Datasets:

tomekkorbak

/

pii-pile-chunk3-700000-750000

like 0

[ "2016 Pennsylvania Democratic primary\n\nThe 2016 Pennsylvania Democratic primary was held on April 26 in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania as one of the Democratic Party's primaries ahead of the 2016 presidential election.", "\n\nThe Democratic Party's primaries in Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland and Rhode Island were held the same day, as were Republican primaries in the same five states, including their own Pennsylvania primary. ", "Despite winning the Pennsylvania primary, Clinton went on to lose the state in the general election. ", "The victory in Pennsylvania, together with other states in the so-called Blue Wall, won Trump the presidency.", "\n\nOpinion polling\n\nResults\n\nResults by county\n\nAnalysis \nClinton won a large victory over runner-up Bernie Sanders in Pennsylvania, replicating her 2008 performance against Barack Obama in the Keystone state. ", "According to exit polls, Clinton won the white vote 51–47 (68% of the electorate), won the African American vote 70–30 (19% of the electorate), and won among women 60-39 (she lost men 50-49 to Sanders). ", "While Sanders won among younger voters 63-37, Clinton won voters over the age of 45 66-33. ", "Clinton swept all income and educational attainment levels except for whites without college degrees, whom Sanders won 50–49.", "\n\nClinton swept all political ideologies in the primary. ", "She won Democrats 62-38 but lost self-identified Independents to Sanders 72–26.", "\n\nClinton also won among unions 56-43, a very important demographic in a big manufacturing state like Pennsylvania.", "\n\nClinton won large victories in all of Pennsylvania's major cities: she won in Philadelphia 63-37, the affluent Philadelphia suburbs 58-42, and also carried the cities of Pittsburgh and Erie. ", "She won in Northeastern Pennsylvania 51-48, and in Western Pennsylvania 54-45. ", "Sanders, for his part, did better in the rural parts of the state, winning rural voters 50–48 and carrying Central Pennsylvania 50-49. ", "Sanders swept many of the more remote and conservative counties of the state, including parts of Amish country such as Lancaster County.", "\n\nOf her victory in the Keystone State, New York Times analyst Alan Rappeport commented, \"Lots of Philadelphia history and imagery coming from Clinton now. ", "It's almost as if she has her convention speech ready.\"", "\n\nReferences\n\nPennsylvania\nDemocratic primary\n2016" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.004608294930875576, 0.004830917874396135, 0.009900990099009901, 0.009174311926605505, 0.009569377990430622, 0.009852216748768473, 0.01098901098901099, 0.016, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0.0051813471502590676, 0, 0, 0, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0 ]

[ "Justin Hamilton\n\nJustin Hamilton may refer to:\n\n Justin Hamilton (American football) (born 1982), American football safety\n Justin Hamilton (comedian), Australian comedian, writer and radio host\n Justin Hamilton (basketball, born 1990), American basketball center\n Justin Hamilton (basketball, born 1980), American basketball point guard/shooting guard\n Justin Hamilton (defensive lineman) (born 1993), American football player" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.02576112412177986 ]

[ "Hyderabad: In what may be a unique initiative to integrate and utilise entire datasets available, the Telangana government has managed to create its own software, which senior officials say is a “search tool\", to identify citizen details for various government services. ", "The project, ‘Samagra Vedika’, allows the state to seamlessly integrate and cross check citizen data among all its departments without relying on Aadhaar, especially with regard to welfare schemes.", "\n\nThe move has, however, not gone down well with independent researchers and privacy experts who have cautioned against its usage saying that linking all the databases was done very quietly and to avoid raising any suspicion.", "\n\n‘Samagra Vedika’, created in 2017, allows the state to verify or check citizen data from about 25 departments. ", "A person’s name, father’s name and residential address are used to cross-check details, which officials say is done with about 95% accuracy. ", "The software was created before the Supreme Court in 2017 disallowed use of Aadhaar for any such purpose, informed a senior state government official. ", "The software has also been praised in the 2018-19 Economic Survey report.", "\n\n“Every department maintains a data base, for example the GHMC (Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation) maintains a data of property tax payers, the water board maintains information of consumers, etc. ", "The IT department has created a tool that can search all these databases, and individual departments will not have access to each other’s information. ", "In terms of technology this is a great achievement,\" said Jayesh Ranjan, principal secretary (Information Technology), Government of Telangana.", "\n\nClaiming that there is a “wrong impression created by many\", Ranjan said there is no collation of data or creation of a mega database. “", "The datasets remain where they are. ", "The software is devoid of Aadhaar. ", "The Government has all the rights to do these kinds of verifications in the legitimate discharge of its duty. ", "We are doing this for the better targeting of government services,\" Ranjan told Mint, and added that the software’s functioning is within the purview of the law.", "\n\nSupreme Court lawyer and cyber law expert Nappinai N.S. said the threat or risks that arise from linking of data ets, is the very basis on which it was struck down by the Supreme Court (in the Puttaswamy judgement). “", "It violates the privacy of an individual. ", "Without this tech you could not have had this level of surveillance of an individual. ", "The first Puttuswamy (Aadhaar) judgment defined privacy rights,\" she added.", "\n\nNappinai pointed out that while earlier it was only envisaged that there was a threat (to privacy of an individual). “", "Today you can see a state entity doing this, and it is no longer merely a threat,\" she told Mint.", "\n\nThe ‘Samagra Vedika’ software, however, is not for all departments to use or access each other’s data. ", "A team undertakes the task, based on request from a particular department, to verify details when required. ", "Ranjan said those running it have their backgrounds verified and that everything was built in-house, and nothing was outsourced.", "\n\nHowever, an independent researcher and data analyst from Hyderabad, who did not want to be quoted, questioned the ethics behind the whole idea, and pointed out that the software was created without informing the public. “", "Nobody talked about it, why were they so silent on it? ", "Telangana announces every single thing it creates on tech, so why not this?\" ", "he asked.", "\n\nSubscribe to Mint Newsletters * Enter a valid email * Thank you for subscribing to our newsletter.", "\n\nShare Via" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0.005076142131979695, 0, 0, 0, 0.006622516556291391, 0, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0.013986013986013986, 0.007246376811594203, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0, 0.0078125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase-derived nitric oxide as a therapeutical target for acute pancreatitis induced by secretory phospholipase A2.", "\nNitric oxide is a key signalling molecule in the pathogenesis of inflammation, but its role in acute pancreatitis and related abdominal pain induced by secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2 ) from Crotalus durissus terrificus (Cdt) venom has not been investigated. ", "Male Wistar rats were i.v. ", "injected with L-NAME (20 mg/kg), aminoguanidine (AG, 50 mg/kg), 7-nitroindazole (7-NI, 10 mg/kg) or vehicle 10 min before or 60 min after the injection of sPLA2 (300 μg/kg) into the common bile duct. ", "After 4 h of sPLA2 injection, abdominal hyperalgesia and inflammation were assessed in addition to serum amylase, nitrite/nitrate (NOx), pancreas lipoperoxidation and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) contents. ", "sPLA2 -induced acute pancreatitis, related abdominal hyperalgesia, hyperamylasemia and increased concentration of NOx were not correlated with lipoperoxidation or increased 3-NT in the pancreas. ", "Pretreatment with all the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors significantly reduced abdominal mechanical hyperalgesia, but only iNOS blockade by AG suppressed pancreas oedema and serum NOx increase. ", "The therapeutic approach with all the NOS inhibitors produced a similar reduction pattern of the abdominal hyperalgesia, but AG treatment also inhibited serum hyperamylasemia and NOx concentrations and pancreatic myeloperoxidase. ", "The nNOS blockade by 7-NI treatment also inhibited myeloperoxidase activity in both pancreas and lung. ", "Therapeutic blockade of iNOS or nNOS provides benefits in terms of inhibition of the acute pancreatitis-related abdominal hyperalgesia, while iNOS inhibition also ameliorates the inflammatory cell influx to the pancreas and reduces the resultant hyperamylasemia and NOx levels, thus representing alternative pharmacological strategies for treatment of clinical pancreatitis associated with increased PLA2 ." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.003816793893129771, 0.037037037037037035, 0.005, 0, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0 ]

[ "Heretofore, as a kind of stencil printing, screen printing that forces a printing substance through open mesh apertures perforated with a desired image pattern onto an object to be printed, thus transferring the printing substance to the object, is known. ", "For this screen printing, making a printing screen is performed as follows. ", "A “stretched screen master” is prepared by stretching a screen master on a frame in a tense state with predetermined tensile force. ", "The screen master is made by bonding a thermally fusible film (hereinafter, simply referred to as a “film”) which is made of a thermoplastic resin such as polyester film or polyvinyl chloride film to a mesh fabric which is a mesh of plain fabrics made of weft and warp fibers of, e.g., silk, synthetic resin (such as nylon and tetrone), stainless, etc. ", "with an adhesive agent. ", "A film surface of the stretched screen master thus prepared is thermally perforated by a thermal head which is a perforation unit and a desired perforated image is created. ", "As an apparatus for making such a printing screen, apparatuses which are disclosed in, e.g., Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publications No. ", "Hei 6-270379 and No. ", "Hei 9-70940 are publicly known.", "\nIn an apparatus of Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. ", "Hei 6-270379, the master part of a stretched screen master is mounted on a flat plate platen which is fit for the size of the stretched screen master and making a printing screen is performed in a state in which the screen has been brought in close contact with the thermal head. ", "In an apparatus of Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. ", "Hei 9-70940, a screen master is held between a long thermal head which contacts the entire width of the mesh fabric of the screen master and a platen which is provided to face the thermal head and making a printing screen is performed in a state in which the master has been brought in close contact with the thermal head." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.0028328611898017, 0, 0, 0.006711409395973154, 0, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0 ]

[ "\n36 Ill. App.3d 518 (1976)\n344 N.E.2d 479\nTHE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee,\nv.\nDAVID SANDERS, Defendant-Appellant.", "\nNo. ", "75-23.", "\nIllinois Appellate Court — Fifth District.", "\nOpinion filed March 4, 1976.", "\n*519 Stephen P. Hurley and Michael J. Rosborough, both of State Appellate Defender's Office, of Mt. Vernon, for appellant.", "\nJohn C. Reznick, State's Attorney, of Vandalia (Bruce D. Irish and Raymond F. Buckley, Jr., both of Illinois State's Attorneys Association, of counsel), for the People.", "\nJudgment affirmed.", "\nMr. JUSTICE JONES delivered the opinion of the court:\nThe defendant, David Sanders, was tried and convicted by a jury of the offense of escape. ", "On appeal he raises issues which make it necessary to review in some detail the course of the proceedings.", "\nOn June 20, 1974, a complaint was filed alleging that the defendant had escaped from the Vandalia Correctional Center on June 14, 1974. ", "At a hearing held on June 24, 1974, the defendant was appointed counsel, although counsel did not appear at that same hearing, and the defendant was given a copy of the complaint. ", "On September 27, 1974, a three-count bill of indictment was returned by a grand jury. ", "Each count alleged a violation of section 3-6-4 of the Unified Code of Corrections (Ill. Rev. Stat., ", "ch. ", "38, § 1003-6-4(a)), charging the defendant with the same escape, but alleging that escape in a slightly different fashion in each count.", "\nOn October 4, 1974, defendant appeared for arraignment, accompanied by his attorney, the public defender, and entered a plea of not guilty. ", "The court concluded the hearing by announcing that the cause would be set for a jury trial on October 9, 1974.", "\nOn that date, after the impaneling of a jury, but prior to the reception of any evidence, the trial court heard certain defense motions in chambers. ", "Counsel moved to dismiss the case on the ground that his client had not been granted a prompt preliminary hearing and further asserted that he had never received a copy of the indictment. ", "The motion was denied. ", "Defense counsel then asked to see the witnesses listed on the indictment and objected to any witness being allowed to testify *520 whose name was not endorsed on the indictment. ", "The State's Attorney indicated that there were no witnesses listed on the indictment but that subpoenas for the two witnesses he intended to call had been in the file for some time. ", "Defendant's motion to exclude witnesses was also denied.", "\nThe trial was then resumed. ", "Testifying on behalf of the State, Darrold Rhodes, the Supervisor of Records for Vandalia Correctional Center, indicated that the defendant was received at Vandalia January 10, 1974. ", "He stated that the records showed that the defendant left the facility June 14, 1974, and that there was no indication that the defendant had received permission to leave.", "\nLeo Meyer, Superintendent of the Vandalia Correctional Center, testified that he had received notice on June 14, 1974, that the defendant had left the facility. ", "He indicated that the defendant had been playing at baseball practice and that he (the Superintendent) had received word about 5 p.m. that the defendant was gone from the center. ", "Superintendent Meyer further testified that the defendant had no authority to leave. ", "The Superintendent and another prison official left for Chicago on Route 57 to search for defendant. ", "On the Dan Ryan Expressway at 127th Street in Chicago they observed the car they were looking for. ", "They saw the defendant a little after 12 midnight in the company of police officers and took him into custody at that time.", "\nJ. Patton Dellow testified for the State that he was a correctional counselor for the Vandalia Correctional Center and that he knew the defendant although he was not in his case load. ", "Dellow received notice that the defendant was gone. ", "Dellow was then briefed and left with the Superintendent for Chicago. ", "They took the defendant into custody after they saw him coming out of an alley in the company of police officers around 12:05 a.m. June 15, 1974.", "\nAt the close of the State's case, the documents relating to the defendant's armed robbery conviction in Cook County were admitted into evidence. ", "The jury returned a verdict of guilty and the defendant was sentenced to serve one to five years in the penitentiary, to run consecutively to the sentence he was serving at the time of his escape.", "\nThe defendant first contends that the denial of his constitutional right to a preliminary hearing warrants an outright reversal of his conviction. ", "Ill. Const. ", "1970, art. ", "I, § 7 states, in pertinent part:\n\"No person shall be held to answer for a crime punishable by death or by imprisonment in the penitentiary unless either the initial charge has been brought by indictment of a grand jury or the person has been given a prompt preliminary hearing to establish probable cause.\"", "\nThere is no question that a delay of four months from the defendant's *521 arrest to his trial without a preliminary hearing, even though there was a grand jury indictment in the interim, violated a constitutionally given right. ", "However, we are of the opinion that the Illinois Supreme Court has ruled out the possibility of a reversal as a remedy for violation of the right to a preliminary hearing in People v. Hendrix, 54 Ill.2d 165, 295 N.E.2d 724, and People v. Howell, 60 Ill.2d 117, 324 N.E.2d 403. ", "In Hendrix the court stated, \"The second paragraph of section 7 does not provide a grant of immunity from prosecution as a sanction for its violation.\" (", "People v. Hendrix, 54 Ill.2d 165, 169, 295 N.E.2d 724, 727.) ", "This position was reiterated in Howell. (", "People v. Howell, 60 Ill.2d 117, 121, 324 N.E.2d 403, 404. ", "See People v. Price, 32 Ill. App.3d 610, 336 N.E.2d 56 (5th Dist.).) ", "In addition, the United States Supreme Court has held that \"a conviction will not be vacated on the ground that the defendant was detained pending trial without a determination of probable cause.\" ", "Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103, 119, 43 L.Ed.2d 54, 68, 95 S.Ct. ", "854, 866 (1975).", "\n• 1, 2 The most important distinction to be made in the instant case is, however, that a determination of probable cause was made when the grand jury returned an indictment. ", "In a special concurring opinion in the Hendrix case this constitutional provision was interpreted to require simply a prompt determination of probable cause, whether by means of a preliminary hearing or grand jury consideration. ", "In Howell the court adopted the premise of the concurring opinion and held that article I, section 7 required only that a prompt determination of probable cause be made either by the grand jury or by means of a preliminary hearing. ", "This rule was followed by this court in People v. Moore, 28 Ill. App.3d 1085, 329 N.E.2d 893.", "\nThe defendant's second contention is that he was prejudiced by the court's denial of his motion to exclude the testimony of witnesses whose names were not listed on the indictment. ", "He argues that the State's failure to furnish him with a copy of the indictment not only prevented him from learning the names of the State's witnesses but precluded him from learning the exact nature of the charge as well. ", "After carefully comparing the language of the indictment and that of the complaint, a copy of which the defendant did receive, we are unable to say that any prejudice resulted. ", "The variation in language was immaterial. ", "The fact that the complaint was originally given to the defendant in the absence of counsel is likewise of no moment in view of the fact that counsel was appointed immediately thereafter and at the arraignment both defendant and counsel stated that they had ample time to discuss the case.", "\n• 3 The defendant's next point is that he was prejudiced by the failure to receive a list of the State's witnesses. ", "We disagree. ", "The substance of *522 what he wished to know was readily available to the defendant since subpoenas were in the file for both Darrold Rhodes, the record keeper of the Vandalia facility, and Leo Meyer, the Superintendent. ", "In addition liberal discovery was at all times available to the defendant who chose not to avail himself of it. (", "Ill. Rev. Stat., ", "ch. ", "110A, § 412.) ", "The defendant can scarcely claim that at his trial he was surprised or prejudiced by the appearance of the warden and the record keeper of the institution from which he was charged with escaping. ", "It is the settled rule in this State that the trial court has wide discretion in a criminal prosecution in permitting witnesses to testify whose names are not endorsed on the indictment. (", "People v. Connors, 413 Ill. 386, 108 N.E.2d 774.) ", "We find no abuse of that discretion here.", "\nAs an adjunct to the foregoing point defendant claims that he should have been granted a continuance to interview the witnesses. ", "However, in the absence of a request for a continuance the court was not required to grant one sua sponte.", "\n• 4, 5 Defendant asserts that where the State offered no evidence regarding the specific circumstances under which the defendant left the Penal Farm it failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant's absence was unauthorized as required by the relevant statute. (", "Ill. Rev. Stat. ", "1973, ch. ", "38, § 1003-6-4(a).) ", "The word \"escape\" as used in this section is defined as \"* * * the intentional and unauthorized absence of a committed person from the custody of the Department.\" (", "Ill. Rev. Stat. ", "1973, ch. ", "38, § 1003-1-2(i).) ", "The defendant contends that the jury was required to draw impermissible inferences from the evidence adduced to reach a verdict of guilty. ", "The defendant's position seems to suggest that no inferences may ever be drawn from evidence offered at trial. ", "That is not a correct statement of the law. ", "The law recognizes that inferential knowledge is utilized, in greater or lesser degree, in arriving at any verdict. ", "This rule has been variously expressed. ", "The most frequent formulation is that \"the trier of fact need not disregard the inferences that normally flow from the evidence\" adduced. (", "People v. Brown, 27 Ill.2d 23, 187 N.E.2d 728.) ", "The rule has also been stated as, \"a conclusion that the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt need not follow necessarily from the proven circumstances, but may be obtained therefrom by probable deduction.\" (", "People v. Kelley, 29 Ill.2d 53, 59, 193 N.E.2d 21. ", "Also see People v. Koegel, 262 Ill. App. ", "596; United States v. Pichany (7th Cir.1973), 490 F.2d 1073.) ", "We are of the opinion that a legitimate inference, \"supported by reason and experience\" arises from the evidence adduced at the instant trial. ", "That the defendant left the penal farm and that that absence was unauthorized can be drawn from the testimony of the Superintendent of *523 the institution that defendant was gone from the center and that he had not been given permission to leave.", "\nThe defendant also argues that improper jury instructions, in conjunction with the prosecutor's arguments which sought to shift the burden of proof to the defendant, caused the jury to reach a verdict contrary to the evidence.", "\nThe portion of closing arguments to which the defendant objects are as follow:\n\"I think the facts show that * * * Mr. Sanders left the institution. ", "Now was he forced to leave? ", " Was he drugged? ", "No evidence, no defense of that. ", "All we know is that he was gone and all we can presume from that is that he went.", "\n* * *\nWe do what we intend to do. ", "Testimony showed that Mr. Sanders is supposed to be at the Vandalia Correctional Center playing softball, and he wasn't. ", " He was on his way to Chicago.", "\n* * *\nIf we do what we intend to do, and I believe this is something that can be inferred since any other kind of evidence — what was Mr. Sanders doing in Chicago?\"", "\n• 6 The defendant objects to these remarks, urging that the State may not ask the jury to make presumptions or inferences from the evidence presented. ", "We are of the opinion that the cases previously cited on the issue of the legitimacy of presumptions and inferences from evidence adduced also apply in the context of closing arguments. ", "The arguments were not improper or prejudicial since they found a basis in the evidence and inferences drawn therefrom. ", "Furthermore, it cannot be fairly said that the arguments sought to shift the burden of proof to the defendant, especially where the jury was told in the instructions that the burden of proof remains with the State throughout the trial and the defendant is not required to testify.", "\n• 7 The defendant's objection to the jury instructions hinges on the fact that the Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, instructions given were formulated under the Criminal Code of 1961 (Ill. Rev. Stat. ", "1973, ch. ", "38, § 1-6) and he contends that they did not correctly cover the crime of escape under the new Unified Code of Corrections (Ill. Rev. Stat. ", "1973, ch. ", "38, sec. ", "1003-1-1 et seq.) ", "under which the defendant was charged. ", "A careful comparison of the IPI Criminal instructions with the Unified Code of Corrections' definition of escape reveals any difference to be inconsequential. ", "Additionally, the defendant waived the issue of instructional error when he failed to challenge the propriety of the tendered instructions in his motion for a new trial or in his argument *524 upon the motion. ", "The defendant failed to raise the issue of instructional error in any manner at any time during trial. ", "People v. Price, 32 Ill. App.3d 610, 336 N.E.2d 56.", "\nAffirmed.", "\nG.J. MORAN and CARTER, JJ., ", "concur.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0.029585798816568046, 0, 0.013793103448275862, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005494505494505495, 0, 0, 0.02185792349726776, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0, 0.016216216216216217, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0, 0.08333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0.007220216606498195, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0.005076142131979695, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0.004366812227074236, 0.004310344827586207, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0, 0, 0.008547008547008548, 0, 0.00904977375565611, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007168458781362007, 0, 0, 0, 0.006097560975609756, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0.04878048780487805, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0, 0.006711409395973154, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01652892561983471, 0, 0.006060606060606061, 0.006578947368421052, 0, 0, 0.0035714285714285713, 0.004672897196261682, 0, 0, 0, 0.1111111111111111, 0, 0, 0.006289308176100629, 0, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0, 0.06896551724137931, 0, 0 ]

[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to new polyurethane stoving lacquers which are dissolved or dispersed in a predominantly aqueous medium, and to the use thereof for the production of lacquer films and coatings.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nThose lacquers wherein the solvent is based partly or completely on water are becoming increasingly important in technology for reasons of pollution control and for saving organic solvents which are dependent on petroleum. ", "Attempts have been made for a long time to produce aqueous lacquers which are to be equal in their properties to lacquers dissolved in organic solvents. ", "Up until now, it has been impossible to fully achieve this objective. ", "For this reason, aqueous lacquers, apart from cationic electrophoretic enamels, are only used to a limited extent for the production of high-grade lacquers.", "\nOne of the main problems which arise when aqueous lacquer systems are used is the poor pigmenting ability thereof. ", "In the case of pigment contents which are required to achieve a good covering power, water lacquers usually lose their gloss. ", "The other properties in terms of lacquering, for example elongation, impact elasticity, adhesion and corrosion prevention, also frequently deteriorate as the pigmenting increases.", "\nIn order to overcome these problems of pigmenting, it is proposed in DE-AS No. ", "2,507,884 to dissolve polyacrylate or polyester lacquer binders which contain carboxyl groups in low-boiling organic solvents before they are dispersed in water, and to work the pigments into this solution. ", "The organic pigment dispersion which is produced in this manner is dispersed in water once the carboxyl groups have been neutralized, and the organic solvent is removed by azeotropic distillation. ", "This method suffers from various disadvantages. ", "First of all, the detour via the organic pigment dispersion with subsequent azeotropic distillation represents a considerably increased technical expense compared to the conventional operation for lacquers. ", "Secondly, the pigmenting restricts the manufacturer's ability to alter the formulation of the lacquers to the time before the lacquer is converted into an aqueous dispersion, because once the mixture had been dispersed, the pigmenting thereof cannot be changed.", "\nThus, an object of the present invention is to provide an aqueous lacquer system which does not suffer from the above-mentioned pigmenting problems. ", "In the aqueous phase, it should be able to be mixed with the quantities of pigments which are required to achieve an effective covering power according to the methods conventional in lacquer technology and, after being applied in a conventional manner, it should produce lacquers which have a good gloss and which are distinguished by good elongation, good adhesion and an effective corrosion prevention with a high hardness level.", "\nThis object may be achieved by providing the lacquer systems according to the present invention which are described in more detail in the following. ", "This invention is based on the surprising observation that aqueous solutions or dispersions of heat-hardenable mixtures of polyurethane prepolymers containing carboxylate groups and blocked isocyanate groups and polyurethane prepolymers containing carboxylate groups and hydroxyl groups are not affected by the pigmenting problems described above if these polyurethane prepolymer mixtures contain specific polyether segments which are defined in more detail in the following, in addition to specific polyester segments which are also defined in more detail in the following.", "\nThe fact that the good pigmenting ability of the products according to the present invention is actually unusual for aqueous lacquer systems is also revealed by comparative experiments with conventional polyurethane dispersions, for example with the thermally cross-linkable water lacquers which may be obtained according to EP-OS No. ", "75 775 and which contain polyurethane-polyureas having carboxylate groups and hydrophobic blocked polyisocyanates.", "\nCombinations of water-soluble or water-dispersible blocked polyisocyanates which contain carboxylate groups and water-soluble or water-dispersible organic compounds which have isocyanate-reactive hydrogen atoms are known in principle and are described in DE-PS No. ", "2,456,469. ", "However, this patent does not disclose the measures which are essential to the present invention, which require combining selected water-soluble or water-dispersible NCO-prepolomers having blocked isocyanate groups with specific water-soluble or water-dispersible polyurethane prepolymers having alcoholic hydroxyl groups, whereby specific polyether or polyester segments must be present in a chemically incorporated form in the above-mentioned components.", "\nFurthermore, DE-OS No. ", "2,642,073 describes specific hydrophilic polyurethane prepolymers which may contain carboxylate groups and blocked isocyanate groups, inter alia, and are dispersed in water as solids. ", "The coatings produced therefrom are self-cross-linking, i.e., they are not used in a combination with reaction components.", "\nThe two above-mentioned patents do not discuss the pigmenting of the coating agents. ", "Therefore, they naturally do not contain any references to measures for alleviating pigmenting problems.", "\nA few later publications also relate to polyurethane prepolymers which contain carboxylate groups and blocked isocyanate groups, and to the use thereof for the production of aqueous lacquers (DE-OS No. ", "2,708,611, EP-PS No. ", "22 452 and U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,403,085). ", "However, the measures which are essential to the present invention to achieve a good pigmenting ability are not described in these publications, especially since no disclosure is directed to the pigmenting of the aqueous lacquer systems presented therein.", "\nFinally, DE-OS No. ", "3,234,590 describes water-soluble urethane prepolymers having blocked isocyanate groups and containing ionic groups, for example carboxylate groups, which are suitable as adhesives and impregnating agents. ", "A combination of these blocked isocyanates with reaction components of the type to be used according to the present invention for the production of lacquers is not described. ", "Consequently, that patent application is also not directed to the pigmentation of lacquers." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.002320185614849188, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0037593984962406013, 0, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "This research predicts through studying significant factors in customer relationship management and applying data mining in bank. ", "Financial institutions and other firms in competitive market need to follow proper understanding of customer behavior. ", "Customers’ data are analyzed to identify specific opportunities and investment, to classify and predict the behaviors; further, data are eventually used for decision-making. ", "Therefore, data mining as knowledge exploring (discovery) approach plays a significant role through a variety of algorithms. ", "This study classifies bank customers by using decision tree algorithm. ", "Three decision tree models including ID3, C4.5, and CART were applied for classifying and finally for prediction. ", "Results of simple sampling method and k-fold cross validation show that forecast accuracy of C4.5 decision tree using simple sampling was higher than other models. ", "Thus, predicting customers’ behavior through C4.5 decision tree was considered the ideal prediction for bank. ", "This research predicts through studying significant factors in customer relationship management and applying data mining in bank. ", "Financial institutions and other firms in competitive market need to follow proper understanding of customer behavior. ", "Customers’ data are analyzed to identify specific opportunities and investment, to classify and predict the behaviors; further, data are eventually used for decision-making. ", "Therefore, data mining as knowledge exploring (discovery) approach plays a significant role through a variety of algorithms. ", "This study classifies bank customers by using decision tree algorithm. ", "Three decision tree models including ID3, C4.5, and CART were applied for classifying and finally for prediction. ", "Results of simple sampling method and k-fold cross validation show that forecast accuracy of C4.5 decision tree using simple sampling was higher than other models. ", "Thus, predicting customers’ behavior through C4.5 decision tree was considered the ideal prediction for bank.", "\n\nRightmenu\n\nIJMAE\n\nInternational Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics (IJMAE) is an electronic independent international scientific and academic journal aims to publish scholars’ original and high quality manuscripts and reports in all fields of business." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Research Objective\n==================\n\nMedically underserved groups, such as the uninsured, racial and ethnic minorities, and people with multiple chronic conditions, experience barriers in accessing health care. ", "However, 91% of people in the United States use cell phones and 81% of cell phone users send and receive text messages. ", "Based on evidence that reminder/recall improves adherence to clinical encounters, three text-message based initiatives were implemented in an integrated urban safety net healthcare system, with the aims of improving access to care, improving health care utilization, and improving patient satisfaction.", "\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nA software platform was used to automate sending and receiving text messages. ", "Questions about text messaging were added to CAHPS patient satisfaction surveys, which were fielded by a certified vendor. ", "Clinical and process outcomes were assessed through examining text message response rates and rates of seasonal flu immunization, well child check visits attended, and primary care appointments kept, cancelled, or for which patients did not show among program participants as compared to non-participants.", "\n\nSummary of Findings\n===================\n\nOver 15,000 patients chose to enroll across the three programs, together receiving almost 125,000 text messages as of May 31, 2014. ", "Patients enrolled in appointment reminders at 5 times the rate of the other two programs combined. ", "Statistically significant improvements were observed in primary care visit outcome rates and in adherence to well child check guidelines. ", "HIPAA Omnibus Rule and Telephone Consumer Protection Act legislative and regulatory changes substantially influenced consent processes, allowable message content, and operational practices. ", "Variation in clinic practices were discovered during implementation, resulting in process refinements.", "\n\nD&I impact\n==========\n\nText messaging represents a potentially low-cost way to improve between-visit engagement and population health. ", "The results of this project describe how a low-cost, high-access technology solution can be effectively implemented in a safety net setting that predominantly cares for underserved populations.", "\n\nAcknowledgements\n================\n\nThis presentation was made possible by Grant Number 1C1CMS331064 from the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.", "\n\nThe contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services or any of its agencies.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010362694300518135, 0.004830917874396135, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nCURL Delete request to Instagram API fails\n\nI'm trying to unlike a photo that I just liked on Instagram with a call to the API. ", "My url is exactly as the URL in instagrams API tool. ", "Im using Curl. ", "I get an empty response, no error or status code.", "\nHere is my \"like/unlike\" method written in javascript.", "\nlikeImage: function(type, id)\n{\n var params = \"url=https://api.instagram.com/v1/media/\" + id + \"/likes\";\n if(type === 'DELETE')\n {\n params += \"?", "access_token=\" + localStorage.getItem('id') + \".\" ", "+ localStorage.getItem('token');\n }\n else\n {\n params += \"&access_token=\" + localStorage.getItem('id') + \".\" ", "+ localStorage.getItem('token'); \n }\n $.ajax({\n url: \"crossDomain.php\",\n contentType: \"application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8\",\n type: type,\n data: params,\n beforeSend: function () \n {\n console.log('Start' + type);\n },\n complete: function(data)\n {\n console.log('Finished ' + type);\n },\n success: function(data)\n {\n console.log('Success ' + type);\n console.log(data);\n },\n error: function(jqXHR, textStatus, errorThrown)\n {\n console.log('JQXHR:' + jqXHR);\n console.log('TEXTSTATUS: ' + textStatus);\n console.log('ERROR THROWN:' + errorThrown);\n console.log('error');\n }\n });\n\nAnd here is my Server Code written in PHP\n\n$method = $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'];\n\nif($method == \"POST\")\n{\n$url = $_POST['url'];\n$token = $_POST['access_token'];\n\n$fields = array(\n \"access_token\" => urlencode($token)\n);\n\n$fields_string = \"\";\nforeach($fields as $key=>$value) \n{ \n $fields_string .= $key.", "'='.$value.'&'; ", "\n}\n\nrtrim($fields_string, '&');\n\n$ch = curl_init();\ncurl_setopt($ch,CURLOPT_URL, $url);\ncurl_setopt($ch,CURLOPT_POST, count($fields));\ncurl_setopt($ch,CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $fields_string);\n\n$result = curl_exec($ch);\ncurl_close($ch);\n\necho $result;\n}\n\nelse if($method == 'DELETE')\n{\n$url = file_get_contents('php://input');\n$ch = curl_init();\ncurl_setopt($ch,CURLOPT_URL, $url);\ncurl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, \"DELETE\");\n$result = curl_exec($ch);\ncurl_close($ch);\necho $result;\n}\n\nMy Like code works Perfectly... any thoughts?", "\nAccording to the documentation a DELETE request should look like this:\ncurl -X DELETE https://api.instagram.com/v1/media/{media-id}/likes?access_token=MYACCESSTOKEN\n\nA:\n\nProblem solved. ", "In my PHP delete method, $url started with url=... I just had to remove that.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.022727272727272728, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0, 0, 0.011560693641618497, 0, 0, 0.0036036036036036037, 0, 0.01876172607879925, 0.0106951871657754, 0.012987012987012988, 0 ]

[ "<script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.1.0/jquery.min.js\"></script>\n\n{% for file in site.static_files %}\n {% if file.path contains 'assets/screenshot/' %}\n <script>\n $(function() {\n $(\".iphoneScreen\").attr('src', '{{ site.github.baseurl }}{{ file.path }}');\n $(\".iphoneScreen\").removeClass(\"hidden\");\n console.log(\"{{ file.path }}\");\n });\n </script>\n {% elsif file.path contains 'assets/videos/' %}\n {% unless file.path contains 'assets/videos/Place-video-files-here.txt' %}\n <script>\n $(function() {\n $(\".iphoneScreen\").addClass(\"hidden\");\n console.log(\"remove screenshot\");\n });\n </script>\n {% endunless %}\n {% if file.extname == \".mov\" or file.extname == \".mp4\" %}\n <script>\n $(function() {\n $(\".videoContainer\").removeClass(\"hidden\");\n $(\".screenvideo\").append('<source src=\"{{ site.github.baseurl }}{{ file.path }}\" type=\"video/mp4\">');\n console.log(\"{{ file.path }}\");\n });\n </script>\n {% elsif file.extname == \".ogg\" %}\n <script>\n $(function() {\n $(\".videoContainer\").removeClass(\"hidden\");\n $(\".screenvideo\").append('<source src=\"{{ site.github.baseurl }}{{ file.path }}\" type=\"video/ogg\">');\n console.log(\"{{ file.path }}\");\n });\n </script>\n {% elsif file.extname == \".webm\" %}\n <script>\n $(function() {\n $(\".videoContainer\").removeClass(\"hidden\");\n $(\".screenvideo\").append('<source src=\"{{ site.github.baseurl }}{{ file.path }}\" type=\"video/webm\">');\n console.log(\"{{ file.path }}\");\n });\n </script>\n {% endif %}\n {% endif %}\n{% endfor %}" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0005022601707684581 ]

[ "896 F.2d 650\nArthur J. CINELLI, Plaintiff, Appellee,v.Michael CUTILLO and Robert Nunez, Defendants, Appellants.", "\nNo. ", "89-1354.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals,First Circuit.", "\nHeard Dec. 4, 1989.Decided Feb. 23, 1990.", "\n\nIra H. Zaleznik, with whom Lewin & Rosenthal, Boston, Mass., were on brief for defendants, appellants.", "\nEdward J. McCormick, III, with whom McCormick & Maitland, Norfolk, Mass., were on brief for plaintiff, appellee.", "\nBefore CAMPBELL, Chief Judge, and COFFIN and BOWNES, Circuit Judges.", "\nBOWNES, Circuit Judge.", "\n\n\n1\nThis is an appeal by defendants-appellants Michael Cutillo and Robert Nunez from a summary judgment denying them qualified immunity. ", " Cutillo and Nunez are detectives on the police department of Revere, Massachusetts. ", " Although this court has considered this case once before, it is necessary to review the facts and our prior decision to provide the context for this opinion.", "\n\nI. BACKGROUND\n\n2\nOn May 7, 1981, Cinelli was arrested on charges of armed robbery and assault with intent to commit murder. ", " The assault consisted of shooting and seriously wounding an officer of the Medford Police Department. ", " Cinelli's arrest came after an extensive investigation by local police departments, including that of Revere.", "\n\n\n3\nAt his arraignment, Cinelli was represented by court-appointed counsel. ", " Subsequently, Cinelli's family retained his present counsel, Edward J. McCormick, III. ", " McCormick represented Cinelli at a bail review hearing on May 8, 1981, and has represented him since then. ", " Because he was unable to make bail, Cinelli was detained in an isolation cell in the Billerica House of Corrections.", "\n\n\n4\nOn May 12, Detective Cutillo received an anonymous phone call telling him that Cinelli wanted to speak to him. ", " Cutillo and his partner, Nunez, went to the Billerica House of Corrections where they interviewed Cinelli.", "\n\n\n5\nAt some time following the interview, Cinelli brought a motion to dismiss the indictment claiming that during the interview the two detectives wilfully interfered with his constitutional right to counsel and to a fair trial. ", " There was a hearing on the motion before Massachusetts Superior Court Justice Paul K. Connolly, who denied the motion. ", " Our recitation of the facts is derived from the record of the motion hearing and, where the testimony of the witnesses differs, from the findings of the superior court justice.", "\n\n\n6\nAfter the two detectives arrived at the jail, but prior to the interview, Cinelli signed a waiver that stated: \"Under your constitutional rights, you do not need to talk to any officers without your lawyer being present. ", " Whether you talk to the above officer(s) or official(s), please indicate and sign.\" ", " This was followed by two sentences stating: \"I will [will not] voluntarily talk to the above officials.\" ", " Cinelli signed under the sentence stating \"I will voluntarily talk,\" etc. ", " Cinelli claims that the waiver was folded when it was handed to him, that he did not read it before he signed it, and he signed only because he was told by the jail officer that if he wanted to get out of the \"hole\" he had to sign it. ", " The jail officer testified that he gave the waiver form to Cinelli open, had no conversation with him at all and that Cinelli looked at the form before signing it.", "\n\n\n7\nCutillo, who had arrested Cinelli on several occasions in the past, conducted most of the interrogation. ", " He testified in essence as follows: He did not ask Cinelli to cooperate in the investigation. ", " Cinelli told him that he did not have a lawyer at the time but that his mother was getting him one. ", " He indicated to Cinelli that because of the system, Cinelli might be in jail for a year before his case came to trial. ", " Cutillo testified that all during the interview Cinelli insisted that he was not involved in the robbery and assault.", "\n\n\n8\nCinelli's testimony differed sharply from that of Cutillo. ", " According to Cinelli, shortly after the interrogation started, he asked \"Where's my lawyer, isn't he supposed to be here.\" ", " Cutillo then said in effect that there was no point in having a lawyer because in addition to officer McGlynn (the police officer shot during the robbery), \"we have another eye witness.\" ", " Cinelli was then advised by Cutillo that if he would talk to them \"we can make it easier on you.\" ", " Cinelli further testified that Cutillo told him if he did not cooperate, Cutillo would make sure that he got life.", "\n\n\n9\nWe now turn to the pertinent superior court findings:\n\n\n10\nIn view of the totality of circumstances in the present case, the court is of the firm belief that the defendant's waiver of counsel prior to his conversation with Detectives Cutillo and Nunez on May 12, 1981, was voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently waived.1\n\n\n11\nThe detectives advised the defendant that the Commonwealth's case against him appeared to be strong. ", " The detectives intimated that no lawyer would be able to help the defendant, that the defendant could spend up to a year in jail awaiting trial and that the defendant would benefit by cooperating with the police in identifying other participants in the crime. ", " The detectives told the defendant he could receive a life sentence for the crime he was charged with.", "\n\n\n12\nAt the time the conversation of May 12th took place, Detectives Cutillo and Nunez had reason to believe the defendant had the right to have counsel present during their jailhouse interview. ", " Both detectives admit their purpose in visiting the defendant was to see if he would co-operate with the police investigation, although the detectives claim they went to Billerica believing the defendant had requested to see him. ", " At some point during the conversation, the defendant asked where his lawyer was and suggested that his lawyer should be present. ", " Both detectives deny having known the identify [sic] of the defendant's counsel when they visited the defendant on May 12th, and neither detective made any attempt to identify or locate the defendant's attorney before or during the May 12th meeting.", "\n\n\n13\nIn an effort to secure the co-operation of the defendant in the ongoing investigation of the Medford robbery, police overzealousness gave way to impropriety. ", " The court considers the detectives' comments regarding the strength of the Commonwealth's case against the defendant, the length of time possible before the defendant's trial date, and the suggestion that the defendant could receive a life sentence if convicted wholly inappropriate.", "\n\n\n14\nWhile it is true the defendant could have cut off the conversation at any point, and the defendant here elected not to do so, the defendant did make a reference to his attorney being absent and questioned whether the detectives' suggestions were proper. ", " The right to cut off questioning is a \"critical safeguard\"--Michigan v. Mosely, 423 U.S. 96 [96 S.Ct. ", "321, 46 L.Ed.2d 313] (1975)--and that right is \"scrupulously honored\" in this Commonwealth. ", " See Commonwealth v. Brant, Mass.Adv.", "Sh. ", " (1980) 1473, 1479-1483 [380 Mass. 876, 406 N.E.2d 1021]; Commonwealth v. Dustin, 373 Mass. 612, 616 [368 N.E.2d 1388] (1977), cert. ", "denied, 435 U.S. 943 [98 S.Ct. ", "1523, 55 L.Ed.2d 540] (1978). ", " Once the defendant here made reference to his rights of counsel, the detectives should not have pursued any additional conversation whatsoever. ", " Furthermore, even before the defendant Cinelli alluded to the absence of his attorney, the detectives did not have the right to direct the conversation in a manner disparaging to Cinelli's defense. ", " See generally, Commonwealth v. Manning, supra [373 Mass. 438, 367 N.E.2d 635 (Mass.1977) ].", "\n\n\n15\nOn September 11, 1981, the superior court issued its findings and rulings and denied the motion to dismiss the indictment. ", " Cinelli was subsequently tried and convicted. ", " His conviction was upheld by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. ", " Commonwealth v. Cinelli, 389 Mass. 197, 449 N.E.2d 1207 (Mass.1983).", "\n\n\n16\nOn May 10, 1984, Cinelli brought an action based on 42 U.S.C. Sec. ", "1983 against the present appellants Cutillo and Nunez, and against the cities of Revere and Medford, Massachusetts, alleging a violation of his sixth amendment right to counsel while he was being interrogated in jail by Cutillo and Nunez. ", " Cinelli consented to a dismissal of the complaint against the municipalities. ", " Defendant police officers moved for summary judgment on two grounds: that Cinelli could not prove his sixth amendment claim, and qualified immunity. ", " The district court granted summary judgment for the defendants on the first ground. ", " It did not reach the qualified immunity claim. ", " We reversed, holding: \"On the record before the district court there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Cinelli's defense of the criminal action was prejudiced by the communication of his defense strategy to Cutillo and Nunez.\" ", " Cinelli v. City of Revere, 820 F.2d 474, 479 (1st Cir.1987), cert. ", "denied, 485 U.S. 1037, 108 S.Ct. ", "1600, 99 L.Ed.2d 915 (1988).", "\n\n\n17\nWe refused to consider the defense of qualified immunity because the district court did not reach it. ", " 820 F.2d at 479 n. 4. ", " On remand the defendants moved for summary judgment on the ground of qualified immunity. ", " The district court denied the motion by endorsement on the face of the motion without written finding or an opinion. ", " This appeal followed.", "\n\nII. ", "THE DOCTRINE OF QUALIFIED IMMUNITY\n\n18\n\"[G]overnment officials performing discretionary functions, generally are shielded from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.\" ", " Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. ", "2727, 2738, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). ", " The doctrine has been honed by subsequent decisions. ", " See Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341, 344-45, 106 S.Ct. ", "1092, 1096, 1097-98, 89 L.Ed.2d 271 (1986); Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 528, 105 S.Ct. ", "2806, 2816, 86 L.Ed.2d 411 (1985); Davis v. Scherer, 468 U.S. 183, 191, 104 S.Ct. ", "3012, 3017, 82 L.Ed.2d 139 (1984). ", " The honing process reached its sharpest edge in Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640, 107 S.Ct. ", "3034, 3039, 97 L.Ed.2d 523 (1987), in which the court defined what constitutes a clearly established right:\n\n\n19\nThe contours of the right must be sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right. ", " This is not to say that an official action is protected by qualified immunity unless the very action in question has previously been held unlawful, see Mitchell, supra, [472 U.S.] at 535, n. 12 [105 S.Ct. ", "at 2820, n. 12]; but it is to say that in the light of pre-existing law the unlawfulness must be apparent.", "\n\nSummary Judgment Standard of Review\n\n20\nIn Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. at 530, 105 S.Ct. ", "at 2817, the Court held: \"a district court's denial of a claim of qualified immunity, to the extent that it turns on an issue of law, is an appealable \"final decision\" within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. Sec. ", "1291 notwithstanding the absence of a final judgment.\" ", " In Bonitz v. Fair, 804 F.2d 164, 166-69 (1986), this court held that the interlocutory review was limited to scrutinizing the allegations of the complaint to determine whether the acts alleged, if proven, violated law that was clearly established at the time of the cause of action. ", " Anderson v. Creighton caused us to reformulate the standard of review established in Bonitz v. Fair. ", " In Unwin v. Campbell, 863 F.2d 124 (1st Cir.1988), we held that Anderson mandated a broader scope of interlocutory review:\n\n\n21\nWe thus conclude that we have jurisdiction to review a district court's denial of qualified immunity on grounds that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to the factual predicate of a qualified immunity claim. ", " In such a review, we must examine the discovered facts regarding defendants' conduct relevant to the immunity claim and, applying normal summary judgment principles, determine whether a genuine issue does or does not exist concerning qualified immunity.", "\n\n\n22\nId. at 132.", "\n\n\n23\nThere are two basic issues to be decided in an appeal from a summary judgment on qualified immunity: whether the right claimed to be violated was clearly established at the time of the incident; and whether it was objectively reasonable for the public official to believe that the action taken did not violate the clearly established right. ", " Yerardi's Moody Street Restaurant and Lounge v. Board of Selectmen, 878 F.2d 16, 20 (1st Cir.1989).", "\n\nIII. ", "APPLICATION OF THE LAW\n\n24\nThe factual basis for our determination whether appellants are entitled to qualified immunity as a matter of law is the findings made by the Massachusetts superior court on the motion to dismiss the indictment. ", " We relied on these findings in our prior opinion and the parties have not questioned them. ", " There are two distinct but related issues. ", " First, in light of the voluntary, knowing and intelligent waiver of counsel given prior to the start of the interrogation, would a reasonable police officer have known that the interrogation should have ceased when Cinelli asked about his lawyer being present. ", " The second issue is whether a reasonable police officer should have known that it was a violation of Cinelli's constitutional rights to coerce him into cooperating with the police by telling him that his lawyer could not help him and that he would get a life sentence if he did not cooperate.", "\n\n\n25\nWe start with the first issue. ", " Defendants argue that not until the decision of Maine v. Moulton, 474 U.S. 159, 106 S.Ct. ", "477, 88 L.Ed.2d 481 (1985), more than four and one-half years after this incident, was it clearly established that the police have a duty to stop a custodial interrogation once a defendant requests that his lawyer be present. ", " The question in Maine v. Moulton was,\n\n\n26\nwhether respondent's Sixth Amendment right to the assistance of counsel was violated by the admission at trial of incriminating statements made by him to his codefendant, a secret government informant, after indictment and at a meeting of the two to plan defense strategy for the upcoming trial.", "\n\n\n27\nId. at 161, 106 S.Ct. ", "at 479. ", " The Court held that the state clearly violated the petitioner's rights when it arranged to record conversations between the petitioner and the undercover informant. ", " Id. at 176, 106 S.Ct. ", "at 487. ", " The Court during the course of its opinion cited to and quoted from prior cases establishing the principle that the right to counsel guaranteed by the sixth amendment \"is indispensable to the fair administration of our adversarial system of criminal justice.\" ", " Id. at 168-69, 106 S.Ct. ", "at 483.", "\n\n\n28\nNeither Moulton nor the cases cited therein covers the situation confronting us here: a question raised by a defendant about his lawyer being present after the defendant has voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently executed a waiver of his right to have counsel present. ", " Although there may be cases covering this situation, counsel has cited none and we have been unable to find any directly on point. ", " It is arguable that in light of the long established importance of the sixth amendment right to counsel, the police officers should have known that the lawyer question revoked the waiver and required that the interrogation cease. ", " On the other hand, it could be found that the contours of Cinelli's constitutional right to have the interrogation cease when he inquired about his lawyer were blurred by the waiver enough to make it less than clearly established. ", " We need not decide this question, however, because on the second issue it is clear that appellants are not entitled to qualified immunity as a matter of law.", "\n\n\n29\nOur starting point is the case with which all police officers are familiar, Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. ", "1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966). ", " It held, inter alia: \"that if police propose to interrogate a person they must make known to him that he is entitled to a lawyer and that if he cannot afford one, a lawyer will be provided for him prior to any interrogation.\" ", " Id. at 474, 86 S.Ct. ", "at 1627. ", " It has long been recognized that the right to counsel guaranteed by the sixth amendment is an indispensable part of our criminal justice system. ", " Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 344-45, 83 S.Ct. ", "792, 796-97, 9 L.Ed.2d 799 (1963); Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 462-63, 58 S.Ct. ", "1019, 1022, 82 L.Ed. ", "1461 (1938); Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 53 S.Ct. ", "55, 77 L.Ed. ", "158 (1932). ", " In Commonwealth v. Manning, 373 Mass. 438, 367 N.E.2d 635 (1977), the court dismissed an indictment because of disparaging remarks by federal agents about defense counsel and the suggestion that he would not keep defendant out of jail. ", " Id. 367 N.E.2d at 636. ", " The court found there was a \"deliberate and intentional attack by government agents on the relationship between Manning and his counsel in a calculated attempt to coerce defendant into abandoning his defense.\" ", " Id. 637 N.E.2d at 638 (footnote omitted). ", " Although the circumstances in Manning were more egregious than here, Manning clearly outlined the contours of a defendant's constitutional rights in this respect for Massachusetts police officers.", "\n\n\n30\nWe hold that a reasonable police officer should have known that it would be a violation of a defendant's constitutional rights to denigrate the role of his lawyer and attempt, in the lawyer's absence, to coerce a defendant into cooperating with the police.", "\n\n\n31\nOur holding is buttressed by the Policies and Procedures of the Revere Police Department for Interrogating Suspects and Prisoners in effect at the time of Cinelli's interrogation. ", " The pertinent provisions are as follows:\n\n\n32\nThe basic restraints of police questioning have been the constitutional right against self-incrimination as set forth in the 5th Amendment which states that \"no person shall be compelled in a criminal case to be a witness against himself.\" ", " The 6th Amendment provides the right of assistance of counsel and these two rights are closely related if the right against self-incrimination is to be suitably protected.", "\n\n\n33\nNo officer shall in any way by speech and/or act attempt to improperly require a subject to relinquish his rights. ", " Physical abuse, browbeating, cajoling or otherwise pressuring a subject are strictly forbidden.", "\n\n\n34\nAppellants, as Revere Police Officers, knew or should have known that the statements made by them during Cinelli's interrogation relative to the inability of a lawyer to help him and the threat of a life sentence for refusal to cooperate violated Cinelli's constitutional rights. ", " We hold that, on this issue, the detectives were not entitled to qualified immunity as a matter of law.", "\n\n\n35\nWe close by noting that in a supplement to our prior opinion, we held that the doctrine of collateral estoppel did not preclude plaintiff from litigating the question of prejudice at trial. ", " 820 F.2d at 480. ", " We now hold that the doctrine of collateral estoppel does not apply to the defense of qualified immunity because that issue was not considered by the Massachusetts superior court.", "\n\n\n36\nAffirmed. ", " Remanded for a trial on the merits.", "\n\n\n37\nCosts awarded to appellee.", "\n\n\n\n1\n In arriving at this conclusion the court reviewed the testimony carefully and meticulously applied the \"totality of the circumstances\" test\n\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.05405405405405406, 0, 0, 0.043478260869565216, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0.02654867256637168, 0.057971014492753624, 0.08695652173913043, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0, 0.007936507936507936, 0.009708737864077669, 0.00909090909090909, 0.012987012987012988, 0.03409090909090909, 0.009259259259259259, 0.017094017094017096, 0.017241379310344827, 0.018691588785046728, 0.004347826086956522, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0.004405286343612335, 0, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0.00909090909090909, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0.015625, 0.008064516129032258, 0.010526315789473684, 0.019801980198019802, 0.02564102564102564, 0.0069124423963133645, 0, 0, 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0, 0, 0.006097560975609756, 0.0035211267605633804, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0.010869565217391304, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0.007462686567164179, 0, 0, 0, 0.010050251256281407, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0.008368200836820083, 0, 0.006622516556291391, 0, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.021052631578947368, 0.024096385542168676, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0.0048543689320388345, 0, 0.021505376344086023, 0.0048543689320388345, 0, 0.0034965034965034965, 0.0196078431372549, 0.008645533141210375, 0, 0, 0, 0.01, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003816793893129771, 0.0034129692832764505, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0.0029498525073746312, 0, 0, 0.005952380952380952, 0, 0, 0.0038022813688212928, 0, 0, 0.0035971223021582736, 0, 0, 0.004310344827586207, 0, 0.016, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0.006993006993006993, 0, 0.00510204081632653, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "DESCRIPTION: The 5th International Congress on Oral Cancer to be held at the Royal College of Physicians, London on September 22-24, 1997. ", "This will be the fifth in a series of biannual international conferences on oral cancer. ", "The first three have been held in India - significant in view of the high incidenc of the disease in South Asia and the fourth in Japan. ", "The fifth is the first i the western world. ", "All have been outstanding in scientific content and effective interchange of ideas. ", "A particular strength is the truly multidisciplinary nature of the participants with basic scientists, epidemiologists, surgeons, oncologists, radiotherapists and behavioral scientists attending. ", "The meeting will be centered around eight major themes, with the presentation of original research reports proposed by active researchers. ", "There will be two parallel sessions, thus facilitating crossdisciplinary participation. ", "Eight distinguished keynote speakers have bee invited to critically overview each theme at the conclusion of the original presentations. ", "It is for the participation of three senior distinguished US scientists that this application is made." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }

