Datasets:

tomekkorbak

/

pii-pile-chunk3-1850000-1900000

like 0

[ "Gortyn\n\nGortyn, Gortys or Gortyna (, , or , ) is a municipality and an archaeological site on the Mediterranean island of Crete, 45 km away from the modern capital Heraklion. ", "The seat of the municipality is the village Agioi Deka. ", "Gortyn, the Roman capital of Creta et Cyrenaica, was first inhabited around 3200 BC.", "\n\nIt is located in the valley of Messara in the south of the Psiloritis mountain, in the current position of the settlements of Metropolis and Agioi Deka, and near the Libyan Sea.", "\n\nMunicipality\nThe municipality Gortyna was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 4 former municipalities, that became municipal units:\nAgia Varvara\nGortyna\nKofinas\nRouvas\n\nThe municipality has an area of , the municipal unit .", "\n\nGeography\n\nClimate\n\nHistory\n\nThere is evidence of human occupation in Gortyn as far back as the Neolithic era (7000 BC). ", "Many artifacts have been found from the Minoan period, as well as some from the Dorian (c. 1100 BC). ", "Although it is disputed whether the city was in development during the Minoan period, it is true that the city was in existence during the heroic times, because it is referenced by Homer, among the cities of Crete that were flourishing and were well fortified. ", "The city was complimented by Plato and many others. ", "The city of Gortyn surpassed the prominence of Phaistos during the first millennium BC, Phaistos having been the most significant city on Crete during Minoan times. ", "The period of its great prosperity, however, coincided with the Hellenistic era. ", "Gortyn was the most powerful and prosperous city of Crete and took hegemony of the island, dominating the entire valley from Messara to Levina.", "\n\nDuring the Lyttian War in 220 BC the Gortynians were divided by civil strife. ", "The elder Gortynians remained loyal to their traditional ally Cnossus, while the younger favoured the Lyttians. ", "Reinforced by a contingent of Aetolians, the Cnossians marched to Gortys and the elders there led them to occupy their citadel. ", "Then they resolved to kill or expel their younger opponents. ", "The young Gortynians took refuge in the port of Phaistos and some time later they launched an attack against the port of Gortys, which they occupied in order to besiege their opponents in the citadel of Gortys.", "\n\nLater in the 2nd century after the destruction of Phaistos, extended its power to Matala. ", "Gortyn had excellent relations with Ptolemy IV of Egypt, and experienced a new period of prosperity during the Roman period. ", "As it had allied with the Romans, it avoided the disaster that happened to many other Cretan cities, when invaded by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus in 68 BC.", "\n\nGortyn continued to rise under Roman rule, and became the capital of the joint province of Creta et Cyrenaica. ", "From the 4th century it was the capital of a separate province of Crete. ", "The city was destroyed in ca. ", "AD 828 by invading Arabs, who established their own state on the island. ", "One of the first Christian churches was built here and the remains of an important Christian cathedral of Crete can still be seen today. ", "This cathedral, dedicated to St. Titus, the first Bishop of Crete, was erected in the 6th century AD. ", "Built with large isodomic stones, this cathedral keeps its intended height only in the areas of the Holy Bema and in pastophoria. ", "The church structure is a cruciform with a dome which is based on four pillars.", "\n\nArchaeology\n\nExcavations of Gortyn were begun in 1884 by the Italian School of Archaeology at Athens. ", "\nThe excavations showed that Gortyn was inhabited from the Neolithic age. ", "Ruins of a settlement on the citadel of Gortyn, were discovered and dated back to 1050 BC, their collapse dating to the seventh century BC. ", "Later the area was fortified with a wall. ", "At the top of the hill in the citadel a temple was found dating to the 7th century BC. ", "In this area two embossed plates were found, along with several other sculptures and paintings. ", "Daedalic plastic and many other clay figurines, black and red figure paintings and plenty of pottery, especially the type called kernos, were found in the temple. ", "Graves dating to the geometric age were found on the south side of the citadel. ", "Regarding the lower town, the excavation uncovered the position of the Agora (market) and the temple of Pythian Apollo, which is 600 meters from the Agora. ", "At the foot of Prophet Elias are traces of a sanctuary of Demeter.", "\n\nMonuments\n\nThe heart of Roman Gortyn is the Praetorium, the seat of the Roman Governor of Crete. ", "The Praetorium was built in the 1st century AD, but it was altered significantly over the next eight centuries. ", "In the same area, between the Agora and the temple of Apollo are the ruins of the Roman baths (thermae), as well as the temple of Apollo, an honorary arch, and the temple of the Egyptian deities with the worship statues of Isis, Serapis and Anubis. ", "Parts of the Roman settlement, such as the theater (2nd century AD), have been unearthed during excavations. ", "The theater has two entrances and a half-circular orchestra, the outline of which may still be seen today. ", "Behind the Roman Theater are what has been called the \"Queen of the Inscriptions\". ", "These inscriptions are the laws of the city of Gortyn, which are inscribed in the Dorian dialect on large stone slabs and are still plainly visible.", "\n\nLaw code\nAmong archaeologists, ancient historians, and classicists Gortyn is known today primarily because of the 1884 discovery of the Gortyn Code which is both the oldest and most complete known example of a code of ancient Greek law.", "\nThe code was discovered on the site of a structure built by the Roman emperor Trajan, the Odeon, which for the second time, reused stones from an inscription-bearing wall that also had been incorporated into the foundation of an earlier Hellenistic structure. ", " Although portions of the inscriptions have been placed in museums such as the Louvre in Paris, a modern structure at the site of the mostly ruined Odeon now houses many of the stones bearing the famous law code.\"", "\n\nA copy of the code has been returned to Athens by the Italian Museum in Taranto and is now housed in the Greek Bouli. ", "The curator of the Taranto Museum spoke in Greek and told the famous and political guests that, \"Greece is not part of Europe, it is Europe.\"", "\n\nMyth of Europa and Zeus\nClassical Greek mythology has it that Gortyn was the site of one of Zeus' many affairs. ", "This myth features the princess Europa, whose name has been applied to the continent, Europe. ", "Disguised as a bull, Zeus abducted Europa from Lebanon and they had an affair under a plane tree (platanus), a tree that may be seen today in Gortys. ", "Following this affair three children were born, Minos, Rhadamanthys and Sarpedon, who became the kings of the three Minoan Palaces in Crete. ", "The identification of Europa in this myth gives weight to the claim that the civilization of the European continent was born on the island of Crete. ", "A colossal statue of Europa sitting on the back of a bull was discovered at the amphitheatre in Gortyn in the nineteenth century and is now in the collections of the British Museum. ", "Many coins were found with Europa representations on the back, showing that the people honored Europa as a great goddess.", "\n\nThe Odyssey\nAccording to Book III of Homer's The Odyssey, Menelaus and his fleet of ships, returning home from the Trojan War, were blown off course to the Gortyn coastline. ", "Homer describes stormy seas that pushed the ships against a sharp reef, ultimately destroying many of the vessels but sparing the crew.", "\n\nNotable people \nThaletas (7th century BC), musician\nSaint Titus (d.107), Bishop of Crete and saint\nPhilip of Gortyna (d.180), Bishop of Gortyn and saint\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nHellenic Ministry of Culture: Gortyna\nHellenic Ministry of Culture: Odeion of Gortyn\nGortyn or Gortys\nHistory of Gortyn and the Law inscription\nInternet Ancient History Sourcebook: The Law Code of Gortyn (Crete)\nPhotos of Gortyn\nThe Labyrinth cave system near Gortyn\n ~ Written in 1909. ", " Uninformed, judgmental and superficial but good on the aspects relating purely to the church.", "\n\nCategory:Minoan sites in Crete\nCategory:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Crete\nCategory:Cretan city-states\nCategory:Municipalities of Crete\nCategory:Roman towns and cities in Greece\nCategory:Roman sites in Greece\nCategory:Spartan colonies\nCategory:Populated places in ancient Crete\nCategory:Former populated places in Greece\nCategory:Roman Crete\nCategory:Neolithic sites in Crete\nCategory:Locations in the Iliad\nCategory:Populated places in Heraklion (regional unit)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.00013061224489795917, 0.00031887755102040814, 0.0002834467120181406, 0.0000624200243438095, 0.000043372030823056575, 0, 0, 0, 0.00036982248520710064, 0.00014692378328741966, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00011814744801512288, 0.000064, 0.000038103947568968146, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00019223375624759708, 0, 0, 0.00009245562130177516, 0.0003652300949598247, 0.0001020408163265306, 0, 0.0001321178491214163, 0, 0, 0, 0.00008218277449046679, 0.0004455335263978614, 0.0002040608101214162, 0.00007971938775510203, 0.00006451508846631506, 0, 0, 0.0001451589490492089, 0, 0.0000176541204717181, 0.0000146797610134907, 0.00002204148206925434, 0.00006944444444444444, 0.00004959333465582226, 0.0001538935056940597, 0, 0.000044444444444444447, 0.0001508978421608571, 0, 0.00003018959062915107, 0, 0.00012913223140495868, 0, 0.000031554131111922503, 0, 0.000004469693244952599 ]

[ "Introduction {#s1}\n============\n\nBone is a highly dynamic tissue that is constantly remodeled by a process involving bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. ", "An intricate balance between the activities of these two cell types maintains bone's physiology.", "\n\nOsteoclasts originate from hematopoietic lineage cells derived from bone-marrow myeloid precursors or circulating monocytes. ", "These myeloid precursors fuse at the bone surface to form multinucleated osteoclasts that efficiently resorb bone. ", "The first step of osteoclastogenesis is the formation of osteoclast precursors that depend on macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and express a high level of receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK). ", "Mature osteoclasts are induced by the activation of the RANK receptor by RANK ligand (RANKL) \\[[@B1]\\]. ", "Binding of RANKL induces receptor oligomerization and recruitment of signaling adaptor molecules such as tumor necrosis factor receptor--associated factor (TRAF) and more specifically TRAF6 \\[[@B2]--[@B4]\\]. ", "Downstream of TRAF6, RANKL activates different signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as c-Jun terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and p38, and then a cascade of transcription factors, including NF-κB, c-Fos, Fra-1, and nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1). ", "Activation of NFATc1, the master gene of the osteoclast differentiation \\[[@B5]\\], leads to the expression of genes involved in osteoclast activation such as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (trap), Osteoclast-associated receptor (*oscar*) and cathepsin K (*ctsk*) \\[[@B6],[@B7]\\]. ", "Osteoblasts express both M-CSF and RANKL and modulate osteoclast activity. ", "They also express osteoprotegerin (OPG), which acts as a decoy receptor for RANK/RANKL binding. ", "OPG binds to RANKL and prevents osteoclast differentiation and activation \\[[@B8]\\]. ", "The balance between bone resorption and bone formation is mediated by soluble factors, but osteoblasts and osteoclasts can directly interact for regulation of bone homeostasis.", "\n\nThe role of CD200 in osteoclastogenesis was studied in mice, with conflicting results. ", "Endogenous overexpression of CD200 suppressed osteoclast formation \\[[@B9]\\], whereas CD200-deficient osteoclasts were defective in multinucleation, associated with an inhibition in signaling downstream of RANK, essential for osteoclastogenesis \\[[@B10]\\]. ", "The receptor of CD200 (CD200R) is a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein of the Ig superfamily present on most leukocytes, especially the myeloid lineage \\[[@B11],[@B12]\\], and mediates inhibitory signaling in myeloid cells \\[[@B13],[@B14]\\]. ", "Therefore, CD200 modulated differentiation of dendritic cells which induce regulatory T cell maturation \\[[@B15],[@B16]\\].", "\n\nOsteoblasts are derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs); a recent study identified CD200 as a new marker for MSCs and an efficient marker to purify native MSCs \\[[@B17]\\].", "\n\nWe postulated that human CD200 can inhibit osteoclastogenesis and that MSCs can modulate osteoclast formation through the CD200--CD200R interaction. ", "We demonstrated that CD200 inhibited the formation of multinuclear TRAP-positive cells and their bone-degradation capacities. ", "Inhibition of osteoclast formation was associated with the inhibition of downstream signaling of RANK. ", "Finally, we demonstrated that MSCs, via CD200, inhibited osteoclast formation. ", "MSCs may be important players in bone mass regulation and the CD200--CD200R interaction may play a major role in the control of osteoclastogenesis for a novel therapeutic strategy to control bone disease.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods {#s2}\n=====================\n\nEthics statement {#s2.1}\n----------------\n\nBone marrow was aspirated from the posterior iliac crest of adults undergoing orthopedic surgery after approval of the Medical Ethics Committee of Tours (named \"Comité de Protection des Personnes Tours -- CPP Région Centre \\[Ouest-1\\]\") and in accordance with their guidelines. ", "A written informed consent is signed by the patients for the use of their samples.", "\n\nReagents and antibodies {#s2.2}\n-----------------------\n\nRecombinant human M-CSF and soluble recombinant human RANKL were purchased from Peprotech (London, UK). ", "Anti ERK, phospho-ERK, p38, phospho-p38, and c-fos antibodies were from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA). ", "Anti-β-actin antibody was from Sigma-Aldrich (Lyon, France) and anti-NFATc1 antibody was from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). ", "Anti-CD200-APC antibody was from Ebioscience (San Diego, CA, USA). ", "Recombinant human CD200 Fc chimera protein (rCD200) was from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA).", "\n\nIsolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) {#s2.3}\n-------------------------------------------------------\n\nHuman PBMCs were obtained from normal blood-donor buffy coats (kindly provided by Etablissement Français du Sang Centre Atlantique and Pyrénéees Méditerranée, France) after density gradient centrifugation. ", "Briefly, buffy coat was diluted 1:1 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), layered over Ficoll-Hypaque (Eurobio, Courtaboeuf, France) and centrifuged at 600g for 30 min. ", "The interface layer was washed twice in PBS and re-suspended in alpha-modified Eagle's medium (α-MEM) supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 U/mL streptomycin + 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS; Hyclone research grade, Perbio, Brebières, France) (α-MEM/FCS).", "\n\nOsteoclast formation {#s2.4}\n--------------------\n\n1×10^6^ PBMCs were plated in 96-well plates with α-MEM + 10% FCS (α-MEM/FCS). ", "Two hours later, cells were rinsed with medium to remove non-adherent cells, then cultivated for 2 days in α-MEM/FCS supplemented with M-CSF (50 ng/mL) to generate osteoclast precursors. ", "Osteoclast precursors were further stimulated with M-CSF (50 ng/mL) and RANKL (50 ng/mL) in α-MEM/FCS. ", "To assess the effect of CD200 on osteoclastogenesis, 1 µg/mL of rCD200 was added with M-CSF and RANKL. ", "Freshly made medium, supplemented with full concentrations of cytokines and recombinant proteins, was changed every 3 days, and cultures were maintained for up to 21 days. ", "PBMCs in α-MEM alone represented the negative control. ", "On day 21, cells were fixed and stained for TRAP by use of the acid-phosphatase leucocyte diagnostic kit (Sigma-Aldrich, Lyon, France). ", "Osteoclasts were counterstained with hematoxylin and DAPI, and multinucleated TRAP-positive osteoclasts (3 nuclei and more) were counted in triplicate wells under a light microscope. ", "The area of osteoclasts was determined by use of ImageJ (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA). ", "For detecting actin ring formation, cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized and incubated with phalloidin-Alexa 540 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) for 30 min at 4° C. After washing with PBS, nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. ", "Cells were imaged using a microscope with an attached digital camera (Nikon, Champigny sur Marne, France).", "\n\nTo determine the functionality of osteoclasts, 1x10^6^ PBMCs were plated on bone slices (Immunodiagnostic Systems, Paris, France) in wells of 96-well plates as for osteoclast formation. ", "After 21 days of culture, bone slices were washed with PBS and placed in a trypsin solution (0.25 M) for 15 min at 37° C and in a solution of NH~4~OH (1 N) for 30 min to remove all adherent cells. ", "The slices were rinsed in distilled water and stained with 0.1% toluidine blue. ", "The presence of lacunar resorption pits at the bone surface was determined by light microscopy and the area of the pit was measured by use of ImageJ.\n\nTo measure the effect of MSCs and specifically the role of CD200 on osteoclast formation, 1x10^4^ MSCs were co-cultivated with PBMCs as described previously.", "\n\nMSC isolation and amplification {#s2.5}\n-------------------------------\n\n15-20 mL of bone marrow was harvested by iliac-crest aspiration according to the Ethics Committee of Tours University Hospital. ", "Nucleated bone-marrow cells were seeded on culture flasks at 5×10^4^ cells per cm^2^ and MSCs were isolated by their adherence capacity. ", "Cells were then amplified in α-MEM supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 U/mL streptomycin, 10% FCS. ", "Medium was renewed twice a week until cells reached confluence. ", "Cells were harvested from plastic by 25-min incubation with 0.25% collagenase NB4 (Serva Electrophoresis, Heidelberg, Germany).", "\n\nCD200^+^/CD200^--^ MSC separation {#s2.6}\n---------------------------------\n\nMSCs were washed 3 times with PBS, detached with collagenase, then incubated in blocking buffer (PBS, 0.5% bovine serum albumin \\[BSA\\], 2 mM NaN~3~, 2 mM EDTA, 5% goat serum, 5% rabbit serum) for 30 min at 4° C. Cells were incubated with anti-CD200-APC antibody (eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) for 1 hr at 4° C in blocking buffer and washed 3 times with wash buffer (PBS 0.5% BSA, 2 mM NaN~3~, 2 mM EDTA). ", "Then MSCs were probed with anti APC-magnetic microbeads (Miltenyi, GmBH, Germany) for 25 min at 4° C in blocking buffer and washed 3 times. ", "Cell suspension was applied onto an LD column (Miltenyi, GmBH, Germany) and submitted to magnetic separation. ", "The effluent of the column represents the CD200-negative population (CD200^--^ MSCs). ", "The CD200-positive cells (CD200^+^ MSCs) were flushed out of the column, and to increase the purity, the fraction was enriched over a large cell column (Miltenyi, GmBH, Germany) and submitted to additional magnetic separation. ", "The purity of each fraction was determined by flow cytometry.", "\n\nFlow cytometry {#s2.7}\n--------------\n\nPBMC adherent cells were stimulated for different times with M-CSF (50 ng/mL), M-CSF + RANKL (50 ng/mL each) with or without recombinant CD200 (rCD200; 1 µg/mL). ", "Cells were washed 3 times with PBS, detached with PBS/EDTA/lidocaine, then incubated in blocking buffer for 30 min at 4° C. Cells were incubated with directly conjugated antibodies for 1 hr at 4° C in blocking buffer and washed 3 times with wash buffer. ", "Cells were fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde, and fluorescence was analyzed on a FACSCalibur cytometer (BD Biosciences, Le Pont de Claix, France) with CellQuest software.", "\n\nWestern blot analysis {#s2.8}\n---------------------\n\nPBMC adherent cells (2×10^6^ cells/well) were cultivated in 6-well plates, activated for 48 hr with M-CSF (50 ng/mL) with or without rCD200 (1 µg/mL) and stimulated for different times with RANKL (50 ng/mL). ", "To prepare whole-cell lysates, cells were washed with PBS and lysed with ice-cold RIPA buffer (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, CA, USA) containing 1 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche Applied Science, Penzberg, Germany). ", "Twenty micrograms of protein were separated on 6% or 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membrane (BioRad, Marnes-la-Coquette, France). ", "The membrane was blocked in 5% milk in PBS/0.1% Tween-20 and probed overnight with the primary antibodies for ERK1/2, phospho-ERK, p38, phospho-p38, c-fos (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, CA, USA), NFATc1 (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) and β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich, Lyon, France). ", "After a washing with PBS/Tween, blots were probed with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (BioRad, Marnes-la-Coquette, France) for 1 hr at room temperature. ", "Staining was detected by chemiluminescence (ECL protein detection system; GE Healthcare, Europe, Velizy-Villacoublay, France), and bands were visualized by use of ChemiDoc (BioRad, Marnes-la-Coquette, France).", "\n\nGene expression analysis {#s2.9}\n------------------------\n\nTotal RNA was extracted by use of the RNeasy midi kit (Qiagen, Courtaboeuf, France) and 1 µg RNA was reverse transcripted by use of the Prime Script RT-PCR kit (Takara Biotechnology, Mountain View, CA, USA). ", "Real-time quantitative PCR involved use of Sso Fast™ Eva Green® supermix (BioRad, Marnes- la- Coquette, France) and the CFX 96 thermocycler (BioRad, Marnes- la- Coquette, France). ", "Gene expression was normalized relative to GAPDH expression. ", "The primer sequences were for TRAP, forward, 5'-AAG-ACT-CAC-TGG-GTG-GCT-TTG-3' and reverse, 5'-GGC-AGT-CAT-GGG-AGT-TCA-GG; NFATc1, forward, 5'-GCA-TCA-CAG-GGA-AGA-CCG-TGT-C-3' and reverse, GAA-GTT-CAA-TGT-CGG-AGT-TTC-TGA-G-3'; CTSK, forward, 5'-GCC-AGA-CAA-CAG-ATT-TCC-ATC-3' and reverse, 5'-CAG-AGC-AAA-GCT-CAC-CAG-AG-3'; and GAPDH, forward, 5'-GCC-CAA-TAC-GAC-CAA-ATC-C-3' and reverse, 5'-AGC-CAC-ATC-GCT-CAG-ACA-3' (IDT, Leuven, Belgium.)", "\n\nStatistic analysis {#s2.10}\n------------------\n\nData are reported as mean ± SD using GraphPad Prism Software (GraphPad Softaware, San Diago, CA, USA). ", "One-tailed Mann-Whitney test was used.", "\n\nResults {#s3}\n=======\n\nRecombinant CD200 inhibits osteoclast formation {#s3.1}\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nThe CD200--CD200R interaction can deliver an inhibitory signal to monocytes/macrophages \\[[@B18],[@B19]\\]. ", "To determine the effect of CD200 on osteoclastogenesis, we used a validated culture system: PBMCs were cultivated for 2 days with M-CSF to induce RANK expression and then treated with RANKL + M-CSF for 21 days to induce the formation of multinucleated TRAP+ osteoclast-like cells capable of resorbing bone surface ([Figure 1A,B](#pone-0072831-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The addition of different concentrations of rCD200 to the culture medium inhibited the RANKL-induced formation of osteoclasts ([Figure 1A](#pone-0072831-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Figure S1](#pone.0072831.s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) and decreased the size and number of resorption pits on the bone surface ([Figure 1B](#pone-0072831-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Thus, rCD200 inhibited osteoclast formation and decreased their bone degradation capacity.", "\n\n{#pone-0072831-g001}\n\nRecombinant CD200 does not modify the phenotype of osteoclast precursors {#s3.2}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe inhibitory effect of CD200 on osteoclast formation could be associated with a modified phenotype of monocytes/macrophages. ", "PBMC adherent cells were treated for 3 or 7 days with M-CSF + RANKL with or without rCD200. ", "The presence of rCD200 did not modify the phenotype of monocytes after 3 or 7 days of treatment compare to M-CSF + RANKL alone ([Figure 2A](#pone-0072831-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#pone-0072831-g002}\n\nThe induction of osteoclast formation is associated with the expression of RANK at the cell surface of monocytes. ", "As expected, M-CSF increased the expression of RANK and co-treatment with M-CSF + RANKL inhibited this expression after 3 days. ", "rCD200 did not change RANK expression induced by M-CSF but surprisingly limited the decrease in RANK expression induced by RANKL ([Figure 2B](#pone-0072831-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Therefore, rCD200 inhibited osteoclast formation without modifying the phenotype of osteoclast precursors but surprisingly increased RANK expression.", "\n\nRecombinant CD200 inhibits the RANKL-induced MAPK signaling pathway {#s3.3}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe next determined the mechanism by which CD200 inhibits osteoclast formation. ", "Osteoclastogenesis depends on the activation of different signaling pathways induced by RANKL, so we investigated the effect of rCD200 on RANK signaling. ", "PBMC adherent cells were treated for 48 hr with M-CSF with or without rCD200 and stimulated for different times with RANKL. ", "RANKL induced a rapid phosphorylation of ERK and p38; in presence of CD200 the phosphorylation of p38 and Erk rapidly decreased compare to RANKL induction ([Figure 3A](#pone-0072831-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The induction of signaling pathways by RANK is dependent on RANKL-induced MAPK pathway. ", "We therefore determined whether rCD200 modulated the expression of two essential osteoclastogenic transcription factors, NFATc1 and c-Fos \\[[@B5],[@B20]\\]. ", "As expected, within 24 hr culture, RANKL induced NFATc1 and c-fos protein expression, and rCD200 pretreatment abrogated this induction ([Figure 3B](#pone-0072831-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Moreover, CD200 inhibited significantly the expression of RANKL-induced osteoclast-associated genes *trap* (p=0.029), and *nfatc1* (p=0.014) but not *cathepsin k* ([Figure 3C](#pone-0072831-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Therefore, rCD200 inhibited osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting the MAPK pathway.", "\n\n{#pone-0072831-g003}\n\nCD200^+^ population in MSCs inhibits osteoclast formation {#s3.4}\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\nAs previously described, CD200 is expressed at the cell surface of a population of MSCs \\[[@B17]\\]. ", "However, few studies have investigated the effect of MSCs on human osteoclastogenesis \\[[@B21]\\]. ", "So, we next determined the effect of MSCs on osteoclast formation and more precisely the role of CD200, expressed on the cell surface of a population of MSCs. ", "PBMC adherent cells were cultivated with human MSCs (1×10^4^ cells per well) in α-MEM + M-CSF for 48 hr and then cultivated in differentiation medium (M-CSF + RANKL) for 21 days. ", "Cells cultivated with M-CSF + RANKL differentiated into multinuclear cells that formed peripheral actin ring, a marker of a late stage of osteoclast differentiation. ", "Co-culture with MSCs induced a drastic inhibition of RANKL-dependent osteoclast formation characterized by decreased multinucleated cell number and presence of mononuclear cells with diffuse actin staining ([Figure 4A](#pone-0072831-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "A subpopulation of MSCs expressed CD200 at the cell surface. ", "We magnetically separated CD200^+^ MSCs from CD200^--^ MSCs and isolated two pure fractions ([Figure S2](#pone.0072831.s002){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Each fraction was cultivated with PBMC adherent cells in differentiation medium for 21 days. ", "As expected, co-culture of PBMC adherent cells with MSCs inhibited the formation of TRAP+ multinucleated cells. ", "Interestingly, inhibition of osteoclast formation differed by MSC fraction ([Figure 4B](#pone-0072831-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Co-culture with the CD200^+^ fraction inhibited osteoclast activity, characterized by the absence of resorption pits at the bone surface, whereas co-culture with CD200^--^ MSCs did not modify osteoclast function ([Figure 4C](#pone-0072831-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Moreover, we demonstrated that CD200^-^ MSCs and CD200^+^ MSC expressed a similar level of OPG ([Figure S3](#pone.0072831.s003){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) confirming that the inhibitory effect of CD200^+^ fraction is independent on OPG secretion. ", "Therefore, MSCs, via expression of CD200 at the cell surface, inhibited osteoclast formation.", "\n\n{#pone-0072831-g004}\n\nDiscussion {#s4}\n==========\n\nOur study demonstrates that CD200 is a key regulatory molecule of osteoclastogenesis ([Figure 1](#pone-0072831-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and that MSCs, via CD200 expression at their cell surface, block osteoclast formation and their bone-degradation capacity ([Figure 4](#pone-0072831-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}) by inhibiting the downstream RANK signaling pathway ([Figure 3](#pone-0072831-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nPrevious papers demonstrated that the CD200--CD200R1 axis is one of the regulatory mechanisms of myeloid lineage functions. ", "CD200, widely expressed on many cell types, transmits an inhibitory signal in macrophages through CD200R1 and represses macrophage commitment and differentiation \\[[@B14],[@B18],[@B22]\\]. *", "In vivo*, inhibition of CD200R induced hyperactivation of macrophages and development of autoimmune disease \\[[@B11]\\]. ", "We used recombinant CD200Fc fusion protein but it mechanism of action is still under questions. ", "Hatherley et al demonstrated that the extracellular domain of mouse CD200Fc fusion protein did not bind to the CD200R \\[[@B23]\\]. ", "Gorkcynski et al showed that CD200Fc modulated DC activity but to a lesser extent than endogenous CD200 from transgenic mice. ", "The difference of effect could be linked to a lower binding affinity of soluble CD200Fc protein for all CD200Rs than the natural cell surface CD200 (endogenous or the transgene) or that the CD200 expressed at the cell surface present a different ligand domain compare to the soluble protein \\[[@B24]\\]. ", "However, the effect of CD200Fc chimera protein was demonstrated in different *in vivo* studies \\[[@B25],[@B26]\\]. ", "In our experiment, similar effects on osteoclast formation are obtained with both soluble CD200Fc protein and the CD200 expressed at the MSC surface.", "\n\nWe demonstrated that soluble CD200 or that expressed at the MSC surface inhibited the RANK signaling pathway but increased the expression of RANK at the cell surface of osteoclast precursors. ", "Little is known about RANK receptor degradation and recycling, but Cbl-b protein was found to promote ubiquitin-mediated proteasome degradation as well as RANK recycling at the membrane level \\[[@B27]\\].", "\n\nInterestingly, a recent paper demonstrated that CD200^+^ MSCs inhibited the production of TNF-α and modulated the immune response of macrophages \\[[@B28]\\]. ", "MSCs modulate the differentiation of myeloid cells such as dendritic cells \\[[@B29],[@B30]\\] and monocytes \\[[@B31]\\]. ", "MSCs interfere with the polarization of macrophages, turning lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages into a regulatory-like phenotype similar to alternative-activated macrophages characterized by increased production of interleukin 10 and 6 (IL-10 and IL-6) and low secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines \\[[@B32],[@B33]\\]. ", "Similarly in mice, MSCs inhibit TNF-α and IL-6 secretion and stimulate IL-10 production and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by LPS-activated macrophages \\[[@B34]\\]. ", "Moreover, MSCs impair the activation of microglia, resident macrophages of the central nervous system, thus inducing the expression of neuroprotective molecules such as CD200R \\[[@B35]\\].", "\n\nMSCs can modulate macrophage differentiation, but their effect on osteoclast formation has been controversial. ", "Our results show that MSCs inhibit osteoclast formation and confirm previous data in humans \\[[@B21]\\]. ", "On the contrary, in mice, MSCs promote osteoclast differentiation, which is increased in the presence of M-CSF + RANKL \\[[@B36]\\]. ", "However, in both species, the mechanism of action of MSC on osteoclastogenesis seems unclear. ", "Oshita et al. ", "showed that MSCs inhibit osteoclastogenesis through OPG secretion, independent on cell--cell contact \\[[@B21]\\]. ", "In our system, OPG seems to have no role in the negative effect of MSC on osteoclast formation. ", "Indeed, CD200^-^ MSCs and CD200^+^ MSCs expressed a similar level of OPG after 4 days of M-CSF treatment. ", "Moreover, in presence of monocytes + M-CSF, CD200^-^ MSCs seems to produce more OPG than CD200^+^ MSCs (supplementary data: [Figure 2](#pone-0072831-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}) confirming that the inhibitory effect of MSCs on osteoclast formation depends on the CD200 expression.", "\n\nNevertheless, other proteins involved in the contact between MSCs and osteoclasts control osteoclast functions. ", "The interaction of ephrinB2, expressed on osteoclasts, and EphB4, expressed on osteoblast precursors, modulates osteoclast activity as well as osteoblast differentiation. ", "A reverse signal, through ephrinB2, suppresses osteoclast function, whereas a forward signal, through EphB4, enhances osteoblast differentiation \\[[@B37]\\]. ", "Moreover, the interaction between intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), expressed on the osteoblast surface and lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1), on osteoclast precursors, promotes differentiation and maturation of osteoclasts \\[[@B38],[@B39]\\]. ", "Finally, determining the effect of CD200--CD200R interaction on MSC functions is of interest.", "\n\nThe role of the CD200--CD200R axis in osteoclast formation in mice was studied. ", "Therefore Cui et al. ", "demonstrated that CD200 expression is an endogenous signal used by macrophages to control their fusion to form osteoclasts \\[[@B10]\\]. ", "We demonstrated that in human, CD200 expressed on MSC surface is an exogenous mechanism which inhibits the osteoclast formation. ", "However, in line with our results, Lee et al. ", "showed that soluble CD200, secreted by osteoblasts, inhibited osteoclast formation in mice \\[[@B9]\\]. ", "These data corroborate our findings and confirm the negative role of CD200 on osteoclast formation through two different pathways: direct contact with CD200R or modulation of soluble factor secretion.", "\n\nNative MSCs express different levels of CD200 at the cell surface \\[[@B28]\\], but the localization of each subpopulation in bone has not yet been determined. ", "The possible localization of CD200^+^ MSCs close to osteoclast precursors could confirm the important role of the CD200--CD200R interaction in the control of osteoclast formation.", "\n\nTaken together, our results demonstrate that through the surface expression of CD200, MSCs play a role in regulating bone resorption and bone physiologic aspects. ", "The CD200--CD200R interaction controls osteoclastogenesis and could be a new target to modulate osteoclast function and control bone pathologies such as osteoporosis.", "\n\nSupporting Information\n======================\n\n###### Effect of different concentration of rCD200 on osteoclast formation.", "\n\nAfter 21 days of culture, osteoclast formation was determined by the use of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay.", "\n\n(TIF)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### CD200 expression of MSC fraction after magnetic separation.", "\n\nCD200 expression of cells from each fraction was determined by flow cytometry.", "\n\n(TIF)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### OPG secretion by CD200^-^ and CD200^+^ MSCs:\n\nCD200- and CD200+ MSCs are obtained after magnetic separation and culture 4 days in α-MEM/FCS supplemented with M-CSF (50 ng/mL) in presence (monocyte) or in absence (none) of monocytes. ", "OPG concentration in culture supernatants is determined by ELISA according to the distributor's instructions (RayBiotech, Norcross, GA, USA). ", "ns: non significant.", "\n\n(TIF)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nWe thank Dr Sophie Dupuis Coronas for critical review of the manuscript and helpful discussions.", "\n\n[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.", "\n\n[^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: AV CP. ", "Performed the experiments: AV CP EL. ", "Analyzed the data: AV CP EL FD LS. ", "Wrote the manuscript: AV LS.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.00007561436672967865, 0.00004853308743235701, 0.00036982248520710064, 0.00011556952662721894, 0.00004225256895619254, 0.00004924592182209911, 0.00017777777777777779, 0.0003255208333333333, 0.0004152249134948097, 0, 0, 0.000045420823933746156, 0.00012152777777777777, 0.00013437248051599034, 0.00003228305785123967, 0, 0.00012597631645250691, 0.00009425959091337542, 0, 0.000024029219530949635, 0.000014298378563870856, 0, 0.00007527569724114569, 0.00031325867334951836, 0.00006718624025799517, 0.0002227667631989307, 0.0003255208333333333, 0.000009238643397603495, 0.00010756929255261931, 0.0000713436385255648, 0, 0.000028596757127741712, 0.0002827787727401263, 0.00009425959091337542, 0, 0, 0.00005406574394463668, 0.00002986055122577563, 0.000148720999405116, 0.00006556409710042781, 0.00017799928800284797, 0.000028293345405160706, 0.000025767218944059367, 0, 0, 0.000024266543716178507, 0, 0.0001951092611862643, 0, 0.000062000124000248, 0.000029393980112872885, 0.0000510204081632653, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00007279963114853551, 0.000046500093000186, 0.0000717128617017462, 0.000043372030823056575, 0.00005486968449931413, 0, 0.00003826530612244898, 0.00006530612244897959, 0.00009157299512373801, 0.0000690979947761916, 0.0000617283950617284, 0, 0.00002056756186979705, 0.00008543722499893203, 0.0006925207756232687, 0.00003560682938987697, 0.000014849022563089785, 0.0000072652770613407345, 0, 0, 0.000021633315305570577, 0, 0.00006298815822625346, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000006642576256775427, 0, 0, 0, 0.00002333776750916007, 0.00013840830449826988, 0.000025, 0.00006103515625, 0.00009259259259259259, 0.00004504301608035674, 0.000019578667084344897, 0.000084331253162422, 0.00006503642039542143, 0.00009425959091337542, 0.00025826446280991736, 0.00008218277449046679, 0.000028905075731298418, 0.00004367193641366058, 0, 0, 0.00006383861597880558, 0.00005653230821414438, 0, 0, 0.00007305135510263716, 0, 0.0001417233560090703, 0.00035599857600569594, 0.00001953125, 0.00010412328196584755, 0, 0, 0, 0.000015140274644582053, 0, 0, 0, 0.00007971938775510203, 0.00006298815822625346, 0, 0.000030517578125, 0, 0, 0, 0.00016436554898093358, 0, 0, 0.00008416799932665601, 0.002066115702479339, 0, 0, 0, 0.0000071740128558310376, 0, 0.00011197894795778393, 0.00006944444444444444, 0, 0.0000591715976331361, 0, 0.000021784356653487132, 0.0001538935056940597, 0.00004504301608035674, 0.00007971091508130513, 0.00007279963114853551, 0.00003955539733396622, 0.0002118494456606172, 0.000018144868631151112, 0.00007346189164370983, 0.000028596757127741712, 0, 0.00009245562130177516, 0.00005827166249053085, 0, 0, 0.00015662933667475918, 0.00021701388888888888, 0.00008899964400142399, 0.000026639671799243432, 0, 0.00003419855682090216, 0.00008113919428780073, 0.000027845845399866338, 0.00011562030292519367, 0, 0, 0.00010973936899862826, 0, 0.0004725897920604915, 0.00009611687812379854, 0, 0.0000390625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000062000124000248, 0.0003429355281207133, 0.00021626297577854672, 0, 0.0003429355281207133, 0.00003415067276825354, 0.0002479666732791113, 0, 0.0003429355281207133, 0, 0, 0.0003305785123966942, 0.0007304601899196494, 0.0008163265306122448, 0.0012755102040816326, 0 ]

[ "Brief characterization of muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) immunoglobulin G (IgG) separated from serum on protein A.\nMuskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) immunoglobulin fraction was separated from whole serum by Protein A Sepharose chromatography. ", "In serum electrophoresis, this fraction had a gamma motility; when electrophoresed on a polyacrylamide gel with sodium dodecyl sulfate it resolved into two protein bands of approximately 52 and 25 kilodaltons, respectively. ", "These bands were consistent with molecular weights of known heavy and light chains of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in other closely related species. ", "Furthermore, the putative muskrat immunoglobulins had a strong cross-reactivity with mouse IgG1, IgG3, and kappa chain in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ", "We propose, that the proteins bound to the Protein A Sepharose represent muskrat immunoglobulins of the IgG class." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.000053863832232117214, 0, 0.00009780429360848941, 0, 0.00007694675284702985 ]

[ "var addSorting = (function () {\n \"use strict\";\n var cols,\n currentSort = {\n index: 0,\n desc: false\n };\n\n // returns the summary table element\n function getTable() { return document.querySelector('.coverage-summary'); }\n // returns the thead element of the summary table\n function getTableHeader() { return getTable().querySelector('thead tr'); }\n // returns the tbody element of the summary table\n function getTableBody() { return getTable().querySelector('tbody'); }\n // returns the th element for nth column\n function getNthColumn(n) { return getTableHeader().querySelectorAll('th')[n]; }\n\n // loads all columns\n function loadColumns() {\n var colNodes = getTableHeader().querySelectorAll('th'),\n colNode,\n cols = [],\n col,\n i;\n\n for (i = 0; i < colNodes.length; i += 1) {\n colNode = colNodes[i];\n col = {\n key: colNode.getAttribute('data-col'),\n sortable: !", "colNode.getAttribute('data-nosort'),\n type: colNode.getAttribute('data-type') || 'string'\n };\n cols.push(col);\n if (col.sortable) {\n col.defaultDescSort = col.type === 'number';\n colNode.innerHTML = colNode.innerHTML + '<span class=\"sorter\"></span>';\n }\n }\n return cols;\n }\n // attaches a data attribute to every tr element with an object\n // of data values keyed by column name\n function loadRowData(tableRow) {\n var tableCols = tableRow.querySelectorAll('td'),\n colNode,\n col,\n data = {},\n i,\n val;\n for (i = 0; i < tableCols.length; i += 1) {\n colNode = tableCols[i];\n col = cols[i];\n val = colNode.getAttribute('data-value');\n if (col.type === 'number') {\n val = Number(val);\n }\n data[col.key] = val;\n }\n return data;\n }\n // loads all row data\n function loadData() {\n var rows = getTableBody().querySelectorAll('tr'),\n i;\n\n for (i = 0; i < rows.length; i += 1) {\n rows[i].data = loadRowData(rows[i]);\n }\n }\n // sorts the table using the data for the ith column\n function sortByIndex(index, desc) {\n var key = cols[index].key,\n sorter = function (a, b) {\n a = a.data[key];\n b = b.data[key];\n return a < b ? ", "-1 : a > b ? ", "1 : 0;\n },\n finalSorter = sorter,\n tableBody = document.querySelector('.coverage-summary tbody'),\n rowNodes = tableBody.querySelectorAll('tr'),\n rows = [],\n i;\n\n if (desc) {\n finalSorter = function (a, b) {\n return -1 * sorter(a, b);\n };\n }\n\n for (i = 0; i < rowNodes.length; i += 1) {\n rows.push(rowNodes[i]);\n tableBody.removeChild(rowNodes[i]);\n }\n\n rows.sort(finalSorter);\n\n for (i = 0; i < rows.length; i += 1) {\n tableBody.appendChild(rows[i]);\n }\n }\n // removes sort indicators for current column being sorted\n function removeSortIndicators() {\n var col = getNthColumn(currentSort.index),\n cls = col.className;\n\n cls = cls.replace(/ sorted$/, '').replace(/ sorted-desc$/, '');\n col.className = cls;\n }\n // adds sort indicators for current column being sorted\n function addSortIndicators() {\n getNthColumn(currentSort.index).className += currentSort.desc ? ' ", "sorted-desc' : ' sorted';\n }\n // adds event listeners for all sorter widgets\n function enableUI() {\n var i,\n el,\n ithSorter = function ithSorter(i) {\n var col = cols[i];\n\n return function () {\n var desc = col.defaultDescSort;\n\n if (currentSort.index === i) {\n desc = !", "currentSort.desc;\n }\n sortByIndex(i, desc);\n removeSortIndicators();\n currentSort.index = i;\n currentSort.desc = desc;\n addSortIndicators();\n };\n };\n for (i =0 ; i < cols.length; i += 1) {\n if (cols[i].sortable) {\n // add the click event handler on the th so users\n // dont have to click on those tiny arrows\n el = getNthColumn(i).querySelector('.sorter').parentElement;\n if (el.addEventListener) {\n el.addEventListener('click', ithSorter(i));\n } else {\n el.attachEvent('onclick', ithSorter(i));\n }\n }\n }\n }\n // adds sorting functionality to the UI\n return function () {\n if (!", "getTable()) {\n return;\n }\n cols = loadColumns();\n loadData(cols);\n addSortIndicators();\n enableUI();\n };\n})();\n\nwindow.addEventListener('load', addSorting);\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 9.227807814292213e-7, 0.0000013105192320881508, 0.00591715976331361, 8.160274315781399e-7, 0.000006344815334149699, 0.000002485679379673854, 0 ]

[ "At approximately 4:06 p.m. two MTA NYC Transit Track Workers were struck by a Queens bound G train as it entered the Hoyt-Schermerhorn Station in Downtown Brooklyn, killing one and seriously injuring the other announced Elliot G. Sander, Executive Director and CEO of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority and Howard H. Roberts Jr., President, NYC Transit during a press conference at the station Sunday evening.", "\n\nTrack Worker Marvin Franklin, 55, a veteran employee with more than 20 years experience died in this afternoon's incident, while Jeff Hill, 41 and a Track Worker since 2005 was injured and taken to Bellevue Hospital for treatment of his injuries. ", "Franklin and Hill were doing routine track work in the vicinity of the Hoyt-Schermerhorn station when they were struck. ", "G service between Brooklyn and Queens was suspended following the accident and resumed at 7:42 p.m.\n\n\"I have directed NYC Transit President Howard Roberts to do whatever is necessary to prevent a repetition of this tragic event,\" said Sander who added, \"We are working collaboratively with President Roger Toussaint and the Transport Workers Union Local 100 in this regard.\"", "\n\n\"I have ordered an immediate stand down of all Maintenance of Way work involving track, signal, power and infrastructure workers for the foreseeable future,\" said Roberts. \"", "The only people on the tracks for the next 12 hours are those needed to complete work to put the tracks back in service for tomorrow morning's rush hour,\" added Roberts. ", "Employees working Sunday evening and overnight will all receive a two hour \"safety stand down talk\" covering proper track safety procedures before being allowed on the tracks.", "\n\n\"I understand that there have been stand downs in the past that were not effective,\" said Roberts. \"", "We will therefore be working closely with Roger Toussaint and TWU Local 100 to insure that this stand down is as effective as possible and that we take every step possible to avoid another incident like this.\"", "\n\nBoth MTA Executive Director Sander and NYC Transit President Roberts learned of Sunday's incident while en route to Brewster, New York for the wake of Track Worker Daniel Boggs, who was struck and killed by a 3 train outside the 59th -Street Columbus Circle station late Tuesday evening. \"", "Any death is unacceptable,\" said Roberts \"Two within a week is intolerable.\"", "\n\nA Board of Inquiry -- an independent review panel -- has been convened by the NYC Transit Office of System Safety to investigate the circumstances of this incident and to establish cause.", "\n\nFollowing Sunday's press conference, both MTA Executive Director Sander and NYC Transit President Howard Roberts visited Track Worker Hill at Bellevue Hospital, where he is listed in stable condition.", "\n\n\"We are very grateful that Track Worker Hill is alive and in good condition,' said Sander after visiting with Hill and his family. \"", "We hold Track Worker Franklin in out thoughts and prayers, added Sander. \"", "On behalf of the entire NYC Transit family, I extend my heartfelt condolences to the family of Marvin Franklin -- his wife, son, extended family, friends and co-workers who are dealing with this tragic loss.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.00003467085798816568, 0.00006451508846631506, 0.0001388888888888889, 0.000028596757127741712, 0.00003265306122448979, 0.00003460207612456747, 0, 0.00009611687812379854, 0.000022893248780934502, 0.00007085414673893789, 0.00017313019390581717, 0.000055989473978891965, 0.0000980296049406921, 0.00011138338159946535, 0.00018261504747991235, 0.00004622781065088758 ]

[ "Surgical trainees' understanding of Dukes' staging in rectal cancer.", "\nThis study was conducted to determine the understanding of Dukes' Staging of Rectal Cancer by surgical trainees. ", "At a West African College of Surgeons' revision course, questionnaires were distributed asking questions related to staging of Rectal Carcinoma with special emphasis on Dukes' staging, the results were analyzed using SPSS Version 10.0. ", "We had sixty-one (61) respondents, one (1) questionnaire was incompletely filled and sixty were therefore analyzed. ", "They were all males. ", "Majority of respondents 53 (88.3%) were between 30 and 39 years of age. ", "Fifty (83.3%) were junior residents, while 10 (16.7%) were senior residents. ", "Exactly 71.1% of the residents have had more than 6 months of general surgery posting. ", "Forty-nine (81.7%) had staged rectal cancer in practice. ", "Fifty-four (90%) knew no other staging system apart from Dukes'. ", "Only 11 (18.3%) were able to outline Dukes' staging correctly. ", "Fourteen (23%), 12 (20%), and 25 (41%) were able to correctly get Stage A, B and C of Dukes' Classification. ", "Adequate comparison of outcome of treatments will be difficult if there is confusion in staging. ", "The 1932 Dukes' Staging should be uniformly adopted for its simplicity Alternatively, proformas of the TNM Staging can be introduced in clinical practice to decrease the reliance on memory." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.00021626297577854672, 0.00007694675284702985, 0.00003590922148807814, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0002366863905325444, 0.00025195263290501383, 0, 0, 0.000027994736989445982 ]

