boulware, who is from neighboring Anderson, South Carolina. \"", "I'm pumped for the team and the guys that laid the foundation for us, but really I'm so happy for this community that waited too damn long for us to bring that trophy back.\"", "\n\nClemson players pose with fans after returning Tuesday to South Carolina. ", "The Tigers' official parade is set for Saturday, with the team marching from downtown to Memorial Stadium. ", "AP Photo/Richard Shiro\n\nIndeed, the fans in Clemson were still basking in the team's glory Tuesday.", "\n\nAt Tiger Sports Shop, national championship gear flew off the shelves, with store employee Stephen Vaughn guessing they'd done as much business Tuesday as a typical home game. ", "The store had opened its doors late Monday night after Clemson clinched, and a hefty portion of the more than 5,000 fans who'd gathered to watch the game poured inside for their first crack at merchandise.", "\n\n\"The computers crashed, and most people didn't get mad,\" Vaughn said. \"", "They just started doing the Clemson chant.\"", "\n\nThe official parade is set for Saturday, with the team marching from downtown Clemson to the stadium, but this was too big a celebration to wait for anything formal.", "\n\nOutside the stadium, Adam McClain posed his son, 2-year-old Cash, in front of Howard's Rock. ", "The boy was draped in Watson's No. ", "4 jersey and held a football. ", "Behind him, the words \"National Champions\" glowed from the video boards. ", "Cash didn't really grasp the magnitude of it all, his father said, but that wasn't important.", "\n\nAdam McClain has been going to Clemson games since he was Cash's age. ", "He remembered his father traveling to Miami to see the Tigers secure their last national title in 1981. ", "He didn't understand what it meant back then either.", "\n\n\"Years later, you realize,\" McClain said. \"", "It's surreal now. ", "It's been amazing.\"", "\n\nMcClain's awe wasn't reserved for the fans. ", "Clemson's coaches and players also milled about outside Memorial Stadium, sleep-deprived and delirious, trying to simply enjoy the moment.", "\n\nChristian Wilkins, the Tigers' star defensive end, surveyed the crowd and shook his head. ", "It's a funny thing, he said. ", "After a year of work to make this moment a reality, he had to remind himself that it was real.", "\n\n\"We won a national championship,\" Wilkins said. \"", "To know that it's real, that no one can take it away from you, it feels so great.\"" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to load a large csv file into Neo4j\n\nI'm trying to load a large csv file (1458644 row) into neo4j, but i'm still getting this error :\nNeo.", "TransientError.", "General.", "OutOfMemoryError: There is not enough memory to perform the current task. ", "Please try increasing 'dbms.memory.heap.max_size' in the neo4j configuration (normally in 'conf/neo4j.conf' or, if you you are using Neo4j Desktop, found through the user interface) or if you are running an embedded installation increase the heap by using '-Xmx' command line flag, and then restart the database.", "\n\neven if i change dbms.memory.heap.max_size=1024m with m=megbite , the same error occurs again !", "\nNote : the size of the csv is 195.888 KB\nthis is my code :\nload csv with headers from \"file:///train.csv\" as line\ncreate(pl:pickup_location{latitude:toFloat(line.pickup_latitude),longitude:toFloat(line.pickup_longitude)}),(pt:pickup_time{pickup:line.pickup_datetime}),(dl:dropoff_location{latitude:toFloat(line.dropoff_latitude),longitude:toFloat(line.dropoff_longitude)}),(dt:dropoff_time{dropoff:line.dropoff_datetime})\ncreate (pl)-[:TLR]->(pt),(dl)-[:TLR]->(dt),(pl)-[:Trip]->(dl);\n\nwhat should i do ?", "\n\nA:\n\nI Solved the problem by copying the solution for limited row here\nso this is my solution:\nUSING PERIODIC COMMIT\nload csv with headers from \"file:///train.csv\" as line\nwith line LIMIT 1458644\ncreate (pl:pickup_location{latitude:toFloat(line.pickup_latitude),longitude:toFloat(line.pickup_longitude)}),(pt:pickup_time{pickup:line.pickup_datetime}),(dl:dropoff_location{latitude:toFloat(line.dropoff_latitude),longitude:toFloat(line.dropoff_longitude)}),(dt:dropoff_time{dropoff:line.dropoff_datetime})\ncreate (pl)-[:TLR]->(pt),(dl)-[:TLR]->(dt),(pl)-[:Trip]->(dl);\n\nthe downside of this solution is that you need to know the number of rows of your big csv file (excel can't open large csv files).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Related\n\n2 thoughts on “International Giveaway of “The Mourning After:”\n\nHer fuller name would be Kathleen Fahey Hahn, or just Kathleen Hahn. ", "She is not a professional writer, so there is no standard form of her name you’d be required to use.", "\nI’m sure Kathy Hahn would do quite nicely.", "\nShe tells me she prays nightly to lost loved ones. ", "Our dad and mom as well as her beloved daughter Colleen, who had cerebral palsey and died in mom’s arms at age 6 1/2. ", "Kath said she started with a simple “I will love you forever”, but then realized after a while that she would see them again when she dies. ", "This statement grew bit by bit within her prayers.", "\nColleen would have been 33 now.", "\nThank you for asking." ]

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[ "Effects of pregnancy and endothelial cell removal on alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated responses of rat thoracic aortae.", "\n1. ", "The possibility was examined that changes in sensitivity of the aorta to alpha-adrenoceptor agonists during pregnancy in the rat are due to changes in smooth muscle receptor-mediated responses and/or endothelial cell-mediated responses. ", "2. ", "Maximum constrictor responses to phenylephrine (PE) of both endothelium-intact and denuded thoracic aortic rings were greater when tissues were obtained from 20-day pregnant rats compared with non-pregnant ones. ", "For endothelium-denuded thoracic aortic rings, the pA2 value for phentolamine as an antagonist of PE was not significantly different for rings from 20-day pregnant rats compared with rings from non-pregnant rats. ", "3. ", "Prazosin (1-50 nM) markedly depressed maximum contractile responses to PE of endothelium-intact (but not denuded) thoracic aortic rings from both non-pregnant and 20-day pregnant rats. ", "However, this marked depression of maximum responses by prazosin did not occur in the additional presence of yohimbine (10 nM), and yohimbine alone (10-500 mM) did not affect maximum responses to PE. ", "There was no significant difference between the pA2 value for prazosin against PE-induced contractions of endothelium-denuded aortic rings obtained from either non-pregnant or 20-day pregnant rats (in the presence of yohimbine, 10 nM). ", "4. ", "These results provide no evidence for a change in aortic smooth muscle alpha-adrenoceptor affinity during pregnancy, although maximum responsiveness of aortic smooth muscle to PE is increased on day 20 of pregnancy (c.f. ", "non-pregnant controls)." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nRegex remove Mustache variables from HTML\n\nI'm writing some code that parses template files, and one of the first things that I'm doing is removing all of the Mustache variables in the template. ", "For the most part, the mustache variables look like this:\n{{variable}}, {{#loop}}{{content}}{{/loop}}, {{^not}}{{/not}}, {{! ", "comment }}, {{#if}}{{/if}}\n\nSo far, I've been using this regex replace and it's worked fine to remove all of these variables:\nmarkup.replace(/\\{\\{[^\\}\\}]*\\}\\}/g, \"\")\n\nI've just run into an issue though where I've found a Mustache comment that wraps some javascript code.", "\n{{! ", "App.doStuff('magic_string')({flag:true, flag2: true}); }}\n\nNote: The .js code inside of the comment does NOT contain }}.", "\n\nPreviously, I thought that my regex would look for {{ up until it found a }} (exactly 2 in a row) ([^\\}\\}]), but this does not appear to be the case. ", "The match is stopping once it finds a single } and it is unable to remove this comment from the template file because it couldn't match up the opening and closing {{ }}.", "\nQuestion: How should my regex be updated so that it will match from '{{' to '}}' without stopping at a single '}'?", "\n\nExample runs:\n\"<p>{{! ", "App.doStuff('magic_string')({flag:true, flag2: true}); }}</p>\".replace(/\\{\\{[^\\}\\}]*\\}\\}/g, \"\");\n\"<p>{{! ", "App.doStuff('magic_string')({flag:true, flag2: true}); }}</p>\" \n// bad! - ", "should be \"<p></p>\"\n\n\"<p>{{test}}</p>\".replace(/\\{\\{[^\\}\\}]*\\}\\}/g, \"\");\n\"<p></p>\" // good\n\n\"<p>{{#test}}{{.}}{{/test}}</p>\".replace(/\\{\\{[^\\}\\}]*\\}\\}/g, \"\");\n\"<p></p>\" // good\n\n\"<p>{{>partial}}</p>\".replace(/\\{\\{[^\\}\\}]*\\}\\}/g, \"\");\n\"<p></p>\" //good\n\n\"<p {{#flag}}class='fancy'{{/flag}}></p>\".replace(/\\{\\{[^\\}\\}]*\\}\\}/g, \"\");\n\"<p class='fancy'></p>\" //good\n\nA:\n\nHere you go,\n> \"<p>{{! ", "App.doStuff('magic_string')({flag:true, flag2: true}); }}</p>\".replace(/\\{\\{(?:(?!}}).)*\\}\\}/g, \"\")\n'<p></p>'\n\nDEMO\nExplanation:\n\\{ '{'\n\\{ '{'\n(?: ", " group, but do not capture (0 or more\n times):\n (?! ", " look ahead to see if there is not:\n }} '}}'\n ) end of look-ahead\n . ", " any character except \\n\n)* end of grouping\n\\} '}'\n\\} '}'\n\n" ]

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[ "Although natural wood has been used for woodgrained sing wheels, there are drawbacks in that natural wood is difficult to form in a complicated product shape and there is the fear of cracks being generated in the wood due to deforming in a collision On the other hand, a steering wheel, which comprises of a woodgrained urethane mold, has been suggested. ", "For example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open (JP-A) No. ", "63-270279 discloses a method of manufacturing a woodgrained steering wheel comprising the steps of manufacturing a matrix having a woodgrain pattern from natural wood, producing a urethane mold via the matrix, and applying the same color as that of the natural wood to a surface of the urethane mold.", "\nAs concave portions formed in the matrix having the woodgrain pattern formed by the above method have grains 30 corresponding to those of genuine wood (natural wood) as shown in FIG. ", "5, the depth of these grains 30 is as shallow as 0.02 mm or less, the depth of each of the grains is not uniform and a corner portion made by the grain matrix surface and the concave portion of the grain is formed in an R shape.", "\nFor his reason, a wood filler having the same color as that of the natural wood is embedded into grain portions. ", "When the excess wood filler is wiped off, a small amount of the wood filler remains near the R-shaped corner portion so that border lines of the woodgrain become blurred. ", "Moreover, the amount of wood filler embedded into the grain portions is variable and portions, whose colors are different from those of the woodgrain, are generated. ", "As a result, it is difficult to realize the woodgrain\nTherefore, a first object of the present invention is to provide a woodgrained member such as a woodgrained steering wheel or the like which has an excellent appearance of wood and a feeling of wood.", "\nA second object of the present invention is to provide a method of manufacturing the woodgrained member in which the woodgrained member such as a steering wheel or the like which has the above-described properties can be reliably and easily manufactured.", "\nThe present invention discloses a woodgrained member composing concave portions formed at a surface of a urethane-based base member, a wood filler embedded into the concave portions, and a color clear layer provided at a surface of the urethane-based base member into which the wood filler has been embedded, wherein the depth of the concave portions is 0.02 mm xcx9c0.1 mm\nDesirably, a corner portion made by a surface of the urethane-based base member and the concave portions and a corner portion of a bottom portion of the concave portions are formed in an angular shape, and the depths of the concave portions are substantially the same.", "\nIn the case of a steering wheel, the urethane-based member has a Shore A hardness of 75 or more, a Shore D hardness of 20 or more, an extensibility of 80xcx9c300%, and a density of 0.3xcx9c0.9 g/cm3. ", "Particularly desirable are a Shore A hardness of 85xcx9c95, a Shore D hardness of 30xcx9c40, an extensibility of 100xcx9c200%, and a density of 0.40.5 g/cm3.", "\nIn addition, the present invention discloses a method of manufacturing a woodgrained member comprising: a first step of forming an in-mold coating layer with a mold in which a woodgrain pattern has been formed; a second step of injecting a urethane-based composition into the mold; a third step of removing a urethane mold having a woodgrain formed by the hardening of the urethane composition from the mold; and a fourth step of filing the woodgrain portions with a wood filler containing a coloring member and then providing a color clear layer over the layer including the wood filler." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to a procedure for preparing a patient prior to the administration of medical treatment. ", "The invention relates more particularly to an improved apparatus and method which facilitates the preparation procedure.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nPrior to medical treatment such as surgery, suturing, treatment of superficial wounds and fractures, etc., ", "it is generally necessary to prepare the patient's body site at which the treatment will be administered. ", "The preparation procedure comprises the removal of body hair, cleansing and sterilizing the body site. ", "Body hair is removed to facilitate access, viewing and the application of various medicants. ", "In some hospitals, the preparation procedure may be required with different patients as often as forty to sixty times each day, depending upon the day-to-day demands on the surgical department. ", "The preparation procedure is also frequently required at more limited emergency medical facilities and at physicians' offices. ", "Preferably, the procedure is conducted with a degree of cleanliness and sterility commensurate with the requirements of the medical treatment to be performed.", "\nIn a prior hair removal preparation procedure, body hair was removed by moistening or lathering the body site and shaving with a safety razor. ", "Cleanliness and sterility of the hair removal procedure were obtained in large measure by the use of a sterilized, disposable blade. ", "The blade was discarded after one use. ", "Subsequently, the advent of an economical, disposable, safety razor made it feasible to employ the razor a single time and to discard the razor after one use.", "\nit has been determined by medical practitioners that although a safety razor shaves the body site substantially clean of all body hair, shaving it not necessary to satisfy the needs of the medical procedure. ", "Rather, a simple removal of relatively longer hairs, e.g., greater than one sixteenth to one eighth inch in length, is sufficient to provide the desired access and viewing. ", "Moreover, the use of the safety razor in the preparation procedure has frequently caused small nicks and cuts in the skin at the body site. ", "These wounds at times resulted in post-treatment infection. ", "These two factors have led to the discontinuance, in part, of the use of a safety razor, and, the use instead of a hand held clipper. ", "While the clipper does not crop as closely as the straight-edge razor, it does adequately remove hair and importantly avoids the introduction of skin wounds which are later susceptible to infection. ", "However, in view of the greater cost of a clipper relative to a disposable safety razor, discarding the clipper after each use would render the procedure prohibitively expensive and the clipper is reused. ", "The time involved in sterilizing a clipper combined with the demand for frequent and repeated use, as in a hospital facility, has necessitated that a relatively large number of sterilized clippers be provided. ", "This requirement undesirably increases the overall cost of the hair removal procedure. ", "Moreover, while the problem of post-treatment infection is overcome by the use of a clipper, the operation and manipulation of a hand-held, manually operated, hair clipper during the preparation procedure is at times difficult, particularly at body sites which are not readily accessible." ]

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[ "/*\n * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more\n * contributor license agreements. ", " See the NOTICE file distributed with\n * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.", "\n * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0\n * (the \"License\"); you may not use this file except in compliance with\n * the License. ", " You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n */\n\npackage org.apache.spark.examples.ml;\n\nimport org.apache.spark.sql.", "SparkSession;\n\n// $example on$\nimport java.util.", "Arrays;\nimport java.util.", "List;\n\nimport org.apache.spark.ml.feature.", "OneHotEncoder;\nimport org.apache.spark.ml.feature.", "StringIndexer;\nimport org.apache.spark.ml.feature.", "StringIndexerModel;\nimport org.apache.spark.sql.", "Dataset;\nimport org.apache.spark.sql.", "Row;\nimport org.apache.spark.sql.", "RowFactory;\nimport org.apache.spark.sql.types.", "DataTypes;\nimport org.apache.spark.sql.types.", "Metadata;\nimport org.apache.spark.sql.types.", "StructField;\nimport org.apache.spark.sql.types.", "StructType;\n// $example off$\n\npublic class JavaOneHotEncoderExample {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n SparkSession spark = SparkSession\n .builder()\n .appName(\"JavaOneHotEncoderExample\")\n .getOrCreate();\n\n // $example on$\n List<Row> data = Arrays.asList(\n RowFactory.create(0, \"a\"),\n RowFactory.create(1, \"b\"),\n RowFactory.create(2, \"c\"),\n RowFactory.create(3, \"a\"),\n RowFactory.create(4, \"a\"),\n RowFactory.create(5, \"c\")\n );\n\n StructType schema = new StructType(new StructField[]{\n new StructField(\"id\", DataTypes.", "IntegerType, false, Metadata.empty()),\n new StructField(\"category\", DataTypes.", "StringType, false, Metadata.empty())\n });\n\n Dataset<Row> df = spark.createDataFrame(data, schema);\n\n StringIndexerModel indexer = new StringIndexer()\n .setInputCol(\"category\")\n .setOutputCol(\"categoryIndex\")\n .fit(df);\n Dataset<Row> indexed = indexer.transform(df);\n\n OneHotEncoder encoder = new OneHotEncoder()\n .setInputCol(\"categoryIndex\")\n .setOutputCol(\"categoryVec\");\n\n Dataset<Row> encoded = encoder.transform(indexed);\n encoded.show();\n // $example off$\n\n spark.stop();\n }\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "It seems as if werewolves were an epidemic in Europe during the Middle Ages. ", "So may horrible murders were committed by people accused of shapeshifting and sorcery, most notably the Beast of Gevaudan in France. ", "But one particular loup garou committed crimes so horrible that officials literally tried to erase all mention of him from history.", "\n\nIt was December 14, 1598, when a seemingly common tailor from Châlons, France, found himself in court facing numerous crimes. ", "His name has vanished since that very day, yet what he did would live on as nightmares for centuries. ", "At his shop in Paris, the tailor was accused of luring children in, capturing and torturing/sexually abusing them before slicing open their throats.(Some accounts state that necrophilia was also part of his routine.) ", "Then, the tailor swapped his role of tailor for that of a butcher; he laid out their bodies, disjoined them neatly, carved them up like a side of beef, and had them for his dinner. ", "This might sound like a simple case of cannibalism, except that he allegedly captured more children by prowling the nearby woods at night after taking the form of a wolf.", "\n\nWith dozens of children going missing, the tailor became a suspect. ", "His shop was searched and among the many horrific things uncovered there were barrels filled with the bleached bones of children. ", "The tailor was taken into custody and summarily tortured to get a confession for the 10-48 estimated murders he committed.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nA verdict of guilty was quickly reached. ", "The tailor was sentenced to burn at the stake, which was customary for witches, werewolves, and other fiendish people at the time. ", "From the courtroom up until his body was consumed by flames, the Werewolf of Châlons made no attempt to plead for his innocence. ", "He continued to cuss and curse in the most evil of fashions until his last breath.", "\n\nOf course, we can’t review his case and explore it further in modern times. ", "All we’re left with is the story as it has been passed along over the centuries. ", "The court felt that the acts of the Demon Tailor were so horrible and shocking that no one should ever dare read the accounts ever again. ", "Just like the cannibalistic serial killer, the court documents were burned to ashes.", "\n\nJust remember that the next time someone tells you that terrible crimes are a modern-day thing.", "\n\nMORE GREAT STORIES FROM WEEK IN WEIRD:" ]

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[ "North Korea’s nuclear weapons program may already be too far advanced to thwart diplomatically, according to a Republican senator.", "\n\n“It's going to be very difficult, short of going in with a military strike,” Sen. Jeff Flake, R-Ariz., told the Washington Examiner.", "\n\nFlake doesn’t want to invade North Korea. “", "That’s just not a good option,” the Foreign Relations Committee member said.", "\n\nThe regime has told South Korean officials they are willing to discuss dismantling their nuclear weapons program, for the first time, even as American intelligence officials believe the regime is mere months away from acquiring the ability to strike the United States with a nuclear weapon.", "\n\nAnd so U.S. officials and allies face a high-stakes question: Is this latest olive branch a sign of success, or will the talks allow North Korea to buy the last amount of time they need to perfect their nuclear weapons and ballistic programs?", "\n\n“I was there in South Korea two weeks ago [and] this very question came up,” Idaho Sen. James Risch, a Republican member of the Intelligence Committee, told the Washington Examiner. “", "And that happened to us once before.”", "\n\nNorth Korea agreed in a 1994 international accord to shutter a plutonium plant, but they cheated on the pact by pursuing nuclear weapons through another means — highly enriched uranium — even with international monitors in the country. ", "With that in mind, any negotiation hinges on the ability of U.S. intelligence agencies to protect diplomats from getting duped.", "\n\n“In all likelihood, there is no way to be 100 percent sure; however, we do have ways and means,” Risch said. “", "I can't really go into the ways and means, but, we're in a substantially better position now than we were then. ", "The world has changed dramatically, and [there have been] technological advances, and I really can't talk about that.”", "\n\nIn the meantime, the United States plans to avoid making any one-sided concessions.", "\n\n“All options are on the table and our posture toward the regime will not change until we see credible, verifiable, and concrete steps toward denuclearization,” Vice President Mike Pence said Tuesday.", "\n\nFlake thinks it’s too late for that to happen.", "\n\n“This talk that we could somehow by threatening them or by sanctioning keep them from getting to a point where they sit down at the table as a legitimate nuclear threat was unreasonable, kidding ourselves,” he said. “", "By the time we get down to sitting at the table with them and actually have negotiations, then, they may be all the way there [as a nuclear power].”", "\n\nThat would shift the task of U.S. negotiators from dismantling the nuclear program to containing the threat.", "\n\n“They're at a point right now where we don't want to risk a broader conflict, even if its just conventional weapons going after South Korea,” Flake said. “", "It's a cliche, but, there are no good options. ", "I don't think they're going to agree to anything that, in the end, that they don’t end up sitting at the table as some kind of nuclear power. ", "It's not going to be anything on the level where we are, but enough of a level where we treat them like a nuclear power.”" ]

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[ "Joseph-Ludger Fillion\n\nJoseph-Ludger Fillion (May 17, 1895 – September 12, 1971) was a Canadian provincial politician.", "\n\nBorn in Alma, Quebec, Fillion was the member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec for Lac-Saint-Jean from 1931 to 1935 and from 1939 to 1948.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1895 births\nCategory:1971 deaths\nCategory:People from Alma, Quebec\nCategory:Quebec Liberal Party MNAs" ]

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[ "Facebook reported a major security issue affecting around 50 million users. ", "The company discovered a security attack whereby hackers gained access to around 50 million users’ access token, effectively giving them full access to 50 million accounts.", "\n\nThe flaw was reportedly caused by Facebook’s “View As” feature that lets you view your own profile as one of your friends, to better tune your posts’ privacy settings. ", "The feature gave away the access token to attackers, giving them access to the users’ account.", "\n\nAfter discovering the attack, Facebook has reset the access tokens of the 50 million users affected, as well as another 40 million users as a precautionary measure. ", "These users will be automatically logged out of their Facebook account, requiring them to re-login into their accounts. ", "Facebook says the company has fixed the issue, though it has temporarily disabled the View As feature to confirm the fix and investigate the attack further.", "\n\n“This attack exploited the complex interaction of multiple issues in our code. ", "It stemmed from a change we made to our video uploading feature in July 2017, which impacted “View As.” ", "The attackers not only needed to find this vulnerability and use it to get an access token, they then had to pivot from that account to others to steal more tokens,” the company said in a blog post.", "\n\nFacebook says it will continue to investigate the attack, as well as the hackers behind the attack. ", "For now, though, it doesn’t know much about the hackers or where they are based, so the investigation will likely take some time. ", "This isn’t the first privacy and security related issue Facebook has run into in the recent months, but this is probably the worst one, so far.", "\n\nTagged with Facebook, Privacy, Security" ]

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[ "\n274 F.Supp. ", "283 (1967)\nUNITED STATES of America and Glen B. Johnson, Special Agent, Internal Revenue Service, Plaintiffs,\nv.\nFIRST NATIONAL BANK OF PIKEVILLE, Citizens Bank of Pikeville and Pikeville National Bank & Trust Co., Defendants.", "\nCiv. ", "No. ", "1061.", "\nUnited States District Court E. D. Kentucky, Pikeville.", "\nJune 27, 1967.", "\n*284 George I. Cline, U. S. Atty., ", "Lexington, Ky., for the United States and others.", "\nStephens, Combs & Page, Pikeville, Ky., for First Nat. ", "Bank of Pikeville.", "\nFrancis M. Burke, Pikeville, Ky., for Citizens Bank of Pikeville.", "\nFrancis Dale Burke and Ronald May, Pikeville, Ky., for Pikeville Nat. ", "Bank & Trust Co.\nFrancis Dale Burke and Ronald V. May, Pikeville, Ky., for intervenors, Taylor Justice and Stella Justice.", "\nBefore CELEBREZZE, Circuit Judge, and SWINFORD and MOYNAHAN, District Judges.", "\n\nOPINION AND ORDER\nPER CURIAM.", "\nThis action arises from efforts of the United States to examine certain bank records of various banks in Pikeville, Kentucky, in connection with an examination conducted by the Internal Revenue Service relative to the income tax liability of Taylor Justice and Stella Justice, for the years 1960-1963, inclusive.", "\nIn Justice v. United States, 365 F.2d 312, the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit directed the filing of the Intervening Petition of the taxpayers.", "\nIn paragraph eighteen of the Intervening Complaint, the petitioners have challenged the constitutionality of Title 26 U.S.C., Section 7604(a) and (b) and have demanded a restraining order, enjoining and restraining the enforcement of the summons issued herein pursuant to said statutory provision.", "\nThe undersigned Three Judge District Court was designated, pursuant to 28 U. S.C. § 2284, to hear and determine the issue raised and proceeded on May 12, 1967, to hear the same.", "\nThe entire thrust of petitioners' argument is that the efforts of the United States are directed toward securing evidence to be used against the petitioners in a criminal proceeding and therefore the instant statutory proceeding is violative of the constitutional safeguards provided by the Fourth and Fifth Amendments.", "\nAn examination of the record fails to support the petitioners' charge that the real purpose of this proceeding is to secure information for use in a criminal action. ", "Glen B. Johnson, the special agent conducting the investigation, testified on discovery that the purpose of the investigation was \"to determine the accuracy of the income tax returns of the taxpayers.\" (", "See deposition of Glen B. Johnson, Special Agent, Question 49 and answer, page 3.) ", "This testimony appears to bring the case squarely within the ambit of Wild v. United States, 362 F.2d 206, wherein 26 U.S.C. § 7602 was held immune from challenge under the Fourth and Fifth Amendments.", "\nThe Supreme Court has impliedly recognized the constitutionality of this section in Reisman v. Caplin, 375 U.S. 440, 84 S.Ct. ", "508, 11 L.Ed.2d 459, wherein the Court stated:\n\"The petitioners make no claim that this provision suffers any constitutional infirmity on its face.\"", "\n*285 Certainly if the enabling statute is not subject to unconstitutional infirmity, greater logic would clearly indicate that no such attack could be made on the enforcement provision of 26 U.S.C. § 7604.", "\nNor does the fact that the summons may be used to obtain information for subsequent use in a criminal proceeding, ipso facto, render the statute unconstitutional.", "\nThis conclusion is clearly recognized in Reisman v. Caplin, supra:\n\"There are cases among the circuits which hold that both parties summoned and those affected by a disclosure may appear or intervene before the District Court and challenge the summons by asserting their constitutional or other claims.\"", "\nWe find the statute under attack is constitutional and the demand for a restraining order enjoining the enforcement of the summons issued thereunder is denied.", "\n" ]

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[ "I woke up early and the sun was shining through the hotel window. ", "I went out to load the bike, and the sun was still shining, but there were lots of ominous looking clouds……. ", "and it was cold out.", "\n\nI was on the road by 6:30 AM, heading West. ", "As I got close to Jasper, it was nice to see the hills that meant I was close to home.", "\n\nI rode through Jasper National Park and into BC.", "\n\nIt was cloudy, so thanks Google\n\nI stopped at the Mount Robson gas station to top up, but it was closed. ", "I put fuel in from my spare gas can as a young couple from the NWT pulled in. ", "They seemed quite frantic, and he kept on looking at his watch. ", "The sign said they opened at 8, and he said it was 5 after 8. ", "I asked him if he had changed his watch to BC time. ", "I told him Valemount was only half an hour away, and he seemed less than happy about that. ", "Turns out he was out of cigarettes…………\n\nI rode into Prince George and stopped at the Harley Shop to see if they could order me a Throttle Position Sensor (I am getting a bit of surging and very occasional stumbling at low speed. ", "TPS reset cures it for a while) but they were back ordered. ", "About 4 week delivery. ", "Oh well, it’s not a big deal….. yet……\n\nOutside I met a couple of guys on BMW GS type bikes from Sacramento heading for Inuvik. ", "I BS’d with them for a while, and headed the last 140 kms towards home. ", "The Buell seemed to really eat up the last of the miles, but I guess after 25 plus thousand kilometers, distances are relative………..\n\nWe hadn’t told the kids I was close to home, and it was shortly after noon, so I stopped at their school hoping to catch them on their lunch break. ", "I just missed them, so I headed to the house.", "\n\nI pulled in the yard, and the dogs went nuts. ", "My newfoundland dog nearly knocked me and the bike over. ", "Wouldn’t that be great, not one get off the whole trip, and then get knocked over by my dog in my yard. ", "But, I kept it up, got off the bike and played with the dogs for a bit, then hugged my wife for a while.", "\n\nI had an awesome journey, and I would like to thank everyone for following along and thank all the people who commented on my Ride Report. ", "Every day I looked forward to reading the comments you made.", "\n\nI tried to answer all comments, but if I missed any, I apologize. ", "J\n\nI would also like to thank the inmates I met along the way, the ones who gave me a hand, or invited me for a place to stay, or visit. ", "I met a lot of great people on the way, inmates and others. ", "Really, that’s what it’s all about.", "\n\nI will soon start planning my fall adventure. ", "I am not sure yet what that will look like, or if I will add to this RR or start another. ", "I will post at the time to let you all know.", "\n\nBrian, i have followed you through this RR with great interest, partly as a Buell owner, partly as someone who has enjoyed every post with the way you write in a nice easy style. ", "I will miss the daily read." ]

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[ "The Senate Intelligence Committee Has Already Invited James Comey Back to Testify\n\nComey testifies in front of the Senate Judiciary Committee in early May.\nPhoto: Eric Thayer/Getty Images\n\nJames Comey was invited to testify in front of the Senate Intelligence Committee next Tuesday, which will be the one-week anniversary of his firing. ", "It’s not yet known if he’s accepted the invitation to speak at the closed session.", "\n\nSen. Mark Warner says he and Chmn. ", "Burr have invited James Comey to testify before the Senate Intel Committee on Tuesday. — ", "via @MSNBCpic.twitter.com/4zmnh8vQWs\n\nThe invitation was extended Wednesday by North Carolina senator and Chairman Richard Burr and ranking member Mark Warner, a Virginia Democrat. ", "Before getting fired, Comey was scheduled to testify to the committee in an open session on Thursday, but has been replaced on the schedule by the FBI’s acting director Andrew McCabe. ", "Should be a fun second day on the job." ]

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[ "Shalem Center\n\nThe Shalem Center (, Merkaz Shalem) was a Jerusalem research institute that supported academic work in the fields of philosophy, political theory, Jewish and Zionist history, Bible and Talmud, Middle East Studies, archaeology, economics, and strategic studies.", "\n\nIn its mission statement the Center wrote that \"It seems that the entire Jewish people is suffering from an identity crisis\", making its purpose to \"provide a proper response to these processes\". ", "Due to the prestige the center was able to acquire, with time renowned academics of different political orientation have joined the ranks of its faculty.", "\n\nThe center became Shalem College in January 2013, when it received accreditation from the Council of Higher Education to offer Bachelor's degrees.", "\n\nHistory\nThe Shalem Center was established in 1994 by the young American Jewish scholar Yoram Hazony as a think tank “intended to confront what he saw as the dangers posed by post-Zionism”, financed by conservative funders in the USA. ", "Hazony had served as Benjamin Netanyahu’s ghost writer and was one of his advisers.", "\n\nIn March 2009, the Shalem Center filed an application with the Council for Higher Education in Israel for the opening of an institution of higher learning that would be authorized to grant B.A. degrees in the liberal arts. ", "Noted scholar of the Middle East Martin Kramer has been chosen to serve as the first president of Shalem College, slated to open in the fall of 2013.", "\n\nResearch fellows\nPast fellows include Daniel Gordis, Asher Crispe, Yossi Klein Halevi, Martin Kramer, Ze'ev Maghen, Michael Oren, Natan Sharansky, and former Israel Defense Forces Chief of Staff Moshe Ya'alon. ", "David Keyes worked at the center.", "\n\nAcademic programs\nShalem's research programs supported scholarship in the areas of philosophy, political theory, Jewish and Zionist history, Bible and Talmud, Middle East Studies, archaeology, economics, and strategic studies. ", "Shalem was also home to Shalem Press, one of Israel's leading academic publishing houses. ", "The press specializes in the translation into Hebrew of classic and modern works of Western philosophy. ", "The Center also conducted educational programs at the post-doctoral, undergraduate, and high-school levels for students from Israel and abroad.", "\n\nThe newly created Shalem College will offer an Israeli B.A. modeled on the American liberal-arts degree. ", "Top Israeli and overseas applicants will pursue a unique core curriculum, combining the study of the great texts of Western and Jewish thought. ", "Students will choose a major at the end of their first year. ", "Initially, the college will offer two majors: Middle East and Islamic studies, and an interdisciplinary program in philosophy and Jewish thought.", "\n\nPublications\nBetween 1996 and 2011, the Center published the quarterly journal Azure: Ideas for the Jewish Nation, and between 2005 and 2009, it published Hebraic Political Studies a peer-reviewed scholarly journal. ", "Azure (published in Hebrew as Techelet) was the largest-circulation general interest journal in Israel.", "\n\nThe Center's publishing house, Shalem Press, publishes classics of Western democratic thought in Hebrew translation, as well as works of Jewish thought in English.", "\n\nFunding\nThe Center began to receive significant support from Sanford (Zalman) Bernstein and the Tikvah Fund in 1996. ", " In 2007, the Sheldon Adelson Family Foundation announced a $4.5 million grant to enable the creation of the \"Adelson Institute for Strategic Studies\" at the Shalem Center, to be headed by Natan Sharansky. ", " The Institute closed in 2009, with the departure of Sharansky to head the Jewish Agency. ", "In 2010, the Center announced a $5 million gift from the Chicago-based Conduit Foundation, headed by long-time Shalem trustee David Messer, to seed the establishment of Shalem College. ", "Other significant supporters of Shalem College include the Klarman Family Foundation of Boston, George and Pamela Rohr of New York, Harvey and Jayne Beker of New York, Larry and Judy Tanenbaum of Toronto, Warren and Debbie Kimel of Toronto, and the Ziegler Family Trust.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nShalem College Website\n\nCategory:Think tanks based in Israel\nCategory:Jewish studies research institutes\nCategory:Political research institutes" ]

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[ "Lower extremity range of motion in the recreational sport runner.", "\nThe purposes of this study in the recreational runner were to describe and compare lower extremity sagittal range of motion and vertical body displacement for slow and fast paces during treadmill and overground running, and to compare timing of the running phases at the two paces. ", "Vertical displacement of the body, and flexion and extension of the hip, knee, and ankle were measured with a motion analysis system at 200 hertz as the subjects self-selected the two paces. ", "No statistically significant differences were seen when comparing sagittal motion on a treadmill with overground running. ", "Statistically more vertical displacement during overground running was recorded when compared with treadmill running. ", "Peak vertical force was near midstance when the ankle, knee, and hip approached maximum flexion. ", "Results demonstrated that during a slow pace the approximate arcs of motion were: ankle, 50 degrees; knee, 95 degrees; and hip, 40 degrees. ", "During running at a fast pace, the hip required more extension in early swing; the hip and knee required more flexion in middle and late swings. ", "The fact that ankle motion did not change with the different speeds gave credence to the belief that push-off, or toe-off, is not the source of power in running." ]

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[ "// Copyright 2016 The etcd Authors\n//\n// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n//\n// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n//\n// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n// limitations under the License.", "\n\n// +build darwin\n\npackage fileutil\n\nimport (\n\t\"os\"\n\t\"syscall\"\n)\n\n// Fsync on HFS/OSX flushes the data on to the physical drive but the drive\n// may not write it to the persistent media for quite sometime and it may be\n// written in out-of-order sequence. ", "Using F_FULLFSYNC ensures that the\n// physical drive's buffer will also get flushed to the media.", "\nfunc Fsync(f *os.", "File) error {\n\t_, _, errno := syscall.", "Syscall(syscall.", "SYS_FCNTL, f.Fd(), uintptr(syscall.", "F_FULLFSYNC), uintptr(0))\n\tif errno == 0 {\n\t\treturn nil\n\t}\n\treturn errno\n}\n\n// Fdatasync on darwin platform invokes fcntl(F_FULLFSYNC) for actual persistence\n// on physical drive media.", "\nfunc Fdatasync(f *os.", "File) error {\n\treturn Fsync(f)\n}\n" ]

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[ "# 镜像发布记录 {#concept_orn_h2x_dgb .concept}\n\n本文介绍镜像的特性与版本的发布记录。", "\n\n## 2019年2月18日 {#section_kvk_mk4_vgb .section}\n\n|镜像版本|版本说明|\n|:---|:---|\n|CentOS 7.6| - 镜像ID：centos\\_7\\_06\\_64\\_20G\\_alibase\\_20190218.vhd\n- 内核版本：3.10.0-957.5.1.el7.x86\\_64\n- 发布地域：华东1，华北2\n- 更新内容：更新最新补丁包\n\n |\n\n## 2019年1月3日 {#section_r5q_dkl_jgb .section}\n\n|镜像版本|版本说明|\n|:---|:---|\n|Debian 9.6| - 镜像ID：debian\\_9\\_06\\_64\\_20G\\_alibase\\_20190103.vhd\n- 内核版本：4.9.0-8-amd64\n- 发布地域：所有地域\n- 更新内容：开启systemd-networkd服务\n\n |\n\n## 2018年12月22日 {#section_udv_tfx_dgb .section}\n\n|镜像版本|版本说明|\n|:---|:---|\n|Windows Server Version 1809| - 镜像ID：\n - winsvr\\_64\\_dtcC\\_1809\\_zh-cn\\_40G\\_alibase\\_20181222.vhd（中文版）\n - winsvr\\_64\\_dtcC\\_1809\\_en-us\\_40G\\_alibase\\_20181222.vhd（英文版）\n- 发布地域：所有地域\n- 更新内容：\n - 镜像更新至2018年12月份补丁KB4483235\n - 默认已执行Sysprep封装\n\n |\n|Windows Server 2008 R2| - 镜像ID：win2008r2\\_64\\_ent\\_sp1\\_en-us\\_40G\\_alibase\\_20181222.vhd（英文版）\n- 发布地域：所有地域\n- 更新内容：\n - 镜像更新至2018年12月份安全补丁KB4471318。在使用RDP连接时，Windows客户端需升级到最新补丁\n - .NET Framework 升级到4.7.2\n - 内置执行Sysprep封装\n\n |\n\n## 2018年12月20日 {#section_xvy_l5l_jgb .section}\n\n|镜像版本|版本说明|\n|:---|:---|\n|Windows Server 2008 R2| - 镜像ID：win2008r2\\_64\\_ent\\_sp1\\_zh-cn\\_40G\\_alibase\\_20181220.vhd（中文版）\n- 发布地域：所有地域\n- 更新内容：\n - 镜像更新至2018年12月份安全补丁KB4471318。在使用RDP连接时，Windows客户端需升级到最新补丁\n - .NET Framework 升级到4.7.2\n - 内置执行Sysprep封装\n\n |\n|Windows Server 2012 R2| - 镜像ID：\n - win2012r2\\_64\\_dtc\\_9600\\_zh-cn\\_40G\\_alibase\\_20181220.vhd（中文版）\n - win2012r2\\_64\\_dtc\\_9600\\_en-us\\_40G\\_alibase\\_20181220.vhd（英文版）\n- 发布地域：所有地域\n- 更新内容：\n - 镜像更新至2018年12月份安全补丁KB4471320。在使用RDP连接时，Windows客户端需升级到最新补丁\n - .NET Framework 升级到4.7.2\n - 内置执行Sysprep封装\n\n |\n|Windows Server 2016| - 镜像ID：\n - win2016\\_64\\_dtc\\_1607\\_zh-cn\\_40G\\_alibase\\_20181220.vhd（中文版）\n - win2016\\_64\\_dtc\\_1607\\_en-us\\_40G\\_alibase\\_20181220.vhd（英文版）\n- 发布地域：所有地域\n- 更新内容：\n - 镜像更新至2018年12月份安全补丁KB4471321。在使用RDP连接时，Windows客户端需升级到最新补丁\n - .NET Framework 升级到4.7.2\n - 内置执行Sysprep封装\n\n |\n\n## 2018年12月12日 {#section_tlb_n5l_jgb .section}\n\n|镜像版本|版本说明|\n|:---|:---|\n|CentOS 7.6| - 镜像ID：centos\\_7\\_05\\_64\\_20G\\_alibase\\_20181212.vhd\n- 内核版本：3.10.0-957.1.3.el7.x86\\_64\n- 发布地域：所有地域\n- 更新内容：更新最新系统补丁\n\n |\n|Debian 9.6| - 镜像ID：debian\\_9\\_06\\_64\\_20G\\_alibase\\_20181212.vhd\n- 内核版本：4.9.0-8-amd64\n- 发布地域：所有地域\n- 更新内容：\n - 更新最新系统补丁\n - 更新cloud-init版本\n - 开启chrony时间同步服务\n - 设置GRUB\\_TIMEOUT=1\n- 已知问题：[经典网络配置问题](intl.zh-CN/用户指南/镜像/镜像发布记录/已知问题.md#section_zyc_kxl_jgb)\n\n |\n|Ubuntu 18.04| - 镜像ID：ubuntu\\_18\\_04\\_64\\_20G\\_alibase\\_20181212.vhd\n- 内核版本：4.15.0-42-generic\n- 发布地域：所有地域\n- 更新内容：\n - 更新最新系统补丁\n - 更新cloud-init版本\n - 开启chrony时间同步服务\n - 设置GRUB\\_TIMEOUT=1\n\n |\n\n## 2018年12月10日 {#section_ppb_45l_jgb .section}\n\n|镜像版本|版本说明|\n|:---|:---|\n|CentOS 7.5| - 镜像ID：centos\\_7\\_05\\_64\\_20G\\_alibase\\_20181210.vhd\n- 内核版本：3.10.0-862.3.3.el7.x86\\_64\n- 发布地域：所有地域\n- 更新内容：\n - 更新最新系统补丁\n - 更新cloud-init版本\n - 开启chrony时间同步服务\n - 默认禁用密码登录\n - 设置GRUB\\_TIMEOUT=1\n\n |\n\n" ]

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[ "This invention relates to a double central chain belt assembly for a chain scraper conveyor, said assembly comprising scraper members arranged at spacings from each other and each comprising a central portion and two outside portions of the same configuration as each other, and chain portions connecting the scraper members together, each adjacent pair of scraper members being connected together by a pair of chain portions which are arranged at respective sides of the centre of the assembly, each end of each chain portion terminating in an end link which serves as a connecting link.", "\nGerman patent specification No. ", "1 291 709 discloses a double central chain belt assembly for a chain scraper conveyor of the type set out above. ", "In that arrangement the central portion is in the form of a chain lock member which has legs at both sides. ", "The chain lock member has two openings which are disposed at a small spacing from each other and those openings, as considered in the longitudinal direction of the chain, are of a length corresponding to the internal length of a chain link lying in a flat condition. ", "A scraper flight is fitted on to the leg of the chain lock member at each side and fixed in position thereon by means of a screw. ", "That chain belt is driven by means of a suitable chain drum having teeth which engage the chain links which are lying flat, with the result that the chain links which are in an on-edge position are subjected to a correspondingly high wear-inducing loading by the teeth of the drive drum.", "\nGerman patent specification No. ", "2 755 880 describes a double central chain belt assembly for a chain scraper conveyor which involves a curved region in the trough of the conveyor. ", "In that arrangement the double central chain belt comprises belt elements which are connected together by means of joints which permit suitable compensating movements, with two chain lines defined by the belt elements being in juxtaposed relationship. ", "Arranged at the one end of the respective belt elements are scraper members which are supported against the side wall of the conveyor trough in the curved region thereof. ", "Furthermore, provided at the other ends of the belt elements are connecting bridge members. ", "The one ends of the belt elements are secured to the side, which faces towards same, of the scrapers members, by way of pivotal connecting means. ", "Force is applied to the double central chain belt to produce the driving movement thereof, only at the connecting bridge members. ", "It will be seen therefore that as that double central chain belt is capable of negotiating a curve, it is generally too expensive for a chain scraper conveyor without curves.", "\nAnother form of double central chain belt assembly for a scraper conveyor, as disclosed in German patent specification No. ", "838 124, involves a double chain belt having two chain lines comprising a plate-type chain. ", "The chain comprises a plurality of elements of given length, which are connected together by way of movement-compensating joints. ", "In that arrangement, at one side each element has a limb with an eye portion while at the other side it has a fork portion, the eye portion and the fork portion being pivotally connected together by way of a connecting pin. ", "At the one ends of the elements, entrainment arms are secured by screws to the respective outermost plate chain links at both sides of the chain. ", "The chain belt is also capable of negotiating a curve and therefore has features which are unnecessary for a chain scraper conveyor without curves.", "\nIn still another form of double chain belt assembly for a scraper conveyor, as disclosed in German laid-open application (DE-OS) No. ", "2 013 089, scraper members are secured at given spacings to two oppositely disposed chain links of the two chain lines. ", "A compensating joint is disposed between the two chain lines between each two adjacent scraper members. ", "That permits automatic compensation in respect of length and force in the two chain lines. ", "That chain belt is required to be driven by chain drums which engage directly into the chain and cause a high rate of wear in respect of the chain and the chain drums." ]