[ 0.014388489208633094, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\njava prepared statement query is returning an error but If I print it and execute on the database directly it works\n\nI have the following peace of code which is trying to create a query from an XML file and add it to a batch so I can execute large batch execute but its not working for me as I keep getting an error, so I tried to execute the preparedstatement without batching and keep getting an error saying:\n\n\"You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that\n corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use\n near 'dept_no, dept_name VALUES ('d009', 'Customer Service')' at line\n 1\"\n\nalthough when I debug the code I get that the query in the prepared statement is INSERT INTO departments dept_no, dept_name VALUES ('d009', 'Customer Service') I dont know what is going on can someone advice please and help me to make it get executed as a large batch?", "\nHere is the methods that I have:\npublic void invokePreparedStatement(QueryBuilder queryBuilder) {\n queryRunner = new QueryRunner();\n\n StringBuilder query = new StringBuilder();\n query.append(\"INSERT INTO \" + queryBuilder.getTableName());\n QName columns;\n String values;\n\n for (int i = 0; i < queryBuilder.getColumns().size(); i++) {\n columns = (queryBuilder.getColumns().get(i));\n query.append(\" \" + columns.toString());\n if (i !", "= queryBuilder.getColumns().size() - 1)\n query.append(\", \");\n else\n query.append(\" VALUES (\");\n }\n\n for (int i = 0; i < queryBuilder.getValues().size(); i++) {\n query.append(\"?\");", "\n if (i !", "= queryBuilder.getValues().size() - 1)\n query.append(\", \");\n else\n query.append(\")\");\n }\n\n try {\n PreparedStatement preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(query.toString());\n StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();\n preparedStatement = buildQuery(queryBuilder, preparedStatement);\n preparedStatement.execute();\n connection.commit();\n } catch (SQLException e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n}\n\npublic PreparedStatement buildQuery(QueryBuilder queryBuilder, PreparedStatement ps) throws SQLException {\n StringBuilder query = new StringBuilder(\"INSERT INTO \");\n query.append(queryBuilder.getTableName() + \" (\");\n QName columns;\n String values;\n int counter;\n for (int i = 0; i < queryBuilder.getColumns().size(); i++) {\n getCoulmnAndValue(queryBuilder, query, i);\n if (i !", "= queryBuilder.getColumns().size() - 1)\n query.append(\", \");\n else\n query.append(\") VALUES (\");\n }\n\n for (int i = 0; i < queryBuilder.getValues().size(); i++) {\n values = (queryBuilder.getValues().get(i));\n query.append(values);\n if (i !", "= queryBuilder.getValues().size() - 1)\n query.append(\", \");\n else\n query.append(\")\");\n counter = i + 1;\n ps.setObject(counter, values);\n }\n\n return ps;\n}\n\nA:\n\nLet's say that your queryBuilder has table named T, with two columns named A and B. The generated SQL is then:\nINSERT INTO T A, B VALUES (?, ?)", "\n\nThat is not valid syntax, since the column names must be in ():\nINSERT INTO T (A, B) VALUES (?, ?)", "\n\nThat is exactly what the error message is saying, when it is saying that the problem is near A, because a ( is missing right there. ", "Not just \"near\", but exactly there.", "\nInstead of testing for size - 1, I'd suggest coding as follows:\nStringBuilder query = new StringBuilder();\nquery.append(\"INSERT INTO \")\n .append(queryBuilder.getTableName())\n .append(\" (\");\nfor (int i = 0; i < queryBuilder.getColumns().size(); i++) {\n if (i !", "= 0)\n query.append(\", \");\n query.append(queryBuilder.getColumns().get(i));\n}\nquery.append(\") VALUES (\");\nfor (int i = 0; i < queryBuilder.getValues().size(); i++) {\n if (i !", "= 0)\n query.append(\", \");\n query.append(\"?\");", "\n}\nquery.append(\")\");\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.002229654403567447, 0.006396588486140725, 0.004524886877828055, 0, 0.0033783783783783786, 0.006825938566552901, 0.005681818181818182, 0, 0, 0, 0.0036900369003690036, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to an enzyme sensor for measuring the concentration of biological substrate with an amperometric method using an enzyme electrode and, more particularly, to an enzyme sensor utilizing a reducing catalytic action of di-valent iron ions structurally introduced in a thin film of clay (i.e., montmorillonite).", "\nMore specifically, the invention concerns an enzyme sensor using an enzyme electrode and a method of manufacturing the same and, more particularly, an enzyme sensor for measuring the concentration of substance under measurement by detecting a change oxidation/reduction response current which is proportional to the quantity of oxygen (O.sub.2) consumed by enzymic reaction and a method of manufacturing the same.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nEnzyme sensors are well known as biological sensors. ", "They are utilized mainly for clinical chemical analysis, and among them are those, which are in practical use for glucose in blood, urea and neutral and phospholipids as substrate under measurement.", "\nFor example, in case of glucose as subject of measurement an enzymic reaction takes place as follows. ##", "STR1##\nThis means that .beta.-D-glucose consumes oxygen (O.sub.2) by the action of .beta.-D-glucose oxidase (GO.sub.x), thus producing organic acid (gluconolactone) and hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2 O.sub.2). ", "Therefore, the concentration of glucose can be measured from the quantity of generated hydrogen peroxide or gluconolactone.", "\nWhen measuring the glucose concentration from the quantity of generated hydrogen peroxide, the generated hydrogen peroxide is oxidized with a metal electrode, and the oxidation current is measured. ", "Alternatively, the generated hydrogen peroxide is reduced, and the reduction current is measured. ", "However, the oxidation or reduction current is influenced by oxygen, or with a prior art sensor electrode it is liable to be influenced by a change in the surface state of the electrode. ", "Further, in the principle of measurement by electrochemical method the sensor construction consists of electrode substrate, liquid, enzyme-fixed film and liquid under test, and miniaturization of the sensor is difficult due to the liquid present between the electrode and film.", "\nThere are further prior art methods of measurement, that is,\n(1) one, in which hydrogen peroxide is decomposed with catalase into oxygen and water, and the quantity of resultant oxygen is measured, and\n(2) one, in which iodide ions are oxidized in the presence of peroxidase or an inorganic catalyst (e.g., molybdenum), the quantity of iodine is measured by causing a reaction ##STR2## and indirectly measuring the quantity of hydrogen peroxide.", "\nAs shown above, in any prior art method of measuring the quantity of glucose from the quantity of generated hydrogen peroxide, the quantity of consumed oxygen or generated iodine is measured, and the quantity of generated hydrogen peroxide, is determined indirectly from the measured quantity.", "\nIn such method of measurement, which involves two reaction stages, an electrode for measuring oxygen or iodine is necessary in addition to an enzymic electrode for decomposing glucose or the like into hydrogen peroxide. ", "In addition, the measurement is very cumbersome and requires a long time.", "\nFurther, since in the prior art electrochemical method the sensor includes inner liquid, contamination of the liquid under test is liable, and also miniaturization of the sensor is difficult.", "\nMeanwhile, a sensor part of the enzyme sensor for measuring the concentration of glucose in blood through measurement of the consumption of oxygen generated in enzymic reaction mostly uses a commonly termed Clark type oxygen electrode, which uses platinum as cathode and silver/silver chloride as anode and has chloride-added standard buffer solution as sealed inner liquid and an outer cover film selectively permeable to oxygen gas.", "\nHowever, the Clark type oxygen electrode can be miniaturized with difficulty. ", "In addition, since it has an inner solution chamber, it is subject to leakage and contamination. ", "Further, the response speed is slow. ", "Still further, while quick response can be obtained with a separate type oxygen electrode, a cathode type platinum electrode is subject to influence of H.sup.+ ion concentration. ", "For this reason, with a fluid system subject to great pH changes distinction with true oxygen partial pressure (PO.sub.2) concentration is difficult." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0022988505747126436, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0, 0, 0.006711409395973154 ]

[ "form=词\ntags=\n\n晚凉倦浴，\n素妆薄试铅华靓。", "\n凝定。", "\n似一朵芙蓉泛清镜。", "\n轻纨笑自拈，\n扑蝶鸳鸯径。", "\n娇懒。", "\n金凤亸、斜敧翠蝉影。", "\n冰肌玉骨，\n衬体红绡莹。", "\n还暗省。", "\n记青青、双鬓旧潘令。", "\n梦想鸾筝，\n後堂深静。", "\n何日西风，\n碧梧金井。", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "One Hundred Years of Solitude is 47 years old now, and in spite of its colossal and enduring popularity, its style – magic realism – has largely given way, in Latin America, to other forms of narration, in part as a reaction against the sheer size of García Márquez’s achievement. ", "The most highly regarded writer of the next generation, Roberto Bolaño, notoriously declared that magic realism “stinks”, and jeered at García Márquez’s fame, calling him “a man terribly pleased to have hobnobbed with so many Presidents and Archbishops”. ", "It was a childish outburst, but it showed that for many Latin American writers the presence of the great colossus in their midst was more than a little burdensome. (“", "I have the feeling,” Carlos Fuentes once said to me, “that writers in Latin America can’t use the word ‘solitude’ anymore, because they worry that people will think it’s a reference to Gabo. ", "And I’m afraid,” he added, mischievously, “that soon we will not be able to use the phrase ‘one hundred years’ either.”) ", "No writer in the world has had a comparable impact in the past half-century. ", "Ian McEwan has accurately compared his pre-eminence to that of Charles Dickens. ", "No writer since Dickens was so widely read, and so deeply loved, as Gabriel García Márquez." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0035587188612099642, 0.00784313725490196, 0, 0.010471204188481676, 0, 0, 0.025, 0.02197802197802198 ]

[ "07-5359-cr\nUnited States v. Padilla\n\n\n UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT\n ________________________\n\n August Term 2008\n\n(Argued: September 26, 2008 Decided: December 2, 2008)\n\n Docket No. ", "07-5359-cr\n _________________________\n\n\n UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,\n\n Appellee,\n\n -against-\n\n\n HECTOR PADILLA,\n\n Defendant-Appellant.", "\n\n _______________________\n\n On Appeal From the United States District Court\n For the Eastern District of New York\n\n _______________________\n\nB e f o r e : RAGGI and CALABRESI, Circuit Judges, and KEENAN,\n District Judge.*", "\n _______________________\n\n Appeal from a judgment of conviction for possession of a\nfirearm by a convicted felon. ", "The United States District Court for\nthe Eastern District of New York, Nicholas G. Garaufis, J.,\nadopting recommendations of Roanne L. Mann, United States\nMagistrate Judge, denied a motion to suppress after concluding\nthat the stop and frisk of defendant by police was constitutional.", "\nAppellant challenges this ruling as well as trial rulings\nrestricting his cross-examination of government witnesses.", "\n\n AFFIRMED.", "\n*\n The Honorable John F. Keenan, United States District Judge\nfor the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.", "\n\f ___________________\n\n KATHLEEN NAUGHTON, Assistant United States\n Attorney (Jo Ann M. Navickas, Assistant\n United States Attorney, on the brief), for\n Benton J. Campbell, United States Attorney\n for the Eastern District of New York, for\n Appellee.", "\n\n SAMUEL GREGORY, New York, N.Y., for\n Defendant-Appellant.", "\n ___________________\n\nKEENAN, District Judge:\n\n INTRODUCTION\n\n Defendant-appellant Hector Padilla appeals from a\n\njudgment of conviction entered in the United States District Court\n\nfor the Eastern District of New York (Garaufis, J.) after a jury\n\ntrial for possession of a firearm as a convicted felon. ", " Before\n\ntrial, the district court concluded that police had reasonable\n\nsuspicion to stop and frisk the defendant pursuant to Terry v.\n\nOhio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), and denied defendant’s motion to suppress\n\nthe handgun that was recovered. ", "On appeal, Padilla challenges this\n\nconclusion. ", " He also claims that the district court abused its\n\ndiscretion and violated his Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights with\n\ntrial rulings that he claims curtailed his cross-examination of\n\ngovernment witnesses. ", " We affirm for the reasons that follow.", "\n\n\n\n\n 2\n\f BACKGROUND\n\nA. The Suppression Motion\n\n 1. ", "Facts1\n\n Around 8:15 p.m. on October 27, 2006, NYPD Detective\n\nBrendan O’Brien and his partner were sitting in an unmarked car\n\nconducting surveillance of a Staten Island apartment building that\n\nthey had reason to believe was being used in the sale of narcotics.", "\n\nO’Brien had approximately nine years of experience in the NYPD,\n\ntwo-and-a-half of which were spent on narcotics detail in Staten\n\nIsland. ", "The apartment building under surveillance was located near\n\nthe intersection of Boyd and Cedar streets in the neighborhood of\n\nStapleton, an area known for its high rate of shootings and drug-\n\nand gun-related arrests. ", " Two undercover NYPD detectives were\n\nfatally shot in this neighborhood in March 2003.", "\n\n From the car, O’Brien observed a skinny, white male\n\nwalking in the middle of Boyd Street toward the intersection where\n\nthe apartment building is located. ", "Based upon the man’s skinny and\n\n“disheveled” appearance, and the fact that he was a white man in a\n\n\n1\n In denying Padilla’s motion to suppress, the district court\nadopted a report and recommendation issued by Magistrate Judge\nRoanne L. Mann after a suppression hearing. ", "The sole witness at\nthe hearing was Brendan O’Brien, a New York City Police\nDepartment (“NYPD”) detective who stopped and frisked Padilla and\nfound the handgun on him. ", "The facts set forth in this section\nare from Det. ", "O’Brien’s undisputed testimony, which the\nmagistrate judge found to be credible. ", "Because the testimony was\nnot disputed and was found credible, we take it as true for\npurposes of our opinion.", "\n 3\n\fpredominantly African American neighborhood, O’Brien believed that\n\nhe might have been a drug user on his way to the surveilled\n\nbuilding to buy drugs. ", " Instead of turning left on Cedar street\n\ntoward the building, however, the disheveled man continued straight\n\non Boyd street, crossing Cedar toward a wooded pathway where Boyd\n\nends.", "\n\n At this point, Det. ", "O’Brien noticed two other men who\n\nappeared to be following the disheveled man. ", " One of the two who\n\nwere following was the defendant, Padilla. ", " The two men were\n\nwalking together in single file and without speaking in the same\n\ndirection along Boyd street, twenty feet behind the disheveled man.", "\n\nThere was no one else around. ", " From the manner in which the two men\n\nwere walking, in single file while remaining directly behind the\n\ndisheveled man, it appeared to Det. ", "O’Brien that they were trying\n\nto avoid the man’s peripheral vision so that he would be unable see\n\nthem were they to approach from behind.", "\n\n The two men continued across Cedar street, staying behind\n\nthe disheveled man and heading toward the same wooded path.", "\n\nO’Brien thought it was odd that the only persons on the street at\n\nthat time would all choose to walk through an unlit wooded path in\n\nthat high crime area after dark, instead of using the lighted\n\nsidewalks. ", " He believed that a crime might possibly happen inside\n\nthe wooded lot— either that the two men would rob the disheveled\n\nman, or that the three would engage in a drug transaction.", "\n\n 4\n\f With his suspicions aroused, O’Brien drove around the\n\nblock to observe whether the three men exited the path or remained\n\nin the wooded area. ", " It took O’Brien approximately thirty seconds\n\nto circle the block. ", " On the other side, he saw that the two men\n\nhad caught up to the disheveled man, and the three had exited the\n\npath and appeared to be walking as a group. ", " Although O’Brien did\n\nnot think that the two men already had robbed the other in that\n\nshort span of time, he believed that a robbery still might occur.", "\n\nHe testified that he\n\n still thought [the robbery] could possibly be taking place;\n that they had got up close to him now and where [the wooded\n path] exits there, Gray Street, I said it comes, turns to\n Gordon Street, there also is a very wooded lot right there\n also, maybe you could say desolate, [the robbery] can happen\n as they exit also.", "\n\nO’Brien also testified that a drug deal could have happened in the\n\nthirty seconds it took the men to walk across the lot. ", " According\n\nto O’Brien, the fact that the three men had crossed the lot and\n\nwere exiting it as a group thirty seconds after entering neither\n\nincreased nor decreased his suspicion about whether criminal\n\nactivity was afoot.", "\n\n As O’Brien was pulling up in the car, from about fifty\n\nfeet away from the men, he observed Padilla reach underneath his\n\njacket and shirt, adjust something in the center of his waistband,\n\nand continue walking. ", " Although O’Brien could not make out the\n\ndimensions of the adjusted object, it appeared to have some weight\n\n 5\n\fto it because of the way it shifted and the way Padilla moved his\n\nhand. ", "From O’Brien’s police experience, he recognized the movement\n\nas consistent with the adjustment of a gun lodged in one’s\n\nwaistband. ", " O’Brien testified that he knew that firearms commonly\n\nare concealed in the waistband and that, when they are, they\n\nrequire readjustment because they shift and become uncomfortable.", "\n\nO’Brien previously had made eight to ten arrests where persons\n\nobserved to make the same gesture turned out to be carrying guns in\n\ntheir waistbands. ", "He also had become accustomed on an almost daily\n\nbasis to seeing his fellow officers make the same movement to\n\nadjust concealed firearms carried by them. ", " Although O’Brien\n\nrealized at the time that Padilla could have been adjusting\n\nsomething other than a firearm, he did not recognize the gesture as\n\nbeing consistent with any innocent explanation.2\n\n Still suspecting that a robbery or drug deal might take\n\nplace, and now believing that one of the two followers might be\n\n\n2\n At the suppression hearing, Det. ", "O’Brien demonstrated the\nhand gesture twice for the magistrate judge. ", "On cross-\nexamination, the defense inquired whether Padilla might have been\nadjusting a cell phone or keys clipped to his belt. ", "On re-\ndirect, O’Brien testified that he had never seen a person wear a\ncell phone or keys right in the middle of the waistline.", "\nDefense counsel also asked whether Padilla might have been\nadjusting his genitals, but O’Brien (again on redirect) stated\nthat he did not think so because “a person’s genitals are not in\nthe middle of their stomach area.” ", "In O’Brien’s experience, he\nhad only seen illegal items—generally guns but, on one occasion,\nfirecrackers—tucked into the center of the waistband. ", "O’Brien\nalso testified that Padilla’s movement was not consistent with\ntucking in a shirt or pulling up one’s pants.", "\n\n 6\n\farmed, O’Brien pulled the car in front of the three men. ", " He and\n\nhis partner got out without guns drawn and instructed the men to\n\nplace their hands on the vehicle. ", " O’Brien immediately patted down\n\nthe exterior of Padilla’s clothing near his waistline. ", " Feeling a\n\nhard object shaped like a gun, O’Brien reached underneath Padilla’s\n\nclothing, removed a loaded .38 caliber revolver from his waistband,\n\nand placed him under arrest.", "\n\n 2. ", "The Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation\n\n The magistrate judge issued a report recommending that\n\nPadilla’s motion to suppress be denied. ", " She found Det. ", "O’Brien’s\n\ntestimony to be wholly credible and concluded that, under the\n\ntotality of the circumstances, he had reasonable suspicion to stop\n\nand frisk Padilla pursuant to Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).", "\n\n The magistrate concluded that the following facts, taken\n\ntogether, established reasonable suspicion and justified Det.", "\n\nO’Brien in briefly detaining Padilla: (1) the fact that the area\n\nwas a high-crime neighborhood with a high incidence of drug- and\n\ngun-related violence; (2) the fact that the detention occurred\n\nafter dark and that, as O’Brien testified, it was odd for people to\n\ntravel on the isolated, unlit path after dark rather than stay on\n\nthe lighted streets; (3) the suspicious manner in which the\n\ndefendant and his companion had followed the disheveled man onto\n\nthe wooded pathway; and (4) the defendant’s hand gesture, which\n\nO’Brien recognized from his police experience as consistent with\n\n 7\n\fthe adjustment of a gun tucked into one’s waistband. ", " With respect\n\nto the hand gesture, the magistrate judge watched two in-court\n\ndemonstrations and described the gesture as a “distinctive gripping\n\nmotion, as if holding and adjusting (first up and then down)\n\nsomething comparable in size, shape, and heft to a handgun.” ", "United\n\nStates v. Padilla, No. ", "06 Cr. ", "824 (NGG), 2007 WL 1958894, at *7\n\n(E.D.N.Y. June 29, 2007) (adopting Magistrate’s Report and\n\nRecommendation, dated Mar. 2, 2007). ", " She also specifically\n\ncredited O’Brien’s testimony that the gesture did not appear to\n\nconform with any innocent alternative explanation.", "\n\n Finally, the magistrate judge concluded that the patdown\n\nsearch was justified. ", "She found that O’Brien had reason to believe\n\nthat Padilla was armed and dangerous, based on his hand gesture and\n\nthe other facts suggesting that a robbery or drug transaction was\n\nabout to occur.", "\n\n Over defense objection, the district court adopted the\n\nmagistrate’s report and recommendation in its entirety and denied\n\nthe suppression motion.", "\n\n\nB. The Trial\n\n Trial began on August 6, 2007 and lasted two days. ", " In\n\nhis opening statement, Padilla’s counsel articulated the following\n\ndefense theory: While on their way to the apartment building to\n\nbuy drugs, defendant and the other two men saw the detectives\n\n\n 8\n\fstaking the place out from their unmarked car. ", " In response, the\n\nthree men continued to walk straight on Boyd street and entered the\n\nwooded path. ", " The men then saw the police lights of the detectives’\n\ncar as it circled the wooded lot. ", " Knowing that the police were in\n\npursuit, one of the two men with whom Padilla was walking dumped\n\nthe gun along the path. ", " Defense counsel told the jury that the\n\nevidence would show that the police found the gun on the wooded\n\npath and planted it on Padilla, which is why Padilla’s fingerprints\n\nwere not found on the gun.", "\n\n The government’s evidence at trial consisted of the\n\ntestimony of Det. ", "O’Brien, his partner Det. ", "William Owens, Det.", "\n\nThomas Murphy, a member of the narcotics team who arrived on the\n\nscene in time to observe the firearm being removed from Padilla’s\n\nwaistband, and Det. ", "Bachia, who testified that Padilla confessed to\n\npossessing the firearm after he was arrested.", "\n\n The government’s first witness was O’Brien, who\n\nreiterated and expanded upon his testimony at the suppression\n\nhearing. ", "He testified that Det. ", "Murphy and another officer arrived\n\non the scene as he was getting out of the police car to stop the\n\nthree men. ", " O’Brien then patted down Padilla, recovered the gun\n\nfrom his waistband, and placed him under arrest. ", " Next, O’Brien\n\nradioed for an NYPD Evidence Collection Team to test the gun for\n\nfingerprints. ", " The team responded but was unable to obtain\n\nfingerprints from the gun.", "\n\n 9\n\f On cross-examination, the defense sought to inquire\n\nwhether the detectives had searched the wooded path and, in fact,\n\nfound the gun there instead of on Padilla’s person. ", "The government\n\nobjected to this line of questioning, and the trial court sustained\n\nthe objections.", "\n\n Det. ", "Murphy next took the stand. ", " He testified that he\n\nreceived a radio communication from O’Brien and Owens and arrived\n\non the scene in time to see O’Brien pull the handgun from Padilla’s\n\nwaistband. ", " On cross-examination, the defense again attempted to\n\ninquire whether any of the officers searched the wooded pathway.", "\n\nThe district court sustained the government’s objections, ruling\n\nthat the questions went beyond the scope of direct examination.", "\n\n The next witness was Det. ", "Owens, who testified that he\n\nwas working with Det. ", "O’Brien on the evening in question. ", " His\n\ntestimony corroborated O’Brien’s explanation of how the two\n\ndetectives came to stop Padilla. ", " Like O’Brien, Owens observed the\n\ntwo men follow the other into the wooded lot, saw them exit it\n\ntogether on the other side, and observed Padilla make a movement to\n\nadjust an item, which Owens believed to be a gun, in his waistband.", "\n\nOwens also testified to radioing the rest of the field team, which\n\nincluded Det. ", "Murphy and another officer, prior to stopping the\n\nthree men. ", " Owens frisked one of the other men and subsequently saw\n\nO’Brien hand another officer the gun that O’Brien had found on\n\nPadilla.", "\n\n 10\n\f On cross-examination, the defense again turned to the\n\ntopic of who, if anyone, searched the wooded pathway. ", " The trial\n\ncourt sustain the prosecution’s objections to each of these\n\nquestions.", "\n\n At a conference held at the conclusion of the first day\n\nof trial, Padilla’s counsel moved for a mistrial on the grounds\n\nthat he should have been permitted to ask the detectives about\n\neverything they did at the scene of the arrest, including whether\n\nthey went back to search the wooded path. ", " The court denied the\n\nmistrial motion.", "\n\n After the conference, the court issued a trial memorandum\n\nstating that “[i]f defense counsel wishes to pursue a theory that\n\nthe weapon at issue was planted on the Defendant . . . ", " he is of\n\ncourse free to do so on his direct case,” for example by calling as\n\nwitnesses the other two men stopped on the night in question. ", " The\n\nmemorandum went on to state that defense counsel would continue to\n\nbe permitted to “cross examine any of the Government’s witnesses\n\nwith proper questions regarding their role or direct observations,”\n\nbut that the court would “not permit any argument that is not based\n\nupon the evidence or lack of evidence in this case, whether it is\n\nin the Defendant’s cross examination, direct case, or closing\n\nargument.”", "\n\n At a conference on the morning of the second day of\n\ntrial, the government advised the court that the three detectives\n\n 11\n\fwho had testified on the previous day were present and available to\n\nbe called by the defense. ", "Defense counsel then requested that “the\n\nCourt revisit a number of [the] rulings that it made.” ", " He sought\n\npermission to cross-examine the earlier witnesses to ask them (1)\n\nwhether the detectives went back and checked the pathway with\n\nflashlights for evidence; (2) whether the firearm was found on the\n\npathway; and (3) the substance of any background information the\n\nofficers had obtained from the other two men Padilla was with at\n\nthe time of his arrest. ", " When asked by the court who the defense\n\nwanted to put back on the stand, defense counsel replied that he\n\nwished to recall Det. ", " O’Brien only. ", " The court granted the\n\ndefense’s request to reopen cross-examination on the three subjects\n\nidentified by defense counsel.", "\n\n When the trial resumed, the government called Det.", "\n\nBachia, who had interviewed Padilla after his arrest. ", " While\n\nPadilla was in custody, the detective advised him of his Miranda\n\nrights, which Padilla acknowledged in writing by signing a waiver\n\nof rights form. ", " Padilla then confessed that he was on his way to\n\nbuy heroin when he was stopped by the police, who recovered the\n\nfirearm from his waistband. ", " Padilla further explained that he had\n\nstolen the firearm five or six months before the arrest.", "\n\n Det. ", " O’Brien then was recalled for reopened cross-\n\nexamination. ", " He testified that he did not examine the pathway in\n\nthe wooded lot and did not know if any other police officer did.", "\n\n 12\n\f The government rested, and the parties entered\n\nstipulations on the prior felony and interstate commerce elements.", "\n\nThe defense called no witnesses. ", " After three and one-half hours\n\nof deliberations, the jury returned a guilty verdict.", "\n\n\n DISCUSSION\nA. The Terry Stop\n\n There is no dispute that Padilla was seized within the\n\nmeaning of the Fourth Amendment when he complied with Det.", "\n\nO’Brien’s order to stop and place his hands on the police car. ", " The\n\nsole issue is whether there was reasonable suspicion to justify the\n\nencounter under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).", "\n\n We review the district court’s reasonable suspicion\n\ndetermination de novo. ", "Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 697\n\n(1996). ", "The factual findings underlying that determination must be\n\naccepted unless clearly erroneous. ", "United States v. Bayless, 201\n\nF.3d 116, 132 (2d Cir. ", "2000). ", " All evidence supporting the denial\n\nof the suppression motion is viewed in a light most favorable to\n\nthe government. ", "Id.\n\n Under Terry, a police officer may briefly detain an\n\nindividual for questioning if the officer has “a reasonable\n\nsuspicion that the individual is, has been, or is about to be\n\nengaged in criminal activity.” ", "United States v. Villegas, 928 F.2d\n\n512, 516 (2d Cir. ", "1991). ", " A Terry stop is “an intermediate response\n\nallowing police to pursue a limited investigation when they lack\n\n 13\n\fthe precise level of information necessary for probable cause to\n\narrest.” ", "United States v. Elmore, 482 F.3d 172, 178 (2d Cir. ", "2007).", "\n\nAccordingly, the amount of suspicion needed to justify the\n\nencounter is less than a “fair probability” of wrongdoing, and\n\n“considerably less than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of\n\nthe evidence.” ", "United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989).", "\n\n In reviewing reasonable suspicion determinations, we look\n\nto the totality of the circumstances to see whether the officer had\n\na “particularized and objective basis” to suspect criminal\n\nactivity. ", " United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002)\n\n(quotation marks omitted). ", " The officer “must be able to point to\n\nspecific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational\n\ninferences from those facts, reasonably warrant [the] intrusion.”", "\n\nTerry, 392 U.S. at 21. ", " While the officer may not rely on an\n\n“inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or ‘hunch,’” id. at 27, he\n\nis entitled to “draw on [his] own experience and specialized\n\ntraining to make inferences from and deductions about the\n\ncumulative information available to [him] that might well elude an\n\nuntrained person.” ", "United States v. Muhammad, 463 F.3d 115, 121 (2d\n\nCir. ", " 2006) (quoting Arvizu, 534 U.S. at 273 (alterations in\n\noriginal, internal quotation marks omitted)). ", " Therefore, courts\n\nevaluate the circumstances surrounding the stop “‘through the eyes\n\nof a reasonable and cautious police officer on the scene, guided by\n\nhis experience and training.’” ", "Bayless, 201 F.3d at 133 (quoting\n\nUnited States v. Oates, 560 F.2d 45, 61 (2d Cir. ", "1977)).", "\n 14\n\f “[T]he determination of reasonable suspicion must be\n\nbased on commonsense judgments and inferences about human\n\nbehavior.” ", "Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 125 (2000). ", " Even\n\nconduct that is “as consistent with innocence as with guilt may\n\nform the basis for an investigative stop where there is some\n\nindication of possible illicit activity.” ", "Villegas, 928 F.2d at\n\n516. ", " Terry recognized that a “series of acts, each of them perhaps\n\ninnocent in itself,” can when “taken together warrant[] further\n\ninvestigation.” ", "Terry, 392 U.S. at 22.", "\n\n During a lawful stop, if the investigating officer has\n\nreason to believe that the detained individual is armed and\n\ndangerous, he may conduct a patdown search for concealed weapons.", "\n\nId. at 23-27; Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 146 (1972). ", " “The\n\npurpose of this limited search is not to discover evidence of\n\ncrime, but to allow the officer to pursue his investigation without\n\nfear of violence.” ", "Williams, 407 U.S. at 146. ", " Therefore, the\n\nprotective search is permissible “whether or not carrying a\n\nconcealed weapon violate[s] any applicable state law.” ", "Id.\n\n Applying these principles, we find that the district\n\ncourt correctly determined that the officers had reasonable\n\nsuspicion to stop the defendant. ", " While conducting narcotics\n\nsurveillance in a high-crime neighborhood, Det. ", "O’Brien observed a\n\nskinny, disheveled man whose appearance suggested drug use being\n\nfollowed by two men down an otherwise deserted street. ", " The two men\n\n 15\n\fwalked in single file and, without speaking to one another,\n\nremained directly behind the disheveled man at a distance of twenty\n\nfeet, such that they would avoid his peripheral vision if they\n\napproached from behind. ", " This manner of walking, which appellant\n\nhimself describes as “ostensibly suspicious” (Appellant’s Br. ", "at\n\n30), supported the detective’s suspicion that the two men might\n\nhave been targeting the disheveled man for a robbery.", "\n\n Watching all three men walk onto an isolated, dark path\n\nat night rather than stay on the lighted sidewalks caused the\n\ndetective to further suspect that criminal conduct–either a robbery\n\nor a drug deal—was about to take place. ", " Det. ", "O’Brien testified\n\nthat it seemed unusual for persons to travel by the path in that\n\nneighborhood after dark. ", "This assessment was based not only on his\n\nobservations of the area but also on his familiarity with the\n\nneighborhood’s high incidence of shootings and drug-related crimes.", "\n\nSee Arvizu, 534 U.S. at 276 (stating that officers are entitled to\n\nassess situations in light of their experience and familiarity with\n\na particular area and its inhabitants). ", " The high-crime nature of\n\nthe neighborhood was properly “among the relevant contextual\n\nconsiderations” in his assessment of the situation. ", "Wardlow, 528\n\nU.S. at 124. ", " Furthermore, although it was only 8:15 p.m., the\n\nchoice of the unlit route after dark was another fact that\n\nreasonably contributed to the suspicion that criminal activity was\n\nafoot. ", "Bayless, 201 F.3d at 134 (stating that, in the presence of\n\n\n 16\n\fother suspicious factors, the “sometimes innocuous factors such as\n\nthe time of day . . . ", "take on added significance”).", "\n\n Padilla argues that any suspicion generated by the\n\ncurious procession onto the wooded path should have dispelled when\n\nthe three men emerged from the other side as a group just thirty\n\nseconds later, because at that moment it was apparent that no\n\nrobbery had taken place along the path. ", " According to Padilla, the\n\nonly facts that remain to justify the stop are his presence in a\n\nhigh-crime neighborhood, “the fact that the sun had set,” and his\n\nadjustment of a concealed object in his waistband. (", "Appellant’s Br.", "\n\nat 24.) ", " He submits that these facts are insufficient under Terry\n\nand its progeny.", "\n\n This argument fails because Det. ", " O’Brien offered a\n\nreasonable explanation why he remained suspicious even after the\n\nmen emerged from the wooded path. ", " The detective believed that the\n\ntwo men might have just caught up to the disheveled man at the end\n\nof the path, and that a robbery was about to occur. ", " This belief\n\nwas not based on an “inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or\n\nhunch,” as appellant asserts, but on the detective’s observation\n\nthat the path exited into a desolate area near another wooded lot\n\nwhich was similarly well-suited for a robbery. ", " The fact that the\n\ncrime did not happen at the exact location originally expected did\n\nnot, in the circumstances of this case, significantly lessen the\n\nchances that a crime would be committed. ", " “[T]here was nothing to\n\n 17\n\findicate abandonment of an intent to commit a robbery at some\n\npoint.” ", "Terry, 392 U.S. at 28.3\n\n In addition, Det. ", "O’Brien testified that the men could\n\nhave engaged in a drug deal during the thirty seconds it took them\n\nto cross the path. ", " Thus, there was no reason why the initial\n\nsuspicion of drug activity should have abated. ", " If anything, the\n\nfact that Padilla and his companion exited the wooded lot alongside\n\nthe apparent drug user, after entering separately, would seem to\n\nsupport the hypothesis that the men had met inside to conduct a\n\ndrug deal.", "\n\n As he was driving toward the men, Det. ", "O’Brien observed\n\nPadilla reach underneath his jacket and shirt and adjust a weighty\n\nobject concealed at the center of his waistline. ", " From his police\n\nexperience—which included eight to ten arrests of armed individuals\n\nobserved to make the same movement, and the regular sight of his\n\nfellow officers adjusting concealed firearms carried by them in the\n\n\n3\n This case is unlike United States v. Arenas, 37 F. Supp. ", "2d\n322 (S.D.N.Y. 1999), the principal case that appellant relies\nupon to support his dissipation argument. ", "There, the officers’\nsuspicion that the three men under surveillance were “casing” a\ncell phone store should have dispelled when the men left the\nstore and headed toward the subway, away from any establishment\nin which they might perpetrate a robbery. ", "Id. at 329. ", "The\nofficers could not articulate any reason why they continued to\nsuspect criminal activity, and their testimony demonstrated that\nthey “decided to stop [the defendant] and his companions, not\nbecause the officers believed the men to be committing a crime,\nbut rather because they feared that the men would disappear into\nthe subway system.” ", "Id. In contrast, at the time of Padilla’s\nstop, he and his companion had closed the distance on their mark,\nand a robbery was possible at any moment.", "\n 18\n\fsame fashion, Det. ", " O’Brien recognized Padilla’s gesture as\n\nconsistent with the adjustment of a concealed firearm. ", "Viewing the\n\ngesture “through the eyes of a reasonable and cautious police\n\nofficer on the scene, guided by his experience and training,”\n\nBayless, 201 F.3d at 133 (internal quotation marks omitted), it was\n\nreasonable to infer that Padilla was carrying a gun in his\n\nwaistband.", "\n\n Padilla maintains that the gesture was ambiguous because\n\nthe dimensions of the adjusted object could not be seen through his\n\nclothing. ", " However, after watching two in-court demonstrations of\n\nthe gesture, the magistrate judge concluded that it was “a\n\ndistinctive gripping motion, as if holding and adjusting (first up\n\nand then down) something comparable in size, shape, and heft to a\n\nhandgun.” ", "Padilla, 2007 WL 1958894, at *7. ", " Padilla also contends\n\nthat he could have been adjusting an innocuous item, such as a cell\n\nphone, a key ring or a belt buckle. ", " Yet Det. ", "O’Brien testified\n\nthat the adjustment was not consistent with any of the innocent\n\nexplanations proposed by defense counsel at the suppression\n\nhearing, and the magistrate credited this testimony. ", " Even if the\n\ngesture were consistent with conceivable innocuous adjustments, its\n\n“distinctive” consistency with the adjustment of a firearm provided\n\nthe detective with a reasonable basis to suspect that Padilla was\n\narmed. ", "See Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 125 (stating that “[e]ven in Terry,\n\nthe conduct justifying the stop was ambiguous and susceptible of an\n\n\n 19\n\finnocent explanation”).", "\n\n The suspected possession of a concealed handgun was\n\nanother fact contributing to the suspicion that a robbery or a drug\n\ndeal was afoot. ", " Handguns are, of course, tools of the narcotics\n\ntrade, United States v. Riley, 452 F.3d 160, 167 (2d Cir. ", "2006),\n\nand frequently the weapon of choice in robberies. ", "See, e.g., United\n\nStates v. Whitley, 529 F.3d 150, 151 (2d Cir. ", "2008).", "\n\n The totality of the circumstances in this case—the high-\n\ncrime neighborhood, the sight of two men surreptitiously following\n\na man whose appearance suggested drug use down an otherwise-\n\ndeserted street, the choice of a dark path not commonly used at\n\nnight, the apparent adjustment of a concealed firearm–provided\n\nample basis for an investigative stop. ", " Indeed, given the distinct\n\npossibility that an armed robbery might be about to occur, the\n\nofficers would have been derelict in their duty had they failed to\n\ntake action.", "\n\n Moreover, because the officers had reason to believe at\n\nthe inception of the stop that Padilla was armed and dangerous,\n\nthey were entitled to frisk him prior to questioning. ", " “There is no\n\nreason why an officer, rightfully but forcibly confronting a person\n\nsuspected of a serious crime, should have to ask one question and\n\ntake the risk that the answer might be a bullet.” ", "Terry, 392 U.S.\n\nat 33 (Harlan, J., concurring).", "\n\n\n\n 20\n\f B. Rulings on Cross-Examination\n\n Defendant claims that the trial court abused its\n\ndiscretion and violated his rights to confront witnesses and\n\npresent a defense by initially disallowing cross-examination into\n\nwhether the detectives searched the wooded path and, in fact, found\n\nthe gun there. ", " The right to confront witnesses is violated when a\n\ndefendant is “prohibited from engaging in otherwise appropriate\n\ncross-examination designed . . . ", " ‘to expose to the jury the facts\n\nfrom which jurors ... could appropriately draw inferences relating\n\nto the reliability of the witness.’” ", "Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475\n\nU.S. 673, 680 (1986) (quoting Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 318\n\n(1974)). ", " “[T]he main and essential purpose of confrontation is to\n\nsecure for the opponent the opportunity of cross-examination.” ", "Id.\n\nat 678 (internal quotation marks and emphasis omitted).", "\n\n Here, the district court reconsidered its initial ruling\n\non the morning of the second day of trial and stated that it would\n\npermit reopened cross-examination into the subjects that defense\n\ncounsel wished to explore. ", " All three detectives were available to\n\nre-take the stand. ", "Thus, defendant was afforded the opportunity of\n\ncross-examination guaranteed by the Confrontation Clause. ", " See\n\nUnited States v. Maldonado-Rivera, 922 F.2d 934, 956 (2d Cir. ", "1990)\n\n(finding no Confrontation Clause violation and no abuse of\n\ndiscretion in trial court’s ruling prohibiting the defense from\n\nreferring in cross-examination to cassette tapes made by FBI agents\n\n\n 21\n\fduring surveillance, where “the court did not adhere to this\n\nruling” but instead “permit[ted] cross-examination on a wide\n\nvariety of topics . . . ", "including the use and reuse of [the]\n\ncassettes”). ", " Nevertheless, Padilla opted to recall only Det.", "\n\nO’Brien, who testified that he did not search the path and did not\n\nknow if anyone else did. ", " Defendant thereby waived the opportunity\n\nto confront the other two detectives on these subjects.", "\n\n Assuming arguendo that the initial ruling was an abuse\n\nof discretion, it was harmless. ", " The assumed error is a\n\nmisapplication of an evidentiary rule and, as discussed above, not\n\na violation of the Confrontation Clause. ", " Therefore, we apply the\n\nharmless error standard enunciated in Kotteakos v. United States,\n\n328 U.S. 750, 765 (1946). ", "See United States v. Estrada, 430 F.3d\n\n606, 622 (2d Cir. ", "2005). ", " Under this standard, the error is deemed\n\nharmless if “there is ‘fair assurance’ that the jury’s ‘judgment\n\nwas not substantially swayed by the error.’” ", "Id. (quoting United\n\nStates v. Yousef, 327 F.3d 56, 121 (2d Cir. ", "2003)). ", " The trial\n\ncourt did not, as defendant claims, impermissibly preclude him from\n\npresenting his theory of defense. ", "See United States v. Reindeau,\n\n947 F.2d 32, 36 (1991) (holding that such an error is not\n\nharmless). ", " The net effect of the court’s rulings was that\n\ndefendant had to wait until the next day to ask the questions he\n\nwanted. ", " In light of the overwhelming evidence of guilt, which\n\nconsisted of three eyewitnesses and a full confession, we are\n\n\n 22\n\fconfident that the overnight delay did not substantially influence\n\nthe verdict.", "\n\n Padilla argues that the later ruling did not remedy the\n\nerror because, by initially sustaining the government’s objections\n\nto his questions about whether police searched the path, the court\n\n“utterly delegitimized all defense inquiries on that subject in the\n\neyes of the jury.” (", "Appellant’s Br. ", "at 47.) ", " Yet Padilla himself\n\ndenied the later ruling its full curative effect when he decided\n\nnot to reopen cross-examination of two of the three detectives. ", "He\n\ncannot complain now of self-inflicted harm. ", " He also failed to\n\nrequest that the jury be instructed not to draw an improper\n\ninference from the court’s initial ruling. ", " In any event, any\n\nresidual prejudice from that initial ruling could not have affected\n\nthe verdict, given the strength of the government’s case.", "\n\n CONCLUSION\n\n We have considered all other arguments raised by\n\nappellant and find them to be without merit. ", " For the reasons\n\nstated above, the judgment of conviction is AFFIRMED.", "\n\n\n\n\n 23\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.005681818181818182, 0.0028011204481792717, 0.012461059190031152, 0, 0.01056338028169014, 0, 0, 0, 0.005221932114882507, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0.004098360655737705, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0, 0.003676470588235294, 0, 0.0091324200913242, 0, 0.005952380952380952, 0.007246376811594203, 0.011904761904761904, 0.02, 0, 0, 0.005319148936170213, 0.010526315789473684, 0.030303030303030304, 0.0125, 0.013513513513513514, 0.006097560975609756, 0, 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005076142131979695, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0.006289308176100629, 0, 0, 0.004032258064516129, 0.004424778761061947, 0.008849557522123894, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0, 0, 0.0048543689320388345, 0.014285714285714285, 0.0078125, 0.0078125, 0.008968609865470852, 0, 0.008620689655172414, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0.006329113924050633, 0.041666666666666664, 0.004878048780487805, 0.006493506493506494, 0.004225352112676056, 0, 0, 0, 0.0058823529411764705, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0.01015228426395939, 0, 0, 0.003215434083601286, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0.009615384615384616, 0.012048192771084338, 0.038461538461538464, 0.10526315789473684, 0.01935483870967742, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0.043478260869565216, 0.008849557522123894, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05, 0.03571428571428571, 0.01675977653631285, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0.008130081300813009, 0.023809523809523808, 0.016129032258064516, 0.015151515151515152, 0, 0, 0.003246753246753247, 0, 0, 0, 0.002347417840375587, 0, 0, 0.002617801047120419, 0.006711409395973154, 0, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0.017857142857142856, 0.011049723756906077, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008968609865470852, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0.00909090909090909, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004016064257028112, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0, 0.010869565217391304, 0.0070921985815602835, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005076142131979695, 0, 0, 0.004545454545454545, 0.06666666666666667, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0.01818181818181818, 0.007874015748031496, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03773584905660377, 0, 0, 0.004310344827586207, 0.0196078431372549, 0.007407407407407408, 0.0034602076124567475, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006578947368421052, 0.016129032258064516, 0.017241379310344827, 0.003278688524590164, 0.006622516556291391, 0, 0, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0.004132231404958678, 0.005025125628140704, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0.0625, 0.002688172043010753, 0, 0, 0.01904761904761905, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0.014084507042253521, 0.0022675736961451248, 0, 0.03773584905660377, 0, 0, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "\n796 S.W.2d 16 (1990)\nJ.C. NICHOLS COMPANY, Appellant,\nv.\nDIRECTOR OF REVENUE, Respondent.", "\nNo. ", "72014.", "\nSupreme Court of Missouri, En Banc.", "\nSeptember 11, 1990.", "\n*17 Charles P. Schleicher, Mark A. Firestone, Kansas City, for appellant.", "\nWilliam L. Webster, Atty. ", "Gen., Mark Siedlik, Richard L. Wieler, Asst. ", "Attys. ", "Gen., George Cox, Raymond T. Wagner, Jr., Sp. ", "Asst. ", "Attys. ", "Gen., Jefferson City, for respondent.", "\nROBERTSON, Judge.", "\nTwo principal issues require resolution in this case: First, whether a taxpayer who segregates income by state but who utilizes a formula to allocate a portion of its expenses has segregated \"income and deductions\" and may avoid utilizing the single factor formula for determining Missouri income taxation, Section 143.451.2(1), RSMo 1986; and second, whether a taxpayer may assume approval by the Director of Revenue of its petitioned-for alternative accounting method by the silence of the Director and by filing income tax returns using that accounting method. ", "Section 143.461.2, RSMo 1986. ", "Because this case involves the construction of the revenue laws of this state, we have jurisdiction. ", "Mo. Const. ", "art. ", "V, §§ 3 and 18, Section 621.189, RSMo 1986. ", "The decision of the Administrative Hearing Commission is affirmed.", "\n\nI.\nAppellant, J.C. Nichols Company (Nichols), is a Missouri corporation with its principal offices in Kansas City, Missouri. ", "Nichols develops, manages and sells real estate in both Kansas and Missouri. ", "Following its incorporation in 1944, Nichols adopted an accounting practice that permitted it to allocate its income on a property-by-property basis. ", "This method permitted Nichols to segregate its income from various properties in the two states. ", "As to deductions, Nichols directly allocated 81.64 percent of the total expenses according to the location of the real estate, but apportioned other expenses to its various properties according to various formulae when those expenses could not practically or efficiently be allocated by its property-by-property method.", "\nIn 1972, the legislature adopted Sections 143.451 and 143.461, which will be discussed in more detail below. ", "Apparently in response to that legislation, Nichols discussed its accounting method with an employee of the Director and, subsequent to that conversation, sent a letter to the Director indicating that Nichols would continue to follow its historical accounting method \"unless I [the Nichols officer sending the letter] hear otherwise.\" ", "The then Director did not respond to the Nichols letter.", "\nNichols continued to file its income tax returns using its property specific accounting method. ", "In 1974, the Director informed Nichols of an income tax deficiency, stating, \"Assessment: Separate Accounting not allowable.... R.S.Mo. ", "143.461.2.\" ", "The record reveals that the Director audited Nichols for the years 1974-76; that audit yielded a refund for Nichols as did an audit of tax year 1979.[1] The Director accepted Nichols' 1978 return; Nichols used its historic accounting method. ", "The Director's brief indicates that only tax years 1980-1984 are at issue in this case. ", "In each of those tax years, the director sent a Notice of Deficiency to Nichols; Nichols filed a timely protest, which the Director denied. ", "Nichols filed a timely petition for review with the Administrative Hearing Commission. ", "The Commission decided in favor of the Director.", "\n\nA.\nNichols first urges that it does not have \"interstate income.\" ", "We disagree.", "\nSection 143.451.1 refers to income resulting \"from a transaction partially in this state and partially in another state or states.\" ", "The source of income \"is the place where it was produced.\" ", "A transaction is \"any business activity productive of income.\" ", "In re Kansas City Star Company, 346 Mo. 658, 142 S.W.2d 1029, 1037 (Mo. banc 1940). ", "Thus, a transaction is partially within and partially without Missouri \"if the Missouri effort is among the efficient causes which contribute directly to *18 the production of income.\" ", "Wohl Shoe Co. v. Director of Revenue, 771 S.W.2d 339, 342 (Mo. banc 1989). ", "Bank Building and Equipment Corporation of America v. Director of Revenue, 687 S.W.2d 168, 171 (Mo. banc 1985), put it more bluntly. ", "There the Court found out-of-state construction transactions taxable because \"the `brains' of this specialized operation are located in St. Louis.\" ", "See also Hayes Drilling, Inc. v. Director of Revenue, 704 S.W.2d 232, 234 (Mo. banc 1986). (\"", "If the efficient entry by the taxpayer into the process by which income is produced occurs in this state, then that transaction is one `partly within this state' within the meaning of Section 143.451.2.\")", "\nThe Commission concluded that decisions to enter the real estate transactions at issue here were controlled by Nichols' Kansas City, Missouri headquarters. \"", "The overall effort of [Nichols'] income-producing activities was directed from that office, and the management structure which produced the income from Kansas properties was in Missouri.\" ", "This conclusion is supported by the record. ", "On the authority of Bank Building, Hayes Drilling, and Wohl Shoe, we hold that Nichols' income is partially within Missouri and partially in another state within the meaning of Section 143.451.1. ", "Nichols' first point is denied.", "\n\nB.\nNevertheless, Nichols argues, even if Section 143.451.2 applies, Nichols need not employ the single factor formula, Section 143.451.2, because its accounting method permits it to segregate its income and deductions. ", "Section 143.451.2(1) states:\nWhere income results from a transaction partially in this state and partially in another state or states, and income and deductions of the portion in the state cannot be segregated, then such portions of income and deductions shall be allocated in this state and other state or states as will distribute to this state a portion based upon the portion of the transaction in this state and the portion in such other state or states.", "\n(Emphasis added.)", "\nNichols' argument depends on two assumptions. ", "First, Nichols contends that the segregation of income and deductions required by Section 143.451.2(1) as a condition precedent to avoidance of the single factor formula occurs if the taxpayer's method of accounting is more accurate than the single factor formula in apportioning income between the states. ", "This is so, Nichols urges, even if some of the deductions (expenses in this case) must be apportioned according to a formula adopted by the taxpayer for that purpose. ", "Second, Nichols believes that it has an absolute right to apportion its income provided its accounting method segregates all income and deductions on a property-by-property basis.", "\nWe need not consider Nichols' initial assumption for that position depends on the correctness of its second proposition. ", "Even if Nichols' accounting method totally segregates its income and deductions and even if Section 143.451.2 permits de minimis failures of the accounting method so to segregate, Nichols' second assumption is flawed. ", "The flaw is fatal to Nichols' argument.", "\nThe flaw in Nichols' second position is its assumption that the right to use an alternative accounting method that purports to segregate income and deductions under Section 143.451.2 is unfettered. ", "This is contrary to the unambiguous language of the statute. ", "Section 143.461.2 requires affirmative approval of the Director prior to the use of an alternative accounting method on a taxpayer's income tax return.", "\nIf the corporation shall keep its books and records so as to show by any other method of allocation between this state and other states involved of income from transactions partially within and partially without this state, including gross income and deductions applicable thereto, and such method shows the income applicable to this state, including gross income and deductions applicable thereto, then it may, on or before sixty days before the end of any taxable year, petition *19 the director of revenue, in writing, to be permitted in its return required to be filed to apportion to this state according to the method shown by such books or records. ", "If the director of revenue finds that such method does show the income applicable to this state including gross income and the deductions applicable thereto, he shall notify the corporation, at least thirty days prior to the last day on which such corporation's return for that taxable year is to be filed, that it may use that method as long as such method shows the income applicable to this state, including gross income and deductions applicable thereto.", "\n(Emphasis added.) ", "There is nothing in this record to indicate that the Director found Nichols' accounting method acceptable for Missouri income tax reporting purposes.", "\nNichols persists, however, hypothesizing two bases for this Court's inferring the requisite approval by the Director. ", "First, Nichols contends that under In re Kansas City Star Co., 346 Mo. 658, 142 S.W.2d 1029 (Mo. banc 1940), this Court has found that a history of consistent accounting by a taxpayer to which the Director fails to object is tantamount to approval of that accounting method. ", "Second, Nichols asserts that its September 20, 1983 letter to the Director constitutes a petition within the meaning of Section 143.461.2 and that the Director's failure to respond to the letter constitutes approval of Nichols' accounting method.", "\nIn Kansas City Star, the taxpayer filed its income tax returns for ten years using an alternative to the statutory accounting method. ", "The state auditor did not object to those returns and deposited the taxpayer's payment in the state treasury. ", "The statute then in force required the taxpayer to petition and the auditor to approve alternative accounting methods in language virtually identical to the language of Section 143.461.2. ", "The Court held that the verified returns acted as implied requests for approval of the alternative accounting method and the auditor's failure to object to the returns inferred approval. \"[", "T]he failure of respondent [taxpayer] to petition for and obtain consent to make allocation on the basis shown in the returns did not destroy appellant's [state auditor] discretionary approval of it.\" ", "Id. 142 S.W.2d at 1036.", "\nIn M.V. Marine Co. v. State Tax Commission, 606 S.W.2d 644, 651 (Mo. banc 1980), this Court acknowledged that \"the [Kansas City] Star rule might be subject to reexamination.\" ", "The Director invites us to conduct that reexamination in this case, contending that Kansas City Star is no longer apposite given statutory changes in the manner in which taxes are assessed and collected.", "\nUnder the statute in effect for the tax years at issue in Kansas City Star, the taxpayer filed its return with the city assessor. ", "Section 10125, RSMo 1929. ", "The assessor had thirty days to examine the return and assess the tax. ", "Section 10128, RSMo 1929. ", "Under current income tax statutes, tax authorities no longer assess; the taxpayer self-assesses subject to audit by the authorities. ", "The statutory supposition upon which Kansas City Star is constructed—that the tax authorities affirmatively consider and approve a taxpayer's return annually—is no longer valid. ", "It is, therefore, no longer possible to infer from silence that the Director has approved an alternative accounting method; there is no statutory obligation on the part of the Director to consider the correctness of a return unless and until it is selected for audit. ", "To the extent that Kansas City Star holds that a taxpayer may assume approval by the Director's silence, it is overruled.", "\nThis holding renders any lengthy discussion of Nichols' argument that its September 20, 1973 letter was a petition for approval of an alternative accounting method unnecessary. ", "Because the Director did not respond directly to the letter, Nichols cannot claim that it is entitled to assume approval. ", "The argument is further eviscerated by the notice of income tax deficiency sent by the Director to Nichols in 1974 and stating \"[s]eparate account not allowable.", "\"[2]\n*20 In sum, Nichols' contention that its accounting method is more accurate than the statutory formula is irrelevant. ", "Until the Director approves—by the affirmative act of finding that the taxpayer's proposed method properly segregates income and deductions by state—the alternative accounting method sought by a taxpayer may not be employed for income tax purposes. ", "Section 143.461.2. ", "Nichols' point is denied.", "\n\nIII.", "\nNichols' final point involves a number of issues focusing on the propriety of the Commission's order modifying the Director's assessment to include Kansas transactions as partly within Missouri for income tax purposes. ", "The Director assessed the income from the Kansas property as wholly outside Missouri. ", "The Commission concluded that Nichols' overall income producing activities were directed from Nichols' Missouri office, that the Kansas transactions in question were approved in Missouri and, as a matter of law, that income derived from those transactions was partially in Missouri for income tax purposes. ", "Wohl Shoe, 771 S.W.2d at 339; Hayes Drilling, 704 S.W.2d at 232.", "\n\nA.\nNichols first argues that the Commission does not have the authority to modify the Director's assessment. ", "We disagree.", "\nThe Commission is \"an adjunct executive agency [exercising] ... independent and impartial decisionmaking authority in disputes between agencies and those persons affected by their actions.\" ", "State Tax Commission v. Administrative Hearing Commission, 641 S.W.2d 69, 75 (Mo. banc 1982). ", "The Commission exercises agency adjudicative power; that \"power extends only to the ascertainment of facts and the application of existing law thereto in order to resolve issues within the given area of agency expertise.\" ", "Id. Thus, the Commission\nis simply a hearing officer who exercises the same role as any administrative hearing officer authorized to hear contested cases within an agency.... It simply determines, on evidence heard, the administrative decision of the agency involved. ", "The ... Commission decision becomes the administrative action of the Department.", "\nGeriatric Nursing Facility, Inc. v. Department of Social Services, 693 S.W.2d 206, 209 (Mo.App.1985).", "\nThe legislature intended for the Commission to render the agency's decision. ", "This is the import of the language of Section 621.050.2, requiring adherence to the procedures of Chapter 536 in appeals from the Director to the Commission. ", "Moreover, this view is consistent with this Court's decision in Newmann v. Director of Revenue, 785 S.W.2d 536 (Mo. banc 1990), in which we held that the Commission has no jurisdiction to hear an appeal from the Director where the Director has previously provided the aggrieved party with notice and hearing in accordance with statutory requirements. ", "See also Labrayere v. Goldberg, 605 S.W.2d 79, 84 (Mo. banc 1980) (\"The absence of any provision for review by the Administrative Hearing Commission of the record in the department of revenue confirms that the legislature did not contemplate ... a separate hearing both in the department ... and in the ... Commission in any case.\")", "\nBecause the Commission announces the decision of the agency, the Commission's decision in this case to adjust the Director's assessment is within the authority of the Commission. ", "It is within the authority of the Commission because it is within the *21 authority of the agency. ", "The point is denied.", "\n\nB.\nNichols next contends that even if the Commission had the authority to alter the Director's decision, it could not do so because the Commission's modified assessment did not meet the statutory requirements for assessment. ", "Nichols urges that Section 143.611.2, RSMo 1986, is mandatory and requires the Director to notify the taxpayer of the \"amount proposed to be assessed\" as a deficiency. ", "Relying on Commercial Bank of St. Louis v. James, 658 S.W.2d 17, 23 (Mo.1983), Nichols contends that the amount set out in the notice is the maximum amount that can be assessed.", "\nCommercial Bank dealt with the failure of the taxing authority to send any notice, even though the statute required notice. ", "Nichols does not contend that the Director failed to send the notice required by Section 143.611.2. ", "Commercial Bank is thus of no help to Nichols in this case.", "\nBy its clear terms, Section 143.611.2 uses the word \"proposed.\" ", "The very use of that word indicates that the amount set out is fluid, subject to adjustment upon the determination of additional facts. ", "The notice is intended to do no more than apprise the taxpayer that the Director disagrees with its self-assessment. ", "Here the Director informed Nichols of his disagreement with Nichols' accounting method. ", "The Commission found as a matter of law that certain transactions should have been included in Nichols' income calculation. ", "Nichols had the opportunity to argue the legal point. ", "We find no failure of notice to Nichols. ", "The point is denied.", "\n\nC.\nNichols next argues that inclusion of these Kansas transactions was improper because such findings by the Commission were \"beyond the scope of the pleadings.\" ", "This argument is a bit disingenuous, given that the entirety of this case focuses on Nichols' accounting method and the Director's disagreement with that method. ", "We deny the point without further discussion.", "\n\nD.\nFinally, Nichols asks this Court to hold that the Commission erred in admitting copies of its press releases as evidence. ", "The exhibits in question are copies of press releases issued by Nichols involving Kansas transactions and indicating that a Missouri based employee of Nichols participated in the transaction. ", "Nichols furnished the press releases in response to the Director's discovery requests, but now contends that they are hearsay, irrelevant and lacking in foundation.", "\nEvidentiary rules applicable to proceedings before the Commission are contained in chapter 536 and as we have previously said, are expressly mandated for use in appeals taken to the Commission under Section 621.050. ", "Section 536.070(10), RSMo 1986, renders admissible \"any writing\" made as a memorandum of an event \"if it shall appear that it was made in the regular course of any business, and that it was the regular course of such business to make such memorandum ... within a reasonable time\" after the occurrence of the event. ", "It appears that Nichols' regular business conduct included the notification of the press of successful real estate transactions shortly after their closure. ", "To the extent that Nichols now claims that these exhibits do not accurately reflect its business transactions, the documents were subject to the objections offered by Nichols at the hearing. ", "Moreover, the statute provides that \"[a]ll other circumstances of the making of such writing ... may be shown to affect the weight of such evidence, but such showing shall not affect its admissibility....\" The Commission did not err in admitting the exhibits pursuant to Section 536.070(10) over Nichols' objections.", "\n\nIV.", "\nThe decision of the Administrative Hearing Commission is affirmed.", "\n*22 BLACKMAR, C.J., RENDLEN, HIGGINS, COVINGTON, and HOLSTEIN, JJ., ", "and SEILER, Senior Judge, concur.", "\nBILLINGS, J., not sitting.", "\nNOTES\n[1] Tax year 1977 is not discussed in the record.", "\n[2] On July 23, 1986, the Director sent Nichols notice of his final decision for tax year 1973. ", "The Director's communication informed Nichols \"that the Final Notice of State Tax Deficiency at issue is fully abated.\" ", "Nichols argues that this letter constitutes the finding by the Director of approval of Nichols' alternative accounting method required by Section 143.461.2. ", "We disagree. ", "The fact that the Director chose to settle his dispute with Nichols for tax year 1973 cannot be read as approval of the accounting method for subsequent years. ", "This is apparently borne out by the Director's continued \"interest\" in tax years subsequent to 1973. ", "Moreover and as we now hold, Section 143.461.2 requires an affirmative approval of the proposed accounting method. ", "Such approval is absent here.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0.07407407407407407, 0.06666666666666667, 0.14285714285714285, 0.06521739130434782, 0, 0.14285714285714285, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0.007874015748031496, 0.025974025974025976, 0.006666666666666667, 0.010309278350515464, 0.003134796238244514, 0, 0.008955223880597015, 0.017857142857142856, 0.010309278350515464, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0.01652892561983471, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0.022988505747126436, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0.007518796992481203, 0.006756756756756757, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0.006329113924050633, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.03225806451612903, 0.013574660633484163, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0.003257328990228013, 0.005988023952095809, 0.00558659217877095, 0.00819672131147541, 0.009174311926605505, 0.02564102564102564, 0.005025125628140704, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05263157894736842, 0.006711409395973154, 0.008403361344537815, 0.01090909090909091, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0, 0, 0.005291005291005291, 0, 0.043478260869565216, 0.022727272727272728, 0.0049261083743842365, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0056179775280898875, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0.0056179775280898875, 0.00819672131147541, 0.006211180124223602, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0, 0.04, 0, 0.004545454545454545, 0, 0.006514657980456026, 0.046875, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0.0045045045045045045, 0.0037313432835820895, 0.0125, 0.0196078431372549, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0.011396011396011397, 0.012048192771084338, 0.005555555555555556, 0, 0, 0.00881057268722467, 0.011904761904761904, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0.02, 0.03389830508474576, 0, 0, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0.016129032258064516, 0.018518518518518517, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0.006097560975609756, 0.006172839506172839, 0, 0.023622047244094488, 0.010416666666666666, 0.006097560975609756, 0.004608294930875576, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0.010471204188481676, 0.0031645569620253164, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0.07246376811594203, 0.030303030303030304, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0.01020408163265306, 0.008333333333333333, 0.012738853503184714, 0, 0.00625, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Ethical responsibilities of the Australian media in the representations of infant feeding.", "\nDespite the fact that human milk is the ideal food for human babies, many Australian babies are still weaned sooner than the World Health Organization guidelines recommend. ", "Australian mothers want to breastfeed--and initially do so. ", "However, there is a rapid decline in the percentage of babies being offered breastmilk as newborns compared to six months old. ", "Data collected in 2004 indicated that although 90% of newborn infants in NSW were put to the breast, or offered expressed milk, at least once, only 77% of infants were receiving at least some breastmilk regularly at the end of their first month. ", "By six months of age only 4.6% of babies in NSW were being exclusively breastfed. ", "This paper aims to analyse some of the reasons women in Australia prematurely wean their infants. ", "Particular emphasis will be given to the representation of infant feeding in the media, how consumers use this information to make decisions about infant feeding, and the ethical responsibilities of said media in their portrayal of infant feeding." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.005747126436781609, 0, 0, 0.016260162601626018, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0 ]