[ "Introduction {#s1}\n============\n\nPerceptual decision making is one of the most important tasks performed by the brain. ", "Determining whether an event has occurred (detection) or whether an event is different from other events (discrimination) can mean the difference between life and death if, for example, the event is a snapping twig which could herald the arrival of prey or predator. ", "The brain must therefore have evolved a sophisticated and rapid mechanism for making decisions based on input from the external world. ", "Physical stimuli have certain, well-defined properties when they arrive at the sensory organs, but they are then transduced and transmitted along pathways that have multiple synaptic way-stations where information can be delayed, distorted or influenced by descending, efferent activity. ", "The accumulation of these effects is referred to as 'internal noise' \\[[@B1]\\], and includes the stochastic nature of neuronal firing (e.g. \\[[@B2]\\]), the internal state of the organism (e.g. arousal), or fluctuations in attention \\[[@B3]\\]. ", "Percepts, or internal stimulus representations, are therefore imperfect representations of the physical stimulus, and physically identical stimuli can elicit variable percepts. ", "The decision-making mechanism must act on the perceptual evidence available to achieve the organism's goals. ", "When stimuli are suprathreshold, behavioural decisions accurately reflect the internal representations, which in turn accurately reflect the properties of the physical stimuli (e.g. \\[[@B4],[@B5]\\]). ", "The fidelity of internal representations decreases near threshold, however, as the external signal becomes weaker. ", "As the relative contribution of the internally-generated noise to the percept increases, decision-making becomes increasingly prone to errors.", "\n\nIn the extreme case, where discriminable variance of the external stimulus is absent, the percept is defined by the internal noise, allowing researchers to probe the limits of the decision-making mechanism and assess the influence internal noise sources have on its functioning. ", "For example, when stimulated by a dynamic random dot visual display that lacked a coherent motion signal, the variability in firing rates of individual motion-sensitive neurons in cortical area MT correlated with a monkey's obligatory perceptual choices of 'motion' direction \\[[@B6]\\]. ", "Likewise, in a binocular rivalry paradigm, Dodd and colleagues \\[[@B7]\\] showed that neuronal firing in area MT correlated with the monkey's reported depth sensation in the absence of binocular disparity (depth cue) in the visual display. ", "In humans, functional magnetic-resonance imaging (fMRI) showed that activation of primary visual cortex (V1) changed during constant stimulation when the reported perception of a dichoptic image fluctuated between the two eyes in a binocular rivalry paradigm \\[[@B8]\\]. ", "And, in an fMRI study of facial expression perception (fear or disgust), the network of areas activated in response to a neutral face correlated with the reported choice \\[[@B9]\\]. ", "In the animal work the modulation in single neuron firing rates appeared within approximately 50 ms of stimulus onset, leading to the conclusion that they were driving the decision process rather than resulting from it \\[[@B6]\\]. ", "While fMRI lacks sufficient temporal resolution to make this distinction possible, modeling evidence (e.g. \\[[@B10],[@B11]\\]) indicates that noise can drive percepts.", "\n\nMore recently, Bernasconi and colleagues \\[[@B12]\\] have used electroencephalography (EEG) to show that perceptual decisions in an auditory discrimination task can be predicted by topographic differences in brain activity as early as 100 ms following stimulus onset. ", "The finer temporal resolution afforded by EEG thus shows decision-predicting differences occur within a similar time-scale to the animal studies. ", "However, the topographic modulation shown by these results differs in kind from the changes in neuronal firing rates in more local-area networks observed in animals. ", "Modeling work based on signal detection theory (SDT) shows internal noise can cause large enough variations to drive perceptual decisions \\[[@B13],[@B14]\\]. ", "These models are based on overall activity differences between decision options rather than topographic variation. ", "Specifically, the work of Micheyl et al. ", "\\[[@B13]\\] was based on behavioral data we collected during a 3-interval, 3-alternative forced choice paradigm requiring listeners to pick the 'odd-one-out' of 3 identical tones \\[[@B15]\\]. ", "We hypothesized that if internal noise adds a randomly fluctuating component (or components) to brain activity which is unrelated to the task, the neural response to the three identical tones will not be identical. ", "By asking participants to pick the odd-one-out of these identical tones, we ask them to make a decision based on those fluctuations and can therefore quantify the difference in activity that results in a behavioural decision. ", "We predicted that early stimulus-related activity will reflect these fluctuations, and later activity differences will reflect the processes leading up to and including decision making based on them. ", "We present evidence from human EEG, recorded during the same 'odd-one-out' task, that shows early differences, both in overall activity and in topography of cortical activation predict perceptual decision-making.", "\n\nExperimental Methods {#s2}\n====================\n\nParticipants {#s2.1}\n------------\n\nTwenty right-handed listeners with normal hearing (≤ 20 dB HL bilaterally, 0.5-4 kHz; British Society of Audiology standard, method A \\[[@B16]\\]), aged 18-37 years (mean age 24.7; 6 males, 14 females), participated in the study.", "\n\nData from one listener were incomplete due to a technical fault and were excluded. ", "In two other listeners an N1 peak could not be reliably identified using automated peak picking (see details below) and their data were also excluded.", "\n\nEthics Statement {#s2.2}\n----------------\n\nThe research protocol was approved by the National Research Ethics Service Committee East Midlands - Nottingham 1, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.", "\n\nBehavioral task {#s2.3}\n---------------\n\nListeners performed an auditory discrimination task. ", "They were instructed to choose the odd-one-out of three consecutive tones, which, unbeknownst to them, were physically identical. ", "They were told that the task will be very difficult. ", "They were not instructed on which stimulus dimension to attend or to base their decision, but having successfully completed a frequency discrimination task with real differences just prior to EEG data collection we assume they were attending to frequency differences. ", "The perceived differences engendered by this paradigm are quite salient, and only one of the twenty subjects reported hearing no differences in the sounds during post-experimental debriefing. ", "Taken together with evidence from previous training studies using identical stimuli and similar task paradigms \\[[@B15],[@B17]\\], which induced comparable learning to training with actual frequency differences, we believe listeners were attentive and engaged with the task.", "\n\nListeners performed this task over 8 blocks of 100 trials each with short breaks between blocks and a longer break half way through the recording session ([Figure 1A)](#pone-0068928-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Tones were presented diotically at 80 dB SPL through Sennheiser HD-25-I headphones. ", "Each tone was 100-ms long, with 10-ms rise-fall times, and the tones were separated by a silent interval that was 506-ms long with an additional jitter. ", "The jitter Poisson distributed (mean 3.6 ms) and was introduced to avoid N1-P2 complex amplitude increases due to α-band activity entraining to the temporal regularity within trials (see [@B18]).", "\n\n{#pone-0068928-g001}\n\nThe task was presented as a computer game using custom software \\[[@B19]\\]. ", "The 3 stimulus intervals were represented by three 'cartoon' characters of identical shape and size, presented at equal distances horizontally across the computer monitor (see screenshot in [Figure S1](#pone.0068928.s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} online). ", "The characters were animated to open their mouths to coincide with the tones being played, each in turn from left to right. ", "Once all the tones had been played, listeners responded without time limit using a three-button response box placed under three fingers of their right hand. ", "Trials were initiated 700 ms (plus the same jitter described above) after the response to the previous trial. ", "Following the feedback paradigm we used previously to induce perceptual learning with identical tones \\[[@B15]\\], positive visual feedback was provided during the inter-trial period on one third of the trials; the interval regarded as \"correct\" was randomly determined by the software and the character associated with that interval was briefly animated. ", "Listeners were instructed to move as little as possible during blocks and to keep their eyes open, but were not asked to fixate. ", "The experiment was carried out in a double-walled sound-attenuating booth.", "\n\nElectrophysiological recording {#s2.4}\n------------------------------\n\nAuditory evoked potentials were recorded with a 32-channel EEG amplifier system (BrainAmp DC, Brain Products, Gilching, Germany) and an electrode cap (\"infracerebral\" cap, Easy Cap, Herrsching-Breitbrunn, Germany). ", "The cap was fitted with 31 Ag/AgCl ring electrodes in a quasi-equidistant arrangement, which covers the largest possible area. ", "Data were recorded continuously with a sampling rate of 500 Hz. ", "They were analogue-filtered online between 0.02 and 250 Hz. ", "Skin to electrode impedances were maintained below 5 kΩ. The ground electrode was placed on the midline of the forehead and the recording reference was the midline central electrode (Cz). ", "Subjects were seated in a comfortable chair, with the response box on their lap under their right hand. ", "They were instructed to relax, and move as little as possible.", "\n\nElectrophysiological analysis {#s2.5}\n-----------------------------\n\nThe raw EEG data were preprocessed with the EEGLAB toolbox \\[[@B20]\\], which runs under MATLAB (Mathworks, [[http://www.mathworks.com]{.ul}](http://www.mathworks.com)), using methods adapted from Briley and colleagues \\[[@B21]\\]. ", "The data were (i) bandpass-filtered between 0.1 and 35 Hz using a 32^nd^-order zero-phase Butterworth filter (16^th^ order applied forward and backward), (ii) channels with excessive noise (\\> 5 µV^2^/Hz at frequencies \\> 15 Hz) were removed on a block-by-block basis to avoid introducing the noise across all electrodes when re-referencing (these were generally back channels O~1/2~ or PO9/10, with occasionally T7/8, and amounted to 1.4% of total, with only 0.1% having more than 3 channels removed in the same block, maximum 5 on 2 blocks), (iii) re-referenced to the common average reference and (iv) epoched from -100 to 500 ms relative to stimulus onset. (", "v) Epochs with non-stereotypic artefacts were rejected automatically using the joint probability function in EEGLAB, which treats the presence of uncommonly large potentials across many electrodes as artefactual (vi). ", "Stereotypic artefacts (e.g. electroocular activity) were eliminated by applying an independent components analysis (ICA) based on the extended infomax algorithm \\[[@B22]\\] and rejecting artefactual components by manually inspecting the components' activity time courses, field maps and event-related average waveforms. ", "These comprised 13.8% of all components: 5.2% eye-blinks, 2.3% lateral eye movements, 2.4% excessive α activity, 3.1% electrode pop-outs, 0.1% ECG and the remaining 0.8% residual noise (vii). ", "Previously removed channels and Cz were reconstructed, and only then (viii) the data were separated into 'chosen' and 'non-chosen' epochs based on response button press to each trial, and (ix) baseline corrected to the 100 ms period preceding tone onset. ", "In total, 15.3% of interval 1, 10.8% of interval 2, and 11.8% of interval 3 epochs were rejected during pre-processing. ", "Of the remaining, 'chosen' epochs comprised 37.6% (4331 epochs) of interval 1 data, 33.7% (4085 epochs) of interval 2 data and 28.7% (3444 epochs) of interval 3 data. '", "Non-chosen' epochs comprised 62.4% (7188 epochs), 66.3% (8049 epochs) and 71.3% (8556 epochs) of intervals 1, 2 and 3, respectively. ", "These proportions accurately reflect the behavioral choices in each interval based on the entire dataset (see analysis of behavioral results in the Results section).", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#s2.6}\n--------------------\n\nWe identified the N1 peaks for each listener as the minima in the 70-130 ms post-stimulus time window and the P2 as the maxima in the 150-210 ms post-stimulus time window. ", "For the purpose of statistical analysis, we used the mean peak amplitudes over 25 ms (13 time-points) and 30 ms (16 time-points) for the N1 and P2, respectively, corresponding to the grand-average peak width at the half-power point (-3 dB gain, or 0.707 relative to the peak). ", "Using the mean amplitude alleviates the SNR-difference due to non-chosen intervals being twice as numerous as chosen ones \\[[@B23]\\]. ", "To avoid potential baseline differences between chosen and non-chosen responses we used the N1-P2 difference rather than absolute mean peak amplitudes (see [@B21] for discussion of the advantages of this method). ", "The N1 and P2 are generally largest over fronto-central electrodes (Fz, FC~1/2~ and Cz). ", "In choosing both peak time-intervals and electrode sites for analysis we followed Ben-David et al. ", "\\[[@B24]\\] who used similar stimuli. ", "We used a repeated-measures ANOVA to investigate the effect of response (chosen, non-chosen; [Figure 1B)](#pone-0068928-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}, electrode, and interval position in the trial (1^st^, 2^nd^ or 3^rd^; [Figure 1C)](#pone-0068928-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"} on N1-P2 mean peak amplitude differences. ", "The N1-P2 difference was also analysed over lateral electrodes, using a repeated-measures ANOVA with hemisphere (left vs. right), electrode (TP9/10, P7/8 and PO9/10, going from anterior to posterior), interval (1^st^, 2^nd^ or 3^rd^), and choice (chosen, non-chosen) as within subject factors. ", "Effects were considered significant for p \\< 0.05, Greenhouse--Geisser corrected where the data were not spherical.", "\n\nTo examine the effect of perceptual decision (whether a tone was chosen as different or not) on overall response strength we calculated the global field power (GFP) which is a reference- and topography-independent measure \\[[@B12],[@B25]\\]. ", "To determine the time points when activity was significantly different for 'chosen' and 'non-chosen' epochs we used a permutation test that controls for the family-wise error rate (FWER) associated with the multiple comparisons \\[[@B26]\\]. ", "Simulated GFP differences were generated over 5000 iterations by randomly assigning epochs to be chosen or non-chosen. ", "The distribution of the minimum and maximum t-statistics associated with each of the 5000 comparisons was used to generate the criterion t-statistic at α = 5%. ", "We also followed the methods described by Murray et al. ", "\\[[@B25]\\] and used by Bernasconi et al. ", "\\[[@B12]\\] to assess topographic dissimilarity between chosen and non-chosen epochs, regardless of the overall electric field strength and baseline. ", "Like the GFP, topographic dissmilarity is reference-independent. ", "The measured dissimilarity was compared to the simulated dissimilarity generated over 5000 iterations. ", "We accepted only topographic differences for which p \\< 0.05 over at least 5 consecutive time-points (10 ms) to be significant. ", "It is not possible to fully control for the FWER using a permutation test because topographic dissimilarity does not use a t-statistic. ", "We followed instead the convention set by Bernasconi and colleagues \\[[@B12]\\] to be able to compare the results of both studies. ", "Given this caveat the dissimilarity results might be inflated.", "\n\nResults {#s3}\n=======\n\nAnalysis of behavioral responses {#s3.1}\n--------------------------------\n\nThe use of identical stimuli in a discrimination task raises the possibility that listeners used non-perceptual strategies when performing the task. ", "Two types of bias were analyzed with respect to the dataset: (i) stationary bias, reflecting interval preference; and (ii) non-stationary (dynamic) bias, reflecting serial effects when the choice depends on the previous trial. ", "We further investigated the effect of the random feedback on both of these types of bias.", "\n\nAlthough individuals varied considerably, there was an overall bias towards choosing interval 1 (37.65%) more often than interval 2 (33.75%), which was chosen more often than interval 3 (28.60%) (χ^2^ test: p \\< 0.001 for main effect and all *post-hoc* comparisons). ", "An interval-selection preference was observed in 15 of the 17 listeners. ", "The random feedback provided by the software corresponded with the listeners' choice on 32.93%, 33.55% and 33.51% of interval 1, 2, and 3 button-presses, respectively. ", "The listeners' response preference was unrelated to the feedback provided; the distribution of responses was significantly different from the distribution of feedback intervals (χ^2^ test: p \\<\\< 0.001).", "\n\nListeners also had a preference for alternating between different responses to a larger extent than would be predicted by chance, resulting in a significant overall serial effect (χ^2^ test: p \\< 0.001). ", "This was also significant in 12 of the 17 individual listeners. ", "These results were validated by a simulation showing that a random permutation of responses within subjects makes the serial effects disappear. ", "An over-proportionate alternation between intervals could result from the relatively low rate of \"correct\" feedback (this would be kept at about 70-80% in most psychophysical studies). ", "However, there was no evidence of an effect of the feedback on the serial effects in the selection of response interval (χ^2^ test: p \\> 0.54 for all intervals). ", "Both types of bias were thus found to be present in the dataset, but neither was affected by the feedback. ", "According to SDT, response biases affect the placement of the decision criterion. ", "The existence of these non-sensory top-down influences suggests any pre-decision physiological differences we observe may be underestimated because the criterion may have dynamically shifted during the experimental session.", "\n\nAlthough the task was not speeded, reaction times (RTs) were calculated for each interval using 5% trimmed means to avoid the influence of extreme outliers. ", "Mean RTs were 942 ms for interval 1 (median: 831 ms; range 553--1518 ms), 978 ms for interval 2 (median: 850 ms; range: 472--1711 ms), and 859 ms for interval 3 (median: 755 ms; range: 360--1587 ms). ", "Mean RTs did not differ significantly between intervals (ANOVA: F(2,48) = 0.53; p = 0.59).", "\n\nEvent-related potentials (ERPs) {#s3.2}\n-------------------------------\n\nSeveral negative and positive peaks were identified in the ERP waveforms ([Figure 2A,B)](#pone-0068928-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "An early positive deflection peaking at 40 ms over frontal channels was identified as the P1. ", "The N1 peaked over fronto-central channels at \\~95 ms, followed by a positive peak identified as P2 which peaked at \\~160 ms. ", "The N1 and P2 showed a similar scalp distribution, including a polarity reversal between frontal and lateral sites, confirming sources on the superior temporal plane \\[[@B27],[@B28]\\]. ", "Following the P2 we observed a large and slow negative wave. ", "It temporally and topographically partially overlapped a negative deflection peaking over left fronto-central channels at \\~220 ms, identified as the N2b subcomponent of the N2 wave (see [@B24]), which appeared as a bump on its descending slope.", "\n\n![", "Grand average event-related potentials (ERPs).\\\n(A) ERPs associated with chosen (magenta) and non-chosen (blue) stimuli, averaged across intervals and listeners, shown on selected electrodes plotted to approximate topography.\\\n(B) Enlarged plots for ERPs to chosen and non-chosen stimuli on a fronto-central electrode (Fz; top) and a lateral electrode (TP10; bottom) show the polarity reversal typically associated with generators in the auditory cortex on the superior temporal plane.\\\n(C) Marginal means associated with the absolute N1-P2 mean amplitude differences for chosen (magenta) and non-chosen (blue) stimuli at fronto-central and lateral sites. ", "Error-bars denote the within-subject confidence intervals for the chosen -- non-chosen difference after removing inter-subject variability (see [@B58]).\\\n(D) ERPs for interval 1 (purple), 2 (red) and 3 (orange), averaged across chosen and non-chosen stimuli and listeners.\\\n(E) Enlarged plot for the ERPs in each interval on the midline central electrode (Cz).](pone.0068928.g002){#pone-0068928-g002}\n\nThe lack of a P3 wave, a positivity recorded in the 300-600 ms time-window at fronto-central sites (P3a) during involuntary target (novelty) detection or parietal sites (P3b) during voluntary target detection (reviewed in [@B29]) is surprising. ", "It is quite possible that this component was swamped by the slow negative wave we observed, peaking at 300-400 ms ([Figure 2B)](#pone-0068928-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "A similar slow negative wave in the absence of a P3 was observed for tone discrimination by Ben-David and colleagues \\[[@B24]\\]. ", "Rohrbaugh et al. ", "\\[[@B30]\\] also observed a slow negative wave in response to attended, task-relevant auditory stimuli, sometimes in the absence of a P3. ", "However, in Rohrbaugh et al.", "'s study this wave peaked \\~600 ms after stimulus onset and returned to baseline about 2 seconds later, the timescale of our trials (including the response time and inter-trial period) but not of individual interval epochs. ", "The interval-by-interval ERPs in [Figure 2D and E](#pone-0068928-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"} shed some light on the time-course of this wave if we consider that each interval was individually baseline-corrected to the 100 ms preceding each stimulus. ", "The onset of the wave immediately followed the P2 in interval 1, but interval 2 and 3 ERPs overlapped with its slowly ascending slope as it returns to baseline. ", "The N2b and possibly a P3 can be seen at the vertex channel (Cz) in both intervals 2 and 3 ([Figure 2E)](#pone-0068928-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "An additional fronto-central negative peak was observed at \\~330 ms in interval 3. ", "Since we were more interested in how early activity differences affect the behavioral choice, a full analysis of the adaptation effects is outside the scope of this paper but we include topographies at major points of difference between the three intervals in [Figure S2](#pone.0068928.s002){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} online.", "\n\nDifferences in the N1-P2 region {#s3.3}\n-------------------------------\n\nWe expected differences in internal noise to be observed at an early stimulus encoding stage. ", "Indeed, the N1 peak amplitude appeared larger for chosen stimuli at both fronto-central and, with reversed polarity, at lateral sites ([Figure 2B)](#pone-0068928-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "We chose to analyse the N1-P2 difference rather than the N1 amplitude because chosen and non-chosen epochs as well as the different intervals may have different baselines. ", "We calculated mean peak amplitudes over 25 and 30 ms time windows for N1 and P2 respectively, and subjected the difference to an electrode × interval × choice ANOVA (with hemisphere added as a factor in the analysis over lateral sites; see Methods section for details). ", "Chosen responses had significantly larger N1-P2 difference over fronto-central electrodes than non-chosen responses ([Figure 2C](#pone-0068928-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}: F(1,16) = 12.5; p = 0.003; η~p~ ^2^ = 0.44). ", "The chosen response N1-P2 difference was also significantly larger over the lateral sites (F(1,16) = 14.9; p = 0.001; η~p~ ^2^ = 0.48), with no difference between left and right hemisphere (F(1,16) = 2.32; p = 0.15; η~p~ ^2^ = 0.13).", "\n\nThe N1-P2 difference was larger in the first interval compared to both second and third intervals ([Figure 2D and E](#pone-0068928-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}; frontal site: F(2,32) = 54.9; p \\< 0.001; η~p~ ^2^ = 0.77; lateral site: F(2,32) = 50.2; p \\< 0.001; η~p~ ^2^ = 0.76), reflecting short-term stimulus adaptation. ", "Critically, there was no interaction between interval and choice (frontal site: F(2,32) = 1.78; p = 0.19; η~p~ ^2^ = 0.10; lateral site: F(2,32) = 0.015; p = 0.97; η~p~ ^2^ = 0.001), suggesting chosen stimuli elicited larger responses in each of the 3 intervals. ", "The presence of the choice effect in each interval also suggests that it does not result from the stationary biases associated with interval selection (see behavioral results above).", "\n\nThe N1-P2 difference magnitude did not vary with channel location, either frontally or laterally ([Figure 2A](#pone-0068928-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}: frontal site: F(3,48) = 0.40; p = 0.60; η~p~ ^2^ = 0.024; lateral site: F(2,32) = 0.77; p = 0.46; η~p~ ^2^ = 0.046), and there were no interactions of channel with choice or interval (p \\> 0.14), suggesting common ERP generators for all stimuli regardless of choice or interval.", "\n\nGlobal field power (GFP) differences between chosen and non-chosen stimuli {#s3.4}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nInternal noise could have affected processing even earlier than the N1 time window. ", "To check for this possibility, we compared the GFP for chosen and non-chosen stimuli. ", "The GFP measures overall activity level independent of location, so higher overall activity could be indicative of higher internal noise levels. ", "Significantly higher-amplitude GFPs were associated with chosen stimuli in three main time intervals ([Figure 3A,B,C)](#pone-0068928-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"} even after controlling for multiple comparisons: the pre-stimulus interval (intermittently from -100 ms to +6 ms), during the N1 ERP from its onset till past its peak amplitude (70-104 ms), and then continuously following the P2 peak till almost the end of the epoch (178-474 ms). ", "Neither the P1 nor the P2 time regions showed significant differences in GFP magnitude ([Figure 3B](#pone-0068928-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}, with statistical analysis in [Figure 3C)](#pone-0068928-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The topography of the difference between chosen and non-chosen stimuli at various time points of significant GFP difference is shown in [Figure 3D](#pone-0068928-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The chosen and non-chosen stimuli have the same topography at these points (The topographic dissimilarity is not significant; [Figure 4)](#pone-0068928-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Notably, the chosen -- non-chosen difference has the same topography as the N1 auditory ERP (see 94 ms time window in [Figure 3D)](#pone-0068928-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}, including the polarity reversal between frontal and lateral electrodes indicative of generators in the superior temporal plane \\[[@B27],[@B28]\\]. ", "The late and prolonged GFP difference may indicate enhanced higher-level processing past the point at which the stimulus was recognized as the 'target' rather than internal noise leading up to that point.", "\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}).\\\n(B) GFP for responses to stimuli 'chosen' as different (magenta) and 'non-chosen' (blue). ", "These measures are independent of topography differences. ", "Grey patches are as above.\\\n(C) Statistical analysis of the GFP: A permutation test was run to control for family-wise error rate (FWER) associated with multiple comparisons across the ERP time-course. ", "The t-statistic associated with the difference between chosen and non-chosen GFP is in black, and criterion t-value controlling for the FWER is marked by the dashed red line. ", "The grey areas demarcate time points at which the t-statistic exceeded the criterion value.\\\n(D) Topographic plots showing the difference between chosen and non-chosen activity at various time-points with significant GFP differences. ", "The color bar indicates differences in microvolts.](pone.0068928.g003){#pone-0068928-g003}\n\n{#pone-0068928-g004}\n\nDifferences in chosen vs. non-chosen topography {#s3.5}\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nSignificant topographic dissimilarity between the two types of stimuli is indicative of different neural generators of activity independently of its overall strength. ", "The topographic dissimilarity between chosen and non-chosen stimuli was significant over a consecutive period \\>10 ms only at 52-62 ms and 454-474 ms post stimulus onset ([Figure 4A,B)](#pone-0068928-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The early dissimilarity followed the P1 peak and showed more bilateral activity for chosen epochs compared to right-lateralized activity for non-chosen epochs ([Figure 4C](#pone-0068928-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}, left). ", "The late dissimilarity showed more left-lateralized activity for chosen compared to non-chosen stimuli ([Figure 4C](#pone-0068928-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}, right). ", "The late difference topography ([Figure 4C](#pone-0068928-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}, bottom right) is typical of lateral eye movement. ", "Both of these differences reflected greater activity recorded at left frontal and fronto-temporal electrodes but with reversed polarity, positive for the early and negative for the late time regions ([Figure 4C](#pone-0068928-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}, bottom). ", "Taken together with the GFP results, the pattern of topographic dissimilarity observed here suggests the early increased activity in the pre-stimulus interval as well as during the N1 time window resulted from chosen and non-chosen stimuli invoking the same neural generator(s) but to a different degree. ", "This could be interpreted as resulting from fluctuations due to internal noise resulting in differential encoding of the stimuli.", "\n\nEnd-of-trial processes {#s3.6}\n----------------------\n\nAlthough we were primarily interested in early processes leading to the decision, we also examined the time following the presentation of the third stimulus and preceding the response stage of the trial. [", "Figure 5](#pone-0068928-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the ERPs associated with interval 3 ([Figure 5A)](#pone-0068928-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}, and the GFP ([Figure 5B)](#pone-0068928-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"} and the topographic dissimilarity ([Figure 5C)](#pone-0068928-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"} associated with the contrast between chosen and non-chosen epochs in this interval. ", "Note that statistical power was reduced here because only one third of the data were used in this analysis -- perhaps the reason the N1 difference in GFP was not significant. ", "However, several significant differences were still observed. ", "Firstly, GFP in the period preceding stimulus onset was significantly larger for chosen epochs. ", "Note that non-chosen stimuli here mean that one of the previously presented sounds was 'chosen' on those trials. ", "We have no way of determining whether that decision has already been made at that point, but it is clear that choosing the third interval followed increased GFP prior to the third stimulus onset, as was observed in the analysis of all intervals together. ", "Most notable, however, is the topographic dissimilarity between chosen and non-chosen stimuli in this interval ([Figure 5C)](#pone-0068928-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Responses to chosen stimuli showed more left-lateralized frontal negativity, while non-chosen stimuli showed more right-lateralized frontal negativity ([Figure 5D](#pone-0068928-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}, right panel). ", "The difference topography is typical of lateral eye movements. ", "Although lateral eye movement artefacts were removed as much as possible during pre-processing using ICA, components that contained even residual ERP activity were retained. ", "It is possible that having heard the third tone in the sequence, listeners moved their fixation to the animated character representing the chosen interval prior to making their response. ", "The late topographic dissimilarity in [Figure 4C](#pone-0068928-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"} is probably driven by these differences in interval 3. ", "This global dissimilarity overlapped (246-306 ms) with significantly increased GFP for chosen stimuli at a time just prior to the late negative peak ([Figure 2E)](#pone-0068928-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "This conjunction was not present in the data averaged across all three intervals ([Figure 2)](#pone-0068928-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}, and we therefore suggest that it is related to end-of-trial processes, possibly reflecting decision-making prior to response.", "\n\n{#pone-0068928-g005}\n\nDiscussion {#s4}\n==========\n\nWe found differences in the pre-stimulus, mid- and long-latency responses, as well as at the end of the trial, in the activity produced by stimuli judged to be \"different\" compared to those judged to be the \"same\". ", "The early activity differences (especially as measured by the GFP) are consistent with the signal detection theory (SDT) prediction of internal noise affecting stimulus encoding and representation. ", "These representational differences drive later decision-related processes, resulting in the late differences between chosen and non-chosen stimuli. ", "In the following sections we suggest possible origins of the noise associated with the differences found, and discuss several methodological issues that constrain our interpretation of the results.", "\n\nPhysical stimuli, internal noise and percepts {#s4.1}\n---------------------------------------------\n\nThe ability to discriminate perceptually between identical stimuli has been linked to the effect of variations in internal noise present in the system during task performance on the internal representations, or percepts, of the stimuli (e.g. \\[[@B13]\\]). ", "Signal detection theory makes no distinction between low- (e.g. sensory) or high-level (cognitive) sources of internal noise, and both types have been previously reported (e.g. \\[[@B2],[@B3]\\]). ", "Noise-induced differences in internal representation of physically-identical stimuli are treated by the brain in the same way as differences in physical stimuli. ", "They feed into the decision process, which is 'unaware' whether the source of the difference is external or internal. ", "A range of evidence from single-neuron physiology in animals (e.g. \\[[@B6]\\]) to human neuroimaging (e.g. \\[[@B9],[@B31]\\]) suggests that perceptual decisions can be driven by an enhanced physiological response to a stimulus compared to the response to physically identical stimuli. ", "The early response variations observed in animals (\\~50 ms \\[[@B6]\\]) and humans (\\~100 ms \\[[@B12]\\]) are unlikely to be caused by efferent activity from higher-level areas, which is thought to influence the EEG signal only at latencies \\>200 ms after stimulus onset ( \\[[@B32]\\], and see a similar argument in \\[[@B6]\\] about single-neuron responses). ", "Taken together, previous findings suggest that decision-related activity even in the absence of an external stimulus can be traced back to neural activity in low-level areas that represent the stimulus features relevant for the decision. ", "The data reported here partially supports these conclusions, but in the following sections we show that not all the observed variation associated with the decision can be attributed to sensory or low-level origins.", "\n\nPre-stimulus activity {#s4.2}\n---------------------\n\nActivity in the 100 ms preceding stimulus onset showed greater GFP preceding stimuli which would be chosen compared to those that would not be chosen. ", "These differences could result from top-down modulation which have been variously referred to as variations in brain state \\[[@B33]\\] or baseline activation \\[[@B18],[@B34],[@B35],[@B36]\\]. ", "For example, Wyart and Tallon-Baudry \\[[@B36]\\] showed that pre-stimulus fluctuations in gamma-band activity correlated with the visual detection of near-threshold gratings. ", "Hesselmann and colleagues \\[[@B37]\\] showed that fluctuations in pre-stimulus fMRI activation can predict perceptual choices for ambiguous figures (where there is no 'correct' response), and Bode et al. ", "\\[[@B38]\\] likewise showed that pre-stimulus fluctuations in the ERP can predict perceptual decisions on a trial-by-trial basis when the stimuli themselves contained no discriminative information. ", "Although the fluctuations in human studies were observed over a much longer time-scale (several seconds) compared to the time-scale in our experiment (\\~600 ms), animal studies have shown faster fluctuations in baseline firing rates that were correlated with the stimulus-evoked activity \\[[@B39],[@B40]\\]. ", "Such fluctuations in ongoing non-sensory activity could nevertheless contribute to the accumulating evidence of the perceived distinction between stimuli leading to a decision \\[[@B41]\\].", "\n\nThe strength of pre-stimulus activity could also be indicative of a 'decision bias' -- a predisposition to choose a particular response prior to stimulus onset \\[[@B38],[@B42]\\]. ", "Despite using very different methodologies, both Shadlen and Newsome \\[[@B42]\\] and Bode et al. ", "\\[[@B38]\\] observed a bias towards repeating a previously rewarded response which effectively shifted the decision criterion closer to that choice. ", "While we observed an above-chance tendency to alternate behavioral responses independent of reward feedback, we cannot rule out the possibility that bias contributed to the pre-trial activity variation (prior to interval 1). ", "How bias might affect activity prior to interval 2 or 3 is further complicated by the activity history of preceding interval(s). ", "We think it unlikely that listeners could maintain a pre-trial selection strategy (e.g. \"I chose interval 1 in the last trial, so I should choose interval 2 or 3 in this one\") for the length of the experimental session (800 trials) and during the relatively short (\\~700 ms) response-to-next-trial-onset time. ", "No listeners have reported using a non-perceptual strategy during debriefing (in fact, they mostly claimed the task was \"extremely difficult\"), but that in itself does not preclude the existence of a pre-stimulus decision bias. ", "Since choice or interval selection bias (both stationary and dynamic) is present in some perceptual tasks near threshold even when the stimuli are physically different (unpublished data from our lab), such bias can be considered a source of \"internal\" noise, albeit of a cognitive origin.", "\n\nEarly topographic modulation {#s4.3}\n----------------------------\n\nAn early (\\~50 ms after stimulus onset) and brief (10 ms) period of topographic dissimilarity between chosen and non-chosen stimuli showed more bilateral frontal positivity in the former that did not coincide with the P1 peak ([Figure 4C)](#pone-0068928-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The timescale agrees with Britten et al.", "'s \\[[@B6]\\] finding of motion direction-dependent activity that matched monkeys' behavioral decision even in the absence of an actual motion signal. ", "However, it is unclear whether and how a topographic modulation on the gross spatial scale measurable by EEG can be related to the variation in trial-by-trial activity of single neurons in local networks.", "\n\nPerhaps more relevant are the findings of Bernasconi et al. ", "\\[[@B12]\\] of topographic differences between the stimuli chosen as \"targets\" and the non-chosen stimuli in two auditory discrimination tasks (pitch and duration discrimination) using identical sounds. ", "These differences appeared later than ours, at \\~100 ms and past the N1 peak, and, at least for the duration discrimination task, appear to have a similar topography. ", "Although Bernasconi and colleagues linked these topographic differences to random fluctuations of activity at specific time points, it is unclear how these relate to different perceptual decisions regarding the scaled parameters of pitch or duration. ", "Although topographic modulation was previously observed in low-level auditory cortical regions in a human fMRI experiment using pitch \\[[@B43]\\], it depended on listeners being asked to attend to different dimensions of the same stimulus, not different values along the same dimension as in Bernasconi et al. ", "\\[[@B12]\\] and the present study.", "\n\nThe early topographic modulations are also difficult to reconcile with the SDT understanding of the role of internal noise in the discrimination of identical stimuli \\[[@B13]\\]. ", "SDT regards internal noise as fluctuations in the activity in the discriminated variable dimension or feature (e.g. pitch), which, given the scale of the tonotopic mapping in early sensory areas, should not be associated with different topographies on the spatial scale that could be measured by EEG or even fMRI. ", "How these topographic modulations are related to internal noise sources that drive the perceptual decision is therefore unclear.", "\n\nN1 -- P2 {#s4.4}\n--------\n\nBased on the SDT concept of internal noise we predicted that fluctuations in noise level would affect early stimulus encoding, distinguishing between the identical stimuli and hence driving perceptual decisions. ", "In line with this prediction, our results show both greater GFP for chosen than non-chosen stimuli in the N1 time window and greater N1-P2 differences for chosen stimuli, driven by the larger N1 mean amplitude to the sound perceived as different. ", "The N1 wave is generated in the superior temporal gyrus (auditory cortex) in response to sound \\[[@B28]\\] and has been suggested to reflect stimulus encoding \\[[@B44]\\]. ", "It is subject to adaptation, reducing in amplitude with stimulus repetition \\[[@B45],[@B46]\\], as we have also observed. ", "N1 amplitude has previously been found to depend on the frequency or intensity disparity (increment or decrement) between two sounds \\[[@B47]\\]. ", "The enhancement we observed in the N1-P2 difference mimics this characteristic. ", "The topography of the chosen -- non-chosen difference in GFP is indicative of internal noise originating in sensory auditory cortex.", "\n\nThe N1 is sensitive to attentional modulation, showing an enhancement to attended compared to ignored stimuli (e.g. \\[[@B48]\\]). ", "We therefore considered the possibility that the N1 enhancement we observed resulted from one interval being selectively attended while others were ignored. ", "However, previous findings showed that whereas the N1 amplitude was enhanced, the P2 amplitude was suppressed to attended compared to unattended stimuli ( \\[[@B27],[@B49],[@B50]\\]; see review in \\[[@B51]\\]). ", "We might therefore have expected the N1-P2 difference not to be modulated by attention, as these two effects could cancel one another or at least diminish the difference. ", "The GFP was still larger for chosen than non-chosen stimuli in the P2 time window, albeit not significantly so, contrary to what would be expected from selective attention.", "\n\nAnimal studies that looked at attentional modulation of perceptual choice signals in single neurons have all used paradigms where attention was directed towards a specific spatial location, stimulus or stimulus feature (see review in \\[[@B52]\\]). ", "This was not the case in the present study; to perform the task listeners needed to attend to all stimulus intervals and make a comparison. ", "While we certainly do not discount the possible effects of attention as a source of internal noise, we suggest that it was either exogenous attention, captured by the perceived oddball stimulus, or fluctuations in attention that were unrelated to the timing of the task, but that may have affected baseline activity (see [@B53]).", "\n\nLate and end-of-trial differences {#s4.5}\n---------------------------------\n\nThe GFP showed later sustained differences between chosen and non-chosen stimuli following the P2 peak (from about 175 ms post stimulus onset) almost to the end of the epoch. ", "These differences included the N2 peak time window, which has been implicated in decision-making processes of stimulus classification or target selection for response \\[[@B54],[@B55]\\]. ", "We recorded a small N2b wave, thought to be elicited by a template mismatch, or a deviation from a stored representation of the stimulus \\[[@B56]\\]. ", "The N2b reflects 'voluntary' processing \\[[@B56]\\] rather than exogenous attentional orienting to an oddball stimulus. ", "It is possible that internal noise may cause perturbations (reflected in earlier, exogenous potentials such as the N1) that, when large enough, result in a deviation from a stored representation, or perceptual anchor \\[[@B57]\\], leading to an enhanced N2b. ", "This component could therefore reflect the classification of the chosen stimulus as \"different\" (i.e. its identification as the \"target\"), leading to its selection for response (see [@B24]). ", "However, this possibility requires experimental examination.", "\n\nThe differences (both in GFP and topography) observed at the end of the trial (following the third stimulus) may reflect the actual perceptual decision or response choice, though we do not rule out that choice related activity was already present following the actual 'chosen' stimulus and not only delayed until the end of the trial. ", "In the third interval the increased GFP coincided with topographic differences that are typical of lateral eye movements. ", "These may indicate that a choice has been made and possibly reflect choice-related lateral eye movement to fixate the character representing the chosen interval in anticipation of the feedback reward (an animation of that character).", "\n\nMethodological considerations {#s4.6}\n-----------------------------\n\nWe interpreted our findings of choice-related variation in early and late activity as reflecting internal noise that drives the perceptual decision, respectively. ", "Here we consider two methodological issues that could potentially confound this conclusion. ", "We first considered the possibility that the perceptual decision in each trial was random, or unrelated to the neural activity differences. ", "Although we are unable to demonstrate the relationship between activity and decision on a trial-by-trial basis because the unspeeded, 3-interval design did not allow us to determine the point at which the perceptual decision was made, the across-trial averages indicate the chosen intervals tended to have greater amplitudes. ", "Given the power associated with our non-parametric statistical analyses, it is highly unlikely that such significant and consistent differences between two portions of the same data set were unrelated to the behavioral decision.", "\n\nSecondly, the adaptation effect we observed across trial intervals means the neural response to the first interval was always the largest, and this difference was much larger than the chosen -- non-chosen effect. ", "Indeed, this could have contributed to the bias we observed in choosing interval 1 more often than either other interval. ", "The fact that it wasn't always perceived as different suggests that listeners do not merely rely on stronger activity within a trial, but instead internally calibrate or normalize the first interval activity by comparison with the other two, or develop interval-specific perceptual anchors that allows them to compare each interval activity to the same interval in other trials.", "\n\nConclusions {#s5}\n===========\n\nWe interpret the pre-stimulus and early activation differences between chosen and non-chosen tones to reflect internal noise, whether of top-down (fluctuations in attention, variations in brain state) or bottom-up (stochastic firing in sensory neurons) origin. ", "These variations contribute to the formation of a decision variable and are reflected in both later activity differences and the behavioral choice.", "\n\nSupporting Information\n======================\n\n###### Screenshot of a typical monitor display used in presenting the behavioral task.", "\n\nThree identical characters were presented, equally spaced horizontally across a 17″ computer screen. ", "The characters were sequentially animated from left to right to briefly open their mouths to coincide with tone presentation (see example of middle character above). ", "Following a \"correct\" response, positive feedback took the form of the chosen character waving its arms up and down briefly. ", "The characters and background scenery changed after every 100-trial block. ", "Participants were seated approximately 1.1-1.2 m from the screen. ", "There was no fixation point and eye movements were not controlled for.", "\n\n(TIF)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### Topographies for time points (rows) at which the activity in the 3 intervals (columns) differed.", "\n\n(TIF)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nWe thank Jessica de Boer for helpful comments on the manuscript.", "\n\n[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.", "\n\n[^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: JG SA DRM. ", "Performed the experiments: JG ES YXZ. ", "Analyzed the data: SA JG ES OZ BAE. ", "Wrote the manuscript: SA. ", "Wrote an earlier version of the manuscript: JG SA. ", "Contributed to manuscript revision and critical discussion: ES OZ BAE YXZ DRM.", "\n\n[^3]: Current address: Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, United Kingdom\n\n[^4]: Current address: Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom\n\n[^5]: Current address: National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China\n\n[^6]: Current address: Communication Sciences Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00005080526342529086, 0, 0, 0.00005, 0, 0, 0, 0.000012140489747356409, 0.00003501339262267817, 0.000013717421124828532, 0.000030524098775983637, 0.00001890359168241966, 0.00007257947452460445, 0.000041458796865714956, 0.00004691311690748733, 0, 0.00012170879143170108, 0, 0.000594883997620464, 0.000055401662049861494, 0, 0, 0, 0.000022249911000355996, 0.00003042719785792527, 0, 0, 0.00001992984693877551, 0, 0, 0, 0.000013922922699933169, 0, 0.000026835191670356507, 0, 0.0001417233560090703, 0, 0.000026298487836949376, 0, 0, 0, 0.000006845501592720038, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000007934933544931562, 0, 0, 0.00006028163580246914, 0.000062000124000248, 0, 0, 0.000028293345405160706, 0, 0, 0.00008829924614518604, 0.0000045636677284800244, 0.000042083999663328004, 0.00001965389491062391, 0.00002712673611111111, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00011138338159946535, 0.00002204148206925434, 0, 0.0001020304050607081, 0.0007304601899196494, 0.000010820637119113573, 0.00002313850710352168, 0.00007561436672967865, 0.00005080526342529086, 0.00001736111111111111, 0, 0, 0.00031887755102040814, 0.001189767995240928, 0.00004504301608035674, 0.0002366863905325444, 0, 0, 0.00005406574394463668, 0.0001183431952662722, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000148720999405116, 0, 0, 0, 0.0001234567901234568, 0.00002475186257765897, 0.00011317338162064282, 0, 0.00008765522279035793, 0, 0.000033319450229071226, 0, 0.0000023237656157049376, 0.000009555456284981928, 0, 0.00012018508503094766, 0, 0.000053279343598486864, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00004959333465582226, 0.0001451589490492089, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000013717421124828532, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000005484591041468993, 0.000016659725114535613, 0, 0.00004756242568370987, 0.0000052604999579160005, 0, 0, 0, 0.00003042719785792527, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00004901480247034605, 0.00006530612244897959, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00002143347050754458, 0, 0, 0, 0.000010749798441279227, 0, 0, 0.000007344246884203259, 0.00003265306122448979, 0, 0.00010850694444444444, 0, 0.000015378700499807765, 0, 0, 0, 0.00006605892456070815, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00003501277966457757, 0, 0.000048225308641975306, 0, 0, 0, 0.00005101520253035405, 0, 0, 0.000007802503042976187, 0.00005259697567389875, 0, 0, 0.000037458327610533285, 0.00004787896198410418, 0, 0, 0, 0.00013850415512465372, 0.00006605892456070815, 0.00004853308743235701, 0.000051534437888118735, 0.000021220384301159695, 0.000028596757127741712, 0.00006104819755196727, 0.00021701388888888888, 0.00004565376186997809, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000008353102342209896, 0.000625, 0.000044444444444444447, 0.000024029219530949635, 0.0002601456815816857, 0.000024507401235173024, 0, 0.000015872763924382153, 0.000010473287879263938, 0.0009182736455463728, 0.0000617283950617284, 0.000020284798571950182, 0, 0.00001721733441228629, 0, 0.00006920415224913494, 0.00013660269107301415, 0.00004756242568370987, 0, 0.0000573921028466483, 0.00005827166249053085, 0, 0.00009245562130177516, 0, 0.00003380205516495403, 0.000016128772116578765, 0, 0.000009238643397603495, 0.000015500031000062, 0.000057810151462596836, 0.00009008603216071348, 0.0001412329637737448, 0.000030280549289164105, 0.000027411529289219047, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0003429355281207133, 0, 0.0003429355281207133, 0.0002295684113865932, 0, 0.0002872737719046251, 0, 0.0007716049382716049, 0.0014792899408284025, 0.00038446751249519417, 0, 0.000039211841976276834 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to use switch case in onFileClick android\n\nI'm trying to use a switch case to choose from a file ending with .txt, and one that ends .pdf, I've been practicing the switch case but just not as implemented in this case, My code is \nprivate void onFileClick(Option o)\n { \n Uri path = Uri.parse(o.getPath());\n Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.", "ACTION_VIEW);\n intent.setDataAndType(path, \"application/pdf\");\n intent.setFlags(Intent.", "FLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TOP);\n\n try {\n startActivity(intent);\n } \n catch (ActivityNotFoundException e) {\n Toast.makeText(FileChooser.this, \n \"No Application Available to View PDF\", \n Toast.", "LENGTH_SHORT).show();\n\n}\n\nI want to implement uri for .txt, .pdf, and others, in a case, please helpme, and thank you \n\nA:\n\nSwitching on String values is a language feature of Java 7 and is not fully supported in Android (some have gotten it to work, but it takes some manipulation of the tools) which requires Java 5 or 6 if you are using ADT.", "\nSo selecting between String differences is best done with if-else, i.e.\nUri path = Uri.parse(o.getPath());\nif ( path.getLastPathSegment().contains(\".txt\") ) {\n //TXT File\n} else if ( path.getLastPathSegment().contains(\".pdf\") ) {\n //PDF File\n} else {\n //Default case\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0.0000980296049406921, 0, 0.000016803192606595252, 0 ]

[ "The present invention relates to writing instruments and, more particularly, to a new and improved cap assembly with an adjustable pocket clip mechanism for a writing instrument and a method of assembling the assembly.", "\nPocket clips are conventionally rigidly secured to the cap or barrel of a writing instrument in cantilevered fashion to provide a means for conveniently holding and positioning the writing instrument within a shirt or coat pocket. ", "Such clips are often a relatively thin, flexible metallic or plastic strip that may be bent away from the body of the writing instrument through a limited distance of sufficient clearance to allow fabric to pass between the clip and the body without damage.", "\nFiner quality writing instruments not only serve functional writing purposes but are designed to also provide a stylish appearance which, like jewelry, can act as a clothing accessory that highlights and compliments personal dress and appearance. ", "One drawback associated with the use of conventional pocket clips occurs where, for example, it is desired to hold the writing instrument in an outer pocket made of a thick fabric, for example, for a winter-weight, tweed sports coat. ", "Due to the relatively greater thickness of such fabrics, conventional clips may become permanently distorted and fatigued or stressed beyond their elastic limit and broken when clipped to such apparel. ", "The problem is more exasperated in the case of clips which have a relatively square cross-section and, thus, less spring or flexibility and cannot be readily bent away from the body of the writing instrument.", "\nA moveable clip for a writing instrument that could accommodate both thin and thick fabrics and which is amenable to mass production without sacrificing aesthetic or functional quality is very desirable.", "\nThe patent literature discloses some writing instruments which include clip structures that are generally moveable about a pivot point.", "\nRudimentary designs of moveable clips are disclosed by U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "1,339,359 and 1,863,016. ", "More detailed constructions are also known.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "1,808,045, for example, discloses a structure, characterized as being adapted to be readily and quickly applied to a tubular member, in which the clip is pivotally mounted within a slot formed in a fountain pen cap or pencil barrel. ", "Other moveable clips found in the patent literature perform functions, like retracting or extending a writing point, see for example U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "3,075,496 and 4,551,034.", "\nThe foregoing disclosed constructions, however, would not be suitable for clips of substantial cross-section or for reliable and consistent precision mounting of clips to multiple interconnected parts wherein cumulative size tolerances can provide significant variations in the relative locations of one or more of the parts and pivot point." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.000016259105098855357, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "A Derby music festival held for the first time and attended by thousands of people has been hailed as a \"massive success\" and an \"absolutely amazing event\".", "\n\nOrganisers of Hot August Night held at the Don Amott Arena at Mickleover Sports Club have vowed the event will return bigger and better next year.", "\n\nAround 4,000 people attended and rocked and danced to sounds of the Bee Gees, Little Mix, Robbie Williams, the Blues Brothers, The Beatles and Freddie Mercury which were provided by tribute acts.", "\n\nThe bands playing were Bootleg Bee Gees, Little Mix tribute band, In The Mix, Beatles Revolution, Robbie Williams tribute show, Millennium, the Rayban Blues Brothers, and a Freddie Mercury tribute group known as Bulsara.", "\n\nFestival goers enjoying the music (Image: ACJ Media)\n\nDerby woman Tracey Bricknell said the event was \"absolutely amazing\". ", "She said: \"It's fantastic. ", "I think it's a cracking idea and people have really taken to it. ", "There's loads of people here, the music is great and it's been very well organised. ", "I've loved it and I'd certainly come back next year.", "\n\n\"I've got quite a few friends here and we're really making a day of it. ", "It's been a massive success, everyone who has organised it and got it together has done a brilliant job.\"", "\n\nRead More\n\nGeorge Thomas, of Spondon, attended the event with his two children. ", "He said: \"It's brilliant because it's music everybody is interested in. ", "It covers all ages and I just think whoever thought of it then fair play because it's great.", "\n\n\"There's not a lot of this sort of thing in Derby where people can all get together and have a good time. ", "Everybody is having fun and the music is great and there's plenty of refreshments.", "\n\nThe Hot August Night event was held at the Don Amott Arena at Mickleover Sports Club (Image: ACJ Media)\n\n\"I'd love to come next year. ", "This is the sort of thing Derby should be doing more.\"", "\n\nThe concert was held at the Station Road ground to raise money for the development of Mickleover Sports Football Club, and Our Mickleover community group. ", "Profits will be split equally between the two organisations.", "\n\nMickleover Sports Club will put its share towards a £1.6 million redevelopment of its ground, including new plastic pitches and a new clubhouse and restaurant. ", "Our Mickleover will put the money towards a fund to make the area more attractive to residents and visitors.", "\n\nDon Amott, who is chairman of Mickleover Sports, said he was pleased with how it had gone. ", "He said: \"It's brilliant. ", "The acts are great and people are really enjoying themselves. ", "When I became chairman there was not much of a relationship between Mickleover Sports and the community so that's why we have decided to do this.", "\n\n\"A lot of people have been down who live locally and it's the first time they've actually been to the crowd. ", "We'll be holding this again next year and we expect it to be bigger and better.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0.00004565376186997809, 0.00010306887577623747, 0.0001420339258177096, 0.00012597631645250691, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000297441998810232, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00010813148788927336, 0.0003429355281207133, 0.000040569597143900364, 0, 0, 0, 0.00023124060585038734, 0, 0, 0.00004756242568370987, 0, 0 ]

[ "Sep 2009 - Present\n\nRadio Chase Production Teaching Assistant\n\nAs the teaching assistant overseeing story chases for a weekly current affairs radio program, I advised the chase producer and assisted reporters in developing story ideas, offering advice on tracking down contacts, and keeping the team working to meet tight deadlines, before helping to pull off the live show.", "\n\nOct 2010 - Present\n\nWeb Editor, Reporter\n\nOne of the joys of working for a start-up like iPolitics is the opportunity to take on new responsibilities, expand your role, and see that effort recognized. ", "Working remotely from home, I was initially tasked with little more than posting wire copy. ", "In the months that followed I have expanded my responsibilities in several directions (copy editing, post appearance and functioning...) and have recently been asked to take on an even more senior role.", "\n\nApr 2009 - Jun 2009\n\nReporting Intern\n\nI chased general assignment stories for both print and online video, and took photographs. ", "My editor quickly recognized my skills in video production and soon assigned me to produce video for a variety of stories, including the 2009 Stephen Leacock Award for Canadian humour writing.", "\n\nOct 2008 - Jan 2009\n\nReporting Intern\n\nI chased assigned stories and sought out story ideas. ", "I was responsible for police checks and quickly writing web hits on breaking stories. ", "I also took photographs, both to accompany my stories and for standalones.", "\n\nA bit about me...\n\nMy growing body of work has been published in the Ottawa Citizen, Victoria Times Colonist, Edmonton Journal, Montreal Gazette, and a half-dozen other Postmedia newspapers. ", "I've written for small, local outlets like the Orillia Packet and Times and Annex Echo, had pieces broadcasted nationally on CBC Radio One, and have been published on iPolitics.ca.", "\n\nI am a true multi-platform journalist, at home game massaging a radio doc as bringing personalities to life in print, or tweaking html code to get a web post looking its best.", "\n\nIn style, my work spans the spectrum from hard news brief to colourful profile, from comment to short form radio documentary. ", "My subjects have included archaeologists, a former drug dealer, immigrant workers, city councillors and junior football coaches, to name just a few.", "\n\nI'm an enthusiastic and artful story teller, and a thorough and curious reporter.", "\n\nPlease feel free to contact me if you'd like to learn more.", "\n\nSkills in brief...\n\nFlexibility\n\nI've excelled across different news mediums, varied story areas, and distant cities.", "\n\nCreativity\n\nTurning a good story idea into a great one that engages the audience is always my goal and my skill.", "\n\nTechnical Aptitude\n\nI have formal training in audio, video and pagination programs and a knack for quickly picking up new software.", "\n\nEye for Detail\n\nTheir/they're, effect/affect: my copy would make English teachers proud.", "\n\nPortfolio - Print Clippings\n\nCreating this feature on people in Victoria who work nights meant pulling a few graveyard shifts, myself.", "\nSee the bottom of this bar for more print clippings.", "\nSee below for more print clippings.", "\n\nTime and tide\n\nThis small feature on a coastal archeological dig was a great chance to use colour and language to bring a painstaking process, but fascinating story to life.", "\n\nMV Sun Sea\n\nI was on the shore of Esquimalt Harbour when the MV Sun Sea was tugged in just after dawn. ", "I filed from the blackberry before the migrant ship hit the dock. ", "The next day's cover story was a team effort.", "\n\nPortfolio - Radio Pieces\n\nI came across flyers for Ottawa's first Thai Fest and soon discovered the unlikely story behind its inception.", "\nOttawa Morning, July 3, 2009\n\nComing Back\n\nComing Back is a radio documentary I produced in the weeks after interning with CBC Radio's The Sunday Edition.", "\nThe Sunday Edition, June 14, 2009.", "\nClick on the images in my portfolio items to watch, read or listen to them\n\nPortfolio - Multimedia\n\nApart from playing cover model to this multimedia feature, I also produced a Soundslide about small breweries making it during the recession. ", "Visit the link and click on \"Micro brew, mega bucks\" at the side.", "\n\nRoadside Assistance\n\nI was the lead producer on this Capital News Online multimedia feature about car theft in Canada and the legislation that could curtail it.", "\n(Thumbnail image courtesy of Cyril Canton)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0.000024266543716178507, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00008053907487449328, 0.00009259259259259259, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0001234567901234568, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00005250997689561017, 0.00008324661810613944, 0, 0, 0, 0.000038103947568968146, 0.0005408328826392645 ]

[ "Favites complanata\n\nFavites complanata is a species of stony coral in the family Merulinidae, sometimes known as the larger star coral. ", "It is native to the Indo-Pacific region and its range extends from the Red Sea and Indian Ocean to the western and central Pacific Ocean. ", "This is an uncommon species of coral and seems to be decreasing in abundance, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being \"near threatened\".", "\n\nDescription\nA colony of Favites complanata forms a solid dome or mound. ", "The corallites (stony cups in which the polyps sit) are large and somewhat angular, with thick, rounded walls between them. ", "The calyces are in diameter. ", "The septa (stony ridges inside the corallites) are in two whorls and each has four or five teeth. ", "The paliform lobes are distinct on the first whorl of septa and the columella at the centre of the corallite is large. ", "The stony ridges, now known as costae, continue between the corallites and often form three-pointed stars where the walls of three corallites join. ", "This coral is usually a dull brown colour, the oral discs of the polyps sometimes being a contrasting green or grey colour.", "\n\nDistribution\nFavites complanata is found in the western and central Indo-Pacific. ", "Its range extends from Madagascar, the Seychelles and the Red Sea to India, the Maldives, Australia, Japan and the East China Sea. ", "It is present in various reef habitats at depths down to about .", "\n\nEcology\nThe polyps of Favites complanata expand and extend their tentacles to catch plankton, but much of the nutritional requirements of this coral are met by the zooxanthellae housed within its tissues. ", "These symbiotic unicellular dinoflagellates use photosynthesis to create organic molecules. ", "In adverse conditions, such as when the coral is stressed by high temperatures, the zooxanthellae may be expelled and the coral becomes bleached and white. ", "Bleaching occurs in this species when the water temperature rises above .", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Merulinidae\nCategory:Corals described in 1834" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0, 0, 0.00002657030502710171, 0.00018261504747991235, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0001417233560090703, 0, 0, 0.00002333776750916007, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nInclude .java files as java source files in Android Studio to remove red circle with \"J\" on them\n\nToday after update android studio my source folder in project marks as below(\"J\" inside a red circle mark). ", "How can I fix it? ", "I tried clear caches, re-import project, use gradlew clean build, but it doesn't help.", "\n\nbuild.gradle\napply plugin: 'android'\napply plugin: 'android-apt'\n\nandroid {\n compileSdkVersion 19\n buildToolsVersion \"19.0.3\"\n\n sourceSets {\n main {\n manifest.srcFile 'AndroidManifest.xml'\n java.srcDirs = ['src']\n resources.srcDirs = ['src']\n aidl.srcDirs = ['src']\n res.srcDirs = ['res']\n assets.srcDirs = ['assets']\n }\n }\n\n defaultConfig {\n minSdkVersion 14\n targetSdkVersion 19\n versionCode 1\n versionName \"1.0\"\n }\n buildTypes {\n release {\n runProguard false\n proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android.txt'), 'proguard-rules.txt'\n }\n }\n lintOptions {\n abortOnError false\n }\n}\n\ndef AAVersion = '3.0.1'\ndependencies {\n ......\n}\n\napt {\n arguments {\n ....\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nI found some magical solution while playing with this\nThere are two possible solution you can try to make it correct (tricky one)\n1.Replace this in your build.gradle file\njava.srcDirs = ['src'] to java.srcDirs = ['src/com']\n\n2.Create a subdirectory inside src name it whatever you want, I prefer name it java like\nsrc > java\n\nmove all your java package in to it and change the\njava.srcDirs = ['src'] to java.srcDirs = ['src/java']\n\nThese are the tricky solutions. ", "It can be considered as a bug in Android Studio that it is not considering the java source set if it is the root of src directory but compiles fine.", "\nAfter doing all the necessary changes sync your project with gradle and your yellow directory will be magically turned into blue.", "\nNote : Even you have them in root there will be no effect on compilation as per my experience. ", "Only Studio will not mark them as java sourcesets in IDE. ", "\n\nA:\n\nOpen Project Structure in Android Studio(Cmd+;)\nUnder modules Header over the left of the window, look onto right side of it , You will get to see three tabs one of which is Sources ,Select it.", "\nThere, you will find the structure of your project which you have imported or might have created by self.", "\nGo for the src folder of it and wait for the sources link above that dialog with many others to get avail to apply onto it,grab it.", "\nApply and OK \nProblem Solved.", "\n\nA:\n\nI solved it just closing the project from android studio and remove the project from recent project. ", "Re-import the project, it worked. ", "If any one facing for android project he/she can try this. ", "Thanks\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.000045351473922902495, 0, 0, 0.0000016558886712928515, 0.00004565376186997809, 0, 0, 0.00029726516052318666, 0, 0, 0, 0.0011111111111111111, 0.00008734387282732115, 0, 0.0002872737719046251, 0 ]

[ "Friendly Staff\n\nORAL SURGERY\n\nSedative oral surgery is the solution for people who have a fear of needles and drills, who suffer from gag reflex or who have difficulty going numb. ", "It is also beneficial for those who want all procedures done in one or two visits in effort to save time.", "\n\nDENTAL IMPLANTS\n\nDental implants offer a good solution to permanent tooth loss. ", "Dr. Sanchez’s dental implants are offer innovative solutions for implant needs. ", "Tight fitting and stable implants offer the patient many benefits. ", "Find out if a single tooth implant is right for you.", "\n\nALL-ON-4\n\nThe All-On-4 dental implant is a safe and secure oral teeth replacement that looks just like your natural teeth. ", "The system features just four implants for an entire set of teeth. ", "A natural looking viable option that is secure and offers many benefits.", "\n\nORTHO SERVICES\n\nDentoFACIAL orthodontics is the next evolution in orthodontics, a method of improving facial dynamics through advanced orthodontic techniques. ", "Noninvasive techniques are used to create incredible, life changing results, improving the way you look!", "\n\nEvery medical professional, regardless of their field of medicine, wants to utilize the best possible tools for their patients. ", "Prior... read more →\n\nMarch 10, 2017\n\nWhat our Clients Say\n\nFor the past 14 years, Dr. Sanchez has taken such great care of my problematic teeth. ", "He has also taken care of my four children's teeth and my husband's teeth as well. ", "His wealth of knowledge in general dentistry, sedation, implants, orthodontics, and just about anything else you need is very extensive. ", "He's constantly taking classes to enhance and further his already vast knowledge and continues to provide the best dentistry in Tehachapi and surrounding areas. ", "He and his office staff are pleasant and very caring; I can't say enough about Dr. Sanchez! ", "He's wonderful and we will continue to receive excellent dentistry from David for many years to come. ", "Great job, Doc! ", "We love ya!- Jody Marks\n\nI have had several teeth worked on by Dr. Sanchez over the span of 20 years and he has worked wonders on my mouth. ", "I will continue to see Dr Sanchez for my dental needs. ", "I think he is very knowledgeable and does great work. ", "Totally satisfied 🙂- Tammy Stradley\n\nEveryone is so nice there. ", "I had dentures that didn't fit right (made by a different dentist in town) and we wen't over possibilities that I couldn't get with the other dentist. ", "I wish I had come here sooner !!!- ", "Susan Tenney\n\nThis place goes above and beyond. ", "I have terrible anxiety and they literally did everything to make me comfortable. ", "I fell a couple years ago and killed the nerves in my front two bottom teeth. ", "Had two root canals done. ", "The filling in one came out and my jaw has been killing me. ", "I went to another dentist here in town and they said it was going to be almost a month before I could get any treatment, so today the pain was bad enough I decided to call Dr. Sanchez to see if he could get me in sooner. ", "He had been in Bakersfield all day yet he drove back to help me this afternoon even though he had already worked a full day in Bakersfield. ", "The office staff were very kind, Dr. Sanchez was gentle and told me what I needed and what needed to be done. ", "After 3 root canals, 2 extractions, and 2 implants I feel so much better! ", "The entire staff feels like family and is beyond amazing! ", "I still have anxiety for the dentist but they have helped so much I don't feel near as nervous when I have to go! ", "Clarissa even took time out to bring me home so my husband wouldn't have to load up our 3 children and even brought me soft food! ", "I am so thankful I found this dentist and will not go anywhere else again! ", "Definitely recommend and will definitely be mine and my families place for all our dental needs!- Mallory Roach Yslas\n\nJust look at my smile...awesome!! ", "Thanks to ``Doc`` I CAN smile again. ", "For a while there, I covered my mouth in shame. ", "Dr. Sanchez came to my rescue, as you can see, and I don't have to hide my mouth any longer. ", "I LOVE Dr. Sanchez. ", "He's the absolute BEST DENTIST IN KERN COUNTY. ", "He's the only dentist I'll let in my mouth!!<br />\nThe ladies who assist him make me feel comfortable and at ease. ", "The ladies at the front desk answered all my questions, (I had many), and were very informative, like they know what they're talking about! ", "He REALLY CARES. ", "THANK YOU DR. ", "DAVID SANCHEZ, YOU'RE THE BEST!! (", "AND LADIES)- Suzanne Marie Nelson\n\nDavid Sanchez is the best dentist I have ever had. ", "He saved my tooth, when others gave up. ", "This tooth was important in maintaining other teeth, where others wanted to remove it, he did the most fabulous job and saved my smile! ", "I'm a coward when it comes to dental work, and I would not go to any other dentist.- Mary Stevenson" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.00015625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00004691311690748733, 0, 0, 0, 0.00011814744801512288, 0, 0.00390625, 0.0001020408163265306, 0.0003305785123966942, 0, 0.000244140625, 0, 0, 0.00043402777777777775, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00002047460125714052, 0, 0.00008264462809917355, 0, 0, 0, 0.0000591715976331361, 0, 0.000042718612499466016, 0, 0, 0.00011562030292519367, 0.005, 0, 0.00007561436672967865, 0, 0.0034602076124567475, 0, 0.0017301038062283738, 0.00013520822065981613, 0, 0, 0.0001020304050607081 ]

[ "Newsletter Sign Up\n\nJacaranda\n\nCall (602) 944-8479for Buying Options\n\nSpectacular purple flowers of this tree make in a winner in your landscape. ", "A sometimes deciduous tree that generally reaches 30-40' high and spreads 25'. ", "Leaves are bi-pinnate and resemble those of a fern. ", "Purple flowers appear on 8 inch clusters in the spring. ", "Tree is resistant to oak root fungus. ", "Flowering is promoted in warmer climates.", "\n\nSpectacular purple flowers of this tree make in a winner in your landscape. ", "A sometimes deciduous tree that generally reaches 30-40' high and spreads 25'. ", "Leaves are bi-pinnate and resemble those of a fern. ", "Purple flowers appear on 8 inch clusters in the spring. ", "Tree is resistant to oak root fungus. ", "Flowering is promoted in warmer climates." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Acute leukemia.", "\nAlthough great progress has been made in the understanding and treatment of acute leukemia, this disease has not been conquered. ", "For emergency providers (EPs), the presentation of these patients to an emergency department presents a host of challenges. ", "A patient may present with a new diagnosis of leukemia or with complications of the disease process or associated chemotherapy. ", "It is incumbent on EPs to be familiar with the manifestations of leukemia in its various stages and maintain some suspicion for this diagnosis, given the nebulous and insidious manner in which leukemia can present." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Intact mammalian cell function on semiconductor nanowire arrays: new perspectives for cell-based biosensing.", "\nNanowires (NWs) are attracting more and more interest due to their potential cellular applications, such as delivery of compounds or sensing platforms. ", "Arrays of vertical indium-arsenide (InAs) NWs are interfaced with human embryonic kidney cells and rat embryonic dorsal root ganglion neurons. ", "A selection of critical cell functions and pathways are shown not to be impaired, including cell adhesion, membrane integrity, intracellular enzyme activity, DNA uptake, cytosolic and membrane protein expression, and the neuronal maturation pathway. ", "The results demonstrate the low invasiveness of InAs NW arrays, which, combined with the unique physical properties of InAs, open up their potential for cellular investigations." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0.000048902146804244705, 0, 0.00006383861597880558 ]

[ "Peaceful Parenting\n\nWe believe in what is called a peaceful parenting philosophy. ", "We begin by modeling the behavior we would like to see in our children. ", "This approach is somewhat different to most traditional parenting approaches that focus on the child’s behavior, and use punishments and unnatural consequences to modify behavior. ", "Unnatural consequences and relationships that are defined by hierarchy are less effective in our opinion, so if a rule does not apply to adults, then (generally speaking) it should not apply to children. ", "We are all humans after all, and children are just adults in training. ", "We prefer our approach, because we believe children learn what they live, and connection and compassion are a better way to get children to “behave”.", "\n\nThere are a few different categories we would like to address in our philosophy that we believe are imperative if we want to create a better world with more compassionate human beings.", "\n\nRULES\n\nIf you were to come over and spend a few days in our home, you would find that we have very few rules. ", "We don’t have bedtimes, yet our children fall asleep at a decent hour every night. ", "We don’t make them share, yet they are generous.", "\n\nWe only have two rules in our home—we stole them from someone who stole them from someone else. ", "They are basic, yet all encompassing.", "\n\n1. ", "Do not encroach on the person or property of another. ", "We use simpler language when the children are young. ", "In a nutshell, you do not touch a person’s body or property if they have not agreed to it.", "\n\n2. ", "Do all that you have agreed to do. ", "Keep your promises.", "\n\nThese two principles are powerful, and imperative if you wish to live in a free world. ", "The rest is all about teaching children to self-regulate. ", "Adults and children are to adhere to these rules. ", "If you wish to be a member of our family and remain in good standing, you must follow these two rules.", "\n\nSHARING\n\nWe do not make our children share. “", "But won’t they turn into selfish brats who never share?” ", "Not really. ", "We’ve actually found the opposite to be true. ", "Children whose parents make them share are given arbitrary limits on a particular object (toy). ", "We’ve seen it time and time again. ", "Many of these children are so anxious about when their turn will be over, that not only do they lose out on enjoying their time with said toy, but they clench tightly and fight it. ", "Children tend to be more generous when they are allowed to self-regulate their turns.", "\n\nHow does this play out in real life?", "\n\nIf the toy belongs to the child, refer to rule 1. ", "The child does not HAVE to share. ", "No one comes to our house and makes us share all of our things with them, yet we do this daily with children. ", "Something we do when we are having friends over is talk about it beforehannd. ", "If children are visiting, they will probably want to play with our toys, just like we like to do the same when we visit others. ", "We ask if there are any special toys that they definitely don’t want touched. ", "Those we put away. ", "We talk to them about generosity, and they share because they see what happens when they do.", "\n\nWhen we show our children that it is okay for an authority figure to come in and take your property to give it to another at any moment, well…. ", "what does that teach them? ", "In our opinion, this creates a dependence on “authority” for problem solving and takes that responsibility away from the child. ", "It also legitimizes theft. ", "We aren't fans of theft of any kind.", "\n\nOne last thing that we feel is important to mention…most of the toys our children have were bought with their own money. ", "This means more to them. ", "They worked hard for something and just like we do, they value their things.", "\n\nCOMMUNITY TOYS\n\nWe can hear it now…\n\n“Share!”", "\n\n“My turn!”", "\n\n“No, its my turn!”", "\n\nOne day we were at the splash pad, and Dean was waiting for his turn on one of the only two water squirters at the splash pad. ", "The child using it had his mother screaming at him to share and he was not happy about it. ", "He did not want to give it up. ", "I turned to Dean and, loudly enough for the other child to hear, I told him, “Its his turn now. ", "When he is done you can use it.” ", "Then I turned to the little boy who stared at me in distress and I told him, “Take as long as you need, let us know when you are done. ", "We can wait.” ", "I waited patiently with Dean. ", "The boy continued to use the squirter for a few seconds, but I could see him thinking about what had just happened. ", "There was no fight. ", "There was nothing to control. ", "The power struggle was non-existent. ", "He was done right away and said, “Im done!”", "\n\nThis just proves that it is more about control than anything else. ", "We’ve seen this scenario play out time and time again. ", "How does this apply to real life? ", "If I’m on my 10th set with the smith machine at the gym, no one will come up to me and say “my turn!”.", "\n\nNATURAL CONSEQUENCES VS PUNISHMENTS\n\nSpanking - This is absolutely off limits and we are against it. ", "Research has shown time and time again that spanking only causes more aggressive behavior in children and does more harm than good. ", "You can actually destroy the gray matter in their brain when you hit them. ", "Also, this breaks Rule #1. ", "We NEVER hit. ", "EVER.", "\n\nWhat about Time-Out? ", "Time outs do not teach children any lessons. ", "They put children on the defense and most of the time they cry the entire time. ", "They feel shame and it teaches them that their feelings are unacceptable in your presence.", "\n\nInstead, try TIME IN. ", "Most of the time, when our child is acting out, it is because a need is not being met. ", "They are asking for something. ", "They need to connect. ", "Something we have done is to create a “relax space” for the children. ", "A little space that is safe in the home with some paper and crayons for coloring, some soothing essential oils, and maybe one of our soothing glitter bottles. ", "Another option is to offer the child for you to take some time in with them. ", "Sometimes, all they want is to be heard and seen. ", "We can immediately see the walls come down when I acknowledge their pain. ", "You will never get through to a child who you forcibly separate from you." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00006009254251547383, 0, 0, 0.00010850694444444444, 0, 0, 0, 0.0011111111111111111, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.04, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.001736111111111111, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "April 5, 2016\n\n\"Can Polyamorous Relationships Actually Look Normal On TV?\" ", "The season finale of *Shameless*\n\nIs the start of a poly relationship becoming an end-of-season TV cliffhanger device? ", "First House of Cards, now Shameless on Showtime.", "\n\nSpoilers ahead. ", "From Refinery29:\n\nCan Polyamorous Relationships Actually Look \"Normal\" On TV?", "\n\nBy Molly Horan\n\nV and Svetlana\n\nThere was a lot going on in last night's season finale of Shameless, everyone's favorite comedy... about a loving family that continuously ekes out just a little happiness for themselves before circumstances kick them in the face. ", "And with all the (spoiler alert) expulsion, death threats, actual ordered hits, and drug addiction exposed last night, you might have missed a new, very unconventional relationship fading into near-normalcy. ", "Kevin and V, longtime couple and parents to twin girls, are now in a polyamorous relationship with their star bartender, Svetlana. ", "And while their relationship is definitely played for (desperately needed) comic relief throughout the bleak episode, the show seems to be setting it up to become just a normal set piece in this family drama.", "\n\nKev (Steve Howey) and V (Shanola Hampton) were introduced in the show's first season as the Gallaghers' kind, and incredibly sex-positive, neighbors.... Their very, very active sex life is often used as comic relief, but is also always shown as an extension of their loving relationship... the writers are never kink-shaming them. ", "So it makes sense that what started out as a green-card marriage and evolved into a sex-based three-way, could further evolve into an everyday marriage — among three people.", "\n\nV originally married Svetlana (Isidora Goreshter) so she wouldn't be deported, partially out of necessity (she's the best employee at the bar V and Kevin run), and partly out of guilt (Kev was the one who outed her to an undercover INS agent). ", "Kev is jealous over the marriage, mostly because it's something he and V couldn't have (due to a previous marriage he never got legally nullified), but he gives V and Svetlana time to \"bond,\" which ends up involving a lot of NSFW activities on a pool table. ", "When V confesses she and Svetlana aren't platonic gal-pals, her husband (in spirit, if not by law) is upset. ", "But it makes sense when he quickly jumps on board with an arrangement that allows him to date his wife and his wife's wife.", "\n\nThe first snapshot we get of the new threesome in the finale is both extremely sexual and very domestic. ", "The three wake up in bed together, gradually peeling a collection of condoms and dildos from the sheets. ", "The next Kev-V-Svetlana scene seems even more like a wholesome family cereal ad, with brief kisses exchanged and the newspaper read....\n\nShameless is a drama at heart, and the current domestic bliss enjoyed by the show's resident polyamorous couple could just be setting the stage for even more drama to explode.... But it seems just as likely that these three characters — who respect each other, who enjoy each other's company, who have leaned on each other to balance their child-care needs, and who have never cared what society thinks of their sex habits, could have finally found a long-term relationship that suits them perfectly.", "\n\nThe original (April 4, 2016). ", "Refinery 29 says its mission is \"to be the #1 new-media brand for smart, creative and stylish women everywhere.\"", "\n\nWhenever I write about Shameless, I profess it to be one of the queerest and most progressive television shows on right now....\n\nSvetlana and V have interacted sexually before, as have Svetlana and Kevin.... But she wasn’t a part of their relationship, romantically, until now....\n\nKevin is hurt, but also intrigued. ", "Mostly he’s confused, because he’s turned on but also unsure about how this polyamorous relationship could work. (", "The end of the episode has the three of them sitting and creating a schedule for them all, and gleefully he finds he’ll get nights alone with Svetlana, too.)", "\n\nKevin and V have been one of the strongest couples on Shameless.... They always reconcile, fully invested in a future together and with a highly palpable sexual chemistry....\n\nOutside of shows like Sister Wives or Big Love, polyamorous relationships are rarely explored on television. (", "It’s worth noting the new DirecTV series You Me Her is about a similar set-up. ", "Review forthcoming....)\n\nWith the season finale next week, it’s hard to say how this relationship will be wrapped up, or if it will be something we’ll continue to see play out in Season 7. ", "But on a show where sexuality is multi-layered and treated as a fact of life, much like issues of class and race, I remain hopeful that the ballad of V and Lana won’t end with one of them dying or subverting to some kind of heterosexual normative like Svetlana secretly trying to steal Kevin for her own.", "\n\n● More TV news: In a response to my post about the new poly-comedy series You Me Her, which airs its third episode tonight, I'm told \"There was also a mention of poly a couple weeks ago in the SyFy series The Magicians. ", "The parents of one of the main characters came out as having a 'polyamorous triad sort of relationship' with a mutual friend.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0.0013020833333333333, 0, 0, 0.000042719829120683516, 0, 0.0001165433249810617, 0, 0.00003607210814418022, 0, 0.00008262277744728667, 0.00004506940688660537, 0.00008416799932665601, 0, 0, 0, 0.0000024644563778898834, 0, 0, 0.00004913473727655978, 0, 0.000040569597143900364, 0.00003616898148148148, 0, 0, 0.000032461911357340715, 0, 0 ]