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[ "Choi Joo-hwan\n\nChoi Joo-hwan (Hangul: 최주환; born February 28, 1988) is a South Korean second baseman who plays for the Doosan Bears in the KBO League. ", "He bats left-handed and throws right-handed.", "\n\nAmateur career \nWhile attending Dongsung High School in Gwangju, Choi was considered one of the best second basemen in the Korean high school baseball league. ", "In May Choi led his team to win the 39th President's Cup National High School Baseball Championship alongside Yang Hyeon-Jong and Han Ki-Joo, winning the RBI title with 9.", "\n\nIn September 2005, Choi was selected for the South Korea national junior baseball team to compete at the World Junior Baseball Championship, where South Korea won the silver medal. ", "In the tourney, he batted .353 (6-for-17), playing in all 5 games as a starting second baseman.", "\n\nNotable international careers\n\nProfessional career \nAfter graduation from high school, Choi was selected by the Doosan Bears with the 50th overall pick of the KBO Draft. ", "Choi played only four games in and three games in spending the majority of the campaign with the Bears' second-tier team. ", "In , he played in a career-high 16 games and had 4 hits and 6 RBI.", "\n\nIn , Choi appeared in only nine games for the Bears, collecting no hits in ten at-bats. ", "After the 2009 season, Choi temporarily left the Bears to serve a two-year mandatory military commitment.", "\n\nNotable international careers\n\nExternal links \n Korea Baseball Organization career statistics from Koreabaseball.com\n\nCategory:1988 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from Gwangju\nCategory:Doosan Bears players\nCategory:KBO League infielders\nCategory:KBO League second basemen\nCategory:South Korean baseball players" ]

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[ "Pilots: Rescue ranger\n\nJim MacKay: Saving lives at home and abroad\n\nNovember 1, 2013\n\nByPeter A. Bedell\n\nAs a Maryland State Police helicopter pilot, Jim MacKay couldn’t believe the call that came in. “", "They want us to go to the scene of a water main break?” ", "he thought. ", "But as he approached the scene, the reason became clear. ", "River Road in Bethesda, Maryland, had turned into a rushing river itself after the rupture of a 66-inch water main on a frigid December morning in 2008.", "\n\nThe break was located at the top of a deep ravine where River Road cuts through a sizable hill west of Washington, D.C. The water, under pressure from the huge pipe, cascaded down the hill creating rapids that looked like nearby Great Falls. ", "Commuters were making their way into the city on the busy two-lane road and some were now trapped in the torrent in disabled cars.", "\n\nMacKay and hoist operator, Sgt. ", "Nate Wheelock, got into position over the narrow ravine—ringed with power lines and trees—and dropped the rescue basket. ", "At times, MacKay estimates he had only six feet of clearance between the Aérospatiale Dauphin’s tail rotor and trees. ", "Below, water gushed over the hood and windshield of a Subaru wagon. ", "MacKay and Wheelock placed the basket on the passenger side of the vehicle just behind the right-front door. ", "A 10-year-old boy jumped in. ", "MacKay was just about to pull him up when he saw a second arm reach out and drop a purse in the basket. ", "The boy’s mom emerged and hopped into the basket as well.", "\n\nWheelock tried to rotate the basket 90 degrees so it could fit through the door, but the hook apparatus was caked with ice from all of the spraying water—it wouldn’t budge.", "\n\n“Ordinarily, I would never fly anywhere with people riding in a basket outside of the cabin, but I had no choice,” said MacKay. ", "He flew about a half mile and set down in a school soccer field. ", "Mom and son were brought in to the warm cabin as Wheelock beat the ice off the hook with a crash ax to enable him to rotate and stow the basket. ", "They took off again for nearby Suburban Hospital where the patients were treated for hypothermia. ", "In total, four people were plucked via helicopter from trapped vehicles that morning.", "\n\nMacKay and Wheelock were lauded as heroes and appeared on NBC’s TODAY show the next morning. ", "The rescue turned out to be a public-relations boon for Maryland State Police aviation, since just three months earlier a medevac crash of one of the Dauphins near Andrews Air Force Base put the whole division in jeopardy. ", "Recently, the aviation division has taken on new life with deliveries of a new fleet of Agusta helicopters to replace the Dauphins.", "\n\nAOPA is calling on its members to take immediate action to build support for new legislation that would reform the third class medical process and provide other protections for general aviation pilots." ]

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[ "480 F.3d 724\nEQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION, Plaintiff-Appellee,v.E.I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO., ", "doing business as DuPont Specialty Chemicals, Defendant-Appellant.", "\nNo. ", "05-30712.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.", "\nMarch 1, 2007.", "\n\nJoseph A. Seiner (argued), E.E.O.C., Washington, DC, Gregory Thomas Juge, E.E.O.C., New Orleans, LA, for Plaintiff-Appellee.", "\nRaymond Michael Ripple (argued), Donna L. Goodman, DuPont Legal, Wilmington, DE, Mark C. Carver, Goins Aaron, Baton Rouge, LA, William D. Aaron, Jr., Goins Aaron, New Orleans, LA, for Defendant-Appellant.", "\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.", "\nBefore JONES, Chief Judge, and REAVLEY and PRADO, Circuit Judges.", "\nEDITH H. JONES, Chief Judge:\n\n\n1\nE.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company (\"DuPont\") appeals the partial grant of summary judgment to the EEOC and its refusal to alter the judgment following a jury verdict awarding Laura Barrios backpay, frontpay, and punitive damages for violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (\"ADA\"), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. ", "DuPont argues that Barrios was not disabled under the ADA, that it did not \"regard her\" as disabled, that she could not perform an essential function of her job, and that the awards of punitive damages and front- and backpay were inappropriate. ", "Finding only the frontpay award to be infirm, we AFFIRM in part and REVERSE in part.", "\n\nI. BACKGROUND\n\n2\nLaura Barrios began working in 1981 as a lab operator in DuPont's LaPlace, Louisiana, chemical plant. ", "In 1986, she was diagnosed with a number of medical conditions that made it increasingly difficult for her to walk and for which she received continuing medical treatment.", "\n\n\n3\nBarrios's position required her to obtain annual physical examinations by DuPont plant physicians. ", "In 1996, the company physicians restricted Barrios from, inter alia, standing for more than ten minutes, walking more than one hundred feet without resting, working in a stooped position, or working more than eight hours. ", "A year later, DuPont transferred her to the position of lab clerk, a sedentary job that involved copying and filing.", "\n\n\n4\nDuPont's examinations culminated in a 1999 functional capacity evaluation (\"FCE\") because of concerns about Barrios's ability to safely walk at the plant. ", "The FCE was intended to evaluate Barrios's ability to perform the basic functions of her job and to meet certain qualification standards, including the ability to evacuate in the event of an emergency. ", "Because of the hazardous nature of the chemical manufacturing process at the plant, DuPont was concerned about Barrios's ability to evacuate safely. ", "DuPont contends that the ability to evacuate during an emergency is required of all employees, and DuPont routinely conducts emergency response drills.", "\n\n\n5\nAfter the FCE confirmed Barrios's walking impairment, DuPont physicians concluded that she should be medically restricted from walking anywhere at the plant. ", "DuPont believed this restriction left her unable to evacuate in event of an emergency. ", "The company placed Barrios on temporary disability for six months and total and permanent disability thereafter. ", "Barrios's attempt to get her job back was rebuffed by Dupont, even though she demonstrated in 2003 that she could walk an evacuation route without assistance.", "\n\n\n6\nThe EEOC filed suit against DuPont in June 2003, alleging that DuPont violated the ADA by forcing Barrios to undergo the FCE and by discharging her. ", "DuPont responded that Barrios was terminated because the FCE showed she could not safely evacuate the plant on her own during an emergency. ", "After both parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court granted the EEOC's motion in part and denied DuPont's motion. ", "The court found that DuPont regarded Barrios as disabled under the ADA, but it found other material issues of fact.", "\n\n\n7\nThe parties proceeded to trial, and a jury found that Barrios was discharged in violation of the ADA and awarded her $91,000 in backpay, $200,000 in frontpay, and $1,000,000 in punitive damages, which the district court reduced to $300,000.1 The court denied DuPont's post-judgment motions. ", "DuPont now appeals.", "\n\nII. ", "DISCUSSION\n\n8\nDuPont argues that the district court erred in granting partial summary judgment to the EEOC and in denying its motions for judgment as a matter of law, new trial, and to amend or alter the judgment because Barrios was not disabled or \"regarded as\" disabled under the ADA; the awards of back- and frontpay are improper; and the punitive damages award was unsupported. ", "We address each issue in turn.", "\n\n\nA. Disability\n\n\n9\nDuPont appeals both the district court's grant of partial summary judgment to the EEOC on the issue whether DuPont regarded Barrios as substantially limited in the major life activity of walking and the court's failure to determine as a matter of law that Barrios was not disabled. ", "Because the EEOC does not defend the jury's finding that Barrios was actually disabled for ADA purposes, this appellate review must consider whether to sustain the judgment solely on the basis that DuPont regarded Barrios as disabled.", "\n\n\n10\nThis court reviews de novo the district court's grant of summary judgment, utilizing the same criteria as the district court. ", "Cutrera v. Bd. ", "of Supervisors of La. State Univ., ", "429 F.3d 108, 110 (5th Cir.2005). ", "DuPont will prevail if the evidence demonstrated a genuine issue of material fact.", "\n\n\n11\nThe ADA's definition of \"disability\" includes individuals who are \"regarded as having such an impairment [that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities].\" ", "42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(C); see also Rodriguez v. ConAgra Grocery Prods. ", "Co., 436 F.3d 468, 475 (5th Cir.2006). ", "A plaintiff is \"regarded as\" being disabled if he \"(1) has an impairment that is not substantially limiting but which the employer perceives as substantially limiting, (2) has an impairment that is substantially limiting only because of the attitudes of others, or (3) has no impairment but is perceived by the employer as having a substantially limiting impairment.\" ", "Waldrip v. Gen. Elec. ", "Co., 325 F.3d 652, 657 (5th Cir.2003) (citing Gowesky v. Singing River Hosp. ", "Sys., ", "321 F.3d 503, 508 (5th Cir.2003)); see also Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc., 527 U.S. 471, 489, 119 S.Ct. ", "2139, 2149-50, 144 L.Ed.2d 450 (1999).", "\n\n\n12\nIn holding that DuPont regarded Barrios as disabled, the district court relied upon the broad restrictions placed on her by DuPont physicians, the total and permanent disability benefits provided to her with DuPont's assistance, and DuPont's pleadings and discovery responses. ", "DuPont admitted in its discovery responses that Barrios was \"incapable of walking\" and \"permanently disabled from walking.\" ", "DuPont plant physicians placed restrictions on her walking anywhere at the plant site, including on level and paved surfaces, because they considered her \"substantially impaired in walking\" and because she \"could not dependably be counted on to walk safely.\" ", "The district court cited a large quantity of evidence consistent with its conclusion.", "\n\n\n13\nIn response, DuPont argues that, rather than having regarded Barrios as entirely disabled from the major life activity of walking, it regarded her as having a medical restriction that prevented her from walking at the plant. ", "Two of this court's decisions, Ray v. Glidden Co., 85 F.3d 227 (5th Cir.1996), and Pryor v. Trane Co., 138 F.3d 1024 (5th Cir.1998), are representative of a long line of cases holding that an employer may regard an employee as impaired or restricted from one position or a narrow range of jobs without regarding him as \"disabled.", "\"2 Ray held that restrictions on heavy lifting did not establish a record of disability or a \"regarded as\" disability because the inability to perform heavy lifting did not render the employee \"substantially limited in the major activities of lifting or working.\" ", "85 F.3d at 229. ", "Similarly, in Pryor, the employee could not be regarded as disabled because her work restrictions were limited only to a particular job and not an entire class of jobs. ", "138 F.3d at 1028.", "\n\n\n14\nDuPont's reliance upon Ray and Pryor is misplaced. ", "The evidence demonstrates that DuPont did not regard Barrios as restricted from a narrow range of jobs; rather, DuPont regarded Barrios as restricted from all jobs at the plant, because every employment position requires walking on the plant site. ", "Moreover, DuPont's perception of Barrios's walking impairment was not limited to the plant — Dupont physicians believed her impairment extended to \"home, at work, wherever.\" ", "If company experts believed Barrios could not walk safely even in her own work area, which consisted of level, flat surfaces, then DuPont must also have believed she could not safely walk anywhere. ", "See Rodriguez, 436 F.3d at 477. ", "DuPont was unable to offer evidence that created a genuine issue of material fact that its experts' perceptions of the work restrictions might have been limited to Barrios's ability to walk in her particular position as a lab clerk or only at the DuPont plant.", "\n\n\n15\nTherefore, for ADA purposes, DuPont regarded Barrios as substantially limited in the major life activity of walking. ", "See 29 C.F.R § 1630.2(j)(1)(i) (stating that \"substantially limits\" means \"[u]nable to perform a major life activity that the average person in the general population can perform\"); Talk v. Delta Airlines, Inc., 165 F.3d 1021, 1024-25 (5th Cir.1999) (per curiam) (noting that walking is a major life activity); see also EEOC v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 417 F.3d 789, 802 (7th Cir.2005) (holding that a \"severe difficulty in walking the equivalent of one city block was a substantial limitation compared to the walking most people do daily\"). ", "The district court properly granted summary judgment that Barrios was \"regarded as\" disabled.", "\n\n\nB. Sufficiency of Evidence\n\n\n16\nDuPont next contends that ADA liability cannot attach as a matter of law because Barrios was not qualified for the position of lab clerk, she could not perform the essential function of evacuation, and she constituted a direct safety threat to herself and others. ", "The jury implicitly found otherwise.", "\n\n\n17\nDuPont cannot prevail in seeking judgment as a matter of law \"unless there is no legally sufficient evidentiary basis for a reasonable jury['s] verdict.\" ", "Arsement v. Spinnaker Exploration Co., 400 F.3d 238, 248-49 (5th Cir.2005) (quoting FED. ", "R.CIV.P. 50(a)(1)).3\n\n\n18\nThe ADA states that a qualified individual with a disability is one who \"with or without reasonable accommodation, can perform the essential functions of the employment position that such individual holds or desires.\" ", "Rodriguez, 436 F.3d at 474 (emphasis added) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 12111(8)). ", "Essential functions are the fundamental duties of the job at issue and do not include the job's \"marginal functions.\" ", "Kapche v. City of San Antonio, 176 F.3d 840, 843 (5th Cir.1999) (citing 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(n)(1)). ", "When considering whether a function is essential, a court may hear a variety of evidence, including \"(1) the employer's judgment as to which functions are essential, (2) written job descriptions prepared before advertising or interviewing applicants for the job, (3) the amount of time spent on the job performing the function, and (4) the work experience of both past and current employees in the job.\" ", "Id. (citing 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(n)(3)(i)-(vii)). ", "Appellate review of the jury's determination of the essential functions of Barrios's job is highly deferential. ", "See Barber v. Nabors Drilling U.S.A., Inc., 130 F.3d 702, 707 (5th Cir. ", "1997).", "\n\n\n19\nDuPont asserted that Barrios was incapable of evacuating from the plant in an emergency and that evacuation is an essential function of all workers at a chemical refinery. ", "We do not doubt that safety measures are extremely important in such workplaces. ", "Nevertheless, Barrios and the EEOC offered contradictory evidence on DuPont's precise points, and the jury was entitled to decide whether to credit Barrios or DuPont. ", "We will not disturb its choice.", "\n\n\n20\nDuPont also asserts as an affirmative defense that Barrios posed a direct threat to herself and other employees because she could not safely evacuate. ", "See 42 U.S.C. § 12113(a)-(b). ", "The ADA does not protect an employee who poses a direct threat to the health and safety of herself or others in the workplace. ", "Robertson v. Neuromedical Ctr., ", "161 F.3d 292, 296 (5th Cir.1998) (per curiam). ", "A direct threat is a \"significant risk to the health or safety of others that cannot be eliminated by reasonable accommodation.\" ", "42 U.S.C. § 12111(3). ", "The employer must make an \"individualized assessment of the individual's present ability to safely perform the essential function of the job.\" ", "Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Echazabal, 536 U.S. 73, 86, 122 S.Ct. ", "2045, 2053, 153 L.Ed.2d 82 (2002) (quoting 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(r)); see also Rodriguez, 436 F.3d at 484; Kapche, 304 F.3d at 498.", "\n\n\n21\nHere, too, there was sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to conclude that Barrios was not a direct threat to herself or her co-workers. ", "Despite her medical restriction from walking, Barrios safely ambulated the evacuation route without assistance in 2003, and testimony at trial supported that she could safely evacuate without threatening the safety of others. ", "See Rizzo v. Children's World Learning Ctrs., ", "Inc., 213 F.3d 209, 213 (5th Cir.2000) (en banc) (driver of child care van with hearing impairment not a direct threat); cf. ", "Gonzales v. City of New Braunfels, 176 F.3d 834, 838 (5th Cir.1999) (police officer driving a cruiser \"with insulin-dependent diabetes poses a direct threat to the health and safety of others as a matter of law\"). ", "The district court did not err in denying DuPont's motion for judgment as a matter of law.", "\n\n\nC. Back- and Frontpay Damages\n\n\n22\nThe jury awarded $91,000 backpay from the date of Barrios's separation, July 1999, to the date of judgment in January 2005, and the court awarded frontpay of $200,000, premised on Barrios's ability to work until she became sixty-five and on the infeasibility of reinstatement at DuPont. ", "DuPont challenges both awards.", "\n\n\n23\nThe jury's determination of the backpay period in this case was not insupportable. ", "See Brunnemann v. Terra Int'l, Inc., 975 F.2d 175, 178 n. 5 (5th Cir.1992) (\"the determination of back pay period is a factual matter to be set aside only when clearly erroneous\" (citing Matthews v. A-1, Inc., 748 F.2d 975, 978 (5th Cir.1984))). ", "Although Dr. Montegut, Barrios's physician, testified that Barrios was medically unable to work after June 2001, the jury could have relied upon testimony that Barrios had a high pain threshold and could have worked after that date. ", "The jury was in a better position than this court to weigh the evidence concerning the proper date to cut off backpay. ", "See id. Further, assessing the backpay at the modest amount of approximately $20,000 per year over a five-year period was not improper.4\n\n\n24\nThe same cannot be said of the district court's award of frontpay, which was based on an advisory jury verdict. ", "See Julian v. City of Houston, 314 F.3d 721, 728 n. 25 (5th Cir.2002) (district court may determine frontpay with the assistance of an advisory jury). ", "We review the district court's award of frontpay for abuse of discretion. ", "Id. at 728; see also Giles v. Gen. Elec. ", "Co., 245 F.3d 474, 489 (5th Cir.2001).", "\n\n\n25\n\"Front pay is awarded to compensate the plaintiff for lost future wages and benefits.\" ", "Rutherford v. Harris County, 197 F.3d 173, 188 (5th Cir.1999) (quoting Shirley v. Chrysler First, Inc., 970 F.2d 39, 44 (5th Cir.1992)). ", "Although reinstatement is preferred, frontpay may be awarded if reinstatement is not feasible. ", "Id.5 The key issue before this court is \"whether the district court adequately explained why it awarded front pay.\" ", "Id.\n\n\n26\nThe district court concluded that Barrios was likely to have continued working for DuPont despite her walking impairment. ", "This conclusion was based on testimony that Barrios was hard-working, committed, and had a \"high tolerance for pain.\" ", "Given Barrios's steadily deteriorating medical condition, however, her doctor's repeated statements as time went on that she remained unable to work, and the fact that the trial occurred more than three years after her doctor's first disability determination and five years after the adverse FCE, the court's finding that Barrios could work for nearly ten more years post-judgment defies reality and the record. ", "As she was unable to work in the future, Barrios was not eligible to receive \"future wages and benefits.\" ", "See, e.g., McInnis v. Fairfield Cmtys., ", "Inc., 458 F.3d 1129, 1146 (10th Cir.2006) (frontpay award must not grant plaintiff a windfall). ", "Although the jury's determination of the backpay period was not clearly erroneous, the district court's award of frontpay was an abuse of discretion. ", "Only the backpay award can stand.", "\n\n\nD. Punitive Damages\n\n\n27\nFinally, DuPont challenges the award of punitive damages. ", "It argues that there was no evidence of malice or reckless indifference and that punitive damages are unavailable as a matter of law absent a finding of compensatory damages.", "\n\n\n28\nA plaintiff may recover punitive damages if the defendant acted \"with malice or with reckless indifference to the federally protected rights of an aggrieved individual.\" ", "42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(1). ", "The availability of punitive damages turns on the defendant's state of mind, not the nature of the defendant's egregious conduct. ", "Kolstad v. Am. ", "Dental Ass'n, 527 U.S. 526, 535, 119 S.Ct. ", "2118, 2124, 144 L.Ed.2d 494 (1999). ", "The employer \"must at least discriminate in the face of a perceived risk that its actions will violate\" the ADA. ", "Id. at 536, 119 S.Ct. ", "at 2125. ", "Moreover, the plaintiff must show that the \"malfeasing agent served in a `managerial capacity' and committed the wrong while `acting in the scope of employment.'\" ", "Rubinstein v. Adm'rs of the Tulane Educ. ", "Fund, 218 F.3d 392, 405 (5th Cir.2000) (citing Kolstad, 527 U.S. at 541, 119 S.Ct. ", "at 2127). ", "However, under the good-faith exception, \"an employer may not be vicariously liable for the discriminatory employment decision of managerial agents where these decisions are contrary to the employer's good-faith efforts to comply with Title VII.\" ", "Id. (citing Kolstad, 527 U.S. at 545, 119 S.Ct. ", "at 2129) (internal quotation marks omitted).", "\n\n\n29\nThere was sufficient, albeit disputed, evidence to support the jury finding that DuPont intentionally discriminated against Barrios with malice or with reckless disregard for her rights. ", "DuPont was aware of its responsibilities under the ADA. ", "Yet, viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, DuPont made Barrios's job more difficult. ", "The company placed Barrios's printer over one hundred feet from her desk in spite of her walking difficulties, whereas other lab clerks' printers were adjacent to their desks. ", "DuPont refused to allow Barrios to demonstrate her ability to evacuate before she was terminated — for inability to evacuate. ", "The company spent years trying to convince Barrios to retire on disability. ", "But the crowning evidentiary blow against DuPont is that after Barrios attempted to get her job back, a DuPont supervisor stated that he no longer wanted to see her \"crippled crooked self, going down the hall hugging the walls.\" ", "The supervisor's denial of this remark under oath, like DuPont's rejoinder to other negative evidence, was subject to the jury's credibility assessment. ", "The jury likewise could have rejected DuPont's good-faith defense based on the conclusory assertions by two DuPont employees that they comply with the law. ", "Cf. ", "Hatley v. Hilton Hotels Corp., 308 F.3d 473, 477 (5th Cir.2002) (employer's well-publicized policies, training, grievance procedure, and investigation of plaintiff's complaint were sufficient to sustain good-faith defense).", "\n\n\n30\nDuPont alternatively contends that the punitive damages award was impermissible in the absence of compensatory damages; front- and backpay awards are \"equitable\" remedies, rather than compensatory. ", "Whether this is a correct interpretation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981a is an issue of first impression in our court. ", "We review this legal question de novo. ", "La. ACORN Fair Housing v. LeBlanc, 211 F.3d 298, 301 (5th Cir.2000), cert. ", "denied, 532 U.S. 904, 121 S.Ct. ", "1225, 149 L.Ed.2d 136 (2001).", "\n\n\n31\nThe analysis begins with the text of the statute. ", "Doe v. KPMG, LLP, 398 F.3d 686, 688 (5th Cir.2005). ", "Section 1981a(b)(1) authorizes punitive damages if the defendant acts \"with malice or with reckless indifference to the federally protected rights of an aggrieved individual.\" ", "Because subsection (b)(2) states that \"[c]ompensatory damages awarded under this section shall not include backpay,\" DuPont contends that backpay is excluded from compensatory damages. ", "As the district court correctly noted, however, nothing in the text of the statute limits an award of punitive damages to cases in which the plaintiff also receives compensatory damages. ", "See Hennessy v. Penril Datacomm Networks, Inc., 69 F.3d 1344, 1352 (7th Cir.1995); see also Corti v. Storage Tech. ", "Corp., 304 F.3d 336, 342 (4th Cir.2002). ", "Other courts of appeals have uniformly rejected DuPont's assertion and have held that an award of wage loss alone can sustain a statutory award of punitive damages.6\n\n\n32\nDuPont relies upon LeBlanc to support its argument that the \"equitable\" awards of front- and backpay are insufficient to sustain an award of punitive damages. ", "See 211 F.3d 298, 301 (5th Cir.2000). ", "In a Fair Housing Act case in which no compensatory damages were awarded for a statutory violation, this court disallowed a punitive damages award absent an award of actual damages or a constitutional violation. ", "Id. at 303 & n. 3. ", "DuPont asserted at oral argument that LeBlanc covered all civil rights cases in this circuit.", "\n\n\n33\nAlthough LeBlanc surveyed the landscape concerning punitive damages under various statutes and around the circuits, the case ultimately ruled on their availability (a) under the Fair Housing Act and (b) in a case where no compensatory damages of any sort were awarded. ", "Under Section 1981a, back- and frontpay awards serve a compensatory function, leading courts to conclude that a Fair Housing Act case is not analogous. ", "See Corti, 304 F.3d at 343. ", "Moreover, Barrios's backpay award was issued precisely to remedy her wage loss following illegal termination by DuPont. ", "LeBlanc is thus distinguishable on both the law and the facts. ", "DuPont also overlooks that in Rubinstein v. Administrators of the Tulane Educational Fund, 218 F.3d 392, 407 (5th Cir.2000), this court sustained a punitive damages award where the plaintiff received only compensation damages for lost wages. ", "Consequently, we do not find persuasive DuPont's attempt to characterize wage loss as an exclusively equitable remedy that is insufficient to support an award of punitive damages. ", "See Great-West Life & Annuity Ins. ", "Co. v. Knudson, 534 U.S. 204, 210, 218 n. 4, 122 S.Ct. ", "708, 712, 717 n. 4, 151 L.Ed.2d 635 (2002).", "\n\nIII. ", "CONCLUSION\n\n34\nFor the reasons discussed above, we AFFIRM liability and the awards of backpay and punitive damages but REVERSE the award of frontpay.", "\n\n\n35\nAFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART.", "\n\n\n\nNotes:\n\n\n1\n See 42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3)(D).", "\n\n\n2\n See, e.g., Blanks v. Sw. ", "Bell Commc'ns, Inc., 310 F.3d 398, 402 (5th Cir.2002); Talk v. Delta Airlines, Inc., 165 F.3d 1021, 1025 (5th Cir.1999) (per curiam); Deas v. River West, L.P., 152 F.3d 471, 480-81 (5th Cir.1998); Bridges v. City of Bossier, 92 F.3d 329, 334-36 (5th Cir.1996).", "\n\n\n3\n Because DuPont's briefs argue only for reversal of the judgment, the company has failed sufficiently to brief and thus waived any claim to a new trial. ", "Another point of confusion is that DuPont argues that the jury was \"clearly wrong\" in its verdict. ", "Clear error is not the standard for judgment as a matter of law, but we assume that DuPont's argument is meant to be internally consistent\n\n\n4\n The backpay award was adjusted for the amount of disability compensation Barrios received from DuPont during this period\n\n\n5\n DuPont also challenges the district court's finding that reinstatement was infeasible; however, because the district court's award of frontpay was an abuse of discretion, we do not address this argument\n\n\n6\n See Tisdale v. Fed. ", "Express Corp., 415 F.3d 516, 534 (6th Cir.2005) (\"Because backpay awards under Title VII serve a similar purpose as compensatory damages awards under the common law, courts have held they may be considered in determining the appropriate size of a punitive damages award.\"); ", "Salitros v. Chrysler Corp., 306 F.3d 562, 575 (8th Cir. ", "2002) (award of frontpay is sufficient to sustain the punitive damage award because \"the common law policy prohibiting punitive damages where the plaintiff has not shown any harm is not implicated where the plaintiff has shown wage loss\"); EEOC v. W&O, Inc., 213 F.3d 600, 615 (11th Cir.2000) (\"punitive damages may be appropriate where a plaintiff has received back pay but no compensatory damages\"). ", "Although we need not and do not decide or endorse their position, two courts of appeals have even upheld punitive damage awards in the absence of either compensatory damages or backpay. ", "Cush-Crawford v. Adchem Corp., 271 F.3d 352, 359 (2d Cir.2001); Timm v. Progressive Steel Treating, Inc., 137 F.3d 1008, 1010 (7th Cir.1998).", "\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Plastikstuhl, Mädchen drauf, angeschnallt - fertig war der Kindersitz einer Essener Familie. ", "Der Sitz des Bruders war nicht besser.", "\n\n\"Kinder-Sitz\"? ", "Die Polizei in Essen sieht das anders als die Eltern des Mädchens\n\nEssen. ", "Mit einem Plastikstuhl und einem Werkzeugkoffer hat eine Familie aus Essen die Aufmerksamkeit der Polizei auf sich gezogen. ", "Während andere Eltern Testberichte wälzen, um den sichersten Sitz für ihre Sprösslinge zu finden, haben die Essener eine etwas rudimentärere Variante ausgewählt. ", "Weil die Rückbank gerade ausgebaut war, um sie zu reinigen, stellten die Eltern einen grünen kleinen Plastikstuhl hinten in das Auto. ", "Das Mädchen, das darauf saß, wurde dann in dem Stuhl angeschnallt.", "\n\nNoch etwas unsicherer war sein Bruder unterwegs: Er musste neben ihr auf einer Werkzeugkiste Platz nehmen. ", "Als das Auto in eine Verkehrskontrolle geriet, waren die Polizisten fassungslos ob dieser Konstruktion. ", "Die Eltern gaben als Erklärung an, dass die Rückbank zur Reinigung ausgebaut worden sei - man müsse ja nur ein Stück über die A 40 nach Essen zurück.", "\n\nDie Familie durfte nicht im \"Zweisitzer\" weiterfahren. ", "Den 45-jährigen Familienvater erwartet nun ein Ordnungswidrigkeitsverfahren." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nJS split text into sentences\n\nI want to receive a lot of text (e.g. a book chapter), and create an array of the sentences.", "\nMy current code is:\ntext.match( /[^\\.!\\?]+[\\.!\\?]+[\"']?/g );\n\nThis only works when the text ends with one of [. ! ?]. ", "If the final sentence has no punctuation at the end, it's lost.", "\nHow do I split my text into sentences, allowing for the final sentence to not have punctuation?", "\n\nA:\n\nUse $ to match the end of the string:\n/[^\\.!\\?]+[\\.!\\?]+[\"']?|.+$/g\n\nOr maybe you want to allow whitespace characters at the end:\n/[^\\.!\\?]+[\\.!\\?]+[\"']?|\\s*$/g\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMaking a div non-indexable?", "\n\nI have a div with some sentences that I don't want to be indexed by search engines.", "\nIs it possible to somehow hide this from Google in a way?", "\nI thought about using frames, and having the site within the frame being blocked by robots.txt, but I've never liked the idea of using frames.", "\nAre there other options?", "\n\nA:\n\nTechnically, you could use iframe and put <meta name=robots content=noindex> into the iframed document. ", "Using suitable attributes and CSS, you can make the iframed document appear as part of the page, mostly, though you would still need to reserve some fixed area for it.", "\nOr you could generate the div with JavaScript, thought then it would not be seen when JavaScript is disabled. ", "Note that search engine bots may execute JavaScript code and might thus “see” the generated content, though I would not expect that to happen now or in the near future.", "\nIf the content is text, without internal markup or images etc., ", "you could have an empty div with a CSS rule that adds content using the :before pseudoelement and content property. ", "This would fail for users with CSS disabled or with an aggressive user style sheet, and search engine bots might some day start interpretign CSS.", "\nThere might be trickier methods, too, but as a whole, there is no good way I think. ", "It’s probably more useful to consider why you would want to prevent from finding the page on the basis of its content. ", "As a tool for hiding information, it would be inefficient.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "SANA: simulated annealing far outperforms many other search algorithms for biological network alignment.", "\nEvery alignment algorithm consists of two orthogonal components: an objective function M measuring the quality of an alignment, and a search algorithm that explores the space of alignments looking for ones scoring well according to M . ", "We introduce a new search algorithm called SANA (Simulated Annealing Network Aligner) and apply it to protein-protein interaction networks using S 3 as the topological measure. ", "Compared against 12 recent algorithms, SANA produces 5-10 times as many correct node pairings as the others when the correct answer is known. ", "We expose an anti-correlation in many existing aligners between their ability to produce good topological vs. functional similarity scores, whereas SANA usually outscores other methods in both measures. ", "If given the perfect objective function encoding the identity mapping, SANA quickly converges to the perfect solution while many other algorithms falter. ", "We observe that when aligning networks with a known mapping and optimizing only S 3 , SANA creates alignments that are not perfect and yet whose S 3 scores match that of the perfect alignment. ", "We call this phenomenon saturation of the topological score . ", "Saturation implies that a measure's correlation with alignment correctness falters before the perfect alignment is reached. ", "This, combined with SANA's ability to produce the perfect alignment if given the perfect objective function, suggests that better objective functions may lead to dramatically better alignments. ", "We conclude that future work should focus on finding better objective functions, and offer SANA as the search algorithm of choice. ", "Software available at http://sana.ics.uci.edu . ", "whayes@uci.edu. ", "Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online." ]

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[ "Just because someone has feelings for you doesn't mean they are attracted to you\n\n489 shares" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nGet a specific recurring value from JSON array using PHP foreach loop\n\nI have the following JSON array:\n{\"key1\":\"Example1\",\"key2\":\"Example2\",\"key3\":\"Example3\",\"key4\":\"Example4\",\"key1\":\"Example5\",\"key2\":\"Example6\",\"key3\":\"Example7\",\"key4\":\"Example8\",\"key1\":\"Example9\",\"key2\":\"Example10\",\"key3\":\"Example11\",\"key4\":\"Example12\"}\n\nUsing PHP is it possible to display a specific recurring value, for example if I wanted to display \"key1\" in a foreach loop it would return the following:\nExample1\nExample5\nExample9\n\nAppreciate any tips on what to use to do this, thanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou aren't going to be able to do this using json_encode because it's not valid JSON. (", "Keyspace collision)\nYou are going to need to assemble the object manually.", "\nYou might consider creating the individual items, then using implode(). ", "Then you can prepend and append { and }.", "\n<?", "php\n$jsonObject='{\"key1\":\"Example1\",\"key2\":\"Example2\",\"key3\":\"Example3\",\"key4\":\"Example4\",\"key1\":\"Example5\",\"key2\":\"Example6\",\"key3\":\"Example7\",\"key4\":\"Example8\",\"key1\":\"Example9\",\"key2\":\"Example10\",\"key3\":\"Example11\",\"key4\":\"Example12\"}';\n\n$jsonArray = array_map(\n function($array){\n $keyValue=explode(\":\",$array);\n return array(\"key\"=>substr($keyValue[0],1,-1),\"value\"=>substr($keyValue[1],1,-1));\n\n },\n explode(\n \",\",\n substr($jsonObject,1,-1)\n\n )\n);\n\nforeach($jsonArray as $object){\n $output[$object['key']][]=$object['value']; \n}\necho implode(\"\\n\",$output['key1']);\n\n?", ">\n\n" ]

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[ "Earlier this month, conservative justices on the Supreme Court expressed doubt that state laws that would result in the closing of abortion clinics across the state of Texas would impose a substantial burden on women’s access to abortion. ", "Today, when the Supreme Court heard oral argument in Zubik v. Burwell, the same conservatives took a vastly different view of the substantial burden test, repeatedly criticizing the religious accommodation offered by the government as a basic affront to principles of religious liberty. ", "The requirement that religiously affiliated employers fill out a form to opt out of the contraceptive coverage requirement of the Affordable Care Act, Chief Justice John Roberts and others complained, “hijacked” the employers’ insurance plans without any good reason. ", "If there were any constant in the two cases, it was the Court’s conservative bloc’s blithe disregard of women’s rights to liberty and equal dignity.", "\n\nOur Constitution and laws place the highest of values on religious liberty, recognizing the right to practice one’s religion as critical to freedom, dignity, and self-definition. ", "But the Affordable Care Act has already accommodated the beliefs of those who have a religious objection to contraception. ", "Two years ago, in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores—the Court’s first effort to balance religious liberty with the right of women to full and equal health care coverage guaranteed by the law—the Court viewed the religious accommodation as the key to reconciling the rights of employers, employees, and the government. ", "But, in today’s argument, the Court’s conservative wing seemed willing to accept the far-reaching claim that religiously affiliated employers are substantially burdened by the requirement that they fill out a form to take advantage of such an accommodation. ", "Opting out would transfer the duty to provide such coverage to insurance companies.", "\n\nIndeed, Justice Anthony Kennedy—the key swing vote—even went so far as to press Solicitor General Don Verrilli to concede that the ACA regulations that allow religious employers to opt out was a substantial burden on the free exercise of religion.", "\n\nThe key point that Kennedy and the Court’s other conservatives kept coming back to was that the government was “hijacking” the insurance plans created by religious employers, and using them to provide contraceptive coverage. ", "As Chief Justice Roberts put it, the government “want[s] to use the mechanism that the Little Sisters and other petitioners have set up to provide services because they want coverage to be seamless.” ", "The Court’s conservatives seemed to think that the opt-out intruded on religious liberty, deferring to the claim that even such an attenuated form of participation involved complicity with sin.", "\n\nThe Court’s liberal justices repeatedly pushed back on this sweeping new understanding of what constitutes a substantial burden on the free exercise of religion. ", "Early in the argument, Justice Sonia Sotomayor pressed Paul Clement, the super-star advocate who was representing the Little Sisters of the Poor and other employers attacking the religious accommodation, to explain how the employers’ claim could be squared with the treatment of “conscientious objectors during the war,” who were required to do much more than fill out a form. ", "As Sotomayor explained, the law requires those opposed to war to register for the draft—on pain of criminal penalties—in order to claim conscientious objector status, which of course “would mean other people would have to serve in their lieu.” ", "If “you’re a military objector,” you “can’t tell the government, no, you can’t draft someone else.” ", "That’s basically the same way the ACA’s religious accommodation works: It accommodates religious objectors by shifting their obligations to third parties who do not share that objection. ", "As Sotomayor argued, “It is not a substantial burden if someone else is going to do the act that you’re objecting to.”" ]