[ "Bei diesen Aufnahmen stockt einem der Atem: Ein Tourist in der Schweiz wollte seinen Traum von einem Tandem-Drachenflug wahr machen, doch ein dramatischer Fehler seines Piloten machte daraus einen Albtraum.", "\n\nDiesen Ausflug in den Abenteuersport wird Chris Gursky sein Leben lang nicht vergessen: Der US-Amerikaner und seine Ehefrau Gail wollten ihren Urlaub in der Schweiz mit Drachenfliegen beginnen. ", "Dazu hatte das Paar in Interlaken im Berner Oberland zwei Tandemflüge gebucht. ", "Doch während Gail Gursky die grandiose Aussicht auf die Schweizer Berge in vollen Zügen genießen konnte, wurde der Flug für Chris zu einem Kampf um sein Leben, wie ein dramatisches Video zeigt, das der Fotograf und Autoteile-Manager aus North Port im US-Bundesstaat Florida auf Youtube gepostet hat.", "\n\n\"Mein erstes Mal Drachenfliegen wurde zu einem Nahtoderlebnis, weil mein Gurtzeug nicht am Gleitschirm befestigt war\", schrieb Gursky unter den Clip. \"", "Für 2 Minuten 14 Sekunden musste ich mich an mein Leben klammern! ", "Die Landung war hart, aber ich habe überlebt, um die Geschichte zu erzählen.\"", "\n\n\"Ich habe nach unten geschaut und gedacht, das war's\"\n\nDas Video, dem der Urlauber den harmlos klingenden Titel \"Schweizer Missgeschick\" gegeben hat, lässt einem den Atem stocken. ", "Es beginnt mit dem Start des Tandems. ", "Deutlich ist zu sehen, dass nur das Gurtzeug des Piloten an dem Flugdrachen befestigt ist, aber nicht das von Gursky. ", "Dann laufen die beiden kurz an und heben ab. ", "Gurskys Körper sackt sofort nach unten, während der des Piloten waagerecht unter dem Hängegleiter hängt.", "\n\n\"Ich hatte erwartet, dass ich mich beim Gehen über dem Piloten einpendeln würde, aber schnell stellte ich fest, dass mein Gurtzeug nicht am Drachen oder sonst etwas befestigt war. ", "Mein Körpergewicht verlagerte sich geradewegs nach unten\", schrieb Gursky auf seiner Facebookseite. \"", "Ich erinnere mich, dass ich nach unten geschaut und gedacht habe, das war's.\"", "\n\nAuch der Pilot realisiert sofort, dass sein Fluggast im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes in Lebensgefahr schwebt. ", "Als Gursky den Halt zu verlieren droht, versucht der Profi ihn mit der linken Hand festzuhalten und nur noch mit der rechten den Drachen zu lenken. \"", "Der Pilot packte meine Hand, aber wie in einem Film rutsche meine Hand in Zeitlupe ab, bis ich einen weiteren Gurt auf seiner linken Seite zu fassen bekam, aber auch hier rutschte ich ab\", schilderte Gursky die dramatischen Minuten.", "\n\nGurskys Bizepssehne reißt unter der Belastung\n\nVolle zwei Minuten und 14 Sekunden dauert der Horror-Flug, dann endlich erreicht der Pilot eine Wiese und kann landen. ", "Als der Deltasegler mit viel zu hoher Geschwindigkeit über das Gras fliegt, schlagen Gurskys Füße auf den Boden und er muss sich fallen lassen.", "\n\nAls er sich aufgerichtet habe, habe er sofort gewusst, dass etwas nicht stimmte und gesehen, dass sein Handgelenk gebrochen war, schreibt Gursky weiter. ", "Außerdem sei seine Bizepssehne aufgrund der großen Belastung gerissen. ", "Der Tourist kam in ein Krankenhaus, wo sein Handgelenk mit einer Titanplatte fixiert wurde.", "\n\nObwohl er dem Tod nur haarscharf von der Schippe gesprungen ist, hat Gursky seinen Humor nicht verloren: \"Warnung: Der Inhalt kann auf manche verstörend wirken. ", "Einschließlich meiner Frau!\", ", "schrieb der Amerikaner im Vorspann des Videos. ", "Auch den weiteren Verlauf der Aufnahmen kommentierte er immer wieder mit ironischen Untertiteln: \"Houston, wir haben ein Problem!\", ", "heißt es kurz nach dem Start. ", "Und wenig später: \"Ich denke ... 'schöne Aussicht ... Ich werde sterben!'\". ", "Und: \"Ich glaube, meine linke Hand macht einen Abdruck in die Metallstange.\"", "\n\nAuf den Piloten ist Gursky nach eigenen Angaben nicht mehr sauer: \"Über diese Phase bin ich hinaus\", zitiert ihn die Internetseite \"Cross Country\". \"", "Er hat alles getan, was er konnte, und noch mehr. ", "Er ist ein guter Kerl.\" ", "Das erstaunlichste aber ist, dass der Amerikaner noch nicht genug hat von dem Abenteuersport, wie er auf Facebook schreibt: \"Ich kann Hängegleiten immer noch nicht von meiner Wunschliste streichen, bis ich einen erfolgreichen Flug beendet habe!\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.043689320388349516, 0.030612244897959183, 0.012658227848101266, 0.033444816053511704, 0.026143790849673203, 0, 0.025974025974025976, 0.01098901098901099, 0.02631578947368421, 0.00847457627118644, 0.022222222222222223, 0.028846153846153848, 0.02197802197802198, 0.019801980198019802, 0.012987012987012988, 0.009174311926605505, 0.013422818791946308, 0.017241379310344827, 0.017857142857142856, 0.03496503496503497, 0.012903225806451613, 0.014084507042253521, 0.04395604395604396, 0.024539877300613498, 0.03333333333333333, 0.0425531914893617, 0.015151515151515152, 0, 0, 0, 0.019867549668874173, 0, 0, 0.0163265306122449 ]

[ "I love how this piece just explodes with color and motion. ", "The pieces jutting off Nidus give the impression of flower petals." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "Infectious endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of antiangiogenic agents.", "\nTo evaluate the rate of infectious endophthalmitis associated with intravitreal injection of bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and pegaptanib sodium. ", "A retrospective review of patients who received intravitreal injections of bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and pegaptanib sodium was undertaken. ", "Cases of clinical diagnoses of endophthalmitis or suspected endophthalmitis resulting from intravitreal injection were identified and reviewed. ", "From these data, the risk per injection was estimated. ", "Three patients developed endophthalmitis after the intravitreal injection. ", "The risk per injection was 0.00077 (0.077%). ", "The rate of endophthalmitis was 1 per 1,291 injections. ", "A similar risk of endophthalmitis per injection compared with some trials was obtained in this study. ", "Although no definite risk factors could be identified, intravitreal injections performed by nonretina specialist physicians may be a risk factor for the development of endophthalmitis." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005434782608695652 ]

[ "Power remains out for some customers in parts of Queenstown, Frankton, Arrowtown, Dalefield and Glenorchy.", "\n\nPower has been restored to nearly 900 customers so far. ", "Power will be restored to remaining customers as quickly as is safely possible.", "\n\nThe safety of the public and response crews is of foremost importance.", "\n\nExtreme conditions are hampering our response. ", "Crews will need to inspect several kilometres of powerlines to identify and rectify faults and some areas are currently inaccessible or unsafe for response crews to reach.", "\n\nKeep safe\n\nWe understand the inconvenience that service interruptions cause and we will be working hard to restore power to affected customers as soon as is safely possible. ", "The safety of the public and line crews is of primary importance at all times.", "\n\nPeople should be prepared for the possibility of electricity-related hazards and unplanned power outages, in particular:\n\nAlways keep well clear of fallen power lines or damaged electrical equipment and treat them as live at all times\n\nWatch out for falling tree branches as these can cause damage to power lines\n\nIf a power outage occurs, switch appliances off at the wall to avoid possible damage to electrical appliances when power is restored Be prepared for power outages.", "\n\nMake sure you have adequate food supplies, warm clothing and bedding, torch and spare batteries, battery radio and an alternative source of heating and cooking.", "\n\nPeople using medical equipment that relies on electricity should ensure they are prepared for power disruptions and if there is an immediate health threat, contact their health provider or call 111." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.009433962264150943, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The relevance of malondialdehyde as a biochemical index of lipid peroxidation of postischemic tissues in the rat and human beings.", "\nBy using a recently developed ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the direct determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) and several other acid-soluble low-mol-wt compounds (ascorbate, oxypurines, nucleosides, nicotinic coenzymes, high-energy phosphates), the variations of tissue and plasma MDA as a function of ischemia and reperfusion were determined in the rat (isolated Langendorff-perfused hearts and short-term incomplete cerebral ischemia) and in human beings (patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction subjected to fibrinolysis). ", "In the rat, the data obtained indicate that, contrary to what had been previously reported in literature, MDA is not present either in control heart or in control brain. ", "Oxygen deprivation induces the production of a low, but detectable amount of MDA in both heart and brain, whereas reperfusion causes a marked increase of MDA in both tissues. ", "In human beings, plasma MDA was deeply affected only in patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction with successful thrombolysis, thus indicating the occurrence of oxygen radical-mediated tissue injury also in humans. ", "On the whole, these results suggest that MDA is a valid biochemical marker of lipid peroxidation of postischemic tissues, which however needs a reliable analytical technique for its determination." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.005244755244755245, 0.0058823529411764705, 0.017142857142857144, 0.004424778761061947, 0.00510204081632653 ]

[ "Political party strength in Virginia\n\nThe following table indicates party affiliation in the Commonwealth of Virginia for the individual offices of:\nGovernor\nLieutenant Governor\nAttorney General\n\nIt also indicates the historical composition of the collective:\nSenate\nHouse of Delegates\nState delegation to the United States Senate (individually)\nState delegation to the United States House of Representatives\n\nTable\nThe parties are as follows: (AA); (CU); (D); (DR); (F); (I); (N); (R); (RA); (U); and .", "\n\nNotes\n\nSee also\nPolitics in Virginia\nPolitics of Virginia\n\nCategory:Politics of Virginia\nCategory:Government of Virginia\nVirginia" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.009746588693957114, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nShould we remove the \"tag with Ubuntu version\" advice from the help center?", "\n\nThere have been many discussions on meta (here and here for example) about using the Ubuntu version tags (12.04 etc). ", "Mostly, they support the position that these tags should be used when the version is somehow relevant to the question. ", "If it is a general issue and the OP just happens to be using version X, then the question should not have the version tag. ", "For example, a question like \"How can I change the permissions of a file?\" ", "should not be tagged with a version since its answer will be applicable to any Ubuntu (or *nix for that matter).", "\nNow, I don't want to start this whole debate again. ", "We have already talked about this ad nauseum. ", "What I want to point out is the following quote from the \"on topic\" section of the help center:\n\nUbuntu version you are using in the TAG, including any other Tags that can help on the question.", "\n\nThat means that the more conscientious new users, those who actually read the help center, are given the idea that all questions need a version tag. ", "Whatever you position on version tags, I think we can all agree that not all questions need them. ", "Yet, this is what we tell new users to do. ", "This seems like shooting ourselves in the foot. ", "\nSo, shouldn't that particular bullet point be removed?", "\n\nA:\n\nRegardless of what side of the version tag saga you sit, I'm not sure we need to be prescriptive with tags in the on-topic section of help.", "\nI'll change it so it's more open.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.008064516129032258, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0051813471502590676, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nJS: Pass value using Object\n\nclass Stages {\n\n constructor(column_param = {}) {\n\n this.stages = {};\n let stages_id = IHCM.RandomData.uuid();\n let orderno=1;\n this.columns = {\n \"COUNTRY\": \"\",\n \"APP_ID\": stages_id,\n \"STAGEORDER\": 1\n\n };\n }\n\n}\n\nnew stages();\n\nHow to update Stage order as 3 ?", "\n\nA:\n\nIt seems like you push column_param as it should use in the object variable \"columns\"\nSo if you want use it as object's start parameters it would be like this:\nclass Stages {\n constructor(column_param = {}) {\n this.stages = {};\n let stages_id = IHCM.RandomData.uuid();\n let orderno = 1;\n this.columns = Object.assign(\n {\n COUNTRY: \"\",\n APP_ID: stages_id,\n STAGEORDER: 1\n },\n column_param\n );\n }\n}\n\nlet stages = new Stages({\n STAGEORDER: 3\n});\n\nBut if it is a dynamic state of object you should add to your class method \"updateOrder\" and change it there\nclass Stages {\n constructor(column_param = {}) {\n this.stages = {};\n let stages_id = IHCM.RandomData.uuid();\n let orderno = 1;\n this.columns = {\n COUNTRY: \"\",\n APP_ID: stages_id,\n STAGEORDER: 1\n };\n }\n\n updateOrder(order) {\n this.columns.", "STAGEORDER = order;\n }\n}\n\nlet stages = new Stages();\nstages.updateOrder(3);\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.015337423312883436, 0.0011173184357541898, 0.01282051282051282 ]

[ "Q:\n\nUtilizing Console Interfaces for Hg, SVN or git\n\nI've been spending a lot of time utilizing Mercurial. ", "On windows, I've been using TortoiseHg and on Linux and Mac OS X, I've been (forced) to use the console interface. ", "\nAfter spending time with the console utilities, I find (to my surprise) that I do like them. ", "\nBut, most of my usage has been superficial. ", "I've been doing basic clones, pulls and merges with the rare but occasional commit. ", "I've not done any heavy lifting with it. ", "\nWhat I'm curious about is if regular users use the console interface of tools like Mercurial, SVN and/or git for real world, day-to-day development? ", "Until now, I've never given the console program of SVN much thought -- I've always used TortoiseSVN.", "\nI realize that there is no real answer to this question (Hence, it's community wiki) but I thought other real-world insight would be beneficial. ", "If others have successfully used these console programs, perhaps it's worth using them more. ", "\nSo, do you use the console programs on a regular day-to-day basis or do you only use them when you need to?", "\nNote: I do realize that people use the console programs. ", "It is ridiculous to think they are not used. ", "This question is focused on day-to-day use for average developers for average development. ", "Average being that you generally use GUI interfaces and/or you are developing GUI applications.", "\n\nA:\n\nI develop primary on OS X, frequently on Linux, and occasionally on Windows. ", "The only place I don't use the console utilities is in Windows, where I'm not as familiar (and thus not as productive) with the console. ", "On OS X and Linux, I exclusively use the command-line utilities for Git, Mercurial, and Subversion. ", "I find the command-line utilities to be more powerful (especially in the case of Git), and I feel more \"at home\" with them.", "\nI do use gitk and GitX (a gitk-like program for OS X) to visualize Git histories, but that's the only GUI tool I use.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.009345794392523364, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0.01, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0.01, 0.008130081300813009, 0.01694915254237288, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nURL Regular Expression Update\n\nI am using the following expression for URL validation. ", "\n^(https?:\\/\\/)?([\\da-z\\.-]+)\\.([a-z\\.]{2,6})([\\/\\w \\.-]*)*\\/?$\n\nHowever, when I have \n\"httpcolonforwardslashessite\" (colon = : and foward slashes = //)\n\nit still passes it as a url. ", "how can I modify the above expression to make sure that there is \".com/net\" at the end?", "\nThank you\ntldr: I want to check for .com or .net at the end of url. ", "What changes can I make to above exp to achieve this?", "\n\nA:\n\nCan't you use inbuilt function, instead of Regex?", "\nUri.", "TryCreate Method can help you.", "\nThis method \n\nreturns a Boolean value that is true if the Uri was successfully created; otherwise, false.", "\ncan check different kinds of urls like Absolute or/and Relative using an overload that accepts UriKind Enumeration as a parameter.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0.009433962264150943, 0.007633587786259542, 0 ]

[ "Characteristics of Teeth: A Review of Size, Shape, Composition, and Appearance of Maxillary Anterior Teeth.", "\nAlthough digital technologies play an increasingly integral role in dentistry, there remains a need for dental professionals to understand the fundamentals of tooth anatomy, form, occlusion, and color science. ", "In this article, the size, shape, composition, and appearance of maxillary anterior teeth will be discussed from esthetic and functional perspectives. ", "A total of 600 extracted maxillary incisors were studied: 200 each of central incisors, lateral incisors, and cuspids. ", "The purpose of the article is to exhibit and discuss factors that make teeth unique and diverse. ", "Understanding these aspects of teeth aids dental professionals in more effectively creating realistic and highly esthetic restorations for patients." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Shekar Ayyar\n\nPwC: How do you see the customer behavior changing as we emerge from the recession and see rising interest in cloud computing and other nontraditional software approaches?", "\n\nAyyar: We are at an inflection point of how IT in the enterprise and government is being viewed and being deployed. ", "I see a big change around the notion of IT as a service. ", "Historically, there´s been a lot of investment in internal support for technology infrastructure, but at the expense of the top tier of the technology stack – innovation and applications – getting the short end due to the focus on maintenance and operations. ", "Going forward, we´ll see complete self-service and agility – as a user you should have the quickest, shortest path to getting whatever you want. ", "This shift has been coming in bits and pieces, but now they´re coming together.", "\n\nThe corollary is that it will create severe disruption that companies will not be comfortable with. ", "One such disruption will be on the historic need for a tightly integrated vertical stack, such as just for the purpose of running Oracle Database or SAP R3. ", "We think that instead IT will shift to the notion of shared resources – pools of capabilities – that are available on the cloud, with different levels of SLAs [service-level agreements]. ", "And not all pools will be equal, but you will be able to consume from a pool that is appropriate for that class of application or SLA.", "\n\nAs the world moves this way, it will create disruptions, especially for those with data centers with neatly defined boxes in their data center architecture. ", "There won´t be neatly defined boxes any more; things will move around.", "\n\nPwC: We´re seeing increased interest in cloud technology by enterprises. ", "What´s your view as to how aggressive they´ll be to adopt the cloud?", "\n\nAyyar: Every company now has some fraction of their data center virtualized. ", "I see a gradual transition to private clouds and to hybrid clouds – more gradual than the popular view on everyone moving to public cloud services such as SaaS [software as a service]. ", "We´ll see more of a bridge or hybrid environment of internal and external services, based on the practicalities of each for the compliance and security you want to enforce. ", "The trick is finding solutions to do that at the pace you´re comfortable going at – and tying the public resources to what you have going on in your data center. ... ", "It will be learning to leverage both the internal and external worlds.", "\n\nPwC: What will these shifts mean for software providers?", "\n\nAyyar: For traditional providers, there is definitely going to be a need for change, and some will make the right moves to embrace this transition. ", "Everyone is going to have to face this. ...", "We still will need tightly integrated stacks for esoteric applications for a period of time, such a high-performance computing, extreme graphic design, and massive data mining in a real-time architecture. ", "But at some point, you won´t need those tightly integrated stacks. ", "So, over time, more and more applications will be delivered in a services context, as appliances. ", "A lot more work is needed to integrate the services in this new, broad context. ...", "I expect over the next two or three years to see phenomenal advancement in that space.", "\n\nPwC: At the same time we see rising interest in cloud services, we see more heterogeneity in device use. ", "How is that affecting your customers?", "\n\nAyyar: The heterogeneity of devices in use today, such as Macs and iPads, is something that IT has to handle. ", "The days that you can tailor your policies to specific devices are over and have to change where you think about containers and policies, via profile-based access. ", "IT´s job is to ensure you have that profile-based space on your devices for access to enterprise resources, but when you switch to your personal space, you´re on your own.", "\n\nFor the end user, it´s not whether IT will need to provision you a PC, Mac, BlackBerry, or whatever, but whether it can provision you access to the apps and services you need and then manage them with the security and compliance needed.", "\nOur vision is that there will be more divorcing of these layers, so you will have a highly efficient layer where provisioning of capacity becomes very smooth to the point as a user you don´t know where it comes from. ", "At the applications tier, the focus is on the innovation around what the application does. ", "Then you have the access tier. ", "Each layer will need to know how to interoperate with each layer in a hybrid environment.", "\n\nPwC: What you describe would seem to need a different approach to architecture, design, and governance, right?", "\n\nAyyar: Implicit to a move to heterogeneity is a model of management that would become more efficient. ", "Enterprise systems management today is around deploying software for managing heterogeneity in corporate environments, to bridge gaps and exceptions and differences. ", "But if each technology layer – infrastructure, application, and access – is superefficient in its own right, the job of management is more about enabling the CIO to being a more savvy business person rather than managing the complexity within and across the layers." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.005405405405405406, 0, 0, 0.003861003861003861, 0, 0, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0, 0.007462686567164179, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0, 0.004201680672268907, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Kathleen Sebelius at center of storm over child’s lung transplant\n\nThe plight of a dying 10-year-old girl in urgent need of a lung transplant has been taken up by some GOP lawmakers, and it’s shining a light on what critics say is a questionable policy that puts children further down the waiting list.", "\n\nThe family of the Pennsylvania girl, Sarah Murnaghan, has garnered the media spotlight, on cable news and in other outlets. ", "And some GOP congressmen have joined the fray, quite literally “begging” HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius to intervene and save the girl’s life. ", "Both Pennsylvania senators — a Democrat and a Republican — have also written on the child’s behalf.", "\n\nText Size\n\n-\n\n+\n\nreset\n\n“I’m begging you,” Rep. Lou Barletta (R-Pa.) told Sebelius at a House hearing this week, asking her to suspend the transplant rules until they can be revisited. “", "Sarah has three to five weeks to live. ", "Time is running out.” ", "The child has cystic fibrosis.", "\n\nAt the hearing, Sebelius called the situation “agonizing” and said she had talked to the girl’s mother. ", "She has ordered a review of the policy, which she acknowledged would take too long to have any impact on this girl’s situation, but said it wasn’t her place to pick and choose transplant recipients.", "\n\n“I can’t imagine anything worse than one individual getting to pick who lives and who dies,” she said. ", "Sebelius said putting Sarah next in line would disadvantage other young people who have also been waiting for transplants — including three in the same area. ", "Helping one child could possibly hurt another.", "\n\nSome experts agree that the lung allocation policy may need to be revisited; it has been for kidney and liver transplants. ", "But they say no snap decisions should be made because of the media glare.", "\n\n“Should Sebelius step in and do something? ", "No. ", "She doesn’t have all the facts,” said NYU bioethicist Art Caplan. ", "Acting under pressure from a media savvy family “or the noisiest person in line” is bad policy, he added.", "\n\nTransplant policy in the U.S. is made and administered by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network working with the United Network for Organ Sharing under contract with HHS. ", "It’s inherently charged and complex because there aren’t enough organs for everyone who needs them, and people do die waiting.", "\n\nCaplan said: “It isn’t clear no matter how many congressmen yell at Secretary Sebelius that she has the ability to do anything.”", "\n\nSetting transplant policy is complicated. ", "OPTN has expert committees that draft proposals and submit them for public comment. ", "Approved policies are subject to the secretary’s discretion of enforcement or reconsideration, according to a summary of the regulations by OPTN.", "\n\nThe policy that the Murnaghan and their advocates are questioning is one that puts children under 12 at the bottom of the waiting list for lungs from adult donors. ", "Young children would be first in line for lungs donated by kids their age. ", "But far fewer of those are available.", "\n\nIn recent years, younger kids have been given greater priority for kidney and liver transplants, Caplan said, and that is in-keeping with the desire of donors that their organs provide as much life as they can. ", "A transplant into an older patient might not provide the same number of “life years,” he said, an important consideration. ", "But whether that’s in order for lungs as well depends on the actual science of transplanting adult lungs into children, not just the instinct to save a child.", "\n\nDoctors can use an adult lung for a child, but they normally only use a piece of the organ. ", "Another option that has been tried in some occasions: transplanting from a living donor, like a parent, Caplan said.", "\n\nThe Murnaghan family has issued a statement in response to Sebelius’s comments at the hearing, saying that they weren’t asking for special treatment for their daughter alone, just that the odds be evened for adults and children waiting for lungs, regardless of the donor’s age.", "\n\n“All we want is fair treatment for all of these children, including Sarah,” the statement said. “", "We have yet to hear an explanation why the secretary will not do this.”", "\n\nCaplan noted one reason that may give Sebelius pause: by moving someone up the list, someone else goes down. ", "One child saved could mean another child dies. ", "Sebelius, he noted, “doesn’t have all the information.”" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.006622516556291391, 0.007936507936507936, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0.015957446808510637, 0.02564102564102564, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0.016216216216216217, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0.006896551724137931, 0.006024096385542169, 0, 0, 0.004694835680751174, 0, 0, 0, 0.008620689655172414, 0.007168458781362007, 0.010101010101010102, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0 ]

[ "Fox Chase Cancer Center\n\nFox Chase Cancer Center is a National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center research facility and hospital located in the Fox Chase section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. ", "The main facilities of the center are located on property adjoining Burholme Park. ", "The center is part of the Temple University Health System (TUHS) and specializes in the treatment and prevention of cancer.", "\n\nThe center was formed in 1974 by the merger of the American Oncologic Hospital, which was founded in 1904 as the first cancer hospital in the United States, and the Institute for Cancer Research, founded in 1927. ", "The center was an independent, non-profit institution until it became part of TUHS July 1, 2012.", "\n\nToday it has almost 2,400 employees and an operating budget of $300 million. ", "Research is conducted in more than 80 laboratories by a staff of more than 325 physicians and scientists who hold medical degrees, Ph.", "D.s or both.", "\n\nFox Chase's 100-bed hospital is one of the few facilities in the country devoted entirely to cancer care. ", "Annual hospital admissions average about 4,100 and outpatient visits to physicians exceed 69,000 a year. ", "As of 2014, the Fox Chase Cancer Center was ranked as the 19th best cancer hospital in the United States by U.S. News & World Report.", "\n\nIn 1995, Fox Chase also became a founding member of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, an alliance of 21 of the nation’s leading academic cancer centers.", "\n\nOn December 15, 2011, Fox Chase Cancer Center and Temple University Health system signed an affiliation agreement. ", "Under the agreement, Fox Chase has connected and extended its current operations into the adjoining 176-bed and 33-acre Jeanes Hospital, which is already a part of the Temple University Health System. ", "Fox Chase is considered the \"Cancer Hub\" of the Temple University Health System.", "\n\nHistory of research advances\n\nA short history of notable achievements by Fox Chase researchers:\n 2011 The 6th Albert Szent-Györgyi Prize for Progress in Cancer Research was awarded to Beatrice Mintz by the National Foundation for Cancer Research for her discoveries of the relationship between development and cancer, based on construction and analysis of chimeric and transgenic mouse models.", "\n 2004 The Kyoto Prize in Basic Science is awarded to Alfred G. Knudson for lifetime achievement and contributions to the betterment of mankind.", "\n 2004 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded to Irwin Rose and his colleagues Aaron Ciechanover and Avram Hershko for their discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.", "\n 1993 Beatrice Mintz produces the first mouse model of human malignant melanoma, in which the disease resembles the human malignancy.", "\n 1991 Philip Tsichlis, Alfonso Bellacosa, and Joseph Testa clone the AKT1 and AKT2 genes - the first viral oncogenes described that inhibit programmed cell death.", "\n 1991 Timothy Yen discovers that a molecular motor controls the way human cells sort their chromosomes when cells divide during mitosis.", "\n 1982 William Mason and Jesse Summers demonstrate that the hepatitis B virus utilizes reverse transcription for genome replication, previously thought to be unique to retroviruses.", "\n 1981 Beatrice Mintz's laboratory is one of the first to introduce a cloned gene into fertilized mouse eggs and prove that it is retained in animals developing from those eggs, and is transmitted to their progeny.", "\n 1980 Discovery of critical aspects of ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation by Avram Hershko and Irwin Rose.", "\n 1980 Alfred G. Knudson develops the \"two-hit\" hypothesis, predicting the existence and behavior of tumor suppressor genes.", "\n 1980 Discovery of the SCID mouse, a mouse strain with no natural immunity, by Melvin Bosma. ", "The SCID mouse is an essential research tool in devising new treatments.", "\n 1979 Beatrice Mintz shows that a fatal genetic anemia of mice can be prevented in utero by injecting normal blood-forming stem cells into the fetus through a placental blood vessel.", "\n 1976 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded to Baruch Blumberg for his discovery of the Hepatitis B virus and development of the HBV vaccine, the first \"anti-cancer vaccine\", which has reduced the incidence of liver cancer.", "\n 1975 The first transgenic mammals containing foreign DNA are produced by Beatrice Mintz and Rudolf Jaenisch.", "\n 1974 Discovery by Robert Perry that the messenger RNAs of mammalian cells and their precursors contain a novel structure at their leading ends.", "\n 1972 Helen Berman and Jenny Glusker report the crystal structure of a nucleic acid-drug complex as a model for anti-tumor agent and mutagen action.", "\n 1968 Development of the first Hepatitis B vaccine by Baruch Blumberg and Irving Millman.", "\n 1967 Discovery of the Hepatitis B virus and development of the blood test for Hepatitis B by Baruch Blumberg.", "\n 1962 The first demonstration, by Robert Perry, that ribosomal RNA is synthesized in the nucleolus as a large precursor molecule that is subsequently processed into mature components.", "\n 1962 Beatrice Mintz's development of the first mammal comprising two genetically different cell populations in all tissues, as a tool for analyses of embryonic development and disease in mouse models.", "\n 1960 Discovery of the Philadelphia chromosome, the first genetic abnormality associated with a human cancer, by David Hungerford of the Fox Chase Cancer Center and Peter Nowell of the University of Pennsylvania.", "\n 1952 First nuclear transplantation (or 'cloning') experiment is performed by Robert Briggs and Thomas King using eggs of the frog Rana pipiens.", "\n 1946 Mary Bennett identifies an essential nutrient later revealed to be Vitamin B12.", "\n\nNotable current and former researchers\n Manfred Bayer, electron microscopist who obtained the earliest images of hepatitis B virus\n Helen M. Berman, former director of the Protein Data Bank\n Baruch Blumberg, (d. 5 April 2011) awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1976 for discovery of Hepatitis B and the Hepatitis B vaccine\n Wafik El-Deiry, discoverer of WAF1\n Jenny Pickworth Glusker, noted crystallographer\n V. Craig Jordan, \"Father of Tamoxifen\"\n Alfred G. Knudson, architect of the \"two-hit hypothesis\" (Knudson hypothesis) about the role of accumulated genetic errors in cancer development, awarded the Kyoto Prize in 2004 and the Albert Lasker Award in 1998\n H. Paul Meloche (1929 – 1999), research biochemist who specialized in the field of enzyme stereochemistry\n Irving Millman (d. 17 April 2012), who helped Baruch Blumberg develop the first hepatitis B vaccine\n Beatrice Mintz, pioneering female cancer researcher, noted for many embryonic and genetic advances, and member of the National Academy of Sciences and of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences\n Arthur Lindo Patterson, who developed the Patterson function, a key step in determining the structures of molecules using X-ray crystallography\n Irwin Rose, awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2004 for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation\n Harry Rozmiarek, noted veterinarian, academic, and laboratory animal care specialist.", "\n Shirley M. Tilghman, president of Princeton University from 2001 to 2013\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nOfficial website\n\nCategory:Hospitals in Philadelphia\nCategory:Medical research institutes in the United States\nCategory:Cancer hospitals\nCategory:Cancer organizations based in the United States\nCategory:Fox Chase, Philadelphia\nCategory:NCI-designated cancer centers" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.013100436681222707, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0.009302325581395349, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0.007518796992481203, 0.012269938650306749, 0.017094017094017096, 0.014925373134328358, 0.025, 0.010126582278481013, 0.006944444444444444, 0.011235955056179775, 0.007462686567164179, 0.018404907975460124, 0.0072992700729927005, 0.0055248618784530384, 0.004672897196261682, 0.008928571428571428, 0.008064516129032258, 0.02127659574468085, 0.013888888888888888, 0.00546448087431694, 0.008368200836820083, 0.01818181818181818, 0.006896551724137931, 0.020134228187919462, 0.022222222222222223, 0.009009009009009009, 0.010869565217391304, 0.0049504950495049506, 0.014084507042253521, 0.020689655172413793, 0.023255813953488372, 0.010518934081346423, 0.01084010840108401 ]

[ "2019–20 National Basketball League (Bulgaria) season\n\nThe 2019–20 National Basketball League (Bulgaria) season will be the 79th season of the Bulgarian NBL. ", "Balkan Botevgrad will defend its national title.", "\n\nTeams \n\nChernomorets from the second league will join to the same nine teams from previous season.", "\n\nRegular season\nIn the regular season, teams play against each other three times home-and-away in a double round-robin format. ", "The eight first qualified teams advance to the playoffs.", "\n\nLeague table\n\nResults\n\nBulgarian clubs in European competitions\n\nNBL clubs in regional competitions\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:National Basketball League (Bulgaria) seasons\nBulgarian\nBulgaria" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.012738853503184714, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nmapping deep json\n\nHow to mapping this json ?, ", "i have been trying with multiple argument on each, but still can't get the data.", "\n{ \n \"data\" : { \n \"after\" : \"t3_qp79c\",\n \"before\" : null,\n \"children\" : [ { \n \"data\" : { \"url\" : \"http://imgur.com/c0COJ\" },\n \"kind\" : \"t3\"\n } ],\n \"modhash\" : \"\"\n },\n \"kind\" : \"Listing\"\n}\n\nMy javascript code\n$.getJSON(reddit_api_url,function(data) {\n $.each(data.children['data'], function(i, reddit) {\n // Uncomment line below to show tweet data in Fire Bug console\n // Very helpful to find out what is available in the tweet objects\n // console.log(reddit);\n\n // Before we continue we check that we got data\n\n console.log(i+' : '+ reddit );\n // Build the html string for the current tweet\n var tweet_html = reddit.url;\n\n // Append html string to tweet_container div\n $('#tweet_container').append(tweet_html);\n\n });\n}\n\nThanks\n\nA:\n\nThe data returned has its own data property, so you'd need...\ndata.data.children[0]['data']\n\n...to get to that innermost data.", "\nIf you were iterating the children, then you'd pass that to $.each...\n$.each(data.data.children, function(i, obj) {\n console.log(obj.data.url);\n});\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0.0031645569620253164, 0 ]