[ "package terraform\n\nimport (\n\t\"fmt\"\n\n\t\"github.com/hashicorp/terraform-plugin-sdk/internal/dag\"\n)\n\n// NodeDisabledProvider represents a provider that is disabled. ", "A disabled\n// provider does nothing. ", "It exists to properly set inheritance information\n// for child providers.", "\ntype NodeDisabledProvider struct {\n\t*NodeAbstractProvider\n}\n\nvar (\n\t_ GraphNodeSubPath = (*NodeDisabledProvider)(nil)\n\t_ RemovableIfNotTargeted = (*NodeDisabledProvider)(nil)\n\t_ GraphNodeReferencer = (*NodeDisabledProvider)(nil)\n\t_ GraphNodeProvider = (*NodeDisabledProvider)(nil)\n\t_ GraphNodeAttachProvider = (*NodeDisabledProvider)(nil)\n\t_ dag.", "GraphNodeDotter = (*NodeDisabledProvider)(nil)\n)\n\nfunc (n *NodeDisabledProvider) Name() string {\n\treturn fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%s (disabled)\", n.NodeAbstractProvider.", "Name())\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.0000075060987051979735, 0, 0.0008680555555555555, 0 ]

[ "#!", "/bin/bash\n\nAPP=\"qux\"\n\nrandom ()\n{\n LENGTH=`expr 1 + $RANDOM % 20`\n echo `cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-z' | fold -w $LENGTH | head -n 1`\n}\n\nfor i in {1..10}\ndo\n X=`random`\n Y=`random`\n Z=`random`\n URI=\"http://$APP.$X.$Y.$Z.example.com/test\"\n TEST=\"`curl -s -S $URI`\"\n if [[ \"$TEST\" !", "= \"$APP\" ]]; then\n echo \"Failed with input: $URI, returned $TEST\"\n exit 1\n fi\n\n URI=\"http://$APP.$X.$Y.example.com/test\"\n TEST=\"`curl -s -S $URI`\"\n if [[ \"$TEST\" !", "= \"$APP\" ]]; then\n echo \"Failed with input: $URI, returned $TEST\"\n exit 1\n fi\n\n URI=\"http://$APP.$X.example.com/test\"\n TEST=\"`curl -s -S $URI`\"\n if [[ \"$TEST\" !", "= \"$APP\" ]]; then\n echo \"Failed with input: $URI, returned $TEST\"\n exit 1\n fi\n\n URI=\"http://$APP.example.com/test\"\n TEST=\"`curl -s -S $URI`\"\n if [[ \"$TEST\" !", "= \"$APP\" ]]; then\n echo \"Failed with input: $URI, returned $TEST\"\n exit 1\n fi\ndone\n\necho \"Tests for $APP passed\"\n\nexit 0\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "[Metabolic differentiation of peripheral blood lymphocytes after kidney transplantation in relation to post-transplantation immuno- suppression in the light of the analysis of cellular activity of DNA transcription enzymes].", "\nThe activity of three classes DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in T and B lymphocyte cells nuclei isolated from peripheral blood of patients with transplanted kidney were investigated. ", "Twenty three patients with transplanted organ in age 35 +/- 9.7 treated simultaneously with cyclosporin A and small doses of prednisone and thirteen persons after renal transplantation in age 34.8 +/- 6.3 treated conservatively (azathioprine plus prednisone) were studied. ", "The enzymes activity was assayed by the measurement of [3H] UTP incorporated into acid insoluble product in the presence of alpha-amanitin when specified. ", "Both, \"bound\" and \"free\" enzymes activity was analysed. \"", "Bound\" polymerase is defined by the ability to transcribe endogenous template in the absence of exogenous DNA. \"", "Free\" enzyme was determined by the additional transcription on exogenous, calf thymus DNA as template. ", "The quantity of polymerase I subunits by Western blotting was also analysed. ", "It was shown that the polymerizing enzymes activity strongly depend upon haemodialysis period of time prior to organ transplantation as well as upon the treatment after transplantation. ", "Characteristically in case of T lymphocyte isolated from patients treated with cyclosporin A, the transplant rejection process was accompanied by large increasing in polymerase activity especially in polymerase I. The correlation in polymerase activity and transplant rejection time was clearly observed. ", "In case of lymphocyte cells isolated from patients with renal transplant treated conservatively, the polymerase activity in both T and B cell was slightly reduced. ", "The useful of polymerase assay for monitoring of patients with renal transplant is considered." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.00002986055122577563, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000010749798441279227, 0, 0 ]

[ "#!", "/usr/bin/env ruby\n\n#---\n# Copyright 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 by Jim Weirich (jim@weirichhouse.org).", "\n# All rights reserved.", "\n#\n# Permission is granted for use, copying, modification, distribution,\n# and distribution of modified versions of this work as long as the\n# above copyright notice is included.", "\n#+++\n\n# Require the modules needed for rails oriented mocking.", "\n\nrequire 'flexmock'\nrequire 'flexmock/rails/view_mocking'\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0.0002827787727401263, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The notorious white power group was protesting against the planned removal of a statue of a Confederate forces general.", "\n\nSupporters of the white supremacist Ku Klux Klan marched in Charlottesville, Virginia on on July 8, 2017 to protest the planned removal of a statue of General Robert E. Lee, who oversaw Confederate forces in the U.S. Civil War.", "\n\nThe Klan marchers were met by hundreds of jeering counter-protesters in this quiet university town, where the protest by the notorious white power group was authorised by officials in Virginia on free speech grounds.", "\n\nDozens of marchers — some carrying Confederate flags, a handful in the distinctive white hood worn by Klan members — paraded past hundreds of people shouting “racists go home!” ", "and other chants. ", "The two groups were separated by a metal barricade and a phalanx of armed police.", "\n\nCritics say the far right, both here and across the United States, has been energised by Donald Trump’s election to the presidency. ", "Be it the Ku Klux Klan, the alt-right or generic white supremacists, these conservatives have found a new cause in defending the Confederate flag and monuments in the U.S. South that recall the era of slavery. ", "They are outdated, awful symbols of racism for many Americans, who are mobilising to have them taken down from public places.", "\n\nAnti-Klan protesters in Charlottesville got an early start overnight, throwing red paint on the bronze equestrian statue of the sabre-wearing Confederate general. ", "City workers were scrubbing the paint off early July 8, 2017.", "\n\nCounter protesters shout at members of the Ku Klux Klan during a rally, calling for the protection of Southern Confederate monuments, in Charlottesville, Virginia on July 8, 2017. ", "| Photo Credit: AFP\n\nWatching the scene, Mason Pickett, a 60-ish retired businessman, said he regretted the decision by Charlottesville — which he said had become an “ultra-liberal city, even socialistic” — to remove the statue. “", "Statues can be good history, they can be bad history — you may not like it and you may love it, but it’s history,” he said.", "\n\nBut Tina Young, a 49-year-old lawyer, said it was past time to remove signs of the state’s Confederate past. ", "Virginia and other Southern States had had plenty of time to do so, she said. “", "In Washington, D.C., they have put up a Martin Luther King statue, they have an Afro-American museum, they have a Jewish museum, they made the public space more fair and balanced,” she said.", "\n\nAs to Robert E. Lee, she added, “He did represent slavery, he did fight a war against our government which killed thousands and thousands of soldiers, he could have chosen the better side but he didn’t.”", "\n\nTwo dozen arrests\n\nThe debate about the legacy of key figures in many former Confederate States extends from Louisiana to Georgia and the Carolinas, and even in Washington, where a stained glass window in the National Cathedral depicts a Confederate soldier. ", "Slaves in Washington were freed only a year after the start of the Civil War.", "\n\nNo major battle in that 1861-1865 war was fought in Charlottesville with a population of 50,000. ", "But its passions have been stirred.", "\n\nA pro-Democratic town linked to the university founded in 1819 by retired President Thomas Jefferson, people in Charlottesville said they abhor the planned arrival of members of the Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, a small white supremacist group based in North Carolina.", "\n\nCity officials said about a thousand people were present at the march, of whom about 50 were KKK members.", "\n\nAbout two dozen people were arrested, mostly for failing to disperse as the rally ended, officials said.", "\n\nA wounding decision\n\nJust a few of the demonstrators wore the white hoods so emblematic of the group and part of the costume associated with lynchings and cross burnings.", "\n\nIn this town of handsome red brick buildings, the decision in February 2017 to remove the Lee statue after years of debate has left deep wounds. ", "And it is actually on hold: a judge suspended the town council’s narrow decision for six months until a court reviews the case.", "\n\n“Robert E. Lee has a lot of admirers across the South, partly because Southern education has taught that he was this noble man who was a gentleman and worked very hard after the war for reconciliation,” said Kristin Szakos, the town councillor behind the drive to bring down the statue. “", "For a lot of people he is also more problematic, especially in the statue where he is depicted in full battle gear, riding against the United States of America,” she added. “", "We have lots of ways to learn history that aren’t giant statues overlooking our downtowns.”", "\n\nMembers of the Ku Klux Klan arrive for a rally, calling for the protection of Southern Confederate monuments, in Charlottesville, Virginia on July 8, 2017. ", "| Photo Credit: AFP\n\nIn its heyday in 1925, the KKK had as many as four million members. ", "These days it has from 5,000 to 8,000, mainly in the deep South, according to the Southern Poverty Law Centre, which monitors and studies extremism in America." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0000706164818868724, 0.00007627619610610019, 0.000021041999831664002, 0.0000624200243438095, 0, 0, 0.000055691690799732676, 0.000022675736961451248, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00001890359168241966, 0, 0.00016232448664881097, 0, 0.000055401662049861494, 0.000023795359904818562, 0.0000293595220269814, 0, 0, 0, 0.000012664479933131545, 0, 0, 0, 0.00004627701420704336, 0, 0.000023781212841854935, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00003955539733396622 ]

[ "<!", "DOCTYPE html>\r\n<html>\r\n<head>\r\n <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\r\n <title>Interactive Messager - jQuery EasyUI Demo</title>\r\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"../../themes/default/easyui.css\">\r\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"../../themes/icon.css\">\r\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"../demo.css\">\r\n <script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"../../jquery.min.js\"></script>\r\n <script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"../../jquery.easyui.min.js\"></script>\r\n</head>\r\n<body>\r\n<h2>Interactive Messager</h2>\r\n<div class=\"demo-info\">\r\n <div class=\"demo-tip icon-tip\"></div>\r\n <div>Click on each button to display interactive message box.</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div style=\"margin:10px 0;\">\r\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"easyui-linkbutton\" onclick=\"confirm1();\">Confirm</a>\r\n <a href=\"#\" class=\"easyui-linkbutton\" onclick=\"prompt1()\">Prompt</a>\r\n</div>\r\n<script>\r\n function confirm1() {\r\n $.messager.confirm('My Title', 'Are you confirm this?', ", "function (r) {\r\n if (r) {\r\n alert('confirmed: ' + r);\r\n }\r\n });\r\n }\r\n function prompt1() {\r\n $.messager.prompt('My Title', 'Please type something', function (r) {\r\n if (r) {\r\n alert('you type: ' + r);\r\n }\r\n });\r\n }\r\n</script>\r\n</body>\r\n</html>" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0, 0.000008305027032862991 ]

[ "Bodies are piling up in Donetsk morgues after Kiev unleashed fighter jets and artillery on the country’s southeast just hours after the presidential election. ", "New leader-elect Petro Poroshenko is pushing for the crackdown to become even “more effective.”", "\n\nUkraine’s southeast saw only a brief suspension of Kiev’s\nmilitary operations on Sunday while the nation took to the polls.", "\nJust before the presidential election, Ukrainian MPs called for\nimmediate troop withdrawal from the country’s southeast.", "\n\nFollowing the vote, the leading candidate – billionaire chocolate\ntycoon Petro Poroshenko – said he sees no reason why the military\nshould stop the operation.", "\n\n“I support its continuation, but demand a change in its\nformat – it must be shorter and it must be more effective,\nmilitary units must be better equipped,” he said, despite\nearlier statements that he is ready for dialogue with the\nself-proclaimed Donetsk and Lugansk People’s Republics.", "\n\nSoon after the last vote was cast, the Kiev military descended on\nthe southeast with new energy, shelling Slavyansk and attacking\nthe airport in Donetsk with mortars.", "\n\nThe number of victims is not yet known. ", "According to the prime\nminister of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People’s Republic,\nAleksandr Boroday, 100 self-defense forces and civilians died in\nDonetsk during the attack. ", "Donetsk authorities reported that\nabout 40 people died and 43 others were injured.", "\n\nIn Slavyansk, at least three civilians died, including one woman.", "\n\n“We see what that means today – shelling against civilians,\nbombs that fall near occupied apartment blocks, fighter jets, and\nhelicopter launches against an urban population,” analyst\nDaniel Patrick Welch told RT, adding that talks were never part\nof Poroshenko's plan.", "\n\n“We came up to look at the man but he was already dead. ", "A\nshell had fallen right next to a nine-story apartment block, all\nthe glass was out. ", "The man’s head was bleeding, his arms and legs\nwere broken,” a Slavyansk resident told RT. ", "Civilian\nquarters of the city – which is home to about 130,000 people\n–came under fire for the first time on Monday.", "\n\n“When we went further, we found a dead woman near a teachers\ncollege, a shell hit there too,” a local added, saying that\na third man was found nearby.", "\n\nOn Tuesday, reports appeared of a possible fourth victim among\nthe civilians in Slavyansk. ", "A woman was also killed near the\nChurch of the Reigning Mother of God, according to a message on\nthe website of the Gorlovsk and Slavyansk Eparchy of the\nUkrainian Orthodox Church. ", "It added that the building of the\nchurch was damaged along with an apartment building and student\ndormitory nearby.", "\n\n“A bomb fell just 10 meters from the church. ", "Fortunately,\nthere were no people in the church at that time,\" the\nmessage reads.", "\n\nOn Tuesday, Ukrainian fighter jets and helicopters were unleashed\nat armed self-defense forces occupying the airport in the city of\nDonetsk.", "\n\nArmy helicopter just passed over us, fired towards airport and\nleft. ", "Black smoke is rising over the train station building\n#Donetsk\n\nMeanwhile, the city’s central railway station was also shelled on\nTuesday. ", "One civilian was killed and two others – including an\neight-year-old boy – were injured, the region's administration\ntold RIA Novosti.", "\n\nGovernment troops reportedly launched mortar fire on a private\nhousing area in Donetsk on the same day.", "\n\nLater in the day, the military stepped up the offensive, and\nfighting in Donetsk continued throughout the night around the\nairport, which was then taken under control by Ukrainian troops.", "\n\nOn Monday, Vice Premier Vitaly Yaryoma stressed that the\noperation will continue until not a single self-defense fighter\n“is left on the territory of Ukraine.”", "\n\n“We saw the results yesterday,” Yaryoma added.", "\n\nKiev first launched a punitive military operation in the volatile\nsoutheastern regions of Donetsk and Lugansk back in April.", "\nFollowing a coup in Kiev, the two proclaimed their independence\nfrom the new authorities, with the desire to break away seeing\nlandslide support in May 11 referendums." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.00003955539733396622, 0, 0.000064, 0, 0, 0.000012056327160493826, 0, 0, 0.00003302946228035408, 0, 0, 0.000027232744652169767, 0, 0, 0.00012075836251660429, 0.00007431629013079666, 0, 0, 0.000030524098775983637, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000055691690799732676, 0, 0, 0.000038578758535550326, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "1. ", "Background\n=============\n\nRenal colic is reported in 1 million patients presented to emergency departments in the United States, annually ([@A86963REF1]). ", "In England, studies have shown that renal colic has led to 31,000 emergency admissions with 1-day stay and a cost of 19.3 million pounds in 2012 - 2013 ([@A86963REF2]). ", "The prevalence of renal colic in the United States and England has been increased by 50% during the past decade. ", "The prevalence of kidney stones in developed countries is estimated to be 7% in women and 10% in men and about 20% in the high-risk population ([@A86963REF3], [@A86963REF4]).", "\n\nIntolerable pain of the patients requires the prescription of an analgesic, which exerts its effect in the shortest time possible ([@A86963REF5]). ", "The most common analgesics that are used for pain relief in renal colic are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, and paracetamol ([@A86963REF6], [@A86963REF7]). ", "Choosing the type of analgesic depends on not only the effectiveness of the drug but also to the speed at which it reduces the patient's pain ([@A86963REF8]). ", "Considering the mechanism of pain in renal colic, NSAIDs can be the best choice ([@A86963REF6]). ", "The most important problems existing regarding prescription of NSAIDs are their onset of action, titration, contradiction during pregnancy, as well as known digestive, kidney, and cardiac side effects ([@A86963REF6], [@A86963REF9], [@A86963REF10]). ", "Among NSAIDs, diclofenac, ketoprofen, and ketorolac are routinely used and studies have shown that their effectiveness and safety are similar ([@A86963REF11]-[@A86963REF13]). ", "Compared to opioid drugs, these drugs do not bring about drowsiness, respiratory depression, and dependency. ", "The only injectable NSAID in the United States is ketorolac. ", "Considering the production and presence of the injectable form of ibuprofen in Iran and its low cost, additionally in the absence of drugs such as diclofenac, and by taking the aforementioned points into consideration; this drug can also be a proper choice for management of the mentioned patients.", "\n\n2. ", "Objectives\n=============\n\nTherefore, the present study was aimed to compare the effects of intravenous (IV) ibuprofen and IV ketorolac in pain management of the patients with renal colic presenting to the emergency department.", "\n\n3. ", "Methods\n==========\n\n3.1. ", "Study Design and Settings\n------------------------------\n\nThe present study is a double-blind clinical trial performed on patients with renal colic presenting to the emergency department of Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from 2016 to 2017. ", "Protocol of the present study was evaluated and approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (IR.SBMU.MSP.REC.1395.251) and registered in the Iranian registry of clinical trials with the number: IRCT20180807040733N1. ", "Throughout the study, the researchers adhered to the principles of the Helsinki declaration. ", "Protocol of this study had no interference with patient treatment and was not dangerous for the patient. ", "The gathered forms were anonymous and each patient was given a unique code. ", "Before performing the study, the patients would fill out the consent form.", "\n\n3.2. ", "Participants\n-----------------\n\nAll the patients presenting to the emergency department aged between 18 and 65 years, who were diagnosed with renal colic by an emergency medicine specialist considering history and clinical examination, urinalysis, ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) scan, and ruling out other differential diagnoses, were included in the study. ", "Patients were excluded in cases that they had a history of adverse reactions to ketorolac and ibuprofen, were unable to determine the pain severity via visual analogue scale (VAS) tool, were pregnant, had a history of cardiac disease and hypertension, advanced systemic disease, malignancy, chronic liver disease, history of psychological and neurological illnesses, and consuming analgesics in the previous 6 hours prior to examination.", "\n\n3.3. ", "Procedure\n--------------\n\nAfter taking history and clinical examinations and ruling out other differential diagnoses, patients were randomly divided into 2 groups receiving IV ibuprofen or IV ketorolac using block randomization method. ", "The physician that prescribed the drug, the patient, and the statistical analysis expert were blind to the type of drug used. ", "All injections were performed under complete cardiorespiratory and blood pressure monitoring under the direct supervision of the senior emergency medicine resident.", "\n\nFirst, injected solutions were prepared in similar packs by an emergency medicine specialist who had no role in the evaluation and prescription processes. ", "The solutions were colorless and anonymous and both were diluted in 10cc distilled water. ", "IV injection of a single dose of ketorolac was performed with 30 mg dose and IV injection of a single dose of ibuprofen was done with 800 mg dose. ", "After drug injection, 500cc normal saline was prescribed for the patients.", "\n\nTo make sure that the study is double-blind, preparation of the solutions, their injection, and recording results were done by 2 different physicians who were not in contact during the trial. ", "It should be noted that the information regarding the injected drugs would only be given to the treatment team if undesirable side effects or other clinical changes would manifest for the patient, which required knowledge of the injected drug. ", "After 1 hour of follow up, if the pain vanished, the patient was discharged based on the opinion of the in-charge physician. ", "If the pain persisted, rescue medication (morphine sulfate with 0.1 mg/kg titrated dose) was prescribed according to the opinion of the in-charge physician and the patient was discharged after the pain was alleviated and their condition had improved. ", "If the pain relief did not happen during the first 30 minutes, a case of treatment failure was recorded and rescue medication was prescribed. ", "Pain relief of 3 points based on VAS score was considered treatment success.", "\n\n3.4. ", "Data Gathering\n-------------------\n\nBefore prescribing the drugs, demographic data (age and sex), vital signs, positive history and clinical examination findings, and pain severity were recorded by the emergency medicine resident in charge of the patient. ", "Then 15, 30, and 60 minutes after receiving medication, pain severity was recorded. ", "Pain severity of the patients was measured and recorded based on standard 10-cm VAS ([@A86963REF14]).", "\n\n3.5. ", "Statistical Analysis\n-------------------------\n\nThe sample size was estimated as 50 people in each group considering the decrease of 3 points on VAS as clinically significant, standard deviation of ketorolac and ibuprofen effectiveness in reducing migraine pain on VAS were 2.88 and 1.44 ([@A86963REF15], [@A86963REF16]), α = 0.05, and β = 0.1. ", "The data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. ", "Pain severity of the patient on admission, and 15, 30, and 60 minutes after injection were reported as mean ± standard deviation. ", "To evaluate the age difference between the two groups, *t*-test was applied. ", "The difference between the two groups regarding demographic factors, baseline characteristics, and side effects presenting with the patient after treatment were evaluated via chi-squared test. ", "For evaluating intra-group changes of pain severity based on time, and for assessing the difference between the 2 groups, repeated measures ANOVA and two-way ANOVA were applied, respectively. ", "It should be noted that the following method was used for assessing treatment success rate. ", "Initially, pain relief of 3 points based on VAS was considered treatment success. ", "Then by comparing the 2 groups treated with ibuprofen and ketorolac via a non-parametric test for trend based on chi-squared test it was determined which group had better treatment success. ", "P \\< 0.05 was also considered the level of significance.", "\n\n4. ", "Results\n==========\n\n4.1. ", "Baseline Characteristics of the Patients\n---------------------------------------------\n\nIn this study, 240 patients suspected with renal colic with the mean age of 27.38 ± 12.32 (19 - 64) years were randomly divided into 2 groups of 120 treated with IV ketorolac or ibuprofen (66.4% male). [", "Table 1](#A86963TBL1){ref-type=\"table\"} has compared the baseline characteristics of the patients in the two groups. ", "The two groups were in a similar condition regarding the age (P = 0.56), sex (P = 0.78), history of kidney stone (P = 0.40), vital signs (P \\> 0.05), stone size (P = 0.73), stone location (P = 0.13), and pain severity on admission (P = 0.32).", "\n\n###### Comparing Baseline Characteristics in the Two Studied Groups^[a](#A86963TBL1FN2){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}^\n\n Variable Ketorolac Group Ibuprofen Group P Value\n -------------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- ---------\n **Gender** 0.78\n Female 41 (34.2) 39 (32.5) \n Male 79 (65.8) 81 (67.5) \n **Age, y** 38.7 ± 13.0 38.7 ± 11.6 0.56\n **History of kidney stone** 0.40\n No 81 (67.5) 87 (72.5) \n Yes 39 (32.5) 33 (27.5) \n **Vital signs** \n Body temperature, °C 37.8 ± 0.5 37.8 ± 0.4 0.89\n Systolic blood pressure, mmHg 117.0 ± 9.8 117.2 ± 8.5 0.86\n Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg 73.6 ± 7.6 74.0 ± 6.7 0.65\n Heart rate, /min 77.3 ± 6.3 76.6 ± 6.0 0.38\n Respiratory rate, /min 15.6 ± 1.6 15.7 ± 1.6 0.83\n **Stone size, mm** 5.5 ± 2.5 5.4 ± 2.4 0.73\n **Stone location** 0.13\n Unknown 10 (8.3) 8 (6.7) \n Calice 12 (10.0) 19 (15.8) \n Ureter 72 (60.0) 72 (60.0) \n Bladder 9 (7.5) 14 (11.7) \n Calice + ureter 17 (14.2) 7 (5.8) \n **Pain severity on admission (VAS)** 8.0 ± 1.2 7.8 ± 1.2 0.32\n\nAbbreviation: VAS, visual analogue scale.", "\n\n^a^Values are expressed as mean ± SD or frequency (%).", "\n\n4.2. ", "Comparing the Two Drugs in Pain Management\n-----------------------------------------------\n\n[Table 2](#A86963TBL2){ref-type=\"table\"} and [Figure 1](#A86963FIG1){ref-type=\"fig\"} compare pain severity among the 2 groups in the studied times. ", "Fifteen, 30, and 60 minutes after drug injection, pain severity in the ketorolac group was significantly higher than the group receiving ibuprofen (P \\< 0.0001 for all comparisons); however, these differences were not clinically significant. ", "Fifteen minutes after injection, the rate of success in reducing pain severity by at least 3 points was significantly higher in the group receiving IV ibuprofen (P \\< 0.0001) compared with IV ketorolac group. ", "At 15 minutes, there was no case of complete relief from pain (VAS = 0) in the two groups. ", "However, 2 (1.7%) patients in the ketorolac group and 12 (10.0%) in the ibuprofen group reported complete pain relief after 30 minutes. ", "After 60 minutes, the number of completely relieve cases reached 37 (30.8%) patients in the ketorolac group and 83 (69.1%) patients in the ibuprofen group ([Table 3](#A86963TBL3){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n###### Comparison of Pain Severity Between the Two Groups at Various Times^[a](#A86963TBL2FN1){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}^\n\n Time Range Ketorolac Group Ibuprofen Group P Value\n -------------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------\n **15th minute** 5.9 ± 1.3 4.7 ± 1.1 \\< 0.0001\n **30th minute** 3.4 ± 1.2 2.3 ± 1.0 \\< 0.0001\n **60th minute** 1.2 ± 1.0 0.4 ± 0.6 \\< 0.0001\n **Pain reduction until 30th minute** 4.6 ± 0.6 5.6 ± 0.6 \\< 0.0001\n **Pain reduction until 60th minute** 6.8 ± 0.7 7.4 ± 0.9 \\< 0.0001\n\n^a^Values are expressed as mean ± SD.", "\n\n###### Comparison of Treatment Success Rate in the Two Studied Groups Based on Time of Evaluation\n\n Time Ketorolac Group (N = 120) Ibuprofen Group (N = 120) P Value \n ------------------------------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- --------- -------------- -----------\n **At least 3 points decrease in pain severity** \\< 0.0001\n 15th minute 11.7 6.5 - 18.9 92.5 86.2 - 96.5 \n 30th minute 100.0 97.0 - 100.0 100.0 97.0 - 100.0 \n 60th minute 100.0 97.0 - 100.0 100.0 97.0 - 100.0 \n **Complete pain relief (VAS = 0)** \\< 0.0001\n 15th minute 0.0 0.0 - 3.0 0.0 0.0 - 3.0 \n 30th minute 1.7 0.2 - 5.9 10.0 5.3 - 16.8 \n 60th minute 30.8 22.7 - 39.9 69.1 60.1 - 77.3 \n\nAbbreviation: CI, confidence interval; VAS, visual analogue scale.", "\n\n{#A86963FIG1}\n\nThe only side effect observed in the present study was nausea and vomiting. ", "Overall, 52 (21.7%) cases with nausea and vomiting were seen, 23 (19.2%) of which were in the ketorolac group and 29 (24.2%) were in the ibuprofen group. ", "No difference was seen between the two groups regarding the side effects (P = 0.35).", "\n\n5. ", "Discussion\n=============\n\nThe findings of the present study showed that IV prescription of ibuprofen with 800 mg dose as infusion acts faster than ketorolac in controlling renal colic pain. ", "Analyses showed that the rate of treatment success in the group under treatment with ketorolac was 11.7% at 15 minutes after injection, while this rate was 92.5% in the ibuprofen group. ", "It should be noted that the treatment success rate was 100% in both groups at the 30 and 60 minutes after injection. ", "Finally, it was determined that the rate of complete pain relief (VAS = 0) was 37 (30.9%) cases in the ketorolac group and 83 (69.2%) in the ibuprofen group and this difference was statistically significant.", "\n\nMore rapid effect of ibuprofen compared with paracetamol has also been confirmed in Cenker et al. ", "study ([@A86963REF15]). ", "Imani et al. ", "have also suggested that combining a lower than usual dose of ketorolac with dexmedetomidine can also be effective in post-caesarean pain management ([@A86963REF17]).", "\n\nIn line with the present study, Black et al. ", "in 2002, aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ibuprofen in analgesia following tooth surgery and showed that the mean time of the onset for this drug is 10 minutes. ", "In the present study also, after 15 minutes from the injection of ibuprofen, a high rate (92.5%) of treatment success was observed ([@A86963REF18]). ", "Meanwhile, studies show that it might take 30 to 60 minutes for ketorolac to exert its effect ([@A86963REF19]). ", "That is the reason that we observed the highest effectiveness of ketorolac 30 and 60 minutes after injection in the present study.", "\n\nIn contrast to the findings of the present study, in the study of Neighbor and Puntillo comparing the intramuscular ketorolac with oral ibuprofen indicated that there was no difference between the two treatment strategies regarding treatment success and pain control after 2 hours of follow up in patients presenting to the emergency department with acute pain ([@A86963REF20]). ", "In addition, in a similar study, Turturro et al. ", "showed that oral ibuprofen has similar effectiveness to intramuscular ketorolac in controlling musculoskeletal pains ([@A86963REF21]). ", "In another study, Braaten et al. ", "showed that in abortion surgeries in the first 3 months of pregnancy, it is better to use oral ibuprofen and not intramuscular ketorolac, as the effectiveness of both drugs in controlling pain is similar to each other ([@A86963REF22]).", "\n\nOne of the major reasons for the difference between the findings of the present study with those of the mentioned studies could be the different route of drug administration in these studies. ", "Since all the mentioned studies have used oral or intramuscular ibuprofen, the results are not consistent with the present study.", "\n\nAlthough a piece of evidence has been introduced in terms of ibuprofen in the current study, more studies should be carried out in this regard because it has been shown in many studies that prescription of ketorolac has analgesic effects equal to meperidine in renal colic pain ([@A86963REF23]-[@A86963REF27]). ", "Similar results have been reported in comparison to ketorolac and diclofenac for controlling renal colic pain ([@A86963REF11], [@A86963REF13]). ", "In addition, by comparing IV morphine and IV ketorolac, Safdar et al. ", "showed that both prescribed drugs had similar effectiveness in alleviating renal colic pain ([@A86963REF28]). ", "Having a large sample size and being double-blind are among the strong points of this study. ", "The studied sample size is about twice the minimum required sample size calculated for the present study, which guarantees the power of the study. ", "In addition, this large sample size ensures the generalizability of the findings to the general population.", "\n\n5.1. ", "Limitation\n---------------\n\nSome degree of selection bias might be present in this study.", "\n\n5.2. ", "Conclusions\n----------------\n\nFindings of the present study show that ibuprofen is a more rapid-acting drug compared with ketorolac in controlling the pain caused by renal colic. ", "In addition, its rate of complete relief from pain was twice that of ketorolac. ", "Since the side effects observed for ibuprofen in the present study were very mild, it is suggested to use this drug in treatment and pain control of patients with renal colic.", "\n\nThe researchers would like to thank the staff of the Emergency Department of Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital.", "\n\n**Authors\\' Contribution:**All authors pass the four criteria for authorship contribution based on the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) recommendations.", "\n\n**Conflict of Interests:**None.", "\n\n**Ethical Considerations:**Protocol of the present study was evaluated and approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (IR.SBMU.MSP.REC.1395.251) and registered in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials with number: IRCT20180807040733N1. ", "Throughout the study, the researchers adhered to the principles of Helsinki Declaration. ", "Protocol of this study had no interference with patient treatment and was not dangerous for the patient. ", "The gathered forms were anonymous and each patient was given a unique code. ", "Before performing the study, the patients would fill out the consent form.", "\n\n**Funding/Support:**None.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0, 0.00004162330905306972, 0.00003501277966457757, 0, 0.00006605892456070815, 0.00004504301608035674, 0.00009157229632795092, 0.00003955539733396622, 0.00010628122010840684, 0.0000483863163497363, 0.0000979591836734694, 0, 0.0005374899220639614, 0, 0, 0.000019578667084344897, 0, 0, 0.000015872763924382153, 0.000015378700499807765, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000005236451989589934, 0, 0.00001795461074403907, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00004627701420704336, 0.00018261504747991235, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0000980296049406921, 0, 0.000042007981516488134, 0.0004725897920604915, 0, 0, 0, 0.00005425347222222222, 0, 0.000148720999405116, 0.000027700831024930747, 0, 0, 0, 0.000023618048912979298, 0, 0, 7.43295290654474e-7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000022893248780934502, 0, 0, 0, 0.0000016998448041693792, 0.000002116519476847182, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000027700831024930747, 0.000028905075731298418, 0, 0, 0, 0.001736111111111111, 0, 0.00007257947452460445, 0.0004526935264825713, 0, 0.00004504301608035674, 0.00015943877551020407, 0.0000591715976331361, 0.000006888902666694222, 0.0004164931278633902, 0.00010973936899862826, 0.0009182736455463728, 0.000036215482118605704, 0, 0, 0.00003062193142728822, 0.00014467592592592592, 0.0002040816326530612, 0.00008264462809917355, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00003121001217190475, 0.00015625, 0, 0.00008899964400142399, 0.0000308641975308642, 0, 0.000026254988447805085, 0.00012624668602449185, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHASHMAP, key present still giving \"false\" result\n\nFollowing is my code that returning false even if the key exists:\nimport java.util.", "HashMap;\nimport java.util.", "Map;\nimport java.io.", "BufferedReader;\nimport java.io.", "FileNotFoundException;\nimport java.io.", "FileReader;\nimport java.io.", "IOException;\n\npublic class SequenceNumber {\n\n public static int getSequenceNumber (String TcOrderId){\n\n // Create a hash map to set key values pair.", "\n Map<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<String, Integer>(); \n int i= 1;\n\n // check if hashmap contains the key.", "\n System.out.println(\"key present \" +map.containsKey(TcOrderId));\n if (map.containsKey(TcOrderId))\n {\n //Key Present\n System.out.println(\"Inside IF \");\n int value = map.get(TcOrderId);\n System.out.println(\"value from the key \" + value);\n map.remove(value);\n map.put(TcOrderId, value+1);\n return map.get(TcOrderId);\n }\n else\n {\n //Key Not present\n System.out.println(\"INSIDE ELSE \");\n map.put(TcOrderId, i);\n System.out.println(\"map \"+ map);\n return map.get(TcOrderId);\n }\n}\n\npublic static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {\n\n String sCurrentLine;\n BufferedReader br = null;\n try {\n br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(\"C:\\\\Users\\\\BongAn\\\\Desktop\\\\Package\\\\testing.txt\"));\n } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {\n // TODO Auto-generated catch block\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n {\n while ((sCurrentLine = br.readLine()) !", "= null) {\n //String orderid = sCurrentLine.substring(0, 6);\n System.out.println(\"reading line \" +sCurrentLine);\n int seqvalue = getSequenceNumber(sCurrentLine);\n System.out.println(\"seqvalue \"+seqvalue);\n }\n\n }\n\n}\n\n}\nInput data in the file:\n1233 \n1233 \n1234\nThe result should be \n1 \n2 \n1\nBut everytime its going in the else loop and the result is \n1 \n1 \n1\nI am trying to use HASHMAP as I am creating my own index.", "\n\nA:\n\nIn your CODE everytime you call getSequenceNumber function - you create new HashMap. ", "I believe this is not something you want.", "\nTo avoid that - you can simply move Map<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<String, Integer>(); into the body of class. ", "Since the function getSequenceNumber is a static function - you will need to make the variable static. ", "Hope this helps.", "\nSnippet:\npublic class SequenceNumber {\n\n // PUT STATIC VARIABLE HERE:\n static Map<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<String, Integer>(); \n\n public static int getSequenceNumber (String TcOrderId){\n\n // Create a hash map to set key values pair.", "\n // (REMOVE) Map<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<String, Integer>();** \n int i= 1;\n\n // check if hashmap contains the key.", "\n ...\n }\n...\n}\n\nAnother alternative\n(perhaps better) would be to avoid static functions and variables and create an instance of SequenceNumber object. ", "That way you could keep a couple of different instance numbers separately.", "\nSimple snippet:\npublic class SequenceNumber {\n\n // Your hashmap here:\n Map<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<String, Integer>();\n\n public int getSequenceNumber (String TcOrderId) {\n // ...\n }\n\npublic static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {\n\n // Instance of SequenceNumber object:\n SequenceNumber sequenceNumber = new SequenceNumber();\n\n String sCurrentLine;\n BufferedReader br = null;\n\n // ...\n while ((sCurrentLine = br.readLine()) !", "= null) {\n //String orderid = sCurrentLine.substring(0, 6);\n System.out.println(\"reading line \" +sCurrentLine);\n int seqvalue = sequenceNumber.getSequenceNumber(sCurrentLine);\n System.out.println(\"seqvalue \"+seqvalue);\n }\n // ...\n }\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0.0014792899408284025, 0, 0.0010405827263267429, 0, 0.0013717421124828531, 0.00008771545107670716, 0.00006718624025799517, 0.0000021212484395566164, 0.000004585283989563894, 0.00012075836251660429, 0, 0.00006944444444444444, 0, 0, 0.000032782048550213904, 0.00005406574394463668, 0.000042718612499466016, 0, 0.000022443263430048837, 0 ]

[ "When veterinarians couldn’t find an animal MRI machine big enough for Homeslice, an injured green sea turtle, they resorted to giving her a check-up in an MRI machine made for people, thanks to local healthcare network Health First Medical Group.", "\n\n“For the first time ever, an injured sea turtle the Brevard Zoo is caring for received an MRI at Health First,” the organization wrote, adding that the technology had previously only been used by humans.", "\n\nHomeslice was severely injured after being caught in a boat propeller last summer.", "\n\nHer recovery has been monitored closely by veterinarians at the Brevard Zoo in Florida in the last few months, and the need to conduct an MRI scan on the turtle’s spinal cord arrived when experts began discussing Homeslice’s release back into the wild." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.00003304911097891467, 0.000023795359904818562, 0, 0.000015500031000062 ]

[ "We were just watching General McMaster’s press conference – which has taken the place of Sean Spicer’s briefing today. ", "The key take away is that McMaster is essentially conceding the accuracy of last night’s reporting (first from the Post and later confirmed by other outlets) but saying that in the context it was okay. ", "It was appropriate. ", "Notably, when it comes to specifics, he is hiding behind classification to refuse to give further answers.", "\n\nHe also conceded that President Trump made the decision to reveal the information in the spur of the moment. ", "When asked when Trump made the decision and whether his advisors were part of that decision, here are the exact words of response: “He made the decision in the context of the conversation.” ", "In other words, spur of the moment decision, not something he and his advisers decided made sense in advance.", "\n\nThe gist here is that McMaster is saying yes Trump did it. ", "He was entitled to do it. ", "And I and other advisors were there when it happened and believe that substantively it was the right decision.", "\n\nLater McMaster went further in denying a key point that no one from the White House had yet, so far as I know, denied. ", "McMaster insisted that the President “in no way compromised any sources and methods.”", "\n\n(For future purposes, I would say that is the clearest statement from McMaster that we’ll likely look back on as a knowing falsehood, with no give in the words as spoken.)", "\n\nThen there was a key revelation just before McMaster left the podium.", "\n\nHe said this: “I should just make maybe the statement here that the president wasn’t even aware where this information came from. ", "He wasn’t briefed on the source or method of the information either.”", "\n\nTo me this is not at all surprising. ", "Sometimes even the President doesn’t learn about sources and methods unless there’s a specific need. ", "Often it’s just not relevant in terms of what the President needs to know. ", "Even normal Presidents get gobs of information every day about different parts of the world. ", "But Trump isn’t normal. ", "We know he insists on extremely toplined briefings. ", "Just the most essential bullet points. ", "So on its own, I don’t find this hard to believe.", "\n\nMcMaster’s point seemed to be that President Trump was not even in a position to reveal sources and methods because he didn’t know them. ", "This is too cute by half. ", "No one ever suggested he did. ", "All the reporting has suggested that Trump revealed details from which sources and methods could be inferred.", "\n\nThe possibility this does raise is that Trump simply didn’t realize the information he mentioned was that sensitive or really, really secret. ", "We simply don’t know.", "\n\nThe upshot is that I think we now know more than we did before McMaster’s Q&A that the Post story is accurate. ", "The key is that McMaster says Trump was within his rights to make the decision (true, in terms of legality) and that he and two other top advisors believe it was in fact the correct decision (a subjective call we have no direct way to evaluate.)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0001412329637737448, 0.00004901480247034605, 0, 0, 0.00008116224332440549, 0.000027700831024930747, 0, 0.0005374899220639614, 0, 0, 0.00006830134553650708, 0.00013840830449826988, 0.000033412409368839586, 0.00019837333862328903, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.001736111111111111, 0, 0, 0, 0.00005175715542673775, 0, 0, 0.00008416799932665601, 0.000048225308641975306, 0, 0.00015662933667475918, 0.000033319450229071226 ]

[ "Ragtime (yacht)\n\nRagtime was one of the world's fastest yachts in the 1970s. ", "\nIn 1973, Ragtime became famous for beating the favorite, Windward Passage by 4 minutes, 31 seconds, in the Transpacific Yacht Race from Los Angeles to Honolulu. ", "It also competed successfully in the Sydney to Hobart yacht race\n\nThe boat's designer was John Spencer from New Zealand.", "\nBuilt in 1963 it was then owned by Tom Clark and named Infidel. ", "The subsequent owner changed the name to Ragtime.", "\n\nPat Farrah retrofitted Ragtime in the 1990s to allow it to continue competing in the Transpac.", "\n\nIt finished 10th in the 2006 Newport to Ensenada International Yacht Race.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Individual sailing vessels\nCategory:1960s sailing yachts\nCategory:Sailing yachts of New Zealand\nCategory:Sailing yachts built in New Zealand" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0, 0.000038103947568968146, 0.0001388888888888889, 0.0004733727810650888, 0, 0.00021701388888888888, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nCan this RAM bypass be prevented by making the particular memory controller \"not idle\"?", "\n\nAbsoluteƵERØ showed me that memory can be bypassed at the memory controller. ", " https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/36592/can-linux-be-made-to-detect-foreign-connections-to-the-ram-bus\nby showing me this patent: http://www.google.com/patents/US6745308\nIn the Abstract of the article, it says\n\nIf particular memory controller components are idle, a memory client\n is informed that a bypassing of memory controller components is\n possible.", "\n\nDoes that mean that there can't be a bypass if the particular memory controller components aren't idle? ", " (More quotes on \"idleness\" below)\nIf so, how can a memory controller be kept from an \"idle\" state?", "\n\nIdleness Quotes\n\nOnly components that are idle or have no other memory requests to process may be bypassed.", "\nThe method as in claim 1, wherein the step of providing, to the client, the signal indicating the state of the memory controller\n includes providing a signal indicating a level of idleness associated\n with the memory controller pipeline.", "\nThe method as in claim 5, wherein determining a level of idleness\n associated with the memory controller pipeline includes analyzing\n memory request queues of a first component and a second component are\n empty.", "\nA system comprising:providing the memory access request to a bypass\n module when the signal indicates the first component is idle;\nOnly components that are idle or have no other memory requests to\n process may be bypassed.", "\nAt least one embodiment of the present invention provides for a method\n of bypassing memory controller components. ", "The method includes\n receiving a first memory request to read data from memory. ", "In one\n embodiment, a bus interface unit receives the first memory request.", "\n The first memory request may be associated with a cache fetch request.", "\n The method includes determining if a first component and a second\n component of a memory controller are idle. ", "The first component is a\n Northbridge client interface used to organize received memory\n requests. ", "The second component is a Northbridge arbiter used to\n arbitrate, or select, requests from different clients, allowing\n received requests from all the clients to be processed. ", "The result of\n determining if the first and second components are idle is provided as\n a signal to the host bus interface unit. ", "The method also includes\n providing the first memory request to the first component, when the\n first component and the second component are busy. ", "The method also\n includes determining, in the memory controller, if the first memory\n request is valid for access by bypassing the second component. ", "In one\n embodiment the second component is used to generate commands to open\n closed pages of memory. ", "If the memory request needs to access a closed\n page of memory, the memory request is considered invalid. ", "The method\n also includes enabling the first memory request to be accessed by the\n second component, when the first memory request is considered invalid\n for bypass operations. ", "The method further includes enabling the first\n memory request to be accessed by bypassing the first and second\n components, when the first memory request is considered valid.", "\n\nwith many more.", "\n\nA:\n\nThat patent doesn't do what he thinks it does. ", " The patent is a method for changing the components of a memory controller during design so that you can support a collaborative bypass of the controller within the various components or stages of the memory controller itself. ", " No where do they describe sitting on the external memory bus (to DRAM) and snooping on it. ", " In fact they describe a controller that says \"hey guys - I'm idle now, go and do your stuff\"\nWhen they say \"components\" think \" functional blocks\" not DRAM modules or the like.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.00012075836251660429, 0.0001602307322544464, 0.00002203274065260978, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to return multiple rows in PostgreSQL using RECORD?", "\n\nI'm trying to create a function which runs an SQL query on multiple tables and outputs the resulting table from the query. ", "The resulting table will have multiple rows. ", "I'm having a lot of difficulty with this and I've read posts which suggest using RETURN NEXT but I haven't been able to get that to work either. ", "From what I understand RECORD can be used because it takes the values of the data fed into it.", "\nHere is my code so far:\nCREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION\n most_docs()\nRETURNS\n SETOF RECORD\nAS $$\nDECLARE\n result RECORD;\nBEGIN\n CREATE VIEW MOSTDOC AS\n SELECT P.country, COUNT(P.country) AS cnt\n FROM Producer P, Movie M, ProducerMovie PM\n WHERE M.title = PM.title\n AND M.year = PM.year\n AND P.name = PM.name\n AND M.genre = 'Documentary'\n GROUP BY P.country;\n\n SELECT DISTINCT M.country INTO result\n FROM MOSTDOC M\n WHERE M.cnt = (SELECT MAX(M.cnt)\n FROM MOSTDOC M);\n\n RETURN result;\nEND;\n$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;\n\nAny help would be much appreciated. ", "Thanks.", "\n---------- Word in Progress code\nCREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION\n most_docs()\nRETURNS\n SETOF RECORD\nAS $$\nDECLARE\nresult RECORD\nBEGIN\n CREATE VIEW MOSTDOC AS\n SELECT P.country, COUNT(P.country) AS cnt\n FROM Producer P, Movie M, ProducerMovie PM\n WHERE M.title = PM.title\n AND M.year = PM.year\n AND P.name = PM.name\n AND M.genre = 'Documentary'\n GROUP BY P.country;\n\n RETURN QUERY SELECT DISTINCT M.country\n FROM MOSTDOC M\n WHERE M.cnt = (SELECT MAX(M.cnt)\n FROM MOSTDOC M);\nEND;\n$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;\n\nA:\n\nIf i understand your problem correctly, your'e trying to do something like this (for functions that return setof i always use types)\nCREATE TYPE frt_test_type AS\n (\n country character varying,\n cnt integer,\n country character varying); /* types may vary */\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION\n RETURNS SETOF frt_test_type AS\n$BODY$DECLARE r record;\nBEGIN\n for r in SELECT P.country, COUNT(P.country) AS cnt, \nFROM Producer P, Movie M, ProducerMovie PM\nWHERE M.title = PM.title\nAND M.year = PM.year\nAND P.name = PM.name\nAND M.genre = 'Documentary'\nGROUP BY P.country;\n loop\n return next r; \n end loop;\n return; \nEND;$BODY$\n LANGUAGE 'plpgsql'\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0002872737719046251, 0.000064, 0, 0, 0, 0.000017236426314277505, 0, 0.0000068983786050926596 ]

[ "With scores of fellows — more than a full orchestra’s worth — arriving each summer, and jockeying with other programs for high school and college students, not to mention the needs of the Boston Symphony, it can be difficult to accommodate all the practice and rehearsal needs.", "\n\n“We had rehearsals beginning at midnight for high school kids,” Mr. Volpe said. “", "Which, obviously, high school kids don’t object to, but their parents might.”", "\n\nIt was that space crunch that led to the first discussions about Linde Center, which was completed after the orchestra raised $70 million for construction, fixing up its grounds, and bolstering its endowment. (", "It is the largest construction project at Tanglewood since the opening of Ozawa Hall in 1994.) ", "In addition to providing much-needed breathing room, officials saw it as a perfect way for Tanglewood to expand into the field of talks and discussions, which has been booming for institutions like the 92nd Street Y in New York and the Aspen Ideas Festival." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.000013032881961188077, 0.0001451589490492089, 0, 0.000022249911000355996, 0, 0.000015140274644582053 ]

[ "Electronically Filed\nIntermediate Court of Appeals\nCAAP-XX-XXXXXXX\n16-JUN-2020\n07:49 AM\n\f\f\f\f\f\f\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0 ]

[ "Miss Tanzania\n\nMiss Tanzania is a national Beauty pageant in Tanzania.", "\n\nHistory\nMiss Tanzania started in the 1967 and the participants for the most part were from Dar es Salaam, the winners were however not sent to compete internationally. ", "In 1968, the government banned beauty contests in the country after advice from the ruling political party's youth league citing it was not consistent with Tanzanian culture.", "\n\nIn 1994 when beauty contests were allowed, the country had its first Miss Tanzania who competed in the Miss World.", "\n\nTanzania ended its decade-long drought of shining in international beauty contests in Miss World 2005, when Nancy Sumari was among the top 6 finalists and also crowned Miss World Africa.", "\n\nTitleholders\nColor key\n\nSee also\n Miss Universe Tanzania\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nMiss Tanzania's Official website\n\nCategory:Beauty pageants in Tanzania\nCategory:1960s establishments in Tanzania\nCategory:Tanzanian awards" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000028293345405160706, 0.000019753086419753087 ]

[ "Contribution of the Microbiota to Intestinal Homeostasis and its Role in the Pathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection.", "\nDuring HIV infection, massive destruction of CD4+ T cells ensues, preferentially depleting the Th17 subset at the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), leading to a loss of mucosal integrity and an increase in cell permeability. ", "This process favors microbial translocation between the intestinal lumen and the circulatory system, contributing to persistent immune activation and chronic inflammation characteristic of HIV infection. ", "Thus, the gut microbiota plays an integral role in maintaining the structure and function of the mucosal barrier, a critical factor for immune homeostasis. ", "However, in the context of HIV infection, changes in the gut microbiota have been reported and have been linked to disease progression. ", "Here, we review evidence for the role of the gut microbiota in intestinal homeostasis, its contribution to HIV pathogenesis, as well as its use in the development of therapeutic strategies." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.00008416799932665601, 0.00001874027848053822, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nLetters m, n and v above roman numerals in functional harmony notation\n\nI'm reading a functional harmony textbook and found the notation in the following passage confusing:\n\nConsecutive VI and VII degrees in melody are harmonised with chords IV-VII6 (in minor: IVm-VII6) and consecutive VII and VI degrees with chords III-IV (in minor: IIIn-IV). ", "When the upper tetrachord before a cesura is harmonised with chords I IIIn IV Vv it is called a Phrygian cadence.", "\n\n(The quote feels off because the textbook is not in English. ", "Please excuse the awkward translation.)", "\nWhat is the meaning of those superscripts in IVm, IIIn and Vv? ", "I first saw IVm and assumed that the m just stresses that it is a minor chord. ", "However, this textbook never used that notation before when dealing with II and VI chords which, in major key, are minor chords.", "\nThen I saw IIIn and assumed that m and n stand for melodic and natural and indicate how the scale degrees have to be altered. ", "I assumed that IVm indicates a major chord on IV degree (raise the VI degree) and IIIn indicates a major chord on III degree (do not raise the VII degree to avoid an augmented chord).", "\nThen I saw Vv and was thoroughly confused. ", "I don't have any guesses as to what this superscript might stand for.", "\nAnd what does he mean by upper tetrachord being harmonised with I IIIn IV Vv? ", "I know that the upper tetrachord consists of degrees V, VI, VII and I, but still have trouble understanding the meaning of the whole sentence.", "\n\nA:\n\nAnd what does he mean by upper tetrachord being harmonised with I IIIn IV Vv? ", "I know that the upper tetrachord consists of degrees V, VI, VII and I, but...\n\nI will switch to using a circumflex ^ for scale degree instead of Roman numerals.", "\nThe upper tetrachord ascending is ^5 ^6 ^7 ^1, however Semlek apparently is not mentioning that a Phrygian cadence is a descending bass motion!", "\nWe really need the upper tetrachord descending as ^1 ^7 ^6 ^5.", "\nThere are apparently differences in Roman numeral analysis between the United State (where I am) and Estonia. ", "So I explain what I think these symbols mean.", "\nSemlek gives the harmonization for that descending tetrachord as I IIIn IV Vv. (", "The n and v are supposed to be superscript, but I don't know how to do it in this post, sorry.) ", "Apparently the n mean 'natural minor' or in practical terms no accidentals altering tone from the key signature. ", "Based on normal minor key harmonic practice I guess that v mean use the raised leading tone with the dominant chord, because normally a Phrygian cadence would end on a dominant with a raised leading tone. ", "Semlek doesn't use figure bass numbers on his Roman numerals, because he provides a bass line which allows us to understand the chord intervals and what inversions are used.", "\nIn the Roman numeral system I'm used to Semlek's harmony would be this... \ni III6/4 iv6 V\nIn notation... \n\nI'm used to the ^7 being harmonized with a v6 minor dominant, like this... \n\n...but that's only a stylistic detail.", "\nI think the important things to understand are: \n\nthe Phrygian cadence would involve a descending bass line involving the upper tetrachord.", "\nthe bass line will be all unaltered tones of the key signature, in other words the lowered scale degrees ^6 and ^7.", "\nthe cesura on the dominant chord will use the raised leading tone.", "\nthe harmony highlights the flexible treatment of the ^7 scale degree, being lowered in one chord, but raised in another.", "\nthe defining character of a Phrygian cadence is the descending half step motion in the bass from the lowered ^6 degree to ^5 in minor mode which is analogous to ^2 ^1 in the Phrygian mode.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0001220703125, 0, 0.00002986055122577563, 0, 0, 0.0001602307322544464, 0.00004959333465582226, 0.0001417233560090703, 0.0000390625, 0.00009645061728395061, 0, 0, 0, 0.00015241579027587258, 0, 0, 0, 0.000033412409368839586, 0.00006032697218926582, 0, 0.00007431629013079666, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "283 F.2d 816\nLeonard G. HAMILTON, Appellant,v.Raymond J. BUCHKOE, Warden, et al., ", "Appellees.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals Sixth Circuit.", "\nOctober 21, 1960.", "\n\n1\nLeonard G. Hamilton, in pro. ", "per.", "\n\nORDER.", "\n\n2\nVarious papers have been filed in this court, entitled as above, designated as Certificate of Probable Cause, Judge's Certificate of Settled Statement of Proceedings for Certificate of Probable Cause, Praecipe for Hearing, Motion for Leave to File and Affidavit to Proceed in Forma Pauperis, Notice of Appeal to Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, Motion and Brief in Support of Motion. ", "This court will consider all of these together as an application to this court for certificate of probable cause to allow petitioner to appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan, entered on or about October 1, 1960, denying the application of Leonard G. Hamilton for issuance of a writ of habeas corpus and dismissing his petition.", "\n\n\n3\nThe papers before this court disclose that the appellant, Leonard G. Hamilton, is incarcerated in one of the state prisons of Michigan, presumably by virtue of process issued out of one of the courts of that state. ", "The aforesaid papers do not disclose that the petitioner has availed himself of any state remedies. ", "In any event, he has not exhausted them. ", "This petitioner should be advised of the law limiting his right to apply to the United States District Court for writ of habeas corpus. ", "Section 2254, Title 28, U.S.C., provides:\n\n\n4\n\"An application for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted unless it appears that the applicant has exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the state, or that there is either an absence of available state corrective process or the existence of circumstances rendering such process ineffective to protect the rights of the prisoner.", "\n\n\n5\n\"An applicant shall not be deemed to have exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State, within the meaning of this section, if he has the right under the law of the State to raise, by any available procedure, the question presented.\"", "\n\n\n6\nPetitioner should likewise be advised that his petition for writ of habeas corpus to the United States District Court having been denied, he cannot appeal to this court without obtaining a certificate of probable cause, either from the District Judge or a Circuit Judge. ", "This is provided in Section 2253, Title 28 U.S.C., as follows:\n\n\n7\n\"An appeal may not be taken to the court of appeals from the final order in a habeas corpus proceeding where the detention complained of arises out of process issued by a State court, unless the justice or judge who rendered the order or a circuit justice or judge issues a certificate of probable cause.\"", "\n\n\n8\nBy reason of the foregoing, It is hereby ordered (a) petitioner's application for certificate of probable cause is denied, (b) petitioner's application for leave to proceed in forma pauperis is denied, (c) application for stenographic minutes and notes is denied, and (d) no appeal from the order of the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan is presently pending in this court.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.000446162998215348, 0, 0.0004725897920604915, 0, 0.0009182736455463728, 0, 0, 0.000020030847505157944, 0.000006817143753110322, 0.000020661157024793387, 0, 0, 0, 0.000004565709693914822, 0.000031245606086644065, 0.000013127494223902542, 0.000014452537865649209, 0, 0 ]

[ "Electronic properties of highly-active Ag3AsO4 photocatalyst and its band gap modulation: an insight from hybrid-density functional calculations.", "\nThe electronic structures of highly active Ag-based oxide photocatalysts Ag3AsO4 and Ag3PO4 are studied by hybrid-density functional calculations. ", "It is revealed that Ag3AsO4 and Ag3PO4 are indirect band gap semiconductors. ", "The Hartree-Fock mixing parameters are fitted for experimental band gaps of Ag3AsO4 (1.88 eV) and Ag3PO4 (2.43 eV). ", "The smaller electron effective mass and the lower valence band edge of Ag3AsO4 are likely to be responsible for the superior photocatalytic oxidation reaction to Ag3PO4. ", "The comparable lattice constant and analogous crystal structure between the two materials allow the opportunities of fine-tuning the band gap of Ag3AsxP1-xO4 using a solid-solution approach. ", "The development of Ag3AsxP1-xO4 should be promising for the discovery of novel visible-light sensitized photocatalysts." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.00004565376186997809, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Excirolana chiltoni\n\nExcirolana chiltoni is a species of isopod in the family Cirolanidae.", "\n\nThey live in the ocean at the shoreline, and occasionally swarm and bite (people and animals), vigorously.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Cymothoida\nCategory:Crustaceans described in 1905" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0002469135802469136, 0, 0 ]