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[ "/*\n * This file is part of the SDWebImage package.", "\n * (c) Olivier Poitrey <rs@dailymotion.com>\n *\n * For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE\n * file that was distributed with this source code.", "\n */\n\n#import \"SDWebImageCompat.h\"\n#import \"SDWebImageOperation.h\"\n#import \"SDWebImageDownloader.h\"\n#import \"SDImageCache.h\"\n\ntypedef NS_OPTIONS(NSUInteger, SDWebImageOptions) {\n /**\n * By default, when a URL fail to be downloaded, the URL is blacklisted so the library won't keep trying.", "\n * This flag disable this blacklisting.", "\n */\n SDWebImageRetryFailed = 1 << 0,\n\n /**\n * By default, image downloads are started during UI interactions, this flags disable this feature,\n * leading to delayed download on UIScrollView deceleration for instance.", "\n */\n SDWebImageLowPriority = 1 << 1,\n\n /**\n * This flag disables on-disk caching\n */\n SDWebImageCacheMemoryOnly = 1 << 2,\n\n /**\n * This flag enables progressive download, the image is displayed progressively during download as a browser would do.", "\n * By default, the image is only displayed once completely downloaded.", "\n */\n SDWebImageProgressiveDownload = 1 << 3,\n\n /**\n * Even if the image is cached, respect the HTTP response cache control, and refresh the image from remote location if needed.", "\n * The disk caching will be handled by NSURLCache instead of SDWebImage leading to slight performance degradation.", "\n * This option helps deal with images changing behind the same request URL, e.g. Facebook graph api profile pics.", "\n * If a cached image is refreshed, the completion block is called once with the cached image and again with the final image.", "\n *\n * Use this flag only if you can't make your URLs static with embeded cache busting parameter.", "\n */\n SDWebImageRefreshCached = 1 << 4,\n\n /**\n * In iOS 4+, continue the download of the image if the app goes to background. ", "This is achieved by asking the system for\n * extra time in background to let the request finish. ", "If the background task expires the operation will be cancelled.", "\n */\n SDWebImageContinueInBackground = 1 << 5,\n\n /**\n * Handles cookies stored in NSHTTPCookieStore by setting\n * NSMutableURLRequest.", "HTTPShouldHandleCookies = YES;\n */\n SDWebImageHandleCookies = 1 << 6,\n\n /**\n * Enable to allow untrusted SSL ceriticates.", "\n * Useful for testing purposes. ", "Use with caution in production.", "\n */\n SDWebImageAllowInvalidSSLCertificates = 1 << 7,\n\n /**\n * By default, image are loaded in the order they were queued. ", "This flag move them to\n * the front of the queue and is loaded immediately instead of waiting for the current queue to be loaded (which \n * could take a while).", "\n */\n SDWebImageHighPriority = 1 << 8,\n \n /**\n * By default, placeholder images are loaded while the image is loading. ", "This flag will delay the loading\n * of the placeholder image until after the image has finished loading.", "\n */\n SDWebImageDelayPlaceholder = 1 << 9\n};\n\ntypedef void(^SDWebImageCompletionBlock)(UIImage *image, NSError *error, SDImageCacheType cacheType, NSURL *imageURL);\n\ntypedef void(^SDWebImageCompletionWithFinishedBlock)(UIImage *image, NSError *error, SDImageCacheType cacheType, BOOL finished, NSURL *imageURL);\n\ntypedef NSString *(^SDWebImageCacheKeyFilterBlock)(NSURL *url);\n\n\n@class SDWebImageManager;\n\n@protocol SDWebImageManagerDelegate <NSObject>\n\n@optional\n\n/**\n * Controls which image should be downloaded when the image is not found in the cache.", "\n *\n * @param imageManager The current `SDWebImageManager`\n * @param imageURL The url of the image to be downloaded\n *\n * @return Return NO to prevent the downloading of the image on cache misses. ", "If not implemented, YES is implied.", "\n */\n- (BOOL)imageManager:(SDWebImageManager *)imageManager shouldDownloadImageForURL:(NSURL *)imageURL;\n\n/**\n * Allows to transform the image immediately after it has been downloaded and just before to cache it on disk and memory.", "\n * NOTE: This method is called from a global queue in order to not to block the main thread.", "\n *\n * @param imageManager The current `SDWebImageManager`\n * @param image The image to transform\n * @param imageURL The url of the image to transform\n *\n * @return The transformed image object.", "\n */\n- (UIImage *)imageManager:(SDWebImageManager *)imageManager transformDownloadedImage:(UIImage *)image withURL:(NSURL *)imageURL;\n\n@end\n\n/**\n * The SDWebImageManager is the class behind the UIImageView+WebCache category and likes.", "\n * It ties the asynchronous downloader (SDWebImageDownloader) with the image cache store (SDImageCache).", "\n * You can use this class directly to benefit from web image downloading with caching in another context than\n * a UIView.", "\n *\n * Here is a simple example of how to use SDWebImageManager:\n *\n * @code\n\nSDWebImageManager *manager = [SDWebImageManager sharedManager];\n[manager downloadWithURL:imageURL\n options:0\n progress:nil\n completed:^(UIImage *image, NSError *error, SDImageCacheType cacheType, BOOL finished, NSURL *imageURL) {\n if (image) {\n // do something with image\n }\n }];\n\n * @endcode\n */\n@interface SDWebImageManager : NSObject\n\n@property (weak, nonatomic) id <SDWebImageManagerDelegate> delegate;\n\n@property (strong, nonatomic, readonly) SDImageCache *imageCache;\n@property (strong, nonatomic, readonly) SDWebImageDownloader *imageDownloader;\n\n/**\n * The cache filter is a block used each time SDWebImageManager need to convert an URL into a cache key. ", "This can\n * be used to remove dynamic part of an image URL.", "\n *\n * The following example sets a filter in the application delegate that will remove any query-string from the\n * URL before to use it as a cache key:\n *\n * @code\n\n[[SDWebImageManager sharedManager] setCacheKeyFilter:^(NSURL *url) {\n url = [[NSURL alloc] initWithScheme:url.scheme host:url.host path:url.path];\n return [url absoluteString];\n}];\n\n * @endcode\n */\n@property (copy) SDWebImageCacheKeyFilterBlock cacheKeyFilter;\n\n/**\n * Returns global SDWebImageManager instance.", "\n *\n * @return SDWebImageManager shared instance\n */\n+ (SDWebImageManager *)sharedManager;\n\n/**\n * Downloads the image at the given URL if not present in cache or return the cached version otherwise.", "\n *\n * @param url The URL to the image\n * @param options A mask to specify options to use for this request\n * @param progressBlock A block called while image is downloading\n * @param completedBlock A block called when operation has been completed.", "\n *\n * This parameter is required.", "\n * \n * This block has no return value and takes the requested UIImage as first parameter.", "\n * In case of error the image parameter is nil and the second parameter may contain an NSError.", "\n *\n * The third parameter is an `SDImageCacheType` enum indicating if the image was retrived from the local cache\n * or from the memory cache or from the network.", "\n *\n * The last parameter is set to NO when the SDWebImageProgressiveDownload option is used and the image is \n * downloading. ", "This block is thus called repetidly with a partial image. ", "When image is fully downloaded, the\n * block is called a last time with the full image and the last parameter set to YES.", "\n *\n * @return Returns an NSObject conforming to SDWebImageOperation. ", "Should be an instance of SDWebImageDownloaderOperation\n */\n- (id <SDWebImageOperation>)downloadImageWithURL:(NSURL *)url\n options:(SDWebImageOptions)options\n progress:(SDWebImageDownloaderProgressBlock)progressBlock\n completed:(SDWebImageCompletionWithFinishedBlock)completedBlock;\n\n/**\n * Saves image to cache for given URL\n *\n * @param image The image to cache\n * @param url The URL to the image\n *\n */\n\n- (void)saveImageToCache:(UIImage *)image forURL:(NSURL *)url;\n\n/**\n * Cancel all current opreations\n */\n- (void)cancelAll;\n\n/**\n * Check one or more operations running\n */\n- (BOOL)isRunning;\n\n/**\n * Check if image has already been cached\n *\n * @param url image url\n *\n * @return if the image was already cached\n */\n- (BOOL)cachedImageExistsForURL:(NSURL *)url;\n\n/**\n * Check if image has already been cached on disk only\n *\n * @param url image url\n *\n * @return if the image was already cached (disk only)\n */\n- (BOOL)diskImageExistsForURL:(NSURL *)url;\n\n/**\n * Async check if image has already been cached\n *\n * @param url image url\n * @param completionBlock the block to be executed when the check is finished\n * \n * @note the completion block is always executed on the main queue\n */\n- (void)cachedImageExistsForURL:(NSURL *)url\n completion:(SDWebImageCheckCacheCompletionBlock)completionBlock;\n\n/**\n * Async check if image has already been cached on disk only\n *\n * @param url image url\n * @param completionBlock the block to be executed when the check is finished\n *\n * @note the completion block is always executed on the main queue\n */\n- (void)diskImageExistsForURL:(NSURL *)url\n completion:(SDWebImageCheckCacheCompletionBlock)completionBlock;\n\n\n/**\n *Return the cache key for a given URL\n */\n- (NSString *)cacheKeyForURL:(NSURL *)url;\n\n@end\n\n\n#pragma mark - Deprecated\n\ntypedef void(^SDWebImageCompletedBlock)(UIImage *image, NSError *error, SDImageCacheType cacheType) __deprecated_msg(\"Block type deprecated. ", "Use `SDWebImageCompletionBlock`\");\ntypedef void(^SDWebImageCompletedWithFinishedBlock)(UIImage *image, NSError *error, SDImageCacheType cacheType, BOOL finished) __deprecated_msg(\"Block type deprecated. ", "Use `SDWebImageCompletionWithFinishedBlock`\");\n\n\n@interface SDWebImageManager (Deprecated)\n\n/**\n * Downloads the image at the given URL if not present in cache or return the cached version otherwise.", "\n *\n * @deprecated This method has been deprecated. ", "Use `downloadImageWithURL:options:progress:completed:`\n */\n- (id <SDWebImageOperation>)downloadWithURL:(NSURL *)url\n options:(SDWebImageOptions)options\n progress:(SDWebImageDownloaderProgressBlock)progressBlock\n completed:(SDWebImageCompletedWithFinishedBlock)completedBlock __deprecated_msg(\"Method deprecated. ", "Use `downloadImageWithURL:options:progress:completed:`\");\n\n@end\n" ]

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[ "Now that summer’s here, all I can think about is getting my Vitamin D on, SPF and most importantly, makeup that doesn’t crease or melt off my face! ", "I was not a cream makeup lover before, but after learning this year that cream blush is as Martha says, a “GOOD thing” I decided to make my move into cream eye shadows. ", "Benefit Cosmetics Creaseless Cream Shadows ($24.00)come in 10 totally wearable colours and promise to be long-wearing without creasing or smudging. ", "So far, so good! ", "Today I have the colours Bikini-Tini, an oyster pink, and Always a Bridesmaid, a pearly lavender to share with you as well as an eye look that was super fast and easy to do!", "\n\nYou can see from the swatches that there is quite a bit of frostiness to these shadows. ", "The texture was very smooth, almost like rubbing margarine (I must have done this at some point?) ", "and on the sheer side so my swatches are with 2-3 swipes. ", "The packaging is also gorgeous as we all expect nothing less from Benefit and is made of glass on the bottom.", "\n\nI applied Bikini-Tini as a base and on the inner corners of my eyes, followed by a full sweep of Always a Bridesmaid that I patted on with my finger as the shadows were so smooth that too much rubbing left me with bald patches. ", "To intensify the colour, Benefit recommends setting the shadow with powdered eye shadow. ", "I didn’t do this because the reason I want a cream eye shadow is to save me to hassle of applying powder on top!", "\n\nFinal Verdict: Did these guys crease or smudge? ", "No! ", "I thought they would because they were so much smoother than any other smudgeproof eye shadow that I had tried and I saw no creasing for 6 hours which to me is a sign of success! ", "The only thing I didn’t like about these shadows was that they didn’t really “set” for awhile so I kept getting bald patches if I went over an area too many times. ", "It was a little better when I switched to using a small concealer brush and is actually a GREAT consistency for lining the eyes. ", "Lining my bottom lashes was easy!", "\n\nI loved both colours, but it would be nice to see a few other other shades with a little less frost. ", "These would make awesome coloured eye primers and due to the frost factor, is something I would totally use them for. ", "There are some darker shades that might not look quite so icy on me and based on my experience with these, I would definitely pick up a darker brown or grey for a smoky eye as I live in fear that a smoky eye will just end up everywhere but my eyelids!" ]