[ "Chikungunya Pathogenesis: From the Clinics to the Bench.", "\nChikungunya alphavirus has caused large epidemics worldwide and leads to acute incapacitating polyarthralgia. ", "The inflammatory reaction over several days will drive robust innate and humoral responses essential to control the infection. ", "Critically, fatal cases and mother-to-child transmission have also been described. ", "Chikungunya can give rise to chronic musculoskeletal diseases, which can last for months to years, particularly in elderly individuals, and occasionally leads to seronegative rheumatoid arthritis-like pathologies. ", "Histopathological studies of patient biopsy specimens and animal models have revealed that chikungunya virus can hide in tissue sanctuaries, and ongoing research should help to decipher the inflammatory mechanisms of tissue injuries." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Look at that nice, pink cut of beef, cooked rare for your steak-gobbling pleasure. ", "Now look a little closer and hey! ", "It could be just smushed together pieces of diced beef, bound with something called “meat glue.” ", "Not so appetizing now, eh?" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "We have never seen a better year for stocks in all of U.S. history.", "\n\nJust five days after Donald Trump entered the White House, the Dow Jones Industrial Average hit the 20,000 mark for the first time ever. ", "On Monday, the Dow closed at 24,792.20, and there doesn’t seem to be any end to the rally in sight. ", "Overall, the Dow Jones Industrial Average is up more than 5,000 points so far in 2017, and that absolutely shatters all of the old records. ", "Previously, the most that the Dow had risen in a single year was 3,472 points in 2013.", "\n\nYes, I know that it may seem odd for a website that continually chronicles our ongoing “economic collapse” to be talking about a boom in stock market prices. ", "But of course there has not been a corresponding economic boom to match the rise in stock prices. ", "This artificial stock market bubble has been created by unprecedented central bank intervention, and every previous stock market bubble in our history has ended with a horrible crash.", "\n\nBut for the moment, it is certainly appropriate to be in awe of what has transpired in the financial markets in 2017. ", "Never before have we seen the Dow close at a record high 70 times in a single year, and we still have almost two weeks to go.", "\n\nStocks have risen every single month in 2017, and that is the very first time that has ever happened as well. ", "No matter how much bad news has come out, stock prices have just kept climbing and climbing and climbing.", "\n\nSince Donald Trump’s surprise election victory last November, the Dow is up a whopping 34 percent.", "\n\n34 percent!", "\n\nWall Street has never seen better times than this. ", "Overall, U.S. stockholders have seen more than 5 trillion dollars in paper gains since Trump was elected, and this has created a real estate boom in some of the wealthier areas of the nation.", "\n\nOf course markets go down a lot faster than they go up, and that 5 trillion dollars in paper gains could be wiped out very rapidly in the event of a major disaster, but for the moment investors are absolutely thrilled with what has been happening.", "\n\nOf course there are red flags all over the place, but not too many people are even paying attention at this point. ", "Right now the S&P 500 is the most overbought that it has been since 1958, and earlier today a CNBC article declared that U.S. stocks are “very, very overbought”, but this will probably just encourage people to buy even more.", "\n\nThese days, if stocks are up that is a signal to buy, and if stocks are down that is a signal to buy.", "\n\nOf course we witnessed similar euphoria just before the dotcom bubble burst and just before the financial crisis of 2008, but most Americans have extremely short memories.", "\n\nFor most of us, those crashes might as well be ancient history.", "\n\nBut just like in each of those cases, market euphoria tends to hit a peak before things completely fall apart. ", "Bill Stone, the chief investment strategist for PNC Asset Management Group, recently made this point very succinctly…\n\n“It is going to get to a point where it can’t get any better anymore,” he said. “", "In the market it’s always brightest before it gets dark.”", "\n\nOthers are being even more blunt. ", "For example, trends forecaster Gerald Celente is convinced that “equity markets around the world are going to crash” in 2018…\n\n“Yes. ", "Everyone knows that the markets are overvalued. ", "The Schiller PE ratios rival those of the pre-1929 stock market crash and the Dot-Com bubble…The Black Swan Event: When war breaks out in the Middle East, the equity markets around the world are going to crash. ", "The Black Swan that is going to create ‘Market Shock’ is going to be an outbreak of war in the Middle East. ", "And when that happens, you are going to see gold and silver skyrocket. ", "That’s our forecast for one of the top 10 trends of 2018.”", "\n\nPersonally, I never believed that the stock market bubble could ever be inflated to such absurd proportions, and so I am just in awe at what is taking place on Wall Street.", "\n\nSince the last financial crisis our national debt has doubled, corporate debt has doubled, U.S. consumers are now 13 trillion dollars in debt, our economic infrastructure continues to be gutted, more than 40 million Americans are living in poverty and our financial institutions are being more reckless than at any other point in our entire history.", "\n\nBut for the moment, it is working. ", "We have been on the greatest debt binge in world history since the end of the last recession, and most people seem to believe that the debt-fueled standard of living that we are currently enjoying is somehow going to be sustainable.", "\n\nNothing about our long-term economic outlook has fundamentally changed. ", "Just because the authorities were able to extend this bubble for a little while longer does not mean that we are going to get to escape the consequences of decades of incredibly foolish decisions.", "\n\nWe just keep on mortgaging the future, but the funny thing about the future is that eventually it shows up.", "\n\nAnd when our day of reckoning finally does arrive, the pain that it is going to cause is going to be absolutely off the charts.", "\n\nThe Emergency Election Sale is now live! ", "Get 30% to 60% off our most popular products today!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0.014388489208633094, 0.01, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02, 0, 0, 0.005235602094240838, 0, 0, 0.004464285714285714, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01, 0, 0, 0.007518796992481203, 0, 0.009478672985781991, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "/** @file\r\n Provides services to print debug and assert messages to a debug output device.", "\r\n\r\n The Debug library supports debug print and asserts based on a combination of macros and code.", "\r\n The debug library can be turned on and off so that the debug code does not increase the size of an image.", "\r\n\r\n Note that a reserved macro named MDEPKG_NDEBUG is introduced for the intention\r\n of size reduction when compiler optimization is disabled. ", "If MDEPKG_NDEBUG is\r\n defined, then debug and assert related macros wrapped by it are the NULL implementations.", "\r\n\r\nCopyright (c) 2006 - 2019, Intel Corporation. ", "All rights reserved.<BR>\r\nSPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause-Patent\r\n\r\n**/\r\n\r\n#ifndef __DEBUG_LIB_H__\r\n#define __DEBUG_LIB_H__\r\n\r\n//\r\n// Declare bits for PcdDebugPropertyMask\r\n//\r\n#define DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_ASSERT_ENABLED 0x01\r\n#define DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_PRINT_ENABLED 0x02\r\n#define DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_CODE_ENABLED 0x04\r\n#define DEBUG_PROPERTY_CLEAR_MEMORY_ENABLED 0x08\r\n#define DEBUG_PROPERTY_ASSERT_BREAKPOINT_ENABLED 0x10\r\n#define DEBUG_PROPERTY_ASSERT_DEADLOOP_ENABLED 0x20\r\n\r\n//\r\n// Declare bits for PcdDebugPrintErrorLevel and the ErrorLevel parameter of DebugPrint()\r\n//\r\n#define DEBUG_INIT 0x00000001 // Initialization\r\n#define DEBUG_WARN 0x00000002 // Warnings\r\n#define DEBUG_LOAD 0x00000004 // Load events\r\n#define DEBUG_FS 0x00000008 // EFI File system\r\n#define DEBUG_POOL 0x00000010 // Alloc & Free (pool)\r\n#define DEBUG_PAGE 0x00000020 // Alloc & Free (page)\r\n#define DEBUG_INFO 0x00000040 // Informational debug messages\r\n#define DEBUG_DISPATCH 0x00000080 // PEI/DXE/SMM Dispatchers\r\n#define DEBUG_VARIABLE 0x00000100 // Variable\r\n#define DEBUG_BM 0x00000400 // Boot Manager\r\n#define DEBUG_BLKIO 0x00001000 // BlkIo Driver\r\n#define DEBUG_NET 0x00004000 // Network Io Driver\r\n#define DEBUG_UNDI 0x00010000 // UNDI Driver\r\n#define DEBUG_LOADFILE 0x00020000 // LoadFile\r\n#define DEBUG_EVENT 0x00080000 // Event messages\r\n#define DEBUG_GCD 0x00100000 // Global Coherency Database changes\r\n#define DEBUG_CACHE 0x00200000 // Memory range cachability changes\r\n#define DEBUG_VERBOSE 0x00400000 // Detailed debug messages that may\r\n // significantly impact boot performance\r\n#define DEBUG_ERROR 0x80000000 // Error\r\n\r\n//\r\n// Aliases of debug message mask bits\r\n//\r\n#define EFI_D_INIT DEBUG_INIT\r\n#define EFI_D_WARN DEBUG_WARN\r\n#define EFI_D_LOAD DEBUG_LOAD\r\n#define EFI_D_FS DEBUG_FS\r\n#define EFI_D_POOL DEBUG_POOL\r\n#define EFI_D_PAGE DEBUG_PAGE\r\n#define EFI_D_INFO DEBUG_INFO\r\n#define EFI_D_DISPATCH DEBUG_DISPATCH\r\n#define EFI_D_VARIABLE DEBUG_VARIABLE\r\n#define EFI_D_BM DEBUG_BM\r\n#define EFI_D_BLKIO DEBUG_BLKIO\r\n#define EFI_D_NET DEBUG_NET\r\n#define EFI_D_UNDI DEBUG_UNDI\r\n#define EFI_D_LOADFILE DEBUG_LOADFILE\r\n#define EFI_D_EVENT DEBUG_EVENT\r\n#define EFI_D_VERBOSE DEBUG_VERBOSE\r\n#define EFI_D_ERROR DEBUG_ERROR\r\n\r\n/**\r\n Prints a debug message to the debug output device if the specified error level is enabled.", "\r\n\r\n If any bit in ErrorLevel is also set in DebugPrintErrorLevelLib function\r\n GetDebugPrintErrorLevel (), then print the message specified by Format and the\r\n associated variable argument list to the debug output device.", "\r\n\r\n If Format is NULL, then ASSERT().", "\r\n\r\n @param ErrorLevel The error level of the debug message.", "\r\n @param Format The format string for the debug message to print.", "\r\n @param ... The variable argument list whose contents are accessed\r\n based on the format string specified by Format.", "\r\n\r\n**/\r\nVOID\r\nEFIAPI\r\nDebugPrint (\r\n IN UINTN ErrorLevel,\r\n IN CONST CHAR8 *Format,\r\n ...\r\n );\r\n\r\n\r\n/**\r\n Prints a debug message to the debug output device if the specified\r\n error level is enabled.", "\r\n\r\n If any bit in ErrorLevel is also set in DebugPrintErrorLevelLib function\r\n GetDebugPrintErrorLevel (), then print the message specified by Format and\r\n the associated variable argument list to the debug output device.", "\r\n\r\n If Format is NULL, then ASSERT().", "\r\n\r\n @param ErrorLevel The error level of the debug message.", "\r\n @param Format Format string for the debug message to print.", "\r\n @param VaListMarker VA_LIST marker for the variable argument list.", "\r\n\r\n**/\r\nVOID\r\nEFIAPI\r\nDebugVPrint (\r\n IN UINTN ErrorLevel,\r\n IN CONST CHAR8 *Format,\r\n IN VA_LIST VaListMarker\r\n );\r\n\r\n\r\n/**\r\n Prints a debug message to the debug output device if the specified\r\n error level is enabled.", "\r\n This function use BASE_LIST which would provide a more compatible\r\n service than VA_LIST.", "\r\n\r\n If any bit in ErrorLevel is also set in DebugPrintErrorLevelLib function\r\n GetDebugPrintErrorLevel (), then print the message specified by Format and\r\n the associated variable argument list to the debug output device.", "\r\n\r\n If Format is NULL, then ASSERT().", "\r\n\r\n @param ErrorLevel The error level of the debug message.", "\r\n @param Format Format string for the debug message to print.", "\r\n @param BaseListMarker BASE_LIST marker for the variable argument list.", "\r\n\r\n**/\r\nVOID\r\nEFIAPI\r\nDebugBPrint (\r\n IN UINTN ErrorLevel,\r\n IN CONST CHAR8 *Format,\r\n IN BASE_LIST BaseListMarker\r\n );\r\n\r\n\r\n/**\r\n Prints an assert message containing a filename, line number, and description.", "\r\n This may be followed by a breakpoint or a dead loop.", "\r\n\r\n Print a message of the form \"ASSERT <FileName>(<LineNumber>): <Description>\\n\"\r\n to the debug output device. ", " If DEBUG_PROPERTY_ASSERT_BREAKPOINT_ENABLED bit of\r\n PcdDebugProperyMask is set then CpuBreakpoint() is called. ", "Otherwise, if\r\n DEBUG_PROPERTY_ASSERT_DEADLOOP_ENABLED bit of PcdDebugProperyMask is set then\r\n CpuDeadLoop() is called. ", " If neither of these bits are set, then this function\r\n returns immediately after the message is printed to the debug output device.", "\r\n DebugAssert() must actively prevent recursion. ", " If DebugAssert() is called while\r\n processing another DebugAssert(), then DebugAssert() must return immediately.", "\r\n\r\n If FileName is NULL, then a <FileName> string of \"(NULL) Filename\" is printed.", "\r\n If Description is NULL, then a <Description> string of \"(NULL) Description\" is printed.", "\r\n\r\n @param FileName The pointer to the name of the source file that generated the assert condition.", "\r\n @param LineNumber The line number in the source file that generated the assert condition\r\n @param Description The pointer to the description of the assert condition.", "\r\n\r\n**/\r\nVOID\r\nEFIAPI\r\nDebugAssert (\r\n IN CONST CHAR8 *FileName,\r\n IN UINTN LineNumber,\r\n IN CONST CHAR8 *Description\r\n );\r\n\r\n\r\n/**\r\n Fills a target buffer with PcdDebugClearMemoryValue, and returns the target buffer.", "\r\n\r\n This function fills Length bytes of Buffer with the value specified by\r\n PcdDebugClearMemoryValue, and returns Buffer.", "\r\n\r\n If Buffer is NULL, then ASSERT().", "\r\n If Length is greater than (MAX_ADDRESS - Buffer + 1), then ASSERT().", "\r\n\r\n @param Buffer The pointer to the target buffer to be filled with PcdDebugClearMemoryValue.", "\r\n @param Length The number of bytes in Buffer to fill with zeros PcdDebugClearMemoryValue.", "\r\n\r\n @return Buffer The pointer to the target buffer filled with PcdDebugClearMemoryValue.", "\r\n\r\n**/\r\nVOID *\r\nEFIAPI\r\nDebugClearMemory (\r\n OUT VOID *Buffer,\r\n IN UINTN Length\r\n );\r\n\r\n\r\n/**\r\n Returns TRUE if ASSERT() macros are enabled.", "\r\n\r\n This function returns TRUE if the DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_ASSERT_ENABLED bit of\r\n PcdDebugProperyMask is set. ", " Otherwise, FALSE is returned.", "\r\n\r\n @retval TRUE The DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_ASSERT_ENABLED bit of PcdDebugProperyMask is set.", "\r\n @retval FALSE The DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_ASSERT_ENABLED bit of PcdDebugProperyMask is clear.", "\r\n\r\n**/\r\nBOOLEAN\r\nEFIAPI\r\nDebugAssertEnabled (\r\n VOID\r\n );\r\n\r\n\r\n/**\r\n Returns TRUE if DEBUG() macros are enabled.", "\r\n\r\n This function returns TRUE if the DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_PRINT_ENABLED bit of\r\n PcdDebugProperyMask is set. ", " Otherwise, FALSE is returned.", "\r\n\r\n @retval TRUE The DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_PRINT_ENABLED bit of PcdDebugProperyMask is set.", "\r\n @retval FALSE The DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_PRINT_ENABLED bit of PcdDebugProperyMask is clear.", "\r\n\r\n**/\r\nBOOLEAN\r\nEFIAPI\r\nDebugPrintEnabled (\r\n VOID\r\n );\r\n\r\n\r\n/**\r\n Returns TRUE if DEBUG_CODE() macros are enabled.", "\r\n\r\n This function returns TRUE if the DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_CODE_ENABLED bit of\r\n PcdDebugProperyMask is set. ", " Otherwise, FALSE is returned.", "\r\n\r\n @retval TRUE The DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_CODE_ENABLED bit of PcdDebugProperyMask is set.", "\r\n @retval FALSE The DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_CODE_ENABLED bit of PcdDebugProperyMask is clear.", "\r\n\r\n**/\r\nBOOLEAN\r\nEFIAPI\r\nDebugCodeEnabled (\r\n VOID\r\n );\r\n\r\n\r\n/**\r\n Returns TRUE if DEBUG_CLEAR_MEMORY() macro is enabled.", "\r\n\r\n This function returns TRUE if the DEBUG_PROPERTY_CLEAR_MEMORY_ENABLED bit of\r\n PcdDebugProperyMask is set. ", " Otherwise, FALSE is returned.", "\r\n\r\n @retval TRUE The DEBUG_PROPERTY_CLEAR_MEMORY_ENABLED bit of PcdDebugProperyMask is set.", "\r\n @retval FALSE The DEBUG_PROPERTY_CLEAR_MEMORY_ENABLED bit of PcdDebugProperyMask is clear.", "\r\n\r\n**/\r\nBOOLEAN\r\nEFIAPI\r\nDebugClearMemoryEnabled (\r\n VOID\r\n );\r\n\r\n/**\r\n Returns TRUE if any one of the bit is set both in ErrorLevel and PcdFixedDebugPrintErrorLevel.", "\r\n\r\n This function compares the bit mask of ErrorLevel and PcdFixedDebugPrintErrorLevel.", "\r\n\r\n @retval TRUE Current ErrorLevel is supported.", "\r\n @retval FALSE Current ErrorLevel is not supported.", "\r\n\r\n**/\r\nBOOLEAN\r\nEFIAPI\r\nDebugPrintLevelEnabled (\r\n IN CONST UINTN ErrorLevel\r\n );\r\n\r\n/**\r\n Internal worker macro that calls DebugAssert().", "\r\n\r\n This macro calls DebugAssert(), passing in the filename, line number, and an\r\n expression that evaluated to FALSE.", "\r\n\r\n @param Expression Boolean expression that evaluated to FALSE\r\n\r\n**/\r\n#define _ASSERT(Expression) DebugAssert (__FILE__, __LINE__, #Expression)\r\n\r\n\r\n/**\r\n Internal worker macro that calls DebugPrint().", "\r\n\r\n This macro calls DebugPrint() passing in the debug error level, a format\r\n string, and a variable argument list.", "\r\n __VA_ARGS__ is not supported by EBC compiler, Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003\r\n and Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Driver Development Kit (Microsoft WINDDK) version 3790.1830.", "\r\n\r\n @param Expression Expression containing an error level, a format string,\r\n and a variable argument list based on the format string.", "\r\n\r\n**/\r\n\r\n#if !", "defined(MDE_CPU_EBC) && (!", "defined (_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER > 1400)\r\n #define _DEBUG_PRINT(PrintLevel, ...) \\\r\n do { \\\r\n if (DebugPrintLevelEnabled (PrintLevel)) { \\\r\n DebugPrint (PrintLevel, ##__VA_ARGS__); \\\r\n } \\\r\n } while (FALSE)\r\n #define _DEBUG(Expression) _DEBUG_PRINT Expression\r\n#else\r\n#define _DEBUG(Expression) DebugPrint Expression\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n/**\r\n Macro that calls DebugAssert() if an expression evaluates to FALSE.", "\r\n\r\n If MDEPKG_NDEBUG is not defined and the DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_ASSERT_ENABLED\r\n bit of PcdDebugProperyMask is set, then this macro evaluates the Boolean\r\n expression specified by Expression. ", " If Expression evaluates to FALSE, then\r\n DebugAssert() is called passing in the source filename, source line number,\r\n and Expression.", "\r\n\r\n @param Expression Boolean expression.", "\r\n\r\n**/\r\n#if !", "defined(MDEPKG_NDEBUG)\r\n #define ASSERT(Expression) \\\r\n do { \\\r\n if (DebugAssertEnabled ()) { \\\r\n if (!(", "Expression)) { \\\r\n _ASSERT (Expression); \\\r\n ANALYZER_UNREACHABLE (); \\\r\n } \\\r\n } \\\r\n } while (FALSE)\r\n#else\r\n #define ASSERT(Expression)\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n/**\r\n Macro that calls DebugPrint().", "\r\n\r\n If MDEPKG_NDEBUG is not defined and the DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_PRINT_ENABLED\r\n bit of PcdDebugProperyMask is set, then this macro passes Expression to\r\n DebugPrint().", "\r\n\r\n @param Expression Expression containing an error level, a format string,\r\n and a variable argument list based on the format string.", "\r\n\r\n\r\n**/\r\n#if !", "defined(MDEPKG_NDEBUG)\r\n #define DEBUG(Expression) \\\r\n do { \\\r\n if (DebugPrintEnabled ()) { \\\r\n _DEBUG (Expression); \\\r\n } \\\r\n } while (FALSE)\r\n#else\r\n #define DEBUG(Expression)\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n/**\r\n Macro that calls DebugAssert() if an EFI_STATUS evaluates to an error code.", "\r\n\r\n If MDEPKG_NDEBUG is not defined and the DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_ASSERT_ENABLED\r\n bit of PcdDebugProperyMask is set, then this macro evaluates the EFI_STATUS\r\n value specified by StatusParameter. ", " If StatusParameter is an error code,\r\n then DebugAssert() is called passing in the source filename, source line\r\n number, and StatusParameter.", "\r\n\r\n @param StatusParameter EFI_STATUS value to evaluate.", "\r\n\r\n**/\r\n#if !", "defined(MDEPKG_NDEBUG)\r\n #define ASSERT_EFI_ERROR(StatusParameter) \\\r\n do { \\\r\n if (DebugAssertEnabled ()) { \\\r\n if (EFI_ERROR(StatusParameter)) { \\\r\n DEBUG ((EFI_D_ERROR, \"\\nASSERT_EFI_ERROR(Status = %r)\\n\", StatusParameter)); \\\r\n _ASSERT (!", "EFI_ERROR(StatusParameter)); \\\r\n } \\\r\n } \\\r\n } while (FALSE)\r\n#else\r\n #define ASSERT_EFI_ERROR(StatusParameter)\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n/**\r\n Macro that calls DebugAssert() if a RETURN_STATUS evaluates to an error code.", "\r\n\r\n If MDEPKG_NDEBUG is not defined and the DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_ASSERT_ENABLED\r\n bit of PcdDebugProperyMask is set, then this macro evaluates the\r\n RETURN_STATUS value specified by StatusParameter. ", " If StatusParameter is an\r\n error code, then DebugAssert() is called passing in the source filename,\r\n source line number, and StatusParameter.", "\r\n\r\n @param StatusParameter RETURN_STATUS value to evaluate.", "\r\n\r\n**/\r\n#if !", "defined(MDEPKG_NDEBUG)\r\n #define ASSERT_RETURN_ERROR(StatusParameter) \\\r\n do { \\\r\n if (DebugAssertEnabled ()) { \\\r\n if (RETURN_ERROR (StatusParameter)) { \\\r\n DEBUG ((DEBUG_ERROR, \"\\nASSERT_RETURN_ERROR (Status = %r)\\n\", \\\r\n StatusParameter)); \\\r\n _ASSERT (!", "RETURN_ERROR (StatusParameter)); \\\r\n } \\\r\n } \\\r\n } while (FALSE)\r\n#else\r\n #define ASSERT_RETURN_ERROR(StatusParameter)\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n/**\r\n Macro that calls DebugAssert() if a protocol is already installed in the\r\n handle database.", "\r\n\r\n If MDEPKG_NDEBUG is defined or the DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_ASSERT_ENABLED bit\r\n of PcdDebugProperyMask is clear, then return.", "\r\n\r\n If Handle is NULL, then a check is made to see if the protocol specified by Guid\r\n is present on any handle in the handle database. ", " If Handle is not NULL, then\r\n a check is made to see if the protocol specified by Guid is present on the\r\n handle specified by Handle. ", " If the check finds the protocol, then DebugAssert()\r\n is called passing in the source filename, source line number, and Guid.", "\r\n\r\n If Guid is NULL, then ASSERT().", "\r\n\r\n @param Handle The handle to check for the protocol. ", " This is an optional\r\n parameter that may be NULL. ", " If it is NULL, then the entire\r\n handle database is searched.", "\r\n\r\n @param Guid The pointer to a protocol GUID.", "\r\n\r\n**/\r\n#if !", "defined(MDEPKG_NDEBUG)\r\n #define ASSERT_PROTOCOL_ALREADY_INSTALLED(Handle, Guid) \\\r\n do { \\\r\n if (DebugAssertEnabled ()) { \\\r\n VOID *Instance; \\\r\n ASSERT (Guid !", "= NULL); \\\r\n if (Handle == NULL) { \\\r\n if (!", "EFI_ERROR(gBS->LocateProtocol ((EFI_GUID *)Guid, NULL, &Instance))) { \\\r\n _ASSERT (Guid already installed in database); \\\r\n } \\\r\n } else { \\\r\n if (!", "EFI_ERROR(gBS->HandleProtocol (Handle, (EFI_GUID *)Guid, &Instance))) { \\\r\n _ASSERT (Guid already installed on Handle); \\\r\n } \\\r\n } \\\r\n } \\\r\n } while (FALSE)\r\n#else\r\n #define ASSERT_PROTOCOL_ALREADY_INSTALLED(Handle, Guid)\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n/**\r\n Macro that marks the beginning of debug source code.", "\r\n\r\n If the DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_CODE_ENABLED bit of PcdDebugProperyMask is set,\r\n then this macro marks the beginning of source code that is included in a module.", "\r\n Otherwise, the source lines between DEBUG_CODE_BEGIN() and DEBUG_CODE_END()\r\n are not included in a module.", "\r\n\r\n**/\r\n#define DEBUG_CODE_BEGIN() do { if (DebugCodeEnabled ()) { UINT8 __DebugCodeLocal\r\n\r\n\r\n/**\r\n The macro that marks the end of debug source code.", "\r\n\r\n If the DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_CODE_ENABLED bit of PcdDebugProperyMask is set,\r\n then this macro marks the end of source code that is included in a module.", "\r\n Otherwise, the source lines between DEBUG_CODE_BEGIN() and DEBUG_CODE_END()\r\n are not included in a module.", "\r\n\r\n**/\r\n#define DEBUG_CODE_END() __DebugCodeLocal = 0; __DebugCodeLocal++; } } while (FALSE)\r\n\r\n\r\n/**\r\n The macro that declares a section of debug source code.", "\r\n\r\n If the DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_CODE_ENABLED bit of PcdDebugProperyMask is set,\r\n then the source code specified by Expression is included in a module.", "\r\n Otherwise, the source specified by Expression is not included in a module.", "\r\n\r\n**/\r\n#define DEBUG_CODE(Expression) \\\r\n DEBUG_CODE_BEGIN (); \\\r\n Expression \\\r\n DEBUG_CODE_END ()\r\n\r\n\r\n/**\r\n The macro that calls DebugClearMemory() to clear a buffer to a default value.", "\r\n\r\n If the DEBUG_PROPERTY_CLEAR_MEMORY_ENABLED bit of PcdDebugProperyMask is set,\r\n then this macro calls DebugClearMemory() passing in Address and Length.", "\r\n\r\n @param Address The pointer to a buffer.", "\r\n @param Length The number of bytes in the buffer to set.", "\r\n\r\n**/\r\n#define DEBUG_CLEAR_MEMORY(Address, Length) \\\r\n do { \\\r\n if (DebugClearMemoryEnabled ()) { \\\r\n DebugClearMemory (Address, Length); \\\r\n } \\\r\n } while (FALSE)\r\n\r\n\r\n/**\r\n Macro that calls DebugAssert() if the containing record does not have a\r\n matching signature. ", " If the signatures matches, then a pointer to the data\r\n structure that contains a specified field of that data structure is returned.", "\r\n This is a lightweight method hide information by placing a public data\r\n structure inside a larger private data structure and using a pointer to the\r\n public data structure to retrieve a pointer to the private data structure.", "\r\n\r\n If MDEPKG_NDEBUG is defined or the DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_ASSERT_ENABLED bit\r\n of PcdDebugProperyMask is clear, then this macro computes the offset, in bytes,\r\n of the field specified by Field from the beginning of the data structure specified\r\n by TYPE. ", " This offset is subtracted from Record, and is used to return a pointer\r\n to a data structure of the type specified by TYPE.", "\r\n\r\n If MDEPKG_NDEBUG is not defined and the DEBUG_PROPERTY_DEBUG_ASSERT_ENABLED bit\r\n of PcdDebugProperyMask is set, then this macro computes the offset, in bytes,\r\n of field specified by Field from the beginning of the data structure specified\r\n by TYPE. ", " This offset is subtracted from Record, and is used to compute a pointer\r\n to a data structure of the type specified by TYPE. ", " The Signature field of the\r\n data structure specified by TYPE is compared to TestSignature. ", " If the signatures\r\n match, then a pointer to the pointer to a data structure of the type specified by\r\n TYPE is returned. ", " If the signatures do not match, then DebugAssert() is called\r\n with a description of \"CR has a bad signature\" and Record is returned.", "\r\n\r\n If the data type specified by TYPE does not contain the field specified by Field,\r\n then the module will not compile.", "\r\n\r\n If TYPE does not contain a field called Signature, then the module will not\r\n compile.", "\r\n\r\n @param Record The pointer to the field specified by Field within a data\r\n structure of type TYPE.", "\r\n\r\n @param TYPE The name of the data structure type to return This\r\n data structure must contain the field specified by Field.", "\r\n\r\n @param Field The name of the field in the data structure specified\r\n by TYPE to which Record points.", "\r\n\r\n @param TestSignature The 32-bit signature value to match.", "\r\n\r\n**/\r\n#if !", "defined(MDEPKG_NDEBUG)\r\n #define CR(Record, TYPE, Field, TestSignature) \\\r\n (DebugAssertEnabled () && (BASE_CR (Record, TYPE, Field)->Signature !", "= TestSignature)) ? ", " \\\r\n (TYPE *) (_ASSERT (CR has Bad Signature), Record) : \\\r\n BASE_CR (Record, TYPE, Field)\r\n#else\r\n #define CR(Record, TYPE, Field, TestSignature) \\\r\n BASE_CR (Record, TYPE, Field)\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#endif\r\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0.02, 0.012062256809338522, 0.008888888888888889, 0.05128205128205128, 0.015873015873015872, 0.0136986301369863, 0.013422818791946308, 0.013953488372093023, 0.008888888888888889, 0.05128205128205128, 0.015384615384615385, 0.014084507042253521, 0.013888888888888888, 0.0163265306122449, 0, 0.008888888888888889, 0.05128205128205128, 0.014925373134328358, 0.0136986301369863, 0.013157894736842105, 0.017316017316017316, 0, 0.008620689655172414, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0.02631578947368421, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0.011428571428571429, 0.021645021645021644, 0.024, 0.07692307692307693, 0.027777777777777776, 0.020202020202020204, 0.031578947368421054, 0.010752688172043012, 0.033783783783783786, 0, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0.010309278350515464, 0.02586206896551724, 0, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0.010416666666666666, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0, 0.010526315789473684, 0.010526315789473684, 0.024, 0, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0.010309278350515464, 0.023529411764705882, 0.011235955056179775, 0.01818181818181818, 0.017543859649122806, 0.026490066225165563, 0.008264462809917356, 0.014285714285714285, 0.008403361344537815, 0.022099447513812154, 0.00625, 0, 0, 0.011111111111111112, 0.005076142131979695, 0.014598540145985401, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0.0064516129032258064, 0.01048951048951049, 0, 0.00625, 0, 0.01652892561983471, 0.01, 0.020689655172413793, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0.00796812749003984, 0.0071090047393364926, 0.0049261083743842365, 0.020689655172413793, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0.004048582995951417, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0.014388489208633094, 0.014492753623188406, 0.007874015748031496, 0.08108108108108109, 0.016666666666666666, 0.014705882352941176, 0.012658227848101266, 0.03773584905660377, 0, 0.007317073170731708, 0.005714285714285714, 0.008264462809917356, 0.0067226890756302525, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0.012903225806451613, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0.006493506493506494, 0.01282051282051282, 0.017937219730941704, 0.0189873417721519, 0.02127659574468085, 0.016129032258064516, 0.013368983957219251, 0, 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0.008, 0.007662835249042145, 0.007874015748031496, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0.014814814814814815, 0.008064516129032258, 0, 0.014705882352941176, 0.012195121951219513, 0.007142857142857143, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0.02577319587628866, 0.05, 0.03754266211604096 ]

[ "Denture treatment for the stroke patient.", "\nThis paper is based on a lecture to the joint meeting of the Gerodontic Society and the Community Dental Services Group of the BDA. ", "The difficulties facing stroke patients who require denture treatment are described and recommendations are made to facilitate a successful result." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.015037593984962405, 0 ]

[ "German authorities are set to introduce a new state defense plan that would make citizens stockpile food and water, enough to last for at least ten days, in the event of a major disaster or an armed attack, local media revealed.", "\n\nThe nation is to be encouraged to put away food reserves to take care of themselves in case of emergency, Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung (FAS) daily reported on Sunday citing a 69-page draft drawn up by the Interior Ministry.", "\n\nRead more\n\n“The population will have to hold an individual food stock that is to last ten days,” the document titled “Concept for Civil Defense” reportedly said.", "\n\nAlarm systems, better building protection, wider health care coverage have also been named among the necessary things needed to boost security level in the country.", "\n\nThe concept is to be submitted for a parliamentary committee vote on Wednesday, a spokesman for the interior ministry told AFP.", "\n\nThough an attack in Germany is not seen possible, people should “prepare appropriately for a development that could threaten our existence and cannot be categorically ruled out in the future,” the report suggested.", "\n\nProtection of government bodies is also a matter of priority, the document reportedly says, adding that in case of need responsibilities of one body should be easily handed over to another one.", "\n\nRead more\n\nApart from that, civilians should provide more support to the German armed forces, the document concluded.", "\n\nThis is the first time since the Cold War period that the German government has suggested its citizens take such steps. ", "The move may have been triggered by the two Islamist attacks and a shopping mall shooting carried out by a mentally unstable teenager. ", "However, Frankfurter Allgemeine claims the plan was worked up as early as 2012.", "\n\nState defense programs have been a sore point for the modern-day Germany with its past marred by Nazi heritage. ", "In July the defense ministry came up with a report that stated Berlin’s intention to play a greater role in the defense of NATO and the EU. ", "The report noted that Germany has “a responsibility to help shape the world order.”", "\n\nOn top of everything, Berlin also announced its plan to allocate more resources to police and security forces and set up a special unit to fight terrorism and cybercrime.", "\n\nA closer cooperation between police and military is also expected to take place in Germany since the country lays in the “crosshairs of terrorism” and should be ready to Paris- and Brussels-style attacks, Defence Minister Ursula von der Leyen said earlier in August, according to Reuters." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0.01276595744680851, 0, 0, 0.007751937984496124, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0.02142857142857143, 0, 0, 0.010344827586206896 ]

[ "click to enlarge Google Maps\n\nThe \"Ice House\" project in April 2018, when Oakland firefighters warned the construction site lacked adequate security.", "\n\nclick to enlarge Little security is evident at the construction site, according to views on Google Maps from April 2018.", "\n\nOakland firefighters warned their department's leaders six months ago that the Ice House townhouse project, which burned on Tuesday morning, was poorly secured. ", "They asked if more could be done to \"compel\" the developer to prevent a devastating fire at the site, but it's unclear whether much was done to follow up on the warning.", "After putting out a small fire inside one of the unfinished buildings at 1:41 a.m. on April 29, a firefighter sent an email to OFD Capt. ", "Erik Logan and multiple other OFD commanders warning of \"lax security at a building that is in its most vulnerable stage of construction,\" and requesting help resolving the issue.", "The firefighter didn't say in the email, which was obtained by the, whether they felt it was caused by arson or accident. ", "But an onsite security guard provided information that indicated the fire might have been accidentally caused by \"squatters\" taking shelter in the building.", "The guard, according to the firefighter's email, \"echoed our concerns at the lack of a more hardened or protected site,\" and he acknowledged that \"he was the only guard on duty and that there is an ongoing issue with unauthorized persons coming and going from the area and possibly squatting.", "\"The guard added that the building \"had no fire protection in place,\" despite the exposed framing making it vulnerable to ignition by arson or accident. ", "The guard also told OFD firefighters that there were no heat or motion detecting devices in use, and no security cameras visible, and furthermore that the 6-foot fence around the perimeter was not topped with razor wire, making it easy to climb over.", "Views of the construction from April available on Google Maps confirm that the fence had no razor or barbed wire topping. ", "There are also no security cameras visible, nor signs warning of security and surveillance, as is common at other construction sites.", "\"Given the recent history of 'total loss' fires in buildings that were in the same phase of construction, and our obvious desire to prevent such an incident from happening again, is there any way to compel the developers, either through our fire prevention department, the building department or the city attorneys office, to do a better job at securing their site?\" ", "the firefighter asked OFD commanders in the email.", "Phil Kerr, CEO of City Ventures, the Ice House's developer, told theearlier this week that security cameras were installed in April, but he couldn't say whether it was before or after the smaller fire.", "Federal and local investigators have yet to say what caused Tuesday's morning's fire, but Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf called it an \"attack\" on new housing, alluding to a possible political motive.", "Ray Roundtree, who leads the San Francisco division of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, which is heading up the investigation, said in a press release yesterday that \"ATF approaches these scenes without any preconceptions about what may have happened, and we allow the evidence to guide us to a conclusion.", "\"The Ice House fire is not only the latest suspicious fire at a construction site in recent years, it's also the latest fire to consume a building where firefighters had previously warned their own command that something more should be done to avert a disaster.", "For example, firefighters previously responded to two fires at the Miller Avenue Library building , which was completely destroyed by a third fire in February. ", "The city did not fully secure the site, and as a result, it was completely destroyed. ", "Firefighters also attempted to warn fire inspectors city officials about safety problems inside the San Pablo Avenue halfway house that burned in March 2017 over a year before a fire erupted there, but little was done. ", "The March 2017 fire killed four inside the San Pablo halfway house." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0.0111731843575419, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004, 0, 0, 0, 0.02, 0.014925373134328358, 0.005128205128205128, 0.00906344410876133, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "This Week in D.C. Taxi News\n\nThe D.C. Taxicab Commission may have passed the once-impossible-seeming hurdle of getting vehicles to install credit card readers, but now it has to deal with some of the quirks of the new systems—including making sure payment service providers actually pay drivers for fares collected on their credit card machines.", "\n\nThe commission passed an emergency rule this week that would penalize payment service providers that fail to pay cab drivers the fares they collected within one business day, with a $1,000 fine for a first offense. ", "Fines would be doubled for the second offense and tripled for each subsequent one.", "\n\nThe commission also said it would review 72 customer complaints lodged against cab drivers who reportedly did not accept credit cards. ", "Four drivers have already been fined, the commission said in a press release Thursday. ", "WAMU reported this week that commission chair Ron Linton said he would also crack down on drivers who use unauthorized credit card readers like Square, which is unable to track trip data or send a 25 cent surcharge to the commission.", "\n\nIn a separate announcement, the commission delayed by a year the date by which old vehicles have to be taken off the road, due to delays related to the adoption of a uniform color scheme.", "\n\nNow, vehicles manufactured in 2004 or earlier must be removed from service before January 1, 2015. ", "By 2018, no cab in service may be older than seven model years.", "\n\nMayor Vince Gray said the city will soon launch an incentive program that would encourage drivers to get their cabs painted sooner than is required by paying for part of their paint job, according to the Washington Post.", "\n\nOnly new cabs and cabs that are getting repainted anyway are required to get the new color scheme. ", "Linton told the Post there are about 1,000 cabs that currently have the new paint scheme, and he hopes half of the city's roughly 6,500 cabs are repainted by next year.", "\n\nThe cab-top lights are a great improvement (so are the credit cards). ", "The red paint is ugly as hell and the dumbest idea- these new cars have fantastic factory paint and to cover it with this cheap red Earl Schreib paint defeats the improvement purpose." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.005797101449275362, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008583690987124463, 0, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0.00546448087431694 ]

[ "As seen on\n\nAn Update to My Crash Forecast: Watch Out for Early 2014\n\nWhen I came out with The Great Depression Ahead in late 2008, I had no idea central banks around the world would pull out all the stops and commit to endless Quantitative Easing (QE) and a money printing policy.", "\n\nOf course, I did expect a strong stimulus program and a rally that could last into early 2010. ", "After all, central banks and governments had to do something.", "\n\nI did NOT expect five years and over $10 trillion in money printing globally. ", "Or the resultant stock rebound that has lasted into 2013. ", "Even more liberal economists would not have expected that back then.", "\n\nSuch central bank activities, taken to such extremes, have never happened before. ", "The only time we saw something remotely close was when the government printed money to keep bond rates down so it could finance World War II.", "\n\nBut central bankers are typically more conservative and responsible than they’ve been in the last five years. ", "Their change in behavior has forced me to continue to update my forecast over the last few years to the upside again.", "\n\nAs long as inflation doesn’t rear its ugly head, most central bankers think it’s okay to endlessly print money. ", "What they don’t realize is their behavior kills the innovative power of free markets. ", "It twists and perverts them, creating more bubbles that will ALWAYS burst.", "\n\nQuantitative Easing and stimulus money in this environment of demographic slowing in spending and excessive debt doesn’t flow directly into lending or expanding productive capacity and jobs. ", "It spills directly into speculation, and suddenly every financial institution and bankster (and their dogs) are blowing up bubbles like there’s no tomorrow.", "\n\nThe commodity bubble first burst in mid-2008 and then started to burst again after April 2011… and the gold bubble started to burst in mid-2013. ", "Stocks are now making new highs in the worst global economy since the 1930s. ", "And real estate has surged higher again after the worst burst since the 1930s. ", "All of these bubbles are due for a painful bust ahead.", "\n\nI use a hierarchy of cycles to forecast long-term scenarios. ", "The Geopolitical Cycle turned the corner in 2001 with an 18-year downward trend until 2019. ", "The Spending Wave Cycle started its downturn in 2008 and will follow that trend into 2020 to 2023. ", "And the Commodity Cycle began its trip down in 2008 as well. ", "It, too, is only due to turn around in 2023 or so.", "\n\nAll three cycles point down between mid-2008 and late 2019! ", "Nothing in my forecast has changed on that front – which means the worst is still ahead!", "\n\nBut I also use two medium-term cycles. ", "The Decennial Cycle (from Ned Davis) typically sees the worst crashes in the first two or three years of each decade. ", "However, I’ve found a flaw in that cycle when it didn’t work well for the first time since the 1960s.", "\n\nNed Davis developed the cycle by averaging stock markets over the last century. ", "It turns out that the actual cause is sunspot cycles that move in 10-year cycles (on average) but that vary between eight and 12 years. ", "NASA and other scientific groups are good at predicting this cycle, and they’ve noticed that the current cycle is irregular. ", "Instead of peaking around late 2009 or early 2010, this cycle is projected to peak in late 2013, and then turn down into around late 2019.", "\n\nThen there’s the four-year Presidential Cycle that points down into 2014 and 2018. ", "Ahead, that warns that those years are likely to be the triggers for the next crashes.", "\n\nIn short, all the major cycles I track point down between very late 2013 and late 2019. ", "They all support my forecast of financial turmoil and crisis ahead. ", "During the next six years, a depression will hit and we’ll see a sharp debt-deleveraging period. ", "And I expect the next major crash to unfold starting in very early 2014.", "\n\nYou see, since the 1950s, only one out of 10 bull markets has lasted longer than five years (late 1987 to early 2000), without a 20% plus correction. ", "The average has been more like 3.7 years and the average correction after has been 36%. ", "This bull market will be five years old by early 2014.", "\n\nThe last major bull market top between 1965 and 1972 saw a series of higher highs and lower lows until the 50% crash in 1973 to 1974.", "\n\nAnd the increasing volatility in the last decades of higher highs and greater crashes – 51% in 2000 to 2002 and 58% in 2008 to 2009 – suggests the next crash will be larger. ", "I’m talking 65% here!", "\n\nUnless, of course, governments find a way to forever get away with their irresponsible stimulus activities.", "\n\nFat chance! ", "Personally, I don’t think they’ll be able to pull that off.", "\n\nThat’s why I am working feverishly to get my next book, The Demographic Cliff, out by January 2014, when I think the next great crash is likely to begin.", "\nHarry\n\nP.S. As soon as I have confirmation from my publisher that The Demographic Cliff will be available in January, I’ll let you know.", "\n\nHarry studied economics in college in the ’70s, but found it vague and inconclusive. ", "He became so disillusioned by the state of the profession that he turned his back on it. ", "Instead, he threw himself into the burgeoning New Science of Finance, which married economic research and market research and encompassed identifying and studying demographic trends, business cycles, consumers’ purchasing power and many, many other trends that empowered him to forecast economic and market changes." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0.008, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0064516129032258064, 0.014598540145985401, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0 ]

[ "Broncolor Softbox 90 x 120 cm (3 x 4') (33.565.00)\n\nPrice: £204.00204.00GBP\n\nWeight:2.000 Kgs\n\nCode:33.565.00\n\nBroncolor Softbox 90 x 120 cm (3 x 3.9') (33.565.00)\n\nThe Big One: Softbox with the classical 3:4 aspect ratio. ", "Perfect for use anywhere where large area and soft lighting is required. ", "As with any rectangular (but not square) Softbox, you can turn it through 90° to achieve another, slightly different, lighting characteristic.", "\n\n• Shipped direct from our supplier – usually held in stock, but please contact us for an accurate ETA\n\nDetailed description\n\nRelated products\n\nUsing the broncolor range of softboxes just became even more creative and flexible.", "\n\nAn Edge Mask is an accessory for Softboxes. ", "It is like an additional diffuser which you can easily mount on the front of the Softbox thanks to the Velcro.", "\n\nThe new Edge Mask helps turn the rectangular sizes of softboxes in to a rim light, allowing for subjects to be photographed in-front of and against the softbox, with the light wrapping around the subject from behind.", "\n\nThe Uncompromising: With the right light grid for every broncolor Softbox, the radiation angle can be reduced, and so unwanted scattered light avoided. ", "Perfectly controlled light for product photography. ", "Can be used for effect lighting in portrait and fashion photography to avoid unwanted reflections.", "\n\nbroncolor presents the world’s first lamp with 30 W LED modelling light. ", "This output corresponds approximately to a 100 W halogen lamp; in this form it is the only one of its kind on the market. ", "LED technology promises a long working life and substantial energy savings – exactly right for mobile use. ", "The colour temperature too, at 5500 Kelvin, opens completely new horizons when filming video sequences.", "\n\nExceptionally compact, light and great value for money, the MobiLED has a tilt- and-swivel head for single-handed operation and an integral reflector mounting. ", "The intelligent ventilation control only switches on when the operating temperature demands it. ", "The innovative design folds into the smallest possible space for transport and storage.", "\n\nBroncolor Additional diffuser for 90x120cm Softbox (33.595.00)\n\nThe additional external diffuser has a distinct black border, which enables clean work with strongly reflective objects. ", "Used as a third diffuser, the broncolor Softbox is perfectly and uniformly illuminated over its entire surface.", "\n\nWith the colour coding on the rear face of the adapter rings, it is child's play to quickly assemble any Softbox. ", "There are speedrings for numerous different flash manufacturers, so that any Softbox becomes independent of a particular system.", "\n\nBroncolor Speedring for Profoto (33.401.01)\n\nWith the colour coding on the rear face of the adapter rings, it is child's play to quickly assemble any Softbox. ", "There are speedrings for numerous different flash manufacturers, so that any Softbox becomes independent of a particular system." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.004484304932735426, 0, 0, 0.0043859649122807015, 0.043478260869565216, 0.01818181818181818, 0.0045871559633027525, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006211180124223602, 0 ]

[ "William of Berg\n\nWilliam of Berg may refer to:\n\nWilliam I of Berg ( 1242–1308), son of Count Adolf VII of Berg and Margaret of Hochstaden\nWilliam IV, Duke of Jülich-Berg (1455–1511), last ruler of the Duchy of Jülich-Berg\nWilliam, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (1516–1592)\nWilliam VII of Jülich, 1st Duke of Berg (1348–1408), son of Gerhard VI of Jülich, Count of Berg \nWilliam IV of Berg-s'Heerenberg (1537–1586), Stadtholder of Guelders and Zutphen\n\nSee also\nWilliam Berg (disambiguation)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.03680981595092025 ]

[ "U.S. Will Lift Tariffs O, For One U.S. Bike-Maker, Tariffs Are A Mixed Bag and other Economy news\n\nThe economy news of 2019-05-20 on Tamugaia - U.S. Will Lift Tariffs On Steel And Aluminum From Canada And Mexico, and For One U.S. Bike-Maker, Tariffs Are A Mixed Bag.", "\n\nU.S. Will Lift Tariffs On Steel And Aluminum From Canada And Mexico -\nThe Trump administration has reached a deal to lift tariffs on metal imports from Canada and Mexico, in a move that could make it easier to ratify the USMCA trade pact....\n[ View ]\n\nFor One U.S. Bike-Maker, Tariffs Are A Mixed Bag -\nDetroit Bikes, a rare domestic maker of bicycles, could see business increase as a result of increased U.S. tariffs on Chinese bikes. ", "But imported parts it relies on are also subject to higher taxes....\n[ View ]\n\nTrump Delays Auto Tariffs For 6 Months -\nThe Trump administration announced Friday that it will delay tariffs on cars and auto parts imports while it negotiates trade deals with Japan and the European Union....\n[ View ]" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0.004555808656036446, 0.006711409395973154 ]