[ "'Limited' military communication with Russia still in place – UK Defence Secretary\n\nUK Defence Secretary Michael Fallon has acknowledged that \"limited military-to-military engagement\" with Russia is still in place – not with regards to Syria operations, but in order to ensure the safety of Britain’s own airspace.", "\n\n\"In the interest of air and maritime safety I have authorized MoD [Ministry of Defence] officials to undertake limited military-to-military engagement with the Russians to ensure the safety of our own airspace,\" Fallon said at a parliamentary hearing.", "\n\nHe himself is \"not currently engaged with any Russian counterparts,\" the Defence Secretary added, citing issues over Ukraine and Crimea as a setback for the \"return to normal engagement.\"", "\n\nIn 2015, there were a number of incidents when British fighter jets took off from UK airbases to intercept Russian aircraft. ", "In November, RAF (Royal Air Force) Typhoon fighter jets intercepted Russian bombers passing close to UK airspace over the Atlantic Ocean.", "\n\nEarlier in the year, Russia's ambassador was summoned by the UK Foreign Office, to lodge a complaint about a flight of Russian military jets over the English Channel, which British authorities claimed posed a danger to passenger aircraft." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.000020284798571950182, 0.000015622803043322032, 0.000027994736989445982, 0, 0.00010655868719697373, 0.00003472222222222222 ]

[ "# Copyright 2018 - present MongoDB, Inc.\n#\n# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n#\n# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n#\n# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n# limitations under the License.", "\n\nuse strict;\nuse warnings;\n\npackage MongoDB::Role::_CommandMonitoring;\n\n# MongoDB role to add command monitoring support to Ops\n\nuse version;\nour $VERSION = 'v2.2.3';\n\nuse Moo::Role;\nuse BSON;\nuse BSON::Raw;\nuse MongoDB::_Types -types, 'to_IxHash';\nuse Tie::IxHash;\nuse Safe::Isa;\nuse Time::HiRes qw/time/;\nuse namespace::clean;\n\nrequires qw/monitoring_callback db_name/;\nhas command_start_time => ( is => 'rw', );\nhas command_start_event => ( is => 'rw', );\n\nsub publish_command_started {\n my ( $self, $link, $command, $request_id ) = @_;\n return unless $self->monitoring_callback;\n\n if ( $command->$_can('_as_tied_hash') ) {\n $command = $command->_as_tied_hash;\n } else {\n $command = _to_tied_ixhash($command);\n }\n my $command_name = tied(%$command)->Keys(0);\n\n my $event = {\n type => 'command_started',\n databaseName => $self->db_name,\n commandName => $command_name,\n command => (\n _needs_redaction($command_name)\n ? _", "to_tied_ixhash([])\n : $command,\n ),\n requestId => $request_id,\n connectionId => $link->address,\n };\n\n # Cache for constructing matching succeeded/failed event later\n $self->command_start_event($event);\n\n # Guard against exceptions in the callback\n eval { $self->monitoring_callback->($event) };\n\n # Set the time last so it doesn't include all the work above\n $self->command_start_time(time);\n return;\n}\n\nsub publish_command_reply {\n my ( $self, $bson ) = @_;\n return unless $self->monitoring_callback;\n\n # Record duration early before doing work to prepare success/fail\n # events\n my $duration = time - $self->command_start_time();\n\n my $start_event = $self->command_start_event();\n\n my $reply =\n ref($bson) eq 'HASH'\n ? ", "$bson\n : BSON->new()->decode_one($bson);\n\n my $event = {\n databaseName => $start_event->{databaseName},\n commandName => $start_event->{commandName},\n requestId => $start_event->{requestId},\n connectionId => $start_event->{connectionId},\n durationSecs => $duration,\n reply => (\n _needs_redaction($start_event->{commandName})\n ? {}", "\n : $reply,\n ),\n };\n\n if ( $reply->{ok} ) {\n $event->{type} = 'command_succeeded';\n }\n else {\n $event->{type} = 'command_failed';\n $event->{failure} = _extract_errmsg($reply);\n }\n\n # Guard against exceptions in the callback\n eval { $self->monitoring_callback->($event) };\n\n return;\n}\n\nsub publish_command_exception {\n my ($self, $err) = @_;\n return unless $self->monitoring_callback;\n\n # Record duration early before doing work to prepare success/fail\n # events\n my $duration = time - $self->command_start_time();\n\n my $start_event = $self->command_start_event();\n\n my $event = {\n type => \"command_failed\",\n databaseName => $start_event->{databaseName},\n commandName => $start_event->{commandName},\n requestId => $start_event->{requestId},\n connectionId => $start_event->{connectionId},\n durationSecs => $duration,\n reply => {},\n failure => \"$err\",\n eval_error => $err,\n };\n\n # Guard against exceptions in the callback\n eval { $self->monitoring_callback->($event) };\n\n return;\n}\n\nsub publish_legacy_write_started {\n my ( $self, $link, $cmd_name, $op_doc, $request_id ) = @_;\n my $method = \"_convert_legacy_$cmd_name\";\n return $self->publish_command_started( $link, $self->$method($op_doc), $request_id );\n}\n\nsub publish_legacy_reply_succeeded {\n my ($self, $result) = @_;\n my $batchfield = ref($self) eq \"MongoDB::Op::_Query\" ? \"", "firstBatch\" : \"nextBatch\";\n\n my $reply = {\n ok => 1,\n cursor => {\n id => $result->{cursor_id},\n ns => $self->full_name,\n $batchfield => [ @{$result->{docs}} ],\n },\n };\n\n return $self->publish_command_reply($reply);\n}\n\nsub publish_legacy_query_error {\n my ($self, $result) = @_;\n\n my $reply = {\n %$result,\n ok => 0,\n };\n\n return $self->publish_command_reply($reply);\n}\n\nsub _needs_redaction {\n my ($name) = @_;\n return 1 if grep { $name eq $_ } qw(\n authenticate\n saslStart\n saslContinue\n getnonce\n createUser\n updateUser\n copydbgetnonce\n copydbsaslstart\n copydb\n );\n return 0;\n}\n\nsub _convert_legacy_insert {\n my ( $self, $op_doc ) = @_;\n $op_doc = [$op_doc] unless ref $op_doc eq 'ARRAY';\n return [\n insert => $self->coll_name,\n documents => $op_doc,\n @{ $self->write_concern->as_args },\n ];\n}\n\n# Duplicated from MongoDB::CommandResult\nsub _extract_errmsg {\n my ($output) = @_;\n for my $err_key (qw/$err err errmsg/) {\n return $output->{$err_key} if exists $output->{$err_key};\n }\n if ( exists $output->{writeConcernError} ) {\n return $output->{writeConcernError}{errmsg};\n }\n return \"\";\n}\n\nsub _convert_legacy_update {\n my ( $self, $op_doc ) = @_;\n\n return [\n update => $self->coll_name,\n updates => [\n update => $self->coll_name,\n updates => [$op_doc],\n ],\n @{ $self->write_concern->as_args },\n ];\n}\n\nsub _convert_legacy_delete {\n my ( $self, $op_doc ) = @_;\n\n return [\n delete => $self->coll_name,\n deletes => [$op_doc],\n @{ $self->write_concern->as_args },\n ];\n}\n\nsub _decode_preencoded {\n my ($obj) = @_;\n my $codec = BSON->new;\n my $type = ref($obj);\n if ( $type eq 'BSON::Raw' ) {\n return $codec->decode_one( $obj->{bson} );\n }\n elsif ( $type eq 'Tie::IxHash' ) {\n tie my %out, \"Tie::IxHash\";\n $out{$_} = _decode_preencoded( $obj->FETCH($_) ) for $obj->Keys;\n return \\%out;\n }\n elsif ( $type eq 'ARRAY' ) {\n return [ map { _decode_preencoded($_) } @$obj ];\n }\n elsif ( $type eq 'HASH' ) {\n return { map { ; $_ => _decode_preencoded( $obj->{$_} ) } keys %$obj };\n }\n return $obj;\n}\n\nsub _to_tied_ixhash {\n my ($in) = @_;\n my $type = ref($in);\n my %out;\n if ( $type eq 'ARRAY' ) {\n # earlier type checks should ensure even elements\n tie %out, \"Tie::IxHash\", map { _decode_preencoded($_) } @$in;\n }\n elsif ( $type eq \"Tie::IxHash\" ) {\n tie %out, \"Tie::IxHash\";\n $out{$_} = _decode_preencoded( $in->FETCH($_) ) for $in->Keys;\n }\n elsif ( $in->$_can('_as_tied_hash') ) {\n %out = %{ $in->_as_tied_hash() };\n } else {\n tie %out, \"Tie::IxHash\", map { ; $_ => _decode_preencoded( $in->{$_} ) } keys %$in;\n }\n return \\%out;\n}\n\n1;\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.00006312334301224592, 0.00003141986363779181, 0.00009070294784580499, 0.000004749799558458633, 0.0000015055139448229141, 0, 0, 3.3200398935993614e-7 ]

[ "Drinking too much water can be dangerous and has proven fatal. ", "This may come as a surprise to dieters or to athletes who are told to be certain to get adequate fluids. ", "The condition caused by drinking too much water is called water intoxication. ", "It can have several possible effects, which can quickly cause an emergency medical situation.", "\n\nWhile most people are safe drinking six to eight glasses of water a day, dieters or athletes may try to get an extra edge by drinking more. ", "Especially high performance athletes like marathon runners may over-drink. ", "This can result in an imbalance of the body’s electrolytes. ", "An excess water can quickly deplete electrolytes like sodium compounds.", "\n\nRapid intake of too much water floods the inside of cells when sodium is depleted. ", "This sodium depletion, called hyponatremia, can rupture the cells, either from extra pressure on the cells from without, or from pressure within flooded cells. ", "As cells rupture in various parts of the body, certain symptoms emerge with rapidity. ", "Severe vomiting and nausea are common. ", "A headache may occur as the brain swells. ", "A person may be confused or disoriented.", "\n\nAd\n\nSymptoms progress and may include seizures, and coma. ", "Untreated cases can and have resulted in death. ", "The hazing incident in Chico, California that caused the death of Michael Carrington in 2005 was the direct result of drinking an excess of water. ", "As well, Carrington was forced to perform exercises in a very cold basement. ", "His death was noted as heart failure from water intoxication.", "\n\nRunners have also collapsed by drinking too much water quickly. ", "Some sports drinks replace electrolytes as they replace fluids. ", "Yet not all drinks marketed as “sports drinks” are equivalent. ", "Generally, a doctor will be able to tell one which drinks are the best when one is competing in sports. ", "As well runners are now advised to drink when thirsty, instead of getting ahead of thirst. ", "This helps reduce fluid intake to needed amounts in many cases, though most electrolyte replacing drinks are still better choices than water, which might be consumed in excess amounts to satisfy thirst.", "\n\nGenerally excessive water intake is defined as water consumed above what the kidneys can process in an hour. ", "Extremely healthy kidneys would be able to process about 30 ounces (approx .9 liters) of water in an hour. ", "A person with kidney problems or with only one kidney should drink much less, as per doctor’s instructions.", "\n\nThe person with healthy kidneys could develop water intoxication by drinking about 2 to 3 times what the kidneys can process. ", "For a person with kidney problems or with one kidney, too much water might be defined as just an ounce or two over the recommended amounts.", "\n\nFor people with healthy kidneys it should be perfectly safe to drink two cups of water an hour, and for the dieter, even one cup an hour will fulfill requirements for getting plenty of water. ", "However, drinking too much water in rapid succession can prove fatal and should definitely be avoided.", "\n\nDiscuss this Article\n\nanon344918Post 31\n\nAn excess intake of water causes frequent urination so is it possible that this is also the reason for not getting pregnant?", "\n\nRainbowBlastPost 30\n\nThat's true. ", "I've looked online and people have been going on and on, offering Water Challenges and all that. ", "They don't know what can happen. ", "Of course if you drink too much water your tissues will break because it's too much. ", "It's really not a good thing. ", "So remember to never drink one gallon of water in an hour. ", "You will die after that.", "\n\nanon327111Post 29\n\nWow what a load of crap advice! ", "Usually, the problem people face is drinking less water and having all sorts of medical conditions. ", "So unless you are so jobless to remember having a drink every hour and measure water every day, it will be much less than the amount you are going to consume.", "\n\nAnd some idiot said you get gastritis by drinking water! ", "Really? ", "When your stomach is empty, acids that help digestion will be dissolved by drinking water, thus causing less damage to the stomach.", "\n\nSo every time you remember, drink a glass of water and you will be healthy.", "\n\nanon322949Post 27\n\nI was born with polycystic kidney disease and unfortunately, one was as healthy as the other and went. ", "I get urine infections a lot because I don't drink enough fluid. ", "The past four weeks I have been drinking a lot more, but can only drink sparkling water instead of normal water, because that seems to make me vomit and I can't keep it down. ", "I just want to know, exactly, how many normal sized glasses of water I should drink each day?", "\n\nanon304410Post 26\n\nHow much is too much water if you have one kidney?", "\n\nbpshakyaPost 24\n\nWhat are the limitations of all poisonous elements in water?", "\n\nanon271135Post 23\n\nI have one kidney and cyst on it, my question is how much water is safe to drink for me? ", "I heard that more water reduces or stops the cyst's size/growth.", "\n\nanon261015Post 22\n\nIs it possible for a person to drink forty ounces of water in an hour?", "\n\nanon179099Post 21\n\n@mistyblue: I have the same problem. ", "i drink like three or four bottles of water in the morning, and a whole lot more in the rest of the day.", "\n\nSomething that helped me for a while is to fight the first few minutes when you want to drink water, and after a few minutes your body will stop telling you that you need water and start using the water that's in your stomach.", "\n\nThis happened to me when the college cafeteria ran out of water. ", "At first i felt really thirsty, but after i was forced not to drink the water i felt like i needed, the thirst went away and even for the rest of the day i drank way less water than usual. ", "I hope this was helpful.", "\n\nanon178355Post 18\n\nIf you are drinking a lot of water and still feel thirsty, you might want to check your blood sugar level.", "\n\nAbout five liters of water per day is normally prescribed in many countries, so don't freak out.", "\n\nDon't have water along with your meals, because water dilutes (in a layman's language) digestive juices produced in your stomach. ", "You should drink nothing with your meals. ", "Drink plenty in between though - after one hour. ", "Don't drink water right before your meals too. ", "Give it about half hour.", "\n\nanon167609Post 17\n\nIt can be if you live in a land-locked state like Colorado where all the drinking water is recycled toilet crapwater. ", "I think it's poisoning people's brains out here from the behavior I have observed! ", "Either that, or they're possessed by aliens!", "\n\nfroghollerPost 16\n\nI think that drinking half your body weight in ounces is the safest way to go. ", "I did find that when I started drinking water a few years ago, it seemed to create a thirst for more so I had to be careful and pace myself. ", "I also found that if you go to have blood taken, (at least with me) I have to make sure I am well hydrated or they have a hard time locating a good vein.", "\n\nanon148661Post 15\n\nThree days ago, with the wish of re-hydrating myself, I drank a lot of water almost three days in a row. ", "The result is that I feel an immense pressure in my kidneys and all the organs near them.", "\n\nMy digestion seems to have stopped and overall, I feel awful.", "\n\nWhat is the recommended action to take in my case? ", "I am really feeling sick and the pain very strong that I feel my kidneys are going to explode.", "\n\nPlease, any advice will be very welcome. ", "best regards. ", "--Daniel\n\nanon143494Post 14\n\nI drink 2 litres of water in eight hours every weekday while at work. ", "Is that too much in such a short time?", "\n\nanon131772Post 13\n\nFrom what I just read, drinking a lot of water is bad, so my question is, what can I do to stop drinking too much water? ", "because I drink way too much water. ", "I drink to the point that I feel bloated and my stomach feels super full but yet I'll still keep drinking water then my stomach starts hurting. ", "I need help how can I stop?", "\n\nanon106516Post 12\n\nI drink a lots of water. ", "sometimes I'm really not thirsty or need it; I just drink it. ", "I'm getting really worried about that? ", "is it bad to drink too much water?", "\n\nanon73829Post 11\n\nDear Mistyblue: The more you drink water, the more thirsty you will feel. ", "But, it doesn't mean that your body really needs all that amount of water. ", "You can gradually lessen the amount of water you drink, half glass less every day.", "\n\nAlso, drinking water just before, during or right after a meal is bad for the digestion as water dilutes the digestive acids in the stomach, and leads to slow digestion.", "\n\nIn the long run, one can have gastritis or ulcer due to drinking water during digestion. ", "One shouldn't drink more than 1.5 liters of water unless one is an athlete since most of the food contains liquids in them.", "\n\nAlso, adding a teaspoon of honey or lemon helps digestion of the water. ", "I'd suggest taking a look at the second chapter of the book \"Fiber menace\" by Konstantin Monastyrsky. ", "The author describes how water can lead to damage if consumed excessively.", "\n\nanon61862Post 9\n\nmistyblue, try keeping something other than water with you all the time. ", "and if you're an athlete, have like vitamin water or a gatorade with the water.", "\n\nanon40781Post 8\n\nWhich is healthier to drink water while standing or sitting?", "\n\nsg2009Post 7\n\nI used to drink 3-4 lit of water daily, but recently when my uric acid count reached 7, I started drinking 6-7 lit of water daily(half of it by breakfast i.e. by 8 am)for the last 3 months. ", "Now I have noticed that my stomach becomes upset daily 2-3 times up to lunch time(i.e 1 pm). ", "After that it is OK. ", "Now my query is: Is this condition due to excessive water intake?", "\n\npiebengaPost 6\n\nWell, I have a question about drinking too much water. ", "I drink a lot I mean a lot of water, sometimes I'm really not thirsty or need it I just drink it. ", "I'm getting really worried about that? ", "My husband tells me to stop drinking so much water, but I really can't. ", "Is there something I could do?", "\n\nanon20162Post 5\n\ndear mistyblue, exactly how much water do you drink everyday? ", "Do you drink half of your body weight in ounces? ", "That is approximately the proper amount most people should drink. ", "As an example, a female that weighs 120 pounds should drink 60 ounces of water a day. ", "If you drink a glass or 2 per hour that is perfectly acceptable.", "\n\nanon1661Post 3\n\nmy dad is 61 years, he has emphysema. ", "He has already quit smoking for several years but he always complain of dryness in his throat. ", "He can finish 5 gallons of water in a day. ", "Can this kill him?", "\n\nmistybluePost 2\n\nWell, I have a question about drinking to much water. ", "I drink a lot I mean a lot of water, sometimes Im really not thirsty or need it I just drink it. ", "It's like my drug you know? ", "Im getting really worried about that? ", "My husband tells me to stop drinking so much water, but I really can't HELP? ", "Is there something I could do, to stop drinking so much water?", "\n\nPost your comments\n\nPlease enter the code:\n\nLogin\n\nRegister\n\nMake changes/additions/deletions to the article below, and one of our editors will publish your suggestions if warranted.", "\n\nOptional: Explanation of your recommended changes\n\nThank You!", "\n\nOne of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted.", "\nNote that depending on the number of suggestions we receive,\nthis can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days.", "\nThank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00004627701420704336, 0.000168662506324844, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00010628122010840684, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00029726516052318666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0001020304050607081, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00019223375624759708, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "How JustAnswer Works:\n\nExperts are full of valuable knowledge and are ready to help with any question. ", "Credentials confirmed by a Fortune 500 verification firm.", "\n\nGet a Professional Answer\n\nVia email, text message, or notification as you wait on our site.", "Ask follow up questions if you need to.", "\n\n100% Satisfaction Guarantee\n\nRate the answer you receive.", "\n\nAsk Juliana Your Own Question\n\nJuliana, Lawyer\n\nCategory: Criminal Law\n\nSatisfied Customers: 1651\n\nExperience: Former prosecutor with 4 years of experience, criminal justice degree\n\n17008935\n\nType Your Criminal Law Question Here...\n\nJuliana is online now\n\ni was arrested in atlantic city new jersey the violaton is\n\nResolved Question:\n\ni was arrested in atlantic city new jersey the violaton is 2c:12-1a[1] its for i was pushed by a security guard at a club i punched the security guard and was arrested i live far from here so i was seeing if i can just plead guilty and have nothing on my record whats the worst i can get charged\n\nThanks for using Just Answer. ", "Here is the text of the section of the New Jersey Code of CriminalJustice under which you were charged:\n\n2C:12-1 Assault.", "\n\na. Simple assault. ", "A person is guilty of assault if he: (1) Attempts to cause or purposely, knowingly or recklessly causes bodily injury to another; or (2) Negligently causes bodily injury to another with a deadly weapon; or (3) Attempts by physical menace to put another in fear of imminent serious bodily injury. ", "Simple assault is a disorderly persons offense unless committed in a fight or scuffle entered into by mutual consent, in which case it is a petty disorderly persons offense.", "\n\nI'm not sure if you were charged with a disorderly persons or a petty disorderly persons offense, but I will give you the penalty for both, under New Jersey law.", "\n\nFor a disorderly persons offense, the maximum jail sentence is 6 months, and the maximum fine is $1,000. ", "For a petty disorderly persons offense, the maximum jail sentence is 30 days, and the maximum fine is $500. ", "Also, a defendant is required to pay additional costs upon being convicted of or pleading guilty to either type of charge. ", "These costs include $33 court costs, $50 for the Victims of Crime Compensation Board, and $75 for the Safe Neighborhoods Services Fund.", "\n\nIf you plead guilty to either type of offense, it will be reported as a conviction on your criminal record. ", "Once a conviction gets on your record, it can often be difficult, expensive, and time-consuming to remove. ", "Therefore, you may want to consult with a New Jersey attorney who practices criminal law in order to explore your options before you simply go in an plead guilty.", "\n\nIn my experience as a prosecutor, it is difficult for an unrepresented person to enter into a plea agreement. ", "I'm not saying it is impossible, but, it is difficult. ", "Also, since disorderly persons offenses are the lowest category of offenses under New Jersey law, there would be nothing to reduce them to via a plea agreement. ", "The charges would either have to be dismissed outright, or the defendant would have to be acquitted at trial. ", "It might be possible to convince the prosecutor to agree to a lesser penalty, such as fines and costs only, as opposed to jail time.", "\n\nAlso, although disorderly persons offenses are technically not \"crimes\" under New Jersey law, a conviction will result in a criminal record that is not eligible for expungement until after 5 years have passed.", "\n\nWell, you can always contact the prosecutor's office (also called DA) that will be handling your charge, to ask if you can work out an agreement with respect to penalty. ", "The decision will be up to him/her, but, it doesn't hurt to ask.", "\n\nWhat Customers are Saying:\n\nYour Expert advise has provided insight on a difficult situation. ", "Thank you so much for the prompt response. ", "I will definitely recommend your website to my friends.", "NormaPensacola, FL\n\nMr. Kaplun clearly had an exceptional understanding of the issue and was able to explain it concisely. ", "I would recommend JustAnswer to anyone. ", "Great service that lives up to its promises!Gary B.Edmond, OK\n\nMy Expert was fast and seemed to have the answer to my taser question at the tips of her fingers. ", "Communication was excellent. ", "I left feeling confident in her answer.", "EricRedwood City, CA\n\nI am very pleased with JustAnswer as a place to go for divorce or criminal law knowledge and insight.", "\nMichaelWichita, KS\n\nPaulMJD helped me with questions I had regarding an urgent legal matter. ", "His answers were excellent. ", "Three H.Houston, TX\n\nAnne was extremely helpful. ", "Her information put me in the right direction for action that kept me legal, possible saving me a ton of money in the future. ", "Thank you again, Anne!! ", "ElaineAtlanta, GA\n\nIt worked great. ", "I had the facts and I presented them to my ex-landlord and she folded and returned my deposit. ", "The 50 bucks I spent with you solved my problem. ", "TonyApopka, FL\n\nMeet The Experts:\n\nEly\n\nCounselor at Law\n\nSatisfied Customers:\n\n2479\n\nPrivate practice with focus on family, criminal, PI, consumer protection, and business consultation.", "\n\nAsk a Criminal Lawyer\n\nGet a Professional Answer. ", "100% Satisfaction Guaranteed.", "\n\n137 Criminal Lawyers are Online Now\n\nType Your Criminal Law Question Here...\n\ncharacters left:\n\nDISCLAIMER: Answers from Experts on JustAnswer are not substitutes for the advice of an attorney. ", "JustAnswer is a public forum and questions and responses are not private or confidential or protected by the attorney-client privilege. ", "The Expert above is not your attorney, and the response above is not legal advice. ", "You should not read this response to propose specific action or address specific circumstances, but only to give you a sense of general principles of law that might affect the situation you describe. ", "Application of these general principles to particular circumstances must be done by a lawyer who has spoken with you in confidence, learned all relevant information, and explored various options. ", "Before acting on these general principles, you should hire a lawyer licensed to practice law in the jurisdiction to which your question pertains.", "\n\nThe responses above are from individual Experts, not JustAnswer. ", "The site and services are provided “as is”. ", "To view the verified credential of an Expert, click on the “Verified” symbol in the Expert’s profile. ", "This site is not for emergency questions which should be directed immediately by telephone or in-person to qualified professionals. ", "Please carefully read the Terms of Service (last updated February 8, 2012)." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000004522584657131551, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00010973936899862826, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00008264462809917355, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0001321964439156587, 0.000625, 0, 0, 0, 0.00006609822195782934, 0.00011317338162064282, 0, 0.0012494793835901706, 0, 0.001736111111111111, 0.0015432098765432098, 0, 0, 0.00008671522719389525, 0, 0.0011890606420927466, 0.00005206164098292378, 0.00005406574394463668, 0.0001451589490492089, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00019223375624759708, 0, 0.00017777777777777779 ]

[ "- Housing: Home values are at an eight-year low and more than 10 million American families are underwater, or owe more than their homes are worth. ", "The state of the housing market is yet another drag on the middle class. ", "In October, The White House announced a change in executive branch rules designed to help families refinance at historically low interest rates, but the effort is too small to have a serious impact. ", "Like so many other issues, legislation that might achieve more is frozen in a deadlocked Congress.", "\n\n- Higher Education: Technological advances have created a global economy where members of the American middle class must adapt or fall behind. ", "Low-skilled manufacturing jobs have left the United States and will never return. ", "Learning high-end manufacturing skills, getting a practical college degree or looking for business in China, India and other emerging markets are all ways Americans can potentially compete in the global economy. ", "After carrying out impressive K-12 education reforms, the White House outlined some promising reforms to reduce tuition and increase innovation in higher education at a December meeting with college presidents. ", "Yet again, convincing an ideologically divided Congress to act will be difficult.", "\n\n- Health care: A September survey found that health insurance companies raised the average annual premiums for family coverage by 9 percent in 2011, the highest increase in nearly a decade. ", "The average annual cost of a family insurance premium was $15,073 in 2011, roughly twice the amount it was in 2001, burdening middle-class earners and the companies that employ them. ", "Democrats blamed insurance companies. ", "Republicans blamed Obamacare. ", "The Supreme Court's November decision to hear legal challenges to the administration's health care reform law is a step forward. ", "Whether Obamacare stands or is struck down in 2012, a Supreme court ruling will create clarity for consumers, the health care industry and voters.", "\n\n- Europe: Like it or not, the American middle class now lives in an interconnected world economy. ", "A Euro Zone debt crisis could have a devastating impact on a fragile U.S. recovery. ", "After a glacial initial response, European leaders showed some leadership as 2011 came to a close. ", "With any luck, it will continue in 2012.", "\n\n- Occupy Wall Street: The movement that emerged this fall placed rising income inequality at the center of American debate. ", "Over time, the disparate group seemed to lose focus and experienced a drop in public opinion polls. ", "December efforts to seize foreclosed homes show signs of promise, but the Occupy movement needs to unite with labor unions to become a serious political force.", "\n\n- The Tea Party: In its second year of existence, the movement also views itself as a defender of the middle class. ", "Its calls for serious deficit reduction and a change in the way government operates are legitimate. ", "But Republican presidential candidates' absurdly simplistic pandering to the group in 2011 was counter-productive. ", "The middle class deserves a serious debate about how to reinvent our economy, government and education system. ", "Not false promises that government -- and government alone -- is responsible for every evil in America.", "\n\nAdvice for 2012: These are landmark elections for the American middle class. ", "Vote for pragmatists, not partisans.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article also appeared on Atlantic partner site.", "\n\n___________This article also appeared on Reuters.com , anpartner site.", "\n\nWe want to hear what you think about this article. ", "Submit a letter to the editor or write to letters@theatlantic.com." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0, 0.0000252518875785965, 0.00010412328196584755, 0, 0, 0, 0.00002246131039284832, 0.00015241579027587258, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00006009254251547383, 0.00004691311690748733, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00019290123456790122, 0, 0.0002295684113865932 ]

[ "A man protesting the proposed evacuation of refugees from a Greek port grabbed a few-months-old baby and threatened to throw her at police, Greek media reported." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nPHP & SQL: Can the same statement return different resultsets by the fact whether it where send by a php script or was send directly via a .sql file?", "\n\nI tried to create a .php which should send a statement to my local MySQL. ", "The connection works fine and the statement is successfully run but returns NULL. ", "When executing the statement via cmd itreturns the right resultset.", "\nIs there the possibility of the same statement returning different resultsets determined by the fact wheather it was sent by a php script or were executed directly via a .sql file?", "\nCheers,\nUno\n\nA:\n\nthank you for your quick answers and comments. ", "I was able to solve the issue in the meantime.", "\nIt's similar to:\nPasted MySQL Select Statement Returns Empty Set, but Manual Select Works Fine\nbut was about MySQL expecting Latin1 typeset and HTML sending Unicode strings.", "\nutf8_decode() was the key to success:\nhttp://php.net/manual/en/function.utf8-decode.php\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nQuestion:\nDoes anyone know why MySQL just ignores UTF-8 Strings instead of returning something like 'bla bla latin1 coded String expected bla bla'?", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.000042718612499466016, 0, 0.000148720999405116, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00003302946228035408, 0.000007304601899196494, 0 ]

[ "Frequently AskedQuestions\n\nWhat is an eligible expense? ", "Which type of FSA is right for you? ", "Are your dependents' expenses covered? ", "Find answers to all your questions about your WageWorks Healthcare FSA.", "\n\nSearch Healthcare FSA FAQs\n\nNo Results\n\nWhat is a Healthcare FSA?", "\n\nA healthcare flexible spending account (FSA) allows you to pay for qualified out-of-pocket medical expenses on a pre-tax basis. ", "Money deducted from an employee's pay into an FSA is not subject to payroll taxes, resulting in substantial payroll tax savings.", "\n\nThis list is not all-inclusive. ", "If you have questions regarding whether an expense is eligible or ineligible under a healthcare FSA, please log into your account for a complete list of expenses.", "\n\nHow is my Healthcare account funded?", "\n\nOnce you make your annual election during open enrollment, your employer will fully fund your account at the beginning of the plan year with your total election amount. ", "Your employer will then deduct the election amount from your paychecks in equal amounts throughout the year.", "\n\nWhat if I have money left in my account at the end of the year?", "\n\nIt depends on how your Healthcare FSA plan has been defined by your employer. ", "Please log in to your WageWorks account to determine if you can carry over up to $500 remaining in your account at the end of your plan year, or if you have a 2.5-month grace period after your plan year ends to spend your remaining account balance.", "\n\nIf neither the carryover nor the grace period options are available for your account, you forfeit any money left in your Healthcare FSA at the end of your plan year. ", "This \"use-it-or-lose-it\" rule is a provision of the IRS. ", "That’s why it’s important to carefully estimate how much you plan to spend on eligible healthcare expenses for the year and select your annual election amount carefully.", "\n\nThe calculator can help you estimate your annual eligible healthcare expenses and select the Healthcare FSA election amount that’s right for you.", "\n\nCan I change my election if I use up all the funds in my account before the end of the year?", "\n\nYour election is irrevocable for the plan year unless you have a change in status or other qualified event as defined in the IRS Regulations and your plan permits such qualified changes.", "\n\nWhat if I leave the company or retire during the year and still have money in my account?", "\n\nYou will be reimbursed for any eligible expense incurred before the date you retire or leave the company. ", "Under IRS regulations, any remaining funds in the account must be forfeited. ", "Any expenses you incur after the end of your employment is not eligible for reimbursement.", "\n\nWho is authorized to speak to Customer Service about my account and what information are they allowed to access?", "\n\nWageWorks takes its duty to protect your privacy seriously, and as a result we have a strict policy in place to safeguard your account and private information. ", "While you can grant your spouse and dependents and those eligible to use your account limited access, you as the accountholder are the only one with full access and rights to your account and account settings.", "\n\nCan a Domestic Partner's medical expenses be reimbursed?", "\n\nAn FSA account can only be used to pay expenses of a qualifying child or qualifying relative (as such terms are defined in Internal Revenue Code Section 152).At this time, a domestic partner is not considered a spouse under federal law, so a domestic partner's medical expenses cannot be reimbursed under a health FSA unless the domestic partner is a \"qualifying relative\" of the participant. ", "A qualifying spouse must be legally married.", "\n\nHow do I submit a mileage claim?", "\n\nThe IRS has changed mileage reimbursement rates for medical care effective based on the date the service is incurred. ", "Mileage for travel to / from eligible health care – on or after January 1, 2016 $.19 per documented mile.", "\n\nPlease include the following information with your mileage claim:\n\nDate of Service\n\nType of Service (Doctor visit, trip to pharmacy, etc.)", "\n\nActual Mileage and rate (16 miles round trip @ $0.19/mile)\n\nTotal amount being requested (16 x .19 = $3.04).", "\n\nSubmit the claim for mileage along with a Pay Me Back claim or with the Explanation of Benefits (EOB). ", "Claims will need to match the mileage reimbursement to a service and its date.", "\n\nMany online mapping services will detail your route and mileage from home to service provider. ", "This is helpful (but not required) in submitting mileage reimbursement claims.", "\n\nYes. ", "However, because of the 2011 Health Care Reform Law, you will need to submit a doctor's statement with your reimbursement request verifying that the patient's diagnosis is obesity and that the OTC was prescribed to treat obesity.", "\n\nKeep in mind, an FSA will not pay for the cost of food supported by a weight-loss program that substitutes normal nutritional needs.", "\n\nWhat is a Letter of Medical Need or Doctor's Statement?", "\n\nThe IRS requires that medical expenses reimbursed through an FSA must be primarily for the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of disease.", "\n\nFor example, your doctor may prescribe a vitamin to treat your medical condition. ", "Because vitamins are generally considered an ineligible expense, you will need a letter from your medical provider detailing the type of service rendered and the treatment necessary.", "\n\nThe grace period allows you additional time to spend the dollars that are in your FSA. ", "Your employer must elect grace period in order for you to participate. ", "To find out if your employer offers the grace period log into your account.", "\n\nCan the WageWorks® Healthcare Card be used during the grace period ?", "\n\nEmployers that offer a grace period for an FSA plan can also offer the grace period on the Card.", "\n\nThe Card grace period feature will pay Card transactions made during the grace period from the participant's previous plan year balance, until those funds are exhausted, before making payments from the current new plan year account. ", "Grace period on the Card is only available to participants that have an FSA enrollment for the new plan year.", "\n\nWhat is the deadline for submitting a reimbursement request?", "\n\nYou can submit a reimbursement request at any time during the same plan year when the expense was incurred. ", "You can also log into your account at any time to see how long you have to spend or claim your funds.", "\n\nWhat is needed in an itemized receipt?", "\n\nFive pieces of information are required to help ensure the approval of your claim. ", "They are:\n\nPatient: Person who received the service or who the item is for. ", "For retail store purchases, this may be excluded.", "\n\nProvider: Who delivered the service or if a purchase, where was the item purchased.", "\n\nDate of Service: Date services occurred or date item was purchased.", "\n\nType of Service: Detailed description of what service or product was paid for. ", "Bag Tag is sufficient for prescriptions.", "\n\nFinancial Responsibility: The amount paid for the service or product and/or the portion not reimbursed through your insurance carrier.", "\n\nWhat is the deadline to set up, change or cancel “Pay My Provider” payments?", "\n\nTo request a Pay My Provider transaction, you must have your request in place 10 days prior to the date that you want us to mail out the payment. ", "In addition, the payment mail date must be no more than 10 days prior to the service date.", "\n\nMost likely, you had a Card transaction that needed additional verification. ", "If WageWorks requests a receipt via the Card Use Verification form and you did not submit a receipt or repayment, then 90 days from the date of the Card transaction, WageWorks will deduct the amount of that transaction from any future Pay Me Back claim that you submit.", "\n\nAsk a representative in your human resources organization if your employer has chosen to offer the new Healthcare FSA carryover feature, which allows you to carry over up to $500 of your unused Healthcare FSA balance into the next plan year.", "\n\nWhy do I need to submit documentation on some of my card transactions?", "\n\nSome doctors’ offices, hospitals, and dentists perform services which would be considered ineligible for certain accounts.", "\n\nBecause the IRS requires us to obtain 100% verification of Healthcare Card transactions, we ask for itemized receipts for all transactions which we are not able to automatically approve. ", "This is called Card Use Verification." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.00031887755102040814, 0.0007716049382716049, 0, 0.00019837333862328903, 0.0002227667631989307, 0.0000591715976331361, 0.00006103515625, 0, 0, 0.0006925207756232687, 0, 0, 0, 0.00015625, 0, 0.000035430839002267575, 0.0003077870113881194, 0, 0.00004627701420704336, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000168662506324844, 0, 0.00007694675284702985, 0, 0, 0, 0.000019227687870533568, 0, 0, 0.00006944444444444444, 0, 0, 0, 0.00009070294784580499, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000019069049026525047, 0.000055691690799732676, 0, 0.0001035143108534755, 0, 0, 0.00012624668602449185, 0, 0, 0.0002040816326530612, 0.0002082465639316951, 0, 0.00016833599865331202, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0001602307322544464, 0.000041458796865714956, 0.00003387017561686058, 0, 0, 0.000055989473978891965, 0 ]

[ "Mo Church\n\nMo Church may refer to several different churches in Norway:\n\nMo Church (Hedmark), a church in Nord-Odal municipality, Hedmark county, Norway\nMo Church (Hordaland), a church in Modalen municipality, Hordaland county, Norway\nMo Church (Møre og Romsdal), a church in Surnadal municipality, Møre og Romsdal county, Norway\nMo Church (Nordland), a church in the town of Mo i Rana in Rana municipality, Nordland county, Norway\nMo Church (Telemark), a church in Tokke municipality, Telemark county, Norway" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.00002701857720172456 ]

[ "BNPM Recruitment 2018 - All Job Notifications\n\nBNPM Recruitment 2018 - Below are various recruitment notifications published by Bank Note Paper Mill India Private Limited / www.bnpmindia.com. ", "As of now, we don't have any active recruitment notification by BNPM featured here. ", "We may update as soon as the organization announces a new job notification.", "\n\nIf you are looking for any information related to previously organized recruitment drives by BNPM, you can browse through previous job notifications mentioned below and get the new updates or information you are looking for." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.00005425347222222222, 0.0001417233560090703, 0, 0.000019578667084344897 ]

[ "Alternatively, access the Run dialog box by in the Windows Start menu by selecting the Run option. ", "Then type powerpoint in\nthe dialog box, as shown in Figure 1 below, and click OK.", "\n\nWarning: If you use the Run command as explained above, and have more than one version of PowerPoint installed -- then any of those\nwill launch depending upon your system's configuration. ", "This tutorial however works only with PowerPoint 2002 (aka XP) and 2003.", "\n\nFigure 1: Run Dialog Box\n\nThis opens the PowerPoint interface with a new presentation, containing one slide as shown in Figure 2.", "\n\nFigure 2: The PowerPoint Interface\n\nChoose Insert | New Slide, as shown in Figure 3.", "\n\nFigure 3: Insert a new slide\n\nTip:Ctrl+M is the shortcut key for inserting a new slide.", "\n\nThis inserts a new slide (see the Slides pane on the left in Figure 4). ", "Also, the task pane area (typically on the right\nside) shows you the Slide Layout task pane -- click on the\nLayout you want for the new slide that you just inserted.", "\n\nFigure 4: Inserted new slide\n\nRepeat Steps 3 and 4 to insert as many slides as you need. ", "And remember to change the layouts as required.", "\n\nHave your ever used keyboard shortcuts and sequences in PowerPoint? ", "Or are you a complete keyboard aficionado?", "\nDo you want to learn about some new shortcuts? ", "Or do you want to know if your favorite keyboard shortcuts are documented?" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0.000027700831024930747, 0.00038580246913580245, 0.00005827166249053085, 0, 0, 0.00018261504747991235, 0.000036730945821854914, 0, 0, 0.0002040816326530612, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Ok this is just about the final straw. ", "i got my new HPI 3 shoe clutch shoes to pop on my eNVy flywheel. ", "I found the two of the eNVy springs has disintegrated around the clutch nut. ", "I was trying to back out the screw when it started stripping. ", "i had lock tited it pretty well (blue). ", "to keep it from stripping more i locked onto the head with vice grips and attempted to slowly back the screw out.", "\n\nTHEN THE F'N SCREW HEAD BROKE OFF!", "\n\nSo I tried to grab the threads. ", "THEY SNAPPED OFF!", "\n\nSo now I have a BRAND NEW WASP 26 with a POS clutch screw broke off in the end of the drive shaft!", "\n\nI need some help here before I go through the roof and chunk the whole truck in the trash! ", "I think there is lock tite down inside the crankshaft with the screw. ", "is there a way to heat it or something to break that lock tite free?", "\n\nIf you get a dremel with a cut off wheel, then cut into the end of the crank and screw (if its not too far down this is) and make a cut deep enough to put a flat bladed screw driver in, then get a blow torch or something to heat the crank, get it red hot then try to unscrew the screw, tht might work, then all you might need to do is retap the crank.", "\n\nHmm jus ta long shot but could save your engine. ", "wrap the engine i na think cloth and stick it i na vice with the crank shaft rfacing towards the sky. ", "Take a very smal ldrill bit and drill out the centre of teh screw, the screw wil lcrumble out with some luck.", "\n\nok i've tried drilling it out and i'll keep trying, but i know it's gonna mean a new crankshaft. ", "So it says SG type crankshaft. ", "is that a generic type that i can pick up and stick in? ", "How much and where to get it?", "\n\nThis hobby is really starting to get on my nerves... I should have bought a Tivo and an iPod...\n\nHOLY SH*T! ", "$80 bucks! ", "screw that. ", "I'll wait till my S-25 replacement gets here. ", "That's insane. ", "be different if i had like 10 gallons through it and it needed a rebuild, but i haven't even tuned it yet!", "\n\nAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.", "\n\neBay here i come... selling this crap off.... I'm done...\n\nif i wanted to throw my money into a hole i'd buy a pool... at least i'd get some use out of it...\n\nwell, i looked all over and couldn't find the part number for the adapter i used on the mach.26, but i did look at the crank on my wasp, and it looks like you could cut off the 'pilot' portion of it, and then get something like this to get back in business,\n\ni belive thats it tbill... i have seen people screw up and thats the solution... basically you cut the shaft then use the adapter.... maybe ill buy a shaft today, and use broken block 21bb as demo of how to do it....\n\nbefore you cut, slide the flywheel on and hold the nut next to the shaft so you can visualise what the installed height will be with it actually bolted on. ", "depending on the flywheel used, take into consideration the thickness of any shims used. ", "keep in mind the depth of the threads in the adapter nut, like i say, i think there will be plenty of threads to work with. ", "also, with doing this you won't need a new crank.", "\n\nnow that i think of it, you could compare the height of the 'nut' portion on the adapter to the height of the SG nut you have now, if it's the same [groove location/height etc.] ", "you could bolt the flywheel on with your existing nut, then just cut the end off flush with that, then ya know ya got a perfect fit.", "\n\nok so i cut the crank off just before the threads start and then shim between the flywheel and the clutch nut yes? ", "or do i shim behind the collet? ", "I've never had to shim before so i want to do this right.", "\n\nuse my dremmel cut wheel?", "\n\nis there a risk of making the pilot too long? ", "I don't what mesh issues after this...\n\nI've ordered the OFNA shim kit and the nut/pilot end piece. ", "Wow $13 bucks sure is better than $80, especially since I just got the WASP.", "\n\nnow would you recommend using a hex screw instead of a phillips from now on?", "\n\nI know now that if it ever happens to me again (broken screw) all i have to do is get a new $8 nut/pilot.", "\n\ni use hex screws in most of my savage just cause they easier... i would screw on a original nut 1st.. cut it.. then unscrew the nut also.. so if a bur were to come from cutting it it would self clean the threads... when taking it off.. yep use dremal.." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0.0004733727810650888, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0007716049382716049, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0010405827263267429, 0, 0, 0.0001652892561983471, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0000015862038335374248, 0, 0, 0, 0.0000308641975308642, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0001, 0.00017313019390581717, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "This was certainly a nice comment to wake up to. ", "<3Thank you very much~ I'm planning on posting the context of this picture soon, so keep an eye out.", "I love drawing beat up characters...It's just so much fun! ", "Does that make me an awful person? ", "XD;Again, thank you, and also thank you for leaving a comment <3 It's always a pleasure to see one of my largest artistic influences give my art love." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "For those of you who know me, Henry was my basset hound, and the fictitious name used during (ahem) special research. ", "I'm a former intelligence officer, a professional analyst, and a blogger since 2004 writing about my experiences on the journey --information security, cyber intelligence, education, thoughts. ", "Some love my writings others hate it. ", "If you like it, follow me!", "\n\nSaturday, March 12, 2016\n\nWhen I was young, my great grandmother used to have a saying \"self praise stinks\", and for that reason I never authored my own military medal recommendations, and for years struggled with writing my own inputs for my annual fitness reports. ", "But this week my team had a nice success, and I thought I'd share the story.", "\n\nEarlier in the week one of our 'tripwires' fired off suggesting that one of our Red Sky members might be the target of in impending attack. ", "After checking the facts, it turned out that we were right.", "\n\nWe authored a situation report and a warning, called the member, and fired off the written warning --complete with names of actors believed involved, tools expected to be used, the expected target, and the time of the attack. ", "I authored the initial report, and sadly, the old man mistakenly offset for the wrong timezone and called the attack time for 12 hours earlier than it really was. ", "We corrected the timezone, informed the member, and when the time came, stood by them in an online bridge throughout the process.", "\n\nFor over two hours on the bridge, we assisted with the online cyber ruckus, eventually pointing the member to exact file that we believed would be exploited. ", "Once the file was deleted from the host, the attack stopped.", "\n\nShortly after, we pulled the team together and authored the after action. ", "I realize that many companies fight these fights on a regular basis, but in this case, my guys aren't incident responders, they're intelligence pros, and in this case, they called it dead on... and for that, I'd like to take a moment and offer my team a very strongly worded BRAVO ZULU. ", "Nice job!", "\n\nBT\n\nOn nearly every sales call lately, someone says to me, \"Why do I need another feed?\"", "\n\nMy answer? ", "A feed tells you about everything. ", "Intelligence tells you about you. ", "I've used this analogy may times --If I walk into a bar and end up in a bar fight, I'll hit the guy standing in front of me first, then deal with his friends, and probably won't worry to much about all of the fights in all of the other bars around the world --at least not tonight. ", "Feeds tell you about the bar fights happening around the world, but not how to deal with the guy standing in front of you. ", "We run an indicator database that you can use inexpensively --ThreatRecon.co starts at free, then increases slightly based on volume. ", "Cyberwatch(R), our newest offering is also free --it creates a Cyber Threat Index(R) based on the number of times that we see you in our intelligence sources and plots the score daily --against your stock price. ", "Again, no cost to log in and look --only to buy intelligence behind the graphics.", "\n\nWe send cyber early warning reports several times every day. ", "I've written in previous posts about some of our 'get to the left of kill chain' processes. ", "We have small successes every day, but this week we had a good one. ", "And to have my guys sit on the bridge while a member was able to successfully defend themselves --at least this time. ", "And we're happy to have been part of putting this one 'X' in the win column." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.00007181844297615628, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000012140489747356409, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000055691690799732676, 0.000022249911000355996, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nORACLE/SQL - Need help optimizing 'merge' style script\n\nWe have a 'merge' script that is used to assign codes to customers. ", " Currently it works by looking at customers in a staging table and assigning them unused codes. ", " Those codes are marked as used and the staged records, with codes, loaded to a production table. ", "The staging table gets cleared and life is peachy.", "\nUnfortunately we are working with a larger data set now (both customers and codes) and the process is taking WAY to long to run. ", "I'm hoping the wonderful community here can look at the code here and offer either improvements upon it or another way of attacking the problem. ", " \nThanks in advance!", "\nEdit - Forgot to mention part of the reason for some of the checks in this is that the staging table is 'living' and can have records feeding into it during the script run.", "\nwhenever sqlerror exit 1\n\n-- stagingTable: TAB_000000003134\n-- codeTable: TAB_000000003135\n-- masterTable: TAB_000000003133\n\n-- dedupe staging table\ndelete from TAB_000000003134 a\nwhere ROWID > (\n select min(rowid)\n from TAB_000000003134 b\n where a.cust_id = b.cust_id\n );\ncommit;\n\ndelete from TAB_000000003134\nwhere cust_id is null;\ncommit;\n\n-- set row num on staging table\nupdate TAB_000000003134\nset row_num = rownum;\ncommit;\n\n-- reset row nums on code table\nupdate TAB_000000003135\nset row_num = NULL;\ncommit;\n\n-- assign row nums to codes\nupdate TAB_000000003135\nset row_num = rownum\nwhere dateassigned is null\nand active = 1;\ncommit;\n\n-- attach codes to staging table\nupdate TAB_000000003134 d\nset (CODE1, CODE2) =\n(\n select CODE1, CODE2\n from TAB_000000003135 c\n where d.row_num = c.row_num\n);\ncommit;\n\n-- mark used codes compared to template\nupdate TAB_000000003135 c\nset dateassigned = sysdate, assignedto = (select cust_id from TAB_000000003134 d where c.CODE1 = d.CODE1)\nwhere exists (select 'x' from TAB_000000003134 d where c.CODE1 = d.CODE1);\ncommit;\n\n-- clear and copy data to master\ntruncate table TAB_000000003133;\ninsert into TAB_000000003133 (\n <custmomer fields>, code1, code2, TIMESTAMP_\n )\nselect <custmomer fields>, CODE1, CODE2,SYSDATE\nfrom TAB_000000003134;\ncommit;\n\n-- remove any staging records with code numbers\ndelete from TAB_000000003134\nwhere CODE1 is not NULL;\ncommit;\n\nquit\n\nA:\n\nCombine statements as much as possible. ", " For example, combine the first two deletes by simply adding \"or cust_id is null\" to the first delete. ", " This will definitely reduce the number of reads, and may also significantly decrease the amount of data written. ", " (Oracle writes blocks, not rows, so even if the two statements work with different rows they may be re-writing the same blocks.)", "\nIt's probably quicker to insert the entire table into another table than to update every row. ", " Oracle does a lot of extra work for updates and deletes, to maintain concurrency and consistency. ", " And updating values to NULL can be especially expensive, see update x set y = null takes a long time for some more details. ", " You can avoid (almost all) UNDO and REDO with direct-path inserts: make sure the table is in NOLOGGING mode (or the database is in NOARCHIVELOG mode), and insert using the APPEND hint.", "\nReplace the UPDATEs with MERGEs. ", " UPDATEs can only use nested loops, MERGEs can also use hash joins. ", " If you're updating a large amount of data a MERGE can be significantly faster. ", " And MERGEs don't have to read a table twice if it's used for the SET and for a EXISTS. ", " (Although creating a new table may also be faster.)", "\nUse /*+ APPEND */ with the TAB_000000003133 insert. ", " If you're truncating the table, I assume you don't need point-in-time recovery of the data, so you might as well insert it directly to the datafile and skip all the overhead.", "\nUse parallelism (if you're not already). ", " There are side-affects and dozens of factors to consider for tuning, but don't let that discourage you. ", " If you're dealing with large amounts of data, sooner or later you'll need to use parallelism if you want to get the most out of your hardware.", "\nUse better names. ", " This advice is more subjective, but in my opinion I think using good names is extremely important. ", " Even though it's all 0s and 1s at some level, and many programmers think that cryptic code is cool, you want people to understand and care about your data. ", " People just won't care as much about TAB_000000003135 as something like TAB_CUSTOMER_CODES. ", " It'll be harder to learn, people are less likely to change it because it looks so complicated, and people are less likely to see errors because the purpose isn't as clear.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00000506288098179388, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00011687363038714391, 0, 0, 0.00015625, 0.00012913223140495868, 0, 0.00035599857600569594, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Abiotic stress, competition, and the distribution of the native annual grass Vulpia microstachys in a mosaic environment.", "\nWe analyzed how abiotic stress and competition interact to control the abundance and performance of the native annual grass Vulpia microstachys (Lonard and Gould; Poaceae) in a heterogeneous environment. ", "At our study site, V. microstachys grows in nonserpentine grasslands dominated by tall invasive grasses, serpentine meadows dominated by short native forbs, and rocky serpentine slopes with a sparse native herb cover. ", "We hypothesized that these three intermixed habitats acted as a gradient of increasing abiotic stress and decreasing aboveground competition, respectively. ", "We further expected that the abundance and performance of V. microstachys would be highest in serpentine meadows, where neither aboveground competition nor abiotic stress were maximal. ", "Soil and biotic variables showed roughly the expected patterns, but V. microstachys did not show the predicted peak in the middle of the gradient. ", "Emergence, seedling survival, and abundance of V. microstachys were highest, and growth and seed production of survivors were lowest, on rocky serpentine slopes. ", "Field experiments revealed that removal of competitors enhanced all demographic parameters, but only in the more productive habitats. ", "An interaction between seed source and habitat, affecting emergence and survival, indicated ecotypic adaptation to the rocky serpentine slope habitat. ", "We conclude that individual variation caused by local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity allows V. microstachys to survive in widely different habitats, none of which are optimal, resulting in considerable variation in demography." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.000023795359904818562, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000038103947568968146, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to configure @OneToMany - getting PSQLException\n\nI am trying to create a @OneToMany relationship and though I read couple of answers here I am still getting PSQLException. ", "\nI am trying to create Track that has many Media objects. ", "So I followed this answer.", "\nThe problem:\nWhen trying to save A Track that contains several Medias i am getting:\nPSQLException: ERROR: insert or update on table medias violates foreign key constraint \n Detail: Key (normmediatitle)=(SOME_MEDIA_TITLE) is not present in table tracks.", "\n\nWhat I am missing? ", "\nMedia: \n@Entity(name = \"medias\")\npublic class Media {\n static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Media.class);\n\n @Id\n @NotNull\n @Column(name=\"normmediatitle\")\n private String title;\n\n @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.", "AUTO, generator = \"media_seq_gen\")\n @SequenceGenerator(name = \"media_seq_gen\", sequenceName = \"mediaSeq\")\n private long id;\n\n @NotNull\n @Column(unique = true)\n private String videoId;\n\nTracks:\n@Entity(name = \"tracks\")\npublic class Track {\n static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Track.class);\n\n @Id\n @NotNull\n @Column(name=\"normtracktitle\")\n private String title;\n\n @NotNull\n @OneToMany(cascade = CascadeType.", "ALL)\n @JoinColumn(name=\"normmediatitle\", referencedColumnName=\"normtracktitle\")\n private List<Media> medias;\n\nUpdate - Pom.xml:\n<dependency>\n <groupId>org.springframework.data</groupId>\n <artifactId>spring-data-jpa</artifactId>\n <version>1.5.1.RELEASE</version>\n</dependency>\n\n<dependency>\n <groupId>org.hibernate.javax.persistence</groupId>\n <artifactId>hibernate-jpa-2.0-api</artifactId>\n <version>1.0.1.Final</version>\n</dependency>\n\n<dependency>\n <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>\n <artifactId>hibernate-entitymanager</artifactId>\n <version>4.3.4.Final</version>\n</dependency>\n\n<dependency>\n <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>\n <artifactId>hibernate-validator</artifactId>\n <version>5.1.0.Final</version>\n</dependency>\n\nA:\n\nI ended up doing the @OneToMany as implemented JPA 1.0 standard. ", "Which is not Unidirectional but makes more sense to me :).", "\nI found this site to be reliable and has both JPA 1.0 and JPA 2.0 implementations explained. ", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0000617283950617284, 0, 0, 0.000015500031000062, 0, 0.000096, 0.00004873080615372621, 0.0000028892381656804737, 0, 0.00011317338162064282, 0 ]