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[ "All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.", "\n\nIntroduction {#sec009}\n============\n\nHealth Care Workers (HCWs) are one of the most vulnerable groups to infection by *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* (Mtb) \\[[@pone.0225197.ref001]\\]. ", "The resurgence of tuberculosis (TB) in the world, between the 1980s and 1990s, was accompanied by many nosocomial outbreaks, with several deaths of these professionals\\[[@pone.0225197.ref002], [@pone.0225197.ref003]\\]. ", "Thus, TB screening tests in these workers are considered essential for identification of latent and active disease in an effort to reduce transmission in health services\\[[@pone.0225197.ref004]\\].", "\n\nAccording to estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO), 10.0 million people (range, 9.0--11.1 million) developed TB disease in 2017 and 1.6 million death due to TB occurred\\[[@pone.0225197.ref005]\\].Despite the decline in the incidence and mortality rates of the disease, one-third of the world population has Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI)\\[[@pone.0225197.ref006]\\]. ", "This situation may have improved, as up-to-date estimates indicate that about a quarter of the world\\'s population is infected, corresponding to 1.7 billion people\\[[@pone.0225197.ref007]\\]. ", "To achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal of eliminating this endemic disease by 2050 is necessary to diagnose and to treat the disease with new approaches.", "\n\nA strategy indicated to increase control is by detection and treatment of LTBI\\[[@pone.0225197.ref008]\\] because infected persons have a 10% risk to develop active TB during life\\[[@pone.0225197.ref009]\\]; this risk can be reduced with the use of isoniazid (INH) preventive therapy.", "\n\nIn Brazil, the Ministry of Health (MOH) reported 72,788 new cases of TB in 2018, with an incidence rate of 34.8/100,000 inhabitants. ", "Although an average annual decrease of 1.0% was observed between 2009 and 2018, the incidence coefficient increased in 2017 and 2018 compared to 2014--2016, indicating the need to improve control measures in Brazil\\[[@pone.0225197.ref010]\\]. ", "TB mortality is also declining. ", "In 2001, the mortality rate for the country was 3.1 deaths/100,000 inhabitants, falling to 2.2/100,000 inhabitants in 2016 and 2017 \\[[@pone.0225197.ref010]\\]. ", "Despite the decrease in the number of cases, Brazil is ranked among the 30 high TB burden countries by the WHO, which account for 80% of TB worldwide\\[[@pone.0225197.ref011]\\].", "\n\nThe identification of people with LTBI is considered by WHO as a priority in controlling disease\\[[@pone.0225197.ref008]\\], especially in developing countries where the incidence of the active disease has shown a reduction. ", "In Brazil, the National Tuberculosis Control Program (NTCP) includes health professionals in the category of highest risk\\[[@pone.0225197.ref012]\\] due to their occupational exposure\\[[@pone.0225197.ref004]\\]. ", "Similarly to the Brazilian medical associations\\[[@pone.0225197.ref013]\\] and the WHO\\[[@pone.0225197.ref014]\\], the NTCP recommended measures to reduce the risk of transmission of the infection in centers for tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment in the country.", "\n\nThe tuberculin skin test (TST), standard method commonly used for the diagnosis of LTBI, has low cost. ", "However, it is limited by low specificity due to false-positive results in populations vaccinated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or infected with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM), not overcome by using higher cut-offs as test positivity criteria. ", "Another difficulty of this test is the need for repeated visits to the health system for their achievement and reading, influencing adherence to screening\\[[@pone.0225197.ref015]--[@pone.0225197.ref018]\\].", "\n\nIn order to address the challenges posed by the TST, a new diagnostic technology has been introduced as tests for LTBI, the interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA). ", "These require only one visit to the clinic, with results available within a short period of time (24 hours) and are not subject to the subjectivity of reading. ", "One of these tests based on antigen detection in whole blood is QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QTF-GIT), an in vitro immunoassay using an ensemble of peptides simulating the ESAT-6, CFP-10 and TB7.7 (p4) proteins\\[[@pone.0225197.ref016]--[@pone.0225197.ref019]\\]. ", "This assay, the only IGRA that is already approved by the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) for marketing and use in Brazil, has high sensitivity and specificity and differentiates LTBI of immune response to vaccination and infection by NTM\\[[@pone.0225197.ref020]--[@pone.0225197.ref022]\\]. ", "Despite the requirement for laboratory infrastructure, equipment and supplies are expensive\\[[@pone.0225197.ref015], [@pone.0225197.ref022], [@pone.0225197.ref023]\\], its use for this indication was evaluated as cost-effective in various locations and incorporated into TB control guidelines in some developed countries\\[[@pone.0225197.ref024], [@pone.0225197.ref025]\\].", "\n\nIn Brazil, a study published in 2013\\[[@pone.0225197.ref026]\\] assessed the cost-effectiveness in the public health system perspective, comparing three strategies for the diagnosis of LTBI in immunocompetent adults who were close contacts of TB cases: TST, QFT-GIT, and QFT-GIT in individuals with a positive TST. ", "Contrary to the results of studies conducted in other countries, the TST strategy was more cost-effective, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of US\\$ 16 per case of TB prevented. ", "Gaps persist in the literature, especially with regard to its use in specific populations, such as HCWs. ", "There is also a lack of economy studies for evaluating the effectiveness of these tests in health professionals of countries with high load and wide coverage for BCG, such as Brazil.", "\n\nThus, conducting economic analysis of diagnostic methods for LTBI in primary HCWs is timely and relevant and can support decision-making processes related to the incorporation of the new test in the country. ", "The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of TST versus QFT-GIT in the diagnosis and treatment of LTBI in primary HCWs, in the perspective of the Brazilian Unified Health System (*Sistema Único de Saúde*--SUS), comparing five strategies that include the QFT-GIT, distinct cut-off points for TST and sequential use of the two tests.", "\n\nMethods {#sec010}\n=======\n\nModel structure {#sec011}\n---------------\n\nA cost-effectiveness evaluation was conducted considering a hypothetical cohort of 10,000 HCWs of both sexes working in primary care.", "\n\nAn analytical model for decision making, characterized by a tree of probabilities of events, was developed using the Tree-Age ProTM 2013 (TreeAge Software Inc, Williamstown, MA, USA) to simulate the natural history of LTBI, clinical outcomes and economic impacts of the new diagnostic technology (QFT-GIT) versus the traditional TST. ", "This model simulated five diagnostic strategies for detection and treatment of LTBI: (1) TST using a ≥5 mm cut-off point, which is recommended by the National Tuberculosis Control Program in asymptomatic adults contacts; (2) TST using a ≥10 mm cut-off point, which is currently recommended by the NTCP for the management of latent infection in health care workers; (3) QFT-GIT test; (4) TST with a ≥5 mm cut-off point, followed by QFT-GIT when TST test positive; and (5) TST with a cut-off point of ≥10 mm, followed by QFT-GIT when the TST was positive, a strategy that has proven to be more cost-effective in some countries of TB high burden\\[[@pone.0225197.ref025], [@pone.0225197.ref027]\\] and that has been recommended by some guidelines\\[[@pone.0225197.ref024], [@pone.0225197.ref028], [@pone.0225197.ref029]\\]. [", "Fig 1](#pone.0225197.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Fig 2](#pone.0225197.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"} show the analytical decision model developed.", "\n\n{#pone.0225197.g001}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}).\\\n**Notes:** (A) LTBI treatment, (B) LTBI No treatment, (C) No LTBI treatment.](pone.0225197.g002){#pone.0225197.g002}\n\n### Patient and public involvement {#sec012}\n\nA cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted considering a hypothetical cohort of 10,000 HCWs of both sexes working in primary care; patients and/or public were not involved.", "\n\n### Measures of effectiveness {#sec013}\n\nTwo measures of effectiveness were chosen. ", "The first refers to the number of individuals correctly classified as with infection and was calculated by the sum of truepositives and true negatives, considering the prevalence of LTBI estimated for HCWs. ", "The other measure is the number of TB cases avoided from diagnosis of LTBI and its preventive treatment with INH.", "\n\nThe time horizon of the study was restricted to one year.", "\n\n### Model assumptions {#sec014}\n\nThe strategies simulated in the analytical model are based on the screening process and treatment of the TB recommended by the WHO\\[[@pone.0225197.ref014]\\], the Brazilian Society of Pulmonology and Phthisiology\\[[@pone.0225197.ref013]\\], and the NTCP\\[[@pone.0225197.ref030]\\].", "\n\nThe trajectory of health primary care professionals was modeled by submitting each screening strategy study and clinical consequences of treatment decisions that resulted from this. ", "For each of the strategies tested, probabilities of infection and detection LTBI were estimated considering whether the infection was recent or remote (≥2 years). ", "In professionals where infection had been detected, the risk of active TB was modeled with and without treatment of the infection. ", "Adherence to treatment and risks of preventive therapy were also considered with INH for 6 months as recommended by NTCP.", "\n\nAs a reference case, complete adherence to treatment was considered and associated risks were limited to severe hepatotoxicity; there was still the possibility of death by Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI). ", "Finally, mortality and treatment effectiveness in patients with active TB were considered.", "\n\nWhereas the simulation model of the natural history of LTBI consists of a simplification of reality, some assumptions have been made, taking as a reference the coherence with clinical and epidemiological knowledge available. ", "Thus, this study assumed that: (a) all HCWs were asymptomatic, without active TB; (b) there were no HIV-infected individuals; (c) 20% of HCWs with LTBI and positive TST had recent infection; (d) all professionals diagnosed with LTBI received prophylactic treatment with isoniazid prescription after clinical examination and X-rays of the chest, excluding diagnosis of active TB; (e) all cases of active TB and LTBI would be sensitive to antituberculosis drugs; and (f) HCWs who developed DILI would complete only three months of treatment and this time therapy was associated with an increased risk of progression of LTBI to active disease, compared to those with complete treatment.", "\n\n### Model parameters {#sec015}\n\nClinical, epidemiological and test accuracy parameters derived from original articles, systematic reviews and studies conducted in Brazil on the technologies; they are shown in [Table 1](#pone.0225197.t001){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0225197.t001\n\n###### Clinical and epidemiological parameters, accuracy of tests and cost parameters used in the model.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0225197.t001){#pone.0225197.t001g}\n\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n **Clinical and Epidemiological Parameters** **Base-Case Probability** **Range**^**a**^ **Source**\n Prevalence of LTBI 0.40 0.36--0.44 INATA\n Probability of recent LTBI 0.20 0.05--0.50 Estimated\n Probability of return to TST reading 0.96 0.95--0.98 INATA\n Adherence to LTBI treatment (6 months)[^b^](#t001fn004){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 0.53 0.47--0.78 Jasmer, 2002\\[[@pone.0225197.ref041]\\]; LoBue, 2003\\[[@pone.0225197.ref042]\\]; Trajman et al., ", "2010\\[[@pone.0225197.ref031]\\]; Horsburgh Jr, 2010\\[[@pone.0225197.ref043]\\]; IUAT, 1982\\[[@pone.0225197.ref032]\\]\n Efficacy of LTBI treatment (6 months) 0.65 0.50--0.93 IUAT, 1982\\[[@pone.0225197.ref032]\\]; Khan, 2002\\[[@pone.0225197.ref044]\\]; Comstock, 1999\\[[@pone.0225197.ref045]\\]\n Efficacy of LTBI treatment (3 months) 0.21 0.10--0.31 IUAT, 1982\\[[@pone.0225197.ref032]\\]; Khan, 2002\\[[@pone.0225197.ref044]\\]; Comstock, 1999\\[[@pone.0225197.ref045]\\]\n Probability of DILI related to LTBI treatment 0.001 0.00001--0.01 Nolan et al., ", "1999\\[[@pone.0225197.ref046]\\]; Steele, 1991\\[[@pone.0225197.ref047]\\]; Fountain, 2005\\[[@pone.0225197.ref048]\\]; Saukkonen et al., ", "2006\\[[@pone.0225197.ref049]\\]; Linas et al., ", "2011\\[[@pone.0225197.ref050]\\]\n Probability of hospitalization due to DILI 0.00015 0.00010--0.00020 Saukkonen et al, 2006\\[[@pone.0225197.ref049]\\]; Leung et al., ", "2011\\[[@pone.0225197.ref051]\\]; Nolan et al., ", "1999\\[[@pone.0225197.ref046]\\]\n Probability of deaths by DILI 0.00001 0.000001--0.0003 Millard, 1996\\[[@pone.0225197.ref052]\\];Salpeter et al., ", "1997\\[[@pone.0225197.ref053]\\]; Saukkonen et al., ", "2006\\[[@pone.0225197.ref049]\\]; Leung et al., ", "2011\\[[@pone.0225197.ref051]\\]\n Evolution of recent LTBI to TB, with complete treatment for LTBI 0.005 0.0047--0.015 IUAT Trial, 1982\\[[@pone.0225197.ref032]\\]\n Evolution of recent LTBI to TB, with partial treatment for LTBI 0.0113 0.0094--0.015 IUAT Trial, 1982\\[[@pone.0225197.ref032]\\]\n Evolution of recent LTBI to TB, without treatment for LTBI 0.08 0.05--0.10 Pai, 2008\\[[@pone.0225197.ref035]\\]; Vynnycky E, Fine PE, 1997\\[[@pone.0225197.ref034]\\]; Public Health Agency of Canada, 2014\\[[@pone.0225197.ref054]\\]\n Evolution of remote LTBI to TB, without treatment for LTBI 0.04 0.025--0.05 D'Arcy, 1972\\[[@pone.0225197.ref035]\\]; Vynnycky E, Fine PE, 1997\\[[@pone.0225197.ref034]\\]; Public Health Agency of Canada, 2014\\[[@pone.0225197.ref054]\\]\n **Accuracy of Test Parameters** **Base-Case Probability** **Range**[^**a**^](#t001fn003){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} **Source**\n TST sensitivity (.≥ 5 mm) 0.82 0.68--0.97 Diel et al., ", "2007\\[[@pone.0225197.ref055]\\]\n TST specificity (.≥ 5 mm) 0.61 0.35--0.79 Diel et al., ", "2007\\[[@pone.0225197.ref055]\\]; Lee et al. ", "2006\\[[@pone.0225197.ref056]\\]\n TST sensitivity (.≥ 10 mm) 0.77 0.55--0.95 Menzies, 2007\\[[@pone.0225197.ref017]\\]; Pai, 2008\\[[@pone.0225197.ref035]\\]\n TST specificity (.≥ 10 mm) 0.59 0.43--0.73 Pai, 2008\\[[@pone.0225197.ref035]\\]; Diel, 2011\\[[@pone.0225197.ref037]\\]\n QFT-GIT sensitivity 0.78 0.54--0.82 Pai, 2008\\[[@pone.0225197.ref035]\\]; Menzies, 2007\\[[@pone.0225197.ref017]\\]; Diel, 2010\\[[@pone.0225197.ref039]\\]; Zwerling, 2012\\[[@pone.0225197.ref036]\\]\n QFT-GIT specificity 0.98 0.96--0.99 Menzies, 2007\\[[@pone.0225197.ref017]\\]; Pai, 2008\\[[@pone.0225197.ref035]\\]; Diel, 2009\\[[@pone.0225197.ref038]\\]; Diel, 2010\\[[@pone.0225197.ref039]\\]; Diel 2011\\[[@pone.0225197.ref037]\\] Zwerling, 2012\\[[@pone.0225197.ref036]\\]\n Probability of indeterminate QFT-GIT result 0.05 0.02--0.09 Shahidi, 2012\\[[@pone.0225197.ref057]\\]; Metcalfe, 2011\\[[@pone.0225197.ref058]\\]\n **Cost Parameters** **Base-Case Value (US\\$)** **Range**[^**a**^](#t001fn003){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} **Source**\n *Costs Related to LTBI Diagnosis* *12*.*55* *8*.*29--16*.*81* \n Initial medical consultation 8.51 4.25--12.76 MOH/SIGTAP\n Chest radiograph 4.04 \\- MOH/SIGTAP\n *Costs Related to Active TB Diagnosis* *16*.*12* *6*.*04--18*.*12* \n Initial medical consultation 8.51 4.25--12.76 MOH/SIGTAP\n Chest radiograph 4.04 \\- MOH/SIGTAP\n Sputum smear 3.57 1.79--5.36 MOH/SIGTAP\n *Cost of QFT-GIT*: *39*.*00* *31*.*77--47*.*66* *Estimated*\n Human Resources [^c^](#t001fn005){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 2.24 1.79--2.68 \n QFT-GIT test kit 33.88 27.10--40.65 \n Consumables[^d^](#t001fn006){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1.81 1.81--2.71 \n Equipment[^e^](#t001fn007){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1.07 1.07--1.60 \n *Cost of TST*: *7*.*62* *6*.*96--9*.*54* *Estimated*\n Human resources[^f^](#t001fn008){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 2.12 1.48--2.54 \n PPD RT23 2 UT/1.5 ml 4.14 4.14--4.97 \n Consumables[^g^](#t001fn009){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1.31 1.31--1.97 \n Equipment[^h^](#t001fn010){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 0.05 0.02--0.05 \n *Cost of Complete LTBI Treatment (6 months)* *42*.*66* *30*.*69--59*.*76* \n Isoniazid (300 mg/day) 5.95 \\- **MOH/NTBP**\n Blood count 3.50 1.75--5.24 MOH/SIGTAP\n Serum dosage GOT 1.71 0.85--5.13 MOH/SIGTAP\n Serum dosage GPT 1.71 0.85--5.13 MOH/SIGTAP\n Medical consultation 29.79 21.28--38.30 MOH/SIGTAP\n *Cost of Partial LTBI Treatment (3 months)* *35*.*90* *28*.*19--43*.*62* \n Isoniazid (300 mg/day) 4.25 \\- **MOH/NTBP**\n Blood count 5.25 3.50--6.99 MOH/SIGTAP\n Serum dosage GOT 2.56 1.71--3.42 MOH/SIGTAP\n Serum dosage GPT 2.56 1.71--3.42 MOH/SIGTAP\n Medical consultation 21.28 17.02--25.53 MOH/SIGTAP\n *Cost of DILI* *254*.*63* *184*.*90--294*.*05* \n Costs of hospitalization 239.20 177.19--265.78 MOH/SIGTAP\n Medical consultation 8.51 4.25--12.76 MOH/SIGTAP\n Blood count 3.50 1.75--5,25 MOH/SIGTAP\n Serum dosage GOT 1.71 0.85--5.13 MOH/SIGTAP\n Serum dosage GPT 1.71 0.85--5.13 MOH/SIGTAP\n *Cost of Death by DILI*[^*i*^](#t001fn011){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} *432*.*88* *216*.*44--650*.*59* \n Costs of hospitalization in ICU III[^i^](#t001fn011){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 432.88 216.44--650.59 MOH/SIGTAP\n *Cost of Active TB Treatment (6 months)* *77*.*27* *49*.*65--102*.*21* \n RHZE scheme (2 months) 13.44 \\- **MOH/NTBP**\n RHZ scheme (4 months) 8.18 \\- **MOH/NTBP**\n Medical consultation 29.79 12.76--34.04 MOH/SIGTAP\n Sputum smear 12.51 5.36--12.51 MOH/SIGTAP\n Chest radiograph 4.04 4.04--8.08 MOH/SIGTAP\n Culture for sputum smear 2.39 2.39--10.43 MOH/SIGTAP\n Blood count 3.50 1.75--5.25 MOH/SIGTAP\n Serum dosage GOT 1.71 0.85--5.13 MOH/SIGTAP\n Serum dosage GPT 1.71 0.85--5.13 MOH/SIGTAP\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nCaption: DILI--Drug Induced Liver Disease, LTBI--Latent Tuberculosis Infection; PPD--purified protein derivative; RHZE---Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol; RHZ---Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide; TST--Tuberculosis Skin Test; QFT-GIT--QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube; SIGTAP--Procedure Table Management System, medications and OPM of SUS; SIASG--General Services Management System; TB--Tuberculosis; GOT--glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase/aspartate aminotransferase; GPT--glutamate pyruvate transaminase/alanine aminotransferase; NTBP--National Tuberculosis Program; MOH--Brazilian Ministry of Health.", "\n\nNotes:\n\n^a^--Assumes that individuals had adherence to LTBI treatment with INH 300 mg/day.", "\n\n^b^--The parameter variation range was set based on the upper and lower limits in relation to the reference case.", "\n\n^c^--Nursing staff time, laboratory technician time\n\n^d^--Gloves, needles, tourniquet, cotton, alcohol, box for syringes, eppendorf, cryotube, color-coded insert (red and blue), DNA Free Pyrogen (200 μl--sterile and with filter), D1000 Diamond^®^Tipack 100--1000 μl (sterile and with filter)\n\n^e^--incubator, centrifuge, microplate washer, microplate reader, computer, printer\n\n^f^--Nursing staff time\n\n^g^--Gloves, cotton, alcohol, syringes with needles, box for syringes, thermic box and ice bag\n\n^h^--Fridge, thermometer with alarm, millimeter ruler\n\n^i^--It was considered that the cost of ICU type III was for severe hepatotoxicity. ", "US\\$ 1.00 = R\\$ 2.35 (mean exchange rate in 2014).", "\n\n### Clinical and epidemiological parameters {#sec016}\n\nThe estimated prevalence of LTBI was obtained from the partial results of the Brazilian study \"INATA: Infecção e Adoecimento por Tuberculose entre Profissionais de Saúde da Atenção Básica\" (INATA: Infection and Illness by Tuberculosis among Primary Health Care Workers). ", "This survey, conducted from January 2011 to December 2013, assessed the prevalence of LTBI in primary care professionals. ", "The sample included 708 health professionals, with 20--70 years, selected from cities with high Tb incidence from the five geographical regions: Manaus (93.3/100,000), Salvador (62.3/100,000), Cuiabá (116.5/100,000), Vitória (46.2/100,000) and Porto Alegre (99.5/100,000) \\[[@pone.0225197.ref010]\\], submitted to diagnostic tests TST and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube. ", "The overall prevalence estimated of LTBI, based on TST ≥10 mm cut-off point, was 0.40 (95% CI 0.36--0.44).", "\n\nThe proportion of professionals who returned to the TST reading used in the reference case was 0.96 (INATA Project finding) and as limits of the variation range (0.95--0.98) corresponding the highest and lowest proportion of returns from the municipalities of the research (data based on personal correspondence with project INATA coordinator).", "\n\nAdherence rates to treatment used in the reference case based on the results of the Brazilian site of a multicenter randomized controlled clinical study, which investigated the predictors of adherence to treatment of LTBI in adults\\[[@pone.0225197.ref031]\\]; range of values used in the sensitivity analysis were obtained from the literature. ", "Estimates of treatment adherence rate in health workers diagnosed as LTBI by QTF were not available in the literature at the time of the study, and the same parameter and range above were used.", "\n\nLTBI treatment efficacy was based on the trial conducted by the International Union Against Tuberculosis (The Union) to evaluate the effect of prophylactic regimens with isoniazid\\[[@pone.0225197.ref032]\\]. ", "The results of the schemes were used with duration of three and six months, with the values applied in reference case corresponding for all participants. ", "The Union trial\\[[@pone.0225197.ref032]\\] also estimated the rates of progress to active TB after complete (6 months) and partial (3 months) treatment of LTBI.", "\n\nThe probability of progression of LTBI to active TB in individuals without treatment varies according to their age and post-exposure time to MTb. ", "Classic studies of tuberculosis on progression findings were used\\[[@pone.0225197.ref033]\\], including those that evaluated the age effect on disease risk\\[[@pone.0225197.ref034]\\].", "\n\nThe probability of occurrence of DILI as well as hospitalization and death due to this condition also had international literature as source. ", "DILI parameters took into account serious hepatotoxicity only.", "\n\n### Test accuracy parameters {#sec017}\n\nThe proportion of undetermined results for strategies that included sequential or QFT-GIT alone was obtained from the literature, taking into account adult and HIV-uninfected subjects.", "\n\nThe parameters of test accuracy were drawn from systematic reviews and meta-analysis studies published by Menzies\\[[@pone.0225197.ref017]\\], Pai\\[[@pone.0225197.ref035]\\], Zwerling\\[[@pone.0225197.ref036]\\] and Diel\\[[@pone.0225197.ref037]--[@pone.0225197.ref039]\\].", "\n\n### Cost parameters {#sec018}\n\nThe costs of screening and treatment of LTBI were analyzed from the perspective of the Brazilian Health System as responsible for financing the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in Brazil. ", "All costs were converted to U.S. dollars (US\\$) at the rate of 2.35 reais/1 US\\$, the average conversion rate for 2014. ", "No discount was applied because of the short horizon of the study (one year). ", "There was no inflation rate adjustment.", "\n\nDirect medical costs related to the detection of cases of LTBI examined by diagnostic strategies were assessed, as well as those arising from assistance to detected cases and losses within each approach.", "\n\nUntil the preparation of this paper, the QFT-GIT was not incorporated into the SUS payment procedures tables. ", "Moreover, currently, TST costs are covered in the basic care actions for TB control. ", "Thus, an estimate of costs of these two exams was made to fill the model used. ", "For cost estimates, stages of the production process of the two procedures were identified based on the observation of 164 TST tests and 640 QFT-GIT assays performed from January to March 2013, in the Laboratory of Immunology (LI) of the Center Infectious Diseases at the Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. ", "This study quantified all supplies used in the production of the tests and then assigned monetary values to them based on effective consumption or on estimate of the cost of items under service provider's perspective\\[[@pone.0225197.ref040]\\].", "\n\nThis study also considered the costs of supplies (consumption of reagents and materials, as examination gloves, needles syringes, tourniquet, cotton, alcohol, box for syringes), and of equipment (fridge for purified protein derivative--PPD--storage, thermometer with alarm, millimeter ruler for reading PPD, incubator, centrifuge, microplate washer, microplate reader, computer, printer) and the necessary human resources (nurses and laboratory technicians). ", "Financial and accounting data for valuation of supplies and resources used were obtained from the LI and Health Department of the Municipality of Vitória/Espírito Santo.", "\n\nIn addition to the cost of the tests, the cost of screening for LTBI included two medical appointments and a chest X-ray when the TST or QFT-GIT was positive, for active TB exclusion. ", "The number of appointments involved in this exclusion of diagnosis varied in the sensitivity analysis (SA) from one to three appointments to the lower and upper limit, respectively, considering the tests performed.", "\n\nIsoniazid used to treat LTBI and the quadruple regimen used to treat active TB are centrally purchased by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and dispensed free of charge to patients according to NTBP recommendations. ", "The complete treatment costs for LTBI included INH regimen with 300 mg/day for six months, and seven medical monitoring visits and three additional tests of hepatotoxicity control: blood count; glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase/aspartate aminotransferase (GOT); and glutamic pyruvic transaminase/alanine aminotransferase (GPT). ", "In the sensitivity analysis, the number of follow-up medical consultations varied around two for less or for more from the values of the reference case, and the number of complementary tests ranged from one to three tests for the lower and upper limit, respectively, considering the clinical evolution of the individual.", "\n\nThe partial treatment costs for LTBI were considered for those who developed hepatotoxicity and did not complete the prophylactic therapy. ", "The regimen included costs with INH 300 mg/day for three months, five medical consultations and three additional tests as mentioned above. ", "Medical monitoring visits and tests varied in sensitivity analysis for one less and one more of the values of the reference case.", "\n\nAlso, cases of severe DILI incurred in hospitalization costs, valued by the code \"Treatment of Liver Diseases\" present in the Brazilian Hospital Information System table, with a 35% increase in values related to professional care in hospitals considered as Type II Urgency.", "\n\nAlso, cases with severe DILI incurred in hospitalization costs, valued by the code \"Treatment of Liver Diseases\" present in the Brazilian Hospital Information System (SIH-SUS) table, with a 35% increase in values related to professional and service charges in hospitals considered as Hospital Type II Urgency. ", "In the sensitivity analysis, these values varied to the following extremes: 50% increase, equivalent to hospitalization in Hospital Type III Urgency, for the upper limit; and base value of the hospitalization to the lower limit.", "\n\nIn cases of DILI that evolved to death, costs equivalent to two daily hospitalizations to the intensive care unit adult (ICU III) were included, ranging from 1 to 3 in sensitivity analysis. ", "For those who survived, monitoring costs of severe DILI were also included, resulting in the increase of doctors' visits (varying from one to three consultations in the SA), and two blood count testings, GOT and GPT (ranging from one to three tests in the SA).", "\n\nFor active TB treatment costs that could arise from the screening for LTBI, the basic quadruple regimen recommended by the NTBP was used for six months (rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol daily for two months, followed by rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide daily for 4 months). ", "The costs added were related to seven doctor's appointments (varying from three to eight in the SA), five smears (ranging from three to seven), three chest x-ray examinations (ranging from one to seven), complete blood count, two GOT and GPT tests (SA: 1--3), and one sputum culture.", "\n\nIn line with the public health system perspective adopted, the costs of medical appointments, monitoring tests, and hospitalizations were valued according to the payment tables of procedures present in the Brazilian Health System (SIGTAP--*Sistema de Gerenciamento da Tabela de Procedimentos*, *Medicamentos e OPM do SUS*), considering the tables valid in March 2013. ", "The cost parameters are shown in [Table 1](#pone.0225197.t001){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\n### Incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) {#sec019}\n\nThe comparative efficiency of the diagnostic alternatives for LTBI was measured by the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, defined as the ratio between the additional cost of the strategy and the clinical effectiveness (estimated for each of the two measures of interest defined above) compared to alternative lower cost-effectiveness ratio. ", "This ratio corresponds to the division of the cost for the observed effect, as set forth below.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0225197.e001.jpg){#pone.0225197.e001g}\n\nC\n\nE\n\nR\n\n=\n\nD\n\ni\n\nf\n\nf\n\ne\n\nr\n\ne\n\nn\n\nc\n\ne\n\ns\n\ni\n\nn\n\nt\n\nh\n\ne\n\nc\n\no\n\ns\n\nt\n\ns\n\nb\n\ne\n\nt\n\nw\n\ne\n\ne\n\nn\n\nt\n\nh\n\ne\n\na\n\nl\n\nt\n\ne\n\nr\n\nn\n\na\n\nt\n\ni\n\nv\n\ne\n\ns\n\nA\n\n1\n\na\n\nn\n\nd\n\nA\n\n2\n\nD\n\ni\n\nf\n\nf\n\ne\n\nr\n\ne\n\nn\n\nc\n\ne\n\ns\n\ni\n\nn\n\nt\n\nh\n\ne\n\ne\n\nf\n\nf\n\ne\n\nc\n\nt\n\ni\n\nv\n\ne\n\nn\n\ne\n\ns\n\ns\n\nb\n\ne\n\nt\n\nw\n\ne\n\ne\n\nn\n\na\n\nl\n\nt\n\ne\n\nr\n\nn\n\na\n\nt\n\ni\n\nv\n\ne\n\ns\n\nA\n\n1\n\na\n\nn\n\nd\n\nA\n\n2\n\nFor each of the outcome measures two analytical approaches were performed. ", "In one, the TST with ≥10 mm cut-off point was chosen as the base strategy because this cut-off is currently recommended by NTBP in management and decision-making concerning health professionals. ", "In the other, due to possible changes in cut-off points of TST for LTBI diagnosis in health workers, ICER of all strategies is also calculated with each other, from the hierarchy of strategies according to their costs. ", "Dominated strategies (less effective and more costly) and those with weak or extended dominance were eliminated.", "\n\nNo discount was applied due to the short horizon of the study, as recommended in the Brazilian Methodological Guidelines for Economic Evaluation Studies of Health Technologies\\[[@pone.0225197.ref059]\\].", "\n\n### Sensitivity analysis {#sec020}\n\nUsually, mathematical models incorporate some degree of uncertainty related to the established assumptions and the necessity of assigning values to different parameters necessary to simulate the evolution of the modeled cohort. ", "Sensitivity analysis was used to evaluate the model results considering alternative scenarios to the reference case. ", "To this end, deterministic univariate analysis was performed.", "\n\nTornado Diagram was developed to assess the impact of the measures, by varying the following parameters: prevalence of LTBI; risk of progression of recent and remote LTBI to active TB; sensitivity and specificity of TST and QFT-GIT; adherence to treatment of LTBI; efficacy of treatment with INH for LTBI; LTBI and TB treatment costs; costs of TST and QFT-GIT. ", "The variations in the range used are shown in [Table 1](#pone.0225197.t001){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nThis economic analysis held for aggregate secondary data available in public databases or information coming from literature required no prior approval by the Institutional Review Board (IRB)\\[[@pone.0225197.ref030]\\]. ", "The data for the INATA study, approved by the IRB of UFES under number 007/10 were obtained with the authorization of Coordinator of Project--Prof. Ethel Leonor Noia Maciel.", "\n\nResults {#sec021}\n=======\n\nBase case {#sec022}\n---------\n\n### Number of individuals correctly classified by the tests {#sec023}\n\nTST represented the lowest cost strategy, whereas the single use of the new QFT-GIT technology for LTBI diagnosis in the population of HCWs was that accounted for higher costs for the public health system. ", "In contrast, the number of individuals correctly classified by the QFT-GIT was the highest, substantially surpassing the other.", "\n\nThe most cost-effective strategy corresponded to the use of TST with the cut-off point recommended currently (≥10 mm) by NTBP for the management of suspect of LTBI among HCWs, at a cost of US\\$ 4.70 per individual classified correctly ([Table 2](#pone.0225197.t002){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The minimal additional cost represented by the use of TST with ≥5 mm cut-off point or more (US\\$ 1.25) requires further exploration in the sensitivity analysis. ", "Incorporating the unique use of QFT-GIT use alone would result in an additional cost of more than US\\$ 50.07 compared to the diagnostic strategy currently recommended by the Brazilian Program ([Table 2](#pone.0225197.t002){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0225197.t002\n\n###### Cost-effectiveness of screening strategies for diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection using the number of individuals correctly classified by the tests as measure of effectiveness.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0225197.t002){#pone.0225197.t002g}\n\n Strategies Total Cost (US\\$) Incremental Cost (US\\$) Effectiveness Incremental Effectiveness Cost/ individuals correctly classified (US\\$) ICER (US\\$)\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------------- --------------- --------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- -------------\n **Comparison of diagnostic strategies for LTBI in relation to the strategy TST≥10mm**[^a^](#t002fn003){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} \n TST≥10 mm 30,084.47 \\_ 6,395 \\_ 4.70 \\_\n TST≥5 mm 30,471.02 386.55 6,704 309 4.54 1.25\n TST≥5 mm/QFT-GIT 46,897.44 16,812.97 8,222 1,827 5.70 9.20\n *TST≥10 mm/QFT-GIT* *47*,*376*.*73* *17*,*292*.*26* *8*,*069* *1*,*674* *5*.*87* *dominated*\n QFT-GIT 160,531.88 130,447.41 9 2,605 17.83 50.07\n **Comparison of diagnostic strategies for LTBI in relation to each other**[^b^](#t002fn004){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} \n TST≥10 mm 30,084.47 \\_ 6,395 \\_ 4.70 \\_\n TST≥5 mm 30,471.02 386.55 6,704 309 4.54 1.25\n TST≥5 mm/QFT-GIT 46,897.44 16,426.42 8,222 1,518 5.70 10.82\n *TST≥10 mm/QFT-GIT* *47*,*376*.*73* 479.29 *8*,*069* -153 *5*.*87* *dominated*\n QFT-GIT 160,531.88 113,634.44 9 778 17.83 146.05\n\nCaption: ICER--Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio; LTBI--Latent Tuberculosis Infection; QFT-GIT--QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube; TST--Tuberculosis Skin Test.", "\n\nNotes:\n\na ICER is estimated in relation to TST strategy with a ≥10 mm cut-off point, only the dominated strategy was demarcated without removing it from the table.", "\n\nb ICER is estimated by comparison of the diagnosis strategies for LTBI with each other; Incremental Costs were calculated by the difference between the cost of the strategy and the cost of its previous strategy. ", "Incremental Effectiveness was calculated by the difference between the effectiveness of the strategy and the effectiveness of its previous strategy. ", "US\\$ 1.00 = R\\$ 2.35 (mean exchange rate in 2014).", "\n\nThe sequential use of the QFT after TST with ≥10 mm cut-off point is dominated (higher cost and lower effectiveness). ", "The strategy with single use of TST≥10 mm continued representing the most cost-effective strategy. ", "Again, minimal differences were found in additional cost by individuals classified with TST ≥5 mm. ", "The single use of the QFT-GIT was the strategy of lower efficiency, with an additional cost by professional correctly classified of over US\\$ 146.05 ([Table 2](#pone.0225197.t002){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n### Number of cases of active tuberculosis avoided {#sec024}\n\nTST with ≥10 mm cut-off point was the most cost-effective strategy for LTBI diagnosis. ", "The TST strategy using the ≥5mm cut-off has slightly higher effectiveness compared to the ≥10 mm cut-off, at the cost of over US\\$ 77.00 per additional case avoided. ", "Strategies using QFT-GIT were dominated due to its higher cost and lower effectiveness ([Table 3](#pone.0225197.t003){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0225197.t003\n\n###### Cost-effectiveness of screening strategies for diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection using the number of cases of active tuberculosis avoided as measure of effectiveness.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0225197.t003){#pone.0225197.t003g}\n\n Diagnostic Strategies Total Cost (US\\$) Incremental Cost (US\\$) Effectiveness Incremental Effectiveness Cost/ individuals correctly classified (US\\$) ICER (US\\$)\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------------- --------------- --------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- -------------\n **Comparison of diagnostic strategies for LTBI in relation to the strategy TST≥10 mm**[^**a**^](#t003fn003){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} \n TST ≥10 mm 30,084.47 \\_ 3,881 \\_ 7.75 \\_\n TST ≥5 mm 30,471.02 386.55 3,886 5 7.84 77.31\n TST ≥5 mm/QFT-GIT 46,897.44 16,812.97 3,869 -12 12.12 dominated\n TST ≥10 mm/QFT-GIT 47,376.73 17,292.26 3,865 -16 12.25 dominated\n QFT-GIT 160,531.88 130,447.41 3,884 3 41.33 dominated\n **Comparison of diagnostic strategies for LTBI in relation to each other** [^**b**^](#t003fn004){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} \n TST ≥10 mm 30,084.47 \\_ 3,881 \\_ 7.75 \\_\n TST ≥5 mm 30,471.02 386.55 3,886 5 7.84 77.31\n TST ≥5 mm/QFT-GIT 46,897.44 16,426.42 3,869 -17 12.12 dominated\n TST ≥10 mm/QFT-GIT 47,376.73 479.29 3,865 -4 12.25 dominated\n QFT-GIT 160,531.88 130,060.86 3,884 -2 41.33 dominated\n\nCaption: ICER--Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio; LTBI--Latent Tuberculosis Infection; QFT-GIT--QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube; TST--Tuberculosis Skin Test.", "\n\nNotes:\n\n^a^--The ICER was estimated based on TST strategy with the ≥10 mm cut-off point, only the dominated strategy was demarcated, without removing it from the table.", "\n\n^b^--The ICER was estimated by comparing LTBI diagnostic strategies with each other. ", "Incremental Costs was calculated by the difference between the cost of the strategy and the cost of its previous strategy and Incremental Effectiveness calculated by the difference between the effectiveness of the strategy and the effectiveness of its previous strategy. ", "US\\$ 1.00 = R\\$ 2.35 (mean exchange rate in 2014).", "\n\nAs in the previous analysis, the LTBI diagnosis with TST with ≥10 mm and ≥5 mm cut-off points corresponded to lower cost and more effective approaches, although the first strategy proves to be more cost-effective. ", "The single use of the QFT-GIT has an incremental cost of over US\\$ 130 thousand dollars, with less effectiveness regarding the number of TB cases avoided with TST with ≥5 mm cut-off point ([Table 3](#pone.0225197.t003){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n### Sensitivity analysis {#sec025}\n\nTornado diagrams were developed to examine the the variables that most impacted the results of the decision models. ", "Regardless of the assessed outcome measure, the parameters that showed a greater impact on the ratio of cost-effectiveness were the rate of adherence to LTBI treatment, the cost of LTBI treatment with INH for 6 months, and the prevalence of recent LTBI. (", "Figs [3](#pone.0225197.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [4](#pone.0225197.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Costs of TST and costs of LTBI diagnosis also influenced the results. ", "Other variables did not substantially affect the results.", "\n\n{#pone.0225197.g003}\n\n{#pone.0225197.g004}\n\nGiven the lack of information on adherence rate after LTBI diagnosis with QTF-GIT, bivariate sensitivity analysis was performed simulating different adhesion probabilities for the examined tests (ranging from 0.43 to 0.78), with incremental cost-effectiveness ratio remained consistently favorable to TST with 10mm cut-off point for both outcomes studied. ", "Equally favorable results for the ≥10mm TST-based screening strategy were observed in bivariate analysis performed with QTF GIF at its lower cost limit and strategies using TST at the upper threshold.", "\n\nConsidering the outcome measure number of individuals correctly classified by the tests, the strategy corresponding to TST with 5mm cut-off point becomes the most cost-effective when TST sensitivity for 10mm cut-off increases to the upper limit of the range. ", "In this situation, even experiencing a growth in the number of individuals correctly classified (from 6,395 to 7,090), the associated costs increase substantially. ", "Changes are also observed in the most cost-effective strategy when the sensitivity of the TST with ≥5 mm cut-off point is reduced to the lower limit of the variation parameter range. ", "Although the costs are reduced by US\\$ 2,413.67, there is a difference of 541 individuals correctly classified ([Table 4](#pone.0225197.t004){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "For all other variables, the strategy currently recommended by the NTBP of using ≥10mm TST is the most cost-effective.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0225197.t004\n\n###### Univariate sensitivity analysis of the comparison of diagnostic strategies for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in relation to TST≥10 mm strategy, considering as outcome measure the number of individuals correctly classified and the number of active tuberculosis cases averted by the diagnostic tests for Latent Tuberculosis Infection.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0225197.t004){#pone.0225197.t004g}\n\n Diagnostic Strategies Total Cost (US\\$) Incremental Cost (US\\$) Effectiveness Incremental Effectiveness ICER (US\\$)\n --------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------------- --------------- --------------------------- -------------\n ***Number of individuals correctly classified by the tests*** \n **Base Case** \n TST≥10 mm 30,084.47 \\_ 6,395 \\_ \\_\n TST≥5 mm 30,471.02 386.55 6,704 309 1.25\n TST≥5 mm/QFT-GIT 46,897.44 16,426.42 8,222 1,518 10.82\n TST≥10 mm/QFT-GIT 47,376.73 479.29 8,069 -153 dominated\n QFT-GIT 160,531.88 113,155.15 9 931 121.54\n **TST sensitivity with ≥10 mm cut-off point = 55%** \n TST ≥10 mm 27,132.40 \\_ 5,545 \\_ \\_\n TST ≥5 mm 30,471.01 3,338.61 6,704 1,159 2.88\n TST ≥10 mm/QFT-GIT 42,753.92 12,282.91 7,406 702 17.49\n TST ≥5 mm/QFT-GIT 46,897.44 4,143.52 8,222 816 5.07\n QFT-GIT 160,531.88 113,634.44 9 778 146.05\n **TST sensitivity with ≥10 mm cut-off point = 95%** \n TST ≥5 mm 30,471.01 \\_ 6,704 \\_ \\_\n TST≥10 mm 34,028.57 3,557.56 7,09 386 9.21\n TST ≥5 mm/QFT-GIT 46,897.44 12,868.87 8,222 1,132 11.36\n TST ≥10 mm/QFT-GIT 53,097.51 6,200.07 8,612 390 15.89\n QFT-GIT 160,531.88 107,434.37 9 388 276.89\n **TST sensitivity with ≥5 mm cut-off point = 68%** \n TST ≥5 mm 28,057.35 \\_ 6,163 \\_ \\_\n TST ≥10 mm 30,084.47 2,027.12 6,395 232 8.73\n TST ≥5 mm/QFT-GIT 43,278.68 13,194.21 7,8 1,405 9.39\n TST ≥10 mm/QFT-GIT 47,376.73 4,098.05 8,069 269 15.23\n QFT-GIT 160,531.88 113,155.15 9 931 121.54\n **TST sensitivity with ≥5 mm cut-off point = 97%** \n TST ≥10 mm 30,084.47 \\_ 6,395 \\_ \\_\n TST ≥5 mm 33,980.72 3,896.25 7,284 889 4.38\n TST ≥10 mm/QFT-GIT 47,376.73 13,396.01 8,069 785 17.06\n TST ≥5 mm/QFT-GIT 51,947.96 4,571.23 8,674 605 7.55\n QFT-GIT 160,531.88 108,583.92 9 326 333,07\n ***Number of cases of active tuberculosis avoided*** \n **Base Case** \n TST ≥10 mm 30,084.47 \\_ 3,881 \\_ \\_\n TST ≥5 mm 30,471.02 386.55 3,886 5 77.31\n TST ≥5 mm/QFT-GIT 46,897.44 16,426.42 3,869 -17 dominated\n TST ≥10 mm/QFT-GIT 47,376.73 479.29 3,865 -4 dominated\n QFT-GIT 160,531.88 113,155.15 3,884 19 5,955.53\n **TST sensitivity with ≥10 mm cut-off point = 55%** \n TST ≥10 mm 27,132.40 \\_ 3,86 \\_ \\_\n TST ≥5 mm 30,471.01 3,338.61 3,886 26 128.40\n TST ≥10 mm/QFT-GIT 42,758.17 12,287.16 3,849 -37 dominated\n TST ≥5 mm/QFT-GIT 46,897.44 4,139.27 3,869 20 206.96\n QFT-GIT 160,531.88 113,634.44 3,884 15 7,575.62\n **TST sensitivity with ≥10 mm cut-off point = 95%** \n TST ≥5 mm 30,471.01 \\_ 3,886 \\_ \\_\n TST ≥10 mm 34,028.57 3,557.56 3,898 12 296.46\n TST ≥5 mm/QFT-GIT 46,897.44 12,868.87 3,869 -29 dominated\n TST ≥10 mm/QFT-GIT 53,097.51 6,200.07 3,878 9 688.89\n QFT-GIT 160,531.88 107,434.37 3,884 6 17,905.72\n **TST sensitivity with ≥5 mm cut-off point = 68%** \n TST ≥5 mm 28,057.35 \\_ 3,872 \\_ \\_\n TST ≥10 mm 30,084.47 2,027.12 3,881 9 225.23\n TST ≥5 mm/QFT-GIT 43,278.67 13,194.20 3,858 -23 dominated\n TST ≥10 mm/QFT-GIT 47,376.73 4,098.06 3,865 7 585.43\n QFT-GIT 160,531.88 113,155.15 3,884 19 5,955.53\n **TST sensitivity with ≥5 mm cut-off point = 97%** \n TST ≥10 mm 30,084.47 \\_ 3,881 \\_ \\_\n TST ≥5 mm 33.980.72 3,896.25 3,9 19 205.06\n TST ≥10 mm/QFT-GIT 47,376.73 13,396.01 3,865 -35 dominated\n TST ≥5mm/QFT-GIT 51,947.96 4,571.23 3,88 15 304.74\n QFT-GIT 160,531.88 108,583.92 3,884 4 27,145.98\n **TST specificity with ≥10 mm cut-off point = 43%** \n TST ≥5 mm 30,471.01 \\_ 3,886 \\_ \\_\n TST ≥10 mm 37,527.68 7,056.67 3,881 -5 dominated\n TST ≥5 mm/QFT-GIT 46,897.44 9,369.76 3,869 -12 dominated\n TST ≥10 mm/QFT-GIT 67,776.09 20,878.65 3,865 -4 dominated\n QFT-GIT 160,531.88 92,755.79 3,884 19 4,881.88\n **TST specificity with ≥10 mm cut-off point = 73%** \n TST ≥10 mm 27,764.41 \\_ 3,881 \\_ \\_\n TST ≥5 mm 30,471.01 2,706.60 3,886 5 541.32\n TST ≥10 mm/QFT-GIT 37,190.45 6,719.44 3,865 -21 dominated\n TST ≥5 mm/QFT-GIT 46,897.44 9,706.99 3,869 4 2,426.74\n QFT-GIT 160,531.88 113,634.44 3,884 15 7,575.62\n **TST specificity with ≥5 mm cut-off point = 35%** \n TST≥10 mm 30,084.47 \\- 3,881 0 \\-\n TST≥5 mm 44,123.57 14,039.09 3,886 5 2,807.82\n TST≥10 mm/QFT-GIT 47,376.73 3,253.17 3,865 -21 dominated\n TST≥5 mm/QFT-GIT 82,892.72 38,769.16 3,869 -17 dominated\n QFT-GIT 160,531.90 116,408.30 3,884 -2 dominated\n **TST specificity with ≥5 mm cut-off point = 79%** \n TST≥5 mm 28,925.61 \\- 3,886 0 \\_\n TST≥10 mm 30,084.47 1,158.86 3,881 -5 dominated\n TST≥5 mm/QFT-GIT 36,428.17 7,502.55 3,869 -17 dominated\n TST≥10 mm/QFT-GIT 47,376.73 18,451.12 3,865 -21 dominated\n QFT-GIT 160,531.90 131,606.30 3,884 -2 dominated\n\nCaption: ICER--Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio; LTBI--Latent Tuberculosis Infection; QFT-GIT--QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube; TST--Tuberculosis Skin Test.", "\n\nRegarding the number of new TB cases avoided, it was observed that the main variables that altered the cost-effectiveness ratio were reduced the sensitivity of ≥5 mm TST (0.82 to 0.68) and reducing the specificity of ≥10mm TST (0.59 to 0.43). ", "In both cases, the change in the most cost-effective strategy was the result of a substantial increase in costs, especially those resulting from therapeutic intervention and its consequences in terms of severe DILI, hospitalization, and death. ", "For any variation in the probability of returning to TST reading, the results were in agreement with the reference case, i.e. TST with 10 mm cut-off was the most cost-effective strategy. ", "The same applies to variations in all other parameters of the model.", "\n\nDiscussion {#sec026}\n==========\n\nA cost-effectiveness model, using TST and QFT-GIT tests, was developed to assess the costs and effectiveness of five strategies for diagnosis and treatment of LTBI among primary HCWs at risk of tuberculosis. ", "Our results of this research showed the strategy based on TST with 10 mm cut-off point as the most cost-effective at a cost of US\\$ 4.70 per case correctly classified and US\\$ 7.75 per case of active tuberculosis avoided.", "\n\nThe most favorable result to the TST was consistent with the findings of two studies. ", "The study conducted by Steffen et al.\\[[@pone.0225197.ref026]\\] was carried out considering the Brazilian public system health, however, the authors used TB contacts as their study sample, which is why the researchers had lower prevalence of LTBI (0.35, range from 0.20 to 0.65). ", "Three strategies for LTBI diagnosis were examined in this cost-effectiveness analysis, using a decision-analytic model: TST with cut-off of ≥5 mm, QuantiFERON^®^-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) and TST-positive results confirmed by QFT-GIT (TST + / QFT-GIT). ", "The outcome measure used was the number of cases of tuberculosis avoided in two years, and the accuracy parameters of the tests were similar to the present study. ", "The costs of tests examined in the Steffen's study, however, were higher than the values used here, US\\$ 10.56 for the TST (versus US\\$ 7.62) and US\\$ 48.26 for the QFT-GIT (versus the US\\$ 39.00). ", "TST proved to be the most cost-effective strategy (US\\$ 16.021/case averted). ", "Mancuso et al.\\[[@pone.0225197.ref060]\\] examined the cost-effectiveness of nine different screening strategies for LTBI in U.S. military recruits, including TST, T-SPOT^®^.TB, QuantiFERON^®^-TB Gold In-Tube alone and combinations of these tests with universal testing or based on of risk assessment questionnaires. ", "The cut-off point used for the TST is not clear. ", "The sensitivity and specificity parameters used were, respectively, 0.77 (0.70--0.99) and 0.99 (0.95--1.00). ", "The health outcome measured in this analysis was cases of active TB prevented. ", "The societal perspective was taken over a 20-year analytic horizon, with discount in future costs at 3% annually. ", "Targeted testing using TST was slightly more cost-effective than targeted testing using either QTF-GIT or T-SPOT, but these estimates were very sensitive to changes in model assumptions.", "\n\nResults of our study differ from other previous cost-effectiveness analyzes, which were favorable to QTF-GIT. ", "Diel et al.\\[[@pone.0225197.ref055]\\] already indicated that the combination of the QFT-G assay following the TST screening of close-contacts at a cutoff induration size of 5 mm was more cost-effective in Germany, followed by the QFT-GIT strategy alone. ", "Kowada and Marra showed that in populations vaccinated with BCG, single use of QFT-GIT assay was the most cost-effective strategy for TB contacts in Japan and Canada, respectively\\[[@pone.0225197.ref061], [@pone.0225197.ref062]\\]. ", "The study by de Perio et al.\\[[@pone.0225197.ref063]\\] also examined the cost-effectiveness of the new IGRA in detecting LTBI in health professionals, comparing QFT-G, QFT-GIT, and TST in TB low-incidence countries. ", "Their results pointed out that both IGRAs were more effective and less costly than the TST, whether or not the HCW had been previously vaccinated with BCG. ", "Their findings, however, are not suitable for comparison to the present paper due to, among other things, the type of model and perspective (Markov state-transition decision analytic model using the societal perspective) and the measure of effectiveness used (QALYs). ", "Other significant differences include the fact that it was conducted in a country with low incidence of tuberculosis and focused on hospital health workers.", "\n\nThe inclusion of IGRAs has advanced the diagnosis of tuberculosis significantly and has been recommended in recent years as a potential replacement for the TST\\[[@pone.0225197.ref004], [@pone.0225197.ref024]\\]. ", "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend the use of IGRA in all circumstances in which TST is currently used, including in health professionals\\[[@pone.0225197.ref064]\\]. ", "In contrast, a guideline published by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in 2006, in the United Kingdom, recommends its use as a sequential test, restrictively to individuals at risk of LTBI (children, people who are immunocompromised or at risk of immunosuppression and people from countries with a high incidence of TB) and in those with positive results for TST\\[[@pone.0225197.ref028]\\]. ", "The Canadian guidelines on IGRAs have not recommended their use for serial testing of HCWs\\[[@pone.0225197.ref065], [@pone.0225197.ref066]\\], indicating that its use of IGRAs for routine screening of HCWs remains a controversy matter.", "\n\nRegarding the increasing use of the QFT in developed countries and their use in the private sector of Brazilian health, it is still bought by high costs in the international market.", "\n\nIt is well known that IGRAs have higher sensitivity and specificity than TST\\[[@pone.0225197.ref035], [@pone.0225197.ref038]\\], leads to lower false-positive results and avoids unnecessary treatment of LTBI\\[[@pone.0225197.ref067]\\], and do not produce booster phenomenon. ", "This assay require only a single visit to the health service for its realization and may increase adherence to isoniazid treatment by health professionals\\[[@pone.0225197.ref068]\\].", "\n\nHowever, the QFT-GIT trial is more expensive than the TST test (US\\$ 39.00 vs. US\\$ 7.62). ", "Even when the model is simulated with the upper limit of the cost of TST range (US\\$ 9.54), and the cost of IGRA at its lowest estimated value (US\\$ 31.77), this strategy continues to be the most cost-effective for the diagnosis of LTBI among health professionals for both health outcomes studied, because the cost differences between the two tests are very wide. ", "The significant difference in the cost of testing and the high prevalence of latent tuberculosis in Brazil are factors that may explain the absence of favorable cost-effectiveness to the QTF, regardless of whether used alone or sequentially. ", "In addition, the variation of the QTF-GIT accuracy measures did not make the strategies related to this technology more cost-effective under any circumstances. ", "In turn, changes in TST accuracy parameters produce a change in the cut-off points for the TST that are more cost-effective.", "\n\nFor this analysis, the use of isoniazid prophylaxis was defined for six months because it is the recommended regimen according to current guidelines in Brazil\\[[@pone.0225197.ref030]\\] and is considered preferable in relation to cost-effectiveness\\[[@pone.0225197.ref069]\\]. ", "Although efficacy results of LTBI treatment according to the duration of the preventive regimen are scarce in the literature, a Union trial indicated that increasing the treatment time from six to 12 months does not substantially increases efficacy but reduces therapy adherence\\[[@pone.0225197.ref032]\\].", "\n\nIt is important to note that the overall cost of LTBI treatment has the costs of DILI incorporated. ", "The literature shows that hepatotoxicity associated with the treatment of LTBI with INH is not an ordinary event, especially regarding severe disease\\[[@pone.0225197.ref046]--[@pone.0225197.ref048]\\]. ", "Since the probability of severe adverse reactions in the treated population is small, the impact of the DILI on overall costs was minor. ", "Moreover, the overall costs of treating LTBI were reduced due to the shorter period of treatment.", "\n\nIt is well known that IGRAs have higher sensitivity and specificity than TST\\[[@pone.0225197.ref035], [@pone.0225197.ref038]\\], do not produce booster phenomenon and require only a single visit to the health service for its realization. ", "However, the variation of the IGRAs accuracy measures did not make the strategies related to this technology more cost-effective under any circumstances. ", "In turn, changes in TST accuracy parameters produce a change in the cut-off points for the TST that are more cost-effective.", "\n\nThe prevalence of LTBI was a parameter that often proves to be relevant in previous studies, usually estimated based on latent infection surveys using TST in HCWs with wide variation in results\\[[@pone.0225197.ref070]--[@pone.0225197.ref080]\\]. ", "In the present study, the prevalence of LTBI was estimated by INATA survey (a study in primary health units in all regions of Brazil), and its range (36 to 44%) was used in the sensitivity analysis, without impacting the results of the cost-effectiveness analysis.", "\n\nSome limitations of this study should be discussed. ", "Even using results of a national survey, to consider a single source for the parameter of LTBI prevalence in HCW can be regarded as a study limitation. ", "Costs for repeated TST in the case of lost reading were not considered, but the rate of no return was estimated as less than 5%.", "\n\nThe assumption is that all cases of active TB and LTBI were sensitive to antituberculosis drugs used because multidrug-resistant tuberculosis prevalence is still low (lower than 1,5%) in Brazil. ", "In this evaluation, we decided to use intermediate outcomes and a short time horizon, reinforcing the importance of further studies that incorporate more finalistic outcomes such as survival and quality of life. ", "TST has been used for over a century and has shown benefits in the treatment of LTBI in situations in which the TST positive is well defined\\[[@pone.0225197.ref081], [@pone.0225197.ref082]\\]. ", "However, it is worth noting that the training for TST is time-consuming, complex and can generate additional costs that were not considered in this study. ", "Despite the clarity of a simplified test algorithm, the convenience of fewer return visits and the clinical benefits of fewer false-positive results (avoids costs of treatment of LTBI unnecessary), IGRAs still have gaps to detect recent infection of TB\\[[@pone.0225197.ref083]\\], and show a large difference in costs between TST≥10 mm and QFT-GIT strategies.", "\n\nThe current analysis suggests that the TST constitutes the LTBI screening strategy as cost-effective in the Brazilian scene, even after a significant reduction in QFT-GIT costs and despite the high number of patients undergoing treatment for LTBI. ", "Further studies on cost-effectiveness of this new technology are needed.", "\n\nSupporting information {#sec027}\n======================\n\n###### CHEERS.", "\n\nResearcher Checklist.", "\n\n(PDF)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0225197.r001\n\nDecision Letter 0\n\nQuinn\n\nFrederick\n\nAcademic Editor\n\n© 2019 Frederick Quinn\n\n2019\n\nFrederick Quinn\n\nThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the\n\nCreative Commons Attribution License\n\n, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.", "\n\n17 Jul 2019\n\nPONE-D-19-15042\n\nCost-Effectiveness of QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube Versus Tuberculin Skin Test for Diagnosis and Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Primary Health Care Workers in Brazil\n\nPLOS ONE\n\nDear Dr. Braga,\n\nThank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. 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", "Please see our Supporting Information guidelines for more information: <http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/supporting-information>.", "\n\n\\[Note: HTML markup is below. ", "Please do not edit.\\]\n\nReviewers\\' comments:\n\nReviewer\\'s Responses to Questions\n\n**Comments to the Author**\n\n1\\. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?", "\n\nThe manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. ", "Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. ", "The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented.", "\n\nReviewer \\#1: Yes\n\nReviewer \\#2: Yes\n\n\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\n\n2\\. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?", "\n\nReviewer \\#1: Yes\n\nReviewer \\#2: Yes\n\n\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\n\n3\\. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?", "\n\nThe [PLOS Data policy](http://www.plosone.org/static/policies.action#sharing) requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). ", "The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. ", "For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. ", "If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data---e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party---those must be specified.", "\n\nReviewer \\#1: Yes\n\nReviewer \\#2: Yes\n\n\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\n\n4\\. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?", "\n\nPLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. ", "Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.", "\n\nReviewer \\#1: No\n\nReviewer \\#2: No\n\n\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\n\n5\\. Review Comments to the Author\n\nPlease use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. ", "You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (", "Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)\n\nReviewer \\#1: This was an interesting and informative study comparing cost effectiveness of 5 strategies for diagnosis of latent TB in health care workers in Brazil. ", "The evaluation was based on a hypothetical cohort of 10,000 HCW. ", "Outcomes evaluated included number of individuals correctly classified and number of TB cases avoided. ", "The conclusions of the study were that TST with a ≥10 mm cutoff was the most cost saving strategy for diagnosis of latent TB in this population.", "\n\nOverall: The text is a bit difficult to read with some issues with word order, etc that I believe are a byproduct of the translation to English. ", "I would suggest having a native English speaker edit the manuscript if possible.", "\n\nMinor points:\n\nAuthors use both 10 mm and ≥10 mm throughout the manuscript. ", "≥10 mm should be used consistently.", "\n\nLine 49: Suggest editing to say \"preventing active disease\" or \"identification of latent and active disease in an effort to reduce transmission\"\n\nLines 51-53: Suggest updating to more recent statistics.", "\n\nLines 118-122: This text is repetitive with the figure legends and unnecessary.", "\n\nLine 129: Please edit title of Figure 2 so that it is not identical to the title of Figure 1.", "\n\n373-375: The effectiveness of all strategies in regard to number of tuberculosis cases avoided is very similar. ", "Is the difference between the strategies statistically significant? ", "Mention should be made of the closeness of all strategies for this measure of outcome effectiveness.", "\n\nLine 440: \"...the change in the most cost-effective strategy was a result of the substantial increase in costs.\" ", "Suggest describing which costs were increased.", "\n\nLine 494: define STF\n\nTable 1: I do not understand the calculation for \"Cost of Complete LTBI Treatment(6months)\", \"Cost of Partial LTBI Treatment (3 months)\" or \"Cost of Active TB Treatment\". ", "Why do line items for the drug(s) used for treatment have \"(month)\" beside them? ", "Does this mean that this is the cost for one month? ", "If so, the calculations for the total cost of treatment are incorrect since the values have only been included once. ", "If these values actually represent the cost of drug for the entire duration of treatment why do they have \"(month)\" beside them?", "\n\nDiscussion: There is no discussion of the comparable results for all the tests for number of cases avoided.", "\n\nOther Suggestions:\n\n• I think that the addition of number-needed-to treat (the number of people treated for LTBI to prevent an active TB case) for each strategy would be an interesting and valuable addition to the study.", "\n\n• Authors mention that adherence to LTBI treatment by HCW is low due to the known false-positivity rate of TST. ", "Is the adherence rate to LTBI treatment for individuals diagnosed with QFT known or can it be realistically estimated? ", "Would it be possible to do a cost calculation for TST vs QFT using different adherence rates for each test? ", "This could be really important since the rate of adherence to LTBI treatment was one of the most impactful variables in the cost effectiveness calculations and would also likely impact number of active TB cases avoided.", "\n\nReviewer \\#2: The paper present interesting data investigating the cost effectiveness of QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube and Tuberculin Skin Test for Diagnosis and Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Primary Health Care Workers in Brazil. ", "The method section is well explained, however the result and discussion sections need to be restructured in a better way.", "\n\nThe tables in the results section (especially table 4) are too large, they need to be presented in a more efficient way. ", "a summarizing table can be used and the rest of the data can be attached to the paper as supporting information.", "\n\nThe manuscript need to be English edited in a very detailed way. ", "Many of the sentences are too long and contain grammar and formulation mistakes.", "\n\nSome suggestions and comments below:\n\nLine 59: add more recent statistics\n\nLine 65: is considered as a priority by WHO in controlling the disease ??", "\n\nLine 138: do you mean true positives and true negatives?", "\n\nLine 181: cut-off\n\n184-185: data based on\\...