[ "Q:\n\nGetting java.lang.", "ClassNotFoundException: org.springframework.web.filter.", "DelegatingFilterProxy with spring-web.jar present\n\nI am getting ClassNotFoundException on org.springframework.web.filter.", "DelegatingFilterProxy when tomcat starts, I have included spring-web.jar, Which has the class org.springframework.web.filter.", "DelegatingFilterProxy.", "\nThe complete message from tomcat is-->\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.catalina.core.", "AprLifecycleListener init\nINFO: The APR based Apache Tomcat Native library which allows optimal performance in production environments was not found on the java.library.path: C:\\Program Files\\Java\\jre7\\bin;C:\\Windows\\Sun\\Java\\bin;C:\\Windows\\system32;C:\\Windows;C:/Program Files/Java/jre7/bin/client;C:/Program Files/Java/jre7/bin;C:/Program Files/Java/jre7/lib/i386;C:\\oracle\\product\\10.2.0\\db_1\\bin;C:\\Program Files\\NVIDIA Corporation\\PhysX\\Common;C:\\Windows\\system32;C:\\Windows;C:\\Windows\\System32\\Wbem;C:\\Windows\\System32\\WindowsPowerShell\\v1.0\\;C:\\Program Files\\Java\\jdk1.7.0_45\\bin;C:\\Users\\A\\Programmer\\eclipse-jee-kepler-SR1-win32\\eclipse;;.", "\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.tomcat.util.digester.", "SetPropertiesRule begin\nWARNING: [SetPropertiesRule]{Server/Service/Engine/Host/Context} Setting property 'source' to 'org.eclipse.jst.jee.server:OnlineCrimeReport' did not find a matching property.", "\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.tomcat.util.digester.", "SetPropertiesRule begin\nWARNING: [SetPropertiesRule]{Server/Service/Engine/Host/Context} Setting property 'source' to 'org.eclipse.jst.jee.server:Struts2Starter' did not find a matching property.", "\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.tomcat.util.digester.", "SetPropertiesRule begin\nWARNING: [SetPropertiesRule]{Server/Service/Engine/Host/Context} Setting property 'source' to 'org.eclipse.jst.jee.server:TutorialFinder' did not find a matching property.", "\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.tomcat.util.digester.", "SetPropertiesRule begin\nWARNING: [SetPropertiesRule]{Server/Service/Engine/Host/Context} Setting property 'source' to 'org.eclipse.jst.jee.server:AngularPractice1' did not find a matching property.", "\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.tomcat.util.digester.", "SetPropertiesRule begin\nWARNING: [SetPropertiesRule]{Server/Service/Engine/Host/Context} Setting property 'source' to 'org.eclipse.jst.jee.server:AnnonymousCart' did not find a matching property.", "\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.tomcat.util.digester.", "SetPropertiesRule begin\nWARNING: [SetPropertiesRule]{Server/Service/Engine/Host/Context} Setting property 'source' to 'org.eclipse.jst.jee.server:SpringApp' did not find a matching property.", "\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.coyote.", "AbstractProtocolHandler init\nINFO: Initializing ProtocolHandler [\"http-bio-8080\"]\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.coyote.", "AbstractProtocolHandler init\nINFO: Initializing ProtocolHandler [\"ajp-bio-8009\"]\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.catalina.startup.", "Catalina load\nINFO: Initialization processed in 718 ms\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.catalina.core.", "StandardService startInternal\nINFO: Starting service Catalina\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.catalina.core.", "StandardEngine startInternal\nINFO: Starting Servlet Engine: Apache Tomcat/7.0.12\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.catalina.core.", "StandardContext filterStart\nSEVERE: Exception starting filter SpringApp\njava.lang.", "ClassNotFoundException: org.springframework.web.filter.", "DelegatingFilterProxy\n at org.apache.catalina.loader.", "WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1676)\n at org.apache.catalina.loader.", "WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1521)\n at org.apache.catalina.core.", "DefaultInstanceManager.loadClass(DefaultInstanceManager.java:415)\n at org.apache.catalina.core.", "DefaultInstanceManager.loadClassMaybePrivileged(DefaultInstanceManager.java:397)\n at org.apache.catalina.core.", "DefaultInstanceManager.newInstance(DefaultInstanceManager.java:118)\n at org.apache.catalina.core.", "ApplicationFilterConfig.getFilter(ApplicationFilterConfig.java:252)\n at org.apache.catalina.core.", "ApplicationFilterConfig.setFilterDef(ApplicationFilterConfig.java:372)\n at org.apache.catalina.core.", "ApplicationFilterConfig.<init>(ApplicationFilterConfig.java:98)\n at org.apache.catalina.core.", "StandardContext.filterStart(StandardContext.java:4562)\n at org.apache.catalina.core.", "StandardContext$2.call(StandardContext.java:5240)\n at org.apache.catalina.core.", "StandardContext$2.call(StandardContext.java:5235)\n at java.util.concurrent.", "FutureTask.run(Unknown Source)\n at java.util.concurrent.", "ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(Unknown Source)\n at java.util.concurrent.", "ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(Unknown Source)\n at java.lang.", "Thread.run(Unknown Source)\n\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.catalina.core.", "StandardContext startInternal\nSEVERE: Error filterStart\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.catalina.core.", "StandardContext startInternal\nSEVERE: Context [/SpringApp] startup failed due to previous errors\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.providers.", "XmlConfigurationProvider info\nINFO: Parsing configuration file [struts-default.xml]\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.providers.", "XmlConfigurationProvider info\nINFO: Unable to locate configuration files of the name struts-plugin.xml, skipping\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.providers.", "XmlConfigurationProvider info\nINFO: Parsing configuration file [struts-plugin.xml]\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "com.opensymphony.xwork2.config.providers.", "XmlConfigurationProvider info\nINFO: Parsing configuration file [struts.xml]\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.ObjectFactory)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.FileManagerFactory)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.impl.", "XWorkConverter)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.impl.", "CollectionConverter)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.impl.", "ArrayConverter)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.impl.", "DateConverter)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.impl.", "NumberConverter)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.impl.", "StringConverter)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.", "ConversionPropertiesProcessor)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.", "ConversionFileProcessor)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.", "ConversionAnnotationProcessor)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.", "TypeConverterCreator)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.", "TypeConverterHolder)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.TextProvider)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.LocaleProvider)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionProxyFactory)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.", "ObjectTypeDeterminer)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.mapper.", "ActionMapper)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (jakarta) for (org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.multipart.", "MultiPartRequest)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (org.apache.struts2.views.freemarker.", "FreemarkerManager)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (org.apache.struts2.components.", "UrlRenderer)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.validator.", "ActionValidatorManager)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.", "ValueStackFactory)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.reflection.", "ReflectionProvider)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.reflection.", "ReflectionContextFactory)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.", "PatternMatcher)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.", "StaticContentLoader)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.UnknownHandlerManager)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (org.apache.struts2.views.util.", "UrlHelper)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.struts2.config.", "BeanSelectionProvider info\nINFO: Choosing bean (struts) for (com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.", "TextParser)\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.coyote.", "AbstractProtocolHandler start\nINFO: Starting ProtocolHandler [\"http-bio-8080\"]\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.coyote.", "AbstractProtocolHandler start\nINFO: Starting ProtocolHandler [\"ajp-bio-8009\"]\n????? ??, ???? ?:??:?? ??????? ", "org.apache.catalina.startup.", "Catalina start\nINFO: Server startup in 4181 ms\n\nweb.xml and spring.xml\nWeb.xml \n<filter>\n <filter-name>SpringApp</filter-name>\n <filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.", "DelegatingFilterProxy</filter-class>\n </filter>\n <filter-mapping>\n <filter-name>SpringApp</filter-name>\n <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>\n </filter-mapping>\n\nspring.xml\n<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?", ">\n<beans xmlns=\"http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans\"\n xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\"\n xsi:schemaLocation=\"http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans\n http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd\">\n\n <bean name=\"/home.jsp\" class=\"spring.web.", "AppController\"/>\n</beans>\n\nAll the other files used in application are fine i have checked them in other non spring based applications and spring files in non-web based applications.", "\n\nA:\n\nHave you configured your user library with the deployment assembly. ", " It should be configured with the WEB-INF. ", "If you would not do so then your eclipse wouldn't know that your class and user library ever.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0, 0.004629629629629629, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005128205128205128, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005263157894736842, 0, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0.01020408163265306, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0.0078125, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0.006944444444444444, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0.007575757575757576, 0, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0, 0.020618556701030927, 0.02, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0, 0.011111111111111112, 0, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0.0196078431372549, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0.011111111111111112, 0, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0.02197802197802198, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0.011111111111111112, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0.00558659217877095, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0 ]

[ "Morphine induces mesangial cell proliferation and glomerulopathy via kappa-opioid receptors.", "\nMorphine sulfate (MS) stimulates mesangial cell (MC) proliferation, a process central to development of glomerular disease. ", "The purpose of this study was to examine whether specific opioid receptors (OR) and signal transducer and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling are associated with MS-induced MC proliferation. ", "C57Bl/6J and OR-specific knockout (KO) mice were treated for up to 6 wk with PBS, MS (0.7-2.14 mg/kg), naloxone (equimolar to MS), or MS+naloxone (n = 6 per group). ", "Glomerular volume and expression of PCNA, Thy1, and ED1/CD68 were analyzed in kidney sections. ", "Cell proliferation and STAT3 phosphorylation were analyzed by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) ELISA and Western blot, respectively, in MCs in vitro. ", "MS treatment led to enlarged kidneys and glomerulopathy and naloxone reversed these effects. ", "MS treatment increased glomerular volume in both mu-OR (MOR) KO and delta-OR (DOR) KO mice, but not in kappa-OR (KOR) KO mice. ", "To ascertain that MS-induced glomerulopathy in vivo was due to MC proliferation, we further examined the OR-specific effects of MS in MCs in vitro. ", "MS-induced MC proliferation in vitro was inhibited by KOR-specific nor-BNI, but not by DOR or MOR-specific antagonists naltrindol or CTOP, respectively. ", "KOR-specific agonist U50488H stimulated proliferation of MCs, but DOR-specific agonist DPDPE and MOR-specific agonist DAMGO did not. ", "MS failed to stimulate proliferation of MCs from KOR KO mice. ", "MS and KOR agonists induced STAT3 phosphorylation, and STAT3 inhibitor blocked KOR agonist-induced MC proliferation. ", "We show that MS stimulates glomerulopathy and MC proliferation via KOR and STAT3 signaling." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.010869565217391304, 0.008, 0.0049261083743842365, 0.01818181818181818, 0.010526315789473684, 0.014084507042253521, 0, 0.023622047244094488, 0, 0.013071895424836602, 0.022556390977443608, 0.016129032258064516, 0.03418803418803419, 0.02197802197802198 ]

[ "Football Reporter is the only app that allows you to generate and share your own custom breaking news football headline and article within seconds.", "\n\n\n\nBuild your custom breaking news news article using the Football Reporter app with a few quick and easy steps.", "\n\n1) Select an article type - injury, suspension, trade, retirement, or custom\n\n2) Select the player from a list of active players\n\n3) Describe the breaking news\n\n4) Generate your headline and article\n\n5) Share through text, post, or any other form of social media\n\n\n\nBased on your selections, articles are auto populated with the following content:\n\n– Selected player, injury, and length\n\n– Player photo with cited source\n\n– Next opponent\n\n– Team records updated throughout the season\n\n\n\nDownload today and generate your own football headline and article!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0, 0.0035971223021582736 ]

[ "# This file is just a pointer to the file\n#\n# Library/Rochester/setAlgebra32EqnSystems/srw8_1_1.pg\n#\n# You may want to change your problem set to use that problem\n# directly, especially if you want to make a copy of the problem\n# for modification.", "\n\nDOCUMENT();\nincludePGproblem(\"Library/Rochester/setAlgebra32EqnSystems/srw8_1_1.pg\");\nENDDOCUMENT();\n\n## These tags keep this problem from being added to the NPL database\n## \n## DBsubject('ZZZ-Inserted Text')\n## DBchapter('ZZZ-Inserted Text')\n## DBsection('ZZZ-Inserted Text')\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.004048582995951417, 0.010714285714285714 ]

[ "## VM Label\n\n### 介绍 \n\nVM组件文本监听，用于处理 Label 的监听问题。监听watchPath 路径 数值的变动情况，变动Label文本内容。使用模板模式，还可以将输入的字符串格式化。可以监听多路径，来同时在一个label上显示多个数据源的信息。", "\n\n### 编辑器属性\n\n- `Template Mode` - 多路径模板模式，开启后可以监听多路径，并且可以设置文本模板\n- `Watch Path ` - 绑定数值监听路径\n\n- `Watch PathArr` - 绑定数值监听的路径数组 (多路径模板模式开启后出现)\n\n- `Label Type` - 只读属性，自动绑定cc.", "Label 或者 cc.", "RichText，你可以在脚本修改自己定义的Label\n\n\n\n### 关于模板解析\n\n使用 {{0}} {{1}} {{2}} 方式设置模板内容（设置label 的 String 默认值）。在运行时，会动态的获取多路径监听的值，按数组内index 顺序替换掉 {{index}}。你可以额外添加修饰符号来格式化信息源，比如 {{0:int}} 会将数字内容以整数显示，{{0:time}} 以时间格式显示时间戳 等。", "\n\n以下是目前支持的格式化内容: \n\n- `int` - 只显示整数部分\n- `fix(n)` -显示小数位数\n- `kmbt` - 以 K M B T 单位 缩短数字长度\n- `per ` - 显示百分比\n- `sep` - 以千位分号分割数字\n- `limit(n)` - 限制文本字符长度\n\n### 自定义模板格式\n\n所有 文本格式处理 都放在 StringFormat 类中，你可以根据自定义需要修改其中的函数。" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.014705882352941176, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "1. ", "Field of the Disclosure\nThe present invention relates generally to wireless communication, and more particularly to a system and method for arbitration between multiple wireless protocols in a system supporting multiple protocols for use in a wireless device.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nWireless communication is being used for a plethora of applications, such as in laptops, cell phones, and other wireless communication devices (“wireless devices”). ", "In fact, wireless communication is becoming so widely used, it is common for wireless devices to be able to communicate using a plurality of different wireless communication protocols. ", "Accordingly, it is common for a wireless device to have different circuit portions that implement different wireless protocols.", "\nHowever, when a wireless device implements multiple protocols, there may be difficulties in performing transmission and/or reception, especially when the two protocols share various hardware (e.g., gain elements, antennas, etc.). ", "Therefore, improvements in wireless devices are desired." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0.003861003861003861, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Traveling the world together, travel hacking, and a side of photography, interior decorating, food, and a splash of anything else creative.", "\n\nand classes began!…", "\n\nsince the village children are in their school until 12:30, we decided to start our little classes at 1:00 at our casa in the village. ", "so since we didn’t have to be at the school until the afternoon, we thought we’d sleep in and take it easy. ", "but my clock is set to get up early now since we go to bed so early, and i’m up around 6:00am. ", "it was great-i got a lot done. ", "our food we bought at the market is so delicious-we made a smoothie with pineapple, papaya, mango, and wild berries. ", "all the fruits and vegetables in the picture below we bought for about $4.00!", "\n\nwe did some school, and layed out on the patio looking at the mountainside, and chilled out which was great, especially since we are all going through a sickness-surely from being in a 3rd world country. ", "hopefully our systems will kick in and get stronger and kick it. ", "we headed down to the school about 12:30 to set up, and luciano told kids to go get other kids, and before you knew it, we had a good sized group. ", "luciano loves our magic tricks we brought, and he was excited to help do part of the show. ", "we then invited the kids into the casa, and invited the girls to the table to do bracelets, and the boys to draw and color. ", "we were worried the boys wouldn’t be interested, but they said they wanted to color. ", "they colored for probably 40 minutes. ", "the girls walked over to the table, and we thought they would take turns using the loom we brought. ", "they start weaving the bands onto their fingers, and are done in about 5 minutes with a bracelet, it was amazing to watch. ", "no fighting, no arguing, just standing and getting it done, we were all flabbergasted.", "\n\nwe then took the kids outside to the yard after that, gave them balloons, and then we played red rover. ", "they got a kick out of the game they have never played. ", "it was great seeing them catch on and have fun playing. ", "i just wanted to squeeze the girls, they are so sweet. ", "for being 8 or 9, they of course are small. ", "they are probably the size of a 6 year old. ", "all the kids are so intelligent though. ", "it was a fun first day-they seemed excited to come back tomorrow. ", "leonardo-one of the boys-later saw jarom walking in the village and came over to him and gave him a high 5. ", "so awesome.", "\n\nwe parted ways with the village kids, and the price’s headed up to our house with us for dinner. ", "we ordered from hans(we can get a dinner for each family for about $8)-a great deal. ", "chicken and rice, soup, homemade bread. ", "and a rojo banana for dessert.", "\n\nthe young girl who cleans our house twice a week, veronica-who is 18, came and made tortillas with us tonight. ", "it took us a little bit to communicate, but we got it. ", "i was asking her what she does during the day. ", "the duties are definitely split between men and women in this culture. ", "she said she climbs the mountain every day and goes to cut wood and brings it down. ", "the mountain is very high, very steep, very beautiful, and she says people have died. ", "it is a beautiful mountain, but since they need wood every day to cook and wash clothes, it has to be done. (", "there is a picture below of camden and julia on the patio and the mountain in the background-you can see patches where they have cut down trees). ", "we are grateful to spend time with these great people, learn more about their culture and their lifestyle. ", "what an adventure, what an experience, what a blessing. ", "we hope our children never forget all they see and do and learn during this trip.", "\n\n2 thoughts on “and classes began!…”", "\n\nthey speak spanish and kichikel(sp?). ", "our little luciano speaks both. ", "we tell him what we want the kids to do, and he tells them. ", "he’s been a blessing. ", "these kids are absolutely amazing. ", "can’t wait for you to come down! ", "bring lots of bug spray, we have lots of mosquito bites:)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Grandmother and parent influences on child self-esteem.", "\nThis study tests a model of intergenerational influences on childhood self-esteem that proposes paths from grandmothers' drug problems to grandchildren's self-esteem via parents' drug problems and parental adaptive child rearing and from grandmothers' maternal acceptance to grandchildren's self-esteem via parents' unconventionality and adaptive child rearing. ", "This longitudinal study uses data obtained from interviews with a New York City sample of black and Puerto Rican children (N = 149) and 1 of their parents and from mailed questionnaires or comparable interviews with those parents' mothers. ", "Structural equation modeling was used to test the proposed model. ", "The LISREL analysis found that, with 3 exceptions, all of the hypothesized paths were significant. ", "The total effects analysis indicated that parents' adaptive child rearing was the strongest latent construct, a finding that was consistent with this construct's proximal position in the model. ", "This study suggests that mothers' drug problems are not just near-term risks for their children, but also pose long-term risks for their children's future functioning as parents and thereby for their grandchildren. ", "The relative strength of parents' adaptive child rearing in this intergenerational model indicates that this area should be the focus of therapeutic intervention efforts, but addressing future grandmothers' drug problems may have positive effects on multiple generations." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Distribution of ASFV antigens in pig tissues experimentally infected with two different Spanish virus isolates.", "\nLymph nodes, spleen, liver, lung and kidney obtained from pigs experimentally infected with two African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) isolates of differing virulence were fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde and embedded in paraffin. ", "An immunoperoxidase technique using a polyclonal anti-ASFV serum was performed on tissue sections in order to detect ASFV antigen. ", "The distribution of ASFV antigen in such infected organs is shown and the differences between both infections compared and discussed. ", "Monocytes, macrophages, hepatocytes, endothelial cells, neutrophils and epithelial cells were found to contain ASFV antigens." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Financial Aid resources available for non-traditional students\n\n• The Delayed Education Scholarship for Women awards $3,500 for an applicant enrolled in a course of study relating to a degree in Nuclear Science or Nuclear Engineering in a U.S. institution. ", "Both undergraduate and graduate students are eligible for the scholarship, which is sponsored by the American Nuclear Society.", "\n\n• The Talbots Scholarship Foundation is available for undergraduate students and is sponsored by the Talbots Charitable Foundation. ", "The organization provides up to 10 awards of $15,000 and one award of $30,000. ", "Only women who have earned a high school diploma or GED at least 10 years ago are eligible for the scholarship.", "\n\nGraduation day at USC Aiken this spring will be the culmination of a 30-year ambition for Bath resident Anne Fulcher. ", "It's a goal she hoped would have been made easier with the support of the Life Scholarship, but, at age 56, she found out she actually wasn't eligible.", "\n\n“I worked really hard to get my grade point average up, but last summer when I called the Financial Aid office after making the dean's list, they said, 'Oh, you don't qualify for the Life Scholarship,'” Fulcher said.", "\n\nShe was ineligible, she explained, because she wasn't a recent high school graduate and had already earned a two-year associate degree from the Medical College of Georgia.", "\n\nFrustrated by the outcome, she then developed the idea for a “Second Life Scholarship,” a new form of financial aid for non-traditional students age 25 and older.", "\n\n“I sat down and developed a criteria and an outline for it,” she said, adding that her proposal included a 3.0 grade point average requirement.", "\n\nShe hoped that previous college grades would not be included in any final draft of the scholarship, especially since she felt most non-traditional students have improved academically compared to when they first enrolled years ago.", "\n\nShe's also aiming to have the scholarship be available statewide and funded at least to some degree by the S.C. Educational Lottery.", "\n\nTo facilitate the scholarship's development, she's spoken with local S.C. Senators Shane Massey and Tom Young as well as local S.C. Representatives Bill Clyburn and Roland Smith.", "\n\n“They've been supportive of this,” she said.", "\n\n“It's so expensive to go back and get a four-year degree. ", "Then, to be able to go back, have good grades and not qualify for anything, it's just wrong.”", "\n\nUSCA has actually already expressed interest in establishing the scholarship as a pilot program exclusive to the school, she said, but needs donations in order to create a funding source and begin accepting applications.", "\n\nStudents cannot currently apply for the scholarship since it is not funded.", "\n\nJudith Goodwin, development officer for USCA's Advancement Office, said certain scholarship details still need to be worked out, particularly since it's currently not funded.", "\n\nShe noted that the college currently offers scholarships that non-traditional students can qualify for, but they carry a variety of specific criteria.", "\n\nShe also applauded Fulcher's efforts to try to provide a new avenue for older students to re-enroll.", "\n\n“It's a great idea. ", "I think she's excited about the future, and I think she wants others to share in the excitement of going back to school.”", "\n\nFor more information about donating to the scholarship fund, visit www.usca.edu and click on the Giving tab.", "\n\nComments\n\nNotice about comments:\n\nAiken Standard is pleased to offer readers the enhanced ability to comment on stories. ", "Some of the comments may be reprinted elsewhere in the site or in the newspaper. ", "We ask that you refrain from profanity, hate speech, personal comments and remarks that are off point.", "\n\nWe do not edit user submitted statements and we cannot promise that readers will not occasionally find offensive or inaccurate comments posted in the comments area. ", "If you find a comment that is objectionable, please click the X that appears in the upper right corner when you hover over a comment. ", "This will send the comment to Facebook for review. ", "Please be reminded, however, that in accordance with our Terms of Use and federal law, we are under no obligation to remove any third party comments posted on our website. ", "Read our full terms and conditions." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0.007936507936507936, 0.007462686567164179, 0, 0, 0.025, 0.006622516556291391, 0.009174311926605505, 0.005780346820809248, 0, 0, 0, 0.007462686567164179, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0, 0, 0.0045045045045045045, 0, 0.017045454545454544, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Enzymes of ketone body utilization in human tissues: protein and messenger RNA levels of succinyl-coenzyme A (CoA):3-ketoacid CoA transferase and mitochondrial and cytosolic acetoacetyl-CoA thiolases.", "\nWe describe the distribution in human tissues of three enzymes of ketone body utilization: succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT), mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (T2), and cytosolic acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (CT). ", "Hereditary deficiency of each of these enzymes has been associated with ketoacidosis. ", "Physiologically the two mitochondrial enzymes have different roles: SCOT mediates energy production from ketone bodies (ketolysis), whereas T2 functions both in ketogenesis and ketolysis. ", "In contrast, CT is implicated in cytosolic cholesterol synthesis. ", "We investigated the tissue distribution of these enzymes in humans by quantitative immunoblots and by Northern blots. ", "In most tissues, polypeptide and mRNA levels were proportional. ", "CT and T2 proteins were detected in all tissues examined. ", "CT levels were highest in liver, were 4-fold lower in adrenal glands, kidney, brain, and lung, and were lowest in skeletal and heart muscles. ", "T2 was most abundant in liver but substantial amounts were present in kidney, heart, adrenal glands, and skeletal muscle. ", "SCOT was detected in all tissues except liver: myocardium > brain, kidney and adrenal glands. ", "The relative amounts of T2 and SCOT were similar in all tissues except for liver (T2 > > SCOT) and brain (SCOT > T2). ", "The observed distribution of SCOT, T2, and CT is consistent with current views of their physiologic roles." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.01, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02830188679245283 ]

[ "Hollywood Actor Steven Seagal BANNED From Entering Ukraine – The REASON Will Make You Scratch Your Head\n\nAmerican actor Steven Seagal, known for his role in action films “Hard to Kill” and “Under Siege,” has been barred from entering Ukraine for five years after he was labeled as a national security threat.", "\n\nIn a statement by the Ukrainian security service, the ban of Seagal was due to grounds that he has “committed socially dangerous actions” that contradict Ukraine’s security.", "\n\nHowever, the Ukrainian security service did not elaborate on as to why the movie actor captured their attention.", "\n\nThe decision comes after 600 people including Seagal were declared persona non grata by the Ukrainian Ministry of Culture in July 2015 and are no longer welcome in Ukraine.", "\n\nThe 65-year-old actor has been friends with Russian President Vladimir Putin for years, sharing the same love of martial arts.", "\n\nSeagal, whose father’s parents emigrated from Russia, was awarded Russian citizenship in November last year that was presented personally by Putin.", "\n\nIn 2014, the Steven Seagal Blues Band — which actually exists — played at a concert for pro-Russia separatists in the Crimean Peninsula city of Sevastopol. ", "A biker club sponsored the concert. ", "The stage behind Seagal featured the flag of the separatists." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.00974025974025974, 0.005714285714285714, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0.0078125, 0.006711409395973154, 0.006329113924050633, 0, 0.01639344262295082 ]

[ "Conservative author Mark Steyn told Fox News' \"Tucker Carlson Tonight\" Wednesday that Hillary Clinton's recent comments about her defeat in the presidential election were \"bizarre\" and showed that she and the Democrats \"still can't actually believe\" what happened.", "\n\n\"What Donald Trump did was unprecedented,\" Steyn told host Tucker Carlson. \"", "He had no ground game ... he veered erratically off message ... And yet somehow, he manages to beat the most qualified candidate ever to run for the presidency of the United States.", "\n\nCLINTON CALLS OUT RUSSIA FOR ELECTION LOSS\n\n\"If it was a military campaign, they’d be teaching it at staff colleges across the world for the next two centuries. ", "It’s remarkable,\" Steyn added.", "\n\nEarlier Wednesday, Clinton appeared at a technology conference in Silicon Valley and blamed a number of external factors for her defeat to Trump, including the spread of \"fake news\" on social media by Russians allegedly colluding with the Trump campaign.", "\n\nHowever, Steyn mocked Clinton for claiming that \"whatever happens, the Russians are behind it\" and suggested that she was overlooking the flaws in her own campaign.", "\n\n\"[Clinton] paid talentless, mediocre people large sums of money to do the same things they’ve done for every other candidate,\" he said. \"", "And Trump just comes along, he’s bored stiff by all that, and he just does it his way and blows all those stupid conventions out of the water. ", "And the Republicans hated him for doing that, and the Democrats still can’t actually believe he did it.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.011363636363636364, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0.01171875, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0.006993006993006993, 0 ]

[ "Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that specifically affects the motor neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem and motor cortex. ", "To date, five ALS causative genes have been identified in patients with familial ALS, accounting for 5--10% of all ALS cases. ", "While autosomal dominant mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (*SOD1*) \\[[@CR20]\\], vesicle-associated protein B (*VAPB*) \\[[@CR17]\\], and dynactin \\[[@CR19]\\] have been shown to cause adult-onset forms of ALS, mutations in senataxin (*SETX*) lead to an early onset of the disease \\[[@CR3]\\]. ", "In contrast, mutations in the gene encoding alsin have been associated with juvenile-onset autosomal recessive ALS \\[[@CR10], [@CR24]\\].", "\n\nIn addition, genetic variants in certain genes may play a role in modifying ALS susceptibility. ", "Certain haplotypes in the vascular endothelial growth factor (*VEGF*) gene have been reported to be a possible risk factor for sporadic ALS \\[[@CR16]\\] in a population based study, whereas a recent meta-analysis has confirmed increased susceptibility for ALS in male carriers of the promoter single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) −2578AA \\[[@CR15]\\]. ", "Subsequently, seven missense variants in angiogenin (*ANG*), another angiogenic factor in the ventral horn motor neurons which is up-regulated by hypoxia, have been suggested to be associated with ALS in Irish/Scottish patients \\[[@CR9]\\]. ", "Other *ANG* missense variants have been identified in ALS patients from North America \\[[@CR23]\\], Italy \\[[@CR4], [@CR7]\\], France \\[[@CR18]\\] and the Netherlands \\[[@CR22]\\]. ", "In addition, recent functional studies have shown that *ANG* missense variants identified in ALS patients lead to reduced angiogenic activity of ANG in endothelial cells \\[[@CR23]\\], and impairment of neurite extension and survival in motor neurons \\[[@CR14], [@CR21]\\].", "\n\nTo investigate the role of *ANG* in ALS patients from Germany, we screened for mutations by sequencing the entire coding region of the *ANG* gene in a large cohort of German ALS patients and controls. ", "We identified two novel heterozygous *ANG* missense variants in two sporadic ALS cases but not in controls. ", "Our findings suggest that missense variants in the *ANG* gene play a role in ALS in the German population.", "\n\nSubjects and methods {#Sec2}\n====================\n\nSubjects {#Sec3}\n--------\n\nInformed consent was obtained from 581 sporadic ALS patients and 616 healthy controls. ", "Of these, 401 patients were referred to the Neurology Department of the University Hospital of Ulm, and 180 patients to the Neurology Department of the University Hospital Grosshadern (Munich). ", "Samples from 365 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were obtained from the adult population-based KORA study \\[[@CR13]\\], whereas those from 251 gender-matched controls older than age 60 were obtained from our local DNA database. ", "The ALS sample consisted of 581 sporadic ALS patients with clinical diagnosis of probable or definite ALS according to the revised El Escorial criteria \\[[@CR1], [@CR2]\\]. ", "The male to female ratio was 1.7. ", "Average age-at-onset was 59 years and average survival time was 51 months. ", "70% of the patients had limb onset, 30% showed bulbar onset.", "\n\nGenetic analysis {#Sec4}\n----------------\n\nGenomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood using standard protocols. ", "The GenBank reference sequence accession number of *ANG* was NM_001145.4. ", "In the cDNA, the A of the ATG translation initiation start site was numbered as nucleotide +1. ", "In accordance with the literature, amino acids from the signal peptide of *ANG* (24 aminoacids) were named in negative numbers whereas those from the processed protein (123 amino acids) were named in positive numbers, the first Gln residue of the entire sequence being numbered as amino acid +1. ", "Primers were designed using the ExonPrimer software (<http://ihg.gsf.de/ihg/ExonPrimer.html>) for the *ANG* coding region. ", "PCR products were sequenced directly using the BigDye Terminator Cycle sequencing kit 3.1 (Applied Biosystems) and were analyzed on an ABI3730 sequencer. ", "The following primers were used for PCR and sequencing: 5′-TGTTCTTGGGTCTACCACACC-3′, 5′-ATGTTGCCACCACTGTTCTG-3′ (amplicon length: 583 bp). ", "The complete *ANG* coding region was sequenced for both case and control subjects from forward and reverse ends including the exon/intron junction.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#Sec5}\n--------------------\n\nThe statistical analysis of the allelic frequency for SNP rs11701 was conducted using the χ^2^ test with one degree of freedom.", "\n\nBioinformatics {#Sec6}\n--------------\n\nMissense variants were mapped onto the three-dimensional crystal structure of the mature ANG protein using PyMOL software (Delano Scientific LLC).", "\n\nResults {#Sec7}\n=======\n\nIn our study, we identified two heterozygous *ANG* missense variants in two ALS patients of German descent that were negative for mutations in the SOD1 screening (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "A ca. ", "36 C\\>T transition located within the signal peptide of *ANG* results in a F(−13)L substitution whereas the ca. ", "232 A\\>G transition causes a K54E amino acid substitution that affects the mature protein. ", "The replacement of the basic Lys by the acid Glu in K54E is represented in Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The missense variants F(−13)L and K54E are novel and have not been previously linked to ALS. ", "Neither of these variants were found in 616 controls. ", "Overall, the estimated mutational frequency of the *ANG* gene is 0.3% in our population. ", "Unfortunately, the segregation of missense variants F(−13)L and K54E could not be investigated further due to the unavailability of DNA from family members of the patients. ", "However, none of the carriers had a familial history of ALS. ", "The clinical picture of the F(−13)L and K54E carriers is summarized in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}.Table 1*ANG* missense variants identified in German ALS patients and clinical pictureNucleotide changeAmino acid changeVariant locationZygosityFrequencySporadic/familial ALSGenderYear of birthAge at onsetSite of onsetDuration of diseaseALS diagnosisSOD1 screeningConcomitant diseasesca. ", "36 C\\>TF(−13)LSPHetero-1/1197SporadicMale193071 yearsLimb38 monthsProbableNegativeNoca. ", "232 A\\>GK54EMPHetero-1/1197SporadicMale197428 yearsLimb24 monthsDefiniteNegativeFrontal deficit*SP* signal peptide, *MP* mature proteinFig.", " 1Structure of angiogenin (PDB-ID 1h53). **", "a**, **b** Angiogenin is shown as ribbons with the phosphate near the active site and with the mutated residue shown as sticks. ", "The K54 side-chain from the wild-type protein is in *blue* (**a**), the modeled K54E side chain is in *red* (**b**)\n\nOur results also identified the previously reported heterozygous missense variant I46V (ca. ", "208 A\\>G) in one ALS patient but not in controls. ", "Originally, I46V was described in three Scottish ALS patients \\[[@CR9]\\] and subsequently in two French cases \\[[@CR18]\\]. ", "Nonetheless, I46V has been suggested to be a benign variant, at least in the Italian population, because it was found in a total of 7 Italian patients and 11 healthy controls \\[[@CR4], [@CR5], [@CR7]\\]. ", "Furthermore, we identified the variant K17I (ca. ", "122 A\\>T) in one sporadic ALS case (0.1%) and two controls (35/62 years of age) (0.3%). ", "This finding is in agreement with a previous study that identified K17I in two Irish/Scottish ALS patients and one control (65 years) \\[[@CR9]\\]. ", "In a Dutch pedigree, variant K17I was recently shown to segregate with disease following an autosomal dominant inheritance model with reduced penetrance \\[[@CR22]\\]. ", "Of the 17 different *ANG* missense variants identified in ALS patients up to date (Table 1, supplemental data), only K17I and I46V were found in both cases and controls.", "\n\nExamination of ANG evolutionary conservation showed that residues Phe(−13), Lys17, Ile46 and Lys54 are conserved in mammals (Fig.", " 1, supplemental data). ", "None of the identified missense variants were exclusively present in controls.", "\n\nThe sequence analysis confirmed the presence of the common synonymous SNP rs11701 (T/G) in our population. ", "This SNP was shown to be associated with ALS in the Irish population \\[[@CR9]\\] in which the frequency of the allele G was significantly higher in ALS cases compared with controls (0.17 vs. 0.09, *P* \\< 0.001). ", "Nevertheless, we did not find the association of this allele to disease as previously reported in the Irish/Scottish population (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "In our sample, the distribution of the G allele was 0.12 in cases and 0.13 in controls (*P* \\> 0.05). ", "The previously identified SNP rs17560 was not observed in our sample. ", "However, we found the allele T of the SNP rs2228653 in one ALS case and none of the controls. ", "This SNP is located within the coding region of ANG and results in the synonymous substitution T97T, which makes it difficult to predict whether this synonymous variant is disease specific.", "Table 2Genotypic and allelic frequencies of synonymous SNP rs11701 in German ALS patients and controlsPatientsControlsTT genotype0.7680.747TG genotype0.2170.235GG genotype0.0150.018 (*P* \\> 0.05)T allele0.8760.864G allele0.1240.136 (*P* \\> 0.05)\n\nDiscussion {#Sec8}\n==========\n\n*ANG* was first suggested to be a susceptibility gene for ALS when the SNP rs11701, located within the coding region of the gene, was found to be significantly associated with disease in an Irish ALS cohort \\[[@CR8]\\]. ", "Subsequently, seven different heterozygous *ANG* missense variants were identified in a large cohort of 1629 patients from Ireland, Great Britain, the USA and Sweden \\[[@CR9]\\]. ", "Although *ANG* missense variants were present in individuals from all four subpopulations, the majority of the affected individuals were of Irish/Scottish descent, suggesting that ANG might be a specific ALS susceptibility factor in the Irish/Scottish subpopulation. ", "However, another study confirmed the occurrence of *ANG* missense variants in an independent ALS cohort of North American descent \\[[@CR23]\\]. ", "Subsequently, novel ALS-associated *ANG* missense variants were reported in one French \\[[@CR18]\\], one Dutch \\[[@CR22]\\] and two different Italian \\[[@CR4], [@CR7]\\] samples. ", "In contrast, two additional Italian groups have failed to identify ANG missense variants in their ALS cohorts \\[[@CR5], [@CR6]\\]. ", "To date, no report has assessed the role of ANG in the German ALS population.", "\n\nIn our study, we sequenced the coding region of the *ANG* gene in a German ALS cohort and in controls. ", "Our sample, together with that of Gellera et al. ", "\\[[@CR7]\\], is the second largest sample studied after the one from Greenway et al. ", "\\[[@CR9]\\]. ", "We identified two *ANG* missense variants, F(−13)L and K54E, in two ALS cases (0.3%; 2/581). ", "Both *ANG* missense variants are novel and, to our knowledge, have not been previously documented. ", "The variants F(−13)L and K54E appear to be disease-specific in our population, since both were absent in our 616 controls, as well as in 3107 controls that were sequenced in previous *ANG* mutational screenings \\[[@CR4]--[@CR7], [@CR9], [@CR18], [@CR22], [@CR23]\\]. ", "Our results indicate that the novel *ANG* missense variants F(−13)L and K54E are linked to ALS in the German population.", "\n\nIn the Scottish/Irish population, several *ANG* missense variants have been suggested to segregate with familial and sporadic ALS \\[[@CR9]\\]. ", "However, segregation of *ANG* missense variants has not been fully reproduced in other populations \\[[@CR5], [@CR7], [@CR18], [@CR23]\\] until the recent screening of a Dutch pedigree carrying the K17I missense variant \\[[@CR22]\\]. ", "In our case, the carriers of the ANG missense variants F(−13)L and K54E were apparently 'sporadic' ALS cases without a family history of ALS. ", "Both mutation carriers were male patients with predominant lower motor-neuron deficits and a reduced life expectancy of less than 3 years. ", "The F(−13)L carrier had a late age at onset (71 years), while the K54E carrier showed an early onset of disease (28 years). ", "Interestingly, the K54E carrier showed clear signs of frontal deficit. ", "Nonetheless, because the K54E carrier was deceased, we were unable to further characterize this patient clinically. ", "Previously, a Dutch patient carrying the missense variant K17I presented ALS with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) \\[[@CR22]\\], whereas another Italian SALS patient with a synonymous ca. ", "132 C\\>T variant had a diagnosis of frontal lobe dysfunction \\[[@CR7]\\]. ", "These findings are interesting because they suggest that ANG may also be involved in cognitive impairment.", "\n\nF(−13)L is located in the signal peptide of ANG, whereas K54E affects the mature ANG protein. ", "Although the effects of these missense variants on the ANG protein are difficult to predict, we performed structural modeling of these variants in the 3-D crystal structure of the protein. ", "We speculate that the F(−13)L variant, located in the signal peptide of ANG which is involved in protein trafficking \\[[@CR12]\\], might lead to abnormal protein transport and secretion or toan altered recognition site for the signal peptide peptidase, leading to mislocalization of ANG. ", "In the case of the K54E variant, the replacement of a basic residue by an acidic glutamate disrupts a patch of positively charged protein surface formed by residues Lys50, Arg51 and Lys54 that might be of functional relevance for the interaction of ANG with negatively charged molecules like nucleic acids or other proteins.", "\n\nTo date, a total of 15 different *ANG* missense variants have been exclusively identified in ALS patients but not in controls \\[[@CR4], [@CR7], [@CR9], [@CR18], [@CR22], [@CR23]\\], including the novel *ANG* missense variants F(−13)L and K54E reported in this study. ", "Altogether, these results clearly suggest that missense variants in the *ANG* gene, although rare, are potentially causative of disease as recently suggested in discussions regarding other complex neurodegenerative diseases, including the glucocerebroside gene (*GBA*) in Parkinson's disease (PD) \\[[@CR11]\\]**.**", "\n\nThere is increasing evidence that variants in the *ANG* gene play a role in ALS pathophysiology. ", "Recently, the *ANG* missense variants K17I, S28N and P112L identified in ALS patients from North America have been shown to result in complete ANG loss-of-function by reducing angiogenesis due to defects in ribonuclease activity, nuclear translocation, or a combination of both \\[[@CR23]\\]. ", "In addition, an independent study has shown that human ANG is neuroprotective, whereas the ALS-associated ANG variants Q12L, C39W and K40I, which are located in the catalytic center of the protein, compromise neurite extension, pathfinding and survival of motor-neurons \\[[@CR14], [@CR21]\\]. ", "These findings have been confirmed for K40I in another recent report \\[[@CR14]\\]. ", "Furthermore, ANG is highly expressed in the spinal cord ventral horn motor-neurons during both fetal development and adulthood \\[[@CR21]\\].", "\n\nIn summary, we identified two heterozygous missense variants, F(−13)L and K54E, in the *ANG* gene of two sporadic ALS patients of German descent but not in controls. ", "Our results suggest that the F(−13) and K54E *ANG* missense variants are linked to ALS in the German population and support the hypothesis that angiogenic factors up-regulated by hypoxia are involved in the pathophysiology of ALS. ", "Future functional studies will help to decipher the specific role of these *ANG* missense variants in ALS.", "\n\nElectronic supplementary material {#AppESM1}\n---------------------------------\n\nBelow is the link to the electronic supplementary material.", "\n\n###### \n\nExamination of evolutionary conservation of ANG precursor from human, rat (Ang 1), mouse (Ang 5), cow (Ang 1) and chicken. ", "Residues Phe(-13), Lys 17, Ile46 and Lys54 are showed in red (PDF 23 kb)\n\n###### \n\nSummary of missense variants identified in ALS patients (DOC 183 kb)\n\nThe authors thank the patients and family members for their participation. ", "They also thank all collaborating investigators and physicians, Janaky Coomaraswamy for editorial help, as well as the KORA group (H. E. Wichmann (speaker), H. Löwel, C. Meisinger, T. Illig, R. Holle, J. John, and their coworkers) for the design and conduct of the KORA studies. ", "Part of this work was financed by the German National Genome Research Net (NGFN).", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0.005128205128205128, 0.023809523809523808, 0.016666666666666666, 0.022058823529411766, 0.01020408163265306, 0.017142857142857144, 0.0125, 0.03954802259887006, 0.022222222222222223, 0.014778325123152709, 0.018518518518518517, 0.018867924528301886, 0.005988023952095809, 0.020618556701030927, 0.00847457627118644, 0.03488372093023256, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0.010526315789473684, 0.0033783783783783786, 0.024390243902439025, 0.012987012987012988, 0.007194244604316547, 0.006802721088435374, 0.005555555555555556, 0.0106951871657754, 0.00881057268722467, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0.01098901098901099, 0.05063291139240506, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0, 0, 0.011560693641618497, 0.01639344262295082, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009569377990430622, 0.02, 0.024390243902439025, 0.014778325123152709, 0, 0.011363636363636364, 0.0136986301369863, 0.006024096385542169, 0.011834319526627219, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0.018957345971563982, 0, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0.02127659574468085, 0.010582010582010581, 0.014084507042253521, 0.011235955056179775, 0.011235955056179775, 0.02097902097902098, 0.03409090909090909, 0.03076923076923077, 0.025974025974025976, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0.08333333333333333, 0.043010752688172046, 0.010101010101010102, 0.03383458646616541, 0.03333333333333333, 0.020833333333333332, 0.025974025974025976, 0.035211267605633804, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0.014084507042253521, 0.008620689655172414, 0.010869565217391304, 0.0136986301369863, 0.009433962264150943, 0.03125, 0.005291005291005291, 0.010452961672473868, 0.006172839506172839, 0.041044776119402986, 0.006389776357827476, 0.020202020202020204, 0.013745704467353952, 0.017123287671232876, 0.012195121951219513, 0.014388489208633094, 0.023809523809523808, 0.017316017316017316, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0.017543859649122806, 0.03225806451612903, 0.024691358024691357, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nIf $a\\equiv 4\\pmod {13}$, a is integer, Find c ($0 \\leq c \\leq 12$) so that $c\\equiv 9a\\pmod {13}$\n\nIf $a\\equiv 4\\pmod {13}$, a is integer, Find c ($0 \\leq c \\leq 12$) so that $c\\equiv 9a\\pmod {13}$.\nI translated these into the form of definition: 13 | a-4 and 13|c-9a, then I got stuck on it. ", "I don't know how to solve a two variables congruence. ", "How to solve it?", "\n\nA:\n\nIf $a \\equiv 4 \\bmod 13$, then $9a \\equiv 36 \\bmod 13$.\nCongruence is symmetric and transitive...\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Western, Eastern routes of CPEC to be completed by next year: official\n\nISLAMABAD: The Western and Eastern routes of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor will be completed by next year, said the Project Director of CPEC, Ministry of Planning, Hassan Daud Butt.", "\n\nHe, in an interview with the state-run wire service, told that in the first phase, under CPEC, projects of energy and infrastructure were being executed while in the second phase work on Special Economic Zones (SEZs) would be started.", "\n\nHe said as many as nine SEZs at various locations across the country had been brought under CPEC in which provincial governments as well as the private sector entrepreneurs were taking keen interest.", "\n\nHe said with the establishment of SEZs, new industrial units would be installed in the country which would help increase in the trade activities across the country.", "\n\nHassan Butt said after completion of the CPEC projects, a new era of development would start in the country and the fate of the people of Pakistan would also be changed.", "\n\nHe maintained that the CPEC would also help further increase in bilateral relations in various sectors including trade, education, and other social sectors.", "\n\nIn April 2015, China had announced mega development projects in Pakistan worth $46-billion under CPEC project, which focuses on road building and energy infrastructure to end chronic power shortages in Pakistan and to link China’s landlocked north-west with the deep-water port Gwadar on the Arabian Sea.", "\n\nThe plan, which would eclipse U.S. spending in Pakistan over the last decade or so, is part of China’s aim to forge “Silk Road” land and sea ties to markets in the Middle East and Europe.", "\n\nThe two sides had also agreed to strengthen cooperation in civil nuclear energy, space and maritime technology, counter-terrorism and defense.", "\n\nMeanwhile China will also expand industrial capacity cooperation in diverse sectors including chemical, pharmaceutical, engineering, agro, iron and steel. ", "The two countries will also increase exploration and development of resources.", "\n\nUnder CPEC, a number of new economic zones will be created along the corridor.", "\n\nComments\n\ncomments" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.03076923076923077, 0.00423728813559322, 0.004975124378109453, 0, 0.011695906432748537, 0.006329113924050633, 0.0032679738562091504, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0 ]

[ "\"You left the f---ing rehab that I got you for free two weeks early, cause of cabaret!\" ", "Bethenny Frankel had yelled during an argument in Miami\n\nLuann de Lesseps is clarifying who foot the bill for her second stint in rehab.", "\n\nGet push notifications with news, features and more.", "\n\n“She helped, but the network actually paid for that. ", "So I want to clarify that,” de Lesseps, 54, told People Now, “You’re the only ones who know it, I said it here, right now.”", "\n\n“[Bethenny] helped make that happen, absolutely, and I give her credit for that,” the Countess continued. “", "But the network covered that for me, which is great.”", "\n\nRepresentatives for Bravo had no comment about de Lesseps’ statement. ", "A representative for Frankel did not respond to PEOPLE’s request for comment.", "\n\nImage zoom Bethenny Frankel and Luann de Lesseps Heidi Gutman/Bravo\n\nIn June 2018, after de Lesseps checked into the program, Frankel, 48, told PEOPLE that Bravo had stood by de Lesseps even though she missed the season 10 reunion while in rehab.", "\n\n“Bravo has been very supportive of Luann during this time,” Frankel said. “", "It’s a brave and honest decision by her, and everyone is rallying around her and wants the best for her.”", "\n\n“Luann is now surrounded by a core group of people who truly have her best interests at heart and who are working to make sure she gets the help she needs,” Frankel added.", "\n\nDuring season 11, though, Frankel clashed with de Lesseps during a heated Miami meltdown — calling de Lesseps “insufferable” and claiming that she was downplaying her friends’ efforts to get her back into a treatment facility.", "\n\n“Do you understand it was the whole weekend? ", "I took weeks of my life for you!” ", "Frankel said. “", "I had lawyers come to your house on a Sunday. ", "I spoke to your kids. ", "I sat outside on your driveway to make sure you didn’t drive your car — you almost crashed the boat and killed your friends. ", "You were running in a field in negligee and had to be taken in cop cars and I made sure that they didn’t record it so you ultimately didn’t get arrested.”", "\n\n“You left the f—ing rehab that I got you for free two weeks early, cause of cabaret!” ", "Frankel added. “", "You’re a sicko! ", "I got it for free! ", "You’re sick.”", "\n\nImage zoom Dennis Shields, Luann de Lesseps and Bethenny Frankel Greg Endries/Bravo\n\nShe also alleged that de Lesseps didn’t support her enough after her ex-boyfriend, Dennis Shields, died in August of a suspected overdose.(During last week’s reunion episode, Frankel said de Lesseps called her and begged to borrow money from the businessman to purchase a home amid her relapse.)", "\n\n“You never checked in on Dennis. ", "Not once,” Frankel said. “", "You never ask about Dennis. ", "You never ask. ", "No you don’t. ", "Every day it’s about you! ", "You didn’t ask me once about how I am about Dennis. ", "You didn’t ask me because you’re so up your own ass.”", "\n\nDe Lesseps refuted Frankel’s claims to People Now on Wednesday.", "\n\n“I did reach out to her about Dennis. ", "I say in scene, ‘This is not true. ", "I do say that,’ ” de Lesseps said. “", "I don’t go after her and say, ‘This is not true, that is not true,’ because she was having a meltdown. ", "The last thing I need to do is approach her. ", "I think that is the better way to go because I think she would have gotten worse.”" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0, 0.0043859649122807015, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013089005235602094, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "\n/*\n * Auto generated Run-Time-Environment Component Configuration File\n * *** Do not modify ! ***", "\n *\n * Project: 'led-matrix-8x8-scrolling-text' \n * Target: 'STM32F103C8' \n */\n\n#ifndef RTE_COMPONENTS_H\n#define RTE_COMPONENTS_H\n\n#define RTE_DEVICE_STDPERIPH_FRAMEWORK\n#define RTE_DEVICE_STDPERIPH_GPIO\n#define RTE_DEVICE_STDPERIPH_RCC\n#define RTE_DEVICE_STDPERIPH_TIM\n\n#endif /* RTE_COMPONENTS_H */\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0.006622516556291391 ]

[ "Foto: NPO2-kijkers. ", "Artikel begint na plaatje. ", "Naar de live-staatstelevisie-uitzending van De Nacht van de Vluchteling die zaterdagavond en nacht werd uitgezonden via Staatstelevisiekanaal NPO2 keken slechts 53.000 mensen. ", "Dit blijkt uit kijkcijfers van Stichting Kijkonderzoek. ", "53.000 kijkers voor een live(!) ", "televisie-uitzending lijkt een nieuw dieptepunt te zijn voor het toch al zo dramatisch bekeken" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0, 0.011363636363636364, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0.010638297872340425 ]

[ "[Update] A Better Look at the Black Ops 2 Poster Boy, More Intel Teases Mysterious Character\n\nShare this:\n\nUpdate: Yesterday’s image has been revealed, clearly confirming the return, or at least an appearance, of one of the original Black Ops’ lead characters, Sgt. ", "Frank Woods. ", "The tattoos on his arm are a dead giveaway.", "\n\nOriginal Story: At last, we’ve managed to get a good look at the blurred poster boy that we’ve seen on many of the leaked Black Ops 2 promotional posters while yet another piece of Black Ops 2 intel hits the web.", "\n\nOur friend, MrRoflWaffles, has recently sent in this picture, originally from KingJamesBallin, giving us a very clear shot of the poster boy found on many pieces of Black Ops 2’s promotional material:\n\nSome very interesting things to note:\n\nThe Oakley military gloves he is wearing strongly suggest a contemporary setting for Black Ops 2.", "\n\nThe protection on his forearms isn’t your every-day, standard military armor either. ", "Again, this suggests an either contemporary or futuristic setting.", "\n\nThe weapon he is holding, which we have yet to learn the name of yet, also looks rather high-tech with many attachment rails.", "\n\nIf you haven’t yet, check out yesterday’s Black Ops 2 voice actor tease and image reveal.", "\n\nOn to what the official Call of Duty website has for us today. ", "We’re only a day away from the official May 1st reveal of Black Ops 2 but Treyarch has not finished having their fun yet. ", "Another image teases us with a shot of a character’s arm who seems to be somewhat aged, also given away by the medals of distinction hung on the wall in front of him. ", "Could it be a returning character from the original Black Ops?", "\n\nAgain, thanks, MrRoflWaffles, for the image and insight.", "\n\nContributions by Fahed Jaradat.", "\n\nWhat do you guys think? ", "Leave your thoughts in the comments below and make sure to join us on Twitter and Facebook!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0, 0.0058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01098901098901099 ]