[ "1.. Introduction\n================\n\nNon-acute transforming retroviruses, which cause dysregulated expression of cellular oncogenes upon integration of the provirus into the host genome, have long been used to study both tumor development and progression in animal models \\[[@b1-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Indeed, many oncogenes were originally identified because of their association with tumors caused by this type of retrovirus. ", "Although the majority of non-acute transforming retroviruses induce cancer in cells of hematopoietic origin, one exception is the murine betaretrovirus MMTV, which causes mammary epithelial cell tumors. ", "MMTV was first characterized in the 1930s as a milk-transmitted agent associated with mammary tumors in mice \\[[@b2-viruses-02-02000]\\] and thus has long been used as an *in vivo* model for the study of human breast cancer \\[[@b3-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Here, I briefly review MMTV molecular biology, its *in vivo* infection pathway, and what has been learned about how this virus causes mammary tumors.", "\n\n2.. MMTV genome and proteins\n============================\n\nMMTV was originally classified as a simple retrovirus. ", "The genomes of simple retroviruses encode the virion capsid/nucleocapsid (Gag) proteins, the enzymes needed for genome replication (reverse transcriptase and integrase; Pol/In) and the envelope proteins (Env) that bind the cell surface molecule(s) used for virus entry \\[[@b1-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "In contrast, the genomes of complex retroviruses, such as lentiviruses and deltaviruses, encode non-structural proteins that facilitate virus replication or that counteract intrinsic, innate or adaptive immune responses during *in vivo* infection. ", "Because the MMTV genome encodes at least three known accessory proteins that carry out these functions, it is now considered a complex retrovirus.", "\n\nThe MMTV is 9 kb in length and like all retroviruses, is flanked by 5′ and 3′ long terminal repeats (LTRs), which in the case of MMTV are exceptionally long (approximately 1.3 kb). ", "This is because the MMTV 3′ LTR encodes one of the viral accessory proteins, termed the superantigen (Sag) ([Figure 1](#f1-viruses-02-02000){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In addition to the Sag coding region, there are a number of transcription factor binding sites in the LTR that determine tissue-specific, as well as glucocorticoid/progesterone-regulated virus expression \\[[@b4-viruses-02-02000]--[@b6-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Because they direct high level, hormone regulated expression in mammary epithelial cells, the MMTV LTRs have been extensively used to drive oncogene expression in transgenic mice as a means of creating mouse models of breast cancer \\[[@b3-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Similarly, mammary gland-specific deletion of tumor suppressor genes using MMTV LTR-cre recombinase transgenic mice has resulted in additional breast cancer models \\[[@b7-viruses-02-02000]\\].", "\n\nMMTV also infects lymphocytes *in vivo* (see next section) and the MMTV LTRs contain regulatory elements that control expression in B and T cells \\[[@b8-viruses-02-02000],[@b9-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Thus, MMTV-oncogene transgenic mice frequently develop lymphoid as well as mammary cell tumors (for example, see \\[[@b10-viruses-02-02000]\\]). ", "Although MMTV infects and is expressed in lymphocytes, the virus usually only causes mammary tumors. ", "However, there are MMTV variants with deletions/insertions in the LTRs that are causally associated with T cell lymphomas; the sequence alterations in the LTR are believed to result in the generation of transcriptional enhancers that activate linked cellular oncogene expression in these cells \\[[@b11-viruses-02-02000],[@b12-viruses-02-02000]\\].", "\n\nAt least five transcripts are generated from the MMTV genome. ", "A full-length, unspliced RNA that initiates in the 5′ LTR and terminates in the 3′ LTR serves as the viral genome and is packaged into virions \\[[@b1-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "This transcript also functions as the mRNA for the Gag and Pol proteins, as well as a dUTPase (Dut) and other proteins of unknown function ([Figure 1](#f1-viruses-02-02000){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The role of the dUTPase in MMTV infection is not known, but the Dut of the lentivirus equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is thought to facilitate replication of EIAV in non-dividing cells by maintaining adequate nucleotide pools \\[[@b13-viruses-02-02000]\\].", "\n\nThe Env protein, which mediates retroviral entry into cells by binding specific cell surface molecules, is encoded by a singly spliced mRNA ([Figure 1](#f1-viruses-02-02000){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "As with other retroviruses, the MMTV Env consists of two chains, generated by cellular furin processing of a 73 kD polyprotein precursor to a 52 kD cell surface (SU) protein, which binds the entry receptor, and a 36 kD transmembrane (TM) domain that is responsible for membrane fusion. ", "MMTV uses transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) for entry \\[[@b14-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "TfR1, the major means by which cells take up iron \\[[@b15-viruses-02-02000]\\], traffics to the acidic endosome upon ligand (iron-bound transferrin) binding. ", "MMTV entry requires low pH (\\<5.2) and thus, most likely co-traffics with TfR1 to a late endosomal compartment after binding at the cell surface \\[[@b14-viruses-02-02000],[@b16-viruses-02-02000]\\] ([Figure 1](#f1-viruses-02-02000){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "TfR1 is highly expressed on activated lymphocytes and dividing mammary epithelial cells *in vivo*, which probably limits MMTV infection to these cell types \\[[@b17-viruses-02-02000]--[@b19-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Additionally, as described above, the transcriptional regulatory elements in the MMTV LTR function predominantly in mammary epithelia and lymphoid cells, thus further restricting infection and spread to other tissues *in vivo*.", "\n\nAt least two additional accessory genes, Sag and Rem, are encoded by other alternatively spliced mRNAs ([Figure 1](#f1-viruses-02-02000){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The Sag protein is translated from two different transcripts ([Figure 1](#f1-viruses-02-02000){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The first transcript initiates in the 5′ LTR and uses the same splice donor as the *env* mRNA. ", "The second transcript uses a promoter and splice donor in *env*. ", "Both transcripts use a splice acceptor just upstream of the open reading frame in the 3′ LTR \\[[@b20-viruses-02-02000]--[@b22-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "The regulator of export of MMTV (Rem) protein is encoded by a double spliced mRNA \\[[@b23-viruses-02-02000],[@b24-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Rev protein, Rem is required for efficient transport of unspliced viral RNA from the nucleus through interaction with a Rem-responsive element present in the MMTV RNA \\[[@b25-viruses-02-02000],[@b26-viruses-02-02000]\\].", "\n\nAs is the case for other betaretroviruses, MMTV virion assembly occurs in an intracellular compartment and virions are then exported to the plasma membrane for egress from the cell \\[[@b27-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "However, little is known about either the viral or cellular requirements for MMTV assembly. *", "In vivo*, virus is shed from the apical surface of polarized mammary epithelial cells into the lumen of the end buds, along with the milk proteins and thus is transmitted to offspring \\[[@b28-viruses-02-02000]\\].", "\n\n3.. MMTV *in vivo* infection\n============================\n\nMMTV is transmitted from infected mothers to pups through nursing, most likely as cell-free virus which is present at very high levels in milk \\[[@b29-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Susceptible strains that acquire exogenous MMTV through milk can be freed of the virus by foster-nursing on uninfected mothers. ", "Viruses isolated from mice that shed milk-borne MMTV infect and cause tumors in different strains of mice to varying degrees \\[[@b30-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "This differential susceptibility to MMTV infection is due in large part to intrinsic, innate and adaptive immune responses to the virus that vary between mouse strains (see below). ", "In addition to the exogenous form of MMTV, all commonly used inbred mice as well as many wild mice inherit endogenous copies of MMTV which are thought to have entered the mouse genome between 10--20 million years ago \\[[@b31-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "The vast majority of endogenous MMTVs do not produce infectious virus due to deletions or mutations in the proviral genome. ", "At least 10 different exogenous and greater than 30 endogenous MMTVs have been identified (for example, see \\[[@b32-viruses-02-02000]--[@b35-viruses-02-02000]\\]).", "\n\nWith the exception of the virions found in milk, exogenous MMTV in infected mice is cell-associated \\[[@b36-viruses-02-02000]\\] and infection of lymphocytes is critical for virus spread from the gut to the mammary tissue (reviewed in \\[[@b37-viruses-02-02000]\\]). ", "In brief, MMTV acquired through milk first infects dendritic cells (DCs) then spreads to T and B cells in the Peyer's patches of the gut and ultimately to other lymph nodes and lymphoid organs. ", "This spread is largely due to the viral Sag protein, which is presented to the T cell (TCR) on CD4+ T cells by major histocompatibility (MHC) class II proteins expressed on the surface of infected antigen presenting cells, such as DCs and B cells. ", "The Sag-activated T cells proliferate, provide B cell help and produce cytokines that stimulate and recruit additional DCs, B and T cells, resulting in the establishment of a reservoir of infection-competent and infected lymphocytes. ", "The mammary gland is considered mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and represents a site of normal lymphocyte trafficking. ", "MMTV-infected lymphocytes are therefore not only an important reservoir for amplification of the virus *in vivo*, but also carry virus to the mammary gland \\[[@b38-viruses-02-02000],[@b39-viruses-02-02000]\\].", "\n\nMMTV infects mammary epithelial cells at a time when they are driven to divide, that is, during the cell division that accompanies both puberty and pregnancy. ", "Mice that go through multiple rounds of pregnancy have much higher levels of MMTV infection in mammary tissue \\[[@b36-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "It is believed this is due to the increased susceptibility of dividing mammary epithelial cells to infection by lymphocyte-produced virus and not to horizontal spread of the virus between mammary cells \\[[@b38-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Transcription of viral RNA and production of virus is highest during late lactation and pregnancy, thereby maximizing virion production in milk.", "\n\nDifferent exogenous and endogenous MMTVs encode Sag proteins with different TCR specificity. *", "Sag*s encoded by endogenous MMTVs cause the deletion of cognate T cells during shaping of the immune repertoire, while those encoded by exogenous virus produce a slower but none-the-less almost complete deletion of such lymphocytes \\[[@b40-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "This results in mice that are immune to infection by exogenous MMTVs with the same Sags because they lack responding T cells \\[[@b41-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "MMTV Sag-induced T cell deletion may also make some mouse strains more resistant to the pathogenic effects of Leishmania major because of loss of T cell responses \\[[@b42-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Interestingly, while most of the endogenous MMTVs sustain mutations in the coding regions for the virion proteins, almost all retain intact Sag coding regions, suggesting that the anti-viral and -parasite protection might confer a selective advantage to mice that retain endogenous MMTVs.", "\n\nThere are other host genes that confer resistance or susceptibility to MMTV. ", "These include MHC Class II genes required for efficient Sag presentation, the innate immune pathogen sensor toll-like receptor 4 (*Tlr*4), and several as-of-yet unidentified genes that affect the production of anti-MMTV antibodies or T cell responses to MMTV (reviewed in \\[[@b43-viruses-02-02000]\\]). ", "MMTV infection is also restricted by the intrinsic immune factor, apolipoprotein B editing complex 3 (APOBEC3) \\[[@b44-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Different inbred mouse strains have polymorphisms in *Apobec*3 \\[[@b45-viruses-02-02000]\\], which affect the ability of this factor to inhibit MMTV infection \\[[@b46-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "All of the host genes that affect MMTV lymphocyte infection also alter the incidence and kinetics of mammary tumor induction. ", "Interestingly, host genes that affect mammary tumorigenesis do so by limiting virus infection; none have been shown to have a direct effect on the ability of the virus to transform mammary epithelial cells.", "\n\n4.. MMTV and Mammary Tumorigenesis\n==================================\n\nMMTV-induced mammary tumorigenesis is mediated by proviral integration, usually by enhancer -mediated activation of nearby cellular oncogenes, although a few examples of coding region insertions that alter the gene product have also been described \\[[@b47-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Additionally, the MMTV Env protein has been implicated in mammary tumorigenesis. ", "The MMTV Env has an immuno-tyrosine based activation motif (ITAM) commonly found in receptors expressed in hematopoietic cells; expression of the Env protein in normal mouse or human mammary epithelial cells induces morphological transformation in culture \\[[@b48-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Moreover, when the ITAM motif was mutated in the virus, mammary tumor-induction was attenuated in infected mice \\[[@b49-viruses-02-02000]\\].", "\n\n*In vivo* infection levels usually affect mammary tumor incidence and kinetics because of an increased number of proviral integrations. ", "A number of different common integration sites (CIS) have been implicated in MMTV-induced mammary tumors ([Table 1](#t1-viruses-02-02000){ref-type=\"table\"}), particularly the *Wnt* and *Fgf* genes \\[[@b47-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "MMTV-induced tumors appear to develop from infection of a single stem cell \\[[@b50-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Mammary stem cells have the potential to form two epithelial lineages in the mammary gland, myoepithelial cells found on the outside of ducts, and ductal and alveolar luminal cells. ", "MMTV-induced tumors proceed through at least two stages, the pregnancy-dependent hyperplastic alveolar nodule (HAN), followed by the hormone-independent mammary tumor \\[[@b51-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Although the histopathological features of MMTV-induced tumors do not usually resemble the most frequent forms of human breast tumors such as invasive ductal carcinomas, many, if not all, of the human mammary lesions are thought to originate in the terminal ductal lobular unit and atypical lobular type A lesions (ALA) are morphologically similar to the mouse mammary HAN lesions \\[[@b51-viruses-02-02000]\\].", "\n\nMost MMTV-induced mammary tumors contain 10 or more proviral integrations \\[[@b51-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Whether MMTV-induced mammary tumors are the result of a single initiating integration or are a composite of multiple integrations is currently unclear, although it appears that progression of tumors from a pregnancy-dependent to a pregnancy-independent state depends on additional integration events and that the former frequently arise as polyclonal populations while the latter are generally monoclonal \\[[@b34-viruses-02-02000],[@b52-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "That mammary tumorigenesis requires the activation of multiple oncogenes is supported by several observations. ", "First, a large percentage of mammary tumors derived from MMTV-infected wild type mice have \"hits\" at both *Wnt*1 and *Fgf*3; it is likely that additional genes are activated in these tumors. ", "Second, the creation of double transgenic mice, such as MMTV-Wnt1/MMTV-Fgf3 accelerates the induction of mammary tumors \\[[@b53-viruses-02-02000]--[@b55-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Similarly, tumorigenesis is accelerated by MMTV infection of transgenic mice with genetic predisposition to mammary tumorigenesis, such as those that express the Wnt1, c-neu or TGFβ transgenes in mammary tissue \\[[@b54-viruses-02-02000],[@b56-viruses-02-02000]\\].", "\n\nThe oncogenes listed in [Table 1](#t1-viruses-02-02000){ref-type=\"table\"} were identified by infection of both wild type and transgenic mice expressing oncogenes in mammary tissue. ", "Although most of the CIS listed in [Table I](#t1-viruses-02-02000){ref-type=\"table\"} were identified through low throughput analyses, more recently, high throughput analysis of MMTV insertion sites has been performed and uncovered gene families not previously associated with cancer \\[[@b66-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "MMTV target site analysis has great potential for uncovering pathways relevant to the human disease, particularly in transgenic strains with tumor morphology similar to that seen in humans. ", "Even though MMTV-induced mammary tumors do not morphologically resemble most human breast cancers, there are molecular similarities between the mouse and human disease. ", "For example, although *Wnt*1 itself has not been implicated in human breast cancer, other members of this family as well as targets of the Wnt signaling pathway, such as β-catenin, E-cadherin, cyclin D1, *etc.,* ", "are known to be mutated or deregulated in a number of human cancers \\[[@b67-viruses-02-02000],[@b68-viruses-02-02000]\\] and several *Fgf* family members have been implicated in human breast cancer \\[[@b59-viruses-02-02000],[@b69-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Moreover, a number of the novel CIS uncovered in the high throughput screens were found to be dysregulated in human breast cancer and correlated with one or more clinical parameters in the human tumors, such as angioinvasion, tumor grade or lymphatic infiltration, as well as metastasis \\[[@b66-viruses-02-02000]\\].", "\n\nSince the discovery of MMTV, numerous investigators have searched for a similar virus in human breast cancers (see \\[[@b70-viruses-02-02000]\\] and \\[[@b37-viruses-02-02000]\\] for a more extensive review). ", "Early studies using immunological assays detected antibodies against MMTV proteins in sera from human breast cancer patients, but were later shown to be most likely due to non-specific cross-reactive proteins \\[[@b71-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Molecular analyses for DNA sequences related to MMTV in human DNA resulted in the discovery of the first human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) because of their homology to MMTV, particularly in the *pol* gene, but no MMTV-like sequences were identified \\[[@b72-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "More recently, several groups have used polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based techniques to amplify MMTV-like sequences from human breast cancer biopsies \\[[@b73-viruses-02-02000],[@b74-viruses-02-02000]\\]; however, others have been unable to replicate these studies \\[[@b75-viruses-02-02000]--[@b78-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Moreover, it has been reported that MMTV can infect cultured human mammary epithelial cells, but MMTV cannot use human transferrin receptor 1 as an entry receptor and thus would have to infect cells via a different entry mechanism \\[[@b14-viruses-02-02000],[@b16-viruses-02-02000],[@b79-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Thus, the existence of a human MTV remains to be confirmed.", "\n\n5.. Conclusions and perspectives\n================================\n\nMuch has been learned about *in vivo* virus infection using MMTV and mice. ", "This is in a large part due to our ability to study the natural route of milk-borne transmission and to the use of both inbred and genetically altered transgenic and knockout mice in the analysis of infection and oncogenesis. ", "Because MMTV has existed as an infectious virus in mice for millions of years, it has evolved to take advantage of its host's biology, using host genes from transcription factors to immune regulatory molecules, to establish infection. ", "Although it causes mammary tumors, this does not occur until relatively late in life and thus the virus has persisted, since infected mothers are able to transmit virus to offspring. ", "The lack of acute MMTV-induced pathogenesis is most likely due to different host means of limiting virus infection, including factors that operate at the cellular level like intrinsic restriction factors and immune response genes. ", "As additional host-anti-viral genes are discovered, MMTV will continue to serve as an important model for testing the ability of these factors to function *in vivo*.", "\n\nIn addition to serving as an important means for studying virus infection, MMTV has provided a number of critical models for understanding human breast cancer. ", "First, the analysis of MMTV CIS has led to the identification of oncogenes/pathways such as members of the *Wnt* family that are known to play roles in different human cancers. ", "Second, ITAM-mediated signaling in mammary epithelial cells may represent a novel mechanism of transformation; indeed, a novel oncogene associated with invasive breast cancer in humans has been recently shown to transform cells through ITAM-mediated signaling \\[[@b80-viruses-02-02000]\\]. ", "Finally, the use of the MMTV LTR to direct oncogene expression to murine epithelial cells has resulted in the creation of numerous transgenic mouse strains that serve as critical models for understanding human breast cancer. ", "It is likely that such transgenic mice will continue to be a critical tool as additional human breast cancer genes are identified through large-scale human genetic studies.", "\n\nI thank the members of my laboratory for many useful discussions. ", "Supported by PHS grants R01-AI-085015 and R01-CA-73746.", "\n\n{#f1-viruses-02-02000}\n\n###### \n\nMMTV common integration sites.", "\n\n **Mouse** **Oncogene** **Reference**\n ------------- ----------------- -----------------------------------------------------\n Wild type *Wnt*1/*Wnt*10b \\[[@b57-viruses-02-02000]\\]\n Wild type *Fgf*3 \\[[@b58-viruses-02-02000]\\]\n Wild type *Fgf*10 \\[[@b59-viruses-02-02000]\\]\n MMTV-*Wnt*1 *Fgf*8 \\[[@b55-viruses-02-02000]\\]\n Wild type *Notch*4 \\[[@b60-viruses-02-02000]\\]\n Wild type int-5/aromatase \\[[@b61-viruses-02-02000]\\]\n MMTV-neu *Notch*1 \\[[@b56-viruses-02-02000]\\]\n WAP-TGFβ *Wnt*1/*Wnt*3 \\[[@b62-viruses-02-02000]\\]\n Wild type eIF3e-p48 \\[[@b63-viruses-02-02000]\\]\n Wild type *Rspo*2 \\[[@b64-viruses-02-02000]\\]\n Wild type *Rspo*3 \\[[@b65-viruses-02-02000],[@b66-viruses-02-02000]\\]\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0.000011260754020089185, 0, 0, 0.000031745527848764306, 0, 0, 0.00002267342334682402, 0, 0, 0, 0.00003955539733396622, 0.00006103515625, 0.000014792899408284025, 0.000027411529289219047, 0.000050503775157193, 0.000048902146804244705, 0, 0.000025059307026629687, 0, 0.00013679422728360863, 0.00008223458786765713, 0.00002958579881656805, 0, 0, 0.0001602307322544464, 0.00008113919428780073, 0.0000483863163497363, 0.000045351473922902495, 0, 0, 0, 0.00011080332409972299, 0, 0.00013883104262113008, 0.00010973936899862826, 0.00005782937443074209, 0.000022249911000355996, 0, 0.000022249911000355996, 0.000018419937740610438, 0, 0.000042165626581211, 0.000030524098775983637, 0.000016524555489457336, 0, 0.000038103947568968146, 0.00002826615410707219, 0.00002657030502710171, 0.000016259105098855357, 0, 0, 0.00004622781065088758, 0, 0.00005175715542673775, 0.00001874027848053822, 0.000048225308641975306, 0, 0.0000293595220269814, 0.000084331253162422, 0.00005425347222222222, 0, 0, 0.000010964431384588396, 0.0001020408163265306, 0.00008579027138322515, 0, 0, 0.000008163265306122448, 0, 0.000024622960911049555, 0.0000510204081632653, 0, 0.000039157334168689795, 0.00009245562130177516, 0, 0.00005206164098292378, 0.000017933895660595047, 0.00009070294784580499, 0.000009534524513262524, 0, 0, 0.00009908838684106223, 0.000028914687215371046, 0, 0.000020545693622616697, 0, 0, 0.00004449982200071199, 0.000064, 0.00002015621063240111, 0.00004667553501832014, 0.0000176541204717181, 0.00002514964036014285, 0.00003881949903436496, 0.00001054140664530275, 0.0002872737719046251, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000011973036721303624, 0, 0, 0, 0.0009917355371900827, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000192, 0, 0.000044444444444444447, 0.000015442150895083218 ]

[ "---\nabstract: 'The interferometric technique known as peeling addresses many of the challenges faced when observing with low-frequency radio arrays, and is a promising tool for the associated calibration systems. ", "We investigate a real-time peeling implementation for next-generation radio interferometers such as the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA). ", "The MWA is being built in Australia and will observe the radio sky between 80 and 300 MHz. ", "The data rate produced by the correlator is just over 19 GB/s (a few Peta-Bytes/day). ", "It is impractical to store data generated at this rate, and software is currently being developed to calibrate and form images in real time. ", "The software will run on-site on a high-throughput real-time computing cluster at several tera-flops, and a complete cycle of calibration and imaging will be completed every 8 seconds. ", "Various properties of the implementation are investigated using simulated data. ", "The algorithm is seen to work in the presence of strong galactic emission and with various ionospheric conditions. ", "It is also shown to scale well as the number of antennas increases, which is essential for many upcoming instruments. ", "Lessons from MWA pipeline development and processing of simulated data may be applied to future low-frequency fixed dipole arrays.'", "\nauthor:\n- |\n D. A. Mitchell, L. J. Greenhill, R. B. Wayth, R. J. Sault, C. J. Lonsdale,\\\n R. J. Cappallo, M. F. Morales, and S. M. Ord\ntitle: 'Real-Time Calibration of the Murchison Widefield Array'\n---\n\nIntroduction {#Introduction}\n============\n\nThe Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) is an 80-300 MHz synthesis array that is being built in Western Australia, with construction to be completed in 2010. ", "The shire of Murchison has a quiet radio environment, making it an excellent site for this and other radio facilities [@Bowman2007a]. ", "Each of the 512 antennas will be a $4\\times4$ tile of dipoles. ", "An analogue beamformer at each antenna combines the signals from the 16 dipoles, producing an electronically steerable primary beam with a width of approximately 25$^\\circ$ at 150 MHz. ", "When the signals from all antennas are combined, the array will have a synthesized beam with a width of approximately 4.5$^\\prime$ at 150 MHz. ", "The main science goals of the MWA are the detection of redshifted 21cm emission from the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) [@Bowman2006], transient detection (for example [@Bhat2007]), and remote heliospheric sensing [@Salah2005]. ", "A schematic of two MWA antenna tiles is shown in Fig. ", "\\[plot:schematic\\].", "\n\nTo make a map of the sky using radio interferometry, one typically builds up an estimate of the 2D Fourier transform of the sky, then applies a Fourier transform to obtain the image. ", "This is known as synthesis imaging, and a good overview of the subject is given in [@Thompson-etal.2001]. ", "The measured data that are used to build up the Fourier interference pattern are spatial cross-correlations – or visibilities – that are obtained by correlating voltage streams collected by many pairs of antennas. ", "The visibilities lie in the uvw coordinate frame, where $w$ is the component of the antenna separation vector (or *baseline* vector) in the direction of the field center (in units of wavelengths), and $u$ and $v$ are orthogonal coordinates in the plane normal to $w$ (aligned with the corresponding image coordinate axes, $l$ and $m$). ", "This situation is not naturally a 2D Fourier transform. ", "For small images, $w$ is multiplied by a term that is approximately zero and the 2D nature holds. ", "For large fields this is not the case, but the problem can still be reduced to 2D transforms (a good overview is given in [@Cornwell2005]).[^1] Post processing typically involves calibrating the visibilities, gridding them onto the uv-plane to form a regularly sampled interference pattern, and then applying a 2D FFT to form an image. ", "Techniques such as self-calibration can then be used in an attempt to improve the calibration by iterating back and forth between the visibilities and the image.", "\n\nFor a number of reasons, MWA visibilities cannot be processed in this way. ", "Many of these effects are common to all low frequency arrays, and are described in detail in [@Erickson1999] and [@Thompson-etal.2001]. ", "Each antenna has a different direction-dependent response over the field of view, which cannot simply be divided out. ", "These response patterns may also change significantly over the course of an observation. ", "Furthermore, the ionosphere causes direction-dependent phase shifts that effectively change the position and polarization state of sources during an observation. ", "These effects mean that we cannot make a fully calibrated interference pattern in the standard way. ", "What we can do is use the measured visibilities to iteratively fit ionospheric phase shifts and antenna gains towards many bright catalogue sources, and store these fits to aid deconvolution and resampling processes after the images have been made. ", "These measurements are the focus of this paper, but before they are discussed some of these challenges will be reviewed more closely.", "\n\n![", "Schematic diagram of an MWA interferometer baseline and sky. ", "Each MWA receiving element is a phased tile comprising a $4\\times4$ grid of crossed dipoles ([*vertical planar bowtie structures*]{}). ", "The main response lobes are steered electronically by beam-formers ([*BF*]{}) to establish the instrument field of view. ", "BF output signals are sampled at baseband and filtered digitally in receiver electronics ([*RX*]{}) and correlated to provide cross-power spectra. ", "In addition to compact objects (e.g., quasars and pulsars), the MWA sky includes foreground emission from the galaxy, which is chiefly synchrotron emission that is linearly polarized and traces turbulent and ordered magnetic fields in the interstellar medium ($\\vec{B}$). ", "Magnetized plasma from solar coronal mass ejections or other activity move outward through the heliosphere. ", "This medium and the Earth ionosphere induce primarily refractive shifts in source positions (higher order distortions in the observing passband are small due to the limited extent of the array) and time-variable Faraday rotation of polarization along different lines of sight. ", "The calibration scheme described here enables polarization-sensitive imaging of the diffuse galactic and compact source populations and assembly of a sky model. ", "Knowledge of the compact background sources is “confusion limited” (i.e., constrained by multiplicity of sources within one instrument resolution element and contamination of each image pixel by sidelobes of distant sources). ", "Confusion increases with image sensitivity and the size of a resolution element..[]{data-label=\"plot:schematic\"}](fig1.png){width=\"7.8cm\"}\n\nUnlike the radio sky at higher frequencies, which appears sparsely populated at the sensitivity levels of modern instruments, the sky to be observed by the MWA is full of sources. ", "The high density of sources and large angular resolution of the array will result in images that are confusion limited, with significant flux coming from background galaxies in each synthesized beam, as well as from the sidelobes of other sources in the primary beam of each antenna. ", "The sky is also quite complex. ", "There is significant emission on many angular size scales, from compact extragalactic sources and pulsars to diffuse galactic synchrotron radiation [@Erickson1999]. ", "The latter experiences Faraday rotation and depolarization in the ionized interstellar medium, and as a result exhibits a strong linearly polarized component that is highly dependent on position and frequency [@Wieringa1993]. ", "This polarized all-sky signal is at least a few orders of magnitude brighter than the unpolarized EoR signal, and a fully-polarized calibration formalism, such as the Hamaker-Bregman-Sault measurement equation [@Sault-etal.1996], is required to reduce contamination from the spatially structured, linearly polarized emission from the galaxy.", "\n\nIf the raw interferometer data are stored for offline processing, iterative calibration and deconvolution algorithms can be used to address many of the problems described below (see, for example, [@Bhatnagar2008] and [@Nijboer2007]). ", "However, it is impractical to store the 19 GB s$^{-1}$ data stream coming from the MWA correlator,[^2] and the MWA will store images. ", "This means that much of the calibration must take place in real time, before or during the imaging process. ", "At the heart of the calibration system for the MWA is the calibrator measurement loop (CML), which measures apparent angular offsets induced by the ionosphere and the system gain toward known compact astronomical sources across the sky. ", "These measurements are used to fit models of the ionosphere and instrument response, and support subtraction of strong sources that limits sidelobe contamination during calibration. ", "As in [@Noordam2004] and [@vanderTol2007], measuring and subtracting the contribution of each source is carried out sequentially, so that the stronger sources are removed before measurements of weaker sources are made. ", "In this paper we do not consider multivariate fits of parameters for all of the calibrator sources simultaneously, as described in [@vanderTol2007], but we will discuss it briefly in section \\[Discussion\\].", "\n\nEstimation of calibration parameters is greatly over constrained due to the large number of antenna pairs ($1.31\\times10^5$). ", "On the other hand, the wide-field nature of the instrument and real-time computing requirement pose challenges, the most important of which are listed below.", "\n\n1. ", " *Direction-dependent gain and polarization response*. ", "Each MWA receiving element is a $4\\times4$ array of fixed crossed dipoles (Fig. ", "\\[plot:schematic\\]). ", "The phased beams are steered with an analogue beamformer, which will typically be updated every 5 to 10 minutes to compensate for rotation of the Earth. ", "The common approach of assuming that the polarized receptors are orthogonal over the field of view with a small amount of direction-dependent leakage cannot be used. ", "The direction-dependent instrumental polarization of the antenna beams will be significant, and it will be measured along with the direction-dependent gain using many calibrator sources spread over the entire sky. ", "These measurements will be repeated as the field of interest moves across the antenna beams.", "\n\n2. ", " *Confusion*. ", "Since the MWA’s primary beams cover such a large section of the sky, each field mapped by the MWA will contain hundreds of relatively bright sources. ", "To calibrate the array, we require accurate flux density measurements of known sources. ", "Such measurements can be corrupted by faint sources within the synthesized beam of the array (“confusion”) as well as the sidelobes of brighter sources outside the synthesized beam (“sidelobe contamination”).", "\n\n Confusion and sidelobe contamination can arise from both compact and large-scale sources such as extragalactic radio galaxies and galactic synchrotron emission respectively. ", "The Galactic synchrotron, in particular, has a polarized component and structure on many spatial scales. ", "Since the interferometer baselines will respond to large-scale structure differently depending on their length and orientation, calibration of data that includes bright resolved sources such as the Sun or Galactic plane must be performed carefully.", "\n\n3. ", " *Ionosphere*. ", "The 3-dimensional ionosphere can significantly perturb the waves coming from celestial sources. ", "The maximum antenna separation of the MWA is short enough that, for a given source and during normal ionospheric conditions, all of the antennas have approximately the same line of sight through the ionosphere. ", "This assumption will be used throughout. ", "Under these conditions there will be no defocusing and the ionosphere can be described by a two-dimensional phase screen that makes sources appear to move away from their true positions. (", "Faraday rotation of incident polarization is a second ramification, but this will be considered in a future paper. ", "We limit consideration here to ionospheric calibration using unpolarized sources, which cannot be used to calibrate polarization position angles [@Sault-etal.1996], [@Hamaker2000a].)", "\n\n4. ", " *Real-time data reduction*. ", "The real-time nature of the MWA means that compute-intensive processes need to avoided where possible. ", "Unfortunately, this means that many of the promising techniques currently being investigated, such as iterative self-calibration and deconvolution algorithms [@Bhatnagar2008], and some wide-field imaging algorithms [@Cornwell2005], cannot currently be implemented in real time. ", "They either cannot be used at all or need to be approximated.", "\n\nCalibration occurs in a back-end known as the real-time system (RTS), which consists of a visibility integrator (time and frequency), the CML, and an imaging pipeline. ", "These tasks run sequentially, and as mentioned later the processing load is split over frequency. ", "The imaging pipeline incorporates gridding, imaging FFTs, correction for ionospheric and wide-field distortion of the sky, Stokes conversion of images,[^3] and astronomical coordinate conversion. ", "MWA primary science drivers require that the time and frequency resolution are sufficient to ensure that stationary signals from sources throughout the antenna field of view are coherent for the highest frequencies and longest antenna separations, where interference fringe phases vary most rapidly with time.", "\n\nMost of the key elements of the real-time calibration system have been coded and are regularly tested with simulated data, as described in section \\[Examples\\]. ", "To date, the tests have focused on unpolarized cosmic signals, but the response of the instrument polarizes the signals during reception, and the processing employs the fully-polarized description discussed in the ensuing chapters. ", "Apart from tolerance testing – to determine optimal bandwidths, number of calibrators, etc. – ", "and algorithm development for real-time operation, the main piece of outstanding work is the incorporation of polarized calibrators into the system to fully constrain primary beam models and the Faraday rotation component of the ionosphere.", "\n\nWhile the discussion and examples given below focus on the MWA, the techniques are applicable to other low-frequency array projects, such as the SKA Molonglo Prototype (SKAMP), the Long Wavelength Array (LWA), and the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR). ", "That said, the instantaneous synthesized beam of the MWA does make it particularly well suited to this type of processing. ", "We will not go into specific details on how the techniques can be optimized, which at any rate will be different for the different arrays, and refer to papers such as [@Lonsdale2004] for an overview of the power of large-$N$ radio arrays.", "\n\nAfter outlining the assumptions and mathematical model in the next section, the steps in the CML are discussed in more detail in section \\[The Calibrator Measurement Loop\\], followed by a discussion on algorithm convergence and performance. ", "We then finish with an analysis of peeling simulated MWA data in section \\[Examples\\].", "\n\nThe Visibilities {#The Visibilities}\n================\n\nIn [@Hamaker2000a], Hamaker presents a matrix version of self-calibration that leads to a straightforward procedure for estimating each antennas polarized response to a calibrator source. ", "In this and the next section, the mathematical formalism described in [@Hamaker2000a] is used to build up the planned implementation for the MWA. ", "As in [@Hamaker2000a], bold uppercase variables will represent matrices, bold lowercase variables will represent column vectors and a dagger ($\\dagger$) will denote a Hermitian transpose. ", "The input to the CML is a new set of visibilities, measured every ${\\Delta t}$ seconds and averaged into $M$ frequency channels of width ${\\Delta f}$ Hz. ", "For the MWA, the data from the correlator are averaged over ${\\Delta t}=8$ seconds and ${\\Delta f}=40$ kHz, with $M=768$, and then sent straight to the CML. ", "The cadence time is set to 8 seconds in order to oversample the time-varying ionosphere, which fluctuates on timescales shorter than a minute.", "\n\nSuppose that the visibilities can be approximated by the superposition of $N_c$ unresolved calibrator sources that suffer negligible smearing over ${\\Delta f}$ and ${\\Delta t}$,[^4] and some additive noise from various sources including thermal system noise, confusion from sources such as background radio galaxies, and sidelobes of extended emission and weak point sources. ", "Consider the contribution of one of these calibrator sources, $c$, to the visibility measured by antennas $j$ and $k$ in the band centered at $f$ Hz. ", "Let the column vector, ${{\\bf{{r}}}}_{j,c,f}$, contain the response of the two orthogonal polarized components of receiving system $j$ (in instrumental polarization coordinates). ", "It is equal to the product of a $2\\times2$ Jones matrix, ${{\\bf{J}}}_{j,c,f}$, which contains the complex voltage gain of each polarized receptor to each polarized component of the calibrator signal (including all instrumental effects), and the incident $2\\times1$ signal vector (in sky polarization coordinates), ${{\\bf{{p}}}}_{c,f}$. The incident radiation can be described by a $2\\times2$ covariance matrix, which contains the flux density of the four polarization products, ${{\\bf{{P}}}}_{c,f}^{}=\\left<{{\\bf{{p}}}}_{c,f}^{}{{\\bf{{p}}}}_{c,f}^\\dagger\\right>$, where angle brackets denote the expectation value. ", "In the absence of any ionospheric effects, and if the Jones matrices are constant over the time interval in which the expectation values are estimated, the visibility matrix measured by baseline $jk$ is\n\n$$\\label{eqn: response}\n\\begin{array}{rcl}\n{{\\bf{{R}}}}_{jk,c,f}\n & = & \\left<\\left({{\\bf{J}}}_{j,c,f}^{}{{\\bf{{p}}}}_{c,f}^{}\\right)\n \\left({{\\bf{{p}}}}_{c,f}^\\dagger{{\\bf{J}}}_{k,c,f}^\\dagger\\right)\\right>.\\\\\n &&\\\\\n & = & {{\\bf{J}}}_{j,c,f}^{} \\, {{\\bf{{P}}}}_{c,f}^{} \\, {{\\bf{J}}}_{k,c,f}^\\dagger.\\\\\n\\end{array}$$\n\nDefine ${{\\bf{{s}}}}_{c}$ to be the expected position of source $c$, and ${{\\bf{{s}}}}_{c,f}^{\\,\\prime}={{\\bf{{s}}}}_{c}+\\delta{{\\bf{{s}}}}_{c,f}$ to be the apparent position of the refracted source, where $\\delta{{\\bf{{s}}}}_{c,f}$ is a small error in the position estimate and a prime will be used to indicate that a variable has been disturbed by the ionosphere. ", "These position vectors can be expressed as phase shifts, $\\phi_{jk,c,f}^{\\prime}=\\phi_{jk,c,f}+\\delta\\phi_{jk,c,f}$, where $\\phi_{jk,c,f}$ is given by the dot product of the baseline vector and the calibrator position vector: $2\\pi{{\\bf{u}}}_{jk,f}.{{\\bf{{s}}}}_{c}$. The model for the ionospherically disturbed visibility matrix of baseline $jk$ is the superposition of the contributions from each of the strong sources,\n\n$$\\label{eqn: vis}\n{{\\bf{V}}}_{jk,f}^{\\prime}={{\\bf{{N}}}}_{jk,f}+\\sum_{c=1}^{N_c}{{\\bf{{R}}}}_{jk,c,f}\\exp\\{-i\\phi_{jk,c,f}^{\\prime}\\},$$\n\nwhere ${{\\bf{{N}}}}_{jk,f}$ contains the noise (thermal and confusion) in each polarization product. ", "The negative sign in the exponent follows the convention adopted in [@Thompson-etal.2001], which is also the convention used by software packages such as FFTW (a negative exponent is used when transforming from a real plane to an complex plane).", "\n\nThe Calibrator Measurement Loop {#The Calibrator Measurement Loop}\n===============================\n\nThe general approach chosen for the CML is similar to the peeling approach suggested in [@Noordam2004] and discussed in [@vanderTol2007]. ", "We track a few hundred strong points sources, making continual measurements of antenna primary beams and the refractive effect of the ionosphere in each source direction. ", "For this, we need a list of strong radio sources with known positions and fluxes, which we get from the existing catalogues of the southern sky, such as [@Wright1990] and [@Mauch2003]. ", "However, some bootstrapping will be required for the fluxes, since no catalogue covers the entire MWA frequency range. ", "At least initially, we will only use unresolved point sources as calibrators, since each can be described by a single Fourier component. ", "The Molonglo Reference Catalogue (MRC) contains 7347 sources with flux densities of or above 1 Jy at 408 MHz in the declination range $\\delta$ = -85$^\\circ$ to +18.5$^\\circ$ [@Large1991]. ", "Of these, about 90% show no clear evidence of departure from point sources for the MRC beam of $2^\\prime.62\\times2^\\prime.86\\sec(\\delta+35^\\circ.5)$.\n\nThe calibrator that contributes the most power to the visibilities is selected, which will typically be much stronger than the superposition of the sidelobes from other sources. ", "A model-dependent phase ramp is fit to the visibilities to estimate the ionospheric refraction in the source direction, and then least squares estimates of the direction dependent antenna gains are made. ", "These estimates are used to create models of the contribution to the visibilities, which are subtracted. ", "This process is then repeated for the rest of the strong calibrators. ", "After this, one will typically make further ionospheric refraction and primary beam measurements without source subtraction.", "\n\nThe natural dimension over which to parallelize the processing is frequency. ", "The imaging pipeline and much of the calibration system can be run independently for different frequency channels, and one can think of the MWA real-time computer as a system of essentially independent threads that each take a subset of the channels (say 10 consecutive 40 kHz channels) to process with the CML (each thread running on its own compute node).", "\n\nTo help isolate ionospheric refraction phase shifts from instrument phase shifts, the threads will be loosely coupled so that the whole 32 MHz band can be used for the ionospheric phase measurements. ", "While the amount of data passed between threads is small,[^5] the sources will need to be synchronized across threads. ", "This is shown schematically in Fig. ", "\\[plot:CalibrationDataflowDiagram\\_fig3\\]. ", "There is also the potential for pan-frequency averaging during the antenna gain measurements.", "\n\n{width=\"15cm\"}\\\n\nLet the number of consecutive frequency channels processed as a group be ${K}$, so that each of the $M/{K}$ nodes hold a ${K}{\\Delta f}$ Hz sub-band. ", "The flow of the CML in this framework is as follows.", "\n\n- *Ranking*: Initial antenna primary beam models are used with a catalogue to rank the calibrators by expected received power given the current location of the source and the pointing direction of the antenna. ", "The catalogue will be generated during the commissioning of the array, and the sources will be regularly surveyed to check for time variability. ", "The sequential nature of the peeling and the need for synchronization across the full 32 MHz band mean that the different beam shapes at different frequencies need to be taken into account when ranking sources. ", "The ranking will be updated at a rate given by the motion of sources through the antenna beams, for instance when the antenna beams are updated.", "\n\n- *Initial source subtraction*: An estimate of the calibrator summation in (\\[eqn: vis\\]) is made for each visibility and subtracted from it (“pre-peeling”). ", "The sum is over all of the calibrators to be peeled and the idea is to remove as much sidelobe power from the visibility set as possible. ", "These estimates will usually be made from data measured ${\\Delta t}$ seconds earlier, and provided that the ionosphere has not moved a source more than a synthesized beam in this time, most of the power will be removed. ", "The strong source measurements will be less vulnerable to the subtraction errors of other sources, so they are made first and then peeled properly before the weak source measurements are made.", "\n\n- *Loop*: Each thread proceeds down the ranked calibrator list, at each step performing the following tasks. ", "These tasks will be elaborated on in sections \\[Rotate Visibilities and Sum over Frequency\\] through \\[Source Subtraction\\].", "\n\n 1. ", " *Rotate visibilities and sum over frequency*: Add back into the visibility set the contribution from the current calibrator that was subtracted during the initial source subtraction step. ", "Set the phase center of the visibilities to the estimated calibrator position and average across the ${K}$ frequency channels, as shown in section \\[Rotate Visibilities and Sum over Frequency\\]. ", "For the MWA, some of the longer baselines will be stored with integration times shorter than ${\\Delta t}$. These will also be averaged together at this stage. ", "The averaged visibilities are saved as a new visibility set with reduced thermal noise. ", "Averaging at this point also substantially reduces the number of computing operations performed by the CML.", "\n\n 2. ", " *Ionospheric refraction measurements*: Each node creates intermediate sums for the quantities described in section \\[Ionospheric Refraction Measurements\\]. ", "These sums are gathered from each of the nodes to constrain the pan-frequency ionospheric refraction measurement. ", "For isoplanatic patch sizes of $\\sim4^\\circ$ and image sizes of $\\sim30^\\circ$, we would need at least 50 or 60 sources in the field of view to describe the phase variation of each patch. ", "Optimally, we would like to oversample these variations by a factor of at least a few. ", "After the fit, the parameters are broadcast back to the nodes and the phase center of each averaged visibility set is shifted to this new position. ", "This is shown by green lines in Fig. ", "\\[plot:CalibrationDataflowDiagram\\_fig3\\].", "\n\n 3. ", " *Instrumental gain measurements*: Each node then performs the least squares optimization for the polarized voltage gain of each antenna, as described in section \\[Instrumental Gain Measurements\\]. ", "If a higher signal-to-noise ratio is required, the data from each sub-band can be gathered together for a full-band fit. ", "This is shown by red lines in Fig. ", "\\[plot:CalibrationDataflowDiagram\\_fig3\\].", "\n\n 4. ", " *Source subtraction*: If the gain and ionosphere measurements pass a set of goodness-of-fit tests, they are used to peel the source from the full resolution visibility set, thus correcting the initial source subtraction that was based on old data. ", "Otherwise the initial source subtraction is repeated. ", "If there are more calibrators in the list, loop back to step 1.", "\n\nRotate Visibilities and Sum over Frequency {#Rotate Visibilities and Sum over Frequency}\n------------------------------------------\n\nAt the start of the loop for calibrator $c$, the visibilities have had all of the other calibrators peeled off – stronger ones modeled using the current data, weaker ones modeled using less recent data. ", "We will use $\\widehat{{{\\bf{V}}}}^{}_{jk,c,f_a}$ to designate the peeled visibility matrix for frequency channel $f_a$. All of the matrices in the sub-band are rotated to be phase centered at the location of the calibrator and summed across frequency,\n\n$$\\label{eqn: rotated vis}\n\\begin{array}{rcl}\n{{\\bf{V}}}_{jk,c,f_0}^{\\prime({K})}\n& = & \\displaystyle\\frac{1}{{K}}\n \\sum_{a=1}^{{K}}\\frac{\\widehat{{{\\bf{V}}}}^{\\prime}_{jk,c,f_a}}{\\eta_{jk,c,f_a}}\\exp\\{+i\\phi_{jk,c,f_a}\\} \\\\\n&&\\\\\n& \\approx & \\displaystyle{{\\bf{{R}}}}_{jk,c,f_0}\\exp\\{-i\\delta\\phi_{jk,c,f_0}\\} + {{\\bf{{N}}}}_{jk,c,f_0}^{\\,({K})} ,\n\\end{array}$$\n\nwhere the superscript $({K})$ indicates an average over ${K}$ frequency channels, $\\eta_{jk,c,f}$ is the product of any undesirable baseline dependent multiplicative factors, such as bandpass shape and decorrelation, and $f_0$ is the central frequency. ", "As before, the prime indicates that there is an apparent phase shift due to the ionosphere. ", "The error term ${{\\bf{{N}}}}_{jk,c,f_0}^{\\,({K})}$ contains a rotated version of the noise, ${{\\bf{{N}}}}_{jk,f}$, and residual sidelobes due to errors in the calibrator source subtraction.", "\n\nIonospheric Refraction Measurements {#Ionospheric Refraction Measurements}\n-----------------------------------\n\nThe averaged and peeled visibilities given in (\\[eqn: rotated vis\\]) contain the four instrumental polarization products for calibrator $c$, with some added noise. ", "These are the data that will be used to fit an ionospheric phase ramp, as described in [@DocumentId=???]. ", "Since the visibilities are dominated by flux from a single direction, they can be converted to Stokes parameters, and only the Stokes I visibilities will be considered. ", "Flux densities of calibrator sources are expected to vary smoothly with frequency, and these variations will be catalogued. ", "For the purposes of combining phase data from across the entire observing band, they are divided out so that $|I_{jk,c,f_0}^{\\prime({K})}|$ can be replaced with $I_{c}$. The instrument Jones matrices will also vary with frequency, but they are expected to vary in time on scales of minutes, and are assumed to be constant on the ionospheric phase time scales of 10s of seconds. ", "To deal with these variations, equations (\\[eqn: response\\]) and (\\[eqn: rotated vis\\]) show that an estimate, ${{\\bf{{P}}}}_{jk,c,f}^{\\prime({K})}$, of the sky visibility matrix for source $c$, can be made using the visibilities calibrated with a recent gain solution\n\n$$\\label{eqn: calibrated response}\n\\begin{array}{llcl}\n&\n{{\\bf{{P}}}}_{jk,c,f_0}^{\\prime({K})}\n & \\approx & {{\\bf{J}}}_{j,c,f_0}^{-1}\\,{{\\bf{V}}}_{jk,c,f_0}^{\\prime({K})}\\,{{\\bf{J}}}_{k,c,f_0}^{\\dagger\\,-1} \\\\\n &&& \\\\\n && \\approx & \\displaystyle{{\\bf{{P}}}}_{c,f_0}^{}\\exp\\{-i\\delta\\phi_{jk,c,f_0}\\} \\\\\n &&& \\\\\n\\Rightarrow & I_{jk,c,f_0}^{\\prime({K})}\n & \\approx & \\displaystyle I_{c}\\exp\\{-i\\delta\\phi_{jk,c,f_0}\\}. \\\\", "\n\\end{array}$$\n\nSince the visibilities are phased towards the source, the sky $l$ and $m$ coordinates for it should be zero, and there should be no phase ramp. ", "Suppose though that, as indicated in (\\[eqn: rotated vis\\]) and (\\[eqn: calibrated response\\]), the ionosphere adds a relative phase shift that appears to move the calibrator slightly in the $l$ and $m$ directions, and that the offsets are $\\alpha_c\\lambda_0^2$ and $\\beta_c\\lambda_0^2$ respectively, where $\\lambda_0$ is the wavelength associated with frequency $f_0$. Equation (\\[eqn: calibrated response\\]) becomes\n\n$$\\label{eqn: ionospheric approx}\n\\begin{array}{lcl}\nI_{jk,c,f_0}^{\\prime({K})} & \\approx & I_{c}\\,\\exp\\{-i2\\pi(\\alpha_cu_{jk,f_0}+\\beta_cv_{jk,f_0})\\lambda_0^2\\} \\\\\n&&\\\\\n & \\approx & I_{c} - i2\\pi I_{c}(\\alpha_cu_{jk,f_0}+\\beta_cv_{jk,f_0})\\lambda_0^2, \\\\\n\\end{array}$$\n\nwhere $u_{jk,f_0}$ and $v_{jk,f_0}$ are components of the baseline vector introduced in section \\[Introduction\\], and the expansion only holds when $(\\alpha_cu_{jk,f_0}+\\beta_cv_{jk,f_0})\\lambda_0^2\\ll1$. Erickson found the root-mean-square displacement of sources observed with the Clark Lake TPT telescope at 74 MHz to be about 1$^\\prime$.1, [@Erickson1984]. ", "Erickson only considered relatively long-period fluctuations ($\\sim$1 hr), and we anticipate the variations for 8-second periods to be much less than this, with root-mean-square displacements of several arcseconds or less. ", "For arcminute deviations, the expansion in (\\[eqn: ionospheric approx\\]) breaks down on the long MWA baselines, so only short baselines are used for the initial fits. ", "We then track the short-period deviations.", "\n\nEach visibility contains the sum of components from thousands of cosmic sources, with different strengths and random phases, and this sum, along with additive thermal noise from the receiving system, is expected to be very close to normally distributed. ", "This does indeed appear to be the case for the simulated visibilities discussed section \\[Examples\\], with and without source peeling. ", "If the noise is independent with variance $\\sigma_{jk,f_0}^{2}$, and $\\Re()$ and $\\Im()$ are the real and imaginary operators respectively, the least squares solutions for $I_{jk,c}$, $\\alpha_c$ and $\\beta_c$ in (\\[eqn: ionospheric approx\\]) are\n\n$$\\label{eqn: bob's solution}\n\\begin{array}{lcl}\nI_{c} & = & \\displaystyle\n \\frac{\\sum_{jkf}\\Re\\left(I_{jk,c,f}^{\\prime({K})}\\right)\\sigma_{jk,f}^{-2}}\n {\\sum_{jkf}\\sigma_{jk,f}^{-2}} \\\\\n&&\\\\\n\\alpha_{c} & = & \\left( a_{vv}A_u - a_{uv}A_v \\right) / (2\\pi I_{c}\\Delta) \\\\\n&&\\\\\n\\beta_{c} & = & \\left( a_{uu}A_v - a_{uv}A_u \\right) / (2\\pi I_{c}\\Delta),\\\\\n\\end{array}$$\n\nwhere\n\n$$\\label{eqn: bob's sums}\n\\begin{array}{lcl}\na_{uv} & = & \\displaystyle\\sum_{jkf}u_{jk}v_{jk,f} \\sigma_{jk,f}^{-2}\\lambda_0^{4} \\\\\n&&\\\\\nA_{u} & = & -\\displaystyle\\sum_{jkf}u_{jk}\\Im\\left(I_{jk,c,f}^{\\prime({K})}\\right) \\sigma_{jk,f}^{-2}\\lambda_0^{2} \\\\\n&&\\\\\n\\Delta & = & a_{uu}a_{vv} - a_{uv}^2\n\\end{array}$$\n\nThe sums on the right-hand side of (\\[eqn: bob’s solution\\]) can be partially generated in each compute node, and then $\\alpha_{c}$ and $\\beta_{c}$ generated after the partial sums have been gathered together.", "\n\nInstrumental Gain Measurements {#Instrumental Gain Measurements}\n------------------------------\n\nIf a sufficiently reliable ionospheric refraction measurement has been made, then the phase center of the averaged visibility set can be moved to the new position, and (\\[eqn: rotated vis\\]) can be corrected:\n\n$$\\label{eqn: re-rotated instrumental vis}\n\\begin{array}{lcl}\n{{\\bf{V}}}_{jk,c,f_0}^{({K})}\n& \\approx & \\displaystyle {{\\bf{V}}}_{jk,c,f_0}^{\\prime({K})}\\exp\\{+i\\delta\\phi_{jk,c,f_0}\\}\\\\\n&&\\\\\n& \\approx & \\displaystyle {{\\bf{{R}}}}_{jk,c,f_0} + {{\\bf{{N}}}}_{jk,c,f_0}^{\\,({K})}.", "\n\\end{array}$$\n\nTo estimate the gain of an antenna towards calibrator $c$, a similar approach to those described in [@BhatnagarNityananda2001] and [@Rogstad2005] will be taken, where one uses all of the visibilities that were measured with an antenna to constrain a simple model of its gain. ", "However, a matrix form from [@Hamaker2000a] will be followed here. ", "This is a matrix least-squares problem in which one searches for the matrices ${{\\bf{J}}}_{j,c,f_0}^{-1}$ that minimize\n\n$$\\label{eqn: voltage amplitude model 1}\n\\sum_{j=1}^{N_a}\\sum_{k,k\\neq j}^{N_a}\n\\left\\|{{\\bf{{P}}}}_{jk,c,f_0}^{({K})} -\n {{\\bf{J}}}_{j,c,f_0}^{-1}\\,\\widehat{{{\\bf{V}}}}_{jk,c,f_0}^{}\\,{{\\bf{J}}}_{k,c,f_0}^{\\dagger\\,-1}\\right\\|_F^2,$$\n\nwhere $N_a$ is the number of antenna tiles, $\\|{{\\bf{A}}}\\|_F^2$ is the squared Frobenius norm of a matrix ${{\\bf{A}}}$, equal to the trace of ${{\\bf{A}}}^{}{{\\bf{A}}}^\\dagger$, and $\\widehat{{{\\bf{V}}}}_{jk,c,f_0}$ is a model of the measured visibility matrix for source $c$. In early investigations solutions to (\\[eqn: voltage amplitude model 1\\]) were unstable when there were significant sidelobes from other sources, and rearranging (\\[eqn: voltage amplitude model 1\\]) had more robust solutions:\n\n$$\\label{eqn: voltage amplitude model 2}\n\\sum_{j=1}^{N_a}\\sum_{k,k\\neq j}^{N_a}\n\\left\\|{{\\bf{V}}}_{jk,c,f_0}^{({K})} -\n {{\\bf{J}}}_{j,c,f_0}\\,\\widehat{{{\\bf{{P}}}}}_{c,f_0}^{}\\,{{\\bf{J}}}_{k,c,f_0}^\\dagger\\right\\|_F^2.$$\n\nFor each antenna (\\[eqn: voltage amplitude model 2\\]) has the analytic solution\n\n$$\\label{eqn: jones matrix solution}\n\\begin{array}{rl}\n{{\\bf{J}}}_{j,c,f_0}\n& = \\displaystyle\\left(\\sum_{k,k\\neq j}^{N_a}{{\\bf{V}}}_{jk,c,f_0}^{({K})}\n {{\\bf{J}}}_{k,c,f_0}\\widehat{{{\\bf{{P}}}}}_{c,f_0}^\\dagger\\right) \\times \\\\\n& \\displaystyle\\left(\\sum_{k,k\\neq j}^{N_a}\\widehat{{{\\bf{{P}}}}}_{c,f_0}^{}{{\\bf{J}}}_{k,c,f_0}^\\dagger\n {{\\bf{J}}}_{k,c,f_0}\\widehat{{{\\bf{{P}}}}}_{c,f_0}^\\dagger \\right)^{-1}. \\\\", "\n\\end{array}$$\n\nEquation (\\[eqn: jones matrix solution\\]) can be used to estimate a new set of Jones matrices for each calibrator (or to update matrices that are restricted to moving more slowly). ", "Once the matrices have converged they can be left to track slow changes in the gain for each calibrator.", "\n\nFinally, it is worth pointing out that often, much of the information in the Jones matrices is known. ", "For example, the transformation from the sky polarization coordinates to instrumental polarization coordinates may be known to high precision. ", "If this is the case, it is straightforward to modify (\\[eqn: voltage amplitude model 2\\]) so that the other matrices absorb the known information, leaving only the unknown quantities for the fit.", "\n\nSource Subtraction {#Source Subtraction}\n------------------\n\nThe dynamic range of power levels expected from the hundred or so strongest calibrators will be many orders of magnitude. ", "This is the driving factor behind the sequential approach discussed above; stronger sources are subtracted before measurements are made for the weaker sources. ", "A preliminary investigation along the lines of [@Condon1974] indicates that the deepest we will be able to peel or clean is to a sidelobe noise floor of several hundred mJy. ", "At this point, all remaining point sources will be less than 5 sigma above the noise. ", "This suggests that there should be on the order of a few hundred calibrators available, if we peel as deeply as possible.", "\n\nThe subtraction step is straightforward, since all of the CML sources have had their apparent positions measured, as described in section \\[Ionospheric Refraction Measurements\\], and have been calibrated using the antenna gain models given in (\\[eqn: jones matrix solution\\]). ", "Before peeling, however, the models need to be multiplied by the complex $\\eta_{jk,c,f}$ factors. ", "These were divided out when averaging to a central frequency in section \\[Rotate Visibilities and Sum over Frequency\\].", "\n\nIt may be that subtracting 100% of each source is not optimal, since noise in each measurement is added back into the visibilities. ", "Some modifications that work more like the CLEAN algorithm (see [@Hogbom1974]) are being considered, and will be tested soon.", "\n\nDiscussion {#Discussion}\n==========\n\nPerformance {#performance .unnumbered}\n-----------\n\nThe relatively short cadence time of the RTS means we need to make compromises when designing real-time peeling process. ", "One of these compromises will be the number of sources peeled every 8 seconds. ", "Several methods for calibrating antenna gains are compared in [@Boonstra2003]. ", "These are alternatives to the technique discussed in section \\[Instrumental Gain Measurements\\]. ", "The number of complex multiplications required by most of the techniques scales as $N_a^3$, where $N_a$ is the number of antennas (or, more generally, the number of receivers being correlated to form visibilities). ", "The technique that required the fewest computations was the logarithmic least squares (LOGLS) algorithm, which scaled as $N_a^2$. The numbers given in [@Boonstra2003] for a single polarization version are $2N_a^2$ multiplications with an additional $16N_a^2$ for weighting.", "\n\nHow does this compare to the algorithm discussed in section \\[Instrumental Gain Measurements\\]? ", "In our application we measure two polarizations, so if we consider each antenna as 2 polarized receptors the number of multiplications for the LOGLS algorithm is $2(2N_a)^2$. There will probably be another factor of 2 since correlations between the receptors on the same antenna will most likely need to be considered.[^6] The number of complex multiplications used to determine the calibration solutions in section \\[Instrumental Gain Measurements\\] is $O(24N_a^2)$, with an additional $O(12N_a^2)$ for weighting. ", "This efficiency appears to be about as high as one might reasonably expect to achieve.", "\n\nWe are not just dealing with a single source, however. ", "The CML needs to pre-peel all of the calibrator sources, and then, for each source, unpeel, rotate all of the visibilities, solve for the ionospheric offset, solve for the antenna gains, and peel. ", "Table \\[tbl:FLOPS\\] shows the approximate number of floating-point operations used in each of these steps. ", "These numbers were obtained by listing the main operations in the inner loops of the routines and multiplying each by our best estimate of the associated floating-point operations. ", "These numbers are not exact; they are provided as a rough indication of where processing time will be spent. ", "Also, the number of sources processed by each of the routines need not be the same. ", "For example, we might peel and make gain measurements for 50 sources, but make ionospheric measurements on a few hundred more (which requires only the third and fourth rows).", "\n\n [**Routine**]{} [**Floating-point operations (millions)**]{}\n --------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------\n peeling (applied 3 times) 31\n rotate and accumulate 26\n ionospheric sums and rerotation 21.5\n measure tile gains 37\n total $O$(180)\n\n : Approximate floating-point operations required for each source in the CML (with 512 antenna tiles and a single frequency channel).", "\n\n\\[tbl:FLOPS\\]\n\nWhile the algorithm scales well, there is still on the order of 180 million floating-point operations required during each 8 second calibration cycle. ", "For the whole array, some of the rows in the table need to be multiplied by the number of frequency channels (768), while others need to be multiplied by the number of frequency sub-bands ($\\sim50$). ", "They also need to be multiplied by the number of sources, as discussed in the previous paragraph. ", "We anticipate a few trillion floating-point operations for the CML over the 8 seconds. ", "This does not include various overheads such as memory access that will increase the number of operations by a factor of a few.", "\n\nOptions for Reducing the Load {#options-for-reducing-the-load .unnumbered}\n-----------------------------\n\nEach ionospheric refraction measurement can use data from every baseline, polarization and frequency. ", "That is over 1.5 gigasamples for a single 2D offset. ", "For sources that are only used for ionospheric measurements, all of the processing listed in table \\[tbl:FLOPS\\] will be reduced if we only use a subset of the visibilities. ", "Most of the baselines are short, and many of those will be redundant. ", "Furthermore, long baselines do not see as much of the extended galactic structure as short baselines, and they measure the apparent offset with higher angular resolution. ", "Initial investigations suggest that we may be able to ignore more than 99% of the short baselines for the stronger sources.", "\n\nSince the tile gains are changing slowly, we do not necessarily need to make measurements for every source every 8 seconds. ", "This can be exploited by making measurements for the strongest sources every 8 seconds, and cycling through subsets of the other sources. ", "This way we still have gain measurements distributed across the sky every few minutes when we make fits for the tile beams, but we only run the full peel algorithm on 20 or 30 sources at a time.", "\n\nRather than solving for direction-dependent parameters sequentially, one could fit for all of the calibrator sources simultaneously. ", "In fact, the peeling algorithm is really just a robust and efficient method for reducing the number of unknowns and finding the multivariate solutions. ", "One can also reduce the degrees of freedom by changing the fit parameters to quantities that do not change (or change slowly) with time or frequency, and solve using multiple snapshots, as discussed in detail in [@vanderTol2007]. ", "For the MWA, we hope to be able to use slowly varying direction-dependent dipole gains and phases to describe the primary beam of each tile. ", "Once we have high quality measurements of our tile beams in the field, we will look more closely at fitting these dipole parameters directly. ", "However, source subtraction will then be based on these dipole fits, not on direct tile gain measurements.", "\n\nForeground Subtraction {#foreground-subtraction .unnumbered}\n----------------------\n\nOne of the primary challenges in the search for a signature from the EoR is that of foreground subtraction. ", "At best the signal will be several orders of magnitude weaker than the galactic foreground and it is important that we understand the nature of the residuals from the calibration and peeling process. ", "One of the drawbacks of peeling strong sources in real time and then averaging the resulting images together is that any residuals are also averaged into the mix. ", "All of the calibration data will be stored in a database for use in offline processing, and peeling errors can be assessed and reduced at that stage. ", "However, if there is any concern that residuals from the peeling process might mimic the EoR signal then peeling can be used for calibration only, and images formed from unpeeled visibilities.", "\n\nThere is significant effort going into techniques for removing foregrounds during offline processing. ", "These include techniques that exploit spectral differences in the foregrounds and the EoR signature (see for example [@Morales2006] and the discussion and references in [@Furlanetto2006]), and the rotation measure synthesis techniques discussed in [@Burn1966] & [@Brentjens2005]. ", "Direction-dependent deconvolution techniques such as the one described in [@Bhatnagar2008] will also be essential for imaging.", "\n\nRadio Frequency Interference {#radio-frequency-interference .unnumbered}\n----------------------------\n\nOf concern for any telescope operating at MWA frequencies is radio frequency interference (RFI). ", "Even though the Murchison site is extremely radio quiet [@Bowman2007a], the array will still have to deal with some RFI. ", "This includes communication and military satellite signals, reflections of FM radio broadcasts, and natural interference such as lightning. ", "Due to the low spectral occupancy of the RFI, the high quality polyphase filter banks used to isolate frequencies, and the campaign-mode operation of the array, we will adopt the traditional strategy of flagging and ignoring contaminated data before imaging. ", "Missing frequency or time samples can be accounted for in the weighting of the various least-squares algorithms.", "\n\nExamples {#Examples}\n========\n\nTo test the CML, we generate simulated visibilities using MAPS, the MIT Array Performance Simulator [@Wayth2008]. ", "Briefly, MAPS models all physical processes of a radio interferometer from the ionosphere, through the analog beamforming in the array tiles to time and frequency averaging in a correlator. ", "MAPS uses polarized receptors and a polarized model sky to generate model visibilities in linear or circular polarization products. ", "The model sky includes a large-scale diffuse component, based on [@deOliveira-Costa] with additional polarized flux, plus a catalog of southern point sources based on [@Wright1990] and [@Mauch2003].", "\n\nThe tile beams for MWA simulations consist of 16 dual polarization receptors in a 4x4 array. ", "Receptors can have non-equal complex gains, which allows us to include realistic differences in the tile primary beams that we might expect due to the analog parts of the system. ", "In the examples that follow, complex Gaussian noise was added to the gain of each receptor.", "\n\nMWA’s synthesized beam has modest resolution, which allows us to use a very realistic full-sky model as an input to MAPS by simultaneously including large-scale diffuse structure and thousands of point sources. ", "As such, the simulations show a large range of correlated power depending on baseline length. ", "MAPS also implements a model ionosphere to change the relative path length for each baseline in each look direction. ", "The model uses the International Reference Ionosphere [@Rawer1978] for large scale structure, and a Kolmogorov spectrum to add turbulence at smaller scales. ", "The turbulent power was a set fraction of the total power – about 2% – and was repeated over the sky in patches of about 1 square degree. ", "Phase variations due to traveling ionospheric disturbances are not included in these simulations, but they have recently been added to MAPS. ", "Finally, 200K thermal noise was added to the visibilities. ", "In this paper, while the description is fully polarized and there is significant instrumental polarization, we only use unpolarized input since testing of the MAPS software with polarized input is incomplete. ", "Polarized sources will be needed to fully describe the polarized response of each antenna and the Faraday rotation state of the ionosphere [@Sault-etal.1996], [@Hamaker2000a].", "\n\n$\\begin{array}{ccc}\n\\mbox{\\small{a) 0 sources peeled}} &\n\\mbox{\\small{b) 10 sources peeled}} &\n\\mbox{\\small{c) 100 sources peeled}} \\\\\n\\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{fig3.png} & \n\\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{fig5.png} &\n\\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{fig6.png} \\\\\n\\end{array}$\n\nMAPS was used to generate a series of visibility sets at a local sidereal time at the MWA site of 16.5 hours, with the antenna beams pointed at the zenith. ", "Fig. ", "\\[plot:images\\] shows three images created after the CML had converged. ", "The only difference in the processing of each image is the number of sources that were peeled. ", "Fig. ", "\\[plot:images\\]a shows the case for no peeling, where a few strong point sources dominate the image. ", "There is also a slight hint of diffuse galactic structure in the lower left. ", "As background radio sources are peeled, weaker sources and the diffuse galactic foreground become apparent. ", "In Fig. ", "\\[plot:images\\]c all of the stronger sources have been analyzed and peeled, and the galactic center and its wavy sidelobes completely dominate.", "\n\nFig. ", "\\[plot:Convergence with Npeel\\]a shows the image noise RMS as a function of the number of sources being peeled (in one of the instrument polarizations). ", "The solid curve is from the simulations described above, the points are for images generated using the point sources only (no galactic emission or ionosphere). ", "After the first few strong sources are peeled away, the image RMS becomes dominated by the galaxy. ", "To reduce the image RMS beyond this point, more sophisticated foreground subtraction algorithms need to be employed, such as those discussed in section \\[Discussion\\] (one should note that EoR observations will not be made in a field that contains the galactic center). ", "Fig. ", "\\[plot:Convergence with Npeel\\]b shows the RMS of the tile gain error towards the strongest calibrator as a function of the number of sources being peeled. ", "Here the curve and the points converge at the same rate, indicating that for this source the algorithm is not limited by the ionosphere or the galactic emission. ", "In these examples, we have weighted down visibilities from short baselines, since they see all of the galactic emission (Fourier components of angular features larger than the reciprocal of the baseline length cancel destructively, so we give more weight to the longer baselines).", "\n\n![", "Convergence as a function of the number of source peeled: a) RMS of the image noise (Jy/beam), b) RMS of the gain error for the strongest source. ", "The solid curves show full simulations that include point sources, galactic emission and ionospheric effects, while the points represent simulations that only had point sources. ", "The similarity of the gain error curves suggests that the algorithm performs well in the face of an ionosphere and galactic emission.[]{data-label=\"plot:Convergence with Npeel\"}](fig7.png \"fig:\"){width=\"9cm\"}\\\n\nAlso of importance is how quickly convergence is achieved. ", "At the end of each iteration (for the MWA, each successive iteration is associated with a new set of visibilities, i.e., they occur 8 seconds apart), the new solutions are used to update the old solutions. ", "Since the data are noisy, a weighted average of new and old solutions are used to set the weights for the next iteration. ", "In these simulations, the weights used for each source were based on the estimated contribution of the source to the visibilities. ", "In other words, strong sources are updated quickly (the strongest being allowed to update by 50% with each iteration), while weak sources are adapted more slowly, some by only a few percent each time. ", "Fig. ", "\\[plot:Convergence with Niter\\] shows the mean gain errors for the 5 strongest sources, normalized by the gain towards each source. ", "The errors are reduced until convergence is limited by a local minimum in the minimization process. ", "The relative errors appear to converge to the same level, which has not been investigated.", "\n\n![", "Convergence as a function of time. ", "Shown is the mean relative gain error for the 5 strongest sources. ", "The solid curves represents full simulations that include point sources, galactic emission and ionospheric effects, and the points show simulations that only had point sources. ", "Again, the convergence is not being limited by the ionosphere or the galactic emission.[]{data-label=\"plot:Convergence with Niter\"}](fig8.png \"fig:\"){width=\"9cm\"}\\\n\nThe properties and limits of the convergence shown in Fig. ", "\\[plot:Convergence with Niter\\] is of the utmost importance. ", "In the current simulations, typically a few tens of calibrators converge well, but some weaker sources can be significantly affected by sidelobes and converge to local minima of (\\[eqn: voltage amplitude model 2\\]). ", "A quantitative analysis of the situation is currently underway, and several options are being tested. ", "These include investigations of the calibration bandwidth (sidelobes of distant sources will decorrelate more as the bandwidth of the sub-bands is increased), large pre-peels (approximate subtraction of extra catalogue sources helps reduce the size of local minima), and incorporating all-sky ionospheric and primary beam models to improve peels for weak sources. ", "The primary beam fits are seen to work better when the calibrators are not just ranked by their apparent flux density, but also their position in the beams, so that a larger fraction of them lie in the structured antenna sidelobes.", "\n\nSummary {#Summary}\n=======\n\nWe have described a general approach for making measurements of strong point sources that can be used in the calibration process of wide-field, low-frequency radio arrays. ", "This approach has been adopted for the MWA, and there is an ongoing effort to develop the required software, as well as to understand the benefits and limitations of the approach.", "\n\nWe have used simulated visibility data to show that the peeling algorithm works well in situations that are of major concern for future radio telescopes: crowded fields, strong galactic emission, and ionospheric refraction. ", "The algorithm exhibits fast convergence, which is important since sources will be moving in and out of antenna sidelobes and the algorithm needs to be able to keep up with the antenna gain and phase changes, as well as changes in the ionosphere. ", "Critical parts of the process are shown to be computationally efficient, and parts of the system lend themselves to significant levels of optimization.", "\n\nThe next step is a detailed analysis of the convergence properties of the algorithms, and a series of tolerance tests to investigate how the algorithms will behave in the various conditions we expect to encounter. ", "This includes observations of weak emission that is masked by significant polarized diffuse foregrounds, high dynamic range observations close to the sun, and observations in the presence of severe ionospheric conditions, such as during activation and recombination of the ionosphere. ", "As data from the initial deployment of antennas become available in late 2008 and early 2009, we will get a clearer picture of how harmful phenomena such as source variability (due to ionospheric scintillation, for instance) and dipole mutual coupling (which will affect our tile beam models) can be, and these can be worked into the tolerance tests.", "\n\nAcknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}\n===============\n\nWe would like to acknowledge the international MWA collaboration for its continued input and support of this work.", "\n\n[99]{}\n\nJ. D. Bowman, D. G. Barnes, F. H. Briggs, B. E. Corey, M. J. Lynch, N. D. R. Bhat, R. J. Cappallo, S. S. Doeleman, B. J. Fanous, D. Herne, J. N. Hewitt, C. Johnson, J. C. Kasper, J. Kocz, E. Kratzenberg, C. J. Lonsdale, M. F. Morales, D. Oberoi, J. E. Salah, B. Stansby, J. Stevens, G. Torr, R. Wayth, R. L. Webster, and S. B. Wyithe, “Field Deployment of Prototype Antenna Tiles for the Mileura Widefield Array Low Frequency Demonstrator,\" [*Astron. ", "J.*]{}, vol. ", "133, no. ", "4, pp. ", "1505–1518, Apr., 2007.", "\n\nJ. D. Bowman, M. F. Morales, and J. N. Hewitt, “The Sensitivity of First-Generation Epoch of Reionization Observatories and Their Potential for Differentiating Theoretical Power Spectra,\" [*Astrophys. ", "J.*]{}, vol. ", "638, no. ", "1, pp. ", "20-26, Feb. 2006.", "\n\nN. D. R. Bhat, R. B. Wayth, H. S. Knight, J. D. Bowman, D. Oberoi, D. G. Barnes, F. H. Briggs, R. J. Cappallo, D. Herne, J. Kocz, C. J. Lonsdale, M. J. Lynch, B. Stansby, J. Stevens, G. Toor, R. L. Webster, and S. B. Wyithe, “Detection of Crab Giant Pulses Using the Mileura Widefield Array Low Frequency Demonstrator Field Prototype System,\" [*Astrophys. ", "J.*]{}, vol. ", "665, no. ", "1, pp. ", "618–627, Aug. 2007.", "\n\nJ. E. Salah, C. J. Lonsdale, D. Oberoi, R. J. Cappallo, and J. C. Kasper, “Space weather capabilities of low frequency radio arrays,\" in [*Proc. ", "SPIE: Solar Physics and Space Weather Instrumentation*]{}, San Diego, 2005, vol. ", "5901, pp. ", "124–134.", "\n\nA. R. Thompson, J. M. Moran, and G.W. Swenson, Jr., [*Interferometry and Synthesis in Radio Astronomy*]{}, 2nd Ed., ", "New York: Wiley, 2001.", "\n\nT. J. Cornwell, K. Golap, and S. Bhatnagar, “W Projection: A New Algorithm for Wide Field Imaging with Radio Synthesis Arrays”, in [*ASP Conf. ", "Series: Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XIV*]{}, San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 2005, vol. ", "347, pp. ", "86–90.", "\n\nW. C. Erickson, “Long Wavelength Interferometry,\" in [*ASP Conf. ", "Series*]{}, 1999, vol. ", "180, pp. ", "601–612.", "\n\nM. H. Wieringa, A. G. de Bruyn, D. Jansen, W. N. Brouw, and P. Katgert, “Small scale polarization structure in the diffuse galactic emission at 325 MHz,\" [*Astron. ", "and Astrophys.*]{}, ", "vol. ", "268, pp. ", "215–229, 1993.", "\n\nR. J. Sault, J. P. Hamaker, and J. D. Bregman, “Understanding radio polarimetry. ", "II. ", "Instrumental calibration of an interferometer array,\" [*Astron. ", "Astrophys. ", "Suppl. ", "Ser.*]{}, ", "vol. ", "117, pp. ", "149–159, May, 1996.", "\n\nS. Bhatnagar, T. J. Cornwell, K. Golap and J. M. Uson, “Correcting direction-dependent gains in the deconvolution of radio interferometric images,\" [*Astron. ", "Astrophys.*]{}, ", "in press.", "\n\nR. J. Nijboer and J. E. Noordam, “LOFAR Calibration,\" in [*ASP Conf. ", "Series: Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XVI*]{}, San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 2007, vol. ", "376, pp. ", "237–240.", "\n\nJ. E. Noordam, “LOFAR Calibration Challenges,\" in [*Proc. ", "SPIE: Groundbased Telescopes*]{}, Glasgow, 2004, vol. ", "5489, pp. ", "817–825.", "\n\nS. van der Tol, B. D. Jeffs, and A. J. van der Veen, “Self-Calibration for the LOFAR Radio Astronomical Array,\" IEEE Trans. ", "Signal Process., ", "vol. ", "55, no. ", "9, pp. ", "4497–4510, Sep. 2007.", "\n\nJ. P. Hamaker, “Understanding radio polarimetry. ", "IV. ", "The full-coherency analogue of scalar self-calibration: Self-alignment,\n\nM. Born and E. Wolf, [*Principles of Optics*]{}, 7th Ed., ", "Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.", "\n\nC. J. Lonsdale, S. S. Doeleman, and D. Oberoi, “Efficient Imaging Strategies For Next-Generation Radio Arrays,“ [*Experimental Astron.*]{}, ", "vol. ", "17, no. ", "1–3, pp. ", "345-362, June, 2004. ", "dynamic range and polarimetric fidelity,” [*Astron. ", "Astrophys. ", "Suppl. ", "Ser.*]{}, ", "vol. ", "143, pp. ", "515–543, 2000.", "\n\nA. Wright and R. Otrupcek, “Parkes Catalog, 1990, Australia telescope national facility,\" [*PKS Catalog (1990)*]{}. ", "\\[Online\\]. ", "Available: http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VIII/15\n\nT. Mauch, T. Murphy, H. J. Buttery, J. Curran, R. W. Hunstead, B. Piestrzynski, J. G. Robertson, and E. M. Sadler, “SUMSS: a wide-field radio imaging survey of the southern sky - II. ", "The source catalogue,\" [*Mon. ", "Not. ", "Roy. ", "Astron. ", "Soc.*]{}, ", "vol. ", "342, no. ", "4, pp. ", "1117–1130, July, 2003.", "\n\nM. I. Large, L. E. Cram, and A. M. Burgess, “A machine-readable release of the Molonglo Reference Catalogue of Radio Sources,\" [*The Observatory*]{}, vol. ", "111, pp. ", "72–75, 1991\n\nR. J. Sault, “Visibility-Based Position Finder,\" [*MWA-LFD memo: in prep.*]{}, ", "2007.", "\n\nW. C Erickson, “Ionospheric refraction in radio source observations at long radio wavelengths,\" [*J. Astrophys. ", "Astr.*]{}, ", "vol. ", "5, pp. ", "55-65, Mar. 1984.", "\n\nS. Bhatnagar and R. Nityananda, “Solving for closure errors due to polarization leakage in radio interferometry of unpolarized sources,\" [*Astron. ", "Astrophys.*]{}, ", "vol. ", "375, pp. ", "344–350, 2007.", "\n\nD. H. Rogstad. (", "2005, August). [*", "The SUMPLE Algorithm for Aligning Arrays of Receiving Radio Antennas: Coherence Achieved with Less Hardware and Lower Combining Loss*]{}. ", "Jet Propulsion Laboratory: CA. ", "\\[Online\\]. ", "Available: http://ipnpr.jpl.nasa.gov/progress\\_report/42-162/162B.pdf\n\nJ. J. Condon, “Confusion and Flux-Density Error Distributions,\" [*Astrophys. ", "J.*]{}, vol. ", "188, pp. ", "279–286, Mar. 1974.", "\n\nJ. A. Högbom, “Aperture Synthesis with a Non-Regular Distribution of Interferometer Baselines,\" [*Astron. ", "Astrophys. ", "Suppl.*]{}, ", "vol. ", "15, pp. ", "417–426, 1974.", "\n\nA. J. Boonstra and A. J. van der Veen, “Gain calibration methods for radio telescope arrays,\" IEEE Trans. ", "Signal Process., ", "vol. ", "51, no. ", "1, pp. ", "25–38, Jan. 2003.", "\n\nM. F. Morales, J. D. Bowman, and J. N Hewitt, “Improving Foreground Subtraction in Statistical Observations of 21 cm Emission from the Epoch of Reionization,” [*Astrophys. ", "J.*]{}, vol. ", "648, no. ", "2, pp. ", "767-773, Sep. 2006\n\nS. R. Furlanetto, S. P. Oh, and F. H. Briggs, “Cosmology at low frequencies: The 21 cm transition and the high-redshift Universe” [*Physics Reports*]{}, 433, no. ", "4–6, pp. ", "181–301, Oct. 2006,\n\nB. J. Burn, “On the Depolarization of Discrete Radio Sources by Faraday Dispersion,\" [*Mon. ", "Not. ", "Roy. ", "Astron. ", "Soc.*]{}, ", "vol. ", "133, pp. ", "67–83, 1966.", "\n\nM. A. Brentjens and A.G. de Bruyn, “Faraday rotation measure synthesis,\" [*Astron. ", "Astrophys.*]{}, ", "vol. ", "441, pp. ", "1217–1228, 2005.", "\n\nR. B. Wayth, N. D. R. Bhat, R. J. Cappallo, S. S. Doeleman, L. J. Greenhill, J. C. Kasper, C. J. Lonsdale, D. A. Mitchell, and Ord, S. M., “The MIT Array Performance Simulator,\" in prep, 2008.", "\n\nA. de Oliveira-Costa, M. Tegmark, B. M. Gaensler, J. Jonas, T. L. Landecker, and P. Reich, “A model of diffuse Galactic Radio Emission from 10 MHz to 100 GHz,\" [*Mon. ", "Not. ", "Roy. ", "Astron. ", "Soc.*]{}, ", "in press, 2008.", "\n\nK. Rawer, D. Bilitza, and S. Ramakrishnan, “Goals and Status of the International Reference Ionosphere,\" [*Rev. Geophys.*]{}, ", "vol. ", "16, pp. ", "177–181, 1978.", "\n\n[^1]: The MWA will produce *snapshot* images, which means each antenna pair contributes a single visibility to each image. ", "The MWA visibilities will be approximately coplanar, so a 2D Fourier relationship will hold even for wide-field images.", "\n\n[^2]: The $N_a=512$ antennas lead to $N_a(N_a-1)/2=130816$ different cross-correlation measurements. ", "They are made in a correlator for 4 different polarization products and up to 3072 different frequency channels every 0.5 seconds. ", "Each visibility is represented by 3 real bytes and 3 imaginary bytes, which leads to $\\sim19$ GB/s.\n\n[^3]: Stokes parameters describe the polarization state of a signal as an unpolarized component, I, two linearly polarized components, Q and U, and a circularly polarized component, V. They are used extensively in radio astronomy, see, for example, [@BornWolf1999] and [@Thompson-etal.2001].", "\n\n[^4]: Following [@Thompson-etal.2001], the fractional bandwidth at 140MHz of $\\sim0.03$% causes less than a percent of decorrelation on the longest baselines for sources at the edge of the map. ", "The effect in the image is a broadening of those sources by less than 0.01%. ", "The integration time causes a few 10s of percent of decorrelation on the longest baselines, and these will be processed at a faster cadence (2 seconds) to reduce this decorrelation down to the percent level. ", "One should note, however, that the majority of baselines are very short (baseline density goes as the reciprocal of baseline length squared outside a densely-packed core), and most baselines suffer far less decorrelation.", "\n\n[^5]: The summations in (\\[eqn: bob’s solution\\]) need to be generated in each compute node, each providing the information for a different observing frequency. ", "For each source, a central node needs to gather a few 10s of bytes from each compute node and send two fitted coefficients back.", "\n\n[^6]: The authors of [@Boonstra2003] note that LOGLS is not easily generalized to a dual-polarized telescope array, but, for the sake of comparison, suppose that such a generalization exists.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