\n\n351-352: column 2 in table 2, is it the total cost, if so mention it\n\n453: what do you mean by study contacts?", "\n\n471: are you comparing the study results to other studies performed outside of Brazil? ", "if so, find a good way to make the transition between this paragraph and the previous one\n\n549-550: this paragraph is out of context, you will need to develop it further and find a way to link it to the previous paragraph (or you can delete it)\n\n\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\n\n6\\. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article ([what does this mean?](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/editorial-and-peer-review-process#loc-peer-review-history)). ", "If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.", "\n\nIf you choose \"no\", your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.", "\n\n**Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review?** ", "For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our [Privacy Policy](https://www.plos.org/privacy-policy).", "\n\nReviewer \\#1: No\n\nReviewer \\#2: No\n\n\\[NOTE: If reviewer comments were submitted as an attachment file, they will be attached to this email and accessible via the submission site. ", "Please log into your account, locate the manuscript record, and check for the action link \\\"View Attachments\\\". ", "If this link does not appear, there are no attachment files to be viewed.\\]\n\nWhile revising your submission, please upload your figure files to the Preflight Analysis and Conversion Engine (PACE) digital diagnostic tool, <https://pacev2.apexcovantage.com/>. ", "PACE helps ensure that figures meet PLOS requirements. ", "To use PACE, you must first register as a user. ", "Registration is free. ", "Then, login and navigate to the UPLOAD tab, where you will find detailed instructions on how to use the tool. ", "If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email us at <figures@plos.org>. ", "Please note that Supporting Information files do not need this step.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0225197.r002\n\nAuthor response to Decision Letter 0\n\n15 Oct 2019\n\nPONE-D-19-15042\n\nCost-Effectiveness of QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube Versus Tuberculin Skin Test for Diagnosis and Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Primary Health Care Workers in Brazil\n\nDear Editors,\n\nThe authors are grateful for the suggestions of the reviewers, who point out as very important for the manuscript improvement.", "\n\nPlease also be advised that changes and additions to version 2 text are marked as requested and an unmarked version of revised paper without tracked changes has been included (labeled \\'Manuscript\\').", "\n\nA summary of the changes made in response to the requests is provided below to facilitate the evaluation of the achievement.", "\n\nRegards,\n\nJose Ueleres Braga\n\nReview Comments to the Author\n\nReviewer \\#1:\n\nThis was an interesting and informative study comparing cost effectiveness of 5 strategies for diagnosis of latent TB in health care workers in Brazil. ", "The evaluation was based on a hypothetical cohort of 10,000 HCW. ", "Outcomes evaluated included number of individuals correctly classified and number of TB cases avoided. ", "The conclusions of the study were that TST with a ≥10 mm cutoff was the most cost saving strategy for diagnosis of latent TB in this population.", "\n\nOverall:\n\nThe text is a bit difficult to read with some issues with word order, etc that I believe are a byproduct of the translation to English. ", "I would suggest having a native English speaker edit the manuscript if possible.", "\n\nR.: Yes. ", "We reviewed the entire manuscript with a native English speaker, looking to correct the issues identified.", "\n\nMinor points:\n\nAuthors use both 10 mm and ≥10 mm throughout the manuscript. ", "≥10 mm should be used consistently.", "\n\nR.: We agree. ", "We replace the expression 10mm with ≥10mm when used to classify individuals by Mtb infection status.", "\n\nLine 49: Suggest editing to say \"preventing active disease\" or \"identification of latent and active disease in an effort to reduce transmission\"\n\nR.: The text of the manuscript was modified to comply with the suggestion made by the reviewer.", "\n\nLines 51-53: Suggest updating to more recent statistics.", "\n\nR.: The text has been modified to include the latest tuberculosis statistics in Brazil and worldwide, with appropriate replacement in the reference section.", "\n\nLines 118-122: This text is repetitive with the figure legends and unnecessary.", "\n\nR.: We agree with the reviewer\\'s comment and the text has been rewritten to eliminate the pointed repetition.", "\n\nLine 129: Please edit title of Figure 2 so that it is not identical to the title of Figure 1.", "\n\nR.: We agree. ", "The titles of figures 1 and 2 have been edited to clarify what is in place. ", "Unnecessary repetitions when displayed in text were deleted.", "\n\n373-375: The effectiveness of all strategies in regard to number of tuberculosis cases avoided is very similar. ", "Is the difference between the strategies statistically significant? ", "Mention should be made of the closeness of all strategies for this measure of outcome effectiveness.", "\n\nR.: We agree. ", "The manuscript was revised to highlight the closeness of the effectiveness values. ", "No statistical tests were applied to compare these figures\n\nLine 440: \"...the change in the most cost-effective strategy was a result of the substantial increase in costs.\" ", "Suggest describing which costs were increased.", "\n\nR.: The text was rewritten to include the suggestion of the reviewer.", "\n\nLine 494: define STF\n\nR.: We apologize for the typo. ", "The correct acronym is QTF\n\nTable 1: I do not understand the calculation for \"Cost of Complete LTBI Treatment(6months)\", \"Cost of Partial LTBI Treatment (3 months)\" or \"Cost of Active TB Treatment\". ", "Why do line items for the drug(s) used for treatment have \"(month)\" beside them? ", "Does this mean that this is the cost for one month? ", "If so, the calculations for the total cost of treatment are incorrect since the values have only been included once. ", "If these values actually represent the cost of drug for the entire duration of treatment why do they have \"(month)\" beside them?", "\n\nR.: We appreciate the remark. ", "The values in table 1 correspond to the total cost of treatment. ", "The term \"month\" has been removed to avoid misunderstanding.", "\n\nDiscussion:\n\nThere is no discussion of the comparable results for all the tests for number of cases avoided.", "\n\nR.: The discussion section has been rewritten and this aspect has been covered.", "\n\nOther Suggestions:\n\n• I think that the addition of number-needed-to treat (the number of people treated for LTBI to prevent an active TB case) for each strategy would be an interesting and valuable addition to the study.", "\n\nR.: We welcome the suggestion, but understand that the epidemiological measures used are considered appropriate for this cost-effectiveness study.", "\n\n• Authors mention that adherence to LTBI treatment by HCW is low due to the known false-positivity rate of TST. ", "Is the adherence rate to LTBI treatment for individuals diagnosed with QFT known or can it be realistically estimated? ", "Would it be possible to do a cost calculation for TST vs QFT using different adherence rates for each test? ", "This could be really important since the rate of adherence to LTBI treatment was one of the most impactful variables in the cost effectiveness calculations and would also likely impact number of active TB cases avoided.", "\n\nR.: There were no published studies on adherence to LTBI treatment after QTF screening at the time of development of the current study. ", "A literature search to answer the reviewer found few updated studies addressing treatment adherence rate after QTF testing, and their values are compatible with the parameters assumed in this study. ", "A bivariate sensitivity analysis was performed considering different adherence rates after diagnosis when each test was used, and its result did not indicate a change in the conclusion, in favor of the TST strategy with 10mm cut-off. ", "There were insignificant changes in the number of active TB cases avoided by applying different LTBI treatment adherence rates according to the diagnostic strategy employed.", "\n\nReviewer \\#2:\n\nThe paper present interesting data investigating the cost effectiveness of QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube and Tuberculin Skin Test for Diagnosis and Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Primary Health Care Workers in Brazil. ", "The method section is well explained, however the result and discussion sections need to be restructured in a better way.", "\n\nThe tables in the results section (especially table 4) are too large, they need to be presented in a more efficient way. ", "a summarizing table can be used and the rest of the data can be attached to the paper as supporting information.", "\n\nThe manuscript need to be English edited in a very detailed way. ", "Many of the sentences are too long and contain grammar and formulation mistakes.", "\n\nR.: Thanks for the suggestion, we\\'ve reformatted tables to make your look cleaner. ", "However, we believe it would be relevant for the reader to keep part of the information present in the manuscript in its original format. ", "Following the suggestions we also rewrote the result and discussion sections to make the content clearer. ", "Finally, the manuscript was reviewed by a native American to minimize errors with the use of the English language.", "\n\nSome suggestions and comments below:\n\nLine 59: add more recent statistics\n\nR.: The text has been modified to include the latest tuberculosis statistics in Brazil and worldwide, with appropriate replacement in the reference section.", "\n\nLine 65: is considered as a priority by WHO in controlling the disease ??", "\n\nR.: Yes. ", "WHO considers the identification of LTBI and its treatment in priority groups as an important strategy for disease control, and this view holds in the latest report available (2018).", "\n\nLine 138: do you mean true positives and true negatives?", "\n\nR.: Yes. ", "The text has been modified to make it clear what was being said.", "\n\nLine 181: cut-off\n\nR.: We accept the suggestion and change the expression cutoff for cut-off throughout the text.", "\n\n184-185: data based on\\...\n\nR.: We apologize. ", "The text has been corrected.", "\n\n351-352: column 2 in table 2, is it the total cost, if so mention it\n\nR.: We apologize. ", "The text has been corrected.", "\n\n453: what do you mean by study contacts?", "\n\nR.: We revised the text to make it clearer..\n\n471: are you comparing the study results to other studies performed outside of Brazil? ", "if so, find a good way to make the transition between this paragraph and the previous one\n\nR.: We thank the suggestion and rewrite the text, leaving separated the studies with concordant and discordant results from the evidenced in the present research.", "\n\n549-550: this paragraph is out of context, you will need to develop it further and find a way to link it to the previous paragraph (or you can delete it)\n\nR.: Thanks. ", "We accept your suggestion.", "\n\n\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\n\nWhile revising your submission, please upload your figure files to the Preflight Analysis and Conversion Engine (PACE) digital diagnostic tool, <https://pacev2.apexcovantage.com/>. ", "PACE helps ensure that figures meet PLOS requirements. ", "To use PACE, you must first register as a user. ", "Registration is free. ", "Then, login and navigate to the UPLOAD tab, where you will find detailed instructions on how to use the tool. ", "If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email us at <figures@plos.org>. ", "Please note that Supporting Information files do not need this step.", "\n\n###### \n\nSubmitted filename: Response to Reviewers PONE-D-19-15042_15OUT2019.docx\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0225197.r003\n\nDecision Letter 1\n\nQuinn\n\nFrederick\n\nAcademic Editor\n\n© 2019 Frederick Quinn\n\n2019\n\nFrederick Quinn\n\nThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the\n\nCreative Commons Attribution License\n\n, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.", "\n\n31 Oct 2019\n\nCost-Effectiveness of QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube Versus Tuberculin Skin Test for Diagnosis and Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Primary Health Care Workers in Brazil\n\nPONE-D-19-15042R1\n\nDear Dr. Braga,\n\nWe are pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it complies with all outstanding technical requirements.", "\n\nWithin one week, you will receive an e-mail containing information on the amendments required prior to publication. ", "When all required modifications have been addressed, you will receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will proceed to our production department and be scheduled for publication.", "\n\nShortly after the formal acceptance letter is sent, an invoice for payment will follow. ", "To ensure an efficient production and billing process, please log into Editorial Manager at <https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/>, click the \\\"Update My Information\\\" link at the top of the page, and update your user information. ", "If you have any billing related questions, please contact our Author Billing department directly at <authorbilling@plos.org>.", "\n\nIf your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper to enable them to help maximize its impact. ", "If they will be preparing press materials for this manuscript, you must inform our press team as soon as possible and no later than 48 hours after receiving the formal acceptance. ", "Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. ", "For more information, please contact <onepress@plos.org>.", "\n\nWith kind regards,\n\nFrederick Quinn\n\nAcademic Editor\n\nPLOS ONE\n\nAdditional Editor Comments (optional):\n\nReviewers\\' comments:\n\nReviewer\\'s Responses to Questions\n\n**Comments to the Author**\n\n1\\. If the authors have adequately addressed your comments raised in a previous round of review and you feel that this manuscript is now acceptable for publication, you may indicate that here to bypass the \"Comments to the Author\" section, enter your conflict of interest statement in the \"Confidential to Editor\" section, and submit your \\\"Accept\\\" recommendation.", "\n\nReviewer \\#1: All comments have been addressed\n\nReviewer \\#2: All comments have been addressed\n\n\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\n\n2\\. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?", "\n\nThe manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. ", "Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. ", "The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented.", "\n\nReviewer \\#1: (No Response)\n\nReviewer \\#2: Yes\n\n\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\n\n3\\. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?", "\n\nReviewer \\#1: (No Response)\n\nReviewer \\#2: Yes\n\n\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\n\n4\\. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?", "\n\nThe [PLOS Data policy](http://www.plosone.org/static/policies.action#sharing) requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). ", "The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. ", "For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. ", "If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data---e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party---those must be specified.", "\n\nReviewer \\#1: (No Response)\n\nReviewer \\#2: Yes\n\n\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\n\n5\\. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?", "\n\nPLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. ", "Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.", "\n\nReviewer \\#1: (No Response)\n\nReviewer \\#2: Yes\n\n\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\n\n6\\. Review Comments to the Author\n\nPlease use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. ", "You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (", "Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)\n\nReviewer \\#1: I suggest going over the manuscript again for correct English translation. ", "Please check reference numbers throughout the manuscript for accuracy\\...I do not believe that the references indicated in lines 54 and 56 are the correct references for these statistics. ", "Additionally, an analysis of the additional cost incurred by the high number of false-positives that would be inappropriately treated using the TST\\>=10mm strategy vs. other strategies and the total impact of this on the cost effectiveness would be beneficial.", "\n\nReviewer \\#2: I suggest to go through the manuscript one more time and correct the typos (e.g: 145-146: treatment of TB\\....)\n\n\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\\*\n\n7\\. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article ([what does this mean?](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/editorial-and-peer-review-process#loc-peer-review-history)). ", "If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.", "\n\nIf you choose \"no\", your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.", "\n\n**Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review?** ", "For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our [Privacy Policy](https://www.plos.org/privacy-policy).", "\n\nReviewer \\#1: No\n\nReviewer \\#2: No\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0225197.r004\n\nAcceptance letter\n\nQuinn\n\nFrederick\n\nAcademic Editor\n\n© 2019 Frederick Quinn\n\n2019\n\nFrederick Quinn\n\nThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the\n\nCreative Commons Attribution License\n\n, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.", "\n\n7 Nov 2019\n\nPONE-D-19-15042R1\n\nCost-Effectiveness of QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube Versus Tuberculin Skin Test for Diagnosis and Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Primary Health Care Workers in Brazil\n\nDear Dr. Braga:\n\nI am pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. ", "Congratulations! ", "Your manuscript is now with our production department.", "\n\nIf your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper at this point, to enable them to help maximize its impact. ", "If they will be preparing press materials for this manuscript, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. ", "Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. ", "For more information please contact <onepress@plos.org>.", "\n\nFor any other questions or concerns, please email <plosone@plos.org>.", "\n\nThank you for submitting your work to PLOS ONE.", "\n\nWith kind regards,\n\nPLOS ONE Editorial Office Staff\n\non behalf of\n\nDr. Frederick Quinn\n\nAcademic Editor\n\nPLOS ONE\n\n[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. ", "This study has not been submitted elsewhere for publication. ", "All authors have approved the manuscript.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Q:\n\nWhy is extern \"C\" used with shared object library determined at runtime?", "\n\nI saw in a C++ program that dlfcn library is used for dynamically\nlinking to a shared object library chosen by the user of the C++\nprogram during runtime, and for calling functions in the chosen\nshared object library via dlsym() and other functions in dlfcn.", "\n\nAssume the user chooses a shared object library called x.so during runtime. ", "x.so was compiled from a cpp file with definitions\nof functions enclosed within extern \"C\". ", "A comment in the cpp file\nsays that the usage of extern \"C\" is important but without further\nexplanation, and I wonder why? ", "\nIs it correct that there is only C++ code and no C code involved here? ", "So is extern \"C\" not necessarily only used when mixing C and C++\ncode together?", "\nDoes whether dlfcn library is statically or dynamically linked to the C++ program matters to the questions above?", "\n\nNow compare to a simpler case, where the shared object library is\nknown much earlier than runtime, and the author of the C++ program\nspecifies it in the C++ program without using dlfcn before compiling it, and then\ndynamically links the shared object library and the C++ program \nduring runtime. ", "In this case, is `extern \"C\" still necessary in the\ncpp file which was compiled into the shared object library?", "\n\nThanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nextern \"C\" changes the linkage, and affects name mangling. ", "See What is name mangling, and how does it work?", "\nWithout it, exported names in the compiled object will normally be mangled. ", "That means that they cannot be used from C. It also means that looking them up via dlsym() requires using the mangled name.", "\n\nIs it correct that there is only C++ code and no C code involved here? ", "So is extern \"C\" not necessarily used when mixing C and C++ code together?", "\n\nIt is not clear what you mean here. ", "If you are compiling C++, then only C++ code is involved at this stage. ", "If you are then linking in any way with a module written in C, then C is involved. ", "If you need an external C library or program to link to your C++-defined functions, then they need to be declared extern \"C\".", "\n\nDoes whether dlfcn library is statically or dynamically linked to the C++ program matters to the questions above?", "\n\nNo (perhaps you should have explained why you think it might matter).", "\n\nNow compare to a simpler case, where the shared object library is known much earlier than runtime, and the author of the C++ program specifies it in the C++ program without using dlfcn before compiling it, and then dynamically links the shared object library and the C++ program during runtime. ", "In this case, is `extern \"C\" still necessary in the cpp file which was compiled into the shared object library?", "\n\nIt is necessary that the declared linkage of the symbols is consistent in the two C++ modules. ", "Certainly, you could remove extern \"C\" if the modules are both C++. ", "But if one module declares the symbol as extern \"C\" then the other must also.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "A Humanized Anti-Interleukin 6 Receptor Monoclonal Antibody, Tocilizumab, for the Treatment of Endometriosis in a Rat Model.", "\nThe aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of anti-interleukin 6 (IL-6) therapy in the treatment of endometriosis in a rat model. ", "After the peritoneal implantation of autologous endometrial tissue, 22 Wistar female rats were divided to create 2 intervention groups: the tocilizumab group (n = 13) and the control group (n = 9). ", "After measuring implant volume, saline was administered to the rats in the control group and 8 mg/kg tocilizumab was administered intraperitoneally to the rats in the tocilizumab-treated group every 2 weeks. ", "After a 4-week treatment period, the volumes and histopathological properties of the implants were evaluated. ", "A scoring system was used to evaluate the preservation of epithelia. ", "Fibrosis score was assessed between the groups. ", "Ectopic and eutopic endometrium were evaluated immunohistochemically for IL-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). ", "There was a significant difference between the volumes of implants before and after treatment in the tocilizumab group (P < .05). ", "The posttreatment volumes of lesions were smaller in the tocilizumab group than in the control group. ", "Histologic and fibrosis scores were lower in the tocilizumab group than in the control group. ", "Immunoreactivity intensity for VEGF was significantly decreased in the tocilizumab group for ectopic and eutopic endometrium (P < .05). ", "Interleukin 6 levels and endometrial thickness for ectopic and eutopic endometrium were similar between the groups. ", "Tocilizumab treatment had a regressive effect on the endometriotic implants." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'J. Hempel’s definition of the [*distance*]{} of a Heegaard surface generalizes to a complexity for a knot which is in bridge position with respect to a Heegaard surface. ", "Our main result is that the distance of a knot in bridge position is bounded above by twice the genus, plus the number of boundary components, of an essential surface in the knot complement. ", "As a consequence knots constructed via sufficiently high powers of pseudo-Anosov maps have minimal bridge presentations which are thin.'", "\naddress:\n- 'D. Bachman, Mathematics Department, California Polytechnic State University'\n- 'S. Schleimer, Mathematics Department, University of Illinois at Chicago'\nauthor:\n- David Bachman\n- Saul Schleimer\ntitle: Distance and bridge position\n---\n\nKeywords: Heegaard Splitting, Curve Complex\n\nIntroduction.", "\n=============\n\nHempel’s definition of the [*distance*]{} of a Heegaard splitting [@hempel:01] is a natural measure of complexity, generalizing the standard notions of [*reducibility*]{} (distance zero), [*weak reducibility*]{} (distance at most one), and [*strong irreducibility*]{} (distance at least two). ", "Hempel proves that there exist Heegaard splittings of arbitrarily high distance.", "\n\nIn his Ph.D. thesis, K. Hartshorn related the distance of a Heegaard splitting to the genus of any essential surface:\n\n[**Theorem**]{} [@hartshorn:99]. [*", "Let $M$ be a closed, orientable, irreducible 3-manifold with Heegaard splitting $F$. Suppose $M$ contains an orientable, incompressible surface $S$. Then the distance of $F$ is bounded above by twice the genus of $S$.*]{}\n\nHartshorn’s result refines work of T. Kobayashi [@Kobayashi88].", "\n\nWe begin this paper by recalling a generalization of the curve complex for surfaces with non-empty boundary. ", "This allows us to translate Hempel’s definition of distance for Heegaard splittings to a definition of distance for knots which are in bridge position with respect to a Heegaard surface [@ms:91]. ", "Our main result is a translation of Hartshorn’s Theorem into this new context:\n\n[**Theorem \\[t:main\\].**]{} [*", "Let $K$ be a knot in a closed, orientable 3-manifold $M$ which is in bridge position with respect to a Heegaard surface $F$. Let $S$ be a properly embedded, orientable, essential surface in $M_K$. Then the distance of $K$ with respect to $F$ is bounded above by twice the genus of $S$ plus $|\\partial S|$.*]{}\n\nIn the special case of a meridional disk we find that a stronger result holds; the distance of $K$ with respect to $F$ is zero. ", "This follows from a variant of the Haken Lemma [@haken:68] (see Lemma \\[l:Haken\\]).", "\n\nAlthough our proof contains Hartshorn’s result as a special case ($K=\\emptyset$), there is an interesting qualitative difference. ", "Unlike Hartshorn, we make no minimality assumption on the way in which $S$ intersects $F$. That is, [*any generic position*]{} of $S$ with respect to $F$ forces the bound on distance as stated in the theorem.", "\n\nThe main idea behind our proof is to simply count saddles. ", "Let $d(K,F)$ denote the distance of $K$ with respect to $F$. It is a standard technique in 3-manifold topology to use a Heegaard splitting $F$ for a 3-manifold $M$ to define a height function $h$ on $M$. This, in turn, induces a height function on a surface $S$ in $M$. With respect to this height function $S$ will have maxima, minima, and saddles. ", "The “moral\" is that each critical point of $S$ either\n\n1. ", " contributes at most 1 to $d(K,F)$ and exactly -1 to the Euler characteristic of $S$ or\n\n2. ", " contributes nothing to $d(K,F)$ and nothing to the Euler characteristic of $S$.\n\nHence, the distance of $K$ with respect to $F$ would then be bounded by the negative of the Euler characteristic of $S$. Unfortunately, for Heegaard splittings the above classification isn’t exactly correct. ", "We find that there may be at most two “special\" critical points that each contribute one to the distance of $K$, but nothing to the Euler characteristic of $S$. This gives the bound $d(K,F) \\le -\\chi(S) +2 = 2g(S)+|\\partial S|$.\n\nWe note that several authors have explicitly computed the distances of various classes of knots (using varying definitions of [*distance*]{}). ", "See, for example, [@sakuma:99], [@morimoto:89] and [@saito:03].", "\n\nIn the final section we present corollaries to Theorem \\[t:main\\]. ", "Among these are:\n\n[**Corollary \\[c:c1\\].**]{} [*", "Suppose $K$ is a knot in $S^3$ whose distance is $d(K,F)$ with respect to a bridge sphere $F$. Then the genus of $K$ is at least $\\frac {d(K,F)-1}{2}$.*]{}\n\n[**Corollary \\[c:c2\\].**]{} [*", "If $K$ is a knot whose distance is at least 3 with respect to some Heegaard surface, then the complement of $K$ is hyperbolic.*]{}", "\n\nFinally, we define the [*bridge link*]{} associated to an element of the braid group $B_{2n}$ to be the link obtained by gluing two trivial $n$-strand tangles by this element. ", "By a construction essentially due to Kobayashi [@Kobayashi88] powers of certain pseudo-Anosov maps give associated bridge links with arbitrarily high distance. ", "Suppose $\\phi$ is such a map. ", "Then it follows from Corollary \\[c:thinbridge\\] that for all sufficiently high powers of $\\phi$ if the associated link is a knot then its minimal bridge presentation is thin.", "\n\nIt is possible, [*a priori*]{}, that bridge knots associated to high powers of pseudo-Anosov maps have low bridge numbers. ", "The following conjecture would rule this out:\n\n[**Conjecture.**]{} [*", "Suppose $K$ is a knot whose distance is at least 2 with respect to some Heegaard surface $F$. Then the distance of $K$ with respect to any other Heegaard surface is bounded above by $\\chi(F-K)+2$.*]{}\n\nCompare this to the statement of Theorem \\[t:main\\]. ", "In the theorem we assert that the distance of a knot with respect to a Heegaard surface is bounded by two plus the Euler characteristic of an essential surface. ", "In the conjecture we propose that distance is similarly bounded by a strongly irreducible surface.", "\n\nBasic Definitions.", "\n==================\n\nIn this section we give the definitions that will be used throughout the paper. ", "Let $K$ be a knot in a closed, orientable 3-manifold, $M$. Let $M_K=M-N(K)$ where $N(K)$ denotes a regular neighborhood of $K$. For the remainder of this paper all surfaces $S$ in $M_K$ will be embedded, compact, and orientable with $S \\cap \\partial M_K \\subset \\partial S$.\n\nA [*cut surface*]{} (see Figure \\[f:cutsurface\\]) is either\n\n1. ", " a disk $E \\subset M_K$ such that $E \\cap \\partial M_K=\\emptyset$,\n\n2. ", " a bigon $E \\subset M_K$ such that $E \\cap \\partial M_K$ is an arc, or\n\n3. ", " an annulus $E \\subset M_K$ with exactly one meridional boundary component on $\\partial M_K$. In other words, $E \\cap \\partial M_K$ is a loop bounding a disk in $\\overline{N(K)}$.\n\nIf $E$ is a cut surface and $\\gamma =\\overline{\\partial E-\\partial M_K}$ then we say $\\gamma$ [*bounds a cut surface*]{}.", "\n\n=4 in\n\nA properly embedded simple curve in $S$ is [*inessential*]{} if it bounds a subsurface of $S$ which is a cut surface, and [*essential*]{} otherwise.", "\n\nSuppose $\\gamma$ bounds a cut surface $E$, $S$ is properly embedded in $M_K$, and $S \\cap E=\\gamma$. We may then [*surger*]{} $S$ along $E$ by replacing a neighborhood of $\\gamma$ in $S$ with two parallel copies of $E$. If $\\gamma$ is essential in $S$ then we say $E$ is a [*compression*]{} for $S$. In this case we also say $\\gamma$ [*bounds a compression*]{} for $S$.\n\nA properly embedded surface $S \\subset M_K$ is [*essential*]{} if first there are no curves on $S$ which bound compressions in $M_K$ and second $\\partial S$ (if non-empty) is not null-homotopic on $\\partial M_K$. We also consider a 2-sphere to be essential if it does not bound a ball in $M_K$. Note that this notion of essential is [*not*]{} identical to that of “super-incompressible\" found in [@MorganBass84].", "\n\nA [*handlebody*]{} is a 3-manifold which is homeomorphic to the closure of a regular neighborhood of a compact, connected graph in ${\\mathbb R}^3$. If such a graph has no valence one vertices, and the corresponding handlebody has non-zero genus, then the graph’s image under such a homeomorphism is a [*spine*]{} of the handlebody. ", "We will insist that the spine of a 3-ball be a single edge.", "\n\nA closed surface $F$ in $M$ is a [*Heegaard surface*]{} of M if $F$ separates $M$ into two handlebodies. ", "An arc properly embedded in $H$ is [*trivial*]{} if it bounds a bigon in $H$. Suppose $K$ is a knot in a 3-manifold $M$ with Heegaard surface $F$. The knot $K$ is in [*bridge position with respect to $F$*]{} [@ms:91] if $K$ meets each of the handlebodies bounded by $F$ in a collection of trivial arcs. ", "Such a position is sometimes referred to as a [*$(g,b)$-presentation*]{} of $K$, where $g=\\mbox{genus}(F)$ and $2b=|K \\cap F|$.\n\nThe Arc Complex\n===============\n\nFollowing Hempel’s definition of the distance of a Heegaard splitting [@hempel:01] we now define the [*distance*]{} of a knot $K$ which is in bridge position with respect to a Heegaard surface $F \\subset M$. Let $M_K=M-N(K)$ and let $F_K=F \\cap M_K$.\n\nConstruct a 1-complex $\\Gamma (F_K)$ as follows: for each proper isotopy class of essential curve in $F_K$ there is a vertex of $\\Gamma (F_K)$. There is an edge of $\\Gamma (F_K)$ between two distinct vertices if and only if there are representatives of the corresponding isotopy classes which are disjoint. ", "$\\Gamma (F_K)$ is called the [*arc complex*]{} of $F_K$ (see, for example, [@mm:99]).", "\n\nNow, $F_K$ divides $M_K$ into two submanifolds, $H$ and $H'$. Let $V$ and $V'$ denote the sets of vertices of $\\Gamma (F_K)$ which correspond to curves which bound compressions in $H$ and $H'$ (resp.). ", "Then $d(K,F)$, the [*distance of $K$ with respect to $F$*]{}, is defined to be the number of edges in the shortest path from $V$ to $V'$ in $\\Gamma (F_K)$. As long as $\\chi(F_K) \\leq -2$ this is well defined, since the arc complex is connected in those cases.", "\n\nLemmas\n======\n\nThe following is a slight variant of the Haken Lemma [@haken:68]. ", "We assume that the reader is familiar with W. Jaco’s proof of this result (Theorem II.7 of [@jaco:80]).", "\n\n\\[l:Haken\\] Let $K$ be a knot in a 3-manifold $M$ which is in bridge position with respect to a Heegaard surface $F$. If $M_K$ contains an essential 2-sphere or meridional disk then $d(K,F)=0$.\n\nAmong all essential 2-spheres and meridional disks in $M_K$ choose one, $S$, meeting $F_K$ minimally. ", "Let $H$ and $H'$ denote the submanifolds of $M_K$ bounded by $F_K$, with $\\partial S$ (if nonempty) contained in $H$. If $S \\cap F_K=\\emptyset$ then $S$ lies entirely in $H$ or $H'$, a contradiction. ", "It follows that $S \\cap F_K$ is a non-empty set of loops which are essential on $F_K$. Hence, if $S$ meets $F_K$ in a single loop then the result follows.", "\n\nSuppose then that $|S \\cap F_K|>1$. Let $H^*$ denote one of $H$ or $H'$, where there is a component $T$ of $S \\cap H^*$ with $|\\partial T-\\partial S|\\ge 2$. Choose a [*basis*]{} $\\Lambda$ for $H^*$, [*i.e.*]{} a system of disks and bigons which cuts $H^*$ into a 3-ball. ", "If $S \\cap \\Lambda$ contains any loops then surger $S$ along these, innermost (on $\\Lambda$) first. ", "Note that at least one component of the resulting surface is again an essential sphere or meridional disk. ", "We continue to denote this surface by $S$.\n\nWe now reduce $|S \\cap \\Lambda|$ via the following procedure. ", "If any component of $(S \\cap H^*)-\\Lambda$ is a bigon then surger $\\Lambda$ along this surface. ", "Some subcollection of the resulting set is again a basis, which we continue to denote by $\\Lambda$. If not then choose a bigon of $\\Lambda -S$, and use this to guide an isotopy of $S$ (see the “isotopy of type A\" on page 24 of [@jaco:80]). ", "Repeat this procedure until all components $T$ of $S \\cap H^*$ have $|\\partial T-\\partial S|=1$. Let $S'$ denote the resulting surface.", "\n\nIt follows from the argument of Lemma II.9 of [@jaco:80] that if $H^*=H'$ then $|S' \\cap F_K|<|S \\cap F_K|$ and we have reached a contradiction. ", "If $H^*=H$ then $|S' \\cap F_K| \\le |S \\cap F_K|$. If equality holds we repeat the above with $S'$ replacing $S$ and letting $H^*=H'$. This gives a surface $S''$ with $|S'' \\cap F_K|<|S \\cap F_K|$, a contradiction.", "\n\n\\[l:NoTypeMismatch\\] Let $K$ be a knot in a 3-manifold $M$ which is in bridge position with respect to a Heegaard surface $F$. If $\\gamma$ bounds two cut surfaces $A$ and $B$ with $A \\cap B=\\gamma$ then either both are bigons, both annuli, both disks, or $d(K,F)=0$.\n\nIf $A$ and $B$ are different types then their union is a meridional disk. ", "The result now follows from Lemma \\[l:Haken\\].", "\n\n\\[l:CutImpliesCompression\\] Let $K$ be a knot in a 3-manifold $M$ which is in bridge position with respect to a Heegaard surface $F$ and let $Q$ be any properly embedded surface in $M_K$. If there is a curve $\\gamma$ which is essential on $Q$ and bounds a cut surface $E$ in $M_K$ then either there is a curve $\\gamma' \\subset E \\cap Q$ which bounds a compression for $Q$, or $d(K,F)=0$.\n\nLet $\\Lambda \\subset E \\cap Q$ be the collection of curves which are essential on $Q$. Let $E'$ denote the closure of a component of $E-\\Lambda$ which is a cut surface. ", "Let $\\gamma'=E' \\cap \\Lambda$. Consider the set $\\Theta$ of cut surfaces bounded by $\\gamma'$ such that the only curve of intersection with $Q$, essential on $Q$, is $\\gamma'$. Note that $E'$ is such a surface, so $\\Theta$ is non-empty. ", "Let $E^*$ be an element of $\\Theta$ with $|E^* \\cap Q|$ minimal.", "\n\nWe now claim $E^* \\cap Q=\\gamma'$. Suppose not. ", "Let $E''$ be a cut surface component of $E^*-Q$. The curve $\\gamma''=E'' \\cap Q$ is inessential on $Q$ and hence bounds two cut surfaces, $A \\subset Q$ and $E''$. Note that $A \\cap E'' = \\gamma''$. By Lemma \\[l:NoTypeMismatch\\] we may obtain a new cut surface from $E^*$ by replacing $E''$ with a push-off of $A$. ", "This violates the minimality of $|E^* \\cap Q|$. We conclude $E^*$ is a compression for $Q$, which finishes the proof.", "\n\n\\[l:EssentialPersistsCutDisk\\] Let $K$ be a knot in a 3-manifold $M$ which is in bridge position with respect to a Heegaard surface $F$ and $S$ an essential surface in $M_K$. If we surger $S$ along a disk or bigon cut surface then at least one of the remaining components is essential, or $d(K,F)=0$.\n\nBy assumption there is a curve $\\gamma \\subset S$ which bounds a cut surface $E'$, homeomorphic to a disk, such that $E' \\cap S=\\gamma$. Since $S$ is essential, $\\gamma$ bounds a cut surface $E \\subset S$. Surgering $S$ along $E'$ then produces two surfaces, isotopic to $E \\cup E'$ and $S'=(S-E) \\cup E'$. Suppose $S'$ is not essential. ", "Let $\\gamma'$ bound a compression $C$ for $S'$. As $E'$ is homeomorphic to a disk we may properly isotope $\\gamma'$ off of $E'$. The curve $\\gamma'$ is now on $S$, and bounds the cut surface $C$. ", "By Lemma \\[l:CutImpliesCompression\\] there is a compression $C'$ for $S$, a contradiction.", "\n\n\\[l:EssentialPersists\\] Let $K$ be a knot in a 3-manifold $M$ which is in bridge position with respect to a Heegaard surface $F$ and $S$ an essential surface in $M_K$. If we surger $S$ along a cut surface then at least one of the remaining components is essential, or $d(K,F)=0$.\n\nBy assumption there is a curve $\\gamma \\subset S$ which bounds a cut surface $E'$ such that $E' \\cap S=\\gamma$. Since $S$ is essential, $\\gamma$ bounds a cut surface $E$ in $S$. Surgering $S$ along $E'$ then produces two surfaces, isotopic to $E \\cup E'$ and $S'=(S-E) \\cup E'$.\n\nBy Lemma \\[l:EssentialPersistsCutDisk\\] we may assume $E'$ is an annulus. ", "By Lemma \\[l:NoTypeMismatch\\] we may assume $E$ is also an annulus. ", "If $E \\cup E'$ is essential then we are done. ", "Otherwise there must be a compressing bigon $B$ for $E \\cup E'$ (since the core loop of $E \\cup E'$ is not essential). ", "Surgering $E \\cup E'$ along $B$ gives a disk $D$ with $\\partial D \\subset \\partial M_K$ bounding a disk $D' \\subset \\partial M_K$. If the sphere $D \\cup D'$ is essential then the proof is complete by Lemma \\[l:Haken\\]. ", "Otherwise we conclude $E \\cup E'$, together with an annulus of $\\partial M_K$, bounds a solid torus. ", "If the interior of the solid torus is disjoint from $S$ then $S'$ is properly isotopic to $S$ and we are done. ", "If $S$ meets the interior of the solid torus then we may push it entirely into the solid torus. ", "Now consider $B \\cap S$. Some component of $B-S$ is then a cut surface for $S$. This cut surface is either a disk or a bigon. ", "By Lemma \\[l:EssentialPersistsCutDisk\\] we may surger $S$ along this cut surface and obtain another essential surface which meets $B$ fewer times. ", "Continuing in this way we obtain an essential surface inside the solid torus which misses $B$, and is hence contained in a ball. ", "This is impossible.", "\n\nProof of Main Theorem {#s:main}\n=====================\n\nWe recall the statement.", "\n\n\\[t:main\\] Let $K$ be a knot in a closed, orientable 3-manifold $M$ which is in bridge position with respect to a Heegaard surface $F$. Let $S$ be a properly embedded, orientable, essential surface in $M_K$. Then the distance of $K$ with respect to $F$ is bounded above by twice the genus of $S$ plus $|\\partial S|$.\n\nWe now begin the proof. ", "Throughout we assume that $d(K,F)>0$ to avoid the special cases of Lemmas \\[l:Haken\\] through \\[l:EssentialPersists\\]. ", "Let $\\Sigma _0$ and $\\Sigma _1$ denote spines of the handlebodies bounded by $F$. Let $h:M \\rightarrow I$ denote a height function on $M$, so that $h^{-1}(0)=\\Sigma _0$ and $h^{-1}(1)=\\Sigma _1$. Also we require that for every $t \\in (0,1)$ the surface $h^{-1}(t)$ is parallel to $F=h^{-1}(1/2)$. Because $K$ is in bridge position with respect to $F$ we may isotope $K$ so that each arc of $K -F$ has one critical point with respect to $h$. Now pull each minimum down to $\\Sigma _0$ and each maximum up to $\\Sigma_1$. Note that if $M=S^3$ and $F$ is a sphere then we may assume that $K$ has at least two maxima and at least two minima. ", "In this case $\\Sigma_0$ and $\\Sigma _1$ are edges, and we assume that the vertices $\\partial \\Sigma _0$ coincide with two minima of $K$ and the vertices $\\partial \\Sigma _1$ coincide with two maxima.", "\n\nLet $F(t)=h^{-1}(t) \\cap M_K$. Let $H(t)$ be the closure of the component of $M_K-F(t)$ which contains $\\Sigma _0$. Let $H'(t)$ be the closure of $M_K-H(t)$. Let $\\epsilon _0$ be chosen just larger than the radius of $N(K)$, but small enough so that $S$ meets $H(\\epsilon _0)$ and $H'(1-\\epsilon _0)$ in compressions for $F(\\epsilon_0)$ and $F(1-\\epsilon_0)$. Then the surface $F(t)$ is homeomorphic to $F_K=F \\cap M_K$ for every value of $t \\in [\\epsilon_0,1-\\epsilon_0]$. Hence, the submanifold $\\bigcup _{t=\\epsilon_0}^{1-\\epsilon_0} F(t)$ is homeomorphic to $F_K \\times [\\epsilon_0,1-\\epsilon_0]$. Let $\\pi$ denote the composition of such a homeomorphism with projection onto the first factor. ", "Hence, if $\\gamma$ is a curve on $F(t)$, for some $t\\in [\\epsilon_0,1-\\epsilon_0]$, then $\\pi(\\gamma)$ is a curve on $F_K$.\n\nWe make two types of assumptions on the position of the essential surface $S$. Any surface whose position satisfies these assumptions we will say is in [*standard position*]{}. ", "The first concerns how $S$ meets $\\partial M_K$ and the second is a genericity assumption on the interior of $S$. Near the boundary of $S$ we assume the following:\n\n- Meridional boundary components are “level.\" ", "That is, if $S$ has meridional boundary then for each boundary component $C$ of $S$ there exists a $t \\in (\\epsilon_0,1-\\epsilon_0)$ such that $C \\subset \\partial F(t)$. We consider $t$ a critical value for $S$ if some boundary component of $S$ is contained in $\\partial F(t)$.\n\n- If $S$ does not have meridional boundary then for generic $t$ and each component $\\gamma$ of $\\partial S-F(t)$ the endpoints of $\\gamma$ lie on distinct boundary components of $F(t)$.\n\nNote that the above is possible since $\\partial S$ is not null-homotopic on $\\partial M_K$. In the interior of $M_K$ we assume the position of $S$ is generic in the following sense:\n\n- All critical points of $h|_S$ are maxima, minima, or saddles. ", "We will refer to any such critical point whose height is between $\\epsilon_0$ and $1-\\epsilon _0$, and any meridional boundary component, as a [*critical submanifold*]{} (of $S$).", "\n\n- The heights of any two critical submanifolds of $S$ are distinct.", "\n\n- Suppose a meridional boundary component $C$ of $S$ happens at height $t$. Let $P$ denote the closure of the component of $S-F(t \\pm \\epsilon)$ that has $C$ as a boundary component. ", "Then $P$ is a once-punctured annulus with one boundary component on each of $F(t-\\epsilon)$ and $F(t+\\epsilon)$ (see Figure \\[f:annulus\\]). (", "This uses the fact that $\\partial M_K$ is connected.)", "\n\n=4.5 in\n\n\\[c:noessentialinhandlebody\\] For each $t \\in [\\epsilon_0,1-\\epsilon_0]$ the submanifolds $H(t)$ and $H'(t)$ of $M_K$ do not contain any essential surfaces.", "\n\nChoose a basis $\\Lambda$ of compressing disks and bigons in $H(t)$ which cut it into a ball. ", "Suppose $D \\in \\Lambda$. Let $D'$ be a cut surface component of $D-Q$, where $Q$ is some essential surface in $H(t)$. By Lemma \\[l:EssentialPersistsCutDisk\\] compressing $Q$ along $D'$ yields an essential surface which meets $D$ fewer times. ", "Continuing in this way we produce an essential surface in $H(t)$ disjoint from $\\Lambda$, and hence in a ball. ", "This is impossible.", "\n\nLet $t_0=\\sup \\{t \\in [\\epsilon_0,1-\\epsilon_0]\\thinspace \\big{|}$ some curve in $S \\cap F(t)$ bounds a compression for $F(t)$ in $H(t)\\}$. Note that the compression for $F(t)$ need not be a subsurface of $S$. Let $t_1=\\inf \\{t \\in [t_0,1-\\epsilon_0]\\thinspace \\big{|}$ some curve in $S \\cap F(t)$ bounds a compression for $F(t)$ in $H'(t)\\}$.\n\nThe values $t_0$ and $t_1$ are well defined, and $t_0 > \\epsilon_0$.\n\nTo establish the claim we show that for some small $\\epsilon> \\epsilon_0$ there are curves in $S \\cap F(\\epsilon)$ and $S \\cap F(1-\\epsilon)$ which bound compressions for $F(\\epsilon)$ and $F(1-\\epsilon)$ (resp.) ", "in $H(\\epsilon)$ and $H'(1-\\epsilon)$ (resp.). ", "Hence, $t_0$ and $t_1$ are well defined.", "\n\nThere are essentially two cases. ", "Suppose first the essential surface $S$ is closed, or has meridional boundary. ", "If $S \\cap \\Sigma _0=\\emptyset$ then $S$ can be properly isotoped entirely into $H'(\\epsilon)$, violating Claim \\[c:noessentialinhandlebody\\]. ", "We conclude that $S \\cap \\Sigma _0 \\ne \\emptyset$. $F(\\epsilon) \\cap S$ then contains a loop which bounds a compression for $F(\\epsilon)$ in $H(\\epsilon)$. On the other hand, if $S$ has non-empty, non-meridional boundary then $F(\\epsilon) \\cap S$ contains an arc which bounds a bigon compression in $H(\\epsilon)$. This proves $t_0$ is well defined and $t_0>\\epsilon>\\epsilon _0$. A symmetric argument shows $t_1$ is well defined.", "\n\nThe value of $t_0$ is less than $1-\\epsilon_0$.\n\nSuppose $t_0 = 1-\\epsilon_0$. Let $\\epsilon> \\epsilon_0$ be small enough so that $1 - \\epsilon$ is greater than the height of the highest critical submanifold. ", "As $t_0 = 1-\\epsilon_0$ there is a curve $\\alpha$ of $F(1 - \\epsilon) \\cap S$ which is essential in $F(1 - \\epsilon)$ but bounds a compression in $H(1 - \\epsilon)$.\n\nRecall that the boundary of $S$ has been isotoped into standard position. ", "It follows that the components of $S \\cap H'(1 - \\epsilon)$ are all disks and bigons. ", "Hence, $\\alpha$ bounds compressions for $F(1 - \\epsilon)$ on both sides and $d(K,F)=0$.\n\n\\[c:t\\_0=t\\_1\\] If $t_0=t_1<1-\\epsilon_0$ then $d(K,F) = 1$.\n\nIf $t_0=t_1<1-\\epsilon_0$ then for all sufficiently small $\\epsilon$ there is a curve of $S \\cap F(t_0 + \\epsilon)$ which bounds a compression in $H'(t)$ and a curve of $S \\cap F(t_0 - \\epsilon)$ which bounds a compression in $H(t)$. But for $\\epsilon$ sufficiently small the curves of $\\pi (S \\cap F(t_0 + \\epsilon))$ can be made disjoint from the curves of $\\pi (S \\cap F(t_0 - \\epsilon))$ because $F$ and $S$ are orientable. ", "This is basically identical to Lemma 4.4 of [@gabai:87].", "\n\nHenceforth we assume that $\\epsilon_0< t_0 <t_1<1-\\epsilon_0$.\n\n\\[c:atmostone\\] If $t_* \\in (t_0,t_1)$ is a critical value then for sufficiently small $\\epsilon$ the curves of $\\pi(F(t_*-\\epsilon) \\cap S)$ are at a distance of at most one from the curves of $\\pi(F(t_*+\\epsilon) \\cap S)$.\n\nAs in the proof of Claim \\[c:t\\_0=t\\_1\\] for $\\epsilon$ sufficiently small the curves of $\\pi (S \\cap F(t_* + \\epsilon))$ can be made disjoint from the curves of $\\pi (S \\cap F(t_* - \\epsilon))$. The result follows unless either of these are collections of inessential curves, and hence are not represented in $\\Gamma (F_K)$. However, if this is the case then all curves of $S \\cap F(t_* + \\epsilon)$ (say) are inessential on $S$. By Lemma \\[l:EssentialPersists\\] a sequence of surgeries produces an essential surface disjoint from $F(t_* + \\epsilon)$, contradicting Claim \\[c:noessentialinhandlebody\\].", "\n\n\\[l:OnlySpecialAndMutual\\] If a component of $F(t) \\cap S$ is inessential on $F(t)$ then it must be inessential on $S$.\n\nThis follows directly from Lemma \\[l:CutImpliesCompression\\].", "\n\nNow let $t \\in [\\epsilon_0, 1-\\epsilon_0]$ be a regular value of $h|_S$. Pick a component $\\gamma$ of $F(t) \\cap S$. The curve $\\gamma$ is a [*mutually essential*]{} curve if it is essential on both $F(t)$ and $S$, [*mutually inessential*]{} if it is inessential on both and [*mutual*]{} if it is mutually essential or mutually inessential. ", "Finally, $\\gamma$ is [*special*]{} if it is inessential on $S$, but essential on $F(t)$. Note that there are three kinds of special curves: loops that bound disks on $S$, loops that cobound (with $\\partial S$) annuli in $S$, and arcs isotopic (via bigons) into $\\partial S$.\n\n\\[c:special\\] Suppose $t$ is a regular value of $h|_S$ in $[t_0,t_1]$. Then every curve of $F(t) \\cap S$ is mutual.", "\n\nPick a regular value $t \\in [\\epsilon_0,1-\\epsilon_0]$. By Claim \\[l:OnlySpecialAndMutual\\] we may assume that there is a special curve $\\gamma$ in $F(t) \\cap S$. By definition, $\\gamma$ is essential on $F(t)$ but inessential on $S$. It follows that a component $E$ of $S-\\gamma$ is a cut surface. ", "By Lemma \\[l:CutImpliesCompression\\] there is a curve of $E \\cap F(t)$ which bounds a compression for $F(t)$. This compression either lies in $H(t)$ or $H'(t)$. Since $E \\cap F(t) \\subset S \\cap F(t)$ we conclude $t \\notin [t_0,t_1]$.\n\n\\[c:essentialarcs\\] If $\\alpha$ is an arc component of $F(t) \\cap S$ and $h(\\alpha)=t \\in (t_0,t_1)$ then $\\alpha$ is mutually essential.", "\n\nBy Claim \\[c:special\\] the only other possibility is that $\\alpha$ is mutually inessential. ", "In this case $\\partial \\alpha$ is the boundary of some arc $\\gamma$ of $\\partial S - F(t)$. Also, $\\partial \\gamma=\\partial \\alpha$ lies on the same component of $\\partial F(t)$. This violates our assumption that $S$ is in standard position.", "\n\nIn $h^{-1}([t_0,t_1])$ we see the usual four types of critical submanifolds for $S$: maxima, minima, saddles, and meridional boundary components. ", "Suppose a critical submanifold happens at height $t$ which is a saddle or meridional boundary component. ", "Let $P$ be the closure of the component of $S-F(t \\pm \\epsilon)$ that contains the critical submanifold. ", "We call $P$ a [*horizontal neighborhood*]{} (in $S$) of the critical submanifold. ", "Let $\\partial _{\\pm} P=P \\cap F(t \\pm \\epsilon)$. Then we say the critical submanifold at $t$ is [*special*]{} if there is some component of $\\partial _{\\pm} P$ that is special. ", "If the critical submanifold at $t$ is not special then we say it is [*inessential*]{} if some component of the closure of $S-P$ is a disk and [*essential*]{} otherwise. ", "Note that if the critical submanifold at $t$ is inessential then it follows from Claim \\[c:essentialarcs\\] that there is a mutually inessential loop component of $\\partial _{\\pm} P$ which bounds a disk in $S$.\n\n\\[c:specialsaddle\\] Suppose $t_* \\in [t_0,t_1]$. If there is a special critical submanifold at $t_*$ then $t_*=t_0$ or $t_1$.\n\nBy definition, if a special critical submanifold happens at $t_*$ then there is a special curve $\\alpha$ in $S \\cap F(t_*-\\epsilon)$ or $S \\cap F(t_*+\\epsilon)$. Assuming the former, Claim \\[c:special\\] implies $t_*-\\epsilon \\notin [t_0,t_1]$. Hence $t_*=t_0$. If, on the other hand, $\\alpha \\subset F(t_*+\\epsilon)$ then we deduce $t_*=t_1$.\n\n\\[l:LackOfMotion\\] Let $t_-$ and $t_+$ be regular values in $[t_0,t_1]$ such that every saddle and every meridional boundary component of $S$ in $h^{-1}(t_-,t_+)$ is inessential. ", "Then $\\pi (F(t_-) \\cap S)$ and $\\pi (F(t_+) \\cap S)$ share a vertex in $\\Gamma (F_K)$.\n\nLet $\\{t_i\\}$ be the critical values of $h|_S$ which lie in $[t_-, t_+]$. Choose $r_i$ slightly greater than the $t_i$ and let $R = \\{r_i\\} \\cup \\{t_- + \\epsilon\\}$.\n\nFor every $r \\in R$ surger $S$ in the following way. ", "If $S \\cap F(r)$ contains mutually inessential curves then some such curve bounds a cut surface in $F(r)$. Surger $S$ along this cut surface. ", "After a sequence of such surgeries we obtain from $S$ a surface which meets $F(r)$ only in mutually essential curves, for all $r \\in R$.\n\nLet $M'=h^{-1}([t_-,t_+])$. Let $S'$ be the intersection of the surgered surface with $M'$. Note that $h|_{S'}$, the height function restricted to $S'$, has either two or four new critical values for every surgery performed. ", "See Figure \\[TrivialSurgery\\].", "\n\n$$\\begin{array}{c}\n\\epsfig{file=trivialsurgery.eps, height = 4.5 cm}\n\\end{array}$$\n\nWe will say a surface $V$ is [*vertical*]{} in $M'$ if $V=\\pi^{-1} (\\alpha) \\cap M'$, where $\\alpha$ is a properly embedded one-manifold in $F_K$. Note that a vertical surface $V$ is either a disk or an annulus. ", "We need the following claim to prove the lemma:\n\nEach component $S''$ of $S'$ is either\n\n- a sphere or a meridional annulus, or\n\n- properly isotopic into $F(t_-)$ or $F(t_+)$, or\n\n- properly isotopic to a vertical surface $V$ with $\\pi(V)$ essential in $F_K$.\n\nIf $h|_{S''}$ has no critical values then $S''$ is isotopic to a vertical annulus or disk. ", "In this case $S'' \\cap \\partial M'$ must be essential by the construction of $S'$. Note that this kind of situation is the desired conclusion of the lemma at hand. ", "If $h|_{S''}$ has only critical values of even index (and no meridional boundary components) then $S''$ is a boundary parallel disk or a sphere.", "\n\nWe now assume that $S''$ contains a critical submanifold which is not a max or min. ", "The component $S''$ either contains a saddle or meridional boundary component of $S$, or it does not. ", "Suppose the latter. ", "It follows that $S''$ is either a meridional annulus or a boundary parallel annulus (with one boundary component on $\\partial M_K$).", "\n\nNow suppose that $S''$ contains a saddle or meridional boundary component of $S$ at height $t_*$. Let $P$ be the closure of the component of $S''-F(t_* \\pm \\epsilon)$ that contains this critical submanifold. (", "Note that $P$ is also a subsurface of $S$ since $\\epsilon$ is very small.) ", "Recall that $P$ is the horizontal neighborhood of the critical submanifold. ", "Let $\\partial _{\\pm} P=P \\cap F(t_* \\pm \\epsilon)$. As every critical submanifold of $S \\cap M'$ is inessential at least one loop component of $\\partial _{\\pm} P$ bounds a disk in $S$ (see the comment which precedes Claim \\[c:specialsaddle\\]).", "\n\nNow suppose that $S''$ contains a meridional boundary component of $S$ at height $t_*$. Let $P$ be the corresponding horizontal neighborhood. ", "Let $\\partial _{\\pm} P=C_1 \\cup C_2$, where $C_1$ bounds a disk $D$ in $S$. Hence, $D \\cup P \\subset S$ is a cut annulus and we see that $C_2$ is also inessential in $S$. By Claim \\[c:special\\] the $C_i$ are inessential in $F(t_* \\pm \\epsilon)$. It now follows from Lemma \\[l:NoTypeMismatch\\] that $C_1$ bounds a disk in $F(t_* \\pm \\epsilon)$ while $C_2$ bounds a cut annulus in $F(t_* \\mp \\epsilon)$. Thus $S''$ is a meridional annulus.", "\n\nWe now assume that $S''$ contains no meridional boundary components of $S$, and hence contains a saddle. ", "Suppose some such saddle has a horizontal neighborhood $P$ such that two components of $\\partial _{\\pm} P$ are inessential. ", "Then it follows that all three components are inessential. ", "If two bound disks then all three do. ", "Therefore, by Lemma \\[l:NoTypeMismatch\\], $S''$ is a sphere. ", "If one bounds a disk and the other two bound cut annuli then $S''$ is a meridional annulus.", "\n\n$$\\begin{array}{c}\n\\epsfig{file=c3surgery.eps, height = 3.5 cm}\n\\end{array}$$\n\nFinally, we assume that $S''$ contains no meridional boundary components, and every saddle $x$ has a horizontal neighborhood $P_x$ with exactly one component $\\gamma_x$ of $\\partial _{\\pm} P_x$ inessential, bounding a disk in $S$ (see Figure \\[f:c3surgery\\]). ", "By Claim \\[c:special\\] and Lemma \\[l:NoTypeMismatch\\] it follows that $\\gamma_x$ bounds a disk in $S''$. Hence $S''$ is either a union of disks or a union of annuli. ", "In the first case $S''$ is isotopic to a vertical disk. ", "In the latter case $S''$ is either isotopic to a vertical annulus or is a boundary parallel annulus.", "\n\nNow to complete the proof of the Lemma \\[l:LackOfMotion\\]. ", "Suppose that no component of $S'$ meets both boundary components of $M'$. Thus, by the previous claim, every component of $S'$ meeting $F(t_-)$ is boundary parallel in $M'$. Isotope $F(t_-)$ across these boundary-parallelisms to obtain a surface $F'$ which intersects the surface $S$ only in mutually inessential curves. ", "Some component of $F'-S$ is then a cut surface, which we may use to surger $S$. By Lemma \\[l:EssentialPersists\\] we obtain an essential surface which meets $F'$ in fewer curves. ", "Continuing in this fashion we obtain an essential surface disjoint from $F'$, violating Claim \\[c:noessentialinhandlebody\\].", "\n\nWe conclude that there is a component $S'' \\subset S'$ which meets both $F(t_-)$ and $F(t_+)$. By the claim above this $S''$ must be isotopic to a vertical annulus or vertical disk with essential boundary. ", "The lemma is thus proved.", "\n\nWe now complete the proof of Theorem \\[t:main\\]. ", "Note that when $t \\in [t_0,t_1]$ is a regular value, $\\pi(F(t) \\cap S)$ is a properly embedded 1-manifold in $F_K$ (recall that $F_K=F \\cap M_K$). ", "The distance between the loops and arcs of $\\pi(F(t_0-\\epsilon) \\cap S)$ and of $\\pi(F(t_1+\\epsilon) \\cap S)$ in $\\Gamma (F_K)$ is an upper bound for the distance $d(K,F)$. By Lemma \\[l:LackOfMotion\\] and Claim \\[c:atmostone\\] this number is bounded by the number of essential critical submanifolds, $e$, plus the number of special critical submanifolds. ", "By Claim \\[c:specialsaddle\\] this latter number is at most two. ", "We therefore conclude $d(K,F) \\le e+2$.\n\nWe now bound the Euler characteristic of $S$. Suppose an essential critical submanifold happens at $t_*$ and let $P$ be its horizontal neighborhood in $S$. Note that in all cases $\\chi(P)=-1$. (When $P$ has vertical boundary compute its Euler characteristic by doubling across the vertical boundary and taking half of the Euler characteristic of the resulting surface. ", "See, for example, the surface on the left in Figure \\[f:c3surgery\\].) ", "By the definition of an essential critical submanifold $\\partial P-\\partial S$ is essential in $S$. We conclude that $\\chi(S)\\le -e$.\n\nPutting the above together we conclude:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\nd(K,F) & \\le & e+2\\\\\n& \\le & -\\chi(S) +2\\\\\n& = & -(2-2g(S)-|\\partial S|)+2\\\\\n& = & 2g(S)+|\\partial S| \\end{aligned}$$\n\nApplications\n============\n\nWe now present a few quick corollaries to Theorem \\[t:main\\].", "\n\n\\[c:c1\\] Suppose $K$ is a knot in $S^3$ whose distance is $d(K,F)$ with respect to a bridge sphere $F$. Then the genus of $K$ is at least $\\frac {d(K,F)-1}{2}$.\n\nThe genus of $K$ is defined to be the smallest genus of all orientable spanning surfaces for $K$. Such a spanning surface is essential and has exactly one boundary component. ", "Hence, an immediate application of Theorem \\[t:main\\] implies $d(K,F) \\le 2g(K)+1$.\n\n\\[c:c2\\] If $K$ is a knot whose distance is at least 3 with respect to some Heegaard surface then the complement of $K$ is hyperbolic of finite volume.", "\n\nIf the distance is greater than two then $M_K$ is irreducible, atoroidal, anannular, and has incompressible boundary. ", "It follows from Thurston’s geometrization theorem for Haken manifolds that $M_K$ is hyperbolic of finite volume.", "\n\nFor the next corollary we will need the following definition.", "\n\nSuppose $M$ is obtained by removing a neighborhood of a knot $K$ in $S^3$ and gluing in a new solid torus to the resulting boundary component. ", "Then we say that $M$ was obtained by [*Dehn surgery*]{} on $K$.\n\n\\[c:c3\\] Suppose $K$ is a knot in $S^3$ whose distance is $d(K,F)$ with respect to a bridge sphere $F$. If a manifold $M$, obtained by Dehn surgery on $K$, contains an incompressible torus $T$ then $|\\partial (T \\cap M_K)|$ is at least $d(K,F)-2$.\n\nChoose $T$ to minimize $|T \\cap K|$ in $M$. Let $T_K=T \\cap M_K$. It follows from the minimality assumption that $T_K$ is essential. ", "Theorem \\[t:main\\] says that $d(K,F)$ is bounded above by twice the genus of $T_K$ plus $|\\partial T_K|$. But $T$ is a torus, so the genus of $T_K$ is one.", "\n\n\\[c:thinbridge\\] Suppose $K$ is a knot in $S^3$ whose distance with respect to some bridge sphere is greater than its bridge number. ", "Then a minimal bridge presentation for $K$ is thin.", "\n\nLet $F$ be a bridge sphere for which $d(K,F)\\ge |K \\cap F|$. If thin position for $K$ does not equal bridge position then by [@thompson:97] there is a planar, meridional, essential surface $S$ in the complement of $K$ with fewer boundary components than $|K \\cap F|$. Hence, by Theorem \\[t:main\\] the distance $d(K,F)$ is at most $|\\partial S| \\le |K \\cap F|$.\n\n[ASWY99]{}\n\nH. Akiyoshi, M. Sakuma, M. Wada, and Y. Yamashita. ", "Ford domains of punctured torus groups and two-bridge knot groups. ", "In [*Proceedings of the symposium “Knot Theory”*]{}, 1999.", "\n\nD Gabai. ", "Foliations and the topology of three-manifolds [I]{}[I]{}[I]{}. , ", "26:479–536, 1987.", "\n\nW. Haken. ", "Some results on surfaces in [$3$]{}-manifolds. ", "In [*Studies in Modern Topology*]{}, pages 39–98. ", "Math. ", "Assoc. ", "Amer. (", "distributed by Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.), 1968.", "\n\nK. Hartshorn. . ", "PhD thesis, U.C. Berkeley, 1999.", "\n\nJ. Hempel. ", "3-manifolds as viewed from the curve complex. , ", "40(3):631–657, 2001.", "\n\nW. Jaco. , ", "volume 43. ", "CBMS Regional Conference Series in Mathematics, 1980.", "\n\nT. Kobayashi. ", "Heights of simple loops and pseudo-[A]{}nosov homeomorphisms. ", "In [*Braids (Santa Cruz, CA, 1986)*]{}, volume 78 of [*Contemp. ", "Math.*]{}, ", "pages 327–338. ", "Amer. ", "Math. ", "Soc., ", "Providence, RI, 1988.", "\n\nJ. Morgan and H. Bass, editors. , ", "volume 112 of [*Pure and Applied Mathematics*]{}. ", "Academic Press Inc., Orlando, FL, 1984. ", "Papers presented at the symposium held at Columbia University, New York, 1979.", "\n\nH. Masur and Y. Minsky. ", "Geometry of the complex of curves. [", "I]{}. [", "H]{}yperbolicity. , ", "138(1):103–149, 1999.", "\n\nK. Morimoto. ", "On minimum [H]{}eegaard splittings of some orientable closed 3-manifolds. , ", "12:321–355, 1989.", "\n\nK. Morimoto and M. Sakuma. ", "On unknotting tunnels for knots. , ", "289:143–167, 1991.", "\n\nT. Saito. ", "Genus one 1-bridge knots as viewed from the curve complex. . ", "to appear.", "\n\nA. Thompson. ", "Thin position and bridge number for knots in the 3-sphere. , ", "36:505–507, 1997.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "The Evaluation of BMI1 Posttranslational Modifications During Retinal Degeneration to Understand BMI1 Action on Photoreceptor Death Execution.", "\nRetinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is a class of hereditary retinal dystrophy associated with gradual visual failure and a subsequent loss of light-sensitive cells in the retina, leading to blindness. ", "Many mutated genes were found to be causative of this disease. ", "Despite a number of compiling efforts, the process of cell death in photoreceptors remains to be clearly elucidated. ", "We recently reported an abnormal cell cycle reentry in photoreceptors undergoing degeneration in Rd1 mice, a model of RP, and identified the polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) core component BMI1 as a critical molecular factor orchestrating the cell death mechanism. ", "As the cell death rescue in Rd1;Bmi-1 KO mice was independent on the conventional Ink4a/Arf pathways, we now explored the structural properties of BMI1 in order to examine the differential expression of its posttranslational modifications in Rd1 retina. ", "Our results suggest that BMI1 cell death induction in Rd1 is not related to its phosphorylation status. ", "We therefore propose the epigenetic activity of BMI1 as an alternative route for BMI1-mediated toxicity in Rd1." ]