[ "An inhibitor of the acetyltransferases CBP/p300 exerts antineoplastic effects on gastrointestinal stromal tumor cells.", "\nGastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasm featured by activated mutations of KIT and PDGFRA. ", "Although overall survival rates have greatly improved by the development of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, most patients ultimately acquire resistance due to secondary mutations of KIT or PDGFRA. ", "Inhibition of the histone acetyltransferases (HATs) CREB‑binding protein (CBP) and p300 results in antineoplastic effects in various cancers. ", "To determine whether CBP/p300 can serve as an antineoplastic target for GISTs, specific short interfering RNA sequences and the selective HAT inhibitor C646 were administered to GIST882 cells. ", "Cell viability, apoptosis and the cell cycle were analysed using the Cell Counting Kit-8, a caspase-3/7 activity assay or Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide (PI) staining and PI staining. ", "Gene and protein expression levels were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. ", "Transcriptional blockage of CBP, rather than p300, resulted in suppression of cell proliferation. ", "Interestingly, both CBP and p300 depletion enhanced caspase-3/7 activity. ", "A lack of CBP and p300 caused ETS translocation variant 1 (ETV1) downregulation and KIT inhibition in GIST cells. ", "Nevertheless, the absence of CBP, not p300, leads to extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 inactivation and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation, suggesting a more crucial role for CBP than p300 in cell proliferation and survival. ", "Furthermore, proliferation of GIST cells was reduced by administration of C646, a selective HAT inhibitor for CBP/p300. ", "Apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest were detected after exposure to C646, indicating that its antitumor activities were supported by its antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects. ", "Additionally, C646 treatment attenuated ETV1 protein expression and inactivated KIT-dependent pathways. ", "Taken together, the present study suggests that CBP/p300 may serve as novel antineoplastic targets and that use of the selective HAT inhibitor C646 is a promising antitumor strategy for GISTs." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.00847457627118644, 0.015037593984962405, 0.009900990099009901, 0.007042253521126761, 0.010362694300518135, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0.01020408163265306, 0.013513513513513514, 0.043859649122807015, 0.00851063829787234, 0.016666666666666666, 0.0053475935828877, 0.028846153846153848, 0.010416666666666666 ]

[ "Q:\n\nProof outline of a certain sentence (Introductory course on logic, proof writing et al.)", "\n\nThe exercise asks me to outline a direct proof that if $\\mathbf A$ is a diagonal matrix, then $\\mathbf A$ is invertible whenever all its diagonal entries are nonzero.", "\nTo me this sounds like $P\\implies(Q\\implies R)$ where $P$ is \"$\\mathbf A$ is a diagonal matrix\" and $Q$ is \"all its diagonal entries are nonzero\" and finally $R$ is \"$\\mathbf A$ is invertible\". ", "And as we can check in wolframalpha, we have that $$\\Big\\{P\\implies(Q\\implies R)\\Big\\}\\iff\\Big\\{(P\\wedge Q)\\implies R\\Big\\}$$ is a tautology.", "\n\nAssume that $\\mathbf A$ is a diagonal matrix. ", "Furthermore assume that all its entries are nonzero.", "\n .", "\n .", "\n .", "\n Therefore $\\mathbf{A}$ is invertible.", "\n Thus, $\\mathbf A$ is a diagonal matrix, then $\\mathbf A$ is invertible whenever all its diagonal entries are nonzero.", "\n\nIs my proof outline correct?", "\n\nA:\n\nYes, a proof from the two premisses $P, Q$ to the conclusion $R$ is evidently also a proof from the premiss $P$ to the conclusion that if $Q$ also holds, then $R$.\nSo far so good. ", "As Colm Bhandal comments, you now have the serious work left to do.", "\nBut it is rather alarming that you are appealing to Wolfram here! ", "If you are unsure about this sort of thing, then you need to get your head round some basic informal-logic-useful-for-maths right now. ", "Daniel Velleman's rightly much admired How to Prove It (CUP) is written for exactly someone with your (apparent) needs. ", "I warmly recommend you promptly get it out of the library and work through it carefully. ", "The time spent will be very profitable.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Growth versus cyclization in the early stages of the polycondensation of metal alkoxides.", "\nThe early steps of the polycondensation of transition metal alkoxide have been studied from the chemical and structural points of view. ", "Polyoxoalkoxides are described like macromolecules by the composition of the repeating unit, the degree of polymerization (N), and the radius of gyration (R). ", "The fraction p of binding sites of the coordination sphere of the metal centers occupied by terminal ligands determines N as follows: N proportional, variant pdf (dA-df), where df is the fractal dimension and dA is defined by Np proportional, variant RdA. This approach addresses difficulties raised by both coordinative unsaturation and cyclization in the modelization of the polycondensation of metal alkoxides. ", "The coordinative unsaturation is accounted for by a particularly small value of dA= 1 in the very early steps, while the cyclization frequency is measured by the difference dA-df. ", "This difference is not constant along the polycondensation process, and its dependence on the extent of reaction provides clues for understanding the high apparent kinetics order of gelation often reported in the literature." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0, 0 ]

[ "One major challenge in human genetics is to identify the genetic causes underlying complex diseases. ", "The discovery of disease genes often starts with a cytogenetic study, a linkage analysis, or a genome-wide association study (GWAS)[@b1][@b2][@b3]. ", "Without prior knowledge about the disease, however, the study size must be large enough to demonstrate the significance of findings, after accounting for multiple hypothesis testing. ", "Knowledge about which genes are most likely to be involved in the disease, *a priori*, can significantly reduce the number of hypotheses, which in turn reduces the study size at a given power. ", "This is the so-called \"candidate-gene approach\"[@b4]. ", "For example, given that defects in DNA damage response and DNA repair have strong association with skin cancer[@b5][@b6], instead of performing an exhaustive whole genome search, we could simply focus on genes involved in those pathways. ", "On the other hand, many genetic variants found in GWAS were suspected to be false discoveries due to experimental design or analytical issues[@b7][@b8]. ", "Such genetic variants could be readily filtered out if we had prior knowledge about their association with the disease. ", "In the past, candidate disease genes from a specific pathway were determined manually by geneticists and biologists based on their knowledge and expertise. ", "As an example, nine genes in a manually compiled pathway centered on interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23[@b9][@b10] were identified as susceptibility genes for Crohn's disease in various replication and association studies[@b11][@b12][@b13][@b14][@b15][@b16]. ", "However, current knowledge about a specific pathway is often not complete, which has limited the application of the candidate gene approach.", "\n\nGiven the rich trove of functional genomics data in public domains, various computational methods have been developed to predict or evaluate whether a gene is likely a candidate disease gene, which is often called disease gene prioritization[@b17][@b18]. ", "Based on their strategies for prioritizing candidate disease genes, current methods can be generally classified into three categories---text mining, similarity profiling, and network analysis-based methods. ", "Text mining-based methods rely on the use of biomedical literature sources to identify co-occurrence of both already known disease genes and promising candidate genes using statistical methods. ", "For example, aBandApart[@b19] and Gene Prospector[@b20] both mine MEDLINE data to uncover candidate disease associated genes. ", "However, for most genes they may not have been reported in the same literatures with known disease genes; consequently, their association with diseases could not be uncovered through text mining. ", "Similarity profiling-based methods, such as Endeavour[@b21] and ToppGene[@b22], typically employ machine-learning approaches to integrate multiple sources of genomics evidence to identify candidate disease genes that have similar patterns to the profile of a set of genes, keywords, functional annotations, gene expression already known to be associated with a given disease. ", "Network analysis-based methods are also based on the use of multiple sources of genomics evidence, except that these data are usually presented in the form of functional association network. ", "These methods typically predict candidate disease genes by measuring their network characteristics (correlation, connectivity, distance, etc.) ", "to known disease genes from different perspectives, such as Pinta[@b23], Maxlink[@b24] and Genefriends[@b25].", "\n\nIn this study, we presented a novel network analysis-based method named GenePANDA (Gene Prioritizing Approach using Network Distance Analysis) for prioritizing candidate disease genes. ", "The network used by GenePANDA is the STRING network, a probabilistic functional association network constructed by various sources of experimental and predicted gene associations (Franceschini, *et al*.[@b26]). ", "A unique feature of GenePANDA is the introduction of adjusted network distance that is derived by considering not only the direct network distance between two genes, but also their respective mean network distances to all other genes in the network. ", "Based on the adjusted network distances, GenePANDA scores a candidate disease gene by measuring its distance to disease genes relative to random genes in the network. ", "The use of adjust network distance proved to significantly improve the performance of GenePANDA when it was applied to 196 complex diseases. ", "GenePANDA was also compared with three network analysis-based methods---Genefriends, Maxlink and Pinta, and two similarity profiling-based methods---Endeavour and Candid using two benchmarks, and showed superior performance. ", "Finally, GenePANDA was applied for prioritizing non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in a number of genome-wide association studies. ", "A free web-based implementation of GenePANDA is available at <http://genepanda.tianlab.cn>, where researchers could input a list of interesting genes associated with a given disease or phenotype, and then quickly receive a ranked list of candidate genes.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods\n=====================\n\nData Sources\n------------\n\n### The Gene Network\n\nThe STRING network[@b26] (<http://string-db.org/>, version 9.1) was used as the reference network for GenePANDA. ", "It consists of 19,038 protein-coding genes and over 4.8 million weighted edges that represent either known or predicted interactions between a pair of proteins. ", "The predicted interactions are derived from four sources: genomic context, high-throughput experiment, co-expression and previous knowledge.", "\n\n### Disease-related Gene Sets\n\nGenetic Association Database (GAD, <http://geneticassociationdb.nih.gov/>, version in Jan, 2013) is a widely recognized database that includes curated summary data from previous work and primarily focused on archiving information on common complex human disease[@b27]. ", "We select the GAD database as the resource of known disease genes for complex diseases. ", "The latest version of GAD includes the annotation of associated genes for 200 complex diseases. ", "We assume that all gene-disease associations annotated by the GAD database are true associations, and select 196 diseases that have at least 2 associated disease genes for prediction.", "\n\n### Disease-related SNPs\n\nWe obtained the SNP data for the following diseases from the respective websites: Crohn's disease (International IBD Genetics Consortium[@b28] (<http://www.ibdgenetics.org/downloads.html>)), obesity (GIANT consortium[@b29], (<https://www.broadinstitute.org/collaboration/giant/images/5/5e/GIANT_Yang2012Nature_publicrelease_HapMapCeuFreq_BMI.txt.gz>), rheumatoid arthritis[@b30] (<http://www.broadinstitute.org/ftp/pub/rheumatoid_arthritis/Stahl_etal_2010NG/>). ", "Here, in each dataset we selected non-synonymous SNPs with p-value less than 5\\*10\\^−8 (genome-level significant threshold), and then mapped SNPs to their corresponding genes for subsequent studies via Ensembl Variant Effect Predictor[@b31].", "\n\nAlgorithm design of GenePANDA\n-----------------------------\n\nThe algorithm of GenePANDA consists of three steps: (i) network distance computation and adjustment, (ii) disease-specific gene weighting, and (iii) score conversion.", "\n\n### Network distance computation and adjustment\n\nThe STRING network is a weighted network, with each edge assigned a score *S* ranging from 0 to 1000, representing the confidence of functional interaction between the two genes, with higher score indicating higher confidence about the interaction (e.g., according to the STRING website, score \\> 900, score \\> = 700, score \\> = 400, score \\> = 150, and score \\< 150 represent highest confidence, high confidence or better, medium confidence or better, low confidence or better and below low confidence about the interaction, respectively). ", "The raw network distance between two genes with a link in the network is defined as *D *=* 1000/S*, such that a smaller D (shorter distance) would correspond to a higher confidence of functional interaction. ", "For those pairs of genes that are not directly linked in the network, their network raw distance is defined as the shortest path between the two genes in the network based on the Djikstra's algorithm[@b32].", "\n\nA key step in GenePANDA is the computation of the adjusted network distance. ", "Given the raw network distance between gene *a* and gene *b, D*~*ab*~, we then compute their adjusted network distance as: , where *μ*~*a*~ and *μ*~*b*~ are the mean raw network distances for *a* and *b*, respectively. ", "The mean raw network distance for *a* is defined as , where N is the total number of genes (19,038) in the network, and *D*~*aj*~ is the raw network distance between gene *a* and gene *j (D*~*aa*~ = 0).", "\n\n### Disease-specific gene weighting\n\nGiven a list of known disease genes, we reason that a candidate disease gene should have stronger functional interaction with known disease genes than with random genes in the network. ", "Thus, we introduce a disease-specific gene weight, *w*~*i*~, defined as the follows:\n\nwhere *N* is the total number of genes in the network, *K* is the total number of disease genes, and is the adjusted network distance between gene *i* and gene *j*. ", "In this formula, the first and the second component correspond to the mean adjusted network distance of gene *i* to all genes in the network and to all known disease genes, respectively. ", "It can be easily seen that a larger *w*~*i*~ would suggest that the gene under investigation has relatively shorter distance (stronger functional interaction) to disease genes than to random genes, is therefore more likely to be a candidate disease gene.", "\n\n### Score conversion\n\nFor a given disease, the disease-specific gene weights can be compared with each other, with higher weight indicating higher probability to be a candidate disease gene. ", "However, they cannot be directly compared across diseases. ", "To make them comparable across diseases, we apply a score conversion procedure to convert the weights into probabilities. ", "For a given disease, we first sort all genes by ranking *w*~*i*~ in descending order. ", "Then, at each *w*~*i*~ we calculate the corresponding precision defined as *Precision* = *TP*/*P*, where *TP* and *P* are the total number of disease genes and the total number of all genes with a weight above *w*~*i*~, respectively. ", "The precision score is the probability that a gene with a weight above *w*~*i*~ is likely to be a disease gene, and can therefore be compared across different diseases.", "\n\nBenchmark the Performance of GenePANDA\n--------------------------------------\n\nCurrently, there are only few methods that prioritize disease genes at genome-scale[@b33]. ", "Thus, we select only five of them to compare with GenePANDA, which are Genefriends[@b25], Maxlink[@b24], Pinta[@b23], Candid[@b34], and Endeavour[@b21]. ", "Genefriends and Maxlink, Pinta are network analysis-based methods, while Candid and Endeavour belong to similarity profiling-based methods. ", "Here, we briefly describe the algorithm of each of these five methods. ", "For details about each method, refer to the respective publication. ", "Genefriends employs a guilt-by-association approach to prioritize candidate genes based on their co-expression level with known disease genes in a co-expression network. ", "Maxlink ranks candidate cancer gene based on their network connectivity to known cancer genes in FunCoup, a probabilistic functional association network. ", "Candid mines several heterogeneous data sources such as literature, protein domains, conservation and expression, and assigns criterion-specific scores to each gene, which are then normalized and summed to form the gene's final score. ", "Endeavour prioritizes candidate genes based on their similarity to known disease genes by integrating information from multiple biomedical data sources. ", "Pinta prioritizes candidate genes in a genome-wide protein-protein interaction network by inspecting the degree of differential expression in their neighborhood.", "\n\nWe prepare two benchmark datasets to compare GenePANDA with the above-described five methods. ", "Benchmark dataset 1 consists of two independent gene lists. ", "One is aging related gene list used for benchmarking Genefriends, and includes 229 over-expressed genes found in mammal meta-analysis of age-related gene expression profiles[@b35]. ", "The other is a list of cancer-related genes from Cancer Gene Census compiled by Maxlink[@b36].", "\n\nThough Pinta is also a network analysis-based method, it requires the input of gene expression data, and is therefore not compared here. ", "To evaluate the performance of different methods, in this benchmark we use the true-positive rate measure when setting different threshold, this is to estimate how efficient the tools are if only the top candidate genes would be assayed in the real situation. ", "Recently, Bornigen *et al*. ", "prepared a collection of 42 lists of novel disease-gene associations, and used these associations as unbiased validation for evaluating the performance of different gene prioritization methods[@b33]. ", "They also provided a list of disease genes for predicting each of the 42 disease-gene associations, and evaluated the performance of Endeavour-GW, Candid and Pinta-GW (GW is short for genome-wide). ", "Here, we use the datasets prepared by Bornigen *et al*. ", "as benchmark 2, and run GenePANDA to predict the 42 disease-gene associations. ", "We follow Bornigen *et al*. ", "to use the rank ratio (ranking position) of the 42 novel disease-gene associations to measure the performance of GenePANDA, and compared it with that Endeavour-GW, Candid and Pinta-GW of reported by Bornigen *et al*.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nA brief overview of the algorithm design of GenePANDA\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nGenePANDA (**Gene P**rioritization using **A N**etwork-**D**istance based **A**pproach) consists of three major steps: calculation of adjusted network distances, calculation of disease-specific gene weights, and conversion of gene weights into probabilities ([Fig. ", "1](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "For details regarding to the algorithm design of GenePANDA, refer to the Method section. ", "The calculation of adjusted network distance is a key step in GenePANDA, which is done by considering not only the raw network distance between two genes in the network, but also their respective mean raw network distance to all other genes in the network. ", "The rational is that the significance of a functional interaction should be dependent on not only the interaction itself, but also the centrality properties of the two interacting genes. ", "The calculation of disease-specific gene weights is based on the hypothesis that a candidate disease gene should have stronger functional interaction (smaller network distance) to known disease genes than to random genes in the network. ", "Finally, the purpose for score conversion is to make the prediction scores comparable across diseases.", "\n\nThe use of adjusted network distance significantly improves GenePANDA's performance on prioritizing disease genes\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe obtain all disease gene annotations from Genetic Association Database (GAD)[@b37]. ", "Then, we first select three complex diseases: obesity, diabetes and breast cancer that have 335, 825 and 786 known disease genes, respectively. ", "We conduct leave-one-out cross validation to prioritize disease genes for each of these three diseases by using the adjusted network distance, and then compare the performance with that obtained by using the raw network distance. ", "It can be clearly seen that the use of adjusted network distance significantly improves the performance of GenePANDA for all three diseases ([Fig. ", "2A--C](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}): the AUC of the precision-recall curve for obesity, diabetes, and breast cancer based on the adjusted network distance are 0.211, 0.265, and 0.341, respectively, all significantly higher than that based on the raw network distance (0.149, 0.161, and 0.181, respectively).", "\n\nWhen evaluating the performance of GenePANDA in these three diseases, we assume those genes that are not currently annotated as the disease genes as false predictions. ", "In reality, the top \"false\" predictions would be considered as candidate disease genes because they have strong functional interactions with known disease genes. ", "Here, we rank all \"false\" predictions based on their prediction scores, and select the top 10 genes for literature validation using papers published after year of 2014. ", "Out of 10 predicted genes for obesity, diabetes and breast cancer, 8, 8 and 7 are validated by literature reports published recently ([Fig. ", "2D](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, detailed literature evidence can be in [Supplementary Table S1](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), proving the usefulness of GenePANDA for disease gene prioritization. ", "Below we provide an example for each of the predictions for the three diseases. *", "GCG* is the top predicted gene for obesity. ", "Glucagon (GCG), is a pancreatic hormone that counteracts the glucose-lowering action of insulin by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis[@b38]. ", "In 2015 it was reported that among obese patients who underwent surgery of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) for weight loss, GCG was expressed at significantly higher level and was suggested to play a role in the improved glycaemic and metabolic status of obese patients[@b39]. ", "It is therefore likely that abnormal expression of *GCG* may contribute to the development of obesity. ", "For diabetics, the top gene predicted by GenePANDA is *POMC* that encodes a neuropeptide called proopiomelanocortin. ", "In brain, proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are vital within the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus that control appetite and feeding[@b40]. ", "A recent study showed that dysfunction of POMC neurons upon high-fat consumption is a major pathogenic mechanism involved in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus[@b41]. *", "POLD1* is the top predicted gene for breast cancer by GenePANDA. ", "It encodes p125, the catalytic subunit of human DNA polymerase delta[@b42][@b43]. ", "Human p125 modulates cell cycle progression and therefore promotes the cancer proliferation[@b44]. ", "In addition, a recent study observed increased methylation of *POLD1* promoter and increased expression of p125 in breast cancer cell lines and tissues[@b45], suggestive of a link of *POLD1* to breast cancer development.", "\n\nHaving evaluated the performance of GenePANDA in the above three diseases, we next conduct leave-one-out cross validation for predicting disease genes for each of 196 complex diseases. ", "In order to make the prediction scores comparable across diseases, for each disease we apply the score conversion procedure to convert the disease-specific gene weights into probability scores. ", "To gain an overall understanding of GenePANDA's performance on prioritizing disease genes, we combine all gene-disease predictions (19,038 × 196 \\~ 3.7 million prediction scores) to plot the precision-recall curve. ", "The AUC of the precision-recall curve is 0.204. ", "In contrast, replacing the adjust network distance with the raw network distance would lead to an AUC of 0.131 ([Fig. ", "3A](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Thus, the use of adjusted network distance significantly improves the performance of GenePANDA for prioritizing disease genes (an improvement of over nearly 56% over the use of raw network distance).", "\n\nWe also investigate the performance of GenePANDA on individual diseases by calculating the respective F-max scores. ", "The F-max score can be interpreted as a weighted average of the precision and recall, with a higher F-max score indicating a superior overall performance. ", "For example, the disease with the best F-max score (0.833) by GenePANDA using adjusted network distance is iron overload. ", "We also compare the F-max scores produced by using adjusted network distance with that by using raw network distance, and find that for 184 out of 196 diseases, the use of adjusted network distance results in a higher F-max score ([Fig. ", "3B](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The disease with the most improvement in F-max score is osteosarcoma, with an improvement of over 23-fold (from 0.014 to 0.333) after distance adjustment. ", "Specifically, about 41% (79 out of 196) of diseases have a F-max-score greater than 0.25 using the adjusted network distance, in contrast to only about 10% (20 out of 196) using the raw network distance ([Fig. ", "3C](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Though the use of adjusted network distance has improved the prediction performance for most diseases, there are still a few whose F-max scores become worse with the use of adjusted network distance. ", "Considering that in general diseases with higher number of disease genes tend to have better F-max scores, we divide 196 diseases into four categories based on the number of their disease genes (\\< = 10, 11 \\~ 50, 51 \\~ 100, and \\>100 disease genes). ", "In all four categories, we find those diseases with worse F-max scores after the use of adjusted network distance have significantly higher mean raw network distance between their disease genes than those with improved F-max scores ([Fig. ", "3D](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In the other words, for those diseases with worse F-max scores, the disease genes tend to be more interspersed in the network. ", "Thus, the adjusted network distance approach may not be effective for those diseases with scattered topology in the network.", "\n\nGenePANDA shows superior performance for gene prioritization over five existing methods\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nOver the years, many methods have been developed for prioritizing disease genes. ", "These methods can be generally classified into three major categories: data mining, similarity profiling, and network analysis-based methods. ", "Data mining-based methods typically rely on the mining of literature data, while similarity profiling and network analysis-based methods both explore functional genomics data. ", "Here, we compare GenePANDA with three network analysis-based methods---Maxlink[@b36], Genefriends[@b25] and Pinta[@b23] and two similarity profiling-based methods---Endeavour[@b21] and Candid[@b34].", "\n\nWe first compare GenePANDA with Maxlink and Genefriends because these two methods have available webservers, and their respective papers also provided lists of disease genes (cancer and aging, respectively) for benchmarking. ", "We then carry out leave-one-out cross validation with input of two lists of genes using GenePANDA, Maxlink and Genefriends, separately. ", "To evaluate prediction performance, we compute the true-positive rates (TPR) at the top 50, 100, 150 and 200 predictions for each method. ", "In both cancer and aging, GenePANDA achieves superior performance over Maxlink and Genefriends at each of the rank thresholds ([Fig. ", "4A,B](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "For example, it achieves a TPR of 24% and 23% for aging at top 50 and 100 predictions, respectively, in contrast to 16% and 16% for Genefriends and 16% and 12% for Maxlink, respectively ([Fig. ", "4A](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "For cancer genes, GenePANDA achieves TPR of 40% and 47% at top 50 and top 100 predictions, respectively, much higher than that by Genefriends (16% and 10%) and Maxlink (10% and 7%) ([Fig. ", "4B](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nRecently, Bornigen *et al*. ", "have compiled 42 novel disease-gene associations from literatures, and used these associations as unbiased validation for evaluating the performance of a number of disease gene prioritization methods, including Candid, Endeavour-GW, and Pinta-GW[@b33]. ", "Bornigen *et al*. ", "also provided the respective lists of input disease genes corresponding to each of the 42 disease-gene associations. ", "Here, we run GenePANDA using each of the 42 lists of input disease genes, and carry out genome-wide predictions. ", "Then, we follow Bornigen *et al*. ", "to rank all genes according to their prediction scores for a given disease (from higher to lower), and compute the rank ratio of the 42 novel disease genes (the rank of the novel disease gene divided by the total number of predicted genes, with lower rank ratio indicating better performance). ", "We also obtain the rank ratios of the 42 novel disease genes by Candid, Endeavour-GW, and Pinta-GW from Bornigen *et al*. ", "Among the four methods being compared, GenePANDA achieves the highest response rate at all rank ratio thresholds ([Fig. ", "4C](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) (for details, refer to [Supplementary Table S2](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "The median of the rank ratios for the 42 novel disease-gene associations by GenePANDA is 17.8%, the best among the four methods (Candid (27.3%), Endeavour-GW (21.5%) and Pinta-GW (23.5%)).", "\n\nIn addition, we apply Endeavour, Genefriends and Maxlink using the default settings to conduct 10-fold cross validation on obesity, diabetes and breast cancer (Candid and Pinta are not tested because Candid requires keywords as input, while Pinta requires expression data). ", "The comparison of the AUC of the precision-recall curves based on different methods shows that GenePANDA achieves the best performance on all these three diseases ([Fig. ", "4D](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "For example, for obesity the AUC produced by GenePANDA is 0.202, significantly higher than that by Endeavour (0.124), Genefriends (0.024), and Maxlink (0.020).", "\n\nIn conclusion, based on all above benchmarks GenePANDA achieves superior performance for prioritizing disease genes over the five methods being compared.", "\n\nApplication of GenePANDA for prioritizing SNPs identified by GWAS\n-----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nA typical GWAS may produce hundreds or more of SNPs that are significantly associated with the disease of interest. ", "However, only a small proportion of the SNPs identified by GWAS are functional polymorphisms that contribute to disease phenotypes[@b46]. ", "Prioritizing SNPs of functional importance is therefore of significant value for post-GWAS investigation. ", "Typically, researchers will focus on those non-synonymous SNPs whose host genes are known disease genes. ", "Since current knowledge about disease genes is often not complete, this will miss the opportunity to uncover novel functionally important SNPs. ", "Below we show that by using GenePANDA to predict candidate disease genes, we can further identify likely functionally important SNPs that would be otherwise missed in post-GWAS studies.", "\n\nThe GWAS databases corresponding to Crohn's disease, obesity and rheumatoid arthritis have collected 29, 21 and 103 disease-associated non-sysnoymous SNPs (daSNPs) from a number of GWAS studies, respectively. ", "Among these daSNPs, the host genes of 13, 18 and 63 are known disease genes. ", "By predicting candidate disease genes for these three disease using GenePANDA, we further identify 2, 1 and 1 likely novel functionally important SNPs for these SNPs by requiring their host genes be among the top 500 predictions. ", "The two SNPs for Crohn's disease are rs12720356 and rs4077515 whose host genes (*TYK2* and *CARD9*) rank 14^th^ and 354^th^ by GenePANDA. *", "TYK2* encodes a member of Janus kinases protein families that are intracellular nonreceptor tyrosine protein kinases, and play key roles in regulating immune cell function. ", "It has been shown that therapies directed against Janus kinases are promising alternative approaches for Crohn's disease in recent years[@b47][@b48]. ", "As for *CARD9*, a recent study found a novel rare SNV (rs200735402) in *CARD9* that have a protective effect for Crohn's disease in Korean population[@b49], indicating a link of *CARD9* to Crohn's disease. ", "The prioritized SNP for obesity is rs11676272 that locates on *ADCY3. ", "ADCY3* ranks 461^st^ in obesity prediction list. ", "Adenylate cyclase 3 (ADCY3) is the third member of adenylyl cyclase family and catalyses the synthesis of cAMP from ATP. ", "Epigenetic studies have indicated that increased DNA methylation levels in the *ADCY3* gene are involved in the pathogenesis of obesity[@b50][@b51][@b52]. ", "The prioritized SNP for rheumatoid arthritis is rs2071888 that locates on *TAPBP. ", "TAPBP* ranks 325^th^ among the predicted rheumatoid arthritis genes by GenePANDA. ", "It encodes Tapasin, an MHC class I molecule, that was found to excessively express in the bone marrow cells of rheumatoid arthritis patients, and was considered to play key roles in the abnormal regulatory networks in immune response to rheumatoid arthritis[@b53]. ", "As such, using GenePANDA to predict candidate diseases, we can help to identify likely functional importance SNPs that would be otherwise ignored in post-GWAS studies.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nGenePANDA is a novel network analysis-based method for prioritizing disease genes. ", "It differentiates from other network analysis-based methods in two major aspects---the use of adjusted network distance, and the way for calculating disease-specific gene weights. ", "We validate the performance of GenePANDA through literature reviews, and also show GenePANDA's superiority over five existing methods using two benchmarks. ", "Finally, GenePANDA is shown to be of use for prioritizing SNPs identified by GWAS. ", "We have constructed an online GenePANDA webserver which provides not only the lists of candidate disease genes for 196 complex diseases for downloading, but also a web interface for users to provide user-defined disease genes and run GenePANDA to predict candidate disease genes.", "\n\nGenePANDA relies on a functional interaction network to predict candidate disease genes. ", "The quality of the functional interaction network therefore may potentially affect the performance of GenePANDA. ", "In this study, the STRING network used by GenePANDA is version 9.1. ", "The latest version is 10.0, which shows significant difference than version 9.1: it includes over 8.5 million interactions, in contrast to about 4.8 million interactions in version 9.1; the common interactions only account for 37.8% and 21.4% of the interactions in version 9.1 and 10.0, respectively, and have significantly different scores in the two versions (p-value \\< 2.2e-16, KS test). ", "Despite the significant difference of individual interactions in the two versions, GenePANDA produces similar results using the two versions based on 10-fold cross validation on 196 complex diseases: the AUC of the precision-recall curve is 0.170 and 0.114 based on adjusted and raw network distances using version 10.0, respectively, while the corresponding AUC using version 9.1 is 0.189 and 0.110, respectively ([Supplementary Fig. ", "S1](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "The fact that GenePANDA is robust against significant changes on individual interactions implies that the underlying network topology for a given disease remains similar even though there may be significant difference in individual interactions, an important merit for network-based methods such as GenePANDA. ", "Besides the STRING network, there are also a number of large-scale functional interaction networks that differ from STRING in their knowledge source and scoring strategy, such as Funcoup, PIPs[@b54], Genes2FANs[@b55], GeneMania[@b56] and HEFalMp[@b57], etc. ", "The integration of different functional interaction network, or the combination of predicted candidate disease genes using different networks may help further improve the performance of GenePANDA. ", "On the other hand, the performance of GenePANDA is largely dependent on the network topology of different diseases, with it generally being more effective for those diseases with relatively compact network topology. ", "The disease gene annotations used in this study are from Genetic Association Database (GAD), which has stopped to be updated in 2014. ", "The inclusion of more disease gene annotations from other sources, such as DisGeNET[@b58], Phenopedia[@b59] and BeFree[@b60], may change some disease's network topology, and improve GenePANDA's prediction performance.", "\n\nIn this study, we have shown GenePANDA's predictions can be helpful for prioritizing SNPs identified by GWAS. ", "The predicted candidate disease genes can also be applied to prioritize disease genes for resequencing or designing knock-in/out experiments. ", "Or, they can be used for designing custom gene panel for genetic testing of complex diseases, and for assisting in the identification of disease variants produced by whole exome sequencing on patients with rare diseases. ", "In addition, GenePANDA is not limited to predict only disease genes. ", "Given a list of genes sharing a common characteristic, such as the same phenotype or the same function, GenePANDA can be readily applied to conduct genome-wide survey for more genes that potentially have the same characteristic. ", "What's more, GenePANDA can be considered as a general framework, and be used for predicting other candidate functional elements, such as miRNAs or lncRNAs, that have disease phenotypes, as long as a functional interaction network can be constructed for miRNAs or lncRNAs as well.", "\n\nAdditional Information\n======================\n\n**How to cite this article:** Yin, T. *et al*. ", "GenePANDA---a novel network-based gene prioritizing tool for complex diseases. *", "Sci. ", "Rep.* **7**, 43258; doi: 10.1038/srep43258 (2017).", "\n\n**Publisher\\'s note:** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n\nSupplementary Material {#S1}\n======================\n\n###### Supplementary Information\n\nThe authors thank Yulan Lu, Yaguang Dou and Feng Zhang for the technical assistance during the project and Zhu Liu for building the website. ", "This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China \\[31471245, 91231116, 31071113, 30971643, 8117078\\]; the National Basic Research Program of China \\[2012CB316505\\]; Chinese Hi-tech Research and Development Project (863) \\[2014AA021104\\]; the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China \\[20120071110018\\]; the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission \\[13ZZ006\\], and Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission (STCSM) \\[12431900100\\].", "\n\nThe authors declare no competing financial interests.", "\n\n**Author Contributions** W.T. conceived and supervised the study. ", "T.Y. designed experiments and carried out the analysis. ", "T.Y., S.C., X.W. and W.T. drafted the manuscript. ", "All authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\n{#f1}\n\n{#f2}\n\n{#f3}\n\n![", "The comparison of GenePANDA with five published methods.\\\n(**A**) and (**B**) show the true positive rate at different rank threshold of the predictions made by GenePANDA, Maxlink, and Genefriends for predicting aging and cancer related genes, respectively. (**", "C**) shows the rank ratios distribution of the 42 novel disease-gene associations predicted by GenePANDA, Candid, Endeavour-GW, and Pinta-GW. ", "The corresponding numbers for Candid, Endeavour-GW, and Pinta-GW are obtained from Bornigen *et al*.[@b33]. (**", "D**) shows the summarized result of the AUC of precision-recall curves on obesity, diabetes and breast cancer after 10-fold cross validation using GenePANDA, Endeavour, Genefriends and Maxlink.](srep43258-f4){#f4}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0, 0.02027027027027027, 0, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0.008403361344537815, 0.013071895424836602, 0, 0, 0.03543307086614173, 0, 0.007782101167315175, 0, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0.0026595744680851063, 0, 0, 0.027522935779816515, 0, 0.014218009478672985, 0.004, 0.005988023952095809, 0.0070921985815602835, 0.013333333333333334, 0.006211180124223602, 0.007874015748031496, 0.014354066985645933, 0, 0, 0.013245033112582781, 0.011363636363636364, 0.010416666666666666, 0.00546448087431694, 0.0163265306122449, 0.008298755186721992, 0.008733624454148471, 0.0016891891891891893, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0.0049504950495049506, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005813953488372093, 0.0392156862745098, 0.007142857142857143, 0, 0, 0.0058823529411764705, 0.006493506493506494, 0, 0, 0.006211180124223602, 0.010416666666666666, 0.016666666666666666, 0.011049723756906077, 0.010638297872340425, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0.005, 0.015151515151515152, 0.017857142857142856, 0.012658227848101266, 0.03571428571428571, 0.013888888888888888, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0.02247191011235955, 0.0038910505836575876, 0, 0, 0, 0.00946372239747634, 0, 0, 0.013605442176870748, 0, 0.0058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0.007142857142857143, 0.004975124378109453, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0.0196078431372549, 0.01444043321299639, 0.009708737864077669, 0.008547008547008548, 0.014705882352941176, 0.010582010582010581, 0.015384615384615385, 0.024390243902439025, 0.010101010101010102, 0.004545454545454545, 0.0053475935828877, 0, 0.004651162790697674, 0, 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0.005025125628140704, 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0.004219409282700422, 0, 0, 0.004761904761904762, 0, 0, 0, 0.0041841004184100415, 0, 0, 0, 0.0038461538461538464, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0.013215859030837005, 0.022058823529411766, 0.007246376811594203, 0.03007518796992481, 0, 0.02072538860103627, 0, 0.026595744680851064, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0.003952569169960474, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0.010869565217391304, 0.011764705882352941, 0, 0.025157232704402517, 0.0064516129032258064, 0.00796812749003984, 0.007246376811594203, 0, 0, 0, 0.005405405405405406, 0.014218009478672985, 0, 0.004347826086956522, 0.014388489208633094, 0, 0.02, 0.019417475728155338, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0, 0.025806451612903226, 0.024390243902439025, 0.024390243902439025, 0.007547169811320755, 0.005988023952095809, 0, 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0.024096385542168676, 0.007168458781362007, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0.014705882352941176, 0.002544529262086514, 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0.0064516129032258064, 0.01937984496124031, 0.005076142131979695, 0.004629629629629629, 0.014925373134328358, 0.018433179723502304, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0.004366812227074236, 0.0035842293906810036, 0, 0.0125, 0, 0, 0.006993006993006993, 0.017391304347826087, 0.017013232514177693, 0, 0.014705882352941176, 0, 0.02, 0, 0, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0.009900990099009901, 0.005649717514124294, 0, 0.0033333333333333335, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01532567049808429, 0.014084507042253521, 0.018018018018018018, 0.009345794392523364 ]

[ "The vast majority of 9/11 observances in this country cannot be seen as politically neutral events. ", "Implicit in their nature are the notions that lives lost at the World Trade Center are more valuable than lives lost in Afghanistan, Iraq, Palestine and elsewhere; that the motives of the 9/11 attackers had nothing to do with genuine grievances in the Islamic world regarding American imperialism; and that the U.S. has been justified in the subsequent killing of hundreds of thousands in so-called retaliation.", "\n\nThe observance at Saturday’s football game was no different. ", "A moment of silence was followed by a military airplane flyover; in between, Block-I students chanted “USA, USA.” ", "This was neither patriotism nor remembrance in any justifiable sense, but politicization, militarism, propaganda and bellicosity. ", "The University is a public institution that encompasses the political views of all, not just the most (falsely) “patriotic.” ", "Athletic planners should cease such exploitation for political purposes. ", "They might at least consider how most Muslim students, American or otherwise, would respond to this nativist display; or better, Muslims and others that live their lives under the threat of our planes, drones and soldiers.", "\n\nThe overwhelmingly white, privileged, Block-I students should be ashamed of their obnoxious, fake-macho, chicken-hawk chant, while poverty-drafted members of their cohort fight and die in illegal and immoral wars for the control of oil. ", "University administrators need to eliminate from all events such “patriotic” observances, which in this country cannot be separated from implicit justifications for state-sponsored killing.", "\n\nDavid Green,\n\nUniversity Academic Professional\n\nEditor’s note: David Green is an employee at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0.0024330900243309003, 0, 0, 0, 0.008, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02112676056338028 ]

[ "Facile fabrication of electrospun regenerated cellulose nanofiber scaffold for potential bone-tissue engineering application.", "\nIn this study, cellulose acetate (CA) solutions (9-15% w/v) prepared in acetone-water (80:20 & 90:10 v/v) system were subjected to electrospinning for fabricating non-woven nanofibrous CA scaffolds (CAS) with average fiber diameters from 300 to 600 nm. ", "Further, regenerated cellulose scaffold (RCS) was obtained by deacetylation of electrospun CAS in alkaline media for varying time periods to find the ideal time required for complete deacetylation. ", "Following deacetylation, RCS was subjected to varying temperatures (60 °C, 80 °C) to observe the possible positive effect of heat treatment on the improvement of mechanical strength. ", "The RCS was characterized using ATR FTIR, SEM for studying its surface chemistry and morphology along with other physio-chemical characterizations such as micro-tensile strength, swelling property, porosity, degradation rate in acidic conditions. ", "The results were analyzed and co-related with variation of composition in solvent system, deacetylation time and heat treatment temperatures to determine the optimal fabricating conditions for RCS. ", "In vitro studies using MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells were also conducted on the selected RCS samples to evaluate cell adhesion and cell proliferation using SEM and MTT assay analysis. ", "The primary results indicate positive outcome regarding the viability of RCS as potential biomaterial for bone-tissue engineering." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.007874015748031496, 0.005050505050505051, 0.00546448087431694, 0.008097165991902834, 0.005050505050505051, 0.005555555555555556, 0.007692307692307693 ]