[ 0, 0, 0.00012075836251660429, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00005827166249053085, 0.00004805843906189927, 0.00011138338159946535, 0, 0, 0, 0.00009876543209876544, 0.0006858710562414266, 0.002770083102493075, 0, 0.00008899964400142399, 0, 0, 0, 0.00010412328196584755, 0.000008857709750566894, 0, 0.000168662506324844, 0.00010813148788927336, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0002687449610319807, 0.00005486968449931413, 0, 0, 0.00001351643598615917, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00001953125, 0, 0, 0.000036730945821854914, 0.000019578667084344897, 0.000017199714484739553, 0.00003590922148807814, 0.000055691690799732676, 0, 0.00003560682938987697, 0, 0.00004170054836221096, 0.000023564897728343855, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0003125, 0.0022675736961451248, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00008888888888888889, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00002246131039284832, 0, 0, 0, 0.00006037918125830214, 0, 0, 0.00009425959091337542, 0.000025878577713368875, 0, 0.00003460207612456747, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00008064386058289383, 0.00006609822195782934, 0.0000176541204717181, 0.00001693508780843029, 0.00013520822065981613, 0.000016659725114535613, 0.00009382623381497466, 0.000028293345405160706, 0.000084331253162422, 0.00012170879143170108, 0, 0, 0, 0.00003121001217190475, 0.0000052878577566263464, 0.0000036954869481560134, 0.000009072434315575556, 0.000033319450229071226, 0.00005208333333333334, 0, 0.000058436815193571955, 0.0000706164818868724, 0, 0.00008488003621548211, 0.000009238643397603495, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00001569255153041609, 0, 0, 0.0007716049382716049, 0.0005408328826392645, 0, 0, 0.00002986055122577563, 0.00036982248520710064, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000020661157024793387, 0, 0, 0.00006503642039542143, 0, 0, 0.00005259697567389875, 0.00007911079466793244, 0, 0.00008734387282732115, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0007304601899196494, 0.0005668934240362812, 0, 0, 0, 0.0008163265306122448, 0.0005668934240362812, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000026259584748433177, 0.000006369459207435452, 0, 0.00008398421096833795, 0, 0.00008899964400142399, 0, 0, 0, 0.000008377296688245186, 0, 0.0000068841839316262855, 0.000020108990729755272, 0.0000358564308508731, 0, 0, 0, 0.000006474629165614539, 0.00001160870536815558, 0.000011728279226871832, 0.0002227667631989307, 0.000004522088707553132, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00003302946228035408, 0, 0, 0.000012846700325021518, 0, 0.0000706164818868724, 0, 0.000064, 0, 0, 0.0001602307322544464, 0, 0, 0.000026835191670356507, 0, 0.0000037703836365350172, 0, 0, 0.000025767218944059367, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000002678659920015215, 0, 0, 0, 0.0001321178491214163, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00001890359168241966, 0.0000502992807202857, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0000510204081632653, 0.00006298815822625346, 0.00004901480247034605, 0.00020490403660952122, 0, 0.000014907350814686723, 0, 0.00013883104262113008, 0.000027700831024930747, 0, 0.00007652280379553107, 0.00011080332409972299, 0, 0.00012075836251660429, 0, 0, 0.00007305135510263716, 0.00008113919428780073, 0, 0.0000502992807202857, 0, 0.000022893248780934502, 0.00006530612244897959, 0.000010520999915832001, 0, 0.00038580246913580245, 0, 0, 0.0000980296049406921, 0, 0, 0.015625, 0.000048902146804244705, 0, 0.000042718612499466016, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000041091387245233394, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000013717421124828532, 0.000023564897728343855, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0000573921028466483, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00001992984693877551, 0.0002687449610319807, 0, 0, 0, 0.00001874027848053822, 0, 0.00003121001217190475, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00011763543367478979, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00007279963114853551, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000124840048687619, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00023138507103521682, 0.00030483158055174517, 0, 0, 0.00021545532892846886, 0, 0.00009512485136741974, 0, 0, 0, 0.0002227667631989307, 0, 0, 0, 0.0001451589490492089, 0.0025, 0, 0, 0, 0.00043547684714762664, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0001171875, 0, 0, 0.00039674667724657806, 0, 0, 0, 0.0002777777777777778, 0.0006858710562414266, 0, 0, 0.00025195263290501383, 0.0034602076124567475, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00038446751249519417, 0, 0.00005827166249053085, 0.00043402777777777775, 0.00014878000396746676, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00021545532892846886, 0, 0.0001373291015625, 0, 0, 0.04, 0.015625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00012170879143170108, 0, 0.0003544423440453686, 0, 0.00007694675284702985, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00009008603216071348, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0030864197530864196, 0, 0.00005250997689561017, 0.0010405827263267429, 0, 0.00009130752373995617, 0, 0, 0, 0.00008573388203017832, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00017146776406035664, 0.0034602076124567475, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00009908838684106223, 0, 0, 0, 0.00009056877188745321, 0, 0.00023494400501213877, 0, 0.04, 0.015625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00027681660899653976, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0002657030502710171, 0.00021007667798746542, 0, 0.04, 0.015625, 0, 0, 0.00018310546875, 0, 0, 0, 0.000064, 0.0000706164818868724, 0, 0, 0.000019523115368596416, 0.00005206164098292378, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00005369271658299552, 0 ]

[ "\n\nYour Startup’s Most Important Metrics - lachyg\nhttp://tomtunguz.com/your-startups-10-most-important-metrics/\n\n======\nJumpCrisscross\n\" _The TSM Average column is the Trailing Six Month Average. ", "It is calculated\nin this way:\n\n \n \n (ending_value/starting_value)^(1/num_periods-1)-1.\"", "\n\n_\n\nThis is actually the formula for compound monthly growth rate, a modification\nof the commonly used compound annual growth rate (CAGR), with an extra -1\nthrown in after num_periods. ", "The correct formula for compound growth is:\n\n \n \n (ending_value / starting_value) ^ (1 / num_periods) - 1\n \n\nThe T6m average is the arithmetic average of, surprise, the last six months:\n\n \n \n T6m(x) = 1/6 * sum(x[1], x[2],..., x[6])\n \n\nwhere x is a vector of the last 6 months' data (sales, users, etc.). ", "The T6m\naverage will be in the same unit as the monthly figures, not percentages.", "\n\n~~~\nttunguz\nYes, you're right. ", "Fixed this. ", "I prefer the compound growth rate to the\nrolling average.", "\n\n------\ngz5\nOne strategy:\n\n1\\. Examine your top (most engaged) x users each month\n\n2\\. Quantify turnover in that group\n\n3\\. Qualify which features/content they are using more/less than quantify\nmore/less\n\n4\\. Evaluate (3) against your business model - are your priorities focused\nwhere your top users are focused and does your business model work if that is\nwhere the focus remains?", "\n\n\\--\n\nCan spin your own version of above but believe the key is to focus on your\nmost active, engaged cohort...the cohort that will ultimately sink or swim\nyour service. ", "Other analysis can be valuable too but not if it distracts from\nunderstanding your key user/customer.", "\n\n~~~\ndizzystar\nThis, I agree with. ", "In general, very few companies make up a large percentage\nof the profits, illustrated perfectly by the whale curve. ", "It is quite shocking\nto see that thing pop up when you run it across real data, but it shows you\ninstantly who to keep happy.", "\n\nIt's a terrible strategy to play Pokemon (gotta get 'em all) with your\nbusiness. ", "No matter how hard you try, you simply cannot increase profits over\ncertain customers and you risk collapsing your profits if you place your\neffort there.", "\n\n------\npkrein\nWhat we've found is that different analytics services help us answer different\nkinds of questions.", "\n\nFor example, here are the tools we use to find each metric he mentions:\n\n _Distribution_\n\n1\\. New users by channel: Google Analytics Source breakdown satisfies what I\nneed to know here. ", "If you want to look at conversion to a Goal broken down by\nsource, there's the \"Goals\" view in GA.", "\n\n2\\. Total users: easiest for us here is to just query our database.", "\n\n3\\. Cost of customer acquisition, lifetime value, pay back period: again\nGoogle Analytics if you're doing adwords advertising.", "\n\n _Engagement_\n\n1\\. Active users: here a tool like KISSmetrics, Keen IO or Mixpanel will let\nyou see how many people are really succeeding in using your service.", "\n\n2\\. % of users using top 3 key features in a given month: same tools as active\n\n _Revenue_\n\n1\\. Revenue growth: Stripe or w/e your payments solution is.", "\n\n2\\. Conversion to paid: KISSmetrics and Mixpanel are the best tools to help\nyou measure conversion rates.", "\n\n3\\. Avg spend per paying customer: Stripe or w/e your payments solution is.", "\n\n4\\. Churn rate: Mixpanel probably does this best, but querying your database\nmight be a better option depending on how you measure churn.", "\n\n5\\. Burn rate: your bank account!", "\n\nWhat we've found is that no single tool answers all these questions well. ", "Most\ncompanies we talk to use a mix of Google Analytics for basic stats and\ndistribution measurement. ", "KISSmetrics, Mixpanel or Keen IO for engagement\nmetrics and tracking. ", "Customer.io, Vero and Klaviyo for email marketing\nanalytics, etc. ", "etc.", "\n\n<shameless plug>\n\nThis is why we built <https://Segment.io>, so that we could easily send our\ndata wherever we wanted, and get the best analytics answers from many\ndifferent, complementary services.", "\n\n</plug>\n\n~~~\nStavrosK\n<shameless plug> That's why I came up with <http://www.instahero.com>, so\nthere _can be_ one tool to answer _every_ question well. ", "</plug>\n\n------\ncadetzero\nIs there a single analytics product on the market today that can give me this\nsolution?", "\n\nIs there a product that's self-hosted?", "\n\nIf there is either, I haven't found them. ", "I built these exact metrics in\nhouse... such a pain.", "\n\n~~~\nmwetzler\nKeen IO is an analytics backend as a service. ", "We built it so that developers\nwouldn't have to build in-house analytics infrastructure ever again. ", "You can\nuse our SDKs to track any event in your mobile app, website, or backend, and\nwe expose powerful analytics features by API so you can do whatever you need\nto do with your analytics data.", "\n\nThere's no easy drop-in solution that will give you all the answers for your\nspecific business, but we tried to make our platform extensible so that it can\nbe used answer any type of event-based analytics questions (like those\nmentioned here).", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }

[ 0.00005259697567389875, 0.0001, 0.000028905075731298418, 0, 0.00015241579027587258, 0, 0, 0, 0.000006817143753110322, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0001451589490492089, 0, 0, 0, 0.00010412328196584755, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0006887052341597796, 0, 0.000025, 0.00004162330905306972, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0002687449610319807, 0, 0.00002684635829149776, 0, 0 ]

[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1-viruses-12-00081}\n===============\n\nArthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) have received much global attention recently due to the Zika virus epidemic in the Americas. ", "The major human arboviruses belong to the Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, or Peribunyaviridae families \\[[@B1-viruses-12-00081],[@B2-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "These viruses cause serious diseases including dengue fever, yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, chikungunya, and various arboviral encephalitides. ", "The risk of arboviral diseases is on the increase and their geographical distribution has expanded \\[[@B2-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Nevertheless, little is known about the epidemiology, distribution, and dynamics of arboviruses in Africa \\[[@B1-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Due to limitations in the capacity of the health systems, particularly at the level of diagnosis of infectious diseases, many cases of arboviral diseases are misdiagnosed as malaria or any other similar febrile illness. ", "This, in turn, not only leads to an overestimation of malaria episodes, but also to an underestimation of arboviral diseases and their socio-economic impacts \\[[@B3-viruses-12-00081],[@B4-viruses-12-00081],[@B5-viruses-12-00081],[@B6-viruses-12-00081]\\].", "\n\nSeveral risk factors contribute to the emergence and re-emergence of arboviral diseases. ", "These include climate change, international travel and trade, increased contact of humans and wild or domesticated animals, an explosion of the human population, and unplanned urbanization \\[[@B7-viruses-12-00081],[@B8-viruses-12-00081],[@B9-viruses-12-00081],[@B10-viruses-12-00081],[@B11-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "The limited evidence and published data about the risk of arboviruses in Africa restrains the ability of health systems to develop strategic interventions to control arboviral diseases \\[[@B4-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Most arboviruses are zoonotic with frequent spillover and spillback between human and animal populations \\[[@B2-viruses-12-00081],[@B12-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Interestingly, Sudan is located at a crossroad of international human travel routes, animal exportation and transportation, and seasonal bird migration routes, which predisposes the Sudanese population to arbovirus contact \\[[@B2-viruses-12-00081],[@B13-viruses-12-00081],[@B14-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Considering these factors, understanding the epidemiology of arboviruses in Sudan is of global concern. ", "Therefore, in this review, we aim to shed light on the risk of arboviruses in Sudan and highlight the main gaps in knowledge, research, and control of the major human and veterinary arboviral diseases as well as the main challenges to develop a strategic plan for control.", "\n\n2. ", "Epidemiology of the Major Arboviral Diseases in Sudan {#sec2-viruses-12-00081}\n========================================================\n\n2.1. ", "Mosquito-Borne Viral Diseases {#sec2dot1-viruses-12-00081}\n----------------------------------\n\n### 2.1.1. ", "Yellow Fever Virus {#sec2dot1dot1-viruses-12-00081}\n\nYellow fever virus (YFV; Flaviviridae) is endemic in Sudan and infections occur throughout the country ([Figure 1](#viruses-12-00081-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Early studies suggested that yellow fever (YF) has been endemic in the middle and western regions of the country since the 1800s \\[[@B15-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "The world's worst recorded outbreak of YF, with more than 40,000 cases and 1500 deaths, was reported from 1940 to 1941. ", "YFV was detected in humans, non-human primates, wild and domestic animals in 1941, 1952, and 1953 \\[[@B15-viruses-12-00081],[@B16-viruses-12-00081],[@B17-viruses-12-00081],[@B18-viruses-12-00081],[@B19-viruses-12-00081],[@B20-viruses-12-00081],[@B21-viruses-12-00081],[@B22-viruses-12-00081],[@B23-viruses-12-00081],[@B24-viruses-12-00081],[@B25-viruses-12-00081],[@B26-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Soon thereafter, a second epidemic of lesser magnitude occurred in 1959 in the southern region of Sudan, with 114 cases and a 77% case fatality rate identified in the area, despite the high vaccine coverage (70%) \\[[@B27-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "A survey in 1973 confirmed the active circulation of YFV in the area and indicated a high prevalence of prior exposure (95%) among the nonvaccinated population of central Sudan \\[[@B28-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "YFV was detected in the Northern Province of Sudan in 1989 with high infection rates (39%) during an epidemic of febrile illness following heavy rainfall and flooding \\[[@B6-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Other outbreaks took place in southern and western Sudan in 2005 and 2012--13, respectively. ", "The low vaccine coverage prior to the 2005 outbreak and heavy rain were associated with the re-emergence of YF in western Sudan \\[[@B29-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "The 2012 epidemic, considered the worst in Africa in almost quarter of a century (1992--2016, only superseded by the Angola epidemic in 2016) with more than 800 confirmed cases and about 200 related deaths, primarily affected refugees living in camps. ", "Case fatality rates ranged between 20% and 32% \\[[@B29-viruses-12-00081],[@B30-viruses-12-00081],[@B31-viruses-12-00081],[@B32-viruses-12-00081],[@B33-viruses-12-00081],[@B34-viruses-12-00081],[@B35-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Unfortunately, the lack of a local arbovirology reference laboratory not only delayed the official confirmation of the outbreak but left the epidemic to grow exponentially with the local community unaware of the public health risk. ", "Further, it allowed the virus to spill over into the neighboring country of Chad \\[[@B32-viruses-12-00081]\\].", "\n\n### 2.1.2. ", "Dengue Virus {#sec2dot1dot2-viruses-12-00081}\n\nDengue virus (DENV; Flaviviridae) is endemic in Sudan and its distribution was confined to the coastal and subcoastal regions of the country, where the disease was described for the first time by Saigh in 1906 and Balfour in 1907 on the Red Sea coast, Port Sudan city \\[[@B36-viruses-12-00081],[@B37-viruses-12-00081],[@B38-viruses-12-00081],[@B39-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Recently, DENV has been emerging throughout the country ([Figure 2](#viruses-12-00081-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Indeed, most dengue outbreaks in the Middle East and North Africa were reported from Sudan \\[[@B40-viruses-12-00081],[@B41-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Sudan was the first country in Africa to report DENV-1 in 1984; DENV-2 was isolated from patients admitted to a hospital in East Sudan in 1984, and reported from Kassala state for the first time during an outbreak in 2016/17 \\[[@B42-viruses-12-00081],[@B43-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "DENV infections were reported from the population of east, north, south, and central Sudan with infection rates ranging between 7--25%, and these infections were associated with epidemics of febrile illness, following heavy rain and flooding \\[[@B5-viruses-12-00081],[@B6-viruses-12-00081],[@B35-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Studies of DENV infection among pregnant women in East Sudan showed that they commonly develop severe forms of disease leading to poor maternal and perinatal outcomes, including 22% maternal death, 24% low birth weight, and 18% preterm delivery \\[[@B3-viruses-12-00081],[@B44-viruses-12-00081],[@B45-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "In 2012, a relatively high prevalence of dengue and measles co-infection (17%) in addition to 20% and 12% independent measles and dengue infections, respectively, have placed a great diagnostic challenge on the resource-limited health system. ", "All of these infections were initially diagnosed as measles, indicating the diagnostic challenge in endemic areas of east Sudan \\[[@B46-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "An epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) with 312 cases occurred among children under 15 years of age, and about 12% of them manifested with dengue shock syndrome (DSS). ", "DENV-3 was isolated from patients during the outbreaks, and a 4% case fatality rate was reported in Port Sudan city, East Sudan in 2005 \\[[@B47-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Outbreaks of dengue fever occurred frequently in the coastal and subcoastal areas of the country. ", "Another major epidemic caused by DENV-3 occurred in 2010 with incidence up to 72%. ", "About two thirds of cases presented with DHF and DSS, and more than 4000 cases were detected \\[[@B41-viruses-12-00081],[@B48-viruses-12-00081],[@B49-viruses-12-00081],[@B50-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Entomological surveillance showed that *Aedes aegypti*, notorious as the major vector of this virus in urban areas, was the predominant mosquito species in the area. ", "Later, in 2015, a novel outbreak of dengue fever occurred among refugees in the Darfur area, west Sudan, in which DENV-2 and 3 were co-circulating in the area \\[[@B51-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "This was followed by further outbreak in 2016/17 in east Sudan caused by DENV-2 \\[[@B42-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Additionally, studies reported a high prevalence (67%) of DENV infections in Sudan and up to 89% in the coastal area. ", "They highlighted that most people in these areas were infected repeatedly, and reported that all DENV (1--4) serotypes are circulating in the area \\[[@B52-viruses-12-00081],[@B53-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Recently, DENV-1 and 3 emerged and caused an outbreak of dengue fever in the Darfur area, western Sudan \\[[@B54-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "DENV transmission in Sudan is heterogeneous in space and time, and the major risk factors for infection were poverty, lack of mosquito control, sleeping outdoors, lack of basic public services such as water supply, storing drinking water, and geographical location \\[[@B41-viruses-12-00081],[@B53-viruses-12-00081]\\].", "\n\n### 2.1.3. ", "West Nile Virus {#sec2dot1dot3-viruses-12-00081}\n\nWest Nile virus (WNV, Flaviviridae) is endemic in Sudan with infections reported in different regions of the country since 1942 and 1953--1954 ([Figure 3](#viruses-12-00081-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}) \\[[@B6-viruses-12-00081],[@B35-viruses-12-00081],[@B55-viruses-12-00081],[@B56-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Salim and Porterfield suggested that WNV circulates enzootically in central Sudan, and this was confirmed in 1981 by Omer et al. ", "\\[[@B28-viruses-12-00081],[@B57-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Country-wide epidemics of WNV infection were reported in 1994, 1996, and 1999, with infection rates up to 59%, associated with heavy rainfall and flooding \\[[@B5-viruses-12-00081],[@B6-viruses-12-00081],[@B58-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "An outbreak of WNV infection in 2002, southern Sudan, was accompanied by severe neurological manifestations and the development of encephalitis among 31 children under 12 years of age \\[[@B59-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "WNV infections have been recently identified in Darfur region, West Sudan in 2015 \\[[@B54-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "There is a significant gap in knowledge about the epidemiology and risk factors associated with WNV infection, and local vectors have never been investigated.", "\n\n### 2.1.4. ", "Zika Virus {#sec2dot1dot4-viruses-12-00081}\n\nThe first evidence of Zika virus (ZIKV; Flaviviridae) circulation in Sudan was reported in 1981 from El Gezira state, central Sudan \\[[@B57-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "A recent study reported a high rate of exposure to ZIKV with 62.7% of 845 blood samples collected from all regions of the country seropositive by ELISA (although only one was positive by the more specific neutralization test) \\[[@B60-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Considering the recent association of ZIKV infection in pregnant women with congenital defects in their infants, and the wide distribution of ZIKV in Sudan (present in seven of 18 states of the country ([Figure 4](#viruses-12-00081-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"})), studying ZIKV and it is epidemiology in Sudan is remarkably limited.", "\n\n### 2.1.5. ", "Chikungunya Virus {#sec2dot1dot5-viruses-12-00081}\n\nChikungunya virus (CHIKV; Togaviridae) is endemic with frequent upsurges in Sudan \\[[@B5-viruses-12-00081],[@B6-viruses-12-00081],[@B28-viruses-12-00081],[@B35-viruses-12-00081],[@B61-viruses-12-00081]\\] and infections documented in seven of the 18 Sudanese states ([Figure 5](#viruses-12-00081-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The first report of the disease in Sudan in 1973 showed that the seroprevalence of CHIKV infection in Central Sudan was 13% \\[[@B28-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Similar seroprevalences were documented in the central and northern provinces of Sudan, with 10% and 12%, respectively \\[[@B5-viruses-12-00081],[@B6-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "However, studies conducted in the western region of the country documented much higher CHIKV seroprevalence, up to 44% \\[[@B29-viruses-12-00081],[@B35-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "An epidemiological survey in East Sudan using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that 24% of pregnant women were infected with CHIKV and the infections were associated with preterm delivery \\[[@B44-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "A wider study across the country reported a relatively low seroprevalence of CHIKV in East and Central Sudan (1.8%) with 100% dengue virus seropositivity \\[[@B61-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "A large-scale outbreak of chikungunya was ongoing in East Sudan between May 2018 and March 2019, with more than 47,000 laboratory-confirmed cases \\[[@B62-viruses-12-00081],[@B63-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Understandably, during epidemics of febrile illnesses, it is challenging to distinguish arboviral diseases from malaria and other infections due to the lack of laboratory capacity for proper diagnostics \\[[@B5-viruses-12-00081],[@B6-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Despite the frequent reports of chikungunya from different parts of Sudan, there were no entomological studies investigating the vectors of the disease \\[[@B61-viruses-12-00081]\\].", "\n\n### 2.1.6. ", "O'nyong-Nyong Virus {#sec2dot1dot6-viruses-12-00081}\n\nThe circulation of the only established Anopheles-mosquito-borne human arboviral pathogen, o'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV), has been reported in Central Sudan with seroprevalence of 13% among the population of Sennar State \\[[@B28-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Previous studies suggested a major epidemic, with 2 million human infections, occurred in East African countries, including Sudan, between 1959 and 1962 \\[[@B64-viruses-12-00081],[@B65-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Unfortunately, there are no recent studies providing up-to-date information about the epidemiology and the associated risk factors for ONNV in Sudan.", "\n\n### 2.1.7. ", "Rift Valley Fever Virus {#sec2dot1dot7-viruses-12-00081}\n\nRift Valley fever virus (RVFV; Phenuiviridae) is endemic with frequent outbreaks in Sudan, mainly in the central region and rich Savannah area, with continuous active transmission in both humans and animals \\[[@B5-viruses-12-00081],[@B6-viruses-12-00081],[@B66-viruses-12-00081],[@B67-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "RVFV infections have been reported in 50% (9/18) of Sudanese States ([Figure 6](#viruses-12-00081-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "RVFV was first detected in central Sudan in the 1930 s, then reported from southern Sudan in 1959 \\[[@B55-viruses-12-00081],[@B68-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Several epizootics and epidemics took place in 1973, 1976--7, 1984, 2001, 2007--8, 2010, and 2016 \\[[@B67-viruses-12-00081],[@B69-viruses-12-00081],[@B70-viruses-12-00081],[@B71-viruses-12-00081],[@B72-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "It is hypothesized that RVFV has been introduced into Egypt from Sudan through animal exportation \\[[@B73-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "The circulation of RVFV was reported in central and northern Sudan \\[[@B5-viruses-12-00081],[@B6-viruses-12-00081],[@B74-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Two major outbreaks occurred in Sudan in 2007 and 2010. ", "In 2007, the outbreak was most devastating, with more than 700 confirmed human cases and a case fatality rate of 30.8%; estimated infections were up to 75,000, resulting in a great economic loss due to banning of livestock trade. ", "Direct contact with infected animals and the use of unpasteurized or uncooked animal products were major risk factors \\[[@B66-viruses-12-00081],[@B75-viruses-12-00081],[@B76-viruses-12-00081],[@B77-viruses-12-00081],[@B78-viruses-12-00081],[@B79-viruses-12-00081],[@B80-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "RVFV infection was strongly associated with developing renal disease, with renal impairment reported from 60% of the 194 RVF patients admitted to Wad Medani Teaching hospital in 2007 \\[[@B81-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "The limited phylogenetic investigations carried out in the 2007 and 2010 epidemics suggested multiple introductions into Sudan. ", "All of the introduced strains clustered in the Kenya 1 and 2 sublineages, with the possible presence of other lineages or additional virus introduction events \\[[@B76-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "A case of vertical RVFV transmission was reported from the Khartoum teaching hospital \\[[@B82-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Furthermore, miscarriage in humans was strongly associated with RVF \\[[@B44-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "RVFV was detected in larval and adult stages of several species of mosquitoes (*Ae. ", "aegypti*, *Ae. ", "vittatus*, *Ae. ", "vexans*, *Anopheles arabiensis*, *An. ", "coustani*, and *Culex quinquefasciatus*) during an outbreak of RVFV in Sudan, suggesting vertical transmission, but the relative importance of each species in transmission was not determined \\[[@B83-viruses-12-00081],[@B84-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "A serological survey showed that the circulation of RVFV persists among the animal populations of Khartoum \\[[@B69-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Human risk factors associated with RVF include close contact with infected animals, and consumption of products from sick animals, heavy rainfall, and the type of soil and land topography \\[[@B66-viruses-12-00081],[@B75-viruses-12-00081],[@B79-viruses-12-00081],[@B85-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Unfortunately, most animal breeders do not report suspected infections to the veterinary or health authority to avoid the culling of their herds without compensation as a control measure for epizootics \\[[@B86-viruses-12-00081]\\].", "\n\n2.2. ", "Tick-Borne Viral Diseases {#sec2dot2-viruses-12-00081}\n------------------------------\n\nCrimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV; Nairoviridae) is endemic in Sudan, and infections have been documented throughout the middle region of the country ([Figure 7](#viruses-12-00081-f007){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The seroprevalence of CCHF in the northern province was 5% in 1989 \\[[@B6-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Two outbreaks of CCHFV infection occurred in central and southern Sudan in 2008 and 2009 with a 57% case fatality rate. ", "Interestingly, despite the short interval between the two epidemics, they were caused by two different strains of CCHFV, the Mauritanian ArD39554, and one strain belonging to the Group III lineage (strains commonly found across several African countries) \\[[@B13-viruses-12-00081],[@B87-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Two nosocomial outbreaks were reported among healthcare providers who were attending to CCHF patients in endemic areas in southwestern and central Sudan in 2008 and 2010 \\[[@B13-viruses-12-00081],[@B88-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "The circulation of CCHFV in southwestern and central Sudan has been reported in cattle populations in 2013 and 2015, with a concomitant outbreak of CCHF in the human population in 2013 and 2014 \\[[@B89-viruses-12-00081],[@B90-viruses-12-00081],[@B91-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "CCHFV was detected in various Sudanese domestic animals from different areas of the country, showing that there is active transmission of the CCHFV in most of Sudan, with seroprevalence between 7% and 21% \\[[@B89-viruses-12-00081],[@B91-viruses-12-00081],[@B92-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Tick infestation, age, area, and animal breeding were risk factors for CCHFV infection among animals. ", "Further, animals following an open grazing system were 27 times more likely to become infected \\[[@B89-viruses-12-00081],[@B91-viruses-12-00081],[@B92-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "CCHFV has been isolated from pools of tick including several species removed from Sudanese sheep exported to Saudi Arabia, but local vectors of CCHFV have not been investigated comprehensively \\[[@B93-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Detection of CCHFV in ticks infesting sheep imported from Sudan to Saudi Arabia suggested that the diseases might have been introduced from Sudan \\[[@B94-viruses-12-00081]\\].", "\n\n2.3. ", "Sandfly-Borne Viral Diseases {#sec2dot3-viruses-12-00081}\n---------------------------------\n\nArumowot virus (AMTV; Bunyaviridae) is a sandfly (Phlebotomus)-borne virus first isolated from a mosquito, Culex antennatus, from Sudan in 1963 \\[[@B95-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Several sandfly-borne viruses including Sandfly Fever Sicilian (SFSV) (13--16% seroprevalence), Sandfly Fever Naples (SFNV) (14--33%), Arumowot (1.4--16.7%), SudAn. ", "754--61 (17--28%), and Karimabad viruses (1--4%) have been detected in sera collected in 1975 from different parts of Sudan \\[[@B96-viruses-12-00081],[@B97-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "In 1988, the seroprevalence of SFSV and SFNV in central Sudan was 54% and 34%, respectively, and 53% and 32% in northern Sudan in 1989 \\[[@B5-viruses-12-00081],[@B6-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "These high infection rates of SFS and SFN were detected during epidemics of febrile illness following heavy rains and flooding \\[[@B5-viruses-12-00081],[@B6-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Further studies about the burden of these viruses and their distributions are urgently needed.", "\n\n3. ", "Risks and Challenges {#sec3-viruses-12-00081}\n=======================\n\nThe burden of arboviral diseases has devastating socioeconomic and health impacts by causing the loss of human and domesticated animals, and reductions in economic production in endemic countries, including Sudan \\[[@B4-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Unfortunately, the risk, distribution, and global burden of arboviruses is increasing and is predicted to worsen in the future unless serious actions are taken \\[[@B2-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Nevertheless, a great challenge during epidemics of arboviral diseases in Sudan is the misclassification and misdiagnosis during the acute phase due to the similarity in signs and symptoms between arboviral diseases and several locally circulating infectious diseases, including measles, malaria, and hepatitis, particularly when the infections are severe \\[[@B3-viruses-12-00081],[@B5-viruses-12-00081],[@B30-viruses-12-00081],[@B33-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "This challenge is not restricted to Sudan, and is a common in other resource-limited countries \\[[@B33-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Additionally, the lack of well-established public health policies or programs for the prevention and control of arboviral diseases in Sudan leaves the local population and international visitors at greater risk of epidemics and potentially, exportation to new areas. ", "Moreover, this risk is influenced by the delay and/or lack of sharing the data and information of epidemics and health emergencies by the health authorities \\[[@B98-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "In addition, there is an obvious weakness in this area of research due to the limited funds, which are mostly directed toward malaria in malaria-endemic countries \\[[@B1-viruses-12-00081],[@B5-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "There is a great need for strengthening the surveillance system and raising awareness of the health policymakers and healthcare providers about the risk of arboviruses, as emphasized in the World Health Organization's Global Vector Control Response 2017--2030 \\[[@B99-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "Apparently, as arboviral infections are greatly under-reported or misdiagnosed, this masks the magnitude of the problem from the policymakers and leaves the issue worsening. ", "Furthermore, previous local studies failed to identify the risk factors associated with arboviral infections and epidemics, and such information is crucial for developing strategic prevention and control plans \\[[@B60-viruses-12-00081],[@B61-viruses-12-00081]\\].", "\n\nThe major challenge for the prevention, control, and research of arboviruses in Sudan is the limited diagnostic capacity. ", "The Ministry of Health is relying on external laboratories for confirmation of arboviral infections, commonly in Germany or Senegal ([Figure 8](#viruses-12-00081-f008){ref-type=\"fig\"}) \\[[@B30-viruses-12-00081],[@B31-viruses-12-00081],[@B34-viruses-12-00081]\\], resulting in delays in responses. ", "The lack of advanced diagnostics with high sensitivity creates a great diagnostic challenge for the surveillance system and limits early detection of diseases \\[[@B3-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "This technological gap, in turn, creates a significant limitation in our knowledge, and many unanswered questions about the epidemiology and dynamics of these diseases and their vectors remain. ", "Such information is crucial for developing an effective prevention and control strategy \\[[@B100-viruses-12-00081],[@B101-viruses-12-00081],[@B102-viruses-12-00081],[@B103-viruses-12-00081],[@B104-viruses-12-00081],[@B105-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "In addition to saving many lives, utilizing recent advancements in the biomedical research could help in elucidating the molecular epidemiology, dynamics, and evolution of arboviral diseases, improving our understanding about the transmission of these viruses and reshaping our prevention, control, and containment strategies ([Figure 8](#viruses-12-00081-f008){ref-type=\"fig\"}) \\[[@B7-viruses-12-00081],[@B12-viruses-12-00081]\\]. ", "There is also a need to develop multisectoral programs for controlling many of these arboviral diseases. ", "This is critically important in Sudan's towns and cities, where populations of the world's most important vector of arboviral diseases, Ae. ", "aegypti, are likely to thrive. ", "Genetic and behavioral characterizations of Ae. ", "aegypti populations to determine which represent peridomestic (Ae. ", "aegypti aegypti) versus sylvatic (Ae. ", "aegypti formosus) populations are also needed. ", "In urban areas in particular, trash removal, the provision of reliable piped water, house screening, and infrastructure that does not provide aquatic habitats for this vector is essential for reducing the threat from diseases like chikungunya, dengue, Zika, and yellow fever. ", "As Sudan's towns and cities continue to grow, there has never been a better time to do this \\[[@B106-viruses-12-00081]\\].", "\n\n4. ", "Conclusions and Recommendations {#sec4-viruses-12-00081}\n==================================\n\nAlthough the risk of arboviral diseases in Sudan is high, it receives little attention, mainly due to limited resources, which heavily undermines building the capacity of healthcare providers and researchers with advanced training. ", "Also, the lack of advanced diagnostic tools is a major challenge as detection of arboviruses typically requires molecular techniques and equipment such as simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) machines that are available in very limited healthcare facilities. ", "Additionally, the very inadequate funding for research limits the generation of evidence about the epidemiology and dynamics of arboviruses in Sudan; therefore, neither healthcare providers nor health policymakers are aware of these remarkably fast-growing public health threats and the need to develop a multisectoral approach to disease control and prevention. ", "It is critically important to improve surveillance and investigate the circulating strains of these viruses and to establish viral genomic databases as a reference for current and future research. ", "An arbovirology research center in Sudan, which would offer an extraordinary opportunity to advance the research and control of arboviral diseases in the region, is critically needed ([Figure 8](#viruses-12-00081-f008){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This could occur through local and international partnerships to generate evidence about the burden of disease, building the capacity of the local scientists, healthcare providers, and public health policymakers, and raising the awareness of the public and related stakeholders about the risk and need for prevention and control interventions. ", "Drawing global attention to fill gaps in funding, research, and healthcare particularly for the poor and remote communities would likely save many lives and avoid great economic loss.", "\n\nWe highlight the urgent need for raising awareness among healthcare providers, researchers, and policymakers about the issue of arboviral infections, building the capacity of Sudan biomedical laboratories, and increasing the funding for research, particularly to investigate the burden of infectious diseases. ", "Also, improving surveillance, diagnostics, and strengthening the health system overall by adopting a multisectoral approach to control will help in detecting the early emergence of these infections to take action to mediate massive epidemics. ", "Particular attention needs to be paid to reducing the threat of arboviral diseases in the most vulnerable groups in the community, including people living in humanitarian crisis settings, informal settlements, refugees and nomads, and generally, impoverished people throughout Sudan.", "\n\nConceptualization and Writing---Original Draft Preparation, A.A.; Writing---Review and Editing, A.A., I.D., A.D.L., S.W.L., A.M. and S.C.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.", "\n\nThis research was supported by the World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, NIH grant AI120942, the Small Grant from the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (RSTMH), the EMRO/TDR joint small grant (ID no. ", "SGS 18-87), the Foreign Fulbright Sudan (E0610128), and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, grant numbers BBS/E/I/00007031, BBS/E/I/00007033 and BBS/E/I/00007036.", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n\n{#viruses-12-00081-f001}\n\n{#viruses-12-00081-f002}\n\n{#viruses-12-00081-f003}\n\n{#viruses-12-00081-f004}\n\n{#viruses-12-00081-f005}\n\n{#viruses-12-00081-f006}\n\n{#viruses-12-00081-f007}\n\n{#viruses-12-00081-f008}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0, 0, 0.0001351290482410702, 0, 0.000062000124000248, 0.000055691690799732676, 0, 0.000015500031000062, 0, 0.00005169508172992421, 0.00002204148206925434, 0.00008113919428780073, 0.00003355667162559703, 0, 0, 0, 0.00004959333465582226, 0.00008899964400142399, 0.000045351473922902495, 0.0000400576830636116, 0, 0.00008503345739496733, 0.00001707533638412677, 0.00004712979545668771, 0.00005259697567389875, 0, 0.000040569597143900364, 0, 0.0001446280991735537, 0, 0.00008416799932665601, 0, 0.00003467085798816568, 0.00008264462809917355, 0.00009645061728395061, 0.000025878577713368875, 0.00003980535182955348, 0.00001940974951718248, 0, 0.000040569597143900364, 0.00006530612244897959, 0.000036730945821854914, 0, 0, 0.00015942183016261026, 0, 0.000028293345405160706, 0.00008416799932665601, 0.00007181844297615628, 0.000075, 0.00005653230821414438, 0.000029854013872165114, 0, 0.000025059307026629687, 0.0001802776275464215, 0.0007119971520113919, 0.00007561436672967865, 0.00004408296413850868, 0.00016232448664881097, 0.0000400576830636116, 0, 0.00007069469318503158, 0.0000461361014994233, 0.000028402366863905327, 0, 0.000050856939429385136, 0.00008543722499893203, 0.00003460207612456747, 0.00010140616549486209, 0.000029135831245265425, 0.00005972110245155126, 0.000050503775157193, 0.000031000062000124, 0.0000308641975308642, 0, 0.00002207481153629651, 0.00004712979545668771, 0.00004504301608035674, 0, 0.000045284385943726605, 0, 0.00013157317661506075, 0.00010054495364877637, 0.000124000248000496, 0.00009918666931164451, 0, 0, 0.00008266317119542755, 0.00004449982200071199, 0, 0.000028293345405160706, 0.00007561436672967865, 0.00010628122010840684, 0.0001417233560090703, 0, 0, 0, 0.00005038968019349637, 0.00010813148788927336, 0.00005986518360651813, 0.00001890359168241966, 0, 0.00003289329415376519, 0.00011080332409972299, 0, 0.0000210828132906055, 0.000040217981459510544, 0.00004084911697825465, 0.000037724460540214275, 0, 0.00010140616549486209, 0.00002029056083110137, 0.00003302946228035408, 0, 0.00005653230821414438, 0.00014692378328741966, 0.00009575792396820837, 0.00008671522719389525, 0.00012624668602449185, 0, 0, 0.000010272846811308349, 0.000028293345405160706, 0.000004830334500664171, 0.00006503642039542143, 0, 0.000028905075731298418, 0.00004367193641366058, 0.000023946073442607248, 0, 0.000029135831245265425, 0, 0.00004565376186997809, 0.000028596757127741712, 0, 0.00001693508780843029, 0.000010766522574706208, 0, 0.0000510204081632653, 0, 0, 0, 0.0006925207756232687, 0, 0, 0.00006830134553650708, 0, 0, 0.0000146797610134907, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00008416799932665601, 0.0001059247228303086, 0.000057810151462596836, 0, 0, 0, 0.00006009254251547383, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000044444444444444447, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "[^1]: Dr. Goldner\\'s and Dr. Curran\\'s present address is the Department of Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510. ", "Dr. Schultz\\'s present address is the Department of Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0.000168662506324844, 0.0001530612244897959 ]

[ "Friday, January 28, 2011\n\nNite Nite\n\nThis week (or really starting this past Saturday) we changed Eli's crib into a toddler bed. ", "He has been doing so well adjusting. ", "A couple of nights ago he did fall out and the poor little guy was half asleep trying to find his way back to his bed. ", "I had to help him back in. ", "Here is a video snap for my family.", "\n\nNo comments:\n\nAbout Me\n\nchild of the king. ", "married to my high school sweetheart for almost 7 years. ", "mommy to the two cutest little boys in the world. ", "expecting twins in late november. ", "dog owner. ", "photographer. ", "striving to live each day for the Lord." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.00006009254251547383, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0004, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "This is s request for an ADAMHA Research Scientist Award. ", "The overall goal of this research is to gain a better fundamental understanding of the regulatory processes affecting peptidergic neurons and andocrine cells in general and opioid peptide producing cells in particular. ", "With the basic skills of molecular biology acquired during the tenure of my RSDA Level II Award, I plan to continue directing my professional growth toward the application of these tools to the study of opioid peptide producing cells. ", "Further professional growth will be achieved through collaborative projects with outstanding molecular biologists at Johns Hopkins, researchers at the Addiction Research Center, several active collaborations with noted scientists at other institutions. ", "Participation in scientific meetings and my association with the Neuroscience graduate program. ", "Primary anterior and intermediate pituitary cultures maintained in serum free medium will be used to evaluate the effect of secretagogues on specific steps in the post-translational processing of Pro- ACTH/endorphin and to identify key factors regulating corticotrope and melanotrope function. ", "The global responses of Pro- ACTH/endorphin-producing cells to secretagogues of various classes will be compared by 2-dimensional SDS-PAGE of biosynthetically labeled proteins and responsive mRNA species will be identified by screening AtT-20 and melanotrope cDNA libraries with radiolabeled cDNA probes prepared from secretagogue treated tissues. ", "Neuroendocrine specific cDNAs or cDNAs associated with D-2 type dopamine receptors will be cloned, sequenced, and analyzed for function. ", "The cDNA and gene encoding rat peptidyl-glycine alpha- amidating monooxygenase (PAM), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of many neuropeptides, will be cloned and sequenced. ", "Its tissue distribution will be determined by enzyme assay, Western and Northern analysis. ", "Membrane-associated PAM will be purified and characterized. ", "Expression vectors will be used to investigate the subcellular localization of PAM and for structure/function studies. ", "Regulatory factors affecting PAM mRNA, protein and enzyme activity in melanotropes, corticotropes and cardiocytes will be investigated; the 5'-regulatory region of the gene encoding PAM will be linked to a reporter gene for further studies of factors controlling tissue specific and regulated expression of this key peptide biosynthetic enzyme." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.000031245606086644065, 0.00010850694444444444, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0002777777777777778, 0.0000706164818868724, 0.000008450513791238508 ]