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[ "Killzone: Shadow Fall gets new screens and box art\n\nThe upcoming PS4 exclusive, Killzone: Shadow Fall, has received new screenshots. ", "Also, the game’s North American box art has been revealed. ", "All of these can be viewed below.", "\n\nThanks to the PS4’s advanced technology, Killzone: Shadow Fall‘s scale will be greater than any Killzone game before it. ", "The game’s environments are larger and more vibrant. ", "Player choice will also play an important role in the gameplay, and the it will feel less linear than the previous entries.", "\n\nDespite this, the question is: Will this new Killzone game be successful, or will it make the players feel like the franchise is being ‘milked’?" ]

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[ "\n\nAfter Nearly 100 Hours in Line, San Francisco’s First iPhone 5 - zpj5005\nhttp://www.taskrabbit.com/blog/taskrabbit-news/after-nearly-100-hours-in-line-san-franciscos-first-iphone-5/\n\n======\nbaddox\nAnd, a few hours later, I queued up at the same Apple store and walked out of\nthe store 20 minutes later with my iPhone 5. ", "I suppose you can never know in\nadvance, but this time they still had hundreds in stock at noon.", "\n\n~~~\ndmix\nThe scarcity of iPhones at launch is a fabrication. ", "The primal human instinct\nto be lured by scarcity even trumps rational minds.", "\n\n~~~\nbaddox\nIt's not always a fabrication, it's just difficult to predict. ", "It was quite\ndifficult to get an iPhone 4S for many days after its release.", "\n\n~~~\nqq66\nJust out of curiosity, why is there an emphasis on getting the iPhone so soon\nafter release (unless you are a developer who needs it for testing)? ", "You'll\nhave your phone for 2 years -- why it is worth spending 2 whole work-weeks in\nline to get the phone 5 days earlier?", "\n\n~~~\ndguaraglia\nWrong, if you are the average Apple fanboy (and oh, don't get me started,\nthere are plenty of those, I sit for lunch every day with two of them) you'll\nhave the phone until the next one comes out. ", "Why? ", "Don't ask me, I guess it's\nthe success of Apple's selling its brand as a 'lifestyle'.", "\n\n------\nChuckMcM\nOk, that is some epic PR right there. ", "Nice job. ", "I really like a creative\ncampaign like that.", "\n\nI was sort of wondering why one of the live flight tracking services didn't\njump on the Shuttle fly by in the Bay Area today to provide live tracking of\nits location.", "\n\n------\ngolakers\nSaw the line outside the Apple store here in Pasadena this morning and thought\n\"Task Rabbit\".", "\n\nNow the REAL question, how much did this guy make for his 90 hours of standing\nin line???", "\n\n~~~\nswang\nI was going to say, \"it's in the article\" then I went back and realized it's\nnot in the post (I think it was in previous posts about it).", "\n\nKinda surprised since they could have done a lot of PR with, \"THIS GUY MADE\n1500!\"", "\n\n~~~\nPermit\nI thought so too, but it turns out he only made about 16.70 an hour. ", "All\nthings considered it was decent enough for a one time thing, but thats really\nnot that much money.", "\n\n~~~\nqq66\nMany people have lots of trouble finding even $10 jobs these days! ", "Plus, those\nare the people who are most likely to sign up to be TaskRabbits. ", "Furthermore,\nhe can read, sleep, play videogames, etc. ", "while getting paid.", "\n\nI'd say he got a great deal.", "\n\n------\neckyptang\nI genuinely don't get it. ", "Can someone please explain why the hell anyone would\nqueue up like this?", "\n\nFood, water, medicine, supplies - yes.", "\n\nShiny telephone - no.", "\n\n~~~\nglhaynes\nThey consider it fun, something to do, a chance to hang around for a little\nbit with some people that are interested in some of the same things they're\ninterested in.", "\n\n~~~\nnicolethenerd\nThis. ", "When the iPhone 4 came out, I hung out in the queue for two hours even\nthough I wasn't planning to purchase a phone (I was keeping a friend company\nwho was in it for the long haul). ", "It was a lot of fun and we met some cool\npeople.", "\n\n------\nevanlivingston\nDoesn't this PR work underline the darker side of TaskRabbit, or at least\nclearly demonstrate that TakRabbit is leveraging income disparity to profit?", "\nThat is, some people either want or need money enough that they are willing\npull a 90 hour shift so someone else with spare money can get an expensive\nphone arbitrarily early.", "\n\n~~~\nbrcrth\nSo what's wrong with this? ", "People are not being forced to do anything.", "\n\n------\nkanamekun\nThis is really well done promotion and PR! ", "You can see that TaskRabbit PR even\nhired TaskRabbits to create further good visuals: \"TaskRabbits gave pastries\nto San Francisco’s iPhone 5 fans.\" ", "This sort of focus on visuals is the mark\nof a true professional.", "\n\nAnd also, all photos were posted online and are available for reporters to use\nfor future stories. (", "The only thing that could make this better is if higher-\nrez versions were available online, for reporters to download and use in\nfuture stories.) ", "Great job, guys!!", "\n\n------\ncodex\nIn an alternate universe, I spent five minutes pre-ordering my iPhone and had\nit by 9:30 a.m. I feel like such a chump. ", "I should have hired a TaskRabbit to\ndo that for me.", "\n\n------\nbiznickman\nThis was a great PR stunt by task rabbit!", "\n\n" ]

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[ "function tag_release {\n # Arguments:\n # $1 - Path to top level consul source\n # $2 - Version string to use for tagging the release\n # $3 - Alternative GPG key id used for signing the release commit (optional)\n #\n # Returns: \n # 0 - success\n # * - error\n #\n # Notes:\n # If the RELEASE_UNSIGNED environment variable is set then no gpg signing will occur\n \n if ! ", "test -d \"$1\"\n then\n err \"ERROR: '$1' is not a directory. ", "tag_release must be called with the path to the top level source as the first argument'\" \n return 1\n fi\n \n if test -z \"$2\"\n then\n err \"ERROR: tag_release must be called with a version number as the second argument\" \n return 1\n fi\n \n # determine whether the gpg key to use is being overridden\n local gpg_key=${HASHICORP_GPG_KEY}\n if test -n \"$3\"\n then\n gpg_key=$3\n fi\n \n pushd \"$1\" > /dev/null\n local ret=0\n \n local branch_to_tag=$(git_branch) || ret=1\n \n # perform an usngined release if requested (mainly for testing locally)\n if test ${ret} -ne 0\n then\n err \"ERROR: Failed to determine git branch to tag\"\n elif is_set \"$RELEASE_UNSIGNED\"\n then\n (\n git commit --allow-empty -a -m \"Release v${2}\" &&\n git tag -a -m \"Version ${2}\" \"v${2}\" \"${branch_to_tag}\"\n )\n ret=$?", "\n # perform a signed release (official releases should do this)\n elif have_gpg_key ${gpg_key}\n then \n (\n git commit --allow-empty -a --gpg-sign=${gpg_key} -m \"Release v${2}\" &&\n git tag -a -m \"Version ${2}\" -s -u ${gpg_key} \"v${2}\" \"${branch_to_tag}\"\n )\n ret=$?", "\n # unsigned release not requested and gpg key isn't useable\n else\n err \"ERROR: GPG key ${gpg_key} is not in the local keychain - to continue set RELEASE_UNSIGNED=1 in the env\"\n ret=1\n fi\n popd > /dev/null\n return $ret\n}\n\nfunction package_binaries {\n # Arguments:\n # $1 - Path to the directory containing the built binaries\n # $2 - Destination path of the packaged binaries\n # $3 - Version\n #\n # Returns:\n # 0 - success\n # * - error\n \n local sdir=\"$1\"\n local ddir=\"$2\"\n local vers=\"$3\"\n local ret=0 \n\n \n if ! ", "test -d \"${sdir}\"\n then\n err \"ERROR: '$1' is not a directory. ", "package_binaries must be called with the path to the directory containing the binaries\" \n return 1\n fi\n \n rm -rf \"${ddir}\" > /dev/null 2>&1 \n mkdir -p \"${ddir}\" >/dev/null 2>&1 \n for platform in $(find \"${sdir}\" -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type d )\n do\n local os_arch=$(basename $platform)\n local dest=\"${ddir}/${CONSUL_PKG_NAME}_${vers}_${os_arch}.zip\"\n status \"Compressing ${os_arch} directory into ${dest}\"\n pushd \"${platform}\" > /dev/null\n zip \"${ddir}/${CONSUL_PKG_NAME}_${vers}_${os_arch}.zip\" ./*\n ret=$?", "\n popd > /dev/null\n \n if test \"$ret\" -ne 0\n then\n break\n fi\n done\n \n return ${ret}\n}\n\nfunction package_release_one {\n # Arguments:\n # $1 - Path to the top level Consul source\n # $2 - Version to use in the names of the zip files (optional)\n # $3 - Subdirectory under pkg/dist to use (optional)\n #\n # Returns:\n # 0 - success\n # * - error\n \n if ! ", "test -d \"$1\"\n then\n err \"ERROR: '$1' is not a directory. ", "package_release must be called with the path to the top level source as the first argument'\" \n return 1\n fi\n\n local sdir=\"$1\"\n local ret=0 \n local vers=\"$2\"\n local extra_dir_name=\"$3\"\n local extra_dir=\"\"\n \n if test -n \"${extra_dir_name}\"\n then\n extra_dir=\"${extra_dir_name}/\"\n fi\n\n if test -z \"${vers}\"\n then\n vers=$(get_version \"${sdir}\" true false)\n ret=$?", "\n if test \"$ret\" -ne 0\n then\n err \"ERROR: failed to determine the version.\" ", "\n return $ret\n fi\n fi\n \n package_binaries \"${sdir}/pkg/bin/${extra_dir}\" \"${sdir}/pkg/dist/${extra_dir}\" \"${vers}\"\n return $?", "\n}\n\nfunction package_release {\n # Arguments:\n # $1 - Path to the top level Consul source\n # $2 - Version to use in the names of the zip files (optional)\n #\n # Returns:\n # 0 - success\n # * - error\n \n package_release_one \"$1\" \"$2\" \"\"\n return $?", "\n}\n\nfunction shasum_release {\n # Arguments:\n # $1 - Path to the dist directory\n # $2 - Version of the release\n #\n # Returns:\n # 0 - success\n # * - failure\n \n local sdir=\"$1\"\n local vers=\"$2\"\n \n if ! ", "test -d \"$1\"\n then\n err \"ERROR: sign_release requires a path to the dist dir as the first argument\"\n return 1\n fi\n \n if test -z \"${vers}\"\n then\n err \"ERROR: sign_release requires a version to be specified as the second argument\"\n return 1\n fi\n \n local hfile=\"${CONSUL_PKG_NAME}_${vers}_SHA256SUMS\"\n \n shasum_directory \"${sdir}\" \"${sdir}/${hfile}\"\n return $?", "\n}\n\nfunction sign_release {\n # Arguments:\n # $1 - Path to distribution directory\n # $2 - Version\n # $2 - Alternative GPG key to use for signing\n #\n # Returns:\n # 0 - success\n # * - failure\n \n local sdir=\"$1\"\n local vers=\"$2\"\n \n if ! ", "test -d \"${sdir}\"\n then\n err \"ERROR: sign_release requires a path to the dist dir as the first argument\"\n return 1\n fi\n \n if test -z \"${vers}\"\n then\n err \"ERROR: sign_release requires a version to be specified as the second argument\"\n return 1\n fi\n \n local hfile=\"${CONSUL_PKG_NAME}_${vers}_SHA256SUMS\"\n \n status_stage \"==> Signing ${hfile}\"\n gpg_detach_sign \"${1}/${hfile}\" \"$3\" || return 1\n return 0\n}\n\nfunction check_release_one {\n # Arguments:\n # $1 - Path to the release files\n # $2 - Version to expect\n # $3 - boolean whether to expect the signature file\n # $4 - Release Name (optional)\n #\n # Returns:\n # 0 - success\n # * - failure\n \n declare -i ret=0\n \n declare -a expected_files\n \n declare log_extra=\"\"\n \n if test -n \"$4\"\n then\n log_extra=\"for $4 \"\n fi\n \n expected_files+=(\"${CONSUL_PKG_NAME}_${2}_SHA256SUMS\")\n echo \"check sig: $3\"\n if is_set \"$3\"\n then\n expected_files+=(\"${CONSUL_PKG_NAME}_${2}_SHA256SUMS.sig\")\n fi\n \n expected_files+=(\"${CONSUL_PKG_NAME}_${2}_darwin_386.zip\")\n expected_files+=(\"${CONSUL_PKG_NAME}_${2}_darwin_amd64.zip\")\n expected_files+=(\"${CONSUL_PKG_NAME}_${2}_freebsd_386.zip\")\n expected_files+=(\"${CONSUL_PKG_NAME}_${2}_freebsd_amd64.zip\")\n expected_files+=(\"${CONSUL_PKG_NAME}_${2}_freebsd_arm.zip\")\n expected_files+=(\"${CONSUL_PKG_NAME}_${2}_linux_386.zip\")\n expected_files+=(\"${CONSUL_PKG_NAME}_${2}_linux_amd64.zip\")\n expected_files+=(\"${CONSUL_PKG_NAME}_${2}_linux_arm.zip\")\n expected_files+=(\"${CONSUL_PKG_NAME}_${2}_linux_arm64.zip\")\n expected_files+=(\"${CONSUL_PKG_NAME}_${2}_solaris_amd64.zip\")\n expected_files+=(\"${CONSUL_PKG_NAME}_${2}_windows_386.zip\")\n expected_files+=(\"${CONSUL_PKG_NAME}_${2}_windows_amd64.zip\")\n \n declare -a found_files\n \n status_stage \"==> Verifying release contents ${log_extra}- ${2}\"\n debug \"Expecting Files:\"\n for fname in \"${expected_files[@]}\"\n do\n debug \" $fname\"\n done\n \n pushd \"$1\" > /dev/null\n for actual_fname in $(ls)\n do\n local found=0\n for i in \"${!", "expected_files[@]}\"\n do\n local expected_fname=\"${expected_files[i]}\"\n if test \"${expected_fname}\" == \"${actual_fname}\"\n then\n # remove from the expected_files array\n unset 'expected_files[i]'\n \n # append to the list of found files\n found_files+=(\"${expected_fname}\")\n \n # mark it as found so we dont error\n found=1\n break\n fi\n done\n \n if test $found -ne 1\n then\n err \"ERROR: Release build has an extra file: ${actual_fname}\"\n ret=1\n fi\n done\n popd > /dev/null\n \n for fname in \"${expected_files[@]}\"\n do \n err \"ERROR: Release build is missing a file: $fname\"\n ret=1\n done\n \n \n if test $ret -eq 0\n then\n status \"Release build contents:\"\n for fname in \"${found_files[@]}\"\n do\n echo \" $fname\"\n done\n fi\n\n return $ret\n}\n\nfunction check_release {\n # Arguments:\n # $1 - Path to the release files\n # $2 - Version to expect\n # $3 - boolean whether to expect the signature file\n #\n # Returns:\n # 0 - success\n # * - failure\n \n check_release_one \"$1\" \"$2\" \"$3\"\n return ${ret}\n}\n \n\nfunction build_consul_release {\n build_consul \"$1\" \"\" \"$2\" \n}\n\nfunction build_release {\n # Arguments: (yeah there are lots)\n # $1 - Path to the top level Consul source\n # $2 - boolean whether to tag the release yet\n # $3 - boolean whether to build the binaries\n # $4 - boolean whether to generate the sha256 sums\n # $5 - version to set within version.go and the changelog\n # $6 - release date to set within the changelog\n # $7 - release version to set\n # $8 - alternative gpg key to use for signing operations (optional)\n #\n # Returns:\n # 0 - success\n # * - error\n \n debug \"Source Dir: $1\"\n debug \"Tag Release: $2\"\n debug \"Build Release: $3\"\n debug \"Sign Release: $4\"\n debug \"Version: $5\"\n debug \"Release Date: $6\"\n debug \"Release Vers: $7\"\n debug \"GPG Key: $8\"\n \n if ! ", "test -d \"$1\"\n then\n err \"ERROR: '$1' is not a directory. ", "build_release must be called with the path to the top level source as the first argument'\" \n return 1\n fi\n \n if test -z \"$2\" -o -z \"$3\" -o -z \"$4\"\n then\n err \"ERROR: build_release requires 4 arguments to be specified: <path to consul source> <tag release bool?", "> <build binaries bool?", "> <shasum 256 bool?", ">\" \n return 1\n fi\n \n local sdir=\"$1\"\n local do_tag=\"$2\"\n local do_build=\"$3\"\n local do_sha256=\"$4\"\n local gpg_key=\"$8\"\n \n if test -z \"${gpg_key}\"\n then\n gpg_key=${HASHICORP_GPG_KEY}\n fi\n \n if ! ", "is_set \"${RELEASE_UNSIGNED}\"\n then\n if ! ", "have_gpg_key \"${gpg_key}\"\n then\n err \"ERROR: Aborting build because no useable GPG key is present. ", "Set RELEASE_UNSIGNED=1 to bypass this check\"\n return 1 \n fi\n fi\n \n if ! ", "is_git_clean \"${sdir}\" true && ! ", "is_set \"${ALLOW_DIRTY_GIT}\"\n then\n err \"ERROR: Refusing to build because Git is dirty. ", "Set ALLOW_DIRTY_GIT=1 in the environment to proceed anyways\"\n return 1\n fi\n \n local set_vers=\"$5\"\n local set_date=\"$6\"\n local set_release=\"$7\"\n \n if test -z \"${set_vers}\"\n then\n set_vers=$(get_version \"${sdir}\" false false)\n set_release=$(parse_version \"${sdir}\" true false true)\n fi\n \n if is_set \"${do_tag}\" && ! ", "set_release_mode \"${sdir}\" \"${set_vers}\" \"${set_date}\" \"${set_release}\"\n then\n err \"ERROR: Failed to put source into release mode\"\n return 1 \n fi\n \n local vers=\"$(get_version ${sdir} true false)\"\n if test $? ", "-ne 0\n then\n err \"Please specify a version (couldn't find one based on build tags).\" ", "\n return 1\n fi\n \n # Make sure we arent in dev mode\n unset CONSUL_DEV\n \n if is_set \"${do_build}\"\n then\n status_stage \"==> Refreshing Docker Build Images\"\n refresh_docker_images \"${sdir}\"\n if test $? ", "-ne 0\n then\n err \"ERROR: Failed to refresh docker images\" \n return 1\n fi\n \n status_stage \"==> Building Legacy UI for version ${vers}\"\n build_ui_legacy \"${sdir}\" \"${UI_LEGACY_BUILD_TAG}\"\n if test $? ", "-ne 0\n then\n err \"ERROR: Failed to build the legacy ui\" \n return 1\n fi\n \n status_stage \"==> Building UI for version ${vers}\"\n build_ui \"${sdir}\" \"${UI_BUILD_TAG}\"\n if test $? ", "-ne 0\n then\n err \"ERROR: Failed to build the ui\" \n return 1\n fi\n \n status_stage \"==> Building Static Assets for version ${vers}\"\n build_assetfs \"${sdir}\" \"${GO_BUILD_TAG}\"\n if test $? ", "-ne 0\n then\n err \"ERROR: Failed to build the static assets\" \n return 1\n fi\n \n if is_set \"${do_tag}\"\n then\n git add \"${sdir}/agent/bindata_assetfs.go\"\n if test $? ", "-ne 0\n then\n err \"ERROR: Failed to git add the assetfs file\" \n return 1\n fi\n fi\n fi\n \n if is_set \"${do_tag}\"\n then\n status_stage \"==> Tagging version ${vers}\"\n tag_release \"${sdir}\" \"${vers}\" \"${gpg_key}\"\n if test $? ", "-ne 0\n then\n err \"ERROR: Failed to tag the release\" \n return 1\n fi\n \n update_git_env \"${sdir}\"\n fi\n \n if is_set \"${do_build}\"\n then\n status_stage \"==> Building Consul for version ${vers}\"\n build_consul_release \"${sdir}\" \"${GO_BUILD_TAG}\"\n if test $? ", "-ne 0\n then\n err \"ERROR: Failed to build the Consul binaries\" \n return 1\n fi\n \n status_stage \"==> Packaging up release binaries\"\n package_release \"${sdir}\" \"${vers}\"\n if test $? ", "-ne 0\n then\n err \"ERROR: Failed to package the release binaries\" \n return 1\n fi\n fi\n \n status_stage \"==> Generating SHA 256 Hashes for Binaries\"\n shasum_release \"${sdir}/pkg/dist\" \"${vers}\"\n if test $? ", "-ne 0\n then\n err \"ERROR: Failed to generate SHA 256 hashes for the release\"\n return 1\n fi\n \n if is_set \"${do_sha256}\"\n then\n sign_release \"${sdir}/pkg/dist\" \"${vers}\" \"${gpg_key}\"\n if test $? ", "-ne 0\n then\n err \"ERROR: Failed to sign the SHA 256 hashes file\"\n return 1\n fi\n fi\n \n check_release \"${sdir}/pkg/dist\" \"${vers}\" \"${do_sha256}\"\n return $?", "\n}\n" ]

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[ "Mahalo for supporting Honolulu Star-Advertiser. ", "Enjoy this free story!", "\n\nChaminade outside hitter Emma Tecklenburg was named the PacWest volleyball player of the week and Hawaii Hilo libero Mina Grant the defender of the week, the conference announced Monday. ", "Read more\n\nChaminade outside hitter Emma Tecklenburg was named the PacWest volleyball player of the week and Hawaii Hilo libero Mina Grant the defender of the week, the conference announced Monday.", "\n\nTecklenburg, a 5-foot-11 junior from Plano, Texas, recorded 28 kills, 15 digs and four blocks in victories over Simon Fraser and Saint Martin’s during the weather-shortened First Hawaiian Bank Volleyball Challenge in Hilo.", "\n\nGrant, a 5-7 senior from Los Angeles, combined for 41 digs in a victory over Saint Martin’s and a loss to UC San Diego at the Hilo tournament." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nmanaging my Images in Java\n\nI am building a Java Swing gui and I am wondering what the best way of managing all my images would be. ", "So far I have just been creating images from different classes whenever they are needed, by pointing out the path of each one, for example:\nImageIcon temp= new ImageIcon(\"resources/pictures/temp.png\");\n\nThere are 2 things I don't like. ", "First thing would be having all those paths. ", "Second would be that I would prefer a more like \"central repository\" approach. ", "Does anyone have a better practice to suggest, I was thinking maybe something like an ImageManager that loads all the images at the very start of a program. ", "Can property files help somehow (never used them) with all those paths?", "\nThanks\n\nA:\n\nProperties can be used for defining some key=value where key would be a unique key and value would be a path to the image. ", "Then, as you suggested, you could use an ImageManager that could define methods that would get a key as a parameter and would return a reference to an ImageIcon or whatever the image type must be.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to trigger JavaScript event when input field is cleared?", "\n\nI'm trying to make an instant search box. ", "When user start typing in the search box, it triggers a javascript event to hide the blog posts (#home) and search results will be shown instead (this part of the script is not included below). ", "However, after user cleared the search box, they see just a blank page as the display of #home is still set to be none.", "\nHow can I make JavaScript detect the user cleared the input filed at #search-input and make #home display true again?", "\ndocument.getElementById('search-input').oninput = function() {\n document.getElementById('home').style.display = 'none';\n};\n\nA:\n\nYou can do this through the input event listener. ", "To hide the #home element, add a conditional to check if the input has a value. ", "If it doesn't then you hide it. ", "To bring it back you do the opposite but only if #home is hidden:\n\nconst searchInput = document.getElementById('search-input');\r\nconst home = document.getElementById('home');\r\n\r\nsearchInput.addEventListener('input', function() {\r\n if (!", "this.value) {\r\n home.style.display = 'none';\r\n } else if (this.value && home.style.display === 'none') {\r\n home.style.display = 'block';\r\n }\r\n});\n<input id=\"search-input\" type=\"text\"/>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"home\">\r\n Sample Content\r\n</div>\n\n" ]

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[ "Salma Hayek Pinault\n\nIn honor of International Women’s Day Salma Hayek Pinault joined The Avon Foundation for Women at their 2nd Annual Avon Communications Awards: Speaking Out About Violence Against Women. ", "At the event CEO Sheri McCoy, CEO of Avon announced that four global organizations and one ...read more" ]

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[ "Shutterstock\n\nIf you pay attention to the cyrptocurrency game, you’re probably well-aware of Ethereum, a “more transaction-friendly” cyrptocurrency that’s enjoying a nice boom right now. ", "Yesterday it dipped 25% before rallying to back to previous high prices of over $350 per unit. ", "But what exactly *is* Ethereum besides the cyrptocurrency du jour that’s backed by a number of companies? ", "Here’s a great explanation for anyone trying to jump in the game and make a little coin:" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'This paper presents a fully hardware synchronized mapping robot with support for a hardware synchronized external tracking system, for super-precise timing and localization. ", "We also employ a professional, static 3D scanner for ground truth map collection. ", "Three datasets are generated to evaluate the performance of mapping algorithms within a room and between rooms. ", "Based on these datasets we generate maps and trajectory data, which is then fed into evaluation algorithms. ", "The mapping and evaluation procedures are made in a very easily reproducible manner for maximum comparability. ", "In the end we can draw a couple of conclusions about the tested SLAM algorithms.'", "\nauthor:\n- |\n Hongyu Chen$^{1}$, Xiting Zhao, Jianwen Luo, Zhijie Yang, Zehao Zhao, Haochuan Wan,\\\n Xiaoya Ye, Guangyuan Weng, Zhenpeng He, Tian Dong, and Sören Schwertfeger$^{1}$ [^1]\nbibliography:\n- 'ref.bib'\n- 'References.bib'\n- 'References\\_old.bib'\ntitle: |\n **Towards Generation and Evaluation of\\\n Comprehensive Mapping Robot Datasets** \n---\n\nINTRODUCTION\n============\n\nLocalization and mapping are essential robotic tasks and are often solved together in a Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) system [@cadena2016past]. ", "SLAM systems have to be evaluated regarding their performance. ", "But this is not a trivial task.", "\n\nOften, ground truth robot paths are used to measure the quality of the SLAM system, since it is assumed that a good localization will result in good maps. ", "In [@WulfGroundTruthEval2007] and [@Kuemmerle2009onMeasuring] the ground truth paths are compared with the paths estimated by the SLAM algorithms. ", "A metric for measuring the error of the manually corrected trajectory of datasets is available to the public in [@Burgard-SLAMcompGraphOfRelations-IROS09]. ", "Recently, Zhang and Scaramuzza have provided a tutorial and software for quantitative trajectory evaluation [@zhang2018tutorial].", "\n\nIf ground truth paths are not available, the maps can be used to evaluate the quality of the mapping system. ", "For that image similarity methods [@MapQuality-RoboCup08] and pixel-level feature detectors [@PellenzMappingAndMapScoring2008; @Lakaemper2009VirtualScans] can be applied to the maps, but have their limitations, because maps often have errors like structures appearing more than once due to localization errors. ", "More high level features like barrels are used for evaluation in [@Schwertfeger2010Fiducials; @SSRR11-Schwertfeger-Fiducials] and also in 3D maps in [@Schwertfeger2015Fiducials3D].", "\n\nAnother approach is to capture the topology of the maps and use the matches for comparison [@Schwertfeger2015_Topo_AuRo]. ", "There are also evaluation methods that don’t rely on ground truth data. ", "In [@Newmann-MarkovFields-MapQuality08] suspicious and plausible arrangements of planes in 3D scans are detected and the map is evaluated accordingly.", "\n\n![", "The MARS Mapper robot with sensors, that is used in this paper. []{", "data-label=\"fig:robot_platform\"}](mapping_robot.png){width=\"0.8\\linewidth\"}\n\n{width=\"1.0\\linewidth\"}\n\nOften, simulations are used for the evaluation of SLAM systems [@scrapper-NavigationMetrics-SSRR07]. ", "A great factor for errors in SLAM systems is the noise of the sensors. ", "It is thus essential to accurately simulate the noise and errors in the simulation, a task which is not simple. ", "Datasets of 3D sensor measurements and ground truth poses for benchmarking the performance of SLAM algorithms are provided in [@Sturm2012-BenchmarkRGBDslam] and [@Handa2015-3DSlamDataset]. ", "The ground truth information has been obtained using a tracking system and by creating the data in a simulation, respectively.", "\n\nIn this paper we propose to use an advanced mapping system with sensors that are hardware-synchronized to an external tracking system to collect data for benchmarking datasets. ", "We believe this approach is a valuable supplement to SLAM evaluation using simulations, because it ensures real sensor noise and real locomotion, vibrations and other factors that are difficult to accurately simulate. ", "Using the tracking system we gather ground truth localization information. ", "But we believe that it is also important to evaluate the mapping performance, especially for visual SLAM. ", "So we also collect ground truth map information using a professional, static 3D scanner (Faro Focus 3D).", "\n\nWe provide three datasets. ", "One purely within the tracking system, especially also for evaluating mapping performance. ", "Additionally we have two longer, very similar datasets, that start and end in the tracking system. ", "One can do loop closing at the end, the other cannot (no overlapping sensor data). ", "Using these datasets we aim to evaluate the loop-closing and scan-matching performance.", "\n\nWe provide ROS launch files to automatically generate the maps from the datasets and to evaluate them by comparison to ground truth. ", "Our results are thus fully reproducible.", "\n\nThe key contributions of this paper are thus:\n\n- Presentation of a hardware-synchronized advanced mapping robot with external tracking.", "\n\n- Generation of three datasets for mapping and SLAM evaluation.", "\n\n- Providing reproducible evaluations of standard mapping software based on the datasets.", "\n\nThis work is work-in-progress and we will provide more mapping solutions and evaluation systems based on the datasets with the final version of this paper, if it gets accepted.", "\n\nThe reminder of the paper is organized as follows: Section \\[sec:mapper\\] describes the mapping robot and the other hardware and procedures for dataset generation. ", "In Section \\[sec:datasets\\] we describe the three datasets we provide. ", "The reproducible evaluation of those datasets explained in Section \\[sec:eval\\], followed by the conclusions in Section \\[sec:conclusions\\].", "\n\nMapping System {#sec:mapper}\n==============\n\nOur mapping system consists of a Clearpath Jackal robot with an upgraded power supply and computer (Intel Core i7-6770k CPU, Raid 0: 3x Samsung 850 EVO 500G). ", "The mainboard supports eight independent USB 3.1 ports, which are mainly used for the cameras. ", "The robot is collecting data from the following sensors:\n\n- Nine 5MP wide-angle color cameras (FLIR Grasshopper3 GS3-U3-51S5C-C) with wide-angle lenses (82$^{\\circ}$ x 61$^{\\circ}$), 10Hz (4 stereo pairs: front, left, right, up; one back-looking camera)\n\n- Two Velodyne HDL-32E 3D Laser scanners, 10Hz (one horizontal, one vertical; both in dual-return mode)\n\n- IMU Xsense MTi-300, 200Hz\n\n- Robot odometry\n\n- Optitrack tracking system (21 Prime 13 cameras, 30Hz)\n\nWe compress the camera images with JPEG quality 90. ", "Due to CPU speed limitations we can not store much more than 10Hz for the 9 cameras, so we chose to collect the images with the same frequency as the Velodynes. ", "This results in a total storage bandwidth of about 170 MB/s.\n\nSynchronization\n---------------\n\nEspecially with respect to quality evaluation, but also for mapping systems in general, it is important to synchronize all the sensor data. ", "We use an Asus Tinker Board with a quad core 1.8 GHz ARM Cortex-A17 processor to provide hardware synchronization. ", "The Tinker Board serves as our reference time. ", "It is triggering the cameras and the tracking system with 10 Hz and the Xsens IMU with 200Hz. ", "But hardware triggering of sensors is only half of the job: Afterwards the data from the cameras arrives on PC in the Jackal robot at different times, due to USB and CPU scheduling issues. ", "We thus need to be able to associate the hardware triggers with the actual data and make use of this info in the software. ", "Thus, for every trigger it generates, the Tinker board also sends a ROS timestamp to the PC, which is collected in the bagfile. ", "In a post-processing step we then match the sensor data with this time-stamp and then correct the time-stamps of the data. ", "Afterwards all data (e.g. all images and the tracking data and the IMU information) that was triggered together will have exactly the same time-stamp.", "\n\nThe tracking system is also triggered by the Tinker board, but it is then increasing the frequency from 10Hz to 30Hz. ", "For that the robot is physically connected to the tracking system via an ethernet cable when inside the systems camera view. ", "Before leaving or entering the tracking system we manually (un)plugged this cable, briefly stopping the data-collection for this. ", "To avoid having a second ethernet cable from the tracking system to the robot, we collect the tracking system’s (which is running on Windows) data on a separate Ubuntu PC and merge the bagfiles later. ", "Before each run, the time of the PC, the Jackal PC and the Tinker Board are updated via NTP from the router of our lab.", "\n\nSince the Velodyne is a rotating sensor, it cannot be triggered. ", "Instead it time-stamps its messages using GPS pps and NMEA data. ", "The Tinker Board is providing fake GPS data with its own time to the Velodynes, such that their data arrives at the Jackal PC already with the correct time stamp.", "\n\nCalibration\n-----------\n\nOur MARS Mapper robot (MARS is the acronym of our Mobile Autonomous Robotic Systems Lab) is fully calibrated. ", "Intrinsic calibrations are acquired using the known methods. ", "The extrinsic calibration of the sensors (i.e. their poses) are gathered by pair-wise calibration of various, also heterogeneous sensor pairs (4x stereo cameras, 32x non-overlapping cameras, 13x lidar to camera, 1x lidar to lidar, 9x tracking system to camera) and then minimizing the error using G2O [@kummerle2011g]. ", "Figure \\[fig:coloredpoints\\] shows a Velodyne scan where the points that are within the field of view of one of the 7 horizontal cameras are colored.", "\n\nBecause we calibrated the sensors with the tracking system, we can ready use the tracking system results as the pose of the robot. ", "The tracking system reports an error of the collected poses of less than 1.5mm.", "\n\nDatasets {#sec:datasets}\n========\n\nThe datasets were collected in the Mobile Autonomous Robotic Systems Lab (MARS Lab) of ShanghaiTech University, and have thus MARS in their name:\n\n- **MARS-8**: A short (23m) figure eight driven by the mapping robot with continuous tracking information. ", "For basic SLAM evaluation and evaluation of mapping performance.", "\n\n- **MARS-Loop**: A medium length (77m) mapping run, starting in the tracking system in the MARS lab, leaving the lab and re-entering it through a different door, finally entering the tracking system again and finishing at the start pose. ", "For evaluation of basic loop closing performance.", "\n\n- **MARS-NoLoop**: The MARS lab is devided into two parts by two curtains (10cm apart; along the center of the tracking system). ", "The robot follows the same path as MARS-Loop, except that it stops a little earlier (because the curtains are in the way). ", "The robot starts and ends in the same tracking system. ", "No loop closing is possible between the start and end of the dataset, because there is almost no overlap between the areas.", "\n\n![ ", "A 3D Lidar scan colored by all the $7$ horizontal cameras. ", "The transformations between each camera and 3D lidar are acquired from global optimization result. ", "All the green points represent areas where no camera is overlapping with the point cloud. []{", "data-label=\"fig:coloredpoints\"}](after.png){width=\"1.0\\linewidth\"}\n\nFigure \\[fig:paths\\] shows the paths of the robot in the different datasets: green for MARS-8 and red for MARS-Loop and MARS-NoLoop. ", "The approximate paths we followed are also marked on the ground and are thus visible in some of the collected camera images (black for MARS-8 (and MARS-Loop where they overlap) and white for MARS-Loop). ", "MARS-NoLoop is following MARS-Loop, except stopping earlier. ", "Almost nothing in the environment was changed between the robot data collections nor for the Faro scans.", "\n\nFigure \\[fig:paths\\] is actually the complete point cloud (480 million points) from the 18 FARO scans we collected (each about 27 million points). ", "We used the FARO Scene software to register the scans. ", "It reported an average error between the scan points of 1.2mm. ", "This is an excellent value and much smaller than the expected sensor noise. ", "The FARO data can thus serve as ground truth for map comparison. ", "The approximate positions of the Faro scans are marked with red crosses on the ground. ", "Most of the scans were taken at a hight similar to the horizontal Velodyne (61 cm). ", "Figure \\[fig:lab\\] shows the MARS Lab with the markings on the floor, the Faro scanner and the robot. ", "It also shows the curtain for MARS-NoLoop.", "\n\nWe also placed several checkerboards in the lab. ", "Additionally we have many April tags distributed on the ceiling and, in the MARS Lab, also on the walls. ", "In the future we plan to evaluate how well those can be used for localization evaluation of SLAM algorithms. ", "For good measure we also placed other cool robots of the MARS Lab as well as a small living-room arrangement with sofa, plants and TV in the scene.", "\n\n![", "The robot and the FARO scanner in the MARS lab on top. ", "Below, the same area with the curtain (made with tarp) for map MARS-NoLoop. []{", "data-label=\"fig:lab\"}](faro.", "JPG \"fig:\"){width=\"0.9\\linewidth\"}\\\n![", "The robot and the FARO scanner in the MARS lab on top. ", "Below, the same area with the curtain (made with tarp) for map MARS-NoLoop. []{", "data-label=\"fig:lab\"}](curtain.jpg \"fig:\"){width=\"0.9\\linewidth\"}\n\nDataset statistics:\n\n- **MARS-8**: 16.4GB; 99 seconds\n\n- **MARS-Loop**: 50.7GB; 290 seconds\n\n- **MARS-NoLoop**: 54.8GB; 315 seconds\n\n- **MARS-8-Sample**: 500MB, 3 seconds\n\nThe datasets are available online [^2]. ", "We also provide a very short and small sample dataset from within MARS-8.", "\n\nEvaluation {#sec:eval}\n==========\n\nScientific results should be reproducible. ", "Since we provide the dataset, we also want to give the reader the possibility to re-create the exact same map (barring differences caused by randomized SLAM algorithms). ", "We are thus providing ROS launch files (start scripts) that generate the maps and other needed information (e.g. the path estimated by the SLAM algorithm). ", "Furthermore, we also want to make it as easy as possible for the user to then evaluate the result, so we provide the according tools on the dataset website.", "\n\nWe apply the following mapping methods to our dataset:\n\n- 2D Grid Mapping (converting the horizontal Velodyne scan in a 2D LRF message; 5cm resolution):\n\n - Hector Mapping [@KohlbrecherMeyerStrykKlingaufFlexibleSlamSystem2011]\n\n - Cartographer [@hess2016real]\n\n - GMapping [@grisetti2007improved]\n\n- 3D Point Cloud Mapping (with horizontal Velodyne):\n\n - BLAM [^3]\n\n - BLAM with both Velodynes\n\n - Cartographer (for final version)\n\n- visual SLAM:\n\n - ORB2 [@blair2001design]\n\n - RTAB-Map mono [@labbe2018rtab] (for final version)\n\n - RTAB-Map stereo (for final version)\n\nIf needed we modify those algorithms to output the time-stamped path data as a text file. ", "The trajectory estimated by the SLAM algorithms is then compared to the trajectory of the tracking system. ", "Of course this only works for the parts of the datasets that were collected inside the tracking system - other parts are omitted (and “jumped over”). ", "We use the software provided by [@zhang2018tutorial] for the evaluation.", "\n\n{width=\"\\blaSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\blaSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\blaSize\\linewidth\"}\\\n\n{width=\"\\blaSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\blaSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\blaSize\\linewidth\"}\n\n{width=\"\\hecSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\hecSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\hecSize\\linewidth\"}\\\n\n{width=\"\\hecSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\hecSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\hecSize\\linewidth\"}\n\nFigure \\[fig:maps\\_2d\\] shows the 2D grid maps from Hector Mapping and cartographer. ", "We see that both algorithms have problems when coming back into the MARS lab and no loop closing is possible. ", "Cartographer even has a broken map in MARS-Loop. ", "Figure \\[fig:error\\_2d\\] shows the error in the trajectories between Hector (top) and cartographer (bottom). ", "Again, note the jump from the bottom right corner to the top left in MARS-Loop and MARS-NoLoop: This is where the robot left the tracking system and later re-entered it. ", "We can see that the shown error correlates nicely with the perceived map quality of Figure \\[fig:maps\\_2d\\]. ", "Figure \\[fig:comparison\\] quantifies the error of Figure \\[fig:error\\_2d\\] in a diagram. ", "It shows absolute errors of 10cm for Hector MARS-8 and -Loop, but values round 1m error for the broken MARS-NoLoop.", "\n\n{width=\"\\bluSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\bluSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\bluSize\\linewidth\"}\n\n\\[fig:blam\\]\n\n{width=\"\\bluSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\bluSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\bluSize\\linewidth\"}\n\n{width=\"\\blamSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\blamSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\blamSize\\linewidth\"}\n\nFigure \\[fig:blam\\] shows the 3D maps generated with BLAM and the horizontal Velodyne. ", "For comparison we include Figure \\[fig:blam\\_v\\], which is generated using the localization estimate from the horizontal BLAM, but only rendering the vertical Velodyne. ", "In the future we will color all the points using the cameras and then do colored point cloud mapping.", "\n\nWe can make use of the trajectory evaluation shown in Figure \\[fig:blam\\_error\\]. ", "We see that the error is low, but looking at Figure \\[fig:comparison\\] we see that it is double the value of the good Hector maps. ", "The pointclouds in Figure \\[fig:blam\\] are good and nicely the double curtain in MARS-NoLoop.", "\n\nWe have also employed cloudcompare[^4] for quality measurement. ", "We register the Faro point cloud with the robot point cloud and then calculate the RMS. ", "The result is an RMS of 0.084 with a theoretical overlap of 90%. ", "Figure \\[fig:cc\\] shows the two point clouds overlaid.", "\n\n{width=\"\\cmpreSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\cmpreSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\cmpreSize\\linewidth\"}\\\n\n{width=\"\\cmpreSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\cmpreSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\cmpreSize\\linewidth\"}\\\n\n{width=\"\\cmpreSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\cmpreSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\cmpreSize\\linewidth\"}\\\n\n{width=\"\\orgSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\orgSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\orgSize\\linewidth\"}\\\n\n{width=\"\\orgSize\\linewidth\"} {width=\"\\orgSize\\linewidth\"}\n\nFinally, we see the results of visual SLAM using just one camera (forward-looking on the left side) in Figure \\[fig:orb\\_error\\]. ", "It also shows the feature map with camera poses and pose graph. ", "The error shown is biggest compared to the laser based SLAM algorithms. ", "We don’t show results for MARS-NoLoop, because ORB2 lost track already in the other lab.", "\n\nWe will use other visual SLAM algorithms on the dataset in the future, in the hope that they will perform better. ", "Especially when using all 9 cameras we hope to see much improved results. ", "Another option is to explicitly make use of the four stereo camera systems.", "\n\n{width=\"1.0\\linewidth\"}\n\nCONCLUSIONS {#sec:conclusions}\n===========\n\nIn this paper we have presented our contributions in three areas: Firstly, we have described a fully hardware-synchronized advanced mapping robot for research on laser-based and visual SLAM. ", "Secondly, we have collected three datasets for SLAM evaluation in short ranges. ", "Thirdly, we provided repeatable evaluation procedures and compared a number of 2D, 3D and visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping algorithms with each other, using our dataset. ", "The results confirm the intuition, that using loop closures the error of maps can be reduced. ", "We are also able to compare laser-based SLAM algorithms with visual SLAM algorithms and conclude, that, at least for our selection of algorithms, the laser based 3D solution outperforms visual SLAM.", "\n\nThis project is still ongoing. ", "In the final version of this paper we hope to include a few more mapping algorithms (cartographer 3D, 3D SLAM including the vertical Velodyne, other visual SLAM algorithms). ", "We will also improve the evaluation by also employing other algorithms.", "\n\n[^1]: $^{1}$All authors are with ShanghaiTech University [@shanghaitech.edu.cn]{}\n\n[^2]: <https://robotics.shanghaitech.edu.cn/datasets/MARS-Dataset>\n\n[^3]: <https://github.com/erik-nelson/blam>\n\n[^4]: <http://cloudcompare.org/>\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nShow that $KL_X(\\theta;\\psi) = (\\theta-\\psi)^2/2$.\n\nSuppose that $Q$ and $P$ are two probability measures with densities $p$ and $q$ w.r.t. ", "a common measure $\\nu$.\nThe Kullback-Leibler information of $Q$ from $P$ is defined by $$KL(\\theta\\,;\\psi) = \\int\\log\\dfrac{p(x)}{q(x)}p(x)d\\nu(x).$$ In case of parametric families, where $X\\sim P_\\theta$ and $P_\\theta \\ll \\nu$ for all $\\theta$ with densities $f_X(\\cdot|\\theta)$, we write $$KL(\\theta\\,;\\psi) = \\operatorname{E}_\\theta\\log\\dfrac{f_X(X|\\theta)}{f_X(X|\\psi)}, \\,\\,\\theta,\\psi \\in \\Omega.$$ \nExercise: If $X\\sim N(\\theta,1)$, show that $KL_X(\\theta\\,,\\psi) = (\\theta - \\psi)^2/2.$\nWhat I've tried to do: If I'm not mistaken the normal distribution is part of the exponential family, and I need to use the second part of the definition. ", "I get $KL_X(\\theta\\,,\\psi) = \\operatorname{E}_\\theta\\dfrac{(x-\\theta)^2}{(x-\\psi)^2}$, which would mean that $KL_X(\\theta\\,,\\psi) = 0$.\nQuestions:\n\nI'm not sure whether I fully grasp the concept of probability measures and densities. ", "This definition states that the probability measures have a density of their own. ", "But don't we speak of densities of distributions with respect to their probability measures? ", "Furthermore, what would a common measure $\\nu$ be? ", "What would the probability measures in this exercise be?", "\nHow do I solve this exercise?", "\n\nA:\n\nWe have that $KL(\\theta\\,;\\psi) = \\operatorname{E}_\\theta\\log\\dfrac{f_{X|\\theta}}{f_{X|\\psi}}$, and we know that for $X|\\theta \\sim N(\\theta,1)$ the density is given by: \n\\begin{equation}\nf_{X|\\theta} = \\frac{\\textrm{Exp}[-\\frac{1}{2}(x-\\theta)^2]}{\\sqrt{2\\pi}}\n\\end{equation}\nThen the log of the ratio of the two densities is then:\n\\begin{equation}\n\\begin{split}\n\\textrm{log}\\frac{f_{X|\\theta}}{f_{X|\\psi}} & = \\textrm{log}f_{X|\\theta} - \\textrm{log}f_{X|\\psi} \\\\\n& = \\frac{1}{2}[-(x-\\theta)^2 + (x-\\psi)^2]\\\\\n& = -\\frac{1}{2}[-x^2 + 2x\\theta -\\theta^2 + x^2 - 2x\\psi +\\psi^2]\n\\end{split}\n\\end{equation}\nTaking the expectation with the distribution under $\\theta$, we have $E[x] = \\theta$ and $E[x^2] = 1+\\theta^2$.\nThen:\n\\begin{equation}\n\\begin{split}\n-\\frac{1}{2}[- x^2 + 2x\\theta -\\theta^2 + x^2 - 2x\\psi +\\psi^2] & = -\\frac{1}{2}[-1-\\theta^2 + 2\\theta^2 -\\theta^2 + 1 + \\theta^2 - 2\\theta\\psi + \\psi^2]\\\\\n& = \\frac{1}{2}[\\theta^2 -2\\theta\\psi +\\psi^2]\\\\\n& = \\frac{(\\theta-\\psi)^2}{2}\n\\end{split}\n\\end{equation}\n\n" ]