[ "Background\n==========\n\nAs in many parts of the world, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the main cause of death and disability in Bulgaria. ", "CVD were responsible for 61.5% of all deaths in Bulgaria in 1990, and for 67.5% of all deaths in 2004 \\[[@B1],[@B2]\\]. ", "In 2004, 16.7% of all deaths were caused by ischaemic heart diseases (IHD) and 6.4% by acute myocardial infarction (AMI).", "\n\nConsidering the CVD mortality rates in Bulgaria, one of the goals of the health care reforms that replaced the old soviet-style system in Bulgaria was to decrease CVD mortality by implementing evidence-based diagnostic and treatment methods.", "\n\nDuring the past 20 years, intravenous fibrinolytic therapy and/or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were introduced as main options for managing AMI, improving mortality rates and reducing recurrent myocardial infarctions \\[[@B3]-[@B6]\\]. ", "PCI may be applied for more advanced stages of AMI, and the application of fibrinolytic therapy in ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) and the benefits thereof are directly associated to the time elapsed from the onset of the first symptoms to the beginning of treatment \\[[@B3],[@B4],[@B6]\\].", "\n\nHowever, some recent international studies indicate that gaps exist between the guidelines of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and the actually performed in-hospital management of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) \\[[@B7],[@B8]\\].", "\n\nIn order to evaluate the quality of care of ACS patients in Bulgaria, we compared the actual management of AMI patients in a Bulgarian region to internationally accepted evidence-based standards. ", "As main factors which could influence the mortality rates of IHD and AMI we investigated the timing as well as the currently performed treatment approaches of AMI inpatients.", "\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nStudy region\n------------\n\nThe survey was carried out in the Stara Zagora region, which is typical for Bulgaria in its demographic (age, sex and urban/rural distribution) and health care characteristics. ", "The region includes nearly 5% (362,100 inhabitants) of the total Bulgarian population of about 7.8 million \\[[@B9],[@B10]\\].", "\n\nIn-hospital care of patients with AMI is provided in six hospitals of the region. ", "All of them have intensive care units and full-time residents in internal medicine. ", "Five hospitals have full-time residents in cardiology as well. ", "PCI facilities are not available in any of the hospitals in the Stara Zagora region.", "\n\nIn general, the pre-hospital emergency services in Bulgaria are provided by emergency medical facilities (EMF). ", "The EMFs are located in every regional centre as well as in the bigger municipality centres. ", "They provide emergency services (EMS) such as check-ups, medication of symptoms, resuscitation and, in accordance to their judgment, transportation to hospitals. ", "Bulgarian general practitioners (GP) supply EMS to patients on their lists on rare occasions. ", "In some cases, either because of the impossibility of receiving medical care outside the hospital or because of the severity of a patient\\'s condition, the patient is transported with a private carrier to hospital without any prehospital investigation.", "\n\nIn the region of Stara Zagora, EMS are provided by three EMF, one in the regional centre and two in the municipality centres.", "\n\nStudy population\n----------------\n\nDuring the period from September 1st to December 31st of 2004, all inpatients residing in the region who were admitted and treated at any of the six hospitals of the region with the discharge diagnosis AMI (STEMI and NSTEMI), (ICD-IX 401.0-.9) were included in the study. ", "The criteria used in Bulgarian hospitals for the discharge diagnosis of AMI are as follows \\[[@B11]\\]:\n\n1\\. STEMI: ischaemic symptoms lasting ≥ 20 min, cardiac marker evidence of myocardial necrosis (positive CK-MB and other markers) and new (or presumably new if no prior electrocardiography (ECG) is available) ST-segment elevation.", "\n\n2\\. NSTEMI: cardiac marker evidence of myocardial necrosis (positive CK-MB or troponin) without new ST-segment elevation.", "\n\nConsent for participation in the study was obtained from hospital boards of managers and from each patient or patient\\'s relatives. ", "Since there are no ethics committees in Bulgaria, the study was approved by the Ministry of Health for its accordance to ethical standards.", "\n\nData from inpatient records\n---------------------------\n\nOne physician extracted the data from inpatient medical records following patient discharge in a structured data collection form. ", "A second physician performed a review of a random sample of 20% of the records from each hospital. ", "Consistency between the two data sets was 98%. ", "Data entry to a computer database was performed by a qualified person. ", "A second data entry was performed, using a control program warning of data differences.", "\n\n### Pre-hospital time delay\n\nThe data for calculating the pre-hospital delay of time were extracted from the patients\\' charts. ", "The pain-to-door time was categorized into six time intervals -- up to 0:59 h, from 1:00 up to 1:59 h, from 2:00 up to 3:59 h, from 4:00 up to 11:59 h, from 12:00 up to 23:59 h and 24 h and more. ", "Two patient groups were considered separately in the analysis: patients who presented to a hospital within their area of residence formed one group, while patients who presented to a hospital outside of their area of residence formed a second group. ", "If a patient was transferred from one hospital to another within the same region, only the time of the first hospitalization was considered.", "\n\n### Medical history\n\nReviewing the medical records, we also abstracted information about medical history of previous myocardial infarction (MI), angina pectoris (AP), strokes and co-morbidity (hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia). ", "Data concerning family history, smoking habits and BMI were missing in more than 40% of the medical records and were therefore not included in the study.", "\n\n### In-hospital data\n\nECG findings, treatment approaches and specific contraindications, complications, length of stay (LOS) and in-hospital outcomes were collected from inpatient records.", "\n\nThe ***specific contraindications for administered medication***, clinically documented in the patient\\'s medical record, were defined as follows: for the use of Aspirin: intolerance, allergy, active bleeding, a history of gastrointestinal or genitourinary bleeding, ulcers, dyspepsia, a platelet count of \\<100,000/mm^3^, anaemia, use of other anticoagulants; for β-Blockers: allergy, hypersensitivity, bradycardia, AV-block greater than I° degree, cardiogenic shock, hypotension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma or bronchospasm; for Heparin: active or recent bleeding, a platelet count of \\<100,000/mm^3^, ulcers or serious gastrointestinal or genitourinary bleeding, a history of known heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, severe co-morbidities; for lipid-lowering drugs: allergy, hypersensitivity, hepatic or renal dysfunction, abnormal liver function test results, primary biliary cirrhosis; for ACE Inhibitors: allergy, intolerance, hypersensitivity, impaired renal function, hypotension, hyperkalemia or liver disease.", "\n\nAbsolute contraindications for fibrinolysis therapy in patients with acute STEMI were defined as follows: any prior cerebral haemorrhage; known structural central nervous system lesion (AV malformation, tumor, etc.); ", "ischemic stroke within 3 months except acute ischemic stroke within 3 hours; significant head trauma within 3 months; suspected aortic dissection; active bleeding or bleeding diathesis (excluding menses). ", "Relative contraindications were: history of chronic, severe, poorly controlled hypertension; severe uncontrolled hypertension on presentation (SBP greater than 180 mm Hg or DBP greater than 110 mmHg); traumatic or prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation (greater than 10 minutes) or major surgery (less than 3 weeks); major surgery or internal bleeding within 3--4 weeks; active peptic ulcer disease; pregnancy; current use of anticoagulants; prior exposure (more than 5 days ago) or prior allergic reaction to the fibrinolytic agents.", "\n\nThe ***complications***during hospital admission were defined as: the occurrence of a new AV-Block II° or III° degree or bundle branch block (BBB), left ventricular insufficiency, ventricular tachycardia or cardiopulmonary resuscitation with or without ventilation.", "\n\nSocioeconomic status (SES)\n--------------------------\n\nThe SES of the study population was surveyed within the framework of a structured patient interview and took place 14 to 28 days after discharge. ", "The SES includes: 1) education level, coded as none, primary, secondary and college or higher education, 2) employment status, coded as employed, unemployed or pensioner; 3) personal monthly income, divided into four groups according to the income levels in Bulgaria; 4) marital status, coded as married or living with partner and single; 5) number of family members, divided into four groups from one family member up to four and more members (Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\nStudy population -- basic characteristics\n\n **Basic characteristics** **N (%/SD)**\n ------------------------------------------- --------------\n **Gender** \n  male 89 (66%)\n  female 45 (34%)\n **Age groups** \n  26 -- 64 years 60 (45%)\n  ≥65 years 74 (55%)\n **Education** \n  primary school or less 58 (49%)\n  secondary school 46 (39%)\n  college or high school 14 (12%)\n **Employment status** \n  unemployed 98 (83%)\n  employed 20 (17%)\n **Personal monthly income** \n  ≤ 100 BGN\\* 33 (30%)\n  100.1 -- 200 BGN 57 (52%)\n  200.1 -- 300 BGN 14 (13%)\n  ≥ 300.0 BGN 4 (4%)\n  unemployed without unemployment benefits 1 (1%)\n **Marital status** \n  married/partner 74 (63%)\n  single 44 (37%)\n **Family members** \n  1 member 28 (24%)\n  2 members 54 (46%)\n  3 members 14 (12%)\n  4 or more members 22 (19%)\n **History of:** \n  Angina pectoris 78 (58%)\n  Previous MI 29 (22%)\n   MI in year 2004 6 (21%)\n  Stroke 15 (11%)\n  Hypertension 99 (74%)\n  Diabetes 32 (24%)\n  Hypercholesterolemia 11 (8%)\n **STEMI** 82 (61%)\n  Gender \n   male 52 (63%)\n   female 30 (37%)\n  Age \n  median age in years 62.5\n  mean age in years 62.0 (12.3)\n   mean age male 58.7 (12.5)\n   mean age female 66.0 (9.8)\n\n\\* Bulgarian currency Lev (BGN); 1 BGN = 0.511 €/0.68 US \\$\n\nThe interviewers were trained at the National Centre of Public Opinion. ", "We selected as interviewers local residents from the Stara Zagora region who were not employed in medical institutions. ", "For the specific aim of the study, the interviewers received additional training.", "\n\nStatistical analysis\n--------------------\n\nFor data description, we used tables of absolute and relative frequencies for nominal (non-metric) data and mean values and standard deviations (SD) for continuous (metric) data. ", "The chi-square test with Fisher\\'s exact probabilities was used to test the hypothesis on the relation between pre-hospital time delay (grouped in five intervals -- up to 0:59 minutes, from 1 up to 1:59 h, from 2 up to 3:59 h, from 4 to 11:59 hours and from 12 to 23:59 h) versus age, sex, education, and personal monthly income. ", "Student\\'s independent samples t-test was applied to check hypotheses about means. ", "Statistical package SPSS/PC^®^was used for all analyses.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nStudy population\n----------------\n\nIncluded in the study were a total of 134 patients with AMI (mean age 67 ± 13.2 years), including 82 (61.2%) with STEMI and 52 (38.8%) with NSTEMI, who were consecutively admitted to in-hospital treatment in the study region (Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The age range of the total population lay between 26 and 90 years. ", "The median age was 62 (mean 61.9 ± 13.7) years for men and 71 (mean 69.9 ± 10.2) years for women. ", "From the discharged patients, five refused to participate in the interviews and one patient died in the first days after discharge. ", "Thus, we could not determine their SES. ", "Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"} depicts the baseline characteristics of the study population.", "\n\nIn all patients, an ECG and CK-MB examinations were performed. ", "Additionally, in 43 cases (32.1% of the total population), troponin I was investigated. ", "The complications during hospital treatment are presented in Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation with or without ventilation was performed in 16 subjects (12%). ", "Heart insufficiency was noted in the records of 51 subjects. ", "Ejection fractions (EF) of \\< 55% were computed in 40 of them.", "\n\n###### \n\nHospital complications\n\n **Complications** **N (%)**\n --------------------------------------------- -----------\n New AV-block II° and III° degree 11 (8%)\n \n New BBB 3 (2%)\n \n Left ventricular insufficiency 51 (38%)\n \n Ventricular tachycardia 11 (8%)\n \n Shock with resuscitation and/or ventilation 16 (12%)\n\nPre-hospital time delay\n-----------------------\n\nFor patients who presented to the hospital showing clinical signs as well as laboratory and ECG indicators of MI and a symptom onset of \\> 24 hours ago, the medical records concerning symptom onset were often inaccurate and mostly stated the time of symptom onset as \\\"1--2 days ago\\\" or \\\"a few days ago\\\". ", "Since exact time-related data for these patients was insufficient, the median time delay for the whole study population could not be determined. ", "The calculations presented include only inpatients admitted within the first 24 hours from symptoms onset.", "\n\nTable [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"} presents the time interval \\\"pain to door\\\" according to the patients\\' place of residence and the hospital location. ", "66% (N = 88) of the patients were admitted to a hospital in their area of residence and 34% (N = 46) to hospitals outside their area of residence. ", "For all inpatients, STEMI and NSTEMI, the median time was 3:15 hours. ", "For STEMI inpatients, the median time was 3:00 hours (mean 4:32 ± 4:25 h).", "\n\n###### \n\nTime-delay according to patients\\' domicile, hospital location and type of MI\n\n **Time-delay \\\"pain to door\\\"** **Hospital location/Residence** \n --------------------------------- --------------------------------- ---- ------------\n up to 0:59 h 6 3 9 (7%)\n  STEMI patients 3 3 6\n 1 to 1:59 h 11 4 15 (11%)\n  STEMI patients 9 1 10\n 2 to 3:59 h 22 13 35 (26%)\n  STEMI patients 13 8 21\n 4 to 11:59 h 22 14 36 (27%)\n  STEMI patients 12 8 20\n 12 to 23:59 h 6 1 7 (5%)\n  STEMI patients 5 1 6\n \\>24 h 21 11 32 (24%)\n  STEMI patients 12 7 19\n \n Total 88 46 134 (100%)\n  STEMI patients 54 28 82 (61%)\n\nThe subgroup of 17 STEMI patients treated with fibrinolysis was admitted for inpatient treatment within a median of 2:00 hours (mean 2:12 ± 1:24 h). ", "Only three of them (18%) were admitted within 59 minutes from infarction onset, and eight within the first 120 min. ", "In the first 4 \\\"golden hours\\\", 15 patients (88% of the patients treated with fibrinolysis) were admitted to the hospital. ", "The remaining two patients had a pain-to-door time between 4 and 12 hours.", "\n\nA total of 103 subjects (77%) arrived at the hospital with an ambulance and one patient was transferred from another health care facility.", "\n\nThe chi-square test with Fisher\\'s exact probabilities was applied for patients admitted to hospital within the first 24 hours of symptom onset. ", "The analysis did not demonstrate a statistically relevant relation of hospital location and patient residence (community centre with hospital, community centre without hospital or village) or of the manner of transportation (with ambulance or private vehicle) to pre-hospital time-delay (p \\> 0.05). ", "We found a statistically significant relation between pre-hospital time delay and age as well as education level. ", "Patients aged ≤ 64 years and subjects with higher education (college or high school) arrived at hospital significantly later (see Table [4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\nRelation between patients socio-demographic characteristics\\* and time-delay, and means, standard errors and p-values of differences for the statistical significant relations\n\n **Variables** **df\\*\\*** **Chi-square value** **Exact probability**\n --------------------------- ------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------\n Gender 4 0.76 0.9601\n \n Age 4 9.67 0.0348\\*\\*\\*\n \n Education level 12 56.29 0.0029\\*\\*\\*\n \n Personal monthly income 16 16.04 0.4503\n \n **Time delay (in hours)** \n \n **Mean** **Standard error of mean** **p-value for difference**\n \n Age \n \n  ≤ 64 5.83 0.71 \n 0.005\\*\\*\\* \n  ≥ 65 3.47 0.37 \n \n Education level \n \n  low 3.67 0.44 \n 0.024\\*\\*\\* \n  high 5.45 0.64 \n\n\\* Patients with pain-to-door time \\> 24 h and patients transferred from other hospitals are excluded\n\n\\*\\* df -- degree of freedom\n\n\\*\\*\\* the relation is statistically significant\n\nTreatment with Heparin\n----------------------\n\nHeparinization in the acute care period was performed in 119 cases, thus the frequency of Heparin administration was 98.3%. ", "Contraindications were registered in 7 patients\\' records, and in the records of another 6 subjects data concerning contraindications for Heparin treatment was missing.", "\n\nIn-hospital medical treatment within the first 24 hours and at discharge\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe medication in the first 24 hours and at discharge is depicted in Table [5](#T5){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "In the first 24 hours ASS was prescribed in 82% and β-Blockers in 73% of the eligible cases. ", "At discharge ASS was prescribed in 85% of cases, β-Blockers in 79%, ACE-Inhibitors or AR-Blockers in 66% and lipid-lowering drugs in 43%.", "\n\n###### \n\nIn-hospital medical treatment in first 24 hours and at discharge\\*\n\n **95% CI\\*\\*** \n ---------------------------- ---------- ---------------- ------ ----- ----- ----- -----\n **≤ 24 hours\\*\\*\\*** \n \n ASS 92 (82%) 70.7 86.8 82% 83% 77% 87%\n \n β-Blockers 72 (73%) 63.1 80.8 72% 75% 71% 74%\n \n \n **at discharge** \n \n ASS 95 (85%) 78.5 91.4 84% 86% 79% 90%\n \n β-Blockers 99 (79%) 65.6 82.4 75% 88% 73% 85%\n \n ACE Inhibitors/AR Blockers 78 (66%) 57.6 74.6 62% 75% 64% 68%\n \n Lipid-lowering drugs 52 (43%) 34.4 52.2 35% 54% 47% 40%\n\n\\* Patients with contraindications and missing values are excluded\n\n\\*\\* CI -- confidential interval\n\n\\*\\*\\* Figure excludes patients who died during hospitalisation\n\nContraindications for ASS were registered in 12 patients, for β-Blockers in 25, for ACE-Inhibitors or AR-Blockers in 6 and for lipid-lowering drugs in 4 patients.", "\n\nAt admission slightly more women were medicated with ASS and β-Blockers than men. ", "ASS was more often prescribed in patients in the age group ≥ 65. ", "At discharge more women received β-Blockers, ACE-Inhibitors or AR-Blockers and lipid-lowering drugs than men. ", "More patients in the age group ≥ 65 years received a discharge medication with ASS and β-Blockers.", "\n\nPCI\n---\n\nIn our sample, only four patients were transferred for invasive investigation within the first seven to nine days. ", "Another two patients received PCI in the first month after AMI. ", "Altogether, interventional treatment was performed in six cases within one month after AMI.", "\n\nFibrinolytic treatment\n----------------------\n\nFor the study period, 82 patients (61% of the study population) were treated with the main diagnosis STEMI. ", "57 (69.5%) of them (34 men and 23 women) were admitted to a hospital within the first 12 hours from symptoms onset (see Table [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "In the medical record of one man, contraindications for conducting fibrinolytic treatment were noted. ", "One man and two women were admitted with cardiac shock and died away within a short time after admission. ", "According to the information obtained from the inpatient charts, 53 subjects (32 men and 21 women) were eligible for fibrinolytic treatment. ", "Fibrinolytic reperfusion therapy with Alteplase was performed in 32% (N = 17). ", "Lysis was applied mainly in men (N = 13; 41% of the eligible male population). ", "Only 19% of the eligible women received this treatment. ", "53% of the patients were \\< 65 years old.", "\n\nIn-hospital and early post-discharge mortality\n----------------------------------------------\n\n10 out of the sample of 134 patients died during inpatient treatment (7.5%), with male mortality being 3.4% (N = 3), and female mortality being 15.6% (N = 7). ", "Nine of the deceased patients were \\> 65 years of age. ", "Within 14 days, one more patient died at home.", "\n\nLength of stay (LOS)\n--------------------\n\nThe median LOS was 8 days (mean 8.5, SD ± 3.3) for the total population. ", "For males, the median LOS was 9 days (SD ± 3.4) and for females 7.6 days (SD ± 2.9). ", "The LOS of the fibrinolysis group did not differ from the total population with a median of 8 days (mean 8.7, SD ± 3.3). ", "The mean LOS according to age was 8.8 days (SD ± 3.1) for patients aged 26 to 64 years and 8.35 days (SD ± 3.4) for patients ≥ 65 years.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nOur study shows that most patients with AMI treated in the Stara Zagora region in Bulgaria accessed hospital treatment with a time delay and did not receive the full extent of internationally recommended treatment. ", "Within our study group, patient characteristics did not influence length of stay in the hospital.", "\n\nPopulation\n----------\n\nThe ratio NSTEMI:STEMI (1:1.58) and female:male (1:1.98) in our study population complies with the results of a survey conducted in 2001--2003 in another Bulgarian region -- the Sofia district \\[[@B12]\\]. ", "The male-female patient ratio is close to that of other European countries \\[[@B13],[@B14]\\]. ", "The medical histories, considering MI and AP in the past, as the distribution of co-morbidities (hypertension and diabetes) in the study region correspond in terms of frequency to those of other regions of the country \\[[@B12]\\].", "\n\nPre-hospital time delay\n-----------------------\n\nIt is obvious that \\\"pain to door\\\" time for AMI in the Stara Zagora Region, as measured by our study, is longer compared to a number of international multicenter trials \\[[@B13]\\]. ", "A time-trend analysis of this subject is not possible, as no previous data has been published for the region of Stara Zagora.", "\n\nIn contrast to previously reported studies \\[[@B15],[@B16]\\], in the region of Stara Zagora an age ≤ 64 years or higher education levels (college or high school) were associated with a significantly longer pre-hospital time delay (see Table [4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Explanations for these findings might be the insufficient training of the emergency-care staff concerning ischaemic heart attacks in younger subjects, insufficient medical knowledge of the public and mistrust in the health care system especially in higher educated patients.", "\n\nThe fact that we could not establish a significant relation between pre-hospital time delay and distance between hospital location and patient\\'s residence as well as manner of arrival to hospital backs the assumption that pre-hospital time delay could be determined by factors related to the health care system itself:\n\nFirst of all, the public in general is not sufficiently informed about the initial symptoms of MI. ", "Although many people do know that chest pain is a presenting symptom of MI, they are uninformed about associated symptoms such as pain in the arm, pain of the lower jaw, shortness of breath, nausea, etc., ", "and are unaware of the fact that it is necessary to seek medical assistance within the first 20--30 minutes. ", "The latter was confirmed by one of the results of our interview study showing that 60% of the patients self-evaluated their hospital admittance as being within an optimal time interval \\[[@B17]\\].", "\n\nSecondly, the Bulgarian population\\'s negative opinion of the health care system combined with the fact that admittance to a hospital has become very complicated in recent years resulted in inhabitants of smaller villages in particular preferring to wait out the symptoms at home or go to their physician in his or her consultation hours, which may be after two or three days. ", "As telephone communication in the region of Stara Zagora is good, over 80% of the inhabitants have a telephone in their home. ", "Consequently, calling the emergency services should not be a problem for most of the population. ", "However, it is not always ensured that a call also elicits a response.", "\n\nTreatment with Heparin\n----------------------\n\nDuring the acute care period, heparinization was performed in 98.3% of the cases. ", "Compared with data from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) \\[[@B18]\\], the rate is relatively higher (98% for the Stara Zagora region versus 86.0% for the GRACE population). ", "A possible explanation of this finding could be the limited possibilities for PCI treatment as well as for fibrinolysis.", "\n\nIn-hospital medical treatment within the first 24 hours and at discharge\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nOptimal conservative therapy of AMI includes at least the use of β-Blockers and ASS, the use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme ACE-Inhibitors as well as cholesterol status assessment and management with lipid-lowering drugs \\[[@B19]\\].", "\n\nAdministration rates for in-hospital medical treatment during the first 24 hours from the Stara Zagora region for ASS are similar to, and for β-Blockers higher than the figures reported by Jencks et al. ", "\\[[@B20]\\] from the USA. ", "Rates for both ASS and β-Blockers are lower than those reported from western European countries (93.8% for ASS) \\[[@B14]\\] as well as those from the GRACE population (98.4% for ASS and 80% for β-Blockers) \\[[@B18]\\]. ", "During their hospitalization, patients in the age group ≤ 65 years were less likely to receive ASS and β-Blockers than the patients in the same age group from the CRUSADE study (77% versus 93% for ASS and 71% versus 80% for β-Blockers) \\[[@B8]\\].", "\n\nOur study shows the use of conservative medication at discharge in patients with AMI being close to the figures reported by Jencks et al. ", "\\[[@B20]\\] for ASS, higher for β-Blockers and lower for ACE-inhibitors. ", "A comparison with data from western European countries shows that the administration rates for the same drugs in the Stara Zagora region are lower (91% for ASS, 80.5% for β-Blockers and 79.5% for ACE-Inhibitors) \\[[@B14]\\]. ", "The use of lipid-lowering drugs at discharge from Bulgarian hospitals is also lower than the figures from the Euro Heart Survey of ACS \\[[@B21]\\]. ", "In contrast to findings from other studies \\[[@B22],[@B8]\\], the women and older patients from the Stara Zagora region were more likely to receive ASS, β-Blockers and ACE-Inhibitors or AR-Blockers. ", "The use of lipid-lowering drugs was somewhat higher in women and patients ≤ 65 years of age.", "\n\nFibrinolytic treatment\n----------------------\n\nIn the Stara Zagora region, fibrinolysis under hospital conditions can be performed in five of the six hospitals. ", "One of the reasons for the limited application of fibrinolytic reperfusion, hospital admission delay, has already been discussed.", "\n\nAnother reason may be associated with hospital funding in Bulgaria. ", "In 2004, the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) reimbursed € 1,175 for \\\"ACS with persistent ST-elevation and fibrinolysis\\\", which includes only Alteplase or Reteplase applications \\[[@B11]\\]. ", "The estimated price at which hospitals may have bought the most commonly marketed drug Alteplase was € 870 for the course of one treatment. ", "From the reimbursement amount (€1,175), 40% (€ 470) are used for personnel remuneration. ", "Thus, a mere € 705 remains for laboratory and instrumental diagnostics, lytic treatment, other medication, board and lodging. ", "Reteplase, which is more expensive at € 1,023, is rarely used in Bulgaria. ", "As a consequence of deficient financing, physicians face limitations in decision-making and fibrinolysis in ACS with persistent ST-elevation is applied relatively rarely and depends more on the hospital\\'s actual budget situation than on patients\\' medical needs.", "\n\nReperfusion with Streptokinase (SK), which was applied in Bulgaria until 2001 is not reimbursed by the NHIF. ", "Despite the fact that SK-administration could be associated with a rapid rise in neutralizing antibodies, making repeated administration impractical \\[[@B3],[@B23],[@B24]\\], the treatment with SK is associated with a lower risk for non-cerebral and cerebral bleeding complications compared to Alteplase \\[[@B25]\\]. ", "Besides, SK is significantly cheaper \\[[@B3]\\]. ", "In Bulgaria, the price of 1.5 million units of SK (the common fibrinolysis dose) is about € 164.0.", "\n\nAccording to up-to-date evidence, the implementation of pre-hospital intravenous fibrinolytic reperfusion therapy should be considered when the time needed to reach an inpatient health care facility is estimated to exceed 60 minutes \\[[@B26]\\]. ", "Unfortunately, in the region of Stara Zagora, the initiation of treatment under outpatient conditions does not take place for a number of reasons -- lack of thrombolytic drugs, lack of training and poor conditions during transportation.", "\n\nPCI\n---\n\nIn Bulgaria and in the Stara Zagora region in particular, PCI facilities are very limited. ", "Although ischaemic heart disease represents one of the most common reasons for death in Bulgaria, the health care system does not provide the facilities to perform the adequate number of invasive interventions. ", "The medical facilities in Bulgaria are able to provide 254 invasive investigations and 124 interventional treatment procedures per one million inhabitants per year. ", "Considerable investments in equipment, technology and training are necessary in order to meet the population\\'s needs. ", "For this reason, the fibrinolytic reperfusion therapy represents the most common reperfusion strategy for the medical management of STEMI in Bulgaria and in the Stara Zagora region.", "\n\nMortality\n---------\n\nThe mortality rate at Stara Zagora hospitals is similar to the figures of the GRACE trial \\[[@B18]\\], as well as data of other surveys \\[[@B7]\\]. ", "The gender distribution shows female mortality being somewhat higher than male mortality. ", "The common ratio is about 2:1 \\[[@B27]\\], which corresponds to the data of another Bulgarian region \\[[@B12]\\].", "\n\nIn our study, the average age of the deceased women was 72.6 years versus 76.3 for men. ", "Four of the females were admitted within the first two hours after symptoms onset versus one man admitted in the same time interval. ", "Only two women did not need resuscitation and ventilation in the first hours after admission. ", "All of the females had hypertension in the medical history.", "\n\nThese results, as well as the lower use of fibrinolytic therapy among eligible women than men, raise the possibility of gender differences in AMI treatment in Bulgaria. ", "The lack of knowledge or sensitivity towards gender specific symptoms and risk factors related to IHD, especially within the outpatient setting, may be explained by a lack of training of medical personnel in this regard. ", "Our findings regarding gender specific mortality in ACS patients need further investigation.", "\n\nLOS\n---\n\nRegardless of the treatment actually provided, the health care service purchaser NHIF limits the duration of in-hospital treatment in Bulgaria to eight days. ", "The comparison of the LOS in Stara Zagora hospitals with data from other countries, especially from Western and Central Europe shows that patients in Stara Zagora with ACS have shorter median stays. ", "The mean hospital stay with lysis is 13 ± 5 days in the PRAGUE-2 trial \\[[@B28]\\] as opposed to 9 ± 3 days for the Stara Zagora region.", "\n\nGeneralisation of the study results\n-----------------------------------\n\nThe survey we conducted represents the management of AMI for 5% of the Bulgarian population. ", "The results obtained may be representative for most regions, with the exception of the national capital. ", "Currently, the health care system of Bulgaria cannot provide sufficient PCIs, which is the reason why fibrinolytic reperfusion and conservative drug therapy remain the methods of choice for ACS treatment. ", "Internationally, fibrinolytic therapy demonstrated remarkable life-saving effects never observed before and at the same time represented the beginning of \\\"millionaire medicine\\\" \\[[@B26]\\].", "\n\nRegardless of the fact that the resources allocated by the NHIF do not cover the expenses, the fund has selected Alteplase or Reteplase to be the only fibrinolytic drugs in Bulgaria. ", "Other Central European countries, which, like Bulgaria, are reforming their health sector, continue to use Streptokinase routinely, although they obviously have better funding capacity \\[[@B28]\\]. ", "In addition, Streptokinase is still used as the treatment of first choice in low-risk patients in the UK, Australia, New Zealand and the Netherlands \\[[@B26]\\]. ", "Therefore, revising the NHIF disease management program for STEMI and tailoring the reperfusion strategy in a way which acknowledges the financial situation of the Bulgarian health care system should be the first step towards improving AMI treatment performance in Bulgaria. ", "If the NHIF considered the possibility of Streptokinase treatment, a larger number of patients could receive fibrinolytic reperfusion therapy leading to improved outcomes of inpatient management of STEMI.", "\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nIn spite of the efforts of health care policy-makers to improve the system, the results of the health sector reforms in Bulgaria, particularly within the field of cardiology, still show much room for improvement. ", "Quality of care of patients with AMI in Bulgaria is still far from the evidence-based recommendations. ", "18 years after the breakdown of the former socialist Semashko system, the Bulgarian health care system is still not able to provide state of the art health care to decrease AMI mortality. ", "To achieve the goal of reducing cardiovascular disease mortality by introducing up-to date management of ACS, Bulgaria will have to provide financial and human resources which are currently neither available in the region of Stara Zagora nor in the rest of the country.", "\n\nStudy limitations\n=================\n\nOur study is limited in a number of ways. ", "First of all, the data were collected retrospectively from inpatient records. ", "In Bulgarian hospitals, methodological standards for the contents of inpatient records concerning medical history, smoking habits, body-mass index, and indications for treatment have not been introduced. ", "Thus, we were not able to encompass all important patient characteristics in our study.", "\n\nOf particular concern is the issue of the discharge diagnosis. ", "Despite the fact that the NHIF has implemented diagnostic criteria for AMI (STEMI and NSTEMI) and the medical staff do their best to fulfil them in order to receive the reimbursement fee for patients\\' treatment, there is a tendency of \\\"up-coding\\\" in some cases.", "\n\nThe exact pain-to-door time was only available for 74% of the study population. ", "The relationship between pre-hospital time delay and socio-demographic factors is included in the study, but the item needs further investigation in a larger population.", "\n\nSimilarly, the age and sex differences in treatment at discharge and in mortality need to be investigated in larger populations.", "\n\nNotwithstanding the limitations mentioned above, our work depicts the inpatient care for patients with ACS in a representative region of Bulgaria. ", "In addition, the study brings forward some of the obstacles for improving quality of health care for AMI which is the most important burden of the health care system and the entire Bulgarian society.", "\n\nCompeting interests\n===================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n\nAuthors\\' contributions\n=======================\n\nMGI conceived and designed the study and drafted the manuscript. ", "KK performed data analysis and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. ", "MG contributed to conception and design of the study and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. ", "All authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nPre-publication history\n=======================\n\nThe pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:\n\n<http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/9/15/prepub>\n\nAcknowledgements\n================\n\nWe want to thank Alexander Rosen, Werner Arend, and Irene and Geoffrey Heller for their linguistic support.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0.007142857142857143, 0.025210084033613446, 0.01652892561983471, 0.00823045267489712, 0.012096774193548387, 0.016286644951140065, 0.011673151750972763, 0.005050505050505051, 0.017241379310344827, 0.004484304932735426, 0.016129032258064516, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0.006172839506172839, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0.023622047244094488, 0.006472491909385114, 0.017964071856287425, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0.006535947712418301, 0.010526315789473684, 0.004816955684007707, 0, 0, 0.003738317757009346, 0.00749063670411985, 0, 0.0020876826722338203, 0.0026455026455026454, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0.006349206349206349, 0, 0, 0, 0.025, 0, 0.03076923076923077, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.04838709677419355, 0.003036437246963563, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0.0006188118811881188, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003968253968253968, 0.010752688172043012, 0.014598540145985401, 0.0020387359836901123, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0.01818181818181818, 0.02040816326530612, 0, 0.015625, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0.01694915254237288, 0.011764705882352941, 0.008264462809917356, 0.014705882352941176, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0.004347826086956522, 0.02127659574468085, 0.008733624454148471, 0.008583690987124463, 0.008, 0.011029411764705883, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00510204081632653, 0.002638522427440633, 0.007936507936507936, 0, 0, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0.008333333333333333, 0.010443864229765013, 0.004878048780487805, 0.04, 0.018433179723502304, 0.008130081300813009, 0.007142857142857143, 0.041666666666666664, 0.022321428571428572, 0.006802721088435374, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0.006134969325153374, 0, 0, 0.015228426395939087, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0.012698412698412698, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0.004048582995951417, 0.00423728813559322, 0.0196078431372549, 0, 0, 0.008403361344537815, 0.0055248618784530384, 0.023668639053254437, 0, 0.018018018018018018, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005847953216374269, 0.004524886877828055, 0, 0.011834319526627219, 0.010050251256281407, 0.014814814814814815, 0.005952380952380952, 0, 0, 0.005263157894736842, 0.005405405405405406, 0.005076142131979695, 0.012422360248447204, 0.007272727272727273, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0.005319148936170213, 0.007434944237918215, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011363636363636364, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005025125628140704, 0, 0.008620689655172414, 0.009900990099009901, 0.007874015748031496, 0, 0.01597444089456869, 0 ]

[ "While “The Squad” of anti-American lawmakers are running around whining about Trump telling them to leave America if they hate it so much, their more “moderate” friends in Congress, like Dem Senator Tester are calling on fellow Dems to “punch him [President Trump] in the face!” ", "as a way to beat him.", "\n\nYesterday, during an interview on MSNBC’s anti-Trump, low ratings “Morning Joe” show, Democrat Senator Jon Tester (MT) showed the world how tolerant Democrats are of anyone who they disagree with. ", "Senator Tester told Joe Scarborough that best way for Democrats to defeat President Trump in 2020 is to “punch him in the face.”", "\n\n“I don’t think, even in states where Donald Trump won big, that it did you any good running away from Donald Trump,” he said. “", "I think you need to go back and punch him in the face. ", "The truth is this guy is bad for this country.”", "\n\nWatch:\n\nDemocrats calling for violence against President Trump is nothing new…\n\nLess than six months ago, the aging, unhinged actor, Robert DiNero, who’s been allowing Trump to live rent-free in his miserable head for almost two years, told his adoring audience at the Tony Awards Show:\n\n“I just want to say one thing — F— Trump. ", "It’s no longer down with Trump. ", "It’s f— Trump.” ", "DeNiro said while pumping his fists for the room full of cheering sheep.", "\n\n***Language warning***\n\nWhen DeNiro was asked about the violent protests against President Trump were an appropriate response to the outcome of the election, he replied: “Yes, absolutely. ", "Things aren’t being done right.”", "\n\nDeNiro followed up in a video by calling President Trump, a “punk, a dog, a pig, a con, a bullshit artist, a mutt who doesn’t know what he’s talking about,” threatening, “I’d like to punch him in the face.”", "\n\nShould Trump appoint a new Supreme Court Justice before the election?", "\n\nYes No Just show the results\n\nEnter your email to see the results... *\n\nPhone This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.", "\n\nCompleting this poll entitles you to 100 Percent Fed Up updates free of charge. ", "You may opt out at anytime with a single click. ", "Here's our Privacy Policy.", "\n\nPresident Trump—never one to back away from a fight, responded to DeNiro’s hate-filled public rants against him in a series of tweets:\n\nRobert De Niro, a very Low IQ individual, has received too many shots to the head by real boxers in movies. ", "I watched him last night and truly believe he may be “punch-drunk.” ", "I guess he doesn’t…\n\nTrump followed up his first tweet with a new nickname for the foul-mouthed actor, “Punchy!”:", "\n\n…realize the economy is the best it’s ever been with employment being at an all-time high, and many companies pouring back into our country. ", "Wake up Punchy!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.007168458781362007, 0, 0.020100502512562814, 0.0234375, 0.015503875968992248, 0, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0.03125, 0.0625, 0.013888888888888888, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0.028169014084507043, 0, 0, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "At the start of the 1988 adventure game based on William Gibson's genre-defining cyberpunk novel Neuromancer, you wake up face down in a plate of spaghetti. ", "Well, it's synth-spaghetti because this is the future, but that doesn't make it any more comfortable. ", "Like the book's protagonist Case you're a down-and-out former console cowboy who has lost the ability to hack, though in your case it's not due to traumatic surgery but simple poverty. ", "You can't afford a new computer. ", "Hell, you can't even afford to pay for the spaghetti.", "\n\nSet the mood Cyberpunk needs the right soundtrack. ", "While you read, put one of these on in the background: Blade Runner theme\n\nShadowrun: Dragonfall soundtrack\n\nNeo-Tokyo soundtrack\n\nAuthor Bruce Sterling summed up the cyberpunk genre as a combination of “low-life and high-tech,” and that's a perfect description of both versions of Neuromancer. ", "Later in the game you have the option to sell your internal organs for cash, and hack a computer at Cheap Hotel—its actual name—to pay the rent. ", "Your life is about as low as they get.", "\n\nIn 1993 Syndicate went in the opposite direction, casting you as the CEO in charge of a corporation bent on global domination. ", "In Syndicate you're the villain at the top of the dystopian food chain.", "\n\nWhile most of the games in the genre that followed explored spaces somewhere in between those two extremes, there's been a tendency for them to focus on the high-tech and not the low-life. ", "They get the cyber, but not the punk.", "\n\nCyberpunk games are rarely about cool losers. ", "They're usually about cool cops.", "\n\nHero complex\n\nTake the heroes of the Deus Ex series. ", "JC Denton is an augmented agent who works for a UN anti-terrorist organization. ", "Alex D is an augmented agent-in-training at the Tarsus Academy with a bright future in the WTO, and Adam Jensen is the augmented chief of security for a biotech corporation. ", "All of these characters go through learning experiences that show their employers are untrustworthy and their world is more complex than they thought it was, but they all start on the privileged side of the fence.", "\n\nWhen low-life characters do show up, they're pushed to the periphery. ", "Adam Jensen walks past some punks gathered around a bin-fire in the streets of Detroit so he can overhear a conversation about getting a dog cybernetically enhanced to take part in a pitfight.", "\n\nIn the Lower Seattle of Deus Ex: Invisible War, Alex D also meets two people huddled around a burning bin, one of whom is Lo-town Lucy—a pierced punk who provides some basic info on the area while reprimanding you for being an Upper Seattle tourist. ", "She points out how out of your element you are in the poor part of town, but in doing so makes it clear you're out of place in the genre as well.", "\n\nThat's not to say that there are no cyborg badasses who learn the law isn't always right in cyberpunk outside of games. ", "Robocop and Ghost in the Shell are both classic examples of this kind of story, but in video games characters like Murphy and Kusanagi aren't rarities. ", "They're the norm.", "\n\nThe heroes of Crusader: No Remorse, Hard Reset, Final Fantasy VII, Binary Domain—all are tough guys who learn the rebels and terrorists have a point. ", "They're Armitage from Neuromancer, rather than that story's actual main characters: Case and Molly, the misfits.", "\n\nGood punk bad punk Binary Domain is an on-the-nose example of a sidelined punk: a teen hacker with multicolored hair named Yuki who lives in the slums of Tokyo and works as a courier for the resistance. ", "Because it's a video game the hero of the story is a white American with a big gun instead of her. ", "A rare counter-example is Remember Me from Life is Strange developer Dontnot, in which you do get to play the terrorist—well, “Errorist” because it's the future.", "\n\nInfluential as it is, Neuromancer's not the only flavor of cyberpunk. ", "Blade Runner gave us the archetype of the futuristic investigator forced to see a bigger, more troubling world beyond the next case. ", "Since then, whether detectives like in Psycho-Pass or crusading journalists like in Max Headroom, plenty of cyberpunk stories have been about characters who attempt to solve crimes but stumble into more philosophical questions. ", "Games like the Tex Murphy series, Technobabylon, Anachranox, Westwood's Blade Runner, and more recently Read Only Memories all fit into this category.", "\n\nBut even here, with shabby heroes who live in cramped apartments the order of the day, the low-lifes often get a raw deal. ", "In Read Only Memories you see two punks named Starfucker and Olli and immediately accuse them of an unrelated act of vandalism and chase them down, after which you're given the option to call the police like some kind of tool of The Man.", "\n\nIf you don’t you get to know them better and learn they’re not bad guys, but then they transition to comedy sidekicks—those two wacky guys!—instead. ", "They feel like a token inclusion, cast aside by the climax, when they deserve to be central.", "\n\nOver time these tropes have been distilled into the core of the genre: all the imagery, with none of the messages.", "\n\nIn the end it turns out Starfucker and Olli are guilty of the vandalism you accuse them of. ", "But still, it's rough to see the characters with mohawks and shades treated so roughly in a game that's all about evoking the classic retro cyberpunk feel. ", "Like so many games Read Only Memories borrows visuals from Akira, but in Akira the biker gang are the heroes.", "\n\nRecycling is an essential part of cyberpunk fiction, its cities full of repurposed junk given new life. ", "The initial wave that followed iconic works like Neuromancer, Blade Runner, and Akira recycled too, using their conceits and visuals in new ways. ", "Over time these tropes have been distilled into the core of the genre: all the imagery, with none of the messages.", "\n\nRock & roll, desperate and dangerous\n\nOne game where the malcontents and outsiders get to star is Shadowrun: Dragonfall . ", "The Shadowrun series is an unlikely mash-up of fantasy and cyberpunk that exaggerates the cliches of each, where the dragon who demands tribute and the TV personality admired by millions are one and the same, Smaug cast as Max Headroom. ", "Perhaps it's that exaggeration of the basic tropes that makes Shadowrun feel true to cyberpunk fiction, in spite of the elves.", "\n\nShadowrunners are hackers and spies who can be hired online, like Uber but for corporate espionage, and in Dragonfall your band of runners have a secret base under a market in the anarchist free state of Berlin. ", "It's as much about protecting the societal dregs who are your neighbours, drug addicts and shifty coffee dealers, as it is about making money. ", "Also, one of the party members is an actual punk, the former lead singer of a band with the wonderful name MESSERKAMPF!", "\n\nShadowrun: Dragonfall gets the heart of cyberpunk right. ", "Quality punks.", "\n\nCyberpunk-adjacent games like this weirdly seem more likely to feature the most cyberpunk protagonists. ", "Sci-fi horror games Bloodnet and Magrunner: Dark Pulse are perfect examples, even though they add vampires and the Cthulhu Mythos. ", "The hacker heroes of Watch Dogs 2, Quadrilateral Cowboy, and Else Heart.", "Break() would all feel at home in glowing near-future cities even though their games are set in the modern day, the 1980s, and a fictional town in Sweden respectively.", "\n\nAs in movies like Sneakers, Hackers, and Inception, they're telling cyberpunk stories about how information wants to be free and unchecked power is real bad, just without the chromed-up settings.", "\n\nRight now CD Projekt Red is working on Cyberpunk 2077 , a game that promises to be so chromed-up we'll be able to see our reflections in it. ", "Like Shadowrun it's based on a tabletop RPG, but this time one with a more purist vision—Mike Pondsmith's Cyberpunk 2020, in which players are cast as anti-corporate Edgerunners and where getting too many implants can cause “cyberpsychosis”.", "\n\nThe trailer for Cyberpunk 2077 features a member of MAX-TAC—cops who hunt those cyberpsychos—arresting and recruiting a cyborg killer. ", "But while the tabletop game has cops among its playable roles, it also features Netrunners, biker Nomads, and Rockerboys and Rockergirls who use the power of music to spread their political messages. ", "It lets players emulate the gang members of Marc Laidlaw's '400 Boys' or the rockstars of Norman Spinrad's Little Heroes as well as Judge Dredd.", "\n\nThere's reason to hope the video game adaptation will follow suit and in doing so, get closer to the under-represented elements of the genre. ", "In a promotional video for Cyberpunk 2077 , Pondsmith—who is working with CD Projekt Red on adapting his game—talks about what he considers to be important in cyberpunk. “", "It's not the technology,” he says, “it's the feel. ", "It's getting that dark, gritty, rain-wet street feeling but at the same time getting that rock & roll, lost, desperate-and-dangerous quality.”", "\n\nPondsmith goes on to quote one of Gibson's famous lines from the short story Burning Chrome: “the street finds its own uses for things.” ", "Cyberpunk isn't just about the alienation that comes with future shock, or the questions about humanity raised by cybernetic enhancement and artificial intelligence. ", "It's also about the way powerless people find strength and solace by repurposing the future for their own ends.", "\n\nGibson wrote that the street finds its own uses for things, not “people who work for security agencies find their own uses for things.”", "\n\nThe streets and their inhabitants are central to cyberpunk. ", "It's the powerless who suffer most in the kind of authoritarian regimes cyberpunk fiction depicts, and games could do with getting back to the idea that the rebels, misfits, vandals, and people who can't afford a plate of spaghetti matter." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.012738853503184714, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010169491525423728, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.025, 0.022988505747126436, 0, 0, 0.005208333333333333, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0.019736842105263157, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0.008928571428571428, 0.00975609756097561, 0, 0.006211180124223602, 0.013888888888888888, 0.007518796992481203, 0.0043859649122807015, 0.02, 0, 0.004219409282700422, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0.02054794520547945, 0, 0, 0.004219409282700422, 0.007936507936507936, 0.004672897196261682, 0, 0.008403361344537815, 0, 0, 0, 0.015267175572519083, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0.005076142131979695, 0.006993006993006993, 0.012448132780082987, 0.0072992700729927005, 0.005, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0.011695906432748537, 0, 0, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Accuracy of patient recall for self-reported doctor visits: Is shorter recall better?", "\nIn health economics, the use of patient recall of health care utilisation information is common, including in national health surveys. ", "However, the types and magnitude of measurement error that relate to different recall periods are not well understood. ", "This study assessed the accuracy of recalled doctor visits over 2-week, 3-month, and 12-month periods by comparing self-report with routine administrative Australian Medicare data. ", "Approximately 5,000 patients enrolled in an Australian study were pseudo-randomised using birth dates to report visits to a doctor over three separate recall periods. ", "When comparing patient recall with visits recorded in administrative information from Medicare Australia, both bias and variance were minimised for the 12-month recall period. ", "This may reflect telescoping that occurs with shorter recall periods (participants pulling in important events that fall outside the period). ", "Using shorter recall periods scaled to represent longer periods is likely to bias results. ", "There were associations between recall error and patient characteristics. ", "The impact of recall error is demonstrated with a cost-effectiveness analysis using costs of doctor visits and a regression example predicting number of doctor visits. ", "The findings have important implications for surveying health service utilisation for use in economic evaluation, econometric analyses, and routine national health surveys." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.0055248618784530384, 0, 0.005681818181818182, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Your exchange rates are booked at spot rates base on the instruction given by either your Trading Representative or yourself. ", "You can either refer to the contract note or call your Trading Representative to check on the actual exchange rate.", "\n\nWith EPS or GIRO, sales proceeds in Singapore dollars will be credited directly into your designated bank account on 'D' day and you should see the credit balance in your account on D + 1. ", "Otherwise, a cheque will be sent to you on D + 1." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0.010471204188481676, 0 ]

[ "Young lovers Hero (Kate Beckinsale) and Claudio (Robert Sean Leonard) are to be married in one week. ", "To pass the time, they conspire with Don Pedro (Denzel Washington) to set a \"lover's trap\" for Benedick (Sir Kenneth Branagh), an arrogant confirmed bachelor, and Beatrice (Dame Emma Thompson), his favorite sparring partner. ", "Meanwhile, the evil Don Jon (Keanu Reeves) conspires to break up the wedding by accusing Hero of infidelity. ", "In the end, though, it all turns out to be \"much ado about nothing\". ", "Written by Liza Esser <essereli@student.msu.edu>" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0297029702970297, 0.022222222222222223, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0.020833333333333332 ]

[ "Paintings produced in anxiety for the anxious. ", "Or anyone who thinks they're cool." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "USA (1940-43)\n\nTank/APC – Blueprints Only\n\nFrank Stanley Wrona of Aurora, Illinois, had his go at supporting the war effort in World War Two even before the United States had declared war. ", "On the 18th September 1940, just over a year after the German invasion of Poland started World War Two, Frank Wrona applied for a patent on his own design for a ‘Military Tank’.", "\n\nPurpose and Design\n\nThe design was very specific in its intention. ", "It was shaped with its pointed nose and curving body to maximize the chances of deflecting bullets and shrapnel and provided with ventilation to remove fumes and heat from inside whilst still protecting the crew from noxious gas and flamethrowers.", "\n\nThe overall shape is best described as an uncut cigar, pointed at the front and rounded at the back. ", "On each side are two rectangular shuttered loopholes and two large rectangular doors. ", "In the front are two roughly square-shaped openings for the main guns, and in the roof, are ten vents opened by means of a rod and handle-crank system. ", "The whole system is meant to be carried on a rectangularly shaped hull between two sets of tracks, each with six wheels.", "\n\n\n\nSide view and top sections of the Wrona Tank design intended to show the positions of the multiple roof vents. ", "Image: US Patent US2319178\n\nThe outward opening doors for access and exit were to be provided in opposite sides of the vehicle and fitted with an internal locking mechanism by means of a turned nut to lock them into place. ", "When opened, they moved upwards like a clamshell door, although there is no spring or power system to assist in the opening of what would be a very heavy armored door. ", "The six wheels are crudely drawn on what appears to be a very rigid type of suspension which is not described. ", "No system of propulsion is described either, although presumably, he envisaged this would go below the floor level of the main compartment in the rectangular box-shaped section between the tracks.", "\n\nArmor\n\nThe walls of this cigar shaped tank are simply described as “heavy armor plates suitably welded or otherwise secured together” fabricated by means of attaching them to a rigid frame. ", "No thicknesses is mentioned, but to be bulletproof, it is reasonable to expect 10mm or so, which, considering the size of the area being protected, would still have resulted in a very heavy vehicle.", "\n\n\n\nFront and sectional view of the Wrona Tank showing the cigar-shaped body sitting atop a rectangular box attached to the tracks. ", "The dotted portion represents the side door in the open position. ", "Image: US Patent US2319178\n\n\n\nIllustration of the Wrona Tank in a fictional livery based on period examples. ", "It was modeled by Mr. C. Ryan, funded by our Patreon Campaign.", "\n\nFirepower\n\nMultiple large caliber guns in sealed compartments are arranged along the front, and smaller caliber guns “such as machine-guns” would be fireable from inside hidden shutters along the sides of the tank as required and which would slide to the side to expose the guns, fire, and then slide shut under spring pressure. ", "At the front are two guns “preferably… of an extremely large caliber be mounted in the front end with the barrels, therefore, protruding through openings provided in the body”.", "\n\n\n\nA sectional view of the Wrona Tank showing the very naive arrangement of firepower within the huge crew space. ", "Image: US Patent US2319178\n\nThe two main guns pointing forwards appear to lack the ability to move inwards meaning there would be a blind spot directly to the front of the tank and the positions would have very limited traverse of just 10 degrees or so to the outside. ", "This is a very poor arrangement for the main firepower of the tank preventing both guns being trained on a single target at the same time and meaning the entire vehicle has to turn to slew the guns properly. ", "The side guns are poorly situated too. ", "Sat on fixed pedestal mounts and firing through narrow openings covered with shutters they lack the ability to even provide overlapping fire. ", "Considering the number and weight of weapons selected for the design, this is a large oversight. ", "The machine-guns are described but not drawn, and it is possible that the designer simply envisaged these machine-guns as being the means to cover these gaps, but it is not described how this would be done.", "\n\nConclusion\n\nIt is, frankly, a terrible design. ", "It would not have been a good design for World War One let alone World War Two. ", "The idea that, between all of those shuttered openings, doors, and roof vents it could remain immune against chemical attack or flamethrowers is simply not realistic. ", "The number and position of the firepower are totally unsuitable with no rationale presented as to why it would need the number and type of guns mentioned. ", "The armor, at just ‘bulletproof’, is woefully unsuitable for such a large and inevitably heavy tank and the shape itself would cause problems. ", "It would be far too large to easily transport and with the size of the overhang at the front probably would just become stuck in rough country. ", "The tank then exemplifies many of the problems of amateur design not thinking through the problems and compromises inherent in the design of a vehicle as complicated as a tank and no doubt these obvious limitations were amongst the reasons the design never left the pages filed at the Patent Office.", "\n\nFrank Wrona clearly thought the design had some merit though, as he also submitted it to the Canadians for their consideration and was granted a patent by the Government of Canada in February 1942. ", "As far as can be ascertained, this was as far as Mr. Wrona’s military inventiveness went and no other patents are filed in his name for tanks or anything else.", "\n\nSources\n\nCanadian Patent CA402879 granted 17th February 1942\n\nUS Patent US2319178 filed 18th September 1940, granted 11th May 1943" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.005291005291005291, 0.005649717514124294, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007575757575757576, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0033444816053511705, 0.01, 0.006289308176100629, 0 ]

[ "Стивън Езе почти сигурно ще продължи кариерата си в САЩ. ", "Нигерийският бранител е пред договор с клуб от МЛС. ", "Както е известно, контрактът му с Локо изтече и не бе подновен. ", "Ръководството на черно-белите имаше надежди, че Езе ще остане, но мениджърът му е поискал нови условия, с които клубът не е бил съгласен. ", "Отделно, агентът не е харесал това, което ръководството е предложило и така се стигна до раздялата." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.017543859649122806, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0, 0.010101010101010102 ]

[ "First Lady Melania Trump strutted out of the White House to the Rose Garden on Thursday in a pair of stilettos that take florals to new heights.", "\n\nFor the National Day of Prayer event in the Rose Garden, Melania Trump opted for an Emilia Wickstead fit and flare midi skirt dress in a pleasing shade of green.", "\n\nThe dress, which features Mrs. Trump’s preferred shape of a fitted bodice and a rounded neckline, is currently sold out but previously retailed for about $2,000. ", "Mrs. Trump showed off her slim waist by adding a thin crocodile belt in nearly the same shade of green.", "\n\nAs of late, Mrs. Trump has been particularly focused on vibrant, summer-ready footwear. ", "For the Rose Garden event, she chose a pair of her favorite Christian Louboutin floral stilettos.", "\n\nAvid Fashion Notes followers will remember that Mrs. Trump wore these same pumps in June 2017 with a blue Michael Kors sheath dress.", "\n\nJohn Binder is a reporter for Breitbart News. ", "Follow him on Twitter at @JxhnBinder." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.013888888888888888, 0.012269938650306749, 0.006097560975609756, 0.009708737864077669, 0.011111111111111112, 0.010309278350515464, 0.014925373134328358, 0.041666666666666664, 0.02702702702702703 ]

[ "Category: Soccer\n\nPrior to the closing of the transfer deadline on 31 August 2015, quite a bit hysteria had surrounded John Stones. ", "With Everton rebuffing one offer after another and Chelsea returning with a raise every time, it seemed that Stones’ days with The Toffees would be limited. ", "But Chairman Bill Kenwright and his then manager Roberto Martinez were adamant in their refusal. ", "Chelsea had to relent and Stones stayed put. ", "But not before the damage was done. ", "That protracted transfer saga affected his game. ", "Though not visible initially, his form dipped alarmingly and saw him commit silly fouls and naive error that cost his side win after win. ", "It didn’t come as a surprise when he was benched by Martinez and then was used inconsistently for the remainder of the campaign.", "\n\nWill Guardiola’s Leadership Resurrect Stones?", "\n\nWill Guardiola’s Leadership Resurrect Stones?", "\n\nHowever, with new investor Farhad Moshiri now calling shots and the club flush with fresh funds, it would be only logical to assume that Stones will be plying his trade at Goodison Park come 2016-17. ", "But reality and logic are not always on the same side in football. ", "With Guardiola at the helm of Manchester City and Sheikh Mansour’s pockets deep as ever, his departure looks imminent this summer. ", "And maybe, this time, he will not have to hand in a transfer request. ", "Rumoured to have been told to new boss Ronald Koeman of his desire to move to Etihad Stadium, the Merseyside-based outfit would be wise to cash in on him. ", "Having been brought at a measly sum of just £1 million, he is set to be their best ever buy. ", "So what does the future hold for John Stones?", "\n\nGuardiola: A chance for resurrection\n\nIt was not for nothing that Chelsea was involved in a massive bidding war for the defender’s signature. ", "The Barnsley academy product was a breath of fresh air in the English defense. ", "Unlike his fellow defenders, he wasn’t just about brute defending and getting the rid of the ball, but he was a genuine ball-playing center back akin to Leonardo Bonucci of Juventus. ", "While the Citizens are being continuously linked with the Italian, Juventus are in no mood of letting him go. ", "Slapping a price tag of £50 million, they have succeeded in warding off the Etihad based outfit. ", "Also, having being snubbed by Aymeric Laporte who chose to sign a new contract with Athletic Bilbao, Guardiola has been demanding a center back cognate to the likes he has worked with in Barcelona. ", "Stones fits the bill perfectly.", "\n\nWhile the dip in form was a concern to his parent club, Guardiola is more than capable of reshaping the Englishman’s career and give it a new lease of life. ", "Not every footballer can claim to have the opportunity to work under the Catalan and those who did have the chance have been effusive in their praise. ", "Having revolutionized the playing styles of David Alaba and Philipp Lahm at Bayern, he is more than favourite to replicate the same with Stones. ", "Also, by moving to Etihad stadium, he would be guaranteed one thing that Everton couldn’t: Trophies. ", "Even in the reign of Manuel Pellegrini which saw City slump alarmingly which had put serious question marks over their participation in the Champions League, the blue half of Manchester still had a trophy to celebrate for. ", "In stark contrast to Everton, who haven’t claimed one in more than three decades? ", "Ronald Koeman is a great coach and can make him better too but the things on offer at Etihad stadium are far too tempting to turn down.", "\n\nThe Price Tag: Lessons from Sterling saga\n\nWhile all the talk of his transfer is bound to make any youngster optimistic, caution cannot be ignored. ", "For every Kevin De Bruyne, there is a Raheem Sterling. ", "Both big money moves but the fortunes couldn’t have been any more different. ", "While the Belgian lit up the home ground with his electrifying displays that made him a mainstay in the attack in just his first season, the English youngster fizzled out after a bright start. ", "With sporadic moments of decisiveness, he has hauled off at half-time on numerous occasions by Pellegrini. ", "While the form is prone to slumps, the price tag is bound to have played its part. ", "Having to continuously live up to the £49 million price, he was under pressure straightaway, one which had its effect as the campaign went on. ", "Stones won’t come cheap and he will be well-served to remember his national teammate’s case when jumping the ship.", "\n\nMany of gamblers do ask themselves some question on how they can make money by betting on football matches. ", "Like other game sports, for a gambler to get money on this sport by prediction he or she should have an inside data on the games which are always available at the casino. ", "Having knowledge on the sport you are betting will give you an advantage to win rather than if you don’t know anything about the game. ", "You should know that football games relies on three major outcomes which include; home team to win, away team to win the game or lastly the both teams can end when they draw. ", "Some gambling sites offer football matches with many outcomes which include the three mentioned above, both the team to score, the score to be over 2.5, 3.5 etc, the exact possible goals to be scored either half time or full time, home win/draw, away win/draw among others.", "\n\nHow to make money betting on football matches\n\nHow to make money betting on football matches\n\nBasing on the three major outcomes of football matches, when a gambler lay an event meaning that something probably will not be going to occur will in turn reduce to two possible results i.e either something to occur or not. ", "Example team A is playing against team AB and a gambler lay team say A then the two outcomes that will have been remained to be gambled are team B to win or draw. ", "An advantage of this kind of approach in betting on football is that the gambler is in position to cover 2 or more results in a single bet. ", "This approach is always advantageous to the gamblers because at the end of it, it will cost them little.", "\n\nLaying the 0-0 score line\n\nThis kind of outcomes in football matches has its own advantages and disadvantages. ", "When you place a bet on games with this as an expected end result then it means that the game will end with without any of the teams having scored a goal. ", "In other words the game will have to end with the score being zero for a gambler to get the prize. ", "In most leagues this kind of outcomes in football is experienced on a very few occasion thus it likely that when bettors gambled basing on that they can have limited chances of winning of their bets. ", "If the game ends with one team having a score it means that the gambler has to lose his/her wagered money.", "\n\nLaying the underdog\n\nAt some point basing on the current positions and forms of the teams you can just predict what will be going to happen in the world of football. ", "There are some teams in certain leagues at certain point of the season that can run with a lot of losing results and draws in a row. ", "This can contributed to injuries in the squad say the defenders of such a team are injured then the defence will leaking or their strikers have flopped. ", "Gamblers are required to analyse the team performance, flops in the team, and the injuries. ", "When this has been done keenly it is with no doubt that you are going to bet wisely and come out as winner.", "\n\nLaying back the favourite team\n\nWhen the matches are almost nearing the end of the season and a top team is going to meet a team which is at the bottom of the table battling to escape relegation, it is going to be hard to predict it because every team will be fighting. ", "It is important to lay on the top team with nice liability at the start of the game." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.007575757575757576, 0.01910828025477707, 0.020618556701030927, 0.044444444444444446, 0, 0, 0, 0.0078125, 0, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0.01935483870967742, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0.006944444444444444, 0.012658227848101266, 0.00546448087431694, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0, 0.012578616352201259, 0, 0.020689655172413793, 0.009900990099009901, 0.013452914798206279, 0.012195121951219513, 0.007407407407407408, 0.006666666666666667, 0.03636363636363636, 0, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006134969325153374, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "“Such a good meal! ", "My husband and I booked bar seating because that is all that was available on short notice, but I'm actually glad that's what we had. ", "The bar vibe seems much livelier and more our style than the dining rooms. ", "We also felt like we could take our time a bit more rather than ordering…” more" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Muthoni Likimani\n\nMuthoni Gachanja Likimani (born 1926) is a Kenyan activist and writer, who has published works of both fiction and non-fiction, as well as children's books. ", "In her career she has also been a broadcaster, actress, teacher and publisher. ", "She was the first Kenyan beauty queen, the first African to establish a public relations firm in Kenya and one of the country's earliest female authors.", "\n\nBiography\nMuthoni Likimani was born and raised in Kahuhia Mission, Murang'a District, Kenya, the daughter of Mariuma Wanjiura and Rev. Levi GochanJa. ", "Her father was one of the first Kenyan Anglican church ministers. ", "She taught at Kahuhia Teachers’ Training College, before undetaking further studies in Britain and Israel, becoming involved in broadcasting and public relations. ", "She went on to become one of the first women producers at the Kenya Broadcasting Corporation, working on women's and children's programmes, and was a freelance broadcaster for the BBC. ", "She founded Noni's Publicity, a public relations company that also undertook publishing, such as producing the periodical Women of Kenya.", "\n\nHer first novel, They Shall Be Chastised, was published in 1974, followed by What Does a Man Want? ", "in the same year. ", "In 1985 her third and most important book appeared, Passbook Number F. 47927: Women and Mau Mau in Kenya, its title a reference to her identity number during the Mau Mau struggle. ", "It is a fictional work that dramatizes the roles women played and the strategies they adopted in their daily lives during the fight for freedom.", "\n\nIn the 1980s, Likimani became a Nairobi city councillor, which position she held until the government replaced the council with a city commission. ", "Her autobiography, Fighting Without Ceasing, was published in 2005.", "\n\nIn 2007, she received the World YWCA Council Award in recognition of dedicated leadership for her involvement as a Women's Rights Activist. ", "In 2014 she was appointed Peace Ambassador in Kenya of The International Forum for the Literature and Culture of Peace (IFLAC).", "\n\nPersonal life\nA Kikuyu, she married the Masai Dr Jason Clement Likimani, whom she met when he was the Medical Officer of Health at Fort Hall (now Murang'a) District General Hospital. ", "She has said: \"He had been with my brother, Ngumba, at Makerere University College and he used to come home. ", "He was the only African medical practitioner allowed access to detention camps to treat detainees. ", "And during our visits I was not allowed inside the camps. ", "I would converse across the barbed wire and would sneak in and out letters to detainees’ relatives. ", "That is how I became an unofficial letter carrier even though my husband did not know.\" ", "They had four children. ", "Her husband died in 1989.", "\n\nSelected works\n They Shall Be Chastised. ", "Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau, 1974. ", "Kenya Literature Bureau, 1991, .", "\n What Does a Man Want? ", "Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau, 1974. ", "Noni's Publicity, 2001, \n Passbook Number F. 47927: Women and Mau Mau in Kenya. ", "Basingstoke and London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1985, . ", "Noni's Publicity, 2001, .", "\n Women of Kenya: In the Decade of Development. ", "Nairobi: Noni's Publicity, 1985.", "\n Fighting Without Ceasing, Nairobi: Noni's Publicity, 2005, .", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \"Muthoni Likimani: Story of a Legend\", Africa Creates, 25 July 2013.", "\n \"Capital Talk Muthoni Likimani\", K24TV interview Part 1; \"Capital Talk Muthoni Likimani Part 2\", \"Capital Talk Muthoni Likimani Part 3\", \"Capital Talk Muthoni Likimani Part 4\", YouTube.", "\n\nCategory:1926 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Kenyan writers\nCategory:Kenyan women writers\nCategory:Children's writers\nCategory:Kenyan activists\nCategory:Kenyan women activists\nCategory:20th-century women writers\nCategory:20th-century writers\nCategory:21st-century women writers" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.011428571428571429, 0, 0, 0.019736842105263157, 0, 0.006097560975609756, 0.010810810810810811, 0.0072992700729927005, 0.019801980198019802, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0.006711409395973154, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0.007874015748031496, 0.016216216216216217, 0.01834862385321101, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03125, 0.041666666666666664, 0.025, 0.025, 0.038461538461538464, 0.04, 0, 0.03125, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0.0053475935828877, 0 ]