[ "An unconventional approach has successfully reversed deficits in social behaviors associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in genetic, environmental and idiopathic mouse models of the condition. ", "Researchers at Baylor College of Medicine report in the journal Neuron that administration of the bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri could lead to specific changes in the brain that reverse social deficits through a mechanism that involves the vagus nerve and the oxytocin-dopamine reward system. ", "These findings hold hope for the development of novel therapies for neurological disorders by modulating specific microbes in the gut.", "\n\n\"In 2016, we discovered in mice that the offspring of mothers fed a high-fat diet had social deficits and changes in their gut microbiome characterized by a reduction in the abundance of the bacterium L. reuteri. ", "More importantly, restoring L. reuteri levels in the offspring reversed their social deficits,\" said corresponding author Dr. Mauro Costa-Mattioli, professor and Cullen Foundation Endowed Chair of Neuroscience and director of the Memory and Brain Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine.", "\"However, this model of ASD represents only one of the numerous subyacent mechanisms of the condition. ", "Therefore, we decided to investigate whether our findings would apply to other models with different origins.\"", "\n\nThe causes of ASD could be of genetic, environmental or idiopathic origin, Costa-Mattioli explains, and there are mouse models mimicking each of these condition. ", "So, the researchers investigated whether L. reuteri could also rescue social behavior in other mouse models that represent different causes of ASD. ", "Surprisingly, they discovered that, indeed, L. reuteri can trigger the recovery of social behaviors in all the models they tested, suggesting that this microbial-based approach could improve social behavior in a wider subset of ASD.", "\n\nThe researchers then applied multiple technical approaches to explore the mechanism that mediates L. reuteri's rescue of social behavior in a mouse model of ASD.\"We discovered that L. reuteri promotes social behavior via the vagus nerve, which bidirectionally connects the gut and the brain,\" said first author Dr. Martina Sgritta, a postdoctoral associate in the Costa-Mattioli lab.", "\n\nIt is known that when the vagus nerve is active, it releases oxytocin, a hormone that promotes social interaction. ", "Oxytocin is released into the reward areas of the brain where it binds to molecules called oxytocin receptors, triggering 'social reward.' ", "Sgritta and colleagues tested whether disrupting the vagus connection between the gut and the brain or interfering with oxytocin binding to its receptors would affect L. reuteri's ability to restore social behaviors in mouse models of ASD.\"Interestingly, we found that when the vagus nerve connecting the brain and the gut was severed, L. reuteri could not restore social behavior in ASD mice,\" Sgritta said. \"", "In addition, when we genetically engineered mice to lack oxytocin receptors in the reward neurons or blocked the receptors with specific drugs, L. reuteri also could not restore social behaviors in the ASD mice.\"", "\n\n\"We have begun to decipher the mechanism by which a gut microbe modulates brain function and behaviors. ", "This could be key in the development of new more effective therapies,\" Costa-Mattioli said. \"", "Indeed, we think that our findings have strengthened the rather uncoventional idea that it might be possible to modulate specific behavior through the gut microbiome using select bacterial strains.\"", "\n\nCollectively, the findings described here could radically change the way we think about ASD and its treatment and could have a profound influence in the lives of people with this and related disorders.", "\n\nThis document is subject to copyright. ", "Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no\npart may be reproduced without the written permission. ", "The content is provided for information purposes only.", "\n\nE-mail the story\n\nNote\n\nYour email address is used only to let the recipient know who sent the email. ", "Neither your address nor the recipient's address will be used for any other purpose.", "\nThe information you enter will appear in your e-mail message and is not retained by Medical Xpress in any form.", "\n\nYour message\n\nNewsletter sign up\n\nGet weekly and/or daily updates delivered to your inbox.", "\nYou can unsubscribe at any time and we'll never share your details to third parties.", "\n\nYour Privacy\n\nThis site uses cookies to assist with navigation, analyse your use of our services, and provide content from third parties.", "\nBy using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Privacy Policy\nand Terms of Use." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0.00001156925355176084, 0, 0, 0.000034945077985765705, 0.00009425959091337542, 0, 0, 0.00004565376186997809, 0.000018579072532699166, 0.0000067465002529937596, 0, 0.00005175715542673775, 0.0000059488399762046405, 0.000022249911000355996, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00007971938775510203, 0.00011814744801512288, 0, 0, 0.00008899964400142399 ]

[ "\nIs open source development ad-hoc? - ", "fabiopetrillo\nhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2008.05015\n======\nfabiopetrillo\nIs open source development ad-hoc? ", "Our results show that OS development is\nless ad-hoc we could imagine. ", "In a new paper accepted to present at IEEE\nEDOC'20, we compile 33 studies to understand and learn with OSS process.", "\nPreprint at\n[https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.05015.pdf](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.05015.pdf) .", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }

[ 0, 0.00009425959091337542, 0, 0.0001512287334593573, 0.00024151672503320857, 0 ]

[ "WHY: Advise the community\nof actions taken by the Department and the City Attorney's Office\nto hold accountable individuals who engage in illegal and\nirresponsible house parties for profit. ", "The filing of 12.21A.1(a)\nLAMC against the homeowner of 12436 Longacre Avenue." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.000027700831024930747, 0 ]

[ "{\n\t\"domain\": \"linde\",\n\t\"infoURL\": \"https://newgtlds.icann.org/\",\n\t\"tags\": [\n\t\t\"brand\",\n\t\t\"generic\"\n\t],\n\t\"whoisServer\": \"whois.nic.linde\",\n\t\"nameServers\": [\n\t\t\"ac1.nstld.com\",\n\t\t\"ac2.nstld.com\",\n\t\t\"ac3.nstld.com\",\n\t\t\"ac4.nstld.com\"\n\t],\n\t\"policies\": [\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"az\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_az_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"be\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_be_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"bg\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_bg_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"de\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_de_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"el\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_el_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"es\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_es_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"fr\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_fr_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"hr\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_hr_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"ja\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_ja_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"ko\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_ko_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"ku\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_ku_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mk\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_mk_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Arab\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_arab_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Armi\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_armi_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Armn\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_armn_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Avst\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_avst_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Bali\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_bali_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Bamu\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_bamu_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Batk\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_batk_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Beng\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_beng_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Bopo\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_bopo_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Brah\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_brah_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Bugi\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_bugi_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Buhd\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_buhd_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Cans\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_cans_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Cari\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_cari_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Cham\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_cham_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Cher\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_cher_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Copt\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_copt_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Cyrl\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_cyrl_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Deva\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_deva_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Egyp\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_egyp_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Ethi\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_ethi_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Geor\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_geor_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Glag\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_glag_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Grek\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_grek_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Gujr\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_gujr_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Guru\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_guru_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Hang\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_hang_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Hani\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_hani_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Hano\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_hano_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Hebr\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_hebr_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Hira\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_hira_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Java\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_java_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Kali\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_kali_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Kana\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_kana_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Khar\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_khar_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Khmr\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_khmr_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Knda\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_knda_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Kthi\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_kthi_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Lana\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_lana_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Laoo\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_laoo_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Latn\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_latn_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Lepc\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_lepc_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Limb\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_limb_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Lisu\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_lisu_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Lyci\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_lyci_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Lydi\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_lydi_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Mand\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_mand_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Mlym\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_mlym_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Mong\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_mong_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Mtei\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_mtei_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Mymr\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_mymr_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Nkoo\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_nkoo_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Ogam\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_ogam_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Olck\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_olck_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Orkh\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_orkh_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Orya\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_orya_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Phag\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_phag_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Phli\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_phli_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Phnx\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_phnx_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Prti\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_prti_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Rjng\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_rjng_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Runr\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_runr_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Samr\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_samr_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Sarb\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_sarb_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Saur\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_saur_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Sinh\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_sinh_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Sund\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_sund_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Sylo\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_sylo_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Syrc\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_syrc_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Tagb\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_tagb_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Tale\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_tale_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Talu\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_talu_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Taml\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_taml_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Tavt\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_tavt_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Telu\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_telu_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Tfng\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_tfng_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Tglg\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_tglg_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Thaa\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_thaa_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Thai\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_thai_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Tibt\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_tibt_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Vaii\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_vaii_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Xpeo\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_xpeo_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Xsux\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_xsux_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"mul-Yiii\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_yiii_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"pl\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_pl_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"ro\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_ro_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"ru\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_ru_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"sr\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_sr_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"sv\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_sv_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"uk\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_uk_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t},\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"type\": \"idn-table\",\n\t\t\t\"key\": \"zh\",\n\t\t\t\"value\": \"https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/linde_zh_2.5.txt\"\n\t\t}\n\t]\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 5.657606285435442e-7 ]

[ "Q:\n\nInterpreting a data stream in objective c\n\nI am getting a stream from a live feed. ", "It looks something like this as a mutableArray:\n \"Columbia Heights\",\n E04,\n \"Cleveland Park\",\n A05\n\nThe first line is a name and the second is a station code.", "\nI need to turn this into a dictionary that is Plist compliant.", "\nSo the result in mind would look like this:\nname:\n\"Columbia Heights\",\ncode:\n E04,\nname:\n \"Cleveland Park\",\ncode:\n A05\n\nWhat I've written so far is this:\nNSMutableDictionary *stationDict = [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:@\"Name\",@\"name\",@\"Code\",@\"code\", nil];\n\n int i = 0;\n for (i=0; i < counter; i++) {\n\n // get names and codes for each of 3 fave stations\n //[stationArray addObject:[mutableFaveArray objectAtIndex:i]];\n\n NSString *tempName = [mutableFaveArray[i] valueForKey:@\"name\"];\n NSString *tempCode = [mutableFaveArray[i] valueForKey:@\"code\"];\n\n [stationDict setObject:tempName forKey:@\"name\"];\n [stationDict setObject:tempCode forKey:@\"code\"];\n\n }\n\nI'm no longer getting an error, but I get as output, the same as my input.. I'm also only getting the last record..\n \"Cleveland Park\",\n A05\n\nUpdated Code:\nNSMutableDictionary *stationDict = [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:@\"Name\",@\"name\",@\"Code\",@\"code\", nil];\n\n int i = 0;\n for (i=0; i < mutableFaveArray.count; i++) {\n\n NSString *tempName = [mutableFaveArray[i] valueForKey:@\"name\"];\n NSString *tempCode = [mutableFaveArray[i] valueForKey:@\"code\"];\n\n [stationDict setObject:tempName forKey:@\"name\"];\n [stationDict setObject:tempCode forKey:@\"code\"];\n\n [stationArray addObject:stationDict];\n\n }\n\nThis results in the last dictionary entry being saved twice..\n {\n code = A05;\n name = \"Cleveland Park\";\n },\n {\n code = A05;\n name = \"Cleveland Park\";\n }\n\nA:\n\nThe problem is that you're only creating a single dictionary, stationDict, before the for loop. ", "You then hit the for loop, which changes the values in stationDict, adds stationDict to the stationArray, changes the values in stationDict again, adds that same dictionary to stationArray, and so on. ", "What you end up with is an array that contains the same object repeated mutableFaveArray.count times.", "\nThe solution is to either create a new dictionary at the beginning of the body of the for loop, or add a copy of the dictionary to add to the array. ", "So, either this:\nfor (i=0; i < mutableFaveArray.count; i++) {\n stationDict = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];\n //...continue with the rest of your code...\n\nor this:\n //...other for loop code precedes this...\n [stationArray addObject:[stationDict copy]];\n}\n\nEither approach ensures that each thing you add to the array is a dictionary that's distinct from the others you've added. ", "As a refinement, you could probably speed up the code a little by using a non-mutable dictionary. ", "If you have to create a new dictionary each time through the loop, you can create it with the data you want it to contain rather than changing the objects, so you don't necessarily need it to be mutable. ", "Also, you can declare the loop variable inside the for statement, which ensures that it'll go out of scope as soon as the for terminates. ", "Also, you can use Objective-C's notation for dictionaries:\nNSMutableArray *stationArray = [NSMutableArray array];\nfor (int i=0; i < mutableFaveArray.count; i++) {\n [stationArray addObject:@{@\"name\":mutableFaveArray[i][@\"name\"],\n @\"code\":mutableFaveArray[i][@\"code\"]}];\n}\n\nYou can further abbreviate that and maybe speed it up a bit using fast enumeration:\nNSMutableArray *stationArray = [NSMutableArray array];\nfor (NSDictionary *fave in mutableFaveArray) {\n [stationArray addObject:@{@\"name\":fave[@\"name\"],\n @\"code\":fave[@\"code\"]}];\n}\n\nOr you can let mutableFaveArray do the enumerating for you:\n__block NSMutableArray *stationArray = [NSMutableArray array];\n[mutableFaveArray enumerateObjectsUsingBlock:^(id obj, NSUInteger idx, BOOL *stop))\n {\n [stationArray addObject:@{@\"name\":obj[@\"name\"],\n @\"code\":obj[@\"code\"]}];\n }];\n\nThat last one might be a bit faster, but perhaps a bit harder to read.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0.000035430839002267575, 0, 0.0000010259567046270647, 0, 0, 0, 0.00000647462916561454, 0, 0, 0, 0.00000197229127980995, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nSetting GTK2 theme for root\n\nWhen using sudo, applications do not follow the GTK2 theme and font. ", "How can I set identical settings for use when an application is run from root, but while inside a desktop from a user?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can create a .gtkrc-2.0 file inside /root, such as\ngtk-theme-name=\"Redmond\"\ngtk-icon-theme-name=\"hicolor\"\ngtk-font-name=\"Sans 10\"\n\nOr, can install an utility like lxappearance and run it with sudo, then you can set the theme graphically.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.00009611687812379854, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\njava - code is outputting ArrayList@40c84051?", "\n\nI'm trying to return a List of recipes that contain a certain ingredient, but my code gives me a weird output: ArrayList@40c84051.", "\nHow do I make it so that it outputs a list of recipes?", "\npublic List searchByIngredient(String target) {\n List result = new ArrayList();\n for (Object ingred : mList) {\n Recipe i = (Recipe) ingred;\n if (i.hasIngredient(target)) {\n result.addLast(ingred);\n }\n }\n return result;\n }\n\nA:\n\nYou need to override toString() in Recipe class. ", "\npublic String toString()\n{\n //Return Customized message of Recipe information.", "\n\n //such as,\n return String.format(\"Customized message format\", args)\n\n}\n\nThen u try to print recipe object, it will print the Custom message you specified.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0.0000573921028466483, 0, 0.00003141986363779181, 0.000148720999405116, 0.000037637848620572846, 0 ]

[ "<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?", ">\n<project xmlns=\"http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0\" xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\" xsi:schemaLocation=\"http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd\">\n\n <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>\n\n <parent>\n <groupId>nz.ac.waikato.cms.moa</groupId>\n <artifactId>moa-pom</artifactId>\n <version>2020.07.2-SNAPSHOT</version>\n </parent>\n\n <artifactId>weka-package</artifactId>\n <packaging>jar</packaging>\n\n <name>MOA: WEKA Package</name>\n <description>\n Massive On-line Analysis is an environment for massive data mining. ", "MOA provides a framework for data stream mining and includes tools for evaluation and a collection of machine learning algorithms. ", "Related to the WEKA project, also written in Java, while scaling to more demanding problems.", "\n This artifact enables you to use MOA from within WEKA.", "\n </description>\n <url>http://moa.cms.waikato.ac.nz/</url>\n <organization>\n <name>University of Waikato, Hamilton, NZ</name>\n <url>http://www.waikato.ac.nz/</url>\n </organization>\n <licenses>\n <license>\n <name>GNU General Public License 3</name>\n <url>http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt</url>\n <distribution>repo</distribution>\n </license>\n </licenses>\n\n <developers>\n <developer>\n <id>abifet</id>\n <name>Albert Bifet</name>\n <email>abifet@waikato.ac.nz</email>\n </developer>\n <developer>\n <id>fracpete</id>\n <name>Peter Reutemann</name>\n <email>fracpete@waikato.ac.nz</email>\n </developer>\n </developers>\n\n <dependencies>\n <dependency>\n <groupId>nz.ac.waikato.cms.moa</groupId>\n <artifactId>moa</artifactId>\n <version>[${project.version},)</version>\n </dependency>\n </dependencies>\n</project>\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0.0008163265306122448, 0.000014710684958913058, 0, 0.00023629489603024575, 0.0003077870113881194, 0.000011135843682450282 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to display image of any size in a fixed size 100x100 div?", "\n\nI want to display image of any size (different width and height) in a fixed size (100px by 100px) div without changing its aspect ratio. ", "I also want to align the image to the center inside the div. ", "I worked on it but image with different width and height (6th) is not coming in center unless I change its aspect ratio.", "\n<html> \n <style>\n .A{\n border:1px dotted black;\n display:inline-block;\n }\n\n .B{\n border:1px solid black;\n display:inline-block;\n width: 100px;\n height:100px;\n overflow:hidden;\n }\n\n .C{\n border:1px solid black;\n display:inline-block;\n width: 100px;\n height:100px;\n overflow:hidden;\n }\n </style>\n\n 1\n <div class=\"A\"> \n <img src=\"man-profile.png\">\n </div>\n\n 2\n <div class=\"B\">\n <img src=\"man-profile.png\">\n </div>\n\n 3\n <div class=\"B\">\n <img src=\"man-profile.png\" style=\"width:100;\">\n </div>\n\n 4\n <div class=\"C\">\n <img src=\"picture.png\" style=\"width:100;\">\n </div>\n\n 5\n <div class=\"C\">\n <img src=\"picture.png\" style=\"height:100;\">\n </div>\n\n 6\n <div class=\"C\">\n <img src=\"picture.png\" style=\"height:100; width:100%\">\n </div>\n</html>\n\nPicture attached below:\n\nA:\n\nUse max-width and max-height to the img tag in CSS.", "\n\nimg {\r\n display: block;\r\n max-width:180px;\r\n max-height:180px;\r\n width: auto;\r\n height: auto;\r\n}\n<img width=\"400\" height=\"400\" src=\"http://i.stack.imgur.com/aEEkn.png\">\n\nThe original size of the image is 400x400 pixels, but you can resize it by CSS without any changes in aspect ratio. ", "<img width=\"400\" height=\"400\" src=\"http://i.stack.imgur.com/aEEkn.png\">\nAnother option:\nIf you want to add parent div to the image then you can do it something like this:\n\n.container {\r\n width: 100px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.container img {\r\n display: block;\r\n width: 100%;\r\n height: auto;\r\n}\n<div class=\"container\">\r\n <img width=\"400\" height=\"400\" src=\"http://i.stack.imgur.com/aEEkn.png\">\r\n</div>\n\nA:\n\nUse a background image instead. ", "It's the easiest when you need an image to cover up the whole div, and not to change the aspect ratio.", "\nelement {\n background-repeat:no-repeat;\n background-position: center;\n background-image:url(image.jpg);\n background-size: cover;\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0000025157992190959226, 0.000043568713306974265, 0.000010618191084966766, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nThe meaning of (*rhs.m_pData)\n\nI would like to make sure if my understanding is correct.", "\nI was studying about this code.", "\n#include <iostream>\nusing namespace std;\n\n// modified largely from\n// http://d.hatena.ne.jp/toburau/20090722/1248283158\n\n/*\nclass Test {\npublic:\n Test& operator=(const Test& rhs);\n};\nTest& Test::operator=(const Test& rhs)\n{\n if (this == &rhs) return *this; // *****\n};\n*/\n\n//-----------------------------------------------------\n\nclass Data\n{\n int num;\npublic:\n Data(void) : num(0) { }\n Data(int _num) : num(_num) { }\n Data(const Data &rhs) {\n cout << \"copy constructor is called\" << endl;\n num = rhs.num;\n }\n void show(void) {\n cout << num << endl;\n }\n};\n\nclass CopyTest {\n Data *m_pData;\npublic:\n CopyTest(void) {\n m_pData = new Data(0);\n }\n CopyTest(int _num) {\n m_pData = new Data(_num);\n }\n void show(void) {\n m_pData->show();\n }\n CopyTest& operator=(const CopyTest& rhs);\n};\n\nCopyTest& CopyTest::operator=(const CopyTest& rhs) /*****/\n{\n Data *p = m_pData;\n m_pData = new Data(*rhs.m_pData); // case 0 // OK // copy constructor is called\n// m_pData = new Data(*(rhs.m_pData)); // case 1 // OK\n// m_pData = new Data(*(rhs).m_pData)); // case 2 // NG\n delete p;\n return *this;\n}\n\nint main() {\n CopyTest cpyObjA, cpyObjB(31);\n\n cpyObjA.show();\n cpyObjB.show();\n\n cout << \"## after\" << endl; \n cpyObjA = cpyObjB;\n cpyObjA.show();\n cpyObjB.show();\n\n return 0;\n}\n\nsee \nhttp://ideone.com/7qnzLP \nfor code with line numbers and coloring.", "\nIn this code (line 53), there is a code like\n m_pData = new Data(*rhs.m_pData); // case 0\n\nDoes this mean the case 1 not case 2?", "\n m_pData = new Data(*(rhs.m_pData)); // case 1\n m_pData = new Data(*(rhs).m_pData); // case 2\n\nIn this kind of code, what kind of writing style do you recommend among case 0-2 or other?", "\n\nA:\n\nDoes this mean the case 1 not case 2?", "\nm_pData = new Data(*(rhs.m_pData)); // case 1\nm_pData = new Data(*(rhs).m_pData); // case 2\n\nIt means case 1.", "\n\nIn this kind of code, what kind of writing style do you recommend among case 0-2 or other?", "\n\nI always avoid redundant parentheses, indeed redundant anything.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0.000005508185163152445, 0.00006009254251547383, 0.000057810151462596836, 0, 0.0001652892561983471, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Hallituksen vastaiset mielenosoitukset ovat jatkuneet lauantaina Romaniassa. ", "Tuhannet ihmiset kokoontuivat jälleen lauantaina kaduille osoittamaan mieltään pääkaupungissa Bukarestissa. ", "Mielenosoituksia on järjestetty myös muissa Romanian suurissa kaupungeissa.", "\n\nMielenosoituksessa mukana oleva nainen on laittanut kukkaseppeleen päähän ja hengityssuojan suun eteen. ", "Robert Ghement / EPA\n\nPaikallisen median mukaan Bukarestin pääaukiolle on kokoontunut 30 000–50 000 mielenosoittajaa. ", "Protesteissa vaaditaan hallituksen eroa korruption vuoksi.", "\n\nLauantain mielenosoitus on tiettävästi sujunut rauhallisesti.", "\n\nMielenosoittajilla on mukana Romanian ja EU:n lippuja, muovisia torvia ja tekstilakanoita. ", "Robert Ghement / EPA\n\nIhmiset kantoivat muun muassa Romanian ja EU:n lippuja, muovisia torvia ja tekstilakanoita. ", "He myös huusivat, ettei heitä vaiennettaisi väkivallalla.", "\n\nMielenilmaukset kokosivat uutta väkeä.", "\n\n– Tulin osoittamaan mieltä, kun näin perjantaina televisiosta, miten poliisi kohteli raa’lla tavalla rauhanomaisia ihmisiä, sanoi 64-vuotias Floarea Toader.", "\n\nMielenosoitukset jatkuvat Romaniassa. ", "Robert Ghement / EPA\n\nMielenilmauksissa oli mukana myös ulkomailla asuvia romanialaisia.", "\n\n– Haluamme palata Romaniaan, mutta korruptiota on liikaa ja terveydenhoito on surkea, kommentoi45-vuotias Isabela Conduruta, joka on asunut jo 12 vuotta Saksassa.", "\n\nPerjantain mielenosoitus muuttui väkivaltaiseksi\n\nPerjantaina protesteissa oli mukana kymmeniä tuhansia ihmisiä. ", "Paikallisten mukaan perjantaina oli paikalla noin 50 000–80 000 mielenosoittajaa.", "\n\nMielenosoitukset riistäytyivät väkivaltaisiksi. ", "Yli 450 loukkaantui ja noin 30 ihmistä pidätettiin. ", "Myös noin 30 poliisia loukkaantui, heistä 11 vietiin sairaalahoitoon.", "\n\nPerjantaina mielenosoitukset muuttuivat väkivaltaisiksi Bukarestissa. ", "Bogdan Cristel / EPA\n\nPoliisi sai kritiikkiä kovista otteistaan niin kotimaassa kuin ulkomailta. ", "Poliisi käytti väkijoukkojen hajottamisessa vesitykkejä ja kyynelkaasua.", "\n\nItävallan liittokansleri Sebastian Kurz arvosteli Romanian väkivaltaa. ", "Itävalta on tällä hetkellä EU:n puheenjohtajamaa.", "\n\n– Tuomitsemme voimakkaasti väkivaltaiset yhteenotot Bukarestissa, jossa lukuisat mielenosoittajat ja toimittajat loukkaantuivat. ", "Odotamme täydellisiä selityksiä, hän sanoi Twitterissä.", "\n\nDie #freie #Meinungsäußerung sowie die damit verbundene #Pressefreiheit sind #Grundfreiheiten der EU, zu denen wir uns klar bekennen und die es bedingungslos zu schützen gilt. ", "1/2 https://t.co/dnkeRVUTqf — Sebastian Kurz (@sebastiankurz) 11. ", "elokuuta 2018\n\nDie gewaltsamen Zusammenstöße in #Bukarest, bei denen zahlreiche Demonstranten und Journalisten verletzt wurden, verurteilen wir scharf. ", "Hier erwarten wir volle Aufklärung. ", "Dem verletzten Kameramann des #ORF wünsche ich eine schnelle Genesung. ", "2/2 — Sebastian Kurz (@sebastiankurz) 11. ", "elokuuta 2018\n\nRomania on yksi Euroopan unionin köyhimmistä maista. ", "Maasta on lähtenyt viimeisten 15 vuoden aikana ulkomaille noin neljä miljoonaa ihmistä etsimään parempaa elämää. ", "Keskipalkka Romaniassa on noin 520 euroa.", "\n\nLue myös:\n\nKymmenet tuhannet osoittivat mieltään Bukarestissa – poliisi käytti kyynelkaasua joukkojen hajottamiseksi\n\nLähteet: AP, AFP, Reuters" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.000337325012649688, 0.00008573388203017832, 0, 0.00008899964400142399, 0.00021545532892846886, 0.0005945303210463733, 0, 0.000346860908775581, 0.0004616805170821791, 0.0003077870113881194, 0, 0.00012017304919083481, 0.000625, 0.0005165289256198347, 0.000148720999405116, 0.00007561436672967865, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00019290123456790122, 0.0003188436603252205, 0.00019290123456790122, 0.00018765246762994932, 0.0004164931278633902, 0.00005827166249053085, 0.0006611570247933884, 0.00003156167150612296, 0.0004591368227731864, 0, 0.0015432098765432098, 0, 0.0011337868480725624, 0, 0, 0.000594883997620464, 0.00019024970273483948 ]

[ "Borrowing History: HPL has moved to a new\nlibrary system. ", "Please consider using the Completed\nShelf Feature. ", "The Completed and For Later shelf features\nare great ways to track what you've borrowed and what you would like to borrow. ", "Borrowing history is limited to 500 items to improve site\nspeed and performance.", "\n\nBill Mauldin\n\nA Life up Front\n\n\"The real war,\" said Walt Whitman, \"will never get in the books.\" ", "During World War II, the truest glimpse most Americans got of the \"real war\" came through the flashing black lines of twenty-two-year-old infantry sergeant Bill Mauldin. ", "Week after week, Mauldin defied army censors, German artillery, and Patton's pledge to \"throw his ass in jail\" to deliver his wildly popular cartoon, \"Up Front,\" to the pages of Stars and Stripes. \"", "Up Front\" featured the wise-cracking Willie and Joe, whose stooped shoulders, mud-soaked uniforms, and pidgin of army slang and slum dialect bore eloquent witness to the world of combat and the men who lived--and died--in it. ", "This taut, lushly illustrated biography--the first of two-time Pulitzer Prize winner Bill Mauldin--is illustrated with more than ninety classic Mauldin cartoons and rare photographs. ", "It traces the improbable career and tumultuous private life of a charismatic genius who rose to fame on his motto: \"If it's big, hit it.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00030609121518212427, 0.00003460207612456747, 0.00005101520253035405, 0.000039157334168689795, 0.00005972110245155126, 0 ]

[ "I just looked at the nutrition info for Whitey's. ", "It's not as bad as I would have expected. ", "I'll have to eat there more often. ", "A single White Castle without cheese is 135 mg, a double is 200mg. ", "The cheese only adds 20 calories, but 115 mg of sodium. ", "So, cheeseburgers need to be avoided. ", "The Fries are only 15 mg. ", "If you keep the portion sizes reasonable, this doesn't look too bad.", "\n\nLet's see... 2 doubles and an order of fries = 595 calories and 415 mg sodium. ", "Not too bad. ", "Fat is a little high. ", "But, this would be a convenient quick meal that wouldn't screw with a low sodium diet.", "\n\nIt's almost like your numbers include 2 slices of cheese. ", "Wait, isn't there half a slice of cheese on a WC cheeseburger? ", "Perhaps there used be a full slice? ", "The cheese adds 2g fat + 115 mg sodium. ", "And, that would pretty much explain the difference." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0004, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00025195263290501383, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "There is an undisputed need for rapid, accurate, reliable and inexpensive means for and method of testing and diagnosing malfunctioning in internal combustion engines of both the spark-ignition and the compression-ignition (diesel) types. ", "The need can best be met by using electronic means, particularly by means including a minicomputer or microprocessor. ", "One troublesome diagnostic task is determining whether the cause of irregular or inferior operation of an engine is due to causes affecting all cylinders in a random fashion, or to causes affecting only a particular one or ones of the cylinders. ", "That is, parts of the ignition system and of the fuel-supplying system affect all cylinders randomly or equally, and other parts affect solely one cylinder. ", "For example, a carburetor and an ignition timer each affect all cylinders, whereas a spark plug, a fuel injector, and a valve each affect only one cylinder." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nReact native back button missing icon\n\nI'm developing a react native module for an existing mobile app, using react-navigation component:\nimport { StackNavigator } from 'react-navigation';\n....\n\nconst App = StackNavigator({\n Main: {\n screen: Main,\n navigationOptions: {\n headerBackTitle: null,\n }\n },\n Details: {\n screen: Details,\n navigationOptions: {\n headerBackTitle: null,\n }\n }\n\n});\n\nIn Main index I render a simple button that on click do this:\nrender() {\n\n const navigation = this.props.navigation;\n\n return (\n <View>\n <Button\n title=\"Go to details\"\n onPress={() => { navigation.navigate(\"Details\") }}\n />\n </View>\n );\n }\n\nThat's it. ", "\nThe issue is that the navigation back button is invisible (see image):\n\nThis happen after this operations:\n\nCopying bundle in android project . ", " \nreact-native bundle --platform android \\\n--dev false --entry-file index.js \n--bundle-output ../MyApp/app/src/main/assets/index.android.bundle \\\n--assets-dest ../MyApp/app/src/main/ \n\nLaunching app from Android studio\n\nAny advice?", "\n\nA:\n\nnavigationOptions: ({ navigation }) => ({\n headerLeft: drawerButton(navigation)\n})\n\nconst drawerButton = navigation => (\n <TouchableOpacity onPress={() => navigation.navigate(\"DrawerToggle\")}>\n <Image source={Your.image} style={Your.", "Style} />\n </TouchableOpacity>\n);\n\nUse this code! ", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0000028753975237076525, 0.00004756242568370987, 0.000018579072532699166, 0.000015500031000062, 0, 0 ]

[ "Android Police\n\nGoogle is apparently beefing up gaming's presence on the Android platform.", "\n\nThe Web giant is pushing out a massive update to make games on the mobile platform more social, according to documents reviewed by the Android Police on Saturday. ", "Tapping the Google+ social network, Google Play Services will sport multiplayer functionality, leaderboards, and cloud syncing, according to the prerelease version (v3.1.36) of the APK.", "\n\nIn addition to streamlining game development, the platform's social sharing capability is expected to make games more viral, perhaps attracting new users who play longer. ", "The new service isn't yet fully functional, leading Android Police to suggest another update or central Play games client may be in the offing as well.", "\n\nThe alternative to Apple's Game Center could make its official debut at this week's Google I/O developers conference. ", "CNET has contacted Google for comment and will update this report when we learn more.", "\n\nRumors that Google was getting ready to try out the gaming waters heated up earlier this month with Google's hiring of a chief game designer under the title \"Chief Game Designer at Android Play Studio.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0002469135802469136, 0, 0.000058436815193571955, 0, 0.00004385772553835358, 0.0001388888888888889, 0.00013840830449826988, 0.0000720876585928489 ]

[ "/**\n * Copyright Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. ", "All Rights Reserved.", "\n * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0.", "\n */\n\n#pragma once\n#include <aws/iot/IoT_EXPORTS.h>\n#include <aws/iot/IoTRequest.h>\n#include <aws/core/utils/memory/stl/AWSString.h>\n#include <utility>\n\nnamespace Aws\n{\nnamespace Http\n{\n class URI;\n} //namespace Http\nnamespace IoT\n{\nnamespace Model\n{\n\n /**\n * <p>The input for the ListThings operation.</p><p><h3>See Also:</h3> <a\n * href=\"http://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/WebAPI/iot-2015-05-28/ListThingsRequest\">AWS\n * API Reference</a></p>\n */\n class AWS_IOT_API ListThingsRequest : public IoTRequest\n {\n public:\n ListThingsRequest();\n\n // Service request name is the Operation name which will send this request out,\n // each operation should has unique request name, so that we can get operation's name from this request.", "\n // Note: this is not true for response, multiple operations may have the same response name,\n // so we can not get operation's name from response.", "\n inline virtual const char* GetServiceRequestName() const override { return \"ListThings\"; }\n\n Aws::String SerializePayload() const override;\n\n void AddQueryStringParameters(Aws::Http::URI& uri) const override;\n\n\n /**\n * <p>The token to retrieve the next set of results.</p>\n */\n inline const Aws::String& GetNextToken() const{ return m_nextToken; }\n\n /**\n * <p>The token to retrieve the next set of results.</p>\n */\n inline bool NextTokenHasBeenSet() const { return m_nextTokenHasBeenSet; }\n\n /**\n * <p>The token to retrieve the next set of results.</p>\n */\n inline void SetNextToken(const Aws::String& value) { m_nextTokenHasBeenSet = true; m_nextToken = value; }\n\n /**\n * <p>The token to retrieve the next set of results.</p>\n */\n inline void SetNextToken(Aws::String&& value) { m_nextTokenHasBeenSet = true; m_nextToken = std::move(value); }\n\n /**\n * <p>The token to retrieve the next set of results.</p>\n */\n inline void SetNextToken(const char* value) { m_nextTokenHasBeenSet = true; m_nextToken.assign(value); }\n\n /**\n * <p>The token to retrieve the next set of results.</p>\n */\n inline ListThingsRequest& WithNextToken(const Aws::String& value) { SetNextToken(value); return *this;}\n\n /**\n * <p>The token to retrieve the next set of results.</p>\n */\n inline ListThingsRequest& WithNextToken(Aws::String&& value) { SetNextToken(std::move(value)); return *this;}\n\n /**\n * <p>The token to retrieve the next set of results.</p>\n */\n inline ListThingsRequest& WithNextToken(const char* value) { SetNextToken(value); return *this;}\n\n\n /**\n * <p>The maximum number of results to return in this operation.</p>\n */\n inline int GetMaxResults() const{ return m_maxResults; }\n\n /**\n * <p>The maximum number of results to return in this operation.</p>\n */\n inline bool MaxResultsHasBeenSet() const { return m_maxResultsHasBeenSet; }\n\n /**\n * <p>The maximum number of results to return in this operation.</p>\n */\n inline void SetMaxResults(int value) { m_maxResultsHasBeenSet = true; m_maxResults = value; }\n\n /**\n * <p>The maximum number of results to return in this operation.</p>\n */\n inline ListThingsRequest& WithMaxResults(int value) { SetMaxResults(value); return *this;}\n\n\n /**\n * <p>The attribute name used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline const Aws::String& GetAttributeName() const{ return m_attributeName; }\n\n /**\n * <p>The attribute name used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline bool AttributeNameHasBeenSet() const { return m_attributeNameHasBeenSet; }\n\n /**\n * <p>The attribute name used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline void SetAttributeName(const Aws::String& value) { m_attributeNameHasBeenSet = true; m_attributeName = value; }\n\n /**\n * <p>The attribute name used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline void SetAttributeName(Aws::String&& value) { m_attributeNameHasBeenSet = true; m_attributeName = std::move(value); }\n\n /**\n * <p>The attribute name used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline void SetAttributeName(const char* value) { m_attributeNameHasBeenSet = true; m_attributeName.assign(value); }\n\n /**\n * <p>The attribute name used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline ListThingsRequest& WithAttributeName(const Aws::String& value) { SetAttributeName(value); return *this;}\n\n /**\n * <p>The attribute name used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline ListThingsRequest& WithAttributeName(Aws::String&& value) { SetAttributeName(std::move(value)); return *this;}\n\n /**\n * <p>The attribute name used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline ListThingsRequest& WithAttributeName(const char* value) { SetAttributeName(value); return *this;}\n\n\n /**\n * <p>The attribute value used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline const Aws::String& GetAttributeValue() const{ return m_attributeValue; }\n\n /**\n * <p>The attribute value used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline bool AttributeValueHasBeenSet() const { return m_attributeValueHasBeenSet; }\n\n /**\n * <p>The attribute value used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline void SetAttributeValue(const Aws::String& value) { m_attributeValueHasBeenSet = true; m_attributeValue = value; }\n\n /**\n * <p>The attribute value used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline void SetAttributeValue(Aws::String&& value) { m_attributeValueHasBeenSet = true; m_attributeValue = std::move(value); }\n\n /**\n * <p>The attribute value used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline void SetAttributeValue(const char* value) { m_attributeValueHasBeenSet = true; m_attributeValue.assign(value); }\n\n /**\n * <p>The attribute value used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline ListThingsRequest& WithAttributeValue(const Aws::String& value) { SetAttributeValue(value); return *this;}\n\n /**\n * <p>The attribute value used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline ListThingsRequest& WithAttributeValue(Aws::String&& value) { SetAttributeValue(std::move(value)); return *this;}\n\n /**\n * <p>The attribute value used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline ListThingsRequest& WithAttributeValue(const char* value) { SetAttributeValue(value); return *this;}\n\n\n /**\n * <p>The name of the thing type used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline const Aws::String& GetThingTypeName() const{ return m_thingTypeName; }\n\n /**\n * <p>The name of the thing type used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline bool ThingTypeNameHasBeenSet() const { return m_thingTypeNameHasBeenSet; }\n\n /**\n * <p>The name of the thing type used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline void SetThingTypeName(const Aws::String& value) { m_thingTypeNameHasBeenSet = true; m_thingTypeName = value; }\n\n /**\n * <p>The name of the thing type used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline void SetThingTypeName(Aws::String&& value) { m_thingTypeNameHasBeenSet = true; m_thingTypeName = std::move(value); }\n\n /**\n * <p>The name of the thing type used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline void SetThingTypeName(const char* value) { m_thingTypeNameHasBeenSet = true; m_thingTypeName.assign(value); }\n\n /**\n * <p>The name of the thing type used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline ListThingsRequest& WithThingTypeName(const Aws::String& value) { SetThingTypeName(value); return *this;}\n\n /**\n * <p>The name of the thing type used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline ListThingsRequest& WithThingTypeName(Aws::String&& value) { SetThingTypeName(std::move(value)); return *this;}\n\n /**\n * <p>The name of the thing type used to search for things.</p>\n */\n inline ListThingsRequest& WithThingTypeName(const char* value) { SetThingTypeName(value); return *this;}\n\n private:\n\n Aws::String m_nextToken;\n bool m_nextTokenHasBeenSet;\n\n int m_maxResults;\n bool m_maxResultsHasBeenSet;\n\n Aws::String m_attributeName;\n bool m_attributeNameHasBeenSet;\n\n Aws::String m_attributeValue;\n bool m_attributeValueHasBeenSet;\n\n Aws::String m_thingTypeName;\n bool m_thingTypeNameHasBeenSet;\n };\n\n} // namespace Model\n} // namespace IoT\n} // namespace Aws\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0, 0.000625, 0.00000888888888888889, 0, 5.35792322018428e-7 ]

[ "Q:\n\nUsing Laplace Transforms to solve $\\int_{0}^{\\infty} \\sin\\left(x^2\\right)\\:dx$\n\nI recently came into the following definite integral \n$$ I = \\int_{0}^{\\infty} \\sin\\left(x^2\\right)\\:dx$$\nTo solve this, I used a composition of both the Feynman Trick with Laplace Transforms as given below. ", "I was curious as to what other methods exist in solving this integral?", "\nMy method:\nLet \n$$ I(t) = \\int_{0}^{\\infty} \\sin\\left(tx^2\\right)\\:dx$$\nTake the Laplace transform \n\\begin{align}\n \\mathscr{L}\\left[I(t) \\right] &= \\int_{0}^{\\infty} \\mathscr{L}\\left[\\sin\\left(tx^2\\right)\\right]\\:dx \\\\\n&= \\int_{0}^{\\infty}\\frac{x^2}{x^4 + s^2}\\:dx\n\\end{align}\nApplying a change of variable $x = u\\sqrt{s}$\n\\begin{align}\n \\mathscr{L}\\left[I(t) \\right] &= \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{s}}\\int_{0}^{\\infty}\\frac{u^2}{u^4 + 1}\\:dx \\\\\n&= \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{s}}\\left[\\frac{\\ln\\left|x^2 -\\sqrt{2}x + 1 \\right| - \\ln\\left|x^2 +\\sqrt{2}x + 1 \\right| -2\\arctan\\left(1 - \\sqrt{2}x\\right) + 2\\arctan\\left(\\sqrt{2}x + 1 \\right)}{4\\sqrt{2}}\\right]_{0}^{\\infty} \\\\\n&= \\frac{1}{4\\sqrt{2}\\sqrt{s}}\\left[\\ln\\left|\\frac{x^2 -\\sqrt{2}x + 1}{x^2 +\\sqrt{2}x + 1} \\right| -2\\arctan\\left(1 - \\sqrt{2}x\\right) + 2\\arctan\\left(\\sqrt{2}x + 1 \\right)\\right]_{0}^{\\infty} \\\\\n&=\\frac{1}{4\\sqrt{2}\\sqrt{s}}\\left[-2\\cdot\\frac{-\\pi}{2} + 2\\cdot\\frac{\\pi}{2}\\right] \\\\\n&=\\frac{\\pi}{2\\sqrt{2}\\sqrt{s}}\n\\end{align}\nHence, \n$$I(t) = \\mathscr{L}^{-1}\\left[\\frac{\\pi}{2\\sqrt{2}\\sqrt{s}} \\right] = \\frac{\\pi}{2\\sqrt{2}}\\mathscr{L}^{-1}\\left[\\frac{\\pi}{1\\sqrt{s}} \\right] \n = \\frac{\\pi}{2\\sqrt{2}} \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{t\\pi}} = \\frac{\\sqrt{\\pi}}{2\\sqrt{2}\\sqrt{t}}$$\nThus, \n$$ I = I(1) = \\frac{\\sqrt{\\pi}}{2\\sqrt{2}\\sqrt{1}} = \\frac{\\sqrt{\\pi}}{2\\sqrt{2}}$$\n\nA:\n\nYou can first substitute $u=x^2$, use a useful property of the Laplace Transform and the Beta function and then utilize the reflection formula for the Gamma function\n\\begin{align}\n\\int_0^\\infty \\sin(x^2)\\,dx &= \\frac{1}{2}\\int_0^\\infty \\frac{\\sin u}{\\sqrt{u}}\\,du \\\\\n&=\\frac{1}{2\\sqrt{\\pi}} \\int_0^\\infty \\frac{ds}{\\sqrt{s}(s^2+1)}\\, \\\\\n&=\\frac{1}{2\\sqrt{\\pi}} \\int_0^\\infty \\frac{1}{\\nu^{1/4}(1+\\nu)}\\frac{d\\nu}{2\\sqrt{\\nu}} \\\\ \n&=\\frac{1}{2\\sqrt{\\pi}} \\int_0^\\infty \\frac{d\\nu}{\\nu^{3/4}(1+\\nu)} \\\\\n&=\\frac{1}{2\\sqrt{\\pi}} B(1/4,3/4) \\\\\n&=\\frac{1}{2\\sqrt{\\pi}} \\frac{\\Gamma(1/4)\\Gamma(3/4)}{\\Gamma(1)} \\\\\n&=\\frac{1}{2\\sqrt{\\pi}} \\frac{\\pi}{\\sqrt{2}} \\\\\n&=\\sqrt{\\frac{\\pi}{8}}\n\\end{align}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.000023456558453743664, 0, 0.0000036943765431718684 ]

[ "Q:\n\nUnable to fetch the next_maintext of 2nd page\n\npage1 and page2 URL. ", "I want to fetch all the content from the 1st URL and only the main text from the 2nd URL and append it to the main text of 1st URL. ", "This is only one article. ", "function parse_indianexpress_archive_links() contains a list of news articles URLs. ", "I m getting all the results from page1 but the next_maintext column from page2 results output <GET http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/congress-approves-2010-budget-plan/442712/2>\nclass spider_indianexpress(scrapy.", "Spider):\nname = 'indianexpress'\nstart_urls = parse_indianexpress_archive_links()\n\ndef parse(self,response):\n items = ScrapycrawlerItem()\n separator = ''\n\n #article_url = response.xpath(\"//link[@rel = 'canonical']/@href\").extract_first()\n article_url = response.request.url\n\n date_updated = max(response.xpath(\"//div[@class = 'story-date']/text()\").extract() , key=len)[-27:] #Call max(list, key=len) to return the longest string in list by comparing the lengths of all strings in a list\n if len(date_updated) <=10:\n date_updated = max(response.xpath(\"//div[@class = 'story-date']/p/text()\").extract() , key=len)[-27:]\n\n headline = response.xpath(\"(//div[@id = 'ie2013-content']/h1//text())\").extract()\n headline=separator.join(headline)\n\n image_url = response.css(\"div.storybigpic.ssss img\").xpath(\"@src\").extract_first() \n\n maintext = response.xpath(\"//div[@class = 'ie2013-contentstory']//p//text()\").extract()\n maintext = ' '.join(map(str, maintext))\n maintext = maintext.replace('\\r','')\n contd = response.xpath(\"//div[@class = 'ie2013-contentstory']/p[@align = 'right']/text()\").extract_first()\n\n items['date_updated'] = date_updated\n items['headline'] = headline\n items['maintext'] = maintext\n items['image_url'] = image_url\n items['article_url'] = article_url\n\n next_page_url = response.xpath(\"//a[@rel='canonical']/@href\").extract_first()\n\n if next_page_url :\n items['next_maintext'] = scrapy.", "Request(next_page_url , callback = self.parse_page2)\n\n yield items\n\ndef parse_page2(self, response):\n next_maintext = response.xpath(\"//div[@class = 'ie2013-contentstory']//p//text()\").extract()\n next_maintext = ' '.join(map(str, next_maintext))\n next_maintext = next_maintext.replace('\\r','')\n yield {next_maintext}\n\nOutput:\narticle_url,date_publish,date_updated,description,headline,image_url,maintext,next_maintext\n\nhttp://archive.indianexpress.com/news/congress-approves-2010-budget-plan/442712/,,\"Fri Apr 03 2009, 14:49 hrs \",,Congress approves 2010 budget plan,http://static.indianexpress.com/m-images/M_Id_69893_Obama.jpg,\"The Democratic-controlled US Congress on Thursday approved budget blueprints embracing President Barack Obama's agenda but leaving many hard choices until later and a government deeply in the red. ", "With no Republican support, the House of Representatives and Senate approved slightly different, less expensive versions of Obama's $3.55 trillion budget plan for fiscal 2010, which begins on October 1. ", "The differences will be worked out over the next few weeks. ", "Obama, who took office in January after eight years of the Republican Bush presidency, has said the Democrats' budget is critical to turning around the recession-hit US economy and paving the way for sweeping healthcare, climate change and education reforms he hopes to push through Congress this year. ", "Obama, traveling in Europe, issued a statement praising the votes as \"\"an important step toward rebuilding our struggling economy.\"\" ", "Vice President Joe Biden, who serves as president of the Senate, presided over that chamber's vote. ", "Democrats in both chambers voted down Republican alternatives that focused on slashing massive deficits with large cuts to domestic social spending but also offered hefty tax breaks for corporations and individuals. \"\"", "Democrats know that those policies are the wrong way to go,\"\" House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer told reporters. \"\"", "Our budget lays the groundwork for a sustained, shared and job-creating recovery.\"\" ", "But Republicans have argued the Democrats' budget would be a dangerous expansion of the federal government and could lead to unnecessary taxes that would only worsen the country's long-term fiscal situation. \"\"", "The Democrat plan to increase spending, to increase taxes, and increase the debt makes no difficult choices,\"\" said House Minority Leader John Boehner. \"\"", "It's a roadmap to disaster.\"\" ", "The budget measure is nonbinding but it sets guidelines for spending and tax bills Congress will consider later this year. ", "BIPARTISANSHIP ABSENT AGAIN Obama has said he hoped to restore bipartisanship when he arrived in Washington but it was visibly absent on Thursday. ... ", "contd.", "\",<GET http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/congress-approves-2010-budget-plan/442712/2>\n\nA:\n\nThis is not how Scrapy works (I mean next_page request) How to fetch the Response object of a Request synchronously on Scrapy?. ", "\nBut in fact you don't need synchronous requests. ", "All you need is to check for a next page and pass current state (item) to the callback that will process your next page. ", "I'm using cb_kwargs (it's a recommended way now). ", "You may need to use request.meta if you have an old version.", "\nimport scrapy\n\nclass spider_indianexpress(scrapy.", "Spider):\n name = 'indianexpress'\n start_urls = ['http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/congress-approves-2010-budget-plan/442712/']\n\n def parse(self,response):\n item = {}\n separator = ''\n\n #article_url = response.xpath(\"//link[@rel = 'canonical']/@href\").extract_first()\n article_url = response.request.url\n\n date_updated = max(response.xpath(\"//div[@class = 'story-date']/text()\").extract() , key=len)[-27:] #Call max(list, key=len) to return the longest string in list by comparing the lengths of all strings in a list\n if len(date_updated) <=10:\n date_updated = max(response.xpath(\"//div[@class = 'story-date']/p/text()\").extract() , key=len)[-27:]\n\n headline = response.xpath(\"(//div[@id = 'ie2013-content']/h1//text())\").extract()\n headline=separator.join(headline)\n\n image_url = response.css(\"div.storybigpic.ssss img\").xpath(\"@src\").extract_first() \n\n maintext = response.xpath(\"//div[@class = 'ie2013-contentstory']//p//text()\").extract()\n maintext = ' '.join(map(str, maintext))\n maintext = maintext.replace('\\r','')\n contd = response.xpath(\"//div[@class = 'ie2013-contentstory']/p[@align = 'right']/text()\").extract_first()\n\n item['date_updated'] = date_updated\n item['headline'] = headline\n item['maintext'] = maintext\n item['image_url'] = image_url\n item['article_url'] = article_url\n\n next_page_url = response.xpath('//a[@rel=\"canonical\"][@id=\"active\"]/following-sibling::a[1]/@href').extract_first()\n\n if next_page_url :\n yield scrapy.", "Request(\n url=next_page_url, \n callback = self.parse_next_page,\n cb_kwargs={\n 'item': item,\n }\n )\n else:\n yield item\n\n def parse_next_page(self, response, item):\n next_maintext = response.xpath(\"//div[@class = 'ie2013-contentstory']//p//text()\").extract()\n next_maintext = ' '.join(map(str, next_maintext))\n next_maintext = next_maintext.replace('\\r','')\n item[\"maintext\"] += next_maintext\n\n next_page_url = response.xpath('//a[@rel=\"canonical\"][@id=\"active\"]/following-sibling::a[1]/@href').extract_first()\n if next_page_url :\n yield scrapy.", "Request(\n url=next_page_url, \n callback = self.parse_next_page,\n cb_kwargs={\n 'item': item,\n }\n )\n else:\n yield item\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0.0000573921028466483, 0, 0, 0.00002143347050754458, 0.000005911001237218028, 0.000008463053131047557, 0.00004853308743235701, 0, 0.000021784356653487132, 0, 0.0003, 0, 0.0001538935056940597, 0, 0, 0.000084331253162422, 0, 0.00006609822195782934, 0, 0, 0.00006032697218926582, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0004, 0.000005282253439501596, 0.000012037653781027054, 0.000039157334168689795 ]

[ "Police search for man after high-speed chase\n\n8:58 PM,\nAug. 6, 2013\n\nJustin Habeck\n\nWritten by\n\nB.C. Kowalski\nStevens Point Journal Media\n\nAuthorities still were searching Tuesday for a Wisconsin Rapids man accused of leading officers in Wood and Portage counties on a high-speed chase and then escaping from them Sunday night.", "\n\nA Portage County deputy began chasing 31-year-old Justin Habeck on Highway 54 shortly before 7 p.m. Sunday after the deputy was alerted that Plover Police were looking for a man suspected of stealing a home theater system from Walmart Supercenter in Plover, police said.", "\n\nThe deputy tried to stop the car by pulling out into the road, but the suspect swerved around the squad and sped down Highway 54 toward ..." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.000028055999775552004, 0.00002703287197231834, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nA JavaScript Function i created changes the first and last name but also checks to see if there is a space between the names but is not working\n\nI am relatively new to JavaScript and am learning of a book but the book is rather dated (2003) I am trying to get the function to execute the rest of the function but even when I have spaced the first and last name it executes the part of the function that tells the viewer that there is no space between the first and last names.", "\nCode for reference\n<html>\n <head>\n <script language=\"JavaScript\">\n function getname() {\n var the_text = window.prompt(\"Enter Your First and last name\", \"\");\n if (the_text.indexOf(\" \") == -1) {\n window.alert(\n \"Put a space between your first and last name. ", "Try again.\"", "\n );\n getname();\n }\n var split_text = the_text.split(\" \");\n if (split_text[0].charAt(0) !", "= \"Z\" || split_text[0].charAt(0) !", "= \"z\") {\n var shorter_fn_string = split_text[0].substring(\n 1,\n split_text[0].length\n );\n new_fn_name = \"Z\" + shorter_fn_string;\n } else {\n var shorter_fn_string = split_text[0].substring(\n 1,\n split_text[0].length\n );\n new_fn_name = \"w\" + shorter_fn_string;\n }\n if (split_text[1].charAt(0) !", "= \"Z\" || split_text[1].charAt(0) !", "= \"z\") {\n var shorter_ln_string = split_text[1].substring(\n 1,\n split_text[1].length\n );\n new_ln_name = \"Z\" + shorter_ln_string;\n } else {\n var shorter_ln_string = split_text[1].substring(\n 1,\n split_text[1].length\n );\n new_ln_name = \"W\" + shorter_ln_string;\n }\n window.alert(\n \"now your name is\" + new_fn_name + \" \" + new_ln_name + \"!\"", "\n );\n }\n getname();\n </script>\n </head>\n</html>\n\nA:\n\nI am able to reduce your code and it runs as expected. ", "Your mean your code prints out Put a space between your first and last name. ", "Try again. ", "even when you have a space in between?", "\n\nfunction getname() {\r\n var the_text = window.prompt(\"Enter Your First and last name\", \"\");\r\n if (the_text.indexOf(\" \") == -1) {\r\n window.alert(\r\n \"Put a space between your first and last name. ", "Try again.\"", "\r\n );\r\n getname();\r\n }\r\n console.log(the_text.split(\" \"));\r\n}\r\n\r\ngetname();\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.000004340277777777778, 0.000022222222222222223, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000023795359904818562, 0, 0 ]

[ "ASCE’s 2017 Infrastructure Report Card, released Thursday, offers the nation both bad news and good news.", "\n\nThe bad is the average grade, D-plus, has not changed since the last Report Card four years ago, reflecting a continued dire need of overhaul.", "\n\nThe good news is the Report Card says such an overhaul is still attainable, and offers suggested solutions that can make that overhaul happen.", "\n\n“There are reasons for optimism because… we’ve proposed some very real solutions,” said ASCE 2017 President Norma Jean Mattei, Ph.D., P.E., F.SEI, F.ASCE. “", "So, the grade is bad, but the good news is we’ve got the [Trump] administration and members of Congress that ran on campaign promises [of] fixing infrastructure. ", "It’s a priority.”", "\n\nWhile the overall infrastructure grade remains unchanged since 2013, seven of the 16 infrastructure categories assessed did see improvement – hazardous waste, inland waterways, levees, ports, rail, schools, and wastewater.", "\n\nRail received the highest category grade – earning a B. Transit, meanwhile, received the lowest, a D-minus.", "\n\nA team of 28 civil engineers from across the country with decades of expertise in all 16 categories prepared the Report Card. ", "ASCE’s Committee on America’s Infrastructure amassed and assessed all relevant data and reports, consulting with technical and industry experts, and assigning grades using the following criteria: capacity, condition, funding, future need, operation and maintenance, public safety, resilience, and innovation.", "\n\nNow, to those solutions.", "\n\nThe Infrastructure Report Card recommends three key steps toward raising the grades. ", "Greg DiLoreto, P.E., P.L.S., D.WRE, Pres.13.ASCE, former ASCE president and current chair of the CAI team that assembled the Report Card laid out the solutions at the release event: “… We are underfunded in our infrastructure, so the No. ", "1 solution is that we have to increase our investment in infrastructure, and we have to do that at all levels – at the federal, at the state, and at the local level. ", "It has to be increased.", "\n\n“Secondly, we again need leadership and planning in doing this. ", "Those increases are going to be as a result of an actual enactment of legislation to create those. ", "So we need our elected officials to be leaders and say, ‘This is really important,’ and we need the American public to say, ‘This is important.’", "\n\n“Finally, we have to look at how we do these projects as engineers. ", "We need to build them sustainably, and we need to build them resilient. ", "We need to look at the total life of that project, from the day we put a shovel in the ground until the day we retire that project – a cradle-to-grave approach in how we do this.”", "\n\nInvestment, leadership, preparation for the future. ", "Each is intertwined to the other, but it all starts with money.", "\n\nAs former Pennsylvania Governor Edward G. Rendell said during the release event’s panel discussion, “The key is investment, there’s no getting around it.”", "\n\nASCE estimates that the nation’s infrastructure needs a total of $2 trillion across the 16 categories through 2025. ", "The Report Card estimates that a failure to do so – what Rendell called “the cost of doing nothing” – would cause a $3.9 trillion hit to the gross domestic product by 2025, $7 trillion in lost business sales by 2025, and 2.5 million lost jobs by 2025.", "\n\nJoining Rendell on the panel were Drew Greenblatt, CEO of Marlin Steel Wire, who made the business case for infrastructure spending, and DC Water CEO George Hawkins, who talked about the value of innovation and forward-thinking when it comes to building the next generation of utilities and infrastructure. ", "Connecticut Gov. Dannel Malloy, who has pressed successfully for infrastructure investment in his state, also appeared at the release event and related various challenges and successes from his state’s perspective.", "\n\n“As engineers, our members realize that we have an obligation to speak out on issues of public health, safety, and welfare. ", "If we’re not, who is?” ", "said ASCE Executive Director Tom Smith, ENV SP, CAE, F.ASCE. “", "And it’s really making a difference in terms of changing the conversation. ", "I think now we just need to strike while the iron’s hot. ", "There’s a lot of good discussion taking place on infrastructure. ", "We’ve got to make sure we convert that to action with the new administration and Congress.”", "\n\nAdditional information regarding the Report Card, category grades, and state Report Cards and information, as well as infographics, videos, and other resources, can be found on www.infrastructurereportcard.org or via the Save America’s Infrastructure app in the Google Play and App Stores." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.00009070294784580499, 0, 0, 0.0000801153661272232, 0.000038103947568968146, 0, 0, 0.00008416799932665601, 0, 0.00001054140664530275, 0, 0, 0.0000529623614151543, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000041091387245233394, 0, 0.000015872763924382153, 0.00004189315151705575, 0.00002183596820683029, 0, 0, 0.0013007284079084287, 0, 0, 0, 0.00012075836251660429, 0.000035427073369468946 ]

[ "/* $Xorg: ListP.h,v 1.4 2001/02/09 02:03:44 xorgcvs Exp $ */\n\n/*\nCopyright 1989, 1994, 1998 The Open Group\n\nPermission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software and its\ndocumentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee, provided that\nthe above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that\ncopyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting\ndocumentation.", "\n\nThe above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\nall copies or substantial portions of the Software.", "\n\nTHE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\nIMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\nFITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. ", " IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\nOPEN GROUP BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN\nAN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN\nCONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.", "\n\nExcept as contained in this notice, the name of The Open Group shall not be\nused in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings\nin this Software without prior written authorization from The Open Group.", "\n*/\n/* $XFree86: xc/lib/Xaw/ListP.h,v 1.9 2001/12/14 19:54:40 dawes Exp $ */\n\n\n/* \n * This is a List widget. ", " It allows the user to select an item in a list and\n * notifies the application through a callback function.", "\n *\n *\tCreated: \t8/13/88\n *\tBy:\t\tChris D. Peterson\n * MIT - Project Athena\n */\n\n#ifndef _XawListP_h\n#define _XawListP_h\n\n/*\n * List Widget Private Data\n */\n#include <X11/Xaw/SimpleP.h>\n#include <X11/Xaw/List.h>\n\n#define NO_HIGHLIGHT XAW_LIST_NONE\n#define OUT_OF_RANGE -1\n#define OKAY 0\n\n/* New fields for the List widget class */\ntypedef struct {\n XtPointer extension;\n} ListClassPart;\n\n/* Full class record */\ntypedef struct _ListClassRec {\n CoreClassPart\tcore_class;\n SimpleClassPart\tsimple_class;\n ListClassPart\tlist_class;\n} ListClassRec;\n\nextern ListClassRec listClassRec;\n\n/* New fields for the List widget */\ntypedef struct {\n /* resources */\n Pixel foreground;\n Dimension internal_width;\t\t/* if not 3d, user sets directly */\n Dimension internal_height;\n Dimension column_space;\t\t/* half of *_space is add on\n\t\t\t\t\t top/bot/left of */\n Dimension row_space;\t\t/* each item's text bounding box\n\t\t\t\t\t half added to longest for right */\n int default_cols;\n Boolean force_cols;\n Boolean paste;\n Boolean vertical_cols;\n int longest;\t\t\t/* in pixels */\n int nitems;\n XFontStruct\t*font;\n XFontSet fontset;\t\t\t/* Sheeran, Omron KK, 93/03/05 */\n String *list;\t\t\t/* for i18n, always in multibyte\n\t\t\t\t\t format */\n XtCallbackList callback;\n\n /* private */\n int is_highlighted;\t\t\t/* set to the item currently\n\t\t\t\t\t highlighted */\n int highlight;\t\t\t/* set to the item that should be\n\t\t\t\t\t highlighted */\n int col_width;\t\t\t/* width of each column */\n int row_height;\t\t\t/* height of each row */\n int nrows;\t\t\t\t/* number of rows in the list */\n int ncols;\t\t\t\t/* number of columns in the list */\n GC normgc;\n GC revgc;\n GC graygc;\n int freedoms;\t\t\t/* flags for resizing height\n\t\t\t\t\t and width */\n#ifndef OLDXAW\n int selected;\n Boolean show_current;\n char pad1[(sizeof(XtPointer) - sizeof(Boolean)) +\n\t\t (sizeof(XtPointer) - sizeof(int))];\n XtPointer pad2[2];\t/* for future use and keep binary compatability */\n#endif\n} ListPart;\n\n\n/* Full instance record */\ntypedef struct _ListRec {\n CorePart\tcore;\n SimplePart\tsimple;\n ListPart\tlist;\n} ListRec;\n\n#endif /* _XawListP_h */\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0.00006103515625, 0.000024029219530949635, 0.00001721733441228629, 0.000058219643307652, 0.00008416799932665601, 0, 0.000002577055955417725 ]