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[ "If you told me I’d be writing about Christianity twice in one day when I woke up this morning, I would have gone back to bed. ", "Especially if I’d known the news was gonna be this depressing.", "\n\nAccording to The Inquisitr, Isaiah Zoar Marin (above), age twenty-one, has been arrested and charged with first-degree murder in Stillwater, Oklahoma, after hacking nineteen-year-old Jacob Andrew Crockett with a sword. ", "The crime included an attempted, but failed, decapitation. ", "Crockett was discovered by police “covered in blood and was still carrying the sword in his hand.” ", "Obviously, Marin made no attempt to deny his guilt — in fact, he called 911 and announced “I murdered someone,” and when police arrived at the scene, he told “I hacked them to death with a machete.”", "\n\nMarin and Crockett were both students at Northern Oklahoma College, but authorities classify them as “acquaintances” rather than “friends.”", "\n\nAnd why would Marin so brazenly commit such a horrible crime against someone it seems he didn’t even really know that well? ", "Duh — he did it for God: Marin is a staunchly religious Christian who believed that Crockett and his brother, Jesse, were practicing witchcraft. (", "Jesse also alleges that Marin was a “heavy drug user.” ", "Good to know Jesus approves of drugs, despite what Ted Nugent says.) ", "In fact, according to Marin’s own brother, Samuel, the killer was watching YouTube videos pertaining to his religious beliefs only moments before he murdered Crockett.", "\n\nOkay. ", "So that’s really fucked up. ", "But what does it have to do with metal, you ask? ", "Well, here are photos of Crockett from Facebook: So, basically, a religious zealot met a young metal fan, decided he practiced witchcraft, and murdered him in the most unimaginably brutal manner possible.", "\n\nI know Texas has the death penalty, but I really hope Marin isn’t sentenced to such a fate. ", "We should throw this fucker in a box and let metal fans take turns kicking him in the nuts over and over and over again for the rest of his life. ", "Death is too good for this motherfucker." ]

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[ "class Creature {\n ArrayList<Chain> chains;\n\n float radius;\n\n Creature(float r) {\n radius = r;\n chains = new ArrayList<Chain>();\n for (int i = 0; i < 150; i ++) {\n // for (int j = -height/2; j < height/2; j+= 10) {\n float angle = i * TWO_PI / 150;\n float x = cos(angle)*radius;\n float y = sin(angle)*radius;\n chains.add(new Chain(x, y, random(150), (int)random(50, 100), random(15), random(0.1,0.5)));\n // }\n }\n }\n\n void display() {\n for (Chain c : chains) {\n c.display();\n }\n }\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Polyethylene is the most widely used commercial polymer. ", "It can be prepared by a couple of different processes. ", "Polymerization in the presence of free-radical initiators at elevated pressures was the method first discovered to obtain polyethylene and continues to be a valued process with high commercial relevance for the preparation of low density polyethylene (LDPE).", "\nA normal set-up of a plant for polymerizing or copolymerizing ethylenically unsaturated monomers such as ethylene and esters of vinyl alcohol in the presence of free-radical polymerization initiators consists essentially of a set of two compressors, a low-pressure and a high-pressure compressor, a polymerization reactor, which can be an autoclave or a tubular reactor or a combination of such reactors, and two separators for separating the monomer-polymer mixture leaving the reactor, wherein in the first separator, the high-pressure separator, the ethylene and comonomers separated from the monomer-polymer mixture are recycled to the reaction mixture between the low-pressure compressor and the high-pressure compressor, and the ethylene and comonomers separated from the mixture in the second separator, the low-pressure separator, are fed to the low-pressure compressor where it is compressed to the pressure of the fresh ethylene feed, combined with the fresh ethylene feed and the combined streams are further pressurized to the pressure of the high-pressure gas recycle stream. ", "Such a high-pressure polymerization unit normally further includes apparatuses like extruders and granulators for pelletizing the obtained polymer. ", "In case of tubular reactors, monomer supply to the reactor can either be carried out solely in the beginning of the reactor or only partly in the beginning with the other part fed via one or more side feed entries. ", "Moreover, it is also common to introduce initiator in more than one place down the tube, thus creating more than one reaction zone.", "\nRadically initiated high-pressure polymerization is an appropriated method for producing copolymers of ethylene and esters of vinyl alcohol, especially for preparing copolymers of ethylene and esters of vinyl alcohol having a vinyl ester content in the range of from 1% of weight to 45% of weight. ", "Suitable reactors can be stirred autoclave reactors or tubular reactors. ", "Such high-pressure polymerizations are for example described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,091,200 and WO 99/014251 A1.", "\nA common feature for continuously operated polymerization processes, in which non-polymerized monomers are recycled to the polymerization process, is that continuously small amounts of the reaction mixture are discarded or purged from the process to avoid that impurities or inert materials, which are introduced with the raw materials or which form during the polymerization, accumulate in the process. ", "Regarding processes for radically polymerizing ethylene and vinyl esters, EP 012 368 A1 for example describes a process in which gas, mainly ethylene, is taken from the high-pressure recycle stream, passed through a low temperature separator and discharged as off-gas. ", "To be able to operate the polymerization process economically, there is of course the desired to minimize the amount of discarded material and to find ways for reutilizing the discarded materials meaningfully.", "\nIn homopolymerizing ethylene in high-pressure processes, it is common practice, if locally possible, to transfer the purged reaction gas back to an ethylene producing or converting unit such as a steam cracker for reprocessing. ", "However, if the purged reaction gas contains higher amounts of comonomers such as esters of vinyl alcohol, it can be that the raw gas washers in the cracker are no longer able to fully remove these comonomers and they pass into the organic phase, in which they are not only impurities but also may degrade into products such as acidic acid which have a high corrosiveness.", "\nThus, it was the object of the present invention to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art and to provide a process which efficiently and economically separates esters of vinyl alcohol from a gas streams comprising ethylene and esters of vinyl alcohol and allows to transfer the off-gas stream from ethylene-vinyl ester polymerizations with no or only a minor content of esters of vinyl alcohol to an ethylene producing or converting unit and to take the off-gas from the high-pressure polymerization plant at a position of relatively low pressure." ]

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[ "SG Guide to long weekend getaways 2017\n\nCheat sheet to long weekend getaways 2017 (Singapore)\n\nUse just 6 annual leaves to increase it from 7 to 10 long weekends!", "\n\nLooks like 2017 is a good year for long weekends getaways in Singapore. ", "There are 11 days of public holidays and 7 long weekends already in the calendar year, which is an improvement from the 6 long weekends in 2016. ", "What’s better though, is that with a few strategic application of leaves, you’ll be able to stretch it to 10 long weekends!", "\n\nThis means you can potentially go on 10 long weekend getaways in 2017! ", "Cheers to more chances for travel.", "\n\nHere’s a quick visual guide to how you can maximise your annual leave. ", "I’ve labelled clearly with a red bar, the days where you should be taking leave.", "\n\nRead on for a compilation of places that will be perfect – weekend getaways under $299 inclusive of flights and accommodation. ", "They are all nearby destinations (<5hrs flight) that can be easily explored in 3-4 days, and are sorted by travel themes.", "\n\nYou’re welcome and happy planning!", "\n\nFeel free to download and share! ", "Do credit and link back though. :)", "\n\n10 Destinations for 10 Long Weekend Getaways from Singapore under $299 inclusive of flights and accommodation.", "\n\nWhether you like beaches, shopping, adventure, or food, there’s something for everyone. ", "It’s not an exhaustive list, but still a good place to start planning for your trip.", "\n\nSkyscanner & Airbnb were used for flight and accommodation search. ", "For flight prices, I used the “cheapest month” feature to search for the lowest price. ", "For accommodation prices, it was a balance between cost and staying in a comfortable place.", "\n\nLast updated: 6 Apr 2016\n\nBeach\n\n(1) Phuket, Thailand\n\nBest time to travel: Nov – Apr\nRound-Trip Flight: from S$923D2N Accommodation: Sea view apartment from S$25/night and sleeps 2. ", "S$25 per pax for 3D2N.\n\n(2) Phu Quoc, Vietnam\n\nBest time to travel: Nov – AprRound-Trip Flight: from S$2453D2N Accommodation: Family Bungalow from S$92/night and sleeps 4. ", "S$46 per pax for 3D2N." ]

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[ "SmartMouth\n\nSmart mouth 12 hours on the go mouthwash packets, fresh breathSmart Mouth Mouthwash can be used to effectively fight against dental problems and bad breath anytime and anywhere. ", "Whether it's common or chronic bad breath, you can easily get rid of it by rinsing your mouth with this mouthwash. ", "This mouthwash provides a 12 hour protection against bad breath and gives you fresh breath throughout the day.", "This mouthwash helps you to avoid the embarrassment from obnoxious morning breath. ", "Moreover,...\n\nSmartMouth 12-hour fresh breath mouthwash, fresh cinnamonSmart Mouth Mouthwash is an effective formula that can eliminate bad breath bacteria. ", "Use this mouthwash to keep and stay fresh for at least 12 hours after every rinse. ", "It causes no danger to dentures and leaves no stains on teeth. ", "This mouthwash makes a great choice to get rid of mouth germs and bad breath.", "Features:Removes bad breath.", "Kills germs.", "Easy to use and effective. ...", "\n\nSmartMouth activated mouthwash 12hour fresh breathHelps prevent plaque that leads to Gingivitis, an early form of gum disease and Bleeding gums.", "The first and only mouthwash to combine advanced germ-killing benefits with 12 hours of fresh breath.", "Consists of two solutions.", "When the solutions are mixed just before rinsing, the smart-zinc technology is activated for a remarkable fresh breath experience.", "Rinse in the morning for fresh breath all day; rinse at night and wake up without bad breath no...\n\nSmartMouth whitening Toothpaste, Great Mint FlavorSmartMouth whitening toothpaste with fluoride answers all of your toothpaste needs. ", "It contains fluoride to protect your teeth from cavities, it contains additional zinc ions to boost your fresh breath, and it helps remove stains to reveal the natural whiteness of your teeth.", "Regular brushing with SmartMouth Whitening Toothpaste with Fluoride will provide you with a whiter and brighter smile, and the taste of fresh mint gives you a refreshing...\n\nProduct descriptions and images presented on the site are for representational use only and do not constitute or substitute for medical information from your health care or medical professional. ", "Information on this site is provided for informational purposes only. ", "You should read carefully all on correct product packaging and follow the instructions. ", "If you have or suspect that you have a medical problem, promptly contact your health care provider. ", "Information and statements regarding dietary supplements on this site have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease and may be for commercial. ", "Image shown for reference only. ", "Actual item you recieve may differ from shown." ]

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[ "Soi kèo Persepolis vs Al Sadd, 23h30 ngày 20/5 – AFC Champions League\n\nSoi kèo Persepolis vs Al Sadd\n\nTừ khi AFC Champions League 2019 khởi tranh đến nay, Persepolis mới chỉ có 1 chiến thắng. ", "Hiện đại diện Iran đang đứng bét bảng D, rõ ràng, với phong độ yếu kém như vậy, họ khó có thể gây bất ngờ trước Al Sadd, CLB đang dẫn đầu bảng.", "\n\nNhận định kèo nhà cái Châu Á – kèo chấp Persepolis vs Al Sadd\n\nPersepolis chính là Đương kim vô địch giải VĐQG Iran 2018, tuy vậy, đến với sân chơi AFC Champions League năm nay, họ lại mang đến một diện mạo không thể đáng thất vọng hơn.", "\n\nHiện thầy trò Branko Ivanković mới chỉ giành được thành tích tỷ lệ bóng đá có 1 chiến thắng sau 5 trận, đứng bét bảng và đã chắc chắn bị loại. ", "Đây chính là hậu quả của sự hời hợt trong khâu phòng ngự, bên cạnh đó, các tiền đạo Persepolis cũng tỏ ra tương đối vô hại trên mặt trận tấn công.", "\n\nỞ vòng đấu cuối cùng của bảng D AFC Champions League, đại diện Iran sẽ đối đầu với Al Sadd. ", "Có thể nói, cơ hội chiến thắng của “Những chiến binh áo đỏ” gần như là không có khi Al Sadd hiện đang là đội đang dẫn đầu bảng và đã chắc suất đi tiếp vào vòng knock-out.", "\n\nĐối với Al Sadd, CLB đến từ Qatar dương như tỏ ra quá vượt trội so với 3 đối thủ còn lại của bảng D.\n\nQua 5 trận, Al Sadd chỉ thua có 1 và ghi tới 7 bàn. ", "Rõ ràng, đây là một thành tích không mấy bất ngờ với giới chuyên môn khi đội hình Al Sadd lúc này sở hữu nhiều ngôi sao của bóng đá thế giới như Xavi hay Gabi.", "\n\nVới tình hình hiện tại, giới chuyên môn nhận định, Al Sadd sẽ không đánh rơi 3 điểm trong chuyến làm khách tới thánh địa Azadi lần này.", "\n\nChọn Al Sadd\n\nNhận định kèo nhà cái, tài xỉu Persepolis vs Al Sadd\n\nThời gian vừa qua, hàng công Al Sadd thi đấu hết sức thăng hoa khi ghi tới 11 bàn trong 5 trận gần nhất. ", "Rõ ràng, với việc chỉ phải đối đầu với một hàng thủ lỏng lẻo của Persepolis đây sẽ là cơ hội lập công với các chân sút đội khách.", "\n\nChọn Tài\n\nPhong độ thi đấu gần đây của Persepolis vs Al Sadd\n\nSoi kèo bóng đá thống kê, hàng công Al Sadd ghi tới 11 bàn trong 5 trận gần nhất .", "\n\nthống kê, hàng công Al Sadd . ", "Persepolis chỉ mới có 1 chiến thắng từ khi AFC Champions League 2019 khởi tranh .", "\n\nĐội hình dự kiến trận đấu Persepolis vs Al Sadd\n\nDự đoán kết quả, tỉ số Persepolis vs Al Sadd\n\nAl Sadd thắng 3-1\n\nĐón xem thêm nhận định các trận đấu khác: Soi kèo Jeonbuk Motors vs Buriram, 17h00 ngày 21/5 – AFC Champions League\n\nAnh Sơn" ]

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[ "Inhibition of secondary cartilage of the intermaxillary suture in Sprague-Dawley rats following the enucleation of maxillary molars.", "\nA single craniofacial suture can undergo several morphologic transformations during its development. ", "From 3 to 7 weeks of age, the intermaxillary suture of the rat is synchondrotic in character, featuring secondary cartilage; at later times, this suture is syndesmotic in character, featuring a fibrous tissue interface. ", "Since intermittent mechanical stimulation has been reported to initiate secondary cartilage formation, a study was done to determine if the functioning dentition were responsible for secondary cartilage formation in the intermaxillary suture of the rat. ", "Twenty-two female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. ", "At 3 weeks of age, prior to eruption, the maxillary molars were enucleated from nine animals. ", "Body weights were recorded weekly. ", "Animals were sacrificed weekly from 4 to 7 weeks of age. ", "One hour prior to sacrifice, each rat was injected with [35S]sulfate at a dosage of 2 microCi/g body weight. ", "The tissues were evaluated by light microscopy and autoradiography. ", "In the experimental group, the midpalatal suture did not undergo the normal synchondrotic transformation. ", "Instead, this suture remained fibrous with negligible metachromatic staining. ", "In the control animals, the peak period of [35S]sulfate incorporation was 4 weeks of age and was five times greater than in the experimental group. ", "The primary stimulus for the initiation of secondary cartilage formation in the midpalatal suture of the rat was molar function. ", "Also, functioning molars were found to be important in the maintenance of the palatal bone." ]

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[ "In This Week’s Show, episode 205, the doctors at WHO bend space and time to stop Nazi air purifiers from cleaning China’s fog of death.", "\n\nNow, grab a beer and help us test the god hypothesis — because, while Mahuika (the Maorian fire goddess and ancestor of Maui) hasn’t struck us down yet, we are trying her patience!", "\n\nShea’s Life Lesson\n\nThis week I learned that you have to be careful what you wear every day because of you die that’s your ghost clothes now.", "\n\nJenn’s Actual Lesson\n\nDid you know, and you would if you have seen Moana, that Maui often assumed the form of a hawk? ", "Per Maorian mythology, the hawk, kahu, was a god of fire, and a child of Mahuika.", "\n\nBut before we get to all that, let’s have a beer!", "\n\nThis Week’s Beer\n\nFrom: RW\n\nMeadowlark – Ole Gus\n\nScotch-style Ale “Wee Heavy Rye Ale”\n\nhttp://bit.ly/2OkDS5u\n\nBA Link: http://bit.ly/2ycNXXj\n\nBA Rating: 3.9/5\n\nStyle: Scotch Ale / Wee Heavy\n\nABV: 7%\n\nAaron: 3\n\nJenn: 2\n\nShea: 3\n\nSteve: 5\n\nThis Week’s Show\n\nRound Table Discussion\n\nNew Patreon Evan!", "\n\niTunes Update from David the Ox:\n\nStill the best\n\nby David the Oxford on Oct 04, 2018\n\nRATING: ★★★★★\n\nFive stars to the podcast that you wish were your next door neighbors. ", "Funny and talented people who like beer and keeping it real.", "\n\nListen, drink, laugh, and enjoy\n\nby Odysseus2k7 on Oct 05, 2018\n\nRATING: ★★★★★\n\nI have been a patron of this podcast for over a year and it€™s been worth it. ", "I love the chemistry of the hosts. ", "Jenn is my spirit animal!", "\n\nFreeThinker is a native of sammich land, so for those interested 215 is apparently the area code for Philly. ", "The more you know…\n\nAnother mystery is solved! ", "Our fabulous etched and personalized mugs were brought to us by Duff! ", "Just Duff, he’s like Cher and Fabio… and Duff! (", "beer)\n\nThanks for the feedback Mel-burn Steve, Jenn promises to do some headlines but as she said in the email, 3-ish minutes a pop is just about all we’re good for.", "\n\nHotshots\n\nSteve – Hot Piss is the Best Piss\n\nhttp://bit.ly/2A5Wi13\n\nI have a scenario for you. ", "You are on your way to get drug tested, but you’re running a bit late and the fresh pee you’re carrying isn’t warm enough to get you through the test. ", "What do you do? ", "Put in under your arm? ", "Fuck that, too slow. ", "You’re in a hurry so you obviously stop into the local gas station that’s on the way and warm up your urine in the microwave. ", "Does this sound silly? ", "Well, Parul Patel, owner of “On the Fly” convenience store in Jacksonville, FL was facing this exact issue on a daily basis. ", "Due to a continuous issue of, non-customers no less, just using his microwave to warm up piss, he had to put up signs against the practice. ", "Patel said, “We try to stop these kinds of people. ", "They become aggressive with us.” ", "LabCorp, the piss test company down the street, declined to comment.", "\n\nDamnit. ", "It’s. ", "Air.", "\n\nhttp://bit.ly/2A5Wiy5\n\nLiving in the mountains I’ve always had a bit of a chuckle at the cans of air in checkout lines here. ", "Silly lowlanders, you have too much air, it makes your minds sick…\n\nSick enough to buy New Zealand’s air though? ", "Unlike the cheap, oxygen-rich, altitude “remedies” this will cost you more than a few bucks… 98 more than a few actually. ", "And they won’t help you with anything except smelling an air compressor from the picturesque mountains of almost-Australia. ", "Four cans of the ‘Pure Fresh New Zealand Air’ were seen on display with a price tag of $98.99 at a duty-free shop at Auckland International Airport. ", "The bottles – which come with breathing masks attached – are sold around the world by a company called Kiwiana for 34.50… for a 5-liter can. ‘", "New Zealand’s unique position in the Southern Ocean means Kiwiana Air has crossed no major landmass before flowing over the pristine Southern Alps of New Zealand and into this can,’ a message on the back of the product reads. ", "According to the Kiwiana website, the company harvests the air ‘above the snow line’ on New Zealand’s South Island.", "\n\n‘High in the Southern Alps of New Zealand above the snow line and hundreds of kilometers away from civilization or any human activity is where the air in your can has come from,’ the website states.", "\n\n‘This is the purest air you will ever breath (sic)\n\nAnd if that interests you, I’ve got cans if dehydrated water for as low as 19.99$ – just add some h20 and you’re set!", "\n\nShea-\n\nThe king of Britons has been found.", "\n\n… At Patreon.com/w4w where this story is ready to knight you!", "\n\nhttp://bit.ly/2Ol0Qtd\n\nExcalibur has chosen a new heir and the lady in the lake now wields the legendary sword. ", "At least I’m pretty sure.", "\n\nSaga Vanecek went paddling in a southern Swedish lake. ", "And in the shallow waters, reduced by a long heat wave, she came across something astonishing.", "\n\nShe thought it was a stick, she told the news and she was going to skim it over the water. ", "But when she fished it out, it was a sword — about 33 inches long, black-brown with age and rust.", "\n\nAccording to a Facebook post by her father, Andy Vanecek, she “lifted it high above her head, and shouted, “ ‘DADDY! ", "I FOUND A SWORD!’", "\n\nThe discovery was made in July this summer but the local museum asked that they keep the find a secret until they had time to check the lake for other artifacts. ", "The local Jonkoping county museum confirmed that it dated to the 5th or 6th century, before the time of the Vikings.", "\n\nHow she kept the secret this long is quite impressive and now I suppose she can finally wear the sword at her belt and rightfully claim her throne.", "\n\nSteve – Quackery I Tell You\n\nhttp://bit.ly/2Oo6CKR\n\nI feel like we here at Waiting4Wrath don’t spend enough time talking about medical quackery. ", "It is a topic that I personally find very interesting in that, otherwise seemingly normal, intelligent people can believe in the stupidest, least researched, most redonkulous claims. ", "Well, here’s another example. ", "Stanford educated Jesse Karmazin (med school graduate without a license to practice medicine) runs a couple of clinics called Ambrosia in San Francisco and Tampa where for $8000 (yep, 8 Grand), they will transfuse your old ass with the blood plasma of a young person. ", "In what they call a “study” (even though there are no research protocols, controls, or any other study-like qualities), Ambrosia takes the blood from multiple blood banks and multiple donors, separated then combined, then transfuse the “young” blood 1.5 liters at a time, into the recipients over two days. ", "Naturally, there’s no real research other than a couple of potentially promising mouse studies, that this does anything other than separate the rich from their money.", "\n\nSeriously. ", "I shouldn’t need to keep saying this.", "\n\nhttp://bit.ly/2A6Qgxh\n\nLet’s just cut to the chase. ", "This story is from Thailand. ", "It’s about weird sex.", "\n\nOr, at least one assumes it is, because what other kind of sex do you rent a themed love hotel for right?", "\n\nEspecially when that room is Hitler themed. ", "Yeah…\n\nAgain. ", "For what feels like the 200th time, you literally never need more Hitler.", "\n\nAn anonymous tourist said “I don’t think there is any malice behind the decor but it shows a lack of education and historical sensitivity.", "”yeah, ya think?", "\n\nPrices to use the room start at just 410 baht ($12.61) for two people for three hours. ", "Each additional hour is 150 baht ($4.61) and each extra guest is 100 baht ($3.08.)", "\n\nEach room has a drive-in carport which can be covered with a curtain, so guests never have to be seen publicly when they visit the sex hotel. ", "Which, let’s face it, if you’re renting the “Communist” room, you probably want anonymity. ", "Nong Kung, a receptionist at the hotel, said: “The Communism room is popular.”", "\n\n“It’s one of our special rooms. ", "People often call to book this room. ", "It has been used by groups, but the cost is more for extra people.”", "\n\nSo. ", "Yeah. ", "Fucking nazi fucking room.", "\n\nI don’t want to live on this planet anymore…\n\nSecond Half:\n\nMedicine Doesn’t Get a Prefix…\n\nhttp://bit.ly/2A5WjlD\n\nWe talked previously about WHO’s homeopathy program. ", "A nightmare fueled “health” scheme that saw people ‘treating’ HIV, malaria, and TB with drops of shaken water. ", "In 2009 there was a significant pushback and WHO stopped recommending these treatments. ", "They didn’t entirely stop using them though. ", "It amounted to little more than de-escalation. ", "More recently, however, WHO has begun another – perhaps even shitter – course of treatments. ", "Traditional Chinese Medicine.", "\n\nFor those unfamiliar with TCM, it’s mostly from China, based on tradition, and not at all medicine.", "\n\nSteven Salzbery for Forbes wrote this week about a recently released paper in Nature, a significant journal for well… natural stuff. ", "In the paper, David Cyranoski does his best to present both sides of the story. ", "One being that sick people need medicine, and the other being fuck them. ", "The article is clearly not in favor of TCM, but in an effort to encourage discourse, like some other Science Guy we know, David was entirely too charitable with the woo. ", "Far too late in the article David refutes things like “triple energizer meridian” syndrome, which is, as you might guess, not a thing. ", "He points out in passing that the scientific consensus is that meridians aren’t even real. ", "Presumably citing a study of shit that should be obvious.", "\n\nHe talks a lot about “Western Medicine” as if it were merely another field. ", "@astrelaps, a Ph.D. student in biology, sums it up nice:\n\n“What a weak, equivocal article from the world’s preeminent scientific journal. “", "For those steeped in Western medicine…” is like writing ‘for those steeped in climate science’ or ‘for those steeped evolutionary biology’ when reporting on climate change denial or creationism”\n\nWell said.", "\n\nSo why then? ", "Well, it likely has something to do with China’s aggressive marketing of traditional medicine. ", "Both for international influence peddling, but also because the woo-medical industry is evaluated at 50 billion $ a year globally. ", "And those are ‘real’ dollars btw.", "\n\nBut what does it mean? ", "Well, most of it is to do with dicks. ", "For example, the slaughter of the last remaining African rhinos should probably bother you. ", "And if it doesn’t I challenge you to click the links and see the pictures of dehorned rhinos poached to make fake-viagra. ", "But we know about that one right? ", "Ok, black bears. ", "They’re farmed the way we farm chickens – which is to say terribly and in the most inhumane ways imaginable. ", "They’re barely able to move, with tubes in their abdomens to collect bile. ", "You know, to make you more virile and stuff. ", "Or the fact that we’re almost out of Asian tigers because we all know their various body parts will give you superpowers.", "\n\nAll of those items are nightmare scenarios, and they won’t help anyone with anything… unless what you need help with is cashing in on endangered species.", "\n\nThere are, of course, detractors who insist this isn’t all fraudulent horsehit. ", "Many point to artemisinin or taxol, the latter of which is discussed in detail on a recent episode of Skeptics with a K by Dr. Alice, who is a cancer researcher and infinitely more qualified than I to explain how it fucks up cancer. ", "The nutshell, art-student understood version is that it works well on some tumors but is extremely dependent on the type and the person, and with regard to the person, reactions if incorrectly taken can be fatal. ", "The former, artemisinin, is a plant extract derived from Artimisia annua, an herb that was traditionally used in China to treat malaria. ", "A Chinese researcher won the Nobel peace prize for its discovery and use as a treatment for Malaria. ", "Of course, even in these examples, or more common ones like aspirin, it should be noted that we’re talking about chemically modified extracts here, not just chewing some leaves to cure what ails you.", "\n\nSupport for TCM grew during the tenure of former WHO director Margaret Chan, who ran the WHO until 2017 and who had close ties to China. ", "When Nature tried to contact Dr. Chan, the WHO responded that Chan “is not answering questions on matters related to the WHO.”", "\n\nFinal “fun” fact. ", "This week was designated Naturopathic Medicine Week, according to a 2013 Senate resolution sponsored by Sen. Barbara Mikulski and passed by the Senate with unanimous consent. ", "What her wiki page and most other outlets won’t tell you is that in presenting the woo-woo motion, she used arguments from, and even partially quoted, Chairman Mao. ", "Mao initially encouraged TCM out of necessity, in the 1950’s he had too many sick people and not enough actual medicine, so he supported TCM publicly, while privately acknowledging its uselessness, to placate the troubled nation. ", "Barb was replaced as Maryland’s Senator in the last election.", "\n\nWHO’s page on T&CM: http://bit.ly/2OmTTI4\n\nUrban Legends are LEGENDSCARY.", "\n\nAs I threatened last week, I’m back with a couple of freaky urban legends, that actually have some basis in reality. ", "Hopefully, Shea brought his teddy bear bc I’m tryin’ to bring the creepy.", "\n\nSideNote: I want to give a big thanks to listener Jessie for suggesting the story of the Jersey Devil (no, not Snooki). ", "It didn’t work out in this particular segment, but if I do a cryptid segment this month, he’s on there!", "\n\nFirst off, just a quick rundown of the ‘I thought everyone had heard of this one’ story that Aaron apparently…hadn’t, from last week.", "\n\nScene: Lover’s Lane after dark, with smooching young couple parked in a lone car. ", "Suddenly their tryst is interrupted by a news bulletin over the radio (this is the dark time before BlueTooth, kids). ", "The alert warns listeners of an escaped murderous maniac from prison/an institution, he’s heading towards the town where the smoochers are parked and, oh yeah, he has a hook hand.", "\n\nThe now-frightened girl begs the boy to take her home, which he does reluctantly (cuz sexy time), but it’s a good thing. ", "Because as he comes around the car to open the door for her at her house (ye olde times, remember), ON THE HANDLE OF THE DOOR HANGS A HOOK!)", "\n\nOf course, this is a morality tale to warn smooching teenagers of the dangers of sex, but it wasn’t exactly an entirely fictional scenario. ", "For ten weeks in 1946, a masked creeper attacked 3 different parked couples, with the first couple being the only\n\nsurvivors. ", "The killings have become known as the Texarkana Moonlight Murders, and the killer (called the Phantom) was never caught. ", "In fact, he is sometimes linked to the much more famous and also unknown serial murderer, the Zodiac killer. ", "He was active a few decades later, sometimes wore a creepy sack-mask, and also enjoyed attacking and murdering young couples. ", "And pretty much anyone, really.", "\n\nYeah, he was probably Ted Cruz.", "\n\nSo who hasn’t heard of the story of the real dead body in the haunted fun house? ", "When a cheap carnival show has a prop or two that looks just a little too real? ", "Well, in addition to the time Steven Spielberg saved money filming Poltergeist by using real skeletons in a few scenes (without telling the cast), an amusement park in Long Beach, CA also had show business to thank for uncovering how…authentic, one of their Fun House corpses actually was.", "\n\nDuring a 1976 filming of the 6 Million Dollar man in the amusement park, a set engineer was attempting to move the fun house’s “hanging man” when he accidentally knocked off the dummy’s arm, only to discover actual human bones sticking out from the stumps.", "\n\nBut the story doesn’t end there. ", "After a little grave digging (heh heh), the identity of the now-mummified body was soon discovered. ", "It was the remains of a turn of the century Oklahoma train robber named Elmer McCurdy!", "\n\nNow, Elmer was neither a famous nor particularly good outlaw. ", "On October 4, 1911, after a string of spectacular failures, he gave the train robbery one more shot. ", "He had learned that a $400,000 payment to the Osage Indian tribe was heading his way. ", "True to form, Elmer and his buddies stopped the wrong train. ", "They got only $46 in cash, two jugs of whiskey and the conductor’s watch. ", "Sadly, he didn’t even have a chance to enjoy his spoils: he announced to the pursuing posse he wouldn’t be taken alive…and well, he was killed in the ensuing shootout.", "\n\nBut happily, for creepy story fans, his tale was just beginning. ", "He landed at a funeral parlor in Pawhuska, OK, where the mortician pumped his body full of arsenic, a common practice for embalming when it was unknown how long it took for a body to be claimed. ", "Well, sadly, no one did arrive to take Elmer home, but the mortician was an enterprising fellow. ", "He felt he had done such a bang up job on the train robber he put him on exhibit, charging a nickel per view. ", "Thus his REAL career took off, as he remained there for the next five years.", "\n\nIn 1916, he made it to the big times when his body was claimed by a representative of the Great Patterson Shows who was unscrupulously posing as a relative interested in giving Elmer a proper burial. ", "Instead, Elmer was put on an exhibition as the ‘Oklahoma Outlaw’.", "\n\nFrom that first display, Elmer McCurdy began a sixty-year odyssey in exhibition, being passed from show to show and carnival to carnival. ", "Once, he was even forfeited as security for a $500 loan and he has even displayed a theatre lobby during showings of the 1933 film Narcotic. ", "For much of the 30’s and 40’s McCurdy was displayed by former police officer Louis Sonney in his ‘Museum of Crime’. ", "Perhaps due to all the shuffling and his wanderings folks forgot that McCurdy was a real mummy and not some macabre prop. ", "By the 60’s, all memory of his true nature was forgotten and McCurdy was sold as a ‘mannequin’ to a wax museum in 1971. ", "Sometime between ‘71 and ‘76 he was purchased by the Nu-Pike Amusement Park, when he was discovered by Hollywood after losing his arm on the set of the TV show (but they can build him better, stronger, faster…).", "\n\nWhen medical examiner Thomas Noguchi opened the mummy’s mouth for other clues, he was surprised to find a 1924 penny and a ticket from Sonney Amusement’s Museum of Crime in Los Angeles. ", "That ticket and archived newspaper accounts helped police and researchers identify the body as that of Elmer McCurdy.", "\n\nFollowing a huge amount of press and much fanfare, in April 1977 the well-traveled Elmer McCurdy was finally laid to final rest in Summit View Cemetery in Guthrie, Oklahoma. ", "To ensure that the now famous corpse would not make its way back to the entertainment world, the state medical examiner ordered two cubic yards of cement poured over the coffin before the grave was closed.", "\n\nElmer has been resting happily, or at least stationary, ever since.", "\n\nNext Week’s Beer\n\nBryce Snow\n\nLong shadow India pale ale\n\nBlindman brewing\n\nBA Link: http://bit.ly/2A6QhkP\n\nBA Rating: 4.01/5\n\nStyle: American IPA\n\nABV: 7.1%\n\nFaith In Humanity Restored\n\nhttp://bit.ly/2A6QhRR\n\nThis comes from Big Gay Jim! ", "It’s a couple of months old but that means I get to do an insta-follow up! ", "If you want to say thanks to Jim for all he does, on-air and off, visit WyoAIDS.org and make a tax-deductible donation to help people living with HIV/AIDS!", "\n\nAs part of a social impact initiative, Sephora launched a complimentary makeup and skin care class for members of the trans community. ", "The classes were geared toward transgender or non-binary folks and were led by transgender Sephora Beauty Advisors who have intimate knowledge of the beauty challenges trans people face. ", "Sessions run 90 minutes and include customized personal skin care regimens and product recommendations. ", "The course covered application techniques, color and texture correction, and foundation matching.", "\n\nAs this is an in-the-past story, there’s one element that is now especially noteworthy; for those who couldn’t attend the tutorials were made available on Sephora’s YouTube channel and they’re worth a look, link in the show notes: http://bit.ly/2OhAeJD\n\nIn a press release sent to HelloGiggles, Corrie Conrad, the Head of Social Impact and Sustainability for Sephora, said:\n\n“Sephora Stands is dedicated to supporting diversity and inclusion in all of its social impact programming. ", "We stand with all members of the LGBTQA community and are committed to providing these individuals with the tools they want to feel confident and beautiful every single day. ", "At Sephora, we believe beauty is yours to define, and ours to celebrate. ", "We are honored to be a beacon of support and part of each beauty journey through our new class offering.”", "\n\nIt sounds like it was a success too, from Them.us:\n\n“We learned a lot of basics — a lot of things we need to know in order to take the rest of the free lessons Sephora offers, like the contour and highlight class. ", "We started our class with a focus on skincare, using cleansers and exfoliating wipes. ", "It felt very much like a sleepover, with a dozen trans girls of different ages all moisturizing and laughing together. ", "From there we learned how to build the base of our makeup. ", "We applied foundation and concealer and added some color to our cheeks and lips. ", "The whole thing felt very natural and normal. ", "I was a little afraid the class might be pandering or condescending, but it wasn’t. ", "It was just some women teaching other women how to do makeup and having fun together.”", "\n\nOne thing that was mentioned was a lack of emphasis on covering up 5-o’clock shadows, which could be a literal life-saver. ", "I did a bit of searching but didn’t find anything I would consider a worthwhile resource – but then, as a guy who grows his jawline, it’s not something I’m practiced at looking for. ", "If anyone has any resources or tips send them to the show – anonymously is fine – and we’ll share them out. ", "Likewise, if you’re alone, lost, or feeling like you need a community, check out the Gaytheist Manifesto with Callie Wright. ", "We’ve talked about her before – she was our first guest actually – but the community Callie has built is fantastic, welcoming, and judgment-free.", "\n\nhttp://www.thegaytheistmanifesto.com/\n\nBonus Cat Video\n\nCapillaries! ", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfOQ6c6TtaM\n\nAquaman might actually not suck entirely: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WaWnLiffxJ4\n\nBut this is 100% how we all die: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=4&v=LikxFZZO2sk\n\nJoin The Discussion\n\nWe’d love to hear from you!", "\n\nTo comment on a show or suggest a brew visit our web, Twitter or Facebook pages. ", "As always, we’d love to get a good rating on iTunes or Stitcher!", "\n\n• Twitter: @4Wrath\n\n• Facebook: Facebook.com/Waiting4Wrath\n\n• Web: Waiting4Wrath.com\n\n• Patreon: http://Patreon.com/W4W\n\n• iTunes: http://bit.ly/wrathTunes\n\n• Google Play: http://bit.ly/1VEhtx2\n\n• Stitcher: http://bit.ly/wrathStitch\n\n• Donate to WyoAIDS.org\n\n• Voicemail: (513) 760–0463" ]