[ "FREE Email Newsletter\n\nWith the recent security breaches involving the cloud, consumers are naturally concerned about the privacy and security of information stored there. ", "Though the cloud offers a easy-to-use solution for data storage, it comes with the inherent risks involved in storing information outside of your own harddrive.", "\n\nHappy 13th birthday to the music device that changed the world. ", "There had been other (terrible) options for portable mp3 players, but the iPod was the one that blew the roof off the electronics industry. ", "Introduced on October 23rd, 2001 and coming in at $400 ...\n\nOver the past few months, element14’s Forget Me Not Challenge has brought home automation into the forefront, asking its Community of engineers to design and construct IoT devices that allow homeowners to remotely control and manage everyday tasks....\n\nOver at Wireless Week, Senior Editor Andrew Berg posed a question we’ve all been wondering, \"Is Apple Pay all that?” ", "Well, to quote my 90s brethren, it’s all that AND a bag of chips. ", "I haven’t always been a fan of Apple’s decisions. ", "Frankly, the iPad mini ...\n\nThe hype around Apple Pay is overblown. ", "I'm generally not impressed when Android users scream from the mountaintop that they've had this or that feature for years. ", "Having used a number of high-end Android phones, I know what first to market means....\n\nWhile my current gig is serving as the President of a product development professional services firm, I’ve spent many years in companies large and small developing products as a mechanical engineer and also in engineering management....\n\nIf you thought Leap Motion was going to be the mouse of the future (ok, I thought it was) then you should brace yourself for what could be the next big thing in the world of the mouse. ", "The Dynamic Chair is a full-body chair designed to replace the traditional mouse....\n\nI hate flying. ", "I’m not scared, mind you. ", "I hate the hassle — arriving early, checking in, and trudging through the security checkpoints. ", "So the prospect of riding the “world’s worst airline” — Air Koryo from North Korea — sounds as appealing as a hole in the head....\n\nSmall component packages seem to be a recurring theme with me. ", "It's understandable, I guess. ", "Super tiny packages are becoming more and more common and we build a lot of product with them. ", "The smallest we've built is 0.3mm pitch....\n\nToday, engineers, we’re going to have a lesson about what’s an acceptable attitude to have and what’s not an acceptable attitude to have. ", "For example, it’s perfectly acceptable to think my opinion is dead wrong because you’re a diehard Android fan. ", "It’s not okay to think I’m an idiot because I’m a woman.....\n\nBrace yourself, wind power is coming. ", "On Tuesday, wind farms made up 14.2 percent of all power generated during the 24 hours, while nuclear power contributed 13.2 percent. ", "It's not a huge gain, but it's a significant one. ", "So what happened?", "\n\nThey’re the unsung heroes of the sky — the men and women flying alongside the studs piloting some of the most advanced aerial systems in the world. ", "Their purpose? ", "To take stunning aerial photography ... though that meager description does them a disservice....\n\nThe latest low energy wireless communication protocols in the Bluetooth 4.0 specification are driving a whole new market of battery powered and portable systems. ", "Designers are increasingly looking to integrate this connectivity into their new and existing product lines to unlock the power of the Internet of Things and cloud services.", "\n\nIt’s time for the Brainstorm for our December issue on LEDs! ", "LEDs have become increasingly popular due to falling prices and increasing life spans. ", "We want to know what you are designing them into or what the coolest implementation you've seen is!", "\n\nLadies and gentlemen, the pinnacle of nerd fantasies has come true — the hoverboard is real! ", "Next year is 2015, which means we’ve finally caught up to Back to the Future II — and its quasi-plausible vision of the future. ", "How’d it do? ", "Well, we don’t have flying cars...." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.005813953488372093, 0, 0, 0.007142857142857143, 0.009302325581395349, 0, 0.02, 0.014705882352941176, 0.008064516129032258, 0.003913894324853229, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Last updated on .From the section Football\n\nNick Blackman scored his eighth goal of the season for Reading\n\nReading scored twice in the opening nine minutes against Burnley to earn their fourth away win in a row and move third in the Championship.", "\n\nThey led when Nick Blackman slotted home from Hal Robson-Kanu's back-heel.", "\n\nIt was soon 2-0 as Chelsea loanee Lucas Piazon finished a fine counter-attack for his first Reading goal.", "\n\nThe hosts pulled one back when Tendayi Darikwa tapped in at the back post from Scott Arfield's delivery, but a first home defeat drops them to sixth.", "\n\nWith his side lacking in creativity, Clarets manager Sean Dyche brought on former QPR midfielder Joey Barton for his debut, but Darikwa's first goal for the club was as good as it got for the home side.", "\n\nThey were undone by a fine start from the Royals, who took the lead when Burnley defender Michael Keane failed to clear, allowing Wales international Robson-Kanu to brilliantly set up Blackman, who calmly finished into the corner.", "\n\nSteve Clarke's side then produced a superb passing move, with Chris Gunter putting in a low right-wing cross for Brazilian Piazon to score on his fourth Royals appearance.", "\n\nBurnley, who had begun the day third in the table, saw Michael Kightly force visiting keeper Jonathan Bond into a fine save, but that was as close as they came in the first half.", "\n\nAfter Darikwa's goal, Burnley forward Sam Vokes' deflected strike was parried by Bond, but the Clarets needed Darikwa to clear off the line from Blackman.", "\n\nAt the other end, Oliver Norwood cleared off his own line from Keane's header, and Norwood then hit the bar with a free-kick as the Royals held on to move above their hosts.", "\n\nBurnley manager Sean Dyche:\n\n\"It's unusual for us to start so sloppy really. ", "They scored a first from us crossing the ball and a breakaway and a bit of a mix-up really so it's a mistake from us and the second one was good play from them.", "\n\n\"After that I thought the response was excellent. ", "The way the team went about it for the rest of the game, the chances we created were certainly enough to get something from the game.", "\n\n\"We kept them to mainly long-distance efforts apart from one at the end where it got a bit of a scramble in the box.", "\n\n\"You can't give a two-goal head-start to anyone at any level of football. ", "It's very difficult then.\"", "\n\nReading boss Steve Clarke:\n\n\"The idea is always to be competitive in the division and I think after quite a slow start, not performance-wise but results-wise, we're starting to pick up wins now so that's four wins out of the last five games.", "\n\n\"If you continue to do that in this league, who knows what can happen because if you're able to string together a run of wins, as Burnley did which took them into the top six and as we've done recently, you can quickly get up the table.", "\n\n\"But there's no point in getting too excited about the table in September.\"", "\n\nLucas Piazon (left) celebrates his goal with provider Chris Gunter (centre)\n\nJoey Barton played in his first competitive game since May - when playing for QPR in their 5-1 defeat by Leicester" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.016194331983805668, 0.02631578947368421, 0.009345794392523364, 0.013245033112582781, 0.014705882352941176, 0.01293103448275862, 0.011560693641618497, 0.011111111111111112, 0.019230769230769232, 0.017142857142857144, 0.02531645569620253, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00411522633744856, 0.004201680672268907, 0, 0.015544041450777202 ]

[ "Big Thoughts for Little Thinkers: The Trinity eBook (EPUB, PDF)\n\n$3.99\n\nThe Trinity promotes the Christian doctrine that there is one God who exists as three persons the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. ", "This teaching is important for children to relate rightly to each member of the godhead. ", "Our ideas about God affect every area of our lives.", "\n\nDescription\n\nThe most foundational teachings of the Christian faith are presented in the Big Thoughts for Little Thinkers series at a level preschool and elementary children can understand. ", "In simple and precise language, God centered theology is promoted, giving children a firm foundation in God’s timeless truth.", "\n\nThe Trinity promotes the Christian doctrine that there is one God who exists as three persons the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. ", "This teaching is important for children to relate rightly to each member of the godhead. ", "Our ideas about God affect every area of our lives." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.02, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0 ]

[ "Navigation bar\n\nSearch ...\n\nJan 27, 2015\n\nHobby without company can be boring at times, and I have been longing to be part of sewing club and meet sewistas... First step to that would be joining an online club and when I saw this Bag of the month club https://www.facebook.com/groups/649141071864918/?fref=nf, I jumped at the opportunity.", "\n\nThis club functions for 6 months jan - June and each month a new pattern is released by talented designers who are part of the group and all the members will get the pattern. ", "This is a paid club and membership costs USD 40 . ", "Feel free to join the fun, you can join anytime from jan - June, you will get patterns for all 6 months\n\nNow to The Companion carpet bag , pattern by talented Samanatha is easy to sew. ", "The cutting and fusing took maximum time for me. ", "Fixing the frame and meddling with screws took sometime to get used to . ", "But that is the last step so it's a breeze until then\n\nSewista Applique is my personal touch to the bag. ", "The bag has external pocket with invisible magnet closure and also has a inner mobile pocket and misc slip pocket. ", "It also has a zippered pocket on the inside.", "\n\nThe bag also has feet at bottom to protect the fabric, my first attempt at using bag base and bag feet. ", "Guess what I have used for bag base which is hidden between main and lining layers .", "\n\niPhone case plastic carton, which I cut open and used bag base, sandwiched between 2 Layers of fabric.necessity is the mother of all inventions ..yay!!", "\n\nHandles have been made by me using Pu leather and fabric bias strips. ", "Didn't have any 1 inch D ring in stock so switched the straps and then added the strap coverup in triangle shape to go with gusset fabric!", "\n\nNow Adithi needs one as ..guess what for ...as her lunch bag, cause the frame is so easy to open and close. ", "In fact she checked if she can use this, which usually I do indulge her requests, but not this time as this bag is meant for the Sewista !!! ", "Need to order one more frame now... Frame is quite expensive at usd 10.5 with shipping . ", "Which means 45 MYR for just the frame..but I had decided this year to indulge with a budget for my sewing fantasies and I am going to do it, have fun sewing and be happy in life :)\n\nJan 8, 2015\n\nSomedays inspite of hours of digging through your stash of fabrics, staring at your laptop screen googling for inspiration , scratching your head..you seem to run out of ideas and just when you are about to throw in the towel , viola you finally do get an idea to create something ...\n\nIn Spite of having to unpick seams of non forgiving pu leather fabric, and just about scrape through dimensions for end product , you did create something presentable , made with lot of emotions and passion...\n\nPat yourself on the back, you were born to be a seamstress, albeit with some stress on 'stress'... Yes the you in this story is Me... Today's creation is a eyeglass case for my mom, who celebrated her bday last month .. Pu leather exterior with Amma appliqué in tamil script and lined with cotton which is fused with batting to provide the necessary cushion. ", "Now having my fingers crossed as I am not sure if the dimensions are long enough to fit the eyeglass comfortably ..need to wait for hubby to come back to test his frame\n\nNov 14, 2014\n\nI know I haven't been posting regularly on the blog, but those of you who are on www.facebook.com/AdithisCouture know that I have been sewing ... I still have so many pending posts ,..oh yes elsa dress is still WIP post :(\n\nOk now let me get on to this post. ", "This is about the birthday dress I made for my little girl who actually isn't little anymore, she turned 8 !", "\n\nHad made a sewing mood board using thermocol and the first project on it was for her bday dress. ", "I gave her collection of magazines and asked her to choose dresses she liked, it could be color, cut, design, embellishment anything she liked. ", "She chose few and based on that I added a few and made the mood board\n\nI have the mood board right above my sewing desk . ", "I am surprised at the impact that it had on my design and sewing, I was improvising and working on bodice of frock and after having completing it, it was shocking to me that a design on mood board had come through in the bodice albiet in a morphed form , but It did come and without actually intending to do so while working on the bodice ...so yes Mood boards work big time and I recommend it for every sewista, infact for every creative person , I am sure it will help in your design and execution , especially when you get a whole whirlwind of ideas and don't know which ones to shortlist and choose ...pls try it out and you will be happy with your mood board .", "\n\nNow let's talk about the dress in detail. ", "As you can see the number 8 itself was in teal color as chosen by Adithi and the dress base color will be teal. ", "She wanted to have peocock colors so teal, blue and green, slight hint of purple, but I gave up on green and used teal, light blue, ink blue and a purple, blue, teal mixed fabric, sorry forgot the name, it was japanese something fabric I found in Kamdar.", "\n\nOh yes fabric shopping was an ordeal, as I tried Spotlight once and couldn't get much to suit the mood board within my budget, which is surprising and had even thought of changing the pallete for the dress but decided to try one more attempt at shopping and I stuck s good deal this time at kamdar, the right colors, texture and price that I was looking for .", "\n\nBodice took an entire swwing day , with blink tuck pleats (yes my latest sewing technique obsession!!) ", "which were in bias and then I filled in the gap between two pleated spaces using fan made of fabric in 3 colors, yes I went avant garde and to be honest I am pleased with the result, though I was initially apprehensive thinking if I am going over board... One shoulder bodice was drafted and I added elastic infused, intertwined straps for more stability on the other side. ", "It has back zipper opening and is lined with cotton satin. ", "Oh yes the main fabric for bodice is teal color tafetta . ", "Wanted the skirt to start from low waist , hence added a big waist band with mixed color fabric\n\nWith the bodice done, it was a tough decision to choose which fabric to use for skirt the dark blue organza or the mixed color name not known fabric . ", "Adithi chose the later. ", "Made an high low circle skirt which runs high low from side to side rather than front to back. ", "Also another layer of ink blue organza is beaneath it and then It is interlied with tafetta and underlined with cotton satin half circle skirt . ", "Yes lots of layers for skirt and it adds fullness and gives shape without using tulle and is light in weight ...the only fabric heavy was cotton satin lining!", "\n\nBow on strap is last minute addition as I felt strap too nude compared to all those avant garde fabric fans on bodice. ", "Bow is separate and is attached to broooch pin, so it can worn with any other outfit.", "\n\nAfter a trial session, Adithi said waist was itching , since the waist seams were visible though overlocked..i adding a seam covering using bias strip of cotton sateen and covered up seams, yes couture finish fit for a princess ...\n\nOh yes had also made tile jewellery to go with it, earrings and necklace using fabric .", "\n\nShe had an awesome day at school, yes this year she wanted to go to school on her bday ..every year at the start she says how she would like to celebrate her bday and we plan accordingly ...last year she wanted a surprise a big one, so we took her to disneyland hongkong, this year she wanted to celebrate with friends at school..so it was ..then we went to park and temple in the evening ... Her favourite Geronimo Stilton book collection was the bday gift, which we had hidden in different places in the house and sent her on a treasure hunt, she was thrilled and elated. ... ", "Made her handmade pop up card and then evening surprise gift was scrabble , which we played seated at the park until late into night when mosquitoes ensured it was time to head back home ...it was awesome birthday fitting for a princess....\n\nOct 15, 2014\n\nMade matching skirts for Adithi and Me. ", "We love wearing matchy outfits and flaunting our matchy accessories. ", "Just the thrill that we both are wearing alike keeps us motivated to wear matchy match . ", "Not sure though, how long this will continue , with Adithi growing up, I am not sure if she would like to be seen wearing outfits which matches with her mom's... That is for future, now lets enjoy the moment right now where she really loves to match with mom provided I reassure her that despite the similarity , her outfit is better than mine :)\n\nSep 22, 2014\n\nMaking Yukata (the traditional Japanese Summer Kimono) was qutie challenging. ", "I had never seen this outfit in person before and had to make use of the pics i found on the net as reference. ", "Checked a few online tutorials on how to make it, and more i saw them, the more confused i was. ", "so after an hour or so of wandering on the net, i decided to take things under control and started drafting own pattern directly on fabric.", "\n\nFabric folded lengthwise with chest width + 1.25 inch (mistake, i had to add 2+inches or so for overlap at front, will correct it next time ) and marked front and back pieces together without shoulder seam (sorry didn't take any pic while making it as i was too preoccupied figuring it out) , so mostly a rectangle with neck curve and sleeve without any curve as in armhole which are cut straight\n\nCollar was another lengthy rectangle and had to sewn around neck and center front overlap sides . ", "this is more like modern day bathrobe . ", "I had miscalculated length of collar and next time when i make it will cut neck depth bit more at front so that overlap collar is up until low waist, rather than just below ribs in this outfit.", "\n\nSleeves were also a rectangle cut on fold with sleevelength as desired and breadth being armhole depth * 2 as sleeves hang extra beyond armhole. ", "This was most tough for me as couldnt figure out armhole vent which was there in pics and finally figured it out. ", "I am still not sure if i did it right and i need to get my hands on Yukata to see if i did manage to sew it right.", "\n\nMade an Obi Belt, which was basically a rectangle to fit her waist and added velcro straps at back. ", "made a huge interfaced bow and attached it to the back of Obi. ", "Making Obi was the easiest part of this entire outfit.", "\n\nWe were supposed to go to Bon Odori - festival on Saturday and since my hubby was unwell and it was raining heavily, we had to cancel it at the last minute. ", "never mind we had a Bon Odori photosession at home! ", "And she had loads of fun and said the outfit was very airy n comfy !!!! ", "I did a cheatseat and added a godget at back for ease of movement and also to make up for my shortage on front overlap added a hidden flap overlap at front underside part. ", "Liberty of sewista ...yay!!", "\n\nBon Odori @ home\n\nBetter view of Sleeves and yes a little bow hairclip made to match :)\n\nShe loved every moment of it and was jumping with joy ! ", "ahoy !", "\n\nNext time when i make yukata i will be more prepared and it will be much closer to original traditional version." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0029585798816568047, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0.0070921985815602835, 0, 0.0028544243577545195, 0.004514672686230248, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003105590062111801, 0.0034482758620689655, 0.0033783783783783786, 0, 0, 0.004545454545454545, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0, 0.006289308176100629, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nIs there a way to pass a Python variable to Javascript without writing it to a file?", "\n\nLet's say I have a simple Python variable, such as the following:\nx = 5\n\nI'd like to create a web page that uses javascript to further process that variable, running on the same computer (a Raspberry Pi).", "\n<!", "DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<body>\n\n<script>\ndocument.write(x);\n</script>\n\n</body>\n</html>\n\nBecause the Raspberry Pi uses a micro SD card, I would like to limit the number of read/write cycles. ", " Is there a way to store this Python variable in memory (or some other way) which could be accessed by the Javascript code?", "\nI know some will suggest rewriting the Python code in Javascript, but I already have a large Python program that I would prefer NOT to have to rewrite due to time and the original effort involved in its creation. ", " And if you are curious, I'm using the Javascript to display data with Highcharts - which is preferred for my project.", "\n\nA:\n\nA couple ideas:\n\nRun a web server in your Python application and expose an endpoint that returns that data. ", "In your Javascript app, call this API (accessible on 0.0.0.0) and consume the data. ", "Caveat: you'll have to setup a web server in your Python app and keep it running.", "\n\nHere's a better idea:\n\nRun a Redis instance on your Pi. ", "Redis is an in-memory cache provider, and you can configure it not to persist any data to the disk. ", "As such, it'll become an in-memory broker between your Python and Javascript applications. ", "Redis runs as a local web server on your Pi and exposes endpoints for writing and reading data. ", "From your Python app, call the Redis endpoint to write some data, and from your Javascript app, call Redis to read what you need. ", "\n\nhttps://redis.io/topics/ARM\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.011363636363636364, 0, 0, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0.01, 0.01098901098901099, 0.010416666666666666, 0.015384615384615385, 0.03225806451612903 ]

[ "Use of minimally invasive procedures, such as catheter ablation, to treat a variety of heart conditions, such as supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, is becoming increasingly prevalent. ", "Often, these procedures involve the mapping of electrical activity in the heart at various locations on the endocardium surface, referred to as cardiac mapping, to identify the mechanism of the arrhythmia followed by a targeted ablation. ", "To perform the cardiac mapping, a catheter with one or more electrodes can be inserted into the patient's heart chamber.", "\nCardiac mapping techniques include contact mapping, near-contact mapping, and non-contact mapping. ", "In contact mapping, one or more catheters are advanced into the heart and physiological signals resulting from the electrical activity of the heart are acquired with one or more electrodes located at the catheter distal tip after determining that the tip is in stable and steady contact with the endocardium surface of a heart chamber. ", "The location and electrical activity can be measured on a point-by-point basis at, for example, about 50 to 200 points on the internal surface of the heart to construct an electro-anatomical depiction of the heart. ", "In near-contact mapping, a movable catheter having multiple spatially distributed electrodes is placed in a heart chamber of interest and moved to one or more locations within the chamber of interest, where the electrodes are on or near, such as within millimeters of, the endocardium surface of the heart chamber. ", "Measurements are taken automatically at each of the locations of the catheter, without determining whether the electrodes are in contact with the surface of the heart. ", "These measurements are analyzed to detect the endocardium surface of the heart chamber in the vicinity of the catheter. ", "The location of the catheter, e.g., a location provided by a tracking system, and the measurements from the electrodes are used to reconstruct the chamber anatomy, where, for example, 20,000 measurements may be made to construct an electro-anatomical depiction of the heart. ", "As the tracked catheter is moved inside the chamber, a partial or complete representation of the chamber anatomy can be constructed. ", "In non-contact mapping, a multiple electrode catheter is placed in the heart chamber of interest and the catheter is deployed to assume a three dimensional shape. ", "Using the signals detected by the non-contact electrodes and information on chamber anatomy and relative electrode location, the system calculates and provides physiological information regarding the endocardium surface of the heart chamber. ", "In these cardiac mapping techniques, the generated map may then serve as the basis for deciding on a therapeutic course of action, such as tissue ablation, to alter the propagation of the heart's electrical activity and to restore normal heart rhythm.", "\nWhile mapping a patient's heart, the patient may present multiple different types of cardiac rhythms, mixed in time, which the user wants to map and/or the patient may present a paced rhythm. ", "Typically, the mapping system is set to capture one type of cardiac rhythm for a current map. ", "If the cardiac rhythm changes, the new type of cardiac rhythm is not added to the current map. ", "To capture signals associated with the new cardiac rhythm type, the mapping system must be reconfigured to an existing cardiac mapping configuration that matches the current cardiac rhythm or the mapping system must be reconfigured to capture the current cardiac rhythm. ", "However, determining whether an existing cardiac mapping configuration can be used for the current cardiac rhythm can be a difficult and time consuming process and programming a new mapping configuration into the mapping system can take anywhere from 10 seconds to more than a minute, either of which may result in lost data and frustration." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0.021052631578947368, 0.0036900369003690036, 0 ]

[ "Aasha Sundari\n\nAasha Sundari is a 1960 Kannada film, directed by Hunsur Krishnamurthy and produced and written by S. Bhavanarayana. ", "The film starred Krishnakumari in the titular role, besides Rajkumar, Harini and M. N. Lakshmi Devi in other pivotal roles. ", "The film, produced under Gowri Productions, has musical score composed by Susarla Dakshinamurthi, with lyrics written by the director himself. ", "Hunsur Krishnamurthy simultaneously made the movie in Telugu as Rama Sundari, starring Kanta Rao.", "\n\nCast\n Rajkumar\n Krishnakumari\n Harini\n Narasimharaju\n M. N. Lakshmi Devi\n Rajasree\n Kantha Rao\n Hanumantha Rao\n Hemalatha\n Ramachandra Shastry\n\nSoundtrack\nThe music was composed by Susarla Dakshinamurthi, with lyrics by Hunsur Krishnamurthy.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Indian films\nCategory:1960 films\nCategory:1960s Kannada-language films\nCategory:Indian black-and-white films\nCategory:Films scored by Susarla Dakshinamurthi" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.022727272727272728, 0.016129032258064516, 0.013986013986013986, 0.041237113402061855, 0.012345679012345678, 0.005128205128205128 ]

[ "\n722 So.2d 971 (1999)\nThe SCHOOL BOARD OF BROWARD COUNTY, Florida, Petitioner,\nv.\nPOLERA BUILDING CORPORATION, a Florida Corporation, and Perri Builders, Inc., a Florida corporation, as joint venturers doing business as Polera Construction Corporation/Perri Builders, Inc., a joint venture, Respondents.", "\nNo. ", "98-3072\nDistrict Court of Appeal of Florida, Fourth District.", "\nJanuary 6, 1999.", "\nF. Malcolm Cunningham, Jr., and Amy L. Fischer of Cunningham & Self, P.A., West Palm Beach, and Michael A. Robinson of Michael A. Robinson, P.A., Fort Lauderdale, for petitioner.", "\nStuart H. Sobel of Siegfried, Rivera, Lerner, De La Torre & Sobel, P.A., Coral Gables, for respondents.", "\nGROSS, J.\nThe School Board of Broward County seeks certiorari review of an order denying its motions to disqualify respondents' law firm and to lift a stay of discovery into matters pertaining to the disqualification issue. ", "This court has jurisdiction. ", "See Springtree Country Club Plaza, Ltd. v. Blaut, 642 So.2d 27, 28 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994); Fla.R.App.", "P. 9.030(b)(2).", "\nAs joint venturers, respondents Polera Building Corporation and Perri Builders, Inc. contracted with the school board to be the general contractor on the Eagle Ridge project, which involved the construction of an elementary school. ", "The contract required the general contractor to construct the school using an architectural prototype designed by Shrum Ali Associates, Inc. (Shrum Ali).", "\nThe general contractor sued the school board for breach of contract. ", "In addition to *972 claims which detailed the school board's own deficiencies in performance, the complaint contained allegations concerning the inadequacy of the Shrum Ali prototype and the architect's non-performance of contractual obligations attributable to the school board. ", "The complaint also based a claim on problems arising from the school board's minority business enterprise program. ", "The allegations of the complaint include: that the general contractor was required to use minority subcontractors identified by the school board on a list; that the school board \"expressly warranted\" that the listed subcontractors were licensed, insured, bondable and competent to do the work; that the school board knew that many of the listed subcontractors were incompetent, but failed to so inform the general contractor; and, that due to the nonperformance of the listed subcontractors, the general contractor had to pay twice for their work.", "\nThe Shrum Ali prototype was the subject of previous litigation when it was used in the construction of other school buildings in Broward. ", "The claim based on the minority business enterprise program was similar to a claim filed against the school board by another contractor, S.T. Wicole Construction Corporation of Florida, Inc. (Wicole). ", "The law firm defending the school board in that case was Becker & Poliakoff, P.A. The Wicole case involved many of the same minority subcontractors who worked on the Eagle Ridge project in this case. ", "Prior to the commencement of the lawsuit in this case, Becker & Poliakoff had filed an indemnification action for the school board against Shrum Ali, which theoretically included claims against the school board on the Eagle Ridge project due to deficiencies in the architect's plans and performance.", "\nThe school board moved to disqualify the respondents' entire law firm, Siegfried, Rivera, Lerner, De La Torre & Sobel, P.A. (Siegfried, Rivera). ", "The motion was supported by an affidavit executed by Steven Lesser, an attorney at Becker & Poliakoff. ", "The motion alleged that Mark Weinstein, an attorney with Siegfried, Rivera, had been employed as an associate at Becker & Poliakoff, one of the law firms which represent the school board in construction litigation cases; that the instant case was pending at the same time that Weinstein represented the school board on closely related matters; that while he was employed at Becker & Poliakoff, Weinstein worked on the indemnification suit brought by the school board against Shrum Ali; that Weinstein had been given access to all of Becker & Poliakoff's confidential files on school board matters, including the Eagle Ridge project; that Weinstein had consulted with school board representatives and experts hired to evaluate construction claims; that Weinstein was privy to the law firm's theories of defense and liability in related cases; and that Weinstein had consulted with the school board's officer in charge of the minority business program about the subcontractors included on the approved list.", "\nIn sum, the school board contended that Weinstein had obtained confidential client information relating to the Eagle Ridge project as well as confidential information in different lawsuits on matters substantially related to those at issue in this case.", "\nThe general contractor responded with Weinstein's affidavit, in which he alleged that he had performed only \"routine and perfunctory assignments\" relating to school board cases, \"almost exclusively involving library research and the drafting of pleadings and minor discovery matters.\" ", "The affidavit conceded that Siegfried, Rivera had assigned Weinstein to cases against the school board. ", "However, Weinstein denied that he reviewed or discussed any confidential matters relating to school board litigation or communicated with the board's expert witnesses about any Shrum Ali project while he was employed at Becker & Poliakoff. ", "He claimed that his participation in the indemnification case was limited to working on a motion to dismiss. ", "He admitted that he had communicated with the board's minority contract administrator, but claimed that his conversations were limited to requesting information for a partner.", "\nAfter the school board's motion to disqualify was filed, Siegfried, Rivera terminated Weinstein's employment and took the position that the disqualification issue was moot. ", "Both parties had already scheduled discovery *973 on Weinstein's contact with the school board. ", "However, at the general contractor's behest, the trial court stayed discovery until after the hearing on the motion to disqualify.", "\nThe trial court denied the motion to disqualify based on the affidavits alone, without taking any further evidence.", "\nNissan Motor Corp. in U.S.A. v. Orozco, 595 So.2d 240 (Fla. 4th DCA 1992), controls the disposition of this case. ", "In that case, the plaintiff filed a wrongful death case against Nissan, which hired the firm of Rumberger, Kirk, Caldwell, Cabaniss, Burke & Weschler (Rumberger) to defend it. ", "A partner in Rumberger's Orlando office was in charge of the case. ", "The Orlando partner requested that a Miami associate of the firm cover eight discovery depositions, most of which were for custodians of the decedent's employment and medical records. ", "The Miami associate took the depositions. ", "Later, the associate left the Rumberger firm and became an associate in the law firm of the plaintiff's attorneys.", "\nOnce the Rumberger firm learned of the associate's defection, it filed a motion to disqualify the plaintiff's attorneys. ", "After the motion was filed, the plaintiff's law firm terminated the employment of the former Rumberger associate. ", "The trial court conducted an evidentiary hearing, and ruled that Rule 4-1.10 of the Rules Regulating the Florida Bar[1] contained the applicable rules for disqualification; the court found that the Miami associate never acquired confidential information and that no one at the plaintiff's law firm received confidential information from the associate.", "\nIn Nissan, this court agreed with the analysis of the trial court and denied certiorari. ", "We found that Rule 4-1.10(c) applied to a situation where the lawyer with the purported conflict is terminated by the firm sought to be disqualified after the filing of a motion for disqualification.", "\nParaphrased, subsection (c)(1) and (2) of rule 4-1.10 provide that, when a lawyer has terminated an association with a firm, as [the Miami associate] has with [plaintiff's attorneys], the firm is not prohibited from representing a person with interests materially adverse to those of a client represented by the formerly associated lawyer unless the matter is the same (which it is here) and any lawyer remaining in the [plaintiff's attorney's] firm has information protected by rules 4-1.6 and 4-1.9(b) material to the matter.", "\n595 So.2d at 243. ", "We held that the trial court had correctly applied Rule 4-1.10(b) and (c) to the facts of the case and that the applicable law supported\nthe trial court's decision ... to make a factual determination regarding whether [the Miami associate] himself had any confidential information and whether the attorneys in [the firm representing the plaintiff] acquired knowledge through [the Miami associate] regarding his prior client, Nissan.", "\nId. at 244.", "\nDisqualification cases under Rule 4-1.10 require the trial court to make a factual determination of the issues specified in subsections (b) and (c). ", "See Koulisis v. Rivers, No. ", "98-1043, ___ So.2d ___, 1999 *974 WL 2689 (Fla. 4th DCA Jan.6,1999); Nissan Motor Corp., 595 So.2d at 243-44. ", "The affidavits filed in this case conflict as to whether Weinstein learned of confidential matters during his tenure at Becker & Poliakoff. ", "The affidavits present very different versions of the nature and scope of Weinstein's work on school board cases at Becker, Poliakoff. ", "The general contractor cites to cases in which the disqualification issue was decided without an evidentiary hearing; however, where material facts are in dispute, an evidentiary hearing is required. ", "See Holland v. Tenenbaum, 360 So.2d 493 (Fla. 4th DCA 1978); Dawson v. Bram, 491 So.2d 1275 (Fla. 2d DCA 1986); cf., ", "Trautman v. General Motors Corp., 426 So.2d 1183 (Fla. 5th DCA 1983); Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stansbury, 374 So.2d 1051 (Fla. 5th DCA 1979).", "\nThe trial court departed from the essential requirements of law by denying the school board's motion for disqualification solely on the basis of affidavits submitted by the parties. ", "The petition for writ of certiorari is granted and the order denying the motion for disqualification is quashed. ", "We remand the case for an evidentiary hearing on the issues set forth in Rule 4-1.10(b) and (c). ", "See Koulisis. ", "The trial court shall reconsider its ruling on the discovery issue in light of the requirement that an evidentiary hearing must be held.", "\nGUNTHER and TAYLOR, JJ., ", "concur.", "\nNOTES\n[1] Rule 4-1.10 provides:\n\n(a) While lawyers are associated in a firm, none of them shall knowingly represent a client when any 1 of them practicing alone would be prohibited from doing so by rule 4-1.7, 4-1.8(c), 4-1.9, or 4-2.2.", "\n(b) When a lawyer becomes associated with a firm, the firm may not knowingly represent a person in the same or a substantially related matter in which that lawyer, or a firm with which the lawyer was associated, had previously represented a client whose interests are materially adverse to that person and about whom the lawyer had acquired information protected by rules 4-1.6 and 4-1.9(b) that is material to the matter.", "\n(c) When a lawyer has terminated an association with a firm, the firm is not prohibited from thereafter representing a person with interests materially adverse to those of a client represented by the formerly associated lawyer unless:\n(1) the matter is the same or substantially related to that in which the formerly associated lawyer represented the client; and\n(2) any lawyer remaining in the firm has information protected by rules 4-1.6 and 4-1.9(b) that is material to the matter.", "\n(d) A disqualification prescribed by this rule may be waived by the affected client under the conditions stated in rule 4-1.7.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.0165016501650165, 0, 0, 0, 0.027932960893854747, 0.038461538461538464, 0.0044444444444444444, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0, 0.008583690987124463, 0.013071895424836602, 0.014285714285714285, 0.007142857142857143, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0.007194244604316547, 0.009950248756218905, 0.005, 0.006688963210702341, 0.0136986301369863, 0.019417475728155338, 0.012935323383084577, 0.003937007874015748, 0.0034965034965034965, 0.028846153846153848, 0.0125, 0, 0, 0.005747126436781609, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0.022727272727272728, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0.00819672131147541, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0.011111111111111112, 0, 0, 0.05263157894736842, 0.0023148148148148147, 0, 0, 0, 0.02727272727272727, 0.014285714285714285, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0.008547008547008548, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nPrevent if statement based on value using array\n\nSo the code below checks whether a value has 'CA' before it proceeds as shown below:\nif (this.value !", "== 'CA') {\n formStatePick.style.display = 'block';\n document.querySelector('#stateWarning b#stateName').textContent = this.options[this.selectedIndex].text;\n} else {\n formStatePick.style.display = 'none';\n}\n\nI want to be able to toss in an array called states and then use the array values to check if it does not equal.", "\nHere is my attempt but it doesn't work:\nvar States = [\n \"CA\",\n \"IL\",\n];\n\nif (this.value !", "== States) {\n formStatePick.style.display = 'block';\n document.querySelector('#stateWarning b#stateName').textContent = this.options[this.selectedIndex].text;\n} else {\n formStatePick.style.display = 'none';\n}\n\nWhat might I be doing wrong?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can do this\n\nconst states = [\r\n \"CA\",\r\n \"IL\"\r\n];\r\n\r\nconst value = 'CA';\r\n\r\n\r\nif (!", "states.includes(value)) {\r\n console.log('does not contain');\r\n} else {\r\n console.log('does contain');\r\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0 ]

[ "Arsenal have already made a significant move to improve their defensive solidity by securing the prized signature of Petr Cech, but it now appears that Arsène Wenger is focused on bolstering his striking options. ", "With less than three weeks until the start of the Premier League season, speculation is mounting over potential pursuits of a trio of forwards." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.004694835680751174, 0 ]

[ "var fighterHelper = {\n\n\trun: function fighter_helper_run(viz) {\n\n \t\tif(viz === undefined) {\n \t\tviz = this ;\n \t}\n\n \t// console.log('fighter helper run start', 'viz', viz, 'viz.player.item.y', viz.player.item.y) ;\n\n\t\tviz.fade({\n\n\t\t opacity: 1,\n\t\t duration: viz.fadeDuration,\n\t\t pause: viz.fadeDuration,\n\n\t\t child: imageEffectHelper.fade_transition({\n\n\t\t opacity: 0, \n\n\t\t end: function() {\n\t\t // console.log('fighter helper run end: start', 'viz', viz) ;\n\n\t\t viz.player.paused = false ;\n\n\t\t viz.image = imageHelper.adjust_ratio(imageHelper.image2canvas(viz.config.backgroundImageUrl)) ; \n\n\t\t itemHelper.add(viz, [ // this is the array of objects that are used by the vizflow visualization engine for the main animation loop\n\n\t\t viz.enemy.item,\n\t\t viz.player.item,\n\t\t viz.ui.button.walkLeft,\n\t\t viz.ui.button.walkRight,\n\t\t viz.ui.button.attack,\n\t\t viz.ui.button.jump,\n\t\t viz.enemy.item.responseSet.hit.healthbar.item,\n\t\t viz.player.item.responseSet.hit.healthbar.item,\n\t\t viz.player.score,\n\n\t\t ]) ;\n\t\t \n\t\t },\n\n\t\t child: imageEffectHelper.fade_transition({\n\t\t opacity: 1,\n\t\t end: viz_run,\n\t\t }),\n\t\t }),\n\t\t}) ;\n\n\n\t\tif ( viz.config.music !", "== undefined ) {\n\n\t\t viz.audio.music.loop = true ;\n\t\t\tviz.audio.music.play() ;\n\t\t viz.audio.music.gain.gain.value = 0 ;\n\t\t viz.audio.music.volume = 0.3 ;\n\t\t\tvar fade = 4 ; // seconds\n\t\t\tvar delay = 4 ; // seconds\n\t\t\tviz.audio.music.fade(fade, delay) ;\t\t\t\n\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfunction viz_run() {\n\n\t \tviz.enemy.item.fade( {\n\t \t\tduration: viz.fadeDuration,\n\t \t\topacity: 1,\n\t \t\tend: function() {\n\t \t\t\tviz.enemyAttack.on = true ;\n\t \t\t}\n\t \t}) ;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfunction viz_switch() {\n\n\t\t // console.log('viz_switch', 'viz', viz) ;\n\t\t var image = imageHelper.adjust_ratio(imageHelper.image2canvas(viz.config.backgroundImageUrl)) ; \n\t\t viz.fade({\n\t\t opacity: 1,\n\t\t duration: viz.fadeDuration,\n\t\t end: viz_run,\n\t\t }) ;\n\t\t // viz.fade_switch({image: image, end: viz_run}) \n\t\t}\n\t\n\t},\n\n load_char: function fighter_helper_load_characters(viz) {\n\n \tif(viz === undefined) {\n \t\tviz = this ;\n \t}\n\n\t playerHelper.setup(viz) ; // adds viz.player to viz object\n\t viz.enemy = setup_element(viz, viz.enemyConfig) ;\n\n\t viz.enemy.update = fighterHelper.update_enemy ;\n\n\t viz.player.adversary = viz.enemy ; // decorate the player object for convenient access to the viz.enemy object \n\t viz.enemy.adversary = viz.player ;\n\t\t\n\t viz.setup_score() ;\n\n\t},\n\n\tload_ui: function fighter_helper_ui (viz) {\n \t\n \t\tif(viz === undefined) {\n \t\tviz = this ;\n \t}\n\n\t viz.ui = fighterHelper.setup_ui (viz) ;\n\t\n\t},\t\n\n load_response: function fighter_helper_load_response(playerResponseConfig, enemyResponseConfig, viz) {\n // console.log('response helper load start') ;\n\n if( viz === undefined ) {\n viz = this ;\n }\n \n if(viz.player.config.bulletSwitch) {\n viz.player.load_bullet(viz) ;\n }\n\n fighterHelper.load_powerup (viz) ;\n \n if ( enemyResponseConfig === undefined ) {\n\n enemyResponseConfig = {\n\n healthdrop: viz.enemy.config.healthdrop, \n healthbarY: undefined, \n healthbarX: undefined,\n color: undefined,\n audio: undefined,\n sourceType: 'player',\n\n } ; \n\n }\n\n if ( playerResponseConfig === undefined ) {\n\n playerResponseConfig = {\n\n healthdrop: viz.player.config.healthdrop,\n healthbarY: undefined,\n healthbarX: undefined,\n color: undefined, \n audio: undefined,\n sourceType: 'enemy',\n\n } ;\n\n }\n \n var powerupResponseConfig = {\n \tsourceType: 'powerup',\n } ;\n\n viz.player.item.responseSet.hit = hitHelper.setup(viz, viz.player, playerResponseConfig) ;\n viz.player.item.responseSet.powerup = powerupHelper.setup(viz, powerupResponseConfig) ;\n viz.player.item.responseSet.bump = bumpHelper.setup(viz) ;\n\n viz.enemy.item.responseSet.hit = hitHelper.setup(viz, viz.enemy, enemyResponseConfig) ; \n\n },\t \n\n load_powerup: function fighter_helper_load_powerup(viz, powerupConfig) {\n\n if( viz === undefined ) {\n viz = this ;\n }\n\n if ( powerupConfig === undefined ) {\n\n powerupConfig = {\n\n x: undefined,\n y: undefined,\n inert: true,\n type: 'powerup',\n\n } ;\n\n }\n\n var rowName = ['cell'] ;\n var canvas = imageHelper.image2canvas('./image/powerup.png') ;\n var width = [] ;\n var height = [] ;\n\n var powerup = viz.setup_item(powerupConfig) ;\n powerup.sprite = spriteHelper.get(canvas, rowName, width, height) ;\n // console.log('vizplayerpowerupsprite', viz.player.powerup.sprite) ;\n powerup.image = powerup.sprite.cell[0] ;\n\n powerup.drop = powerupHelper.drop ;\n powerup.stop = powerupHelper.stop ;\n powerup.deliver = powerupHelper.deliver ;\n powerup.", "Nmax = 1 ;\n\n\t\tvar deliveryImage = imageHelper.image2canvas('./image/delivery_spritesheet.png') ;\n\t\tvar rowName = [ ] ; // must match viz.config.name\n\t\tvar tileWidth = [ ] ; \n\t\tvar rowHeight = [ ] ;\n\t\tvar paddingSwitch = false ;\n var deliverySprite = spriteHelper.get(deliveryImage, rowName, tileWidth, rowHeight, paddingSwitch) ;\n\n \tvar levelName = viz.config.name ;\n\n \t// console.log('deliverySprite', deliverySprite, 'levelName', levelName) ;\n\n var deliveryConfig = {\n\n \tsprite: deliverySprite[levelName],\n \timage: deliverySprite[levelName][0],\n \tx: -deliverySprite[levelName][0].originalCanvas.width,\n \ty: 0, // deliverySprite[levelName][0].originalCanvas.height,\n \tinert: true,\n \ttype: 'powerupDelivery',\n \tenter: powerupHelper.release,\n \tviz: viz,\n\n } ;\n\n var delivery = itemHelper.setup(deliveryConfig) ;\n\n viz.player.powerupDelivery = delivery ;\n viz.player.powerup = powerup ;\n\n viz.player.powerup.count = 0 ;\n\n },\n\n\tsetup_ui: function fighter_helper_setup_ui (viz) {\n\n \t\tif(viz === undefined) {\n \t\tviz = this ;\n \t}\n\n\t var ui = {\n\n\t hiddenCanvas: undefined,\n\t hiddenContext: undefined,\n\t leftButtonConfig: undefined,\n\t buttonSprite: undefined,\n\t buttonX: undefined,\n\t buttonY: undefined,\n\t x: undefined,\n\t y: undefined,\n\n\t } ;\n\n\t ui.button = fighterHelper.setup_buttons (viz, ui) ;\n\n\t return ui ;\n\t \n\t},\n\n\tsetup_buttons: function fighter_helper_setup_buttons (viz, ui) {\n\n\t\tvar button = {} ;\n\n\t return button ;\n\n\t},\n\n\tsetup_healthbar: function fighter_helper_setup_healthbar (viz, health, height, x, y, color) {\n\t\tvar healthbar = {} ;\n\n\t healthbar.item = {\n\t\t viz: viz, \n\n\t\t rect: {\n\t\t viz: viz, \n\t\t x: x,\n\t\t y: y,\n\t\t width: health,\n\t\t height: height,\n\t\t color: color,\n\t\t inert: true,\n\t\t fixed: true,\n\t \t},\n\n\t render: function draw_bar() {\n\t \tthis.rect.width = this.width ;\n\t drawHelper.rect (this.rect, viz.fullContext) ;\n\t },\n\n\t width: health,\n\n\t } ;\n\n\t healthbar.initialHealth = health ;\n\t healthbar.health = health ;\n\n\t return healthbar ;\n\n\t},\n\n\tupdate_enemy: function fighter_helper_update_enemy (enemy) {\n\n\t\tif(enemy === undefined) {\n\t\t\tenemy = this ;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t// console.log('update_enemy start') ;\n\n\t\t// console.log('update enemy end') ;\n\n\t},\t\n\n} ;" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0007836990595611285, 0.0024813895781637717, 0.003457216940363008 ]

[ "Central apelin administration and restraint stress induce hypothalamic cholecystokinin release via the APJ receptor.", "\nExposure to an acute stressor induces up-regulation of apelin and cholecystokinin (CCK) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which is the key brain centre integrating the stress-induced alterations in neuroendocrine, autonomic and behavioural functions. ", "We tested the hypothesis that the release of CCK from the PVN is increased by centrally administered or stress-induced up-regulated endogenous apelin via the APJ receptor. ", "Additionally, the effect of hypothalamic CCK on autonomic outflow was investigated under basal and stressed conditions. ", "In vivo brain microdialysis was performed in rats that received (i) intra-PVN administration of apelin-13 or (ii) acute restraint stress (ARS). ", "For chemical stimulation of the neurones in the PVN, a high concentration of KCl was applied by reverse microdialysis. ", "CCK-8 levels in microdialysates were quantified by an enzyme immunoassay. ", "The immunoreactivity of the APJ receptor and CCK was detected by immunofluorescence in hypothalamic sections. ", "Heart rate variability was assessed in rats that received PVN stimulation or ARS following pre-administration of vehicle or CCK1 receptor antagonist lorglumide. ", "Both intra-PVN exogenous apelin-13 and ARS increased the CCK-8 levels in dialysates significantly. ", "The ARS-induced elevations in CCK levels were reversed by intra-PVN pre-administration of the APJ receptor antagonist F13A. Within the PVN, robust APJ receptor expression was detected on the CCK-producing mediocellular cells, in addition to the parvocellular neurones in the periventricular region. ", "Dual immunoreactivity of APJ/CCK was observed in magnocellular cells to a lesser degree. ", "Both exogenous apelin and ARS increased the CCK immunoreactivity markedly within the PVN, which was diminished significantly by F13A. Sympathetic tonus was increased markedly both by PVN stimulation and ARS, which was attenuated by lorglumide. ", "These results revealed the interaction between apelin and CCK in the brain, suggesting that hypothalamic CCK may contribute to the apelin-induced alterations in autonomic outflow under stressed conditions." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.008620689655172414, 0, 0.01744186046511628, 0, 0, 0.008403361344537815, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0.013377926421404682, 0.011235955056179775, 0.012295081967213115, 0.004878048780487805 ]

[ "Q:\n\nOpen Health and go to an App's permission via URL Scheme\n\nCan we link directly to Sources then my app? ", "I tried to open an URL like x-apple-health://sources/MyApp but it only open Sources and not goes directly to MyApp. ", "Anyone knows if that's even possible?", "\nEDIT: this is not a duplication of Open HealthKit App from another app as I know how to open Health app itself - I would like to know whether it's possible to go directly to an app's permissions, not just the general Sources tab. ", "\n\nA:\n\nNo, there is no way to do this. ", "Even x-apple-health://sources is undocumented and therefore not supported. ", "You should file a bug with Apple.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.009345794392523364, 0.008620689655172414, 0, 0.004329004329004329, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0 ]