[ "CRM Software\n\nCRM (Customer Relationship Management)\n\nDescription\n\nCRM (Customer Relationship Management):\n\nIt is common to see now customer relationship management (CRM) software packages reside within a company and it typically resided in a sales department. ", "But today we provide insights to not only the audience that responds to content marketing initiatives but which of those individuals that resulted in sales. ", "It was typically viewed as a tool for sales people to manage their product." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0000293595220269814, 0, 0 ]

[ "504 F.2d 849\nUNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,v.Henry Ogle WATSON, Defendant-Appellant.", "\nNo. ", "73-1539.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.", "\nMarch 20, 1974, Rehearing Denied March 20, 1974, CertiorariGranted Feb. 18,1975, See 95 S.Ct. ", "1117.", "\n\n1\nMichael D. Nasatir (argued), of Nasatir, Sherman & Hirsch, Beverly Hills, Cal., ", "for defendant-appellant.", "\n\n\n2\nMichael T. Kenney, Asst. ", "U.S. Atty. ", " (argued), William D. Keller, U.S. Atty., ", "Eric A. Nobles, Asst. ", "U.S. Atty., ", "Los Angeles, Cal., ", "for plaintiff-appellee.", "\n\n\n3\nBefore ELY and GOODWIN, Circuit Judges, and MURRAY,* District judge.", "\n\nWILLIAM D. MURRAY, District Judge:\n\n4\nAn indictment was filed against the appellant on September 11, 1972, alleging a four count violation of 18 U.S.C. 1708 (stealing from the mails). ", " Count 1 alleged a violation on August 23, 1972; Count 2 alleged a violation on August 17, 1972; Count 3 alleged a violation on August 23, 1972; and Count 4 alleged a violation on May 28, 1971. ", " The appellant was ultimately tried on Counts 1, 2 and 3. ", "Count 4 was dismissed. ", " The jury returned a verdict of guilty as to Counts 1 and 3, and guilty as to Count 2.", "\n\n\n5\nOn the day of the trial, the district court heard motions to suppress evidence pursuant to Rule 41(c) Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and a motion to determine the voluntariness of any postarrest statements pursuant to Jackson v. Denno, 378 U.S. 368, 84 S.Ct. ", "1774, 12 L.Ed.2d 908 (1964). ", " In response to these motions, the government called Frank L. Barbarick, a U.S. Postal Inspector, as a witness. ", " Inspector Barbarick testified that he was contacted on the telephone by one Awad Khoury on August 17, 1972. ", " He knew Khoury as Tony and had previous contacts with him from five to ten times. ", " In the course of these prior contacts, Khoury related information concerning appellant Watson and his associates. ", " This information was found to be reliable by Inspector Barbarick.", "\n\n\n6\nIn the August 17, 1972, phone call, Khoury advised the Inspector that he, Khoury, was going to receive a Bank of America credit card from appellant Watson. ", " The card was in the name of Syed T. Ahmad. ", " Barbarick told Khoury to bring the credit card to Barbarick's office when he received it from Watson. ", " Later on that day, Khoury brought the credit card into Barbarick's office. ", " Khoury said that he had received this card from appellant and that appellant wanted him to purchase TWA airline tickets. ", " Khoury also showed Inspector Barbarick a slip of paper that gave names and addresses for the airline tickets to be purchased. ", " Inspector Barbarick told Khoury to arrange a meeting with appellant Watson. ", " Khoury advised Barbarick that a meeting was scheduled for August 22, 1972, but this meeting did not take place. ", " A meeting with Watson on August 23 similarly did not take place. ", " Finally, a meeting between Khoury and Watson was set up for noon on the 23rd of August at Ship's Restaurant in Los Angeles. ", " Barbarick testified that he told Khoury to determine at the meeting whether Watson had any additional credit cards in his possession. ", " If Watson did have some additional cards, Khoury was to light a cigarette as a signal to Postal Inspectors inside the restaurant. ", " These inspectors would then activate a signal alerting Inspector Barbarick outside the restaurant. ", " Upon receiving the prearranged signal Barbarick and other inspectors entered the restaurant and placed the defendant under arrest, advising him that he was under arrest for possession of stolen mail. ", " Inspector Barbarick then asked Watson if he could look in his car. ", " Watson said 'Go ahead.' ", " Using the key to the car which Watson had turned over, Barbarick opened the car and searched. ", " Under the floormat on the driver's side he recovered an envelope. ", " Inspector Barbarick's later testimony indicated that the envelope which he discovered was not opened until he returned to his office in downtown Los Angeles. ", " At that time he found that two smaller envelopes were contained inside the larger envelope and that it was these two envelopes which contained the credit cards which are the source of the allegations in Counts 1 and 2. ", " In making the arrest the inspector testified he was relying on the evidence acquired on August 17, 1972, which was six days prior to arrest.", "\n\n\n7\nIn his initial argument, appellant raises the strictly technical point that a stipulation1 which his attorney and the United States Attorney intended to introduce was never affirmatively or competently entered into or accepted by the court and that, consequently there is an absence of proof.", "\n\n\n8\nThe record reveals that both parties, the court and the jury all were under the impression that the stipulation had been entered in the record. ", " The agreement to stipulate was communicated to the court prior to the empanelling of the jury. ", " The stipulation was read to the jury in the government's opening statement. ", " The defense counsel referred to the stipulation during his cross-examination. ", " The appellant himself made reference to the stipulation. ", " Since all parties concerned were under the impression that the stipulation had been entered in the record, the defendant-appellant cannot be allowed to benefit from a purely technical error, if in fact there was error.", "\n\n\n9\nAppellant next contends that (A) the hearing on the motion to suppress failed to establish that the informant's reliability was sufficient to warrant use of his 'tip'; (B) he contends that the failure to obtain an arrest warrant vitiates the arrest and subsequent seizure; and (C) he contends that a consent to search cannot be acquired during an illegal detention and that his consent was not shown to be voluntary and knowledgeable.", "\n\n\n10\nAs to appellant's first contention, the Judge at the suppression hearing found that the informant's reliability had been established by the testimony of Inspector Barbarick and that the reliability standards of Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 84 S.Ct. ", "1509, 12 L.Ed.2d 723, and Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 89 S.Ct. ", "584, 21 L.Ed.2d 637 had been met. ", " Inspector Barbarick testified that he had been contacted by Informant Khoury prior to August 17, 1972, on five to ten occasions and that Khoury had related information concerning appellant Watson and his associates and that the information supplied helped in knowing the whereabouts of people that were involved in mail theft throughout the Los Angeles area. ", " There is sufficient evidence to support the trial judge's finding that Khoury was 'reliable'. ", " Consequently, on August 17, 1972, when Khoury gave Barbarick the credit card which he said he had received from Watson, probable cause existed to arrest appellant Watson for mail theft.", "\n\n\n11\nAppellant's second contention has merit, i.e. the failure to obtain an arrest warrant vitiates the arrest. ", " As stated above, Inspector Barbarick had probable cause to arrest appellant on the 17th of August, 1972. ", " However, the arrest was not made until six days later-- on the 23rd of August. ", " There appears to be no reason for the failure to present the question to a detached magistrate to obtain an arrest warrant.", "\n\n\n12\n'The case of Warden v. Hayden, (387 U.S. 294, 87 S.Ct. ", "1642, 18 L.Ed.2d 782) where the Court elaborated a 'hot pursuit' justification for the police entry into the defendant's house without a warrant for his arrest, certainly stands by negative implication for the proposition that an arrest warrant is required in the absence of exigent circumstances.' ", " Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 480, 91 S.Ct. ", "2022, 2045, 29 L.Ed.2d 564. '(", "The warrant requirement) is not an inconvenience to be somehow 'weighed' against the claims of police efficiency. ", " It is, or should be, an important working part of our machinery of government, operating as a matter of course to check the 'well-intentioned but mistakenly over-zealous executive officers' who are a part of any system of law enforcement.' ", " Coolidge, supra at 481, 91 S.Ct. ", "at 2046. ", " The government in this case has shown no 'exigent' circumstances which would justify not obtaining an arrest warrant during the six day interim period between the 17th of August and the day of the actual arrest. ", " The arrest of the appellant was in violation of the 4th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.", "\n\n\n13\nThirdly, appellant attacks the voluntariness of his consent to search. ", " At the time appellant consented to the search, he was under arrest. ", " Nothing in the record indicates that he knew of or was advised of his right not to consent to the search of his automobile.", "\n\n\n14\nAt the time of the consent to the search of this car, the law of the Ninth Circuit required a showing that the defendant knew he could withhold his consent and a showing as to whether any consent was coerced or uncoerced. ", " Schoepflin v. United States, 391 F.2d 390 (9th Cir. ", "1968). ", " However, in Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 93 S.Ct. ", "2041, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973), the Supreme Court, reversing an earlier decision by this court, 448 F.2d 699 (9th Cir. ", "1971), held that:\n\n\n15\n'. . . ", "Voluntariness is a question of fact to be determined from all the circumstances, and while the subject's knowledge of a right to refuse is a factor to be taken into account, the prosecution is not required to demonstrate such knowledge as a prerequisite to establishing a voluntary consent . . ..'", "\n\n\n16\nRecently, in United States v. Rothman, 492 F.2d 1260 (9th Cir., ", "1973), this court, conceding that Schneckloth is limited by its facts to cases in which the consenting party is not in custody, observed that we have never applied a different test for consent searches on the basis of the pre-consent arrest of the consenting party and held that 'arrest is but one factor, albeit a critical one, in determining whether or not the consent was voluntary.' ", "492 F.2d at 1264 n. 1. ", " Hence, the Supreme Court's 'totality of circumstances' test applies to all consent search situations, whether or not the consenting party is under arrest.", "\n\n\n17\nHere, we find that the totality of circumstances strongly suggests coercion. ", " Appellant had been placed under arrest and was in custody at the time that he gave the officers permission to search his car.", "\n\n\n18\n'. . . ", "In looking at the factual issue of voluntariness, the court must be aware of the 'vulnerable subjective state' of the defendant as well as the possibility of 'subtly coercive police questions.' ", " Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, supra, 412 U.S. at 229, 93 s,.", "Ct. ", "2041, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 and the inherently coercive nature of custodial interrogation, Id. at 247, 93 S.Ct. ", "2041, 36 L.Ed.2d 854.' ", " United States v. Rothman, 492 F.2d at 1265.", "\n\n\n19\nNot only was appellant Watson in custody, he was in custody in violation of the Fourth Amendment, since the agents had failed to obtain an arrest warrant. ", " Moreover, in Rothman, where we held that the defendant had not properly consented to a search, the defendant admitted that he knew that he had a right to refuse. ", " Here, nothing indicates that Watson knew or was advised of his right not to consent to the search of his automobile. ", " Hence, in light of Schneckloth and Rothman, we hold that the incustody search of the appellant was invalid, and the fruits of the search should have been suppressed.", "\n\n\n20\nIn light of the above it is not necessary to discuss other issues raised.", "\n\n\n21\nReversed.", "\n\nALFRED T. GOODWIN, Circuit Judge (dissenting):\n\n22\nI would affirm. ", " I agree that the agents could have obtained an arrest warrant as early as six days before they arrested Watson, but it by no means follows that the arrest without a warrant was not lawful. ", " I know of no case which holds that officers must make an arrest the moment they come into possession of enough evidence to cause a magistrate to issue a warrant. ", " United States v. Leon, 460 F.2d 299, 300 (9th Cir. ", "1972). ", " There are many times when good law enforcement commends further investigation. ", " At the time of Watson's arrest, a pre-arranged signal gave the officers new knowledge that Watson was then in possession of additional stolen credit cards. ", " This information alone would have justified a warrantless arrest at the time it was made.", "\n\n\n23\nGiven a lawful arrest, the only basis Watson urged in the trial court for his motion to suppress the evidence collapses. ", " I do not join in the majority's discussion of Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 93 S.Ct. ", "2041, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973), as it is not responsive to any issue raised below or in the briefs and arguments on appeal.", "\n\n\n\n*\n The Honorable W. D. Murray, United States District Judge for the District of Montana, sitting by designation\n\n\n1\n The stipulation read as follows: 'That on or about August 14th of 1972, Bank-Americard Corporation sent through the mails three credit cards in separate envelopes, with separate addresses on them. ", " That these three separate and distinct credit cards and envelopes were addressed to, number one, a Marlene M. Steinberg, at 12407 Ohio Avenue in Los Angeles. ", " And that her credit card number was 4024 681 187 691. ", " In addition, another credit card on or about August 14, was sent by BankAmericard to one Syed T. Ahmed. ", " And that was sent to 1502 Wellesley Avenue, in West Los Angeles. ", " His credit card number was 4024 682 059 676. ", " Another credit card was sent by BankAmericard through the mails to one Kenneth Sorensen of 12118 Ohio Avenue, in West Los Angeles. ", " His credit card number was 4024 688 038 351.' ", " It was further stipulated that the individuals to whom these credit cards were addressed never received the credit card in question\n\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.00030609121518212427, 0, 0, 0.0009053870529651426, 0.00011080332409972299, 0, 0.0002834467120181406, 0, 0.0022222222222222222, 0, 0.0005668934240362812, 0.002066115702479339, 0, 0, 0, 0.0007506098705197973, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000027639197910476636, 0, 0.00015943877551020407, 0.00016833599865331202, 0.0002903178980984178, 0.0001512287334593573, 0.0002295684113865932, 0.0001543150341422013, 0.0005165289256198347, 0.0002827787727401263, 0.00034626038781163435, 0.00013437248051599034, 0.000124000248000496, 0.0005059875189745319, 0.00007831466833737959, 0.0002295684113865932, 0.000192, 0.0001646090534979424, 0.00017481498747159256, 0.0001, 0.00002475186257765897, 0.00043252595155709344, 0, 0.00022160664819944597, 0, 0.00003955539733396622, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000029814701629373446, 0.000168662506324844, 0, 0.0000308641975308642, 0.00011080332409972299, 0.00008671522719389525, 0, 0.00008899964400142399, 0, 0, 0, 0.000011185557208532343, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000019236688211757463, 0, 0, 0.00025195263290501383, 0.00007431629013079666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00004162330905306972, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00029726516052318666, 0, 0, 0, 0.0005165289256198347, 0.000038578758535550326, 0.000037637848620572846, 0.00007181844297615628, 0.000036289737262302225, 0, 0, 0.00042007981516488136, 0.000027700831024930747, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00008113919428780073, 0, 0.000062000124000248, 0.00010628122010840684, 0, 0.000009888849333491555, 0.00003955539733396622, 0, 0.00018140589569160998, 0, 0, 0.0001147842056932966, 0, 0 ]

[ "KAMPAR: A workshop owner was beaten with a metal rod by his neighbour when he confronted the man on the dumping of cat faeces at and around his shop.", "\n\nTsoi Chew Chin, 52, is said to have endured the situation for some 10 years but finally had enough on Saturday, when faeces was flung at his head.", "\n\nTsoi is said to have then confronted the 54-year-old owner of the cat about the situation only to be beaten up by the latter.", "\n\nKampar OCPD Supt Ng Kong Soon said Tsoi needed 22 stitches due to the injuries to his head, back and legs.", "\n\nHe said the incident occurred when Tsoi was closing up for the day and found cat faeces at the back of his workshop.", "\n\n\"While washing his hands, some of the faeces was then thrown at his head,\" Supt Ng said.", "\n\n\"Tsoi tried to talk with the cat owner, who in a fit of rage, took a metal rod and hit him,\" he added.", "\n\nSupt Ng said Tsoi's friends had taken him to the Kampar Hospital where he received treatment.", "\n\n\"We believed the argument between the workshop owner and the neighbour has been going on for 10 years over the indiscriminate dumping of cat faeces within and outside of Tsoi's workshop,\" he added.", "\n\nHe said police are in the process of arresting the neighbour." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00011080332409972299, 0.0000252518875785965, 0 ]

[ "p63 protects chondrosarcoma malignancies mainly by enhancing the expression of PTEN.", "\nAbnormal expression of p63 has been well identified in multiple malignancies. ", "However, little study has been done on the association between p63 and chondro sarcoma. ", "In the current study, we mainly explored the expression of p63 in different grades of chondrosarcoma. ", "Our data showed that p63 was significantly decreased in grade II and III chondrosarcoma compared with that of grade I chondrosarcoma and normal control. ", "As the characteristic of grade II and III chondrosarcoma is metastasis, we then searched the function of p63 chondrosarcoma. ", "In vitro study showed that overexpression of p63 significantly suppressed chondrosarcoma cell viability, migration and invasion. ", "Meanwhile, upregualtion of p63 induced chondrosarcoma cell apoptosis. ", "Furthermore, we showed that overexpression of p63 could significantly increase the protein expression of PTEN. ", "In contrast, silencing of PTEN markedly reduced the protein levels of Bax, and enhanced the expression of PCNA and p27, even in cells transfected with p-p63. ", "These data showed that p63 was a tumor suppressor mainly through regulating PTEN in chondrosarcoma cells. ", "In summary, reduction of p63 in grade II and III chondrosarcoma enhances the malignant phenotype mainly through modulating the expression of PTEN." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0001417233560090703, 0, 0, 0, 0.00008543722499893203, 0.000128, 0, 0, 0.00008116224332440549, 0.0000801153661272232, 0.00008899964400142399, 0.000140739350722462 ]

[ "Demonstrate outside Ferrexpo’s office in London on Friday 3rd September from 4:30pm at 2-4 King Street, SW1. ", "Click here for flyer.", "\n\nA major dispute is underway between mineworkers in Poltava in central Ukraine and Ferrexpo Plc, a major player on the global market mainly engaged in mining of iron ore. ", "All three shifts in the open cast in the town of Komsomolsk, of more than 300 workers each are now involved in industrial action. ", "Some railway locomotive drivers and workers on the iron ore concentrating factory have joined in solidarity.", "\n\nThe action started on 1st August at 10am when the workers at the ore-dressing open cast pit started at first with a go-slow and work-to-rule. ", "The action began when haul trucks drivers on their way down to the 305 meter deep quarry reduce speed of the vehicles from normal 40-45 km/h to the more safe 10-15 km/h. Excavator and bulldozer operators, as well as drilling technicians then joined the action in solidarity. ", "Within 24 hours of the workers’ action total rock production had fallen by less than 60% of normal volume. ", "This impact of the workers resistance is continuing.", "\n\nThe cause of the dispute was a recent re-evaluation of workplaces which led to the opencast mine workers being moved from the ‘1st list’ (which implies heavy-load conditions) to the ‘2nd list’. ", "This means abolition of a number of benefits:\n\n«the retirement age will be lifted from 50 to 55 years;\n\n« required working life will be increased from 20 to 25 years;\n\n« required length of service at heavy-load workplaces – from 10 to 12.6;\n\n« 10 days will be cut from annual holiday entitlement\n\nEvaluation is done every 5 years; after the previous one, workers kept their ‘first list’. ", "Since then their trucks became older, while the mine grew even deeper. ", "Despite the fact that the certification of job hazard categories is in contravention of Ukrainian law all legal means to contest it led to protracted and unresolved cases in the courts.", "\n\nOver the last year the management has used lies and blackmail to increase production rates; however each time rates were raised at the end of the month the workers were left without their deserved bonuses. ", "To fulfill quotas, truck drivers routinely have to transgress the legal speed limit. ", "Until recently, the highest speed has been 25-32 km/h (depending on the make of vehicle), while truck drivers have to drive at 40-45 km/h.\n\nThe company still considered production was growing too slowly. ", "The company used this to deny workers their bonuses. ", "The bonus in question could reach 1000 UAH which is a significant proportion of the average wage (4500 UAH). ", "Meanwhile, during last 2 years workers’ incomes have dropped almost fourfold due to inflation and currency devaluation.", "\n\nWorking hours have also been increased from 8 to 12 per day. ", "Also, drivers of heavy haulers (90-136 tons Belaz, Caterpillar and Komatsu mining trucks) are now being officially registered simply as ‘drivers’.", "\n\nIn response to this intolerable situation the industrial action is continuing; judging from the results of the first week, management isn’t eager to look for constructive solutions. ", "With their every step, the factory management has sought to escalate the dispute.", "\n\nAfter workers had announced the beginning of their action in the media, the Ferrexpo company press department has launched a disinformation campaign trying to refute and misrepresent the workers action. ", "After video of interviews with workers of the mine had been shown, the press began to side with the workers. ", "In response the company has adopted a new tactic of seeking to enter into negotiations, whilst launching a new press campaign in order to assure the Ukrainian and foreign media that there is no threat of a full stoppage of production at the mine, and that the action doesn’t affect the enterprise’s revenues.", "\n\nMeanwhile, at a meeting with the region’s deputy governor, workers were invited to stop the industrial action, and a new commission for evaluation would be instituted. ", "Workers, fearing deception, continued their action, and the next day, 4th of August, the management issued order #1800 by which it has unilaterally scrapped a number of safety rules for drivers of heavy haulers. ", "Specifically, they excluded the rule which forbade overtaking and included the rule which sets minimal speed limit. ", "Overtaking and overruns are the two most frequent reasons of wrecks in the quarry.", "\n\nThe independent trade union ‘People’s Solidarity’ has written collective letters to the public prosecutor’s office and to the Ombudsman. ", "The management also appealed to the local authorities, and activists received summons to the local public prosecutor’s office. ", "It seems like the authorities act as the employer’s agents to intimidate workers. ", "One of the workers’ leaders was fired. ", "Some workers were suspended from work. ", "Repression against workers is growing.", "\n\nNow the employer has hired 70 scab drivers from another city and put them up in a hotel in Komsomolsk under the guard of private detectives. ", "Every day, armed with Kalashnikov machine-guns, private guards’convoy scabs to the quarry and back to the hotel giving no possibility even to speak to them. (", "It should be noted that machine-gun firearms are officially prohibited for private guards in Ukraine.) ", "At the moment strikebreakers have not succeeded in increasing production because they do not find it so easy to drive the heavy mining trucks. ", "It’s clear that it would be impossible to increase output without grave danger for the life of workers. ", "But it looks like the employer does not care about possible fatalities.", "\n\nIn spite of this the strikers are resolute; they are doing their utmost to maintain their action in the face of the intimidation and strike breaking by Ferrexpo Plc. ", "The management, having no desire to agree to the workers demands, pays for publications in the international media on a daily basis, assuring readers of colossal revenue growth. ", "Such boasting is particularly cynical, since everyone knows that this revenue is obtained by the super-exploiting of the workers at the enterprise.", "\n\nThe industrial action will last until full satisfaction of the workers’ demands, which are as follows:\n\n« an increase of wages by at least 50%;\n\n« lowering daily and monthly output quotas to fit the safety requirements and actual human abilities;\n\n« restitution of the ‘1st hazard list’ and relevant social and pension benefits to all workers of the mine.", "\n\nThis action is clearly provoked by the employer’s impudent unwillingness to meaningfully negotiate with the workers. ", "Ferrexpo Poltava Mining C.E.O. Viktor Lotous said to workers that they are “clowns” and advised one driver to “change his wife” if he can’t provide for the family.", "\n\nNearly one thousand of workers are involved in the action and are losing now approximately 40% of salary due to the underfulfilment of output norms.", "\n\nThe Poltava miners need international solidarity to force Ferrexpo to stop repression, negotiate seriously and secure the workers’ just demands.", "\n\nDemonstrate outside Ferrexpo’s office in London on Friday 3rd September from 4:30pm at 2-4 King Street, SW1.", "\n\nSponsors of the demonstration include: The Commune; John McDonnell MP; Labour Representation Committee; Joe Marino, General Secretary of Bakers, Food and Allied Workers Union; Indian Workers Association (GB), Globalise Resistance; Steve Hedley, Organiser and Vaughan Thomas, President, London Region RMT; Glenroy Watson, RMT Finsbury Park branch chairperson; Permanent Revolution, Republican Communist Network; Indian Welfare Association (GB); Latin American Workers Association." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0, 0.00006760411032990806, 0.0000591715976331361, 0.00008573388203017832, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000140739350722462, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000048902146804244705, 0.0000400576830636116, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000035430839002267575, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00004691311690748733, 0.00008264462809917355, 0.000051866995733939605 ]

[ "Biodegradation of bioplastics in natural environments.", "\nThe extensive production of conventional plastics and their use in different commercial applications poses a significant threat to both the fossil fuels sources and the environment. ", "Alternatives called bioplastics evolved during development of renewable resources. ", "Utilizing renewable resources like agricultural wastes (instead of petroleum sources) and their biodegradability in different environments enabled these polymers to be more easily acceptable than the conventional plastics. ", "The biodegradability of bioplastics is highly affected by their physical and chemical structure. ", "On the other hand, the environment in which they are located, plays a crucial role in their biodegradation. ", "This review highlights the recent findings attributed to the biodegradation of bioplastics in various environments, environmental conditions, degree of biodegradation, including the identified bioplastic-degrading microorganisms from different microbial communities." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to remove text between parenthesis in a file\n\nText in my file looks like this:\n(0,1,12) 12.3, 3.3 , 4.5\nI want to be able to remove whatever is within the parenthesis and parenthesis themselves too. ", "\n\nA:\n\nAssuming you have sed...\nsed -i -E \"s/\\([^)]*\\)\\s*//\" /tmp/myfile.txt\n\nThis will edit myfile.txt in-place and remove the matched text.", "\nTo break down the regex - it will match an opening parenthesis, followed by any number of characters that are not closing parentheses, followed by a closing parenthesis, and then followed by any amount of whitespace (remove the \\s* if you don't want that).", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.00002333776750916007, 0, 0.000015140274644582053, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nNullability for strings vs other data types in columns created by Entity Framework Code First\n\nWhen defining a string in a class using Code First, the default for the columns in the generated database allows nulls.", "\n public string MyString { get; set; }\n\ncreates this column: \nMyString (nvarchar(max), null)\nI can change this to \"not null\" by using the [Required] attribute or by using the .IsRequired() method in the Fluent API.", "\nThe default for other data types does not allow nulls.", "\n public int MyInt { get; set; }\n public DateTime MyDateTime { get; set; }\n public float MyFloat { get; set; }\n public decimal MyDecimal { get; set; }\n public bool MyBool { get; set; }\n\ncreates these columns:\nMyInt (int, not null)\nMyDateTime (datetime, not null)\nMyFloat (real, not null)\nMyDecimal (decimal(18,2), not null)\nMyBool (bit, not null)\nI can change these to allow nulls by using the .IsOptional() method in the Fluent API. ", "Is there an attribute that will do the same thing? ", "\nI can also change the data types in the class definition to allow nulls (int?, ", "DateTime?, ", "etc.) ", "which results in columns that allow nulls in the database.", "\nWhat is the rationale for allowing nulls by default for strings but not for other data types?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou kind of answered this yourself. ", "You cannot have a null reference to any of the other data types that you listed. ", "So, if the code cannot handle a null, then it is going to make sure the database enforces that, also. ", "\nJust to make this perfectly clear, as you are focusing specifically on a string versus other value types. ", "Here is the MDSN article on strings, if you search for null, you will see this line:\n\nBy contrast, a null string does not refer to an instance of a System.", "String object and any attempt to call a method on a null string results in a NullReferenceException\n\nHowever, unless an int is nullable, it will never throw a NullReferenceException since it must always have a default value.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.000021041999831664002, 0.00004247276433986706, 0, 0.000034722049989831404, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00004162330905306972, 0, 0 ]

[ "Related literature   {#sec1}\n====================\n\nFor amino­bis­phenolato ligands in coordination chemistry, see: Wichmann *et al.* (", "2012[@bb13]). ", "For applications of their metal complexes, see: Barroso *et al.* (", "2010[@bb1]); Wong *et al.* (", "2010[@bb14]); Kannan *et al.* (", "2008[@bb5]); Pang *et al.* (", "2008[@bb8]); Tshuva *et al.* (", "2001[@bb11]). ", "For background to the synthetic procedure and related structures, see: Hancock *et al.* (", "2011[@bb4]); Manna *et al.* (", "2008[@bb6]); Mohanty *et al.* (", "2008[@bb7]); Guo *et al.* (", "2003[@bb3]).", "\n\nExperimental   {#sec2}\n==============\n\n {#sec2.1}\n\n### Crystal data   {#sec2.1.1}\n\nC~34~H~54~N~2~O~2~·0.25H~2~O*M* *~r~* = 527.30Orthorhombic,*a* = 8.7292 (8) Å*b* = 37.428 (3) Å*c* = 10.1806 (9) Å*V* = 3326.1 (5) Å^3^*Z* = 4Mo *K*α radiationμ = 0.07 mm^−1^*T* = 296 K0.33 × 0.24 × 0.16 mm\n\n### Data collection   {#sec2.1.2}\n\nBruker SMART APEXII CCD diffractometer29196 measured reflections3908 independent reflections3411 reflections with *I* \\> 2σ(*I*)*R* ~int~ = 0.031\n\n### Refinement   {#sec2.1.3}\n\n*R*\\[*F* ^2^ \\> 2σ(*F* ^2^)\\] = 0.046*wR*(*F* ^2^) = 0.130*S* = 1.053908 reflections180 parameters1 restraintH-atom parameters constrainedΔρ~max~ = 0.38 e Å^−3^Δρ~min~ = −0.31 e Å^−3^\n\n {#d5e447}\n\nData collection: *APEX2* (Bruker, 2009[@bb2]); cell refinement: *SAINT* (Bruker, 2009[@bb2]); data reduction: *SAINT*; program(s) used to solve structure: *SHELXS97* (Sheldrick, 2008[@bb9]); program(s) used to refine structure: *SHELXL97* (Sheldrick, 2008[@bb9]); molecular graphics: *SHELXTL* (Sheldrick, 2008[@bb9]); software used to prepare material for publication: *publCIF* (Westrip, 2010[@bb12]) and *PLATON* (Spek, 2009[@bb10]).", "\n\nSupplementary Material\n======================\n\nCrystal structure: contains datablock(s) I, global. ", "DOI: [10.1107/S1600536812026505/fj2558sup1.cif](http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1600536812026505/fj2558sup1.cif)\n\nStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: [10.1107/S1600536812026505/fj2558Isup2.hkl](http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1600536812026505/fj2558Isup2.hkl)\n\nAdditional supplementary materials: [crystallographic information](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/sendsupfiles?fj2558&file=fj2558sup0.html&mime=text/html); [3D view](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/sendcif?fj2558sup1&Qmime=cif); [checkCIF report](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?fj2558&checkcif=yes)\n\nSupplementary data and figures for this paper are available from the IUCr electronic archives (Reference: [FJ2558](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/sendsup?fj2558)).", "\n\nFinancial support from the Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Environment Functional Materials, a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD) and the Innovation Program for graduate students of USTS is gratefully acknowledged.", "\n\nComment\n=======\n\nIn coordination chemistry, various ligands are used to control the environment of the metal. ", "Especially, the electronic and steric properties of ligands are used to control the reactivity of metal species. ", "Aminobisphenolato ligand is attractive, because its substituents at the phenolate rings as well as the position and nature of the side chain donor are easily tuneable features; thus different electronic and steric properties are available (Wichmann *et al.* ", "2012). ", "Such metal complexes have been found to display catalytic activity for polymerization of cyclic esters (Hancock *et al.*, ", "2011) (biodegradable polymers) and polymerization of olefins (Tshuva *et al.*, ", "2001). ", "They can also catalyse Tischenko reactions (Pang *et al.*, ", "2008), sulfoxidations (Barroso *et al.*, ", "2010), olefin epoxidation (Wong *et al.*, ", "2010), hydrogenation of ketones (Kannan *et al.*, ", "2008) and Mizorokie-Heck coupling reaction (Mohanty *et al.*, ", "2008). ", "Generally, aminobisphenolato ligands are prepared by Mannich condensation from formaldehyde, phenol and a primary amine (Manna *et al.*, ", "2008; Guo *et al.*, ", "2003). ", "Herein we present a new ligand, in which two substituted phenols are bridge-linked by a tetrahydropyrimidine ring. ", "The molecules form a mirror symmetric structure, as illustrated in Scheme 1.", "\n\nIn the title compound, the C---N bond distances are between 1.4580 (14) to 1.4763 (15) Å whereas the bond length of C---O is 1.3763 (15) Å. The bond angles around the nitrogen atoms range from 110.35 (12)*^o^* to 112.08 (10)*^o^*, which is in agreement with those in similar structure (Guo *et al.*, ", "2003). ", "Two phenolate groups are linked by a tetrahydropyrimidine ring. ", "The overall geometry is mirror-symmetric (Fig.1). ", "The six-member 1,3-diazacyclohexane ring displays in a chair-configuration. ", "Compound molecules were stabilized by hydrogen bonds including intra-molecular O---H···N interaction and inter-molecular O---H···O interaction (Fig. ", "2).", "\n\nExperimental {#experimental}\n============\n\nThe title compound was prepared as follows. ", "To a solution of 2,4-di-butylphenol (24.77 g, 0.12 mol) in 20 ml of methanol was added 7 ml of formaldehyde(0.08 mol) and 2.0 ml 1,3-propanediamine. ", "The mixture was refluxed for 3 d at 65 *^o^*C. In the process white precipitates were produced gradually. ", "After being filtered and washed with methanol for 3 times, white product of C~136~H~218~N~8~O~9~ was obtained in a yield of 90.7% (based on diamine). ", "Single crystals were grown from ethyl acetate, m.p. ", "= 185 °C, Anal. ", "calcd for C~136~H~218~N~8~O~9~: C, 77.44; H, 10.42; N, 5.31; Found: C, 77.02; H, 10.55; N, 5.27. ", "IR(KBr, cm^-1^) 3434(w), 2956(*s*), 2906(*s*), 2870(*s*), 2806(*s*), 2726(*m*), 2680(*m*), 1607(*m*), 1480(*s*), 1459(*s*), 1442(*s*), 1392(*m*), 1362(*s*), 1307(*s*), 1286(w), 1235(*s*), 1204(*m*), 1189(*m*), 1167(*m*), 1123(w), 1110(*m*), 1095(*m*), 989(*m*), 883(*m*), 822(w), 797(w), 761(w), 724(w), 682(w), 460(w).", "\n\nRefinement {#refinement}\n==========\n\nTertiary Carbon H atoms were constrained to ideal geometry, with C---H = 0.98 Å and *U*~iso~(H) = 1.5*U*~eq~(C), All other H atoms were placed in geometrically idealized positions and constrained to ride on their parent atoms, with C---H = 0.93 (aromatic and alkenyl) *U~iso~*(H) = 1.2*U*~eq~(C). ", "The dispalcement parameters for the water O atom were very large at full occupancy. ", "When refined, its fractional occupancy converged to close to 0.25 and was then set at this value.", "\n\nFigures\n=======\n\n{#Fap1}\n\n{#Fap2}\n\nCrystal data {#tablewrapcrystaldatalong}\n============\n\n ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------\n C~34~H~54~N~2~O~2~·0.25H~2~O *F*(000) = 1162\n *M~r~* = 527.30 *D*~x~ = 1.053 Mg m^−3^\n Orthorhombic, *Pnma* Mo *K*α radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å\n Hall symbol: -P 2ac 2n Cell parameters from 9920 reflections\n *a* = 8.7292 (8) Å θ = 2.6--27.6°\n *b* = 37.428 (3) Å µ = 0.07 mm^−1^\n *c* = 10.1806 (9) Å *T* = 296 K\n *V* = 3326.1 (5) Å^3^ Prism, colorless\n *Z* = 4 0.33 × 0.24 × 0.16 mm\n ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------\n\nData collection {#tablewrapdatacollectionlong}\n===============\n\n ------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------\n Bruker SMART APEXII CCD diffractometer 3411 reflections with *I* \\> 2σ(*I*)\n Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube *R*~int~ = 0.031\n Graphite monochromator θ~max~ = 27.6°, θ~min~ = 1.6°\n phi and ω scans *h* = −11→11\n 29196 measured reflections *k* = −48→48\n 3908 independent reflections *l* = −13→13\n ------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------\n\nRefinement {#tablewraprefinementdatalong}\n==========\n\n ---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Refinement on *F*^2^ Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map\n Least-squares matrix: full Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites\n *R*\\[*F*^2^ \\> 2σ(*F*^2^)\\] = 0.046 H-atom parameters constrained\n *wR*(*F*^2^) = 0.130 *w* = 1/\\[σ^2^(*F*~o~^2^) + (0.0634*P*)^2^ + 1.2767*P*\\] where *P* = (*F*~o~^2^ + 2*F*~c~^2^)/3\n *S* = 1.05 (Δ/σ)~max~ = 0.038\n 3908 reflections Δρ~max~ = 0.38 e Å^−3^\n 180 parameters Δρ~min~ = −0.31 e Å^−3^\n 1 restraint Extinction correction: *SHELXL97* (Sheldrick, 2008), Fc^\\*^=kFc\\[1+0.001xFc^2^λ^3^/sin(2θ)\\]^-1/4^\n Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods Extinction coefficient: 0.0034 (7)\n ---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSpecial details {#specialdetails}\n===============\n\n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Geometry. ", "All e.s.d.\\'s (except the e.s.d. ", "in the dihedral angle between two l.s. ", "planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. ", "The cell e.s.d.\\'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.\\'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.\\'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. ", "An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.\\'s is used for estimating e.s.d.\\'s involving l.s. ", "planes.", "\n Refinement. ", "Refinement of *F*^2^ against ALL reflections. ", "The weighted *R*-factor *wR* and goodness of fit *S* are based on *F*^2^, conventional *R*-factors *R* are based on *F*, with *F* set to zero for negative *F*^2^. The threshold expression of *F*^2^ \\> σ(*F*^2^) is used only for calculating *R*-factors(gt) *etc*. ", "and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. *", "R*-factors based on *F*^2^ are statistically about twice as large as those based on *F*, and *R*- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.", "\n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å^2^) {#tablewrapcoords}\n==================================================================================================\n\n ------ -------------- ------------- -------------- -------------------- ------------\n *x* *y* *z* *U*~iso~\\*/*U*~eq~ Occ. (", "\\<1)\n N1 0.24037 (12) 0.78185 (2) 0.40084 (10) 0.0226 (2) \n O1 0.50878 (10) 0.81077 (2) 0.47464 (9) 0.0290 (2) \n H1 0.4572 0.7956 0.4369 0.044\\* \n O2 0.7322 (8) 0.7500 0.5233 (7) 0.0500 (15)\\* 0.25\n H2 0.6880 0.7299 0.5133 0.075\\* 0.25\n C1 0.44073 (13) 0.84373 (3) 0.46035 (11) 0.0218 (2) \n C2 0.30352 (13) 0.84657 (3) 0.38874 (11) 0.0224 (2) \n C3 0.23273 (13) 0.87966 (3) 0.37546 (12) 0.0228 (2) \n H3A 0.1408 0.8812 0.3297 0.027\\* \n C4 0.29645 (13) 0.91060 (3) 0.42917 (11) 0.0215 (2) \n C5 0.43413 (13) 0.90681 (3) 0.49783 (11) 0.0220 (2) \n H5A 0.4783 0.9272 0.5335 0.026\\* \n C6 0.50974 (13) 0.87414 (3) 0.51622 (11) 0.0211 (2) \n C7 0.21487 (13) 0.94668 (3) 0.41266 (12) 0.0248 (3) \n C8 0.05775 (16) 0.94463 (4) 0.47962 (16) 0.0397 (3) \n H8A 0.0056 0.9671 0.4697 0.060\\* \n H8B 0.0712 0.9395 0.5713 0.060\\* \n H8C −0.0019 0.9260 0.4397 0.060\\* \n C9 0.19124 (19) 0.95464 (4) 0.26617 (16) 0.0429 (4) \n H9A 0.2890 0.9560 0.2232 0.064\\* \n H9B 0.1386 0.9770 0.2565 0.064\\* \n H9C 0.1314 0.9359 0.2272 0.064\\* \n C10 0.30511 (17) 0.97759 (4) 0.4729 (2) 0.0484 (4) \n H10A 0.4038 0.9792 0.4317 0.073\\* \n H10B 0.3180 0.9735 0.5654 0.073\\* \n H10C 0.2503 0.9995 0.4596 0.073\\* \n C11 0.66220 (13) 0.87198 (3) 0.59218 (11) 0.0240 (3) \n C12 0.71429 (15) 0.90887 (4) 0.64144 (14) 0.0334 (3) \n H12A 0.6375 0.9187 0.6985 0.050\\* \n H12B 0.7290 0.9245 0.5678 0.050\\* \n H12C 0.8089 0.9065 0.6887 0.050\\* \n C13 0.64494 (16) 0.84776 (4) 0.71373 (13) 0.0365 (3) \n H13A 0.5661 0.8571 0.7698 0.055\\* \n H13B 0.7401 0.8470 0.7609 0.055\\* \n H13C 0.6178 0.8241 0.6862 0.055\\* \n C14 0.78871 (14) 0.85726 (4) 0.50186 (12) 0.0299 (3) \n H14A 0.7992 0.8725 0.4265 0.045\\* \n H14B 0.7619 0.8336 0.4738 0.045\\* \n H14C 0.8840 0.8565 0.5489 0.045\\* \n C15 0.23842 (15) 0.81429 (3) 0.31813 (12) 0.0261 (3) \n H15A 0.1338 0.8193 0.2919 0.031\\* \n H15B 0.2976 0.8099 0.2391 0.031\\* \n C16 0.2173 (2) 0.7500 0.32086 (16) 0.0228 (3) \n H16A 0.2891 0.7500 0.2481 0.027\\* \n H16B 0.1143 0.7500 0.2851 0.027\\* \n C17 0.12559 (16) 0.78340 (3) 0.50660 (13) 0.0310 (3) \n H17A 0.0237 0.7850 0.4690 0.037\\* \n H17B 0.1426 0.8045 0.5601 0.037\\* \n C18 0.1380 (3) 0.7500 0.59142 (19) 0.0369 (4) \n H18A 0.2354 0.7500 0.6373 0.044\\* \n H18B 0.0569 0.7500 0.6565 0.044\\* \n ------ -------------- ------------- -------------- -------------------- ------------\n\nAtomic displacement parameters (Å^2^) {#tablewrapadps}\n=====================================\n\n ----- ------------- ------------ ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------\n *U*^11^ *U*^22^ *U*^33^ *U*^12^ *U*^13^ *U*^23^\n N1 0.0289 (5) 0.0148 (4) 0.0242 (5) −0.0005 (3) −0.0016 (4) −0.0007 (3)\n O1 0.0287 (4) 0.0196 (4) 0.0387 (5) 0.0034 (3) −0.0068 (4) 0.0017 (3)\n C1 0.0231 (5) 0.0188 (5) 0.0234 (5) 0.0019 (4) 0.0001 (4) 0.0021 (4)\n C2 0.0261 (6) 0.0176 (5) 0.0235 (5) −0.0020 (4) −0.0028 (4) 0.0005 (4)\n C3 0.0220 (5) 0.0199 (5) 0.0265 (6) −0.0006 (4) −0.0044 (4) 0.0013 (4)\n C4 0.0203 (5) 0.0189 (5) 0.0252 (6) −0.0002 (4) 0.0010 (4) −0.0002 (4)\n C5 0.0211 (5) 0.0205 (5) 0.0242 (5) −0.0030 (4) 0.0009 (4) −0.0028 (4)\n C6 0.0195 (5) 0.0244 (5) 0.0195 (5) −0.0009 (4) 0.0000 (4) 0.0006 (4)\n C7 0.0225 (5) 0.0167 (5) 0.0352 (6) 0.0008 (4) −0.0001 (5) −0.0008 (4)\n C8 0.0311 (7) 0.0340 (7) 0.0540 (9) 0.0073 (5) 0.0090 (6) 0.0041 (6)\n C9 0.0556 (9) 0.0304 (6) 0.0429 (8) 0.0106 (6) 0.0013 (7) 0.0108 (6)\n C10 0.0369 (8) 0.0217 (6) 0.0866 (13) 0.0031 (5) −0.0134 (8) −0.0140 (7)\n C11 0.0202 (5) 0.0308 (6) 0.0210 (5) 0.0006 (4) −0.0017 (4) 0.0005 (4)\n C12 0.0252 (6) 0.0406 (7) 0.0345 (7) −0.0015 (5) −0.0065 (5) −0.0092 (6)\n C13 0.0314 (7) 0.0525 (8) 0.0257 (6) −0.0013 (6) −0.0032 (5) 0.0105 (6)\n C14 0.0218 (6) 0.0394 (7) 0.0285 (6) 0.0023 (5) −0.0008 (5) −0.0026 (5)\n C15 0.0343 (6) 0.0166 (5) 0.0274 (6) −0.0020 (4) −0.0081 (5) 0.0016 (4)\n C16 0.0291 (8) 0.0159 (7) 0.0233 (8) 0.000 −0.0030 (6) 0.000\n C17 0.0370 (7) 0.0227 (6) 0.0333 (7) 0.0019 (5) 0.0059 (5) −0.0046 (5)\n C18 0.0523 (12) 0.0298 (9) 0.0286 (9) 0.000 0.0117 (9) 0.000\n ----- ------------- ------------ ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------\n\nGeometric parameters (Å, º) {#tablewrapgeomlong}\n===========================\n\n ------------------- ------------- --------------------- -------------\n N1---C16 1.4575 (13) C10---H10A 0.9600\n N1---C17 1.4719 (16) C10---H10B 0.9600\n N1---C15 1.4777 (14) C10---H10C 0.9600\n O1---C1 1.3770 (13) C11---C14 1.5390 (17)\n O1---H1 0.8200 C11---C12 1.5379 (17)\n O2---H2 0.8500 C11---C13 1.5414 (17)\n C1---C2 1.4062 (16) C12---H12A 0.9600\n C1---C6 1.4078 (15) C12---H12B 0.9600\n C2---C3 1.3909 (15) C12---H12C 0.9600\n C2---C15 1.5162 (15) C13---H13A 0.9600\n C3---C4 1.3962 (15) C13---H13B 0.9600\n C3---H3A 0.9300 C13---H13C 0.9600\n C4---C5 1.3975 (16) C14---H14A 0.9600\n C4---C7 1.5359 (15) C14---H14B 0.9600\n C5---C6 1.4023 (16) C14---H14C 0.9600\n C5---H5A 0.9300 C15---H15A 0.9700\n C6---C11 1.5414 (15) C15---H15B 0.9700\n C7---C10 1.5283 (17) C16---N1^i^ 1.4575 (13)\n C7---C9 1.535 (2) C16---H16A 0.9700\n C7---C8 1.5335 (18) C16---H16B 0.9700\n C8---H8A 0.9600 C17---C18 1.5231 (16)\n C8---H8B 0.9600 C17---H17A 0.9700\n C8---H8C 0.9600 C17---H17B 0.9700\n C9---H9A 0.9600 C18---C17^i^ 1.5231 (16)\n C9---H9B 0.9600 C18---H18A 0.9700\n C9---H9C 0.9600 C18---H18B 0.9700\n \n C16---N1---C17 110.29 (10) C14---C11---C13 109.83 (10)\n C16---N1---C15 110.62 (9) C12---C11---C13 107.17 (10)\n C17---N1---C15 112.13 (9) C14---C11---C6 109.79 (9)\n C1---O1---H1 109.5 C12---C11---C6 111.83 (10)\n O1---C1---C2 119.33 (10) C13---C11---C6 110.44 (10)\n O1---C1---C6 119.81 (10) C11---C12---H12A 109.5\n C2---C1---C6 120.85 (10) C11---C12---H12B 109.5\n C3---C2---C1 119.74 (10) H12A---C12---H12B 109.5\n C3---C2---C15 119.80 (10) C11---C12---H12C 109.5\n C1---C2---C15 120.32 (10) H12A---C12---H12C 109.5\n C2---C3---C4 121.57 (10) H12B---C12---H12C 109.5\n C2---C3---H3A 119.2 C11---C13---H13A 109.5\n C4---C3---H3A 119.2 C11---C13---H13B 109.5\n C3---C4---C5 117.02 (10) H13A---C13---H13B 109.5\n C3---C4---C7 120.11 (10) C11---C13---H13C 109.5\n C5---C4---C7 122.87 (10) H13A---C13---H13C 109.5\n C4---C5---C6 124.06 (10) H13B---C13---H13C 109.5\n C4---C5---H5A 118.0 C11---C14---H14A 109.5\n C6---C5---H5A 118.0 C11---C14---H14B 109.5\n C5---C6---C1 116.73 (10) H14A---C14---H14B 109.5\n C5---C6---C11 121.28 (10) C11---C14---H14C 109.5\n C1---C6---C11 121.99 (10) H14A---C14---H14C 109.5\n C10---C7---C9 108.21 (12) H14B---C14---H14C 109.5\n C10---C7---C8 108.69 (11) N1---C15---C2 112.34 (9)\n C9---C7---C8 108.76 (11) N1---C15---H15A 109.1\n C10---C7---C4 112.50 (10) C2---C15---H15A 109.1\n C9---C7---C4 109.83 (10) N1---C15---H15B 109.1\n C8---C7---C4 108.78 (10) C2---C15---H15B 109.1\n C7---C8---H8A 109.5 H15A---C15---H15B 107.9\n C7---C8---H8B 109.5 N1---C16---N1^i^ 109.75 (13)\n H8A---C8---H8B 109.5 N1---C16---H16A 109.7\n C7---C8---H8C 109.5 N1^i^---C16---H16A 109.7\n H8A---C8---H8C 109.5 N1---C16---H16B 109.7\n H8B---C8---H8C 109.5 N1^i^---C16---H16B 109.7\n C7---C9---H9A 109.5 H16A---C16---H16B 108.2\n C7---C9---H9B 109.5 N1---C17---C18 109.51 (11)\n H9A---C9---H9B 109.5 N1---C17---H17A 109.8\n C7---C9---H9C 109.5 C18---C17---H17A 109.8\n H9A---C9---H9C 109.5 N1---C17---H17B 109.8\n H9B---C9---H9C 109.5 C18---C17---H17B 109.8\n C7---C10---H10A 109.5 H17A---C17---H17B 108.2\n C7---C10---H10B 109.5 C17^i^---C18---C17 110.30 (15)\n H10A---C10---H10B 109.5 C17^i^---C18---H18A 109.6\n C7---C10---H10C 109.5 C17---C18---H18A 109.6\n H10A---C10---H10C 109.5 C17^i^---C18---H18B 109.6\n H10B---C10---H10C 109.5 C17---C18---H18B 109.6\n C14---C11---C12 107.71 (10) H18A---C18---H18B 108.1\n ------------------- ------------- --------------------- -------------\n\nSymmetry code: (i) *x*, −*y*+3/2, *z*.", "\n\nHydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) {#tablewraphbondslong}\n=============================\n\n ----------------- --------- --------- ------------- ---------------\n *D*---H···*A* *D*---H H···*A* *D*···*A* *D*---H···*A*\n O1---H1···N1 0.82 2.00 2.6880 (13) 142\n O2---H2···O1^i^ 0.85 2.22 3.036 (5) 161\n ----------------- --------- --------- ------------- ---------------\n\nSymmetry code: (i) *x*, −*y*+3/2, *z*.", "\n\n###### Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)\n\n *D*---H⋯*A* *D*---H H⋯*A* *D*⋯*A* *D*---H⋯*A*\n --------------- --------- ------- ------------- -------------\n O1---H1⋯N1 0.82 2.00 2.6880 (13) 142\n O2---H2⋯O1^i^ 0.85 2.22 3.036 (5) 161\n\nSymmetry code: (i) .", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0.00011138338159946535, 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0.002551020408163265, 0.0010405827263267429, 0.0012755102040816326, 0.0011111111111111111, 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0.0011890606420927466, 0.0010405827263267429, 0.0013717421124828531, 0.006944444444444444, 0.00001003826897001183, 0, 0.000012922377126654066, 0.00004959333465582226, 0, 0, 0.000030046271257736914, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0002872737719046251, 0, 0.0005668934240362812, 0, 0, 0, 0.000053279343598486864, 0, 0, 0.00007561436672967865, 0, 0.000010964431384588396, 0, 0, 0.0004, 0, 0.00004504301608035674, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00036982248520710064, 0, 0.0003188436603252205, 0.000009826947455311955, 0.000008857709750566894, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6.57939699662041e-7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4.4271538240193155e-7, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The present invention relates to an apparatus for converting images of vehicle surroundings used for, for example, a driving support system for supporting driver's visibility.", "\nJapanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. ", "Hei-11-328368 discloses an apparatus for converting images of vehicle surroundings used for helping the field of vision of a driver when the driver reverses up the vehicle into a garage, brings the vehicle closer to the roadside for parking, or drives the vehicle into a crossing or a T junction where the driver's visibility is poor.", "\nThis apparatus includes an electronic camera to photograph, for example, a rear view of the vehicle, or a blind corner view (front left or right view) of the vehicle. ", "There is an increasing need for simultaneously providing the driver with multidirectional images around the vehicle. ", "Under the situation, the driving support system employs a plurality of cameras to pick up images around the vehicle and provide the driver with a plurality of images side by side on a display.", "\nThe arrangement and operation of an apparatus for converting images of vehicle surroundings according to a related art will be explained. ", "The related art in the following explanation employs VGA (video graphics array) of 640×480 pixels as an image output resolution of a camera and a display resolution presented for a driver.", "\nTo absorb a difference between the image data transmission rate of a camera and the processing speed of a CPU (central processing unit), the related art arranges an input frame buffer between the camera and the CPU. ", "The input frame buffer has two banks for each camera, and the size of each bank is selected to cover an address space of 640×680 pixels of the camera. ", "When a frame of image data is transmitted from the camera and is completely stored in one bank of the input frame buffer, the CPU carries out an image conversion process on the bank that has stored the image data. ", "At the same time, the other bank of the input frame buffer is prepared for receiving the next frame of image data. ", "These operations are repeated. ", "From the bank of the input frame buffer on which the image conversion process has been conducted, the CPU reads image data according to addresses stored in a pattern memory and stores the read image data in an output memory.", "\nWhen employing a plurality of cameras and displaying a plurality of images side by side on a single display, it is usual to partly thin images from the cameras and display the thinned images. ", "If two cameras each of VGA size are employed, two systems of image data are provided from the cameras. ", "These two systems of image data are thinned in a read process and the thinned image data is displayed on a display. ", "To prevent images presented for the driver from flickering, the CPU usually displays a frame of image data after the image data is completely stored in the output memory." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0.0005408328826392645, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.000028293345405160706, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00009425959091337542, 0, 0 ]

[ "Search This Blog\n\nFriday, 17 February 2017\n\nMC GALAXY - YOUR LOVE HD\n\n[Official HD Video]MC GALAXY - YOUR LOVE\n\nIn celebration of the season of love and romance, MC Galaxy showers love attention on his beautiful bride, played by popular nollywood actress, Belinda Effah.", "\n\nShot by Clarence Peters in Lagos, the visuals represent the new MC Galaxy brand direction. ", "Clean, colourful, and exciting.", "\n\n\"Your Love\" is MC Galaxy's first single of the year and this video is a re-introduction of the King of New Dance in Africa. ", "The MC Galaxy Brand and Music is now being managed my Godwin Tom's IMANAGE AFRICA Agency!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.000027434842249657064, 0.00011562030292519367, 0, 0.00012597631645250691, 0.0002524933720489837 ]

[ "Apology and Correction\n\nBetween May 15 and July 24 of 2017, I posted an online debate together with Dr. Brown about the Real Jewish Messiah. ", "At the close of the debate I felt that Dr. Brown had deliberately misled the audience. ", "This was not a conclusion that came to me lightly. ", "The evidence was all stacked up and it did not seem to leave me with another option.", "\n\nFor starters, in his opening segment Dr. Brown presented an argument that I had already clearly and decisively refuted. ", "When I took the time and effort to expose the fallacy of his argument in my rebuttal, Dr. Brown did not acknowledge the truth of what I said. ", "Instead he told the audience that I had misrepresented his argument when in fact I had done nothing of the sort.", "\n\nFurthermore, in his third and final video of our debate, Dr. Brown falsely accused me of putting an argument into his mouth in order to refute it while in this same video, he himself put two different arguments into my mouth in order to refute them.", "\n\nTo make things worse, Dr. Brown did all of this in the forum of our debate, a forum that I had been trying to avoid and that he had been demanding for a long time. ", "And here, when I finally gave him a compromised version of this forum, he went ahead and violated the mutual trust that is inherent in that forum.", "\n\nWith all of this evidence in front of me, I came to the only conclusion that seemed reasonable at the time. ", "It was obvious to me that Dr. Brown is a con-man who is consciously deceptive. ", "I read the rest of Dr. Brown’s arguments and strategies in light of my understanding and on this basis I wrote several articles exposing what I felt were his deceptive tactics.", "\n\nhttps://judaismresources.net/2017/08/31/an-open-letter-to-dr-brown/\n\nSo I was surprised to receive a personal note from Dr. Brown in which he took objection to my articles. ", "I couldn’t figure out what it was that he took objection to. ", "Which word of what I wrote was not true?", "\n\nWe entered into a lengthy e-dialogue and I discovered that I had misjudged Dr. Brown. ", "Yes, Dr. Brown did accuse me of crimes that I did not commit, he did put words into my mouth in order to refute them, he used a less than honest calculation to make an argument and he failed to acknowledge the truth when I called him out on it. ", "But I am now convinced that he did not do this intentionally or with foreknowledge.", "\n\nIn the course of our communication I learned that Dr. Brown never grasped my refutation to his argument that I had published before the debate. ", "I learned that when I presented the argument in the course of the debate, Dr. Brown also did not understand it. ", "I also learned that Dr. Brown was convinced, on the basis of certain misunderstandings that occurred between us, that it was I who was being consciously deceptive, and that I had violated the forum of our debate and it was this that brought him to read my arguments and strategies in a negative light.", "\n\nFurthermore, in the course of our communication I discovered that Dr. Brown had a very different view of the context of the debate. ", "While I saw our debate as a continuation of our ongoing conversation, Dr. Brown saw it as a recap of the arguments that we had already presented for the sake of those who are not familiar with them. ", "With all of this it was almost as if we were speaking two different languages.", "\n\nIn light of this new perspective on where Dr. Brown was coming from I now realize that my accusation against Dr. Brown as a conscious liar has no basis in reality. ", "I hereby apologize to Dr. Brown and ask his forgiveness for making that accusation.", "\n\nI will now go through the points in my “Open Letter” that need to be corrected in light of what I discovered through our communication.", "\n\nThe first point I raise in my open letter is a challenge to Dr. Brown. ", "I ask him how he could in good faith introduce arguments that I have already responded to. ", "I now realize that Dr. Brown saw this as the purpose of the debate, to recap the arguments that we had previously presented for the sake of those unfamiliar with them.", "\n\nThe second point I raised in my open letter is that I accused Dr. Brown of employing a deceptive strategy. ", "I said that he crammed his opening video with many questions so that he can turn around and accuse me of failing to answer them, knowing full well that it is impossible for me to answer all of his arguments in the time allotted to me. ", "I now realize that this was not Dr. Brown’s intention. ", "Again, he saw this debate as a forum to recap our many arguments for the sake of those who hadn’t heard them yet. ", "It was for this reason that he presented all the arguments that he did and it was not done to give himself a deceptive strategic edge.", "\n\nThe third point I raised relates to Dr. Brown’s response to my refutation of his “diminishing reference” argument. ", "I accused Dr. Brown of consciously deceiving the audience in order to hide the fact that his argument had been refuted. ", "But in fact he simply did not understand my refutation and he was not trying to deceive anyone. ", "He has now publicly acknowledged that his argument was faulty and that my refutation was valid.", "\n\nIn the fifth point that I raise in my open letter, I tell the audience that Dr. Brown accused me of quoting Scripture out of context but that he failed to substantiate his accusation. ", "Through our communication I learned that Dr. Brown felt that my quote of Isaiah 26:2 as a proof that the word “tzaddik” (righteous one) does not connote perfect sinlessness is inaccurate. ", "I disagree with Dr. Brown’s read on the verse, I disagree with Dr. Brown’s assessment of my quotation but I stand corrected on my statement that Dr. Brown failed to substantiate his accusation. ", "He did substantiate his accusation (to his mind) although he could have done so with greater clarity (i.e. he could have told the audience that this is what he meant when he accused me of quoting Scripture out of context).", "\n\nThe sixth point I raised in my open letter accused Dr. Brown of being inconsistent. ", "In his book he lists three interpretations for the Messianic Temple prophecies and only the third of the three options visualizes the physical rebuilding of the Temple. ", "At the same time, Dr. Brown opens his first segment of the debate assuring his listeners that he “shares” the Messianic expectation for a Temple with traditional Jews who see the Temple as foundational to the Messianic vision.", "\n\nI now see that Dr. Brown was not contradicting himself nor was he trying to mislead his Jewish viewers. ", "When he said that he “shared” the Messianic expectation, he was saying that he stands together with traditional Jews in interpreting these passages as Messianic, but not that he accepts the details of the traditional Jewish interpretation of these passages.", "\n\nThese are the areas in which my misunderstanding of Dr. Brown’s motives and perspective caused me to misjudge him and again, I apologize and ask his forgiveness.", "\n\nHowever, this apology does not in any way mitigate any of the arguments that I presented in the debate. ", "I stand behind every word that I said in the debate and my lengthy communication with Dr. Brown did not mitigate a word I said in the debate. ", "Our communication brought him to see the rightness of my refutation to his “diminishing references” argument and helped him realize that it was he who had violated the forum of our debate and not I. I am satisfied that the arguments that I presented in our debate will help you learn the truth about the Real Jewish Messiah.", "\n\nFurthermore, in no way does this apology mitigate the staggering error that Dr. Brown committed in this debate. ", "He brought a dishonest calculation to the table and when he was called out on it, he failed to realize his error. ", "It was not until November 15 2017, several months after the debate was over, and after an intense exchange of e-mails, that Dr. Brown finally realized his mistake. ", "This incredible inability to see his own error, a mathematical error mind you, an error that can be proven black on white, puts all of his arguments into a certain context. ", "If it takes him this long to realize that an argument of his is faulty when the evidence is