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[ "Celebrate the Magic\n\nCelebrate the Magic was a nighttime show at the Magic Kingdom park of Walt Disney World, that premiered on November 13, 2012. ", "It replaced The Magic, the Memories and You display, a similar show that ran at the Magic Kingdom and Disneyland from January 2011 to September 4, 2012.", "\n\nCelebrate the Magic takes place on Cinderella Castle and includes a contemporary musical score, projection mappings, pyrotechnics and lighting. ", "A three-dimensional computer-generated rendering of Cinderella Castle was released by Disney in August 2012, revealing some of the various designs that will be displayed on the structure.", "\n\nOn October 26, 2016, it was announced that the show would be replaced by Once Upon a Time formerly from Tokyo Disneyland. ", "The last Celebrate the Magic took place on November 3, 2016.", "\n\nPlot\nTinker Bell introduces the show as she appears flying over the castle's turrets. ", "The castle is transformed into a paper canvas as Walt Disney appears sketching Mickey Mouse in his iconic Steamboat Willie appearance. ", "Tinkerbell enchants a paintbrush, which then becomes the host of the show. ", "A kaleidoscope featuring images of Mickey, Donald Duck and Goofy are projected followed soon after by short clips from Cinderella, Pinocchio and The Princess and the Frog. ", "The show then progresses into longer, classic scenes from Disney films, including; Alice in Wonderland, Dumbo, Wreck-it Ralph, The Lion King, Tarzan, The Jungle Book, Lady and the Tramp, Tangled, Toy Story, Pirates of the Caribbean and Frozen. ", "The show's climax features a fast-paced montage of characters and scenes from such other Disney films as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Bambi, Sleeping Beauty, Pocahontas, Up, Peter Pan, The Little Mermaid, Finding Nemo, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, and Tangled. ", "During the montage Walt Disney appears again, via archival footage, reciting one of his most famous quotes; \"I only hope that we never lose sight of one thing – that it was all started by a mouse\". ", "The show then proceeds into a synchronized pyrotechnic finale.", "\n\nSeasonal outlook\nSimilar to its predecessor, Celebrate the Magic will showcase sequences from that will be appropriately themed to seasonal parts of the year. ", "The show premiered with the original Christmas segment from The Magic, the Memories and You. ", "The summer months show films such as Phineas and Ferb, The Little Mermaid and Lilo & Stitch, in addition, segments featuring Disney Princesses and couples for Valentine's Day and Disney Villains for Halloween are shown, and in the winter, Frozen is showcased.", "\n\nThe summer edition debuted during the Monstrous Summer All-Nighter event on May 24, 2013 until August 31, 2013. ", "The Halloween edition featuring the Disney villains debuted on September 1, 2013 until October 31, 2013.", "\nA new segment based on Frozen debuted on November 17, 2013 replacing a segment based on Brave.", "\n\nSee also\n Celebrate! ", "Tokyo Disneyland\n Disneyland Forever\n Together Forever: A Pixar Nighttime Spectacular\n Once Upon a Time\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Magic Kingdom\nCategory:Walt Disney Parks and Resorts entertainment" ]

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[ "Bloomberg, Walcott Raise $1.5 Million In Funds To Reinstate New York Regents Exam\n\nStudents across New York will once again be offered the state regents exam this coming January.", "\n\nMayor Michael Bloomberg and Schools Chancellor Dennis Walcott announced today that they have raised $1.5 million in private donations that would fund the New York State Education Department Regents Exam's January administration, which was canceled in May to account for an $8 million state testing budget deficit.", "\n\nThe exams each year allow thousands of students in New York City alone the chance to graduate early, make up failed tests or get necessary future testing out of the way. ", "Last year, almost 2,400 of the 3,454 students who graduated from New York City Schools earned their diplomas after taking the January exam, according to the New York City Department of Education.", "\n\nThose who relied on the January exam administration are some of the most vulnerable students in the city -- such as those who returned to the classroom after dropping out or are English language learners. ", "Also in that same pool, 80 percent were black and Hispanic." ]

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[ "Ever get the feeling that when you walk into a tech store that you're the expert?", "\n\nUnless an employee brings the knowledge with him/her prior to being employed at any of the chains, you may well be. ", "I worked in the Electronics department at Target for years and the training was non-existent. ", "the only training I received while I was there was a little from the MicroSoft and Nintendo reps on the WII and the latest XBox. ", "Sony didn't bother with the Playstation." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPostfix seems to ignore spam miltering for LMTP\n\nI use SpamAssassin through a milter to check e-mail, but it seems postfix does not check local delivery (like contact forms). ", "How can I force Postfix to treat all mail as 'foreign'?", "\n\nA:\n\nOK, this was not a Postfix issue. ", "The spamass-milter plugin I use to pass e-mails from Postfix to spamc (Spamassassin client) had a flag set in its systemd file that made it ignore localhost (127.0.0.1).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Müllerian inhibiting substance inhibition of a human endometrial carcinoma cell line xenografted in nude mice.", "\nMüllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) is a fetal testicular product which causes regression of the müllerian duct in the male mammalian embryo. ", "This material has been partially purified from a neonatal bovine source and in cruder fractions has shown antitumor effects when tested against the HOC-21 ovarian carcinoma line in monolayer cytotoxicity, in soft agar colony inhibition assay, and in nude mouse xenografts. ", "The glycoprotein used for the present studies was more highly purified by sequential ion exchange, carbohydrate affinity, and dye affinity chromatography. ", "After a 1-hr exposure with 1.0 X 10(6) tumor cells prior to heterotransplantation, this more purified preparation with MIS biological activity as determined by organ culture assay of embryonic urogenital ridges delayed the appearance of palpable tumor nodules. ", "That this response may be specific for tumors derived from the coelomic epithelium of the embryo is further supported by the absence of any antitumor effect when this substance was tested against the SW-48 colon carcinoma line. ", "It is of interest that the antitumor activity followed the biological activity as the preparation was further purified to 30,000-fold." ]

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[ "Plot\n\nAfter Tora Hamilton, an OBGYN doctor in New York, collapses with a miscarriage, she and her husband Duncan Guthrie decide to retire to where he grew up on Unst, one of the remote Shetland Islands off the coast of Scotland. ", "Tora meets Duncan’s family and gets a job at the local hospital as they prepare to adopt a child. ", "Tora’s curiosity is piqued when a horse is found dead on their property. ", "During her use of a backhoe to dig a grave, she unearths a woman’s body covered in runes and with the heart torn out. ", "As the body has been buried in peat, they cannot be sure whether it died recently or hundreds of year ago. ", "While the local police quickly wrap the case up, Tora is not satisfied and continues to investigate on her own. ", "She uncovers dental records that lead her to believe the body is the wife of one of the doctors at the hospital. ", "As she starts to look into the runes, she discovers a local legend of Kumal Trows, superhuman men who mated with ordinary women but required the sacrifice of the woman by tearing her heart out nine days after she gave birth. ", "As Tora continues her investigation, she believes she has stumbled onto a secret society on the island whose members claim to be the inheritors of the Kumal Trows.", "\n\nSacrifice is the type of film that almost doesn’t get made anymore – the detective story/police procedural. ", "It was supplanted by the serial killer thriller in the 1990s and ever since then the pure detective story with the investigator doggedly following a trail of clues to solve a crime has disappeared from the multiplex. ", "You still get the odd example from foreign-language cinema such as The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009). ", "It is certainly alive and well on the small screen with the popularity of numerous shows like CSI: Crime Scene Investigators (2000-15), NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service (2003– ) and Criminal Minds (2005– ). ", "Sacrifice then proves somewhat of an oddity. ", "It is not an unwelcome in what it does; it just seems odd to see an old-fashioned film that is dependent on one person doggedly following leads, exposing the truth and so forth. ", "It is perhaps for these reasons that the publicity machine gave Sacrifice a pitch that plays it more as a horror film – something at which it never fully feels at home.", "\n\nThe film digs into some elements at the outset that leave you anticipating the potential of a dark and fantastically twisted story – possibly ancient rune-covered bodies dug up out of peat bogs, a conspiracy to kill women after they give birth, a secret society of the island’s powerful that believes they belong to a race of Celtic supermen. ", "Unfortunately for Sacrifice, it ends up failing to do anything interesting with any of this. ", "The plot has twists and turns but none of them seem to startle us with their revelations nor hold us gripped to our seats waiting to see what happens. ", "The problem, I think, is that the film has been too faithful to Sharon Bolton’s 2008 source novel and sits resolutely following all of the book’s moves but failing to ever generate its own intensity. ", "The plot oddly enough mimics that of Coma (1978) – a young doctor newly arrived at a hospital who becomes obsessed with solving the murder of a woman and uncovers a medical conspiracy that seems to involve her higher-ups and many around her.", "\n\nSacrifice was the second film for director Peter A. Dowling who had previously made the horror film Stag Night (2008). ", "Dowling also wrote the screenplays for Flightplan (2005) and Reasonable Doubt (2014)." ]

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[ "Role of multiple substrates (spent mushroom compost, ochre, steel slag, and limestone) in passive remediation of metal-containing acid mine drainage.", "\nThe potential of selected materials in treating metal-rich acid mine drainage (AMD) has been investigated in a series of batch experiment. ", "The efficiencies of both single and mixed substrates under two conditions i.e. low- and high-concentration solutions containing heavy metals were evaluated. ", "Synthetic metal-containing AMD was used in the experiments treated using spent mushroom compost (SMC), ochre, steel slag (SS), and limestone. ", "Different ratios of treatment materials were incorporated in the substrate mix and were tested in an anoxic condition. ", "In the batch test, physicochemical parameters (pH, redox potential, total dissolved solids, conductivity, and Ca concentration) and heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, and Al) were analysed. ", "The mixed substrates have shown satisfactory performance in increasing pH with increasing Ca concentration and removing metals. ", "It has been found that SS and ochre played an important role in the treatment of AMD. ", "The results showed that the mixed substrates SM1 (i.e. 10% SMC mixed with 20% ochre, 30% steel slag, and 40% limestone) and SM2 (i.e. 20% SMC mixed with 30% ochre, 40% steel slag, and 10% limestone) were effective in increasing the pH from as low as 3.5-8.09, and removing heavy metals with more than 90% removal efficiencies." ]

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[ "Moojen's Atlantic spiny rat\n\nMoojen's Atlantic spiny-rat, Trinomys moojeni, is a spiny rat species from South America. ", "It is found in Brazil. ", "It is named after twentieth-century Brazilian zoologist João Moojen.", "\n\nReferences\n\nInfonatura\n\nCategory:Trinomys\nCategory:Mammals described in 1992" ]

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[ "Traditional Ultrasound Vs 3D / 4D Ultrasound\n\nPregnancy ultrasound displays the picture of the baby in the mother’s womb using sound waves. ", "Ultrasounds have turned into a consistent and very important portion of prenatal care. ", "Early pregnancy scan utilized to affirm the fetal pulse and a uterine pregnancy. ", "Later, ultrasound screen for fetal development, placenta area and umbilical rope, and additionally the child’s general well being and life systems. ", "This is really very exciting process to see your infant in the womb, regularly moving his or her hands and legs.", "\n\nTraditional 2D Ultrasound :\n\n2D scan is the conventional technique utilized for a considerable length of time. ", "It delivers a 2-dimensional picture of your infant. ", "The outcomes are generally highly contrasting, hazy, and it concentrates on your infant’s inner structures. ", "In some ways, the 2D picture makes it less demanding for guardians to perceive structures. ", "There are many energizing things to watch utilizing 2D innovation. ", "This is the most ideal approach to decide the right position of your child.", "\n\n3D & 4D Ultrasounds:\n\n3D and 4D ultrasounds imaging innovation go past customary ultrasound filters and use extraordinary programming to give you a clearer, more reasonable and lifelike take a gander at your child. ", "In3D/4D Ultrasoundyou will “meet” and watch your child wave, yawn, or grin live while in your womb. ", "Despite the fact that 3D and 4D ultrasound is turned out to be precious in energize holding amongst family and the new infant. ", "With 3D and 4D examines, you see your child’s skin instead of her inner parts. ", "You may see the state of your child’s mouth and nose, or have the capacity to recognize her yawning or staying her tongue out. ", "3D and 4D outputs may in any case give more data about a known anomaly. ", "Since these sweeps can indicate more detail from various points. ", "The 3D/4D pregnancy output can be played out at whatever time following four months.", "\n\nWhat are the purpose of 3D / 4D Scans:\n\nTo determine the presentation/lie of the baby\n\nTo establish a current estimated fetal weight\n\nTo locate the position of the placenta\n\nTo identify and measure fetal heart rate\n\nTo determine the gender of the fetus if requested\n\nTo assess the fetus’ growth\n\nTo see the baby in 3D and 4D\n\nOn the off chance that you are uncertain whether you might want to have an ultrasound, you can talk about it with Miracle Insideexperienced Sonographer to help settle on the correct choice for you." ]

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[ "Liberal backbencher Cory Bernardi says his new Australian Conservatives group has recorded more than 50,000 online registrations and raised enough money to hire a spokesperson.", "\n\nThe right-wing South Australian senator launched the group in July, amid his high-profile complaints about the Coalition's election campaign result and criticism of Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull's performance.", "\n\nConservatives hope the group will ultimately rival the progressive lobby group GetUp!, ", "with Queensland MP George Christensen saying \"if we do nothing, we will let the forces of socialism and globalism conquer\".", "\n\nOn Monday, Senator Bernardi used an email seeking donations to report more than 50,000 people had filled in a registration form on the Australian Conservatives website." ]

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[ "Significance of increased plasma adrenomedullin concentration in patients with cirrhosis.", "\nAdrenomedullin recently discovered in human pheochromocytoma is a potent vasodilatory peptide mainly derived from vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. ", "Hyperdynamic circulation, ultimately leading to ascites formation, has been attributed to peripheral vasodilatation in liver cirrhosis. ", "However, little is known about the role of adrenomedullin in this condition. ", "Plasma adrenomedullin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay after extraction and purification in 28 cirrhotic patients without ascites, 12 cirrhotic patients with ascites and 10 healthy subjects. ", "Plasma adrenomedullin concentrations in cirrhotic patients with ascites (12.7+/-4.5 fmol/ml) were significantly higher than those in cirrhotic patients without ascites (8.2+/-2.3 fmol/ml, p<0.005) and healthy subjects (5.8+/-0.8 fmol/ml, p<0.005). ", "Interestingly, plasma adrenomedullin concentrations were highest in patients with refractory ascites (n=5, 15.8+/-3.0 fmol/ml) and were positively correlated with the Child-Pugh score (r=0.44, p<0.01). ", "Moreover, plasma adrenomedullin concentrations were positively correlated with plasma renin activity (r=0.63, p<0.0001), plasma aldosterone (r=0.60, p<0.0001) and plasma norepinephrine concentrations (r=0.60, p<0.0001), and negatively correlated with creatinine clearance (r=-0.61, p<0.0005) and urinary sodium excretion (r=-0.44, p<0.02). ", "Stepwise multiple regression analysis using certain independent variables, including Pugh's score, vasoactive substances, renal function and hemodynamic parameters, showed that the adjusted R square was highest when plasma renin activity and creatinine clearance (standard coefficient=0.53, -0.49, respectively) were considered (adjusted R square=0.61, p<0.0001). ", "Plasma adrenomedullin concentrations increased with the progression of liver cirrhosis and were highest in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites. ", "In addition, elevated adrenomedullin was associated with activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems, and with functional renal impairment in cirrhosis. ", "Considering the potent vasodilatory action of adrenomedullin, increased adrenomedullin may participate in the hyperdynamic circulation, ultimately leading to ascites formation, in patients with liver cirrhosis." ]

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[ "The basic price include 2 participants | admission tickets are included | Private Capitoline Museum Tour or Choose another museum you want to visit and get a 3 hour guided tour to the beautiful architecture, paintings and sculptures of these places. ", "Explore the art and architecture displayed in every inch of these museums to make your Rome visit worthwhile. ", "Private Capitoline Museum Tour\n\nAvailable Languages & Description\n\nCapitoline museum tours: Rome is often called an open air museum. ", "It has earned this reputation because you never get to move away from the history and art of this place even when you are walking on the streets. ", "There are some excellent private as well as public museums in this area that will definitely attract your and take you on a tour to the times gone by. ", "These small and large spaces have preserved a piece of history in their premises which definitely demand a visit. ", "In the Museums Tour, you can choose from three awe-inspiring museums in Rome to take a 3 hour guided tour to their premises.", "\n\nThe first museum is the Musei Capitolini. ", "This 15th century museum came into existence in 1471. ", "Pope Sisto IV gifted a number of bronze statues to the Romans that had great symbolic value. ", "A lot of stuff showcased inside the museum comes from the beautiful city of Rome. ", "The second museum is Galleria Borghese. ", "This museum is located within a beautiful lush green park and showcases the family collection of many sculptures and paintings that were brought into the building. ", "The place was commission by Cardian Scipione Borghese, hence the name Galleria Borghese. ", "Here, you will be finding the paintings of Raphael and Caravaggio from the 15th to the 19thy century. ", "Not only this, it also features many sculptures from Canova and Bernini from the 16th to 19th century. ", "The third museum is the famous National Etruscan Museum. ", "The museum is houses inside one of the most beautiful 16th century buildings in Rome and has a beautiful garden of its own. ", "The building was originally made for Giulio II by Ammannati and Vignola. ", "There is a beautiful sculpture of Veio Apollo here. ", "The archaeological departments of Umbria and Lazio regions’ non Eturian and southern Eturian areas are also housed in this building. ", "With three beautiful museums to choose from, you will certainly have to make a difficult choice. ", "However, whatever choice you make, you will surely be spellbound.", "\n\nCapitoline museum tours\n\nWe are happy to help you!", "\n\nWhy choose Once in Rome?", "\n\nWe, at Once in Rome want you to feel that you’re traveling like an insider. ", "That is why we named our company Once in Rome. ", "As avid travelers, we love to be treated to the special sites and experiences only insiders get. ", "We have given thousands of tours over the last five years and that has given us the knowledge of what to offer the discerning traveller.", "\n\nWe have the Insider Low Price Guarantee. ", "With this you can be sure that Once in Rome gives you the lowest price on any tour you select.", "\n\nWhen you book with Once in Rome you get a direct line local contact in every city you are in.", "\n\nWe set small group size, found the best tour guides proficient in English, and Private tours also in French , German, Spanish and Portuguese)," ]

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[ "package com.actionbarsherlock.internal.app;\n\nimport java.util.", "HashSet;\nimport java.util.", "Set;\n\nimport android.app.", "Activity;\nimport android.content.", "Context;\nimport android.graphics.drawable.", "Drawable;\nimport android.support.v4.app.", "FragmentActivity;\nimport android.support.v4.app.", "FragmentTransaction;\nimport android.view.", "View;\nimport android.widget.", "SpinnerAdapter;\n\nimport com.actionbarsherlock.app.", "ActionBar;\n\npublic class ActionBarWrapper extends ActionBar implements android.app.", "ActionBar.", "OnNavigationListener, android.app.", "ActionBar.", "OnMenuVisibilityListener {\n private final Activity mActivity;\n private final android.app.", "ActionBar mActionBar;\n private ActionBar.", "OnNavigationListener mNavigationListener;\n private Set<OnMenuVisibilityListener> mMenuVisibilityListeners = new HashSet<OnMenuVisibilityListener>(1);\n private FragmentTransaction mFragmentTransaction;\n\n\n public ActionBarWrapper(Activity activity) {\n mActivity = activity;\n mActionBar = activity.getActionBar();\n if (mActionBar !", "= null) {\n mActionBar.addOnMenuVisibilityListener(this);\n }\n }\n\n\n @Override\n public void setHomeButtonEnabled(boolean enabled) {\n mActionBar.setHomeButtonEnabled(enabled);\n }\n\n @Override\n public Context getThemedContext() {\n return mActionBar.getThemedContext();\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setCustomView(View view) {\n mActionBar.setCustomView(view);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setCustomView(View view, LayoutParams layoutParams) {\n android.app.", "ActionBar.", "LayoutParams lp = new android.app.", "ActionBar.", "LayoutParams(layoutParams);\n lp.gravity = layoutParams.gravity;\n lp.bottomMargin = layoutParams.bottomMargin;\n lp.topMargin = layoutParams.topMargin;\n lp.leftMargin = layoutParams.leftMargin;\n lp.rightMargin = layoutParams.rightMargin;\n mActionBar.setCustomView(view, lp);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setCustomView(int resId) {\n mActionBar.setCustomView(resId);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setIcon(int resId) {\n mActionBar.setIcon(resId);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setIcon(Drawable icon) {\n mActionBar.setIcon(icon);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setLogo(int resId) {\n mActionBar.setLogo(resId);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setLogo(Drawable logo) {\n mActionBar.setLogo(logo);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setListNavigationCallbacks(SpinnerAdapter adapter, OnNavigationListener callback) {\n mNavigationListener = callback;\n mActionBar.setListNavigationCallbacks(adapter, (callback !", "= null) ? ", "this : null);\n }\n\n @Override\n public boolean onNavigationItemSelected(int itemPosition, long itemId) {\n //This should never be a NullPointerException since we only set\n //ourselves as the listener when the callback is not null.", "\n return mNavigationListener.onNavigationItemSelected(itemPosition, itemId);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setSelectedNavigationItem(int position) {\n mActionBar.setSelectedNavigationItem(position);\n }\n\n @Override\n public int getSelectedNavigationIndex() {\n return mActionBar.getSelectedNavigationIndex();\n }\n\n @Override\n public int getNavigationItemCount() {\n return mActionBar.getNavigationItemCount();\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setTitle(CharSequence title) {\n mActionBar.setTitle(title);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setTitle(int resId) {\n mActionBar.setTitle(resId);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setSubtitle(CharSequence subtitle) {\n mActionBar.setSubtitle(subtitle);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setSubtitle(int resId) {\n mActionBar.setSubtitle(resId);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setDisplayOptions(int options) {\n mActionBar.setDisplayOptions(options);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setDisplayOptions(int options, int mask) {\n mActionBar.setDisplayOptions(options, mask);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setDisplayUseLogoEnabled(boolean useLogo) {\n mActionBar.setDisplayUseLogoEnabled(useLogo);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setDisplayShowHomeEnabled(boolean showHome) {\n mActionBar.setDisplayShowHomeEnabled(showHome);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setDisplayHomeAsUpEnabled(boolean showHomeAsUp) {\n mActionBar.setDisplayHomeAsUpEnabled(showHomeAsUp);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setDisplayShowTitleEnabled(boolean showTitle) {\n mActionBar.setDisplayShowTitleEnabled(showTitle);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setDisplayShowCustomEnabled(boolean showCustom) {\n mActionBar.setDisplayShowCustomEnabled(showCustom);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setBackgroundDrawable(Drawable d) {\n mActionBar.setBackgroundDrawable(d);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setStackedBackgroundDrawable(Drawable d) {\n mActionBar.setStackedBackgroundDrawable(d);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setSplitBackgroundDrawable(Drawable d) {\n mActionBar.setSplitBackgroundDrawable(d);\n }\n\n @Override\n public View getCustomView() {\n return mActionBar.getCustomView();\n }\n\n @Override\n public CharSequence getTitle() {\n return mActionBar.getTitle();\n }\n\n @Override\n public CharSequence getSubtitle() {\n return mActionBar.getSubtitle();\n }\n\n @Override\n public int getNavigationMode() {\n return mActionBar.getNavigationMode();\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setNavigationMode(int mode) {\n mActionBar.setNavigationMode(mode);\n }\n\n @Override\n public int getDisplayOptions() {\n return mActionBar.getDisplayOptions();\n }\n\n public class TabWrapper extends ActionBar.", "Tab implements android.app.", "ActionBar.", "TabListener {\n final android.app.", "ActionBar.", "Tab mNativeTab;\n private Object mTag;\n private TabListener mListener;\n\n public TabWrapper(android.app.", "ActionBar.", "Tab nativeTab) {\n mNativeTab = nativeTab;\n mNativeTab.setTag(this);\n }\n\n @Override\n public int getPosition() {\n return mNativeTab.getPosition();\n }\n\n @Override\n public Drawable getIcon() {\n return mNativeTab.getIcon();\n }\n\n @Override\n public CharSequence getText() {\n return mNativeTab.getText();\n }\n\n @Override\n public Tab setIcon(Drawable icon) {\n mNativeTab.setIcon(icon);\n return this;\n }\n\n @Override\n public Tab setIcon(int resId) {\n mNativeTab.setIcon(resId);\n return this;\n }\n\n @Override\n public Tab setText(CharSequence text) {\n mNativeTab.setText(text);\n return this;\n }\n\n @Override\n public Tab setText(int resId) {\n mNativeTab.setText(resId);\n return this;\n }\n\n @Override\n public Tab setCustomView(View view) {\n mNativeTab.setCustomView(view);\n return this;\n }\n\n @Override\n public Tab setCustomView(int layoutResId) {\n mNativeTab.setCustomView(layoutResId);\n return this;\n }\n\n @Override\n public View getCustomView() {\n return mNativeTab.getCustomView();\n }\n\n @Override\n public Tab setTag(Object obj) {\n mTag = obj;\n return this;\n }\n\n @Override\n public Object getTag() {\n return mTag;\n }\n\n @Override\n public Tab setTabListener(TabListener listener) {\n mNativeTab.setTabListener(listener !", "= null ? ", "this : null);\n mListener = listener;\n return this;\n }\n\n @Override\n public void select() {\n mNativeTab.select();\n }\n\n @Override\n public Tab setContentDescription(int resId) {\n mNativeTab.setContentDescription(resId);\n return this;\n }\n\n @Override\n public Tab setContentDescription(CharSequence contentDesc) {\n mNativeTab.setContentDescription(contentDesc);\n return this;\n }\n\n @Override\n public CharSequence getContentDescription() {\n return mNativeTab.getContentDescription();\n }\n\n @Override\n public void onTabReselected(android.app.", "ActionBar.", "Tab tab, android.app.", "FragmentTransaction ft) {\n if (mListener !", "= null) {\n FragmentTransaction trans = null;\n if (mActivity instanceof FragmentActivity) {\n trans = ((FragmentActivity)mActivity).getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction()\n .disallowAddToBackStack();\n }\n\n mListener.onTabReselected(this, trans);\n\n if (trans !", "= null && !", "trans.isEmpty()) {\n trans.commit();\n }\n }\n }\n\n @Override\n public void onTabSelected(android.app.", "ActionBar.", "Tab tab, android.app.", "FragmentTransaction ft) {\n if (mListener !", "= null) {\n\n if (mFragmentTransaction == null && mActivity instanceof FragmentActivity) {\n mFragmentTransaction = ((FragmentActivity)mActivity).getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction()\n .disallowAddToBackStack();\n }\n\n mListener.onTabSelected(this, mFragmentTransaction);\n\n if (mFragmentTransaction !", "= null) {\n if (!", "mFragmentTransaction.isEmpty()) {\n mFragmentTransaction.commit();\n }\n mFragmentTransaction = null;\n }\n }\n }\n\n @Override\n public void onTabUnselected(android.app.", "ActionBar.", "Tab tab, android.app.", "FragmentTransaction ft) {\n if (mListener !", "= null) {\n FragmentTransaction trans = null;\n if (mActivity instanceof FragmentActivity) {\n trans = ((FragmentActivity)mActivity).getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction()\n .disallowAddToBackStack();\n mFragmentTransaction = trans;\n }\n\n mListener.onTabUnselected(this, trans);\n }\n }\n }\n\n @Override\n public Tab newTab() {\n return new TabWrapper(mActionBar.newTab());\n }\n\n @Override\n public void addTab(Tab tab) {\n mActionBar.addTab(((TabWrapper)tab).mNativeTab);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void addTab(Tab tab, boolean setSelected) {\n mActionBar.addTab(((TabWrapper)tab).mNativeTab, setSelected);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void addTab(Tab tab, int position) {\n mActionBar.addTab(((TabWrapper)tab).mNativeTab, position);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void addTab(Tab tab, int position, boolean setSelected) {\n mActionBar.addTab(((TabWrapper)tab).mNativeTab, position, setSelected);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void removeTab(Tab tab) {\n mActionBar.removeTab(((TabWrapper)tab).mNativeTab);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void removeTabAt(int position) {\n mActionBar.removeTabAt(position);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void removeAllTabs() {\n mActionBar.removeAllTabs();\n }\n\n @Override\n public void selectTab(Tab tab) {\n mActionBar.selectTab(((TabWrapper)tab).mNativeTab);\n }\n\n @Override\n public Tab getSelectedTab() {\n android.app.", "ActionBar.", "Tab selected = mActionBar.getSelectedTab();\n return (selected !", "= null) ? (", "Tab)selected.getTag() : null;\n }\n\n @Override\n public Tab getTabAt(int index) {\n android.app.", "ActionBar.", "Tab selected = mActionBar.getTabAt(index);\n return (selected !", "= null) ? (", "Tab)selected.getTag() : null;\n }\n\n @Override\n public int getTabCount() {\n return mActionBar.getTabCount();\n }\n\n @Override\n public int getHeight() {\n return mActionBar.getHeight();\n }\n\n @Override\n public void show() {\n mActionBar.show();\n }\n\n @Override\n public void hide() {\n mActionBar.hide();\n }\n\n @Override\n public boolean isShowing() {\n return mActionBar.isShowing();\n }\n\n @Override\n public void addOnMenuVisibilityListener(OnMenuVisibilityListener listener) {\n mMenuVisibilityListeners.add(listener);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void removeOnMenuVisibilityListener(OnMenuVisibilityListener listener) {\n mMenuVisibilityListeners.remove(listener);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void onMenuVisibilityChanged(boolean isVisible) {\n for (OnMenuVisibilityListener listener : mMenuVisibilityListeners) {\n listener.onMenuVisibilityChanged(isVisible);\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "In the construction industry, the problem of noise transmission from one room to another within a building has become significant with the advent of large office buildings and huge apartment complexes. ", "It is important that the floors, walls, and ceilings of offices or apartments be sound-insulated so that speech, music, or like sounds from one room are not heard in an adjoining room. ", "Good sound insulation is particularly important in flooring since the flooring must not only resist transmission of airborne sounds such as music or speech, but must also insulate against impact-produced sounds resulting from walking, moving of furniture, and the like.", "\nSound-insulating flooring which has previously been used, or which is in present use, is generally either difficult to install, yields poor sound insulating qualities or is quite expensive. ", "To prepare one such floor, a thick, wet mixture of Portland cement with sand is poured in the usual manner onto a subfloor, this well-known cement thereafter being troweled and finished to provide a smooth flooring. ", "Since the horizontal dimensions of a floor in an office or apartment are fixed by the walls, shrinkage during setting of a poured Portland cement floor results in cracks in the floor which can seriously reduce the effectiveness of the floor as a sound barrier. ", "Since the concrete mixture is quite thick and pasty, considerable effort and time and hence expense, is involved in pouring and finishing a floor of this type.", "\nOther sound-insulating floors involve the installation of pre-formed sheets of particle board or of gypsum-type sheetrock. ", "Considerable effort is required in cutting such pre-formed sheets to the exact size of the floor so as to avoid cracks or fissures between abutting sheets or between the edges of the sheets and the walls. ", "Since the sheets must be cut to size, a considerable waste of material results.", "\nTo form a good acoustic barrier, an acoustic flooring layer should be free of cracks and should extend into abutment with the walls. ", "In addition, the flooring should be capable of having nails pounded through it without chipping, as when carpeting is laid over the flooring. ", "For good resistance to sound transmission, the flooring should be generally quite dense. ", "Further, at least the upper surface of the flooring should be hard so as to resist denting or other deforming which may be caused by accidental dropping of heavy objects on the floor or by applying continuous, concentrated weight to the floor as by the feet of a waterbed or refrigerator or other heavy object. ", "From an economic standpoint, the floor should be quickly and easily laid and finished.", "\nThe subfloor, or underlayment, upon which acoustic flooring is installed often is plywood, which may delaminate when soaked with water. ", "Moreover, the walls of offices and apartment complexes quite commonly are of a gypsum-type wallboard which may be damaged when soaked with water. ", "To avoid water damage to the subfloor and wallboard, some means of controlling water seepage is required to prevent water damage when an acoustic floor is prepared from a water-containing mixture such as that described above.", "\nA flooring which can be easily poured and finished with a minimum expenditure of time and without waste of material, which would avoid water damage to subflooring and wallboards, which would be highly resistant to cracking or chipping in use, which would extend completely to the walls and be anchored securely to the subflooring, and which would offer high resistance to sound transmission, is much to be desired." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Pod\nAre you ready for extraordinary \"Asian-fusion\" cuisine served in a beyond-trendy decor? ", "Then step into this high-tech restaurant featuring a conveyor belt sushi bar, the latest video imagery and, of course, the chic dining \"pods.\" ", "Lunch, dinner and late-night dining are available." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Toothache as a Warning Sign of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Postmortem Findings.", "\nThe symptoms of sudden severe headache and/or diminished consciousness characterize the onset of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). ", "However, several studies have suggested that some patients show an atypical presentation at the onset: symptoms lacking sudden headache and diminished consciousness. ", "These atypical symptoms can easily lead to misdiagnosis. ", "This paper reported the death cases of acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage with toothache as the first symptom, hoping to provide clinical evidence for the general public doctors to reduce the misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis of SAH, improve the identification ability of SAH, and prevent such death events from happening again." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "The issue of immunology in stem cell therapies: a pharmaceutical perspective.", "\nCautious approaches in the clinic are currently proposed, supported by relevant in vitro, in vivo and published data. ", "Key to developing our understanding of the risks of immune rejection of stem cell based therapies will be the inclusion of immunological endpoints in clinical trials and the sharing of data. ", "There is likely not a one-size-fits all strategy but one dependent on cell therapy, mode of action and disease indication." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Hypertrophic bursopathy of the subacromial-subdeltoid bursa in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: sonographic appearance.", "\nHypertrophic bursopathy is a term used to describe the massive synovial proliferation occasionally seen in the bursae of patients with arthritis. ", "Involvement of the subacromial-subdeltoid (SA-SD) bursa in adults in uncommon, and it is still rarer in children. ", "It may simulate synovial proliferation or fluid within the adjacent shoulder joint. ", "Sonography clearly shows the location and nature of the soft-tissue swelling. ", "Two cases of this entity in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis are described, one with a uniquely severe sonographic picture." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Paulinho\n\nPaulinho is a diminutive name in the Portuguese language. ", "\n\nIt is frequently used as a nickname of various people named Paulo (Paul -inho, the little Paul). ", "In this case it is often combined with an epithet, sometimes a demonym referring to their place of origin, to distinguish them from other people with the same nickname, as shown in several of the following examples:\n\nMusic\nPaulinho da Costa, Brazilian percussionist\nPaulinho da Viola, Brazilian sambista\nPaulinho Moska, Brazilian composer\nPaulinho Nogueira, Brazilian guitarist\n\nPortuguese sportsmen\n\nCycling\nSérgio Paulinho, Portuguese cyclist, real name Sérgio Miguel Moreira\n\nFootball\nPaulinho (footballer, born 1966), real name Paulo José Ramos Mendes, Portuguese defender\nPaulinho Santos, real name João Paulo Maio dos Santos, Portuguese midfielder\nPaulinho (footballer, born 1985), real name Paulo Dinarte Gouveia Pestana, Portuguese midfielder\nPaulinho (footballer, born 1991), real name Paulo Sérgio Mota, Portuguese defender\nPaulinho (footballer, born March 1992), real name Paulo Jorge Almeida Silva, Portuguese defender\nPaulinho (footballer, born November 1992), real name João Paulo Dias Fernandes, Portuguese forward\n\nFutsal\nPaulinho (futsal player) (born 1983), full name Paulo Jorge Camões Martins, futsal player\n\nBrazilian sportsmen\n\nFootball\nPaulinho Ferreira, (born 1940), played for Palmeiras and the Brazil Olympic team\nPaulinho (footballer, born 1958), played for Vasco da Gama and Grêmio\nPaulinho Cascavel, (born 1959), played for Vitória de Guimarães and Sporting Clube de Portugal\nPaulinho Criciúma, (born 1961), played for Criciúma and several clubs in Korea and North America\nPaulinho McLaren (born 1963), played for numerous clubs in Brazil including Santos and Sport Club Internacional\nPaulinho Kobayashi (born 1970), played for numerous clubs in Brazil and Greece, including for Ionikos and Panachaiki\nPaulinho (footballer, born 1975), played for a number of clubs in Brazil, including Flamengo\nPaulinho Guará (born 1979), played for Örgryte and Hammarby \nPaulinho (footballer, born 1982), played for Atlético Mineiro, Kyoto Sanga and Ventforet Kofu\nPaulinho (footballer, born January 1983), representing Hong Kong, and played for Olímpia, Kitchee and Citizen\nPaulinho (footballer, born August 1983), played for a number of clubs in Portugal, Brazil and Cyprus\nPaulinho (footballer, born January 1986), played for Livorno and Al-Arabi\nPaulinho (footballer, born April 1986), for BK Häcken\nPaulinho Dias, (born May 1988), played for a number of clubs, including Chapecoense and Atlético Paranaense\nPaulinho (footballer, born June 1988), played for Flamengo\nPaulinho (footballer, born July 1988), full name José Paulo Bezerra Maciel Júnior, played for Brazil, Corinthians, Tottenham Hotspur, Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao and Barcelona\nPaulinho Le Petit, (born 1989), played for Miami FC/Fort Lauderdale Strikers\nPaulinho (footballer, born 1989), full name Paulo Sérgio de Oliveira\nPaulinho (footballer, born January 1993), full name Paulo Modesto da Silva Júnior\nPaulinho (footballer, born May 1993), full name Paulo Victor de Menezes Melo\nPaulinho Moccelin (born 1994), played for Grêmio and Juventude\nPaulinho (footballer, born 1994), full name Paulo Henrique Soares dos Santos\nPaulinho (footballer, born 1995), full name Paulo Victor da Silva, plays for Midtjylland\nPaulinho (footballer, born 1997), full name Paulo Lucas Santos de Paula, plays for Boavista\nPaulinho (footballer, born 1998), full name Paulo Henrique Pereira da Silva, plays for São Paulo\nPaulinho (footballer, born 2000), full name Paulo Henrique Sampaio Filho, played for and Vasco da Gama and Bayer Leverkusen\n\nBasketball\nPaulinho Boracini (born 1984), basketball player\n\nOthers\nPaulinho Paiakan, Brazilian indigenous leader\n\nSee also\n \nPaul (disambiguation)\nPaulo\n\nCategory:Portuguese masculine given names" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "include README.rst\ninclude LICENSE\ninclude NEWS\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.020833333333333332 ]

[ "/**\n * @generated SignedSource<<9bce659a43d6f6115b20a18f6c995d8a>>\n *\n * !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!", "\n * !! ", "This file is a check-in of a static_upstream project! ", " !!", "\n * !! ", " !!", "\n * !! ", "You should not modify this file directly. ", "Instead: !!", "\n * !! ", "1) Use `fjs use-upstream` to temporarily replace this with !!", "\n * !! ", " the latest version from upstream. ", " !!", "\n * !! ", "2) Make your changes, test them, etc. ", " !!", "\n * !! ", "3) Use `fjs push-upstream` to copy your changes back to !!", "\n * !! ", " static_upstream. ", " !!", "\n * !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!", "\n *\n * Copyright 2004-present Facebook. ", "All Rights Reserved.", "\n *\n * @providesModule crc32\n */\n\n/* jslint bitwise: true */\n\n/**\n * Copyright (c) 2006 Andrea Ercolino\n * http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php\n */\nvar table = '00000000 77073096 EE0E612C 990951BA 076DC419 706AF48F E963A535 ' +\n '9E6495A3 0EDB8832 79DCB8A4 E0D5E91E 97D2D988 09B64C2B 7EB17CBD E7B82D07 ' +\n '90BF1D91 1DB71064 6AB020F2 F3B97148 84BE41DE 1ADAD47D 6DDDE4EB F4D4B551 ' +\n '83D385C7 136C9856 646BA8C0 FD62F97A 8A65C9EC 14015C4F 63066CD9 FA0F3D63 ' +\n '8D080DF5 3B6E20C8 4C69105E D56041E4 A2677172 3C03E4D1 4B04D447 D20D85FD ' +\n 'A50AB56B 35B5A8FA 42B2986C DBBBC9D6 ACBCF940 32D86CE3 45DF5C75 DCD60DCF ' +\n 'ABD13D59 26D930AC 51DE003A C8D75180 BFD06116 21B4F4B5 56B3C423 CFBA9599 ' +\n 'B8BDA50F 2802B89E 5F058808 C60CD9B2 B10BE924 2F6F7C87 58684C11 C1611DAB ' +\n 'B6662D3D 76DC4190 01DB7106 98D220BC EFD5102A 71B18589 06B6B51F 9FBFE4A5 ' +\n 'E8B8D433 7807C9A2 0F00F934 9609A88E E10E9818 7F6A0DBB 086D3D2D 91646C97 ' +\n 'E6635C01 6B6B51F4 1C6C6162 856530D8 F262004E 6C0695ED 1B01A57B 8208F4C1 ' +\n 'F50FC457 65B0D9C6 12B7E950 8BBEB8EA FCB9887C 62DD1DDF 15DA2D49 8CD37CF3 ' +\n 'FBD44C65 4DB26158 3AB551CE A3BC0074 D4BB30E2 4ADFA541 3DD895D7 A4D1C46D ' +\n 'D3D6F4FB 4369E96A 346ED9FC AD678846 DA60B8D0 44042D73 33031DE5 AA0A4C5F ' +\n 'DD0D7CC9 5005713C 270241AA BE0B1010 C90C2086 5768B525 206F85B3 B966D409 ' +\n 'CE61E49F 5EDEF90E 29D9C998 B0D09822 C7D7A8B4 59B33D17 2EB40D81 B7BD5C3B ' +\n 'C0BA6CAD EDB88320 9ABFB3B6 03B6E20C 74B1D29A EAD54739 9DD277AF 04DB2615 ' +\n '73DC1683 E3630B12 94643B84 0D6D6A3E 7A6A5AA8 E40ECF0B 9309FF9D 0A00AE27 ' +\n '7D079EB1 F00F9344 8708A3D2 1E01F268 6906C2FE F762575D 806567CB 196C3671 ' +\n '6E6B06E7 FED41B76 89D32BE0 10DA7A5A 67DD4ACC F9B9DF6F 8EBEEFF9 17B7BE43 ' +\n '60B08ED5 D6D6A3E8 A1D1937E 38D8C2C4 4FDFF252 D1BB67F1 A6BC5767 3FB506DD ' +\n '48B2364B D80D2BDA AF0A1B4C 36034AF6 41047A60 DF60EFC3 A867DF55 316E8EEF ' +\n '4669BE79 CB61B38C BC66831A 256FD2A0 5268E236 CC0C7795 BB0B4703 220216B9 ' +\n '5505262F C5BA3BBE B2BD0B28 2BB45A92 5CB36A04 C2D7FFA7 B5D0CF31 2CD99E8B ' +\n '5BDEAE1D 9B64C2B0 EC63F226 756AA39C 026D930A 9C0906A9 EB0E363F 72076785 ' +\n '05005713 95BF4A82 E2B87A14 7BB12BAE 0CB61B38 92D28E9B E5D5BE0D 7CDCEFB7 ' +\n '0BDBDF21 86D3D2D4 F1D4E242 68DDB3F8 1FDA836E 81BE16CD F6B9265B 6FB077E1 ' +\n '18B74777 88085AE6 FF0F6A70 66063BCA 11010B5C 8F659EFF F862AE69 616BFFD3 ' +\n '166CCF45 A00AE278 D70DD2EE 4E048354 3903B3C2 A7672661 D06016F7 4969474D ' +\n '3E6E77DB AED16A4A D9D65ADC 40DF0B66 37D83BF0 A9BCAE53 DEBB9EC5 47B2CF7F ' +\n '30B5FFE9 BDBDF21C CABAC28A 53B39330 24B4A3A6 BAD03605 CDD70693 54DE5729 ' +\n '23D967BF B3667A2E C4614AB8 5D681B02 2A6F2B94 B40BBE37 C30C8EA1 5A05DF1B ' +\n '2D02EF8D';\n\n/**\n * @returns Number\n */\nfunction crc32(str) {\n var crc = 0;\n var n = 0;\n var x = 0;\n crc = crc ^ (-1);\n for (var i = 0, iTop = str.length; i < iTop; i++) {\n n = (crc ^ str.charCodeAt(i)) & 0xFF;\n x = \"0x\" + table.substr(n * 9, 8);\n crc = (crc >>> 8) ^ x;\n }\n return crc ^ (-1);\n}\n\nmodule.exports = crc32;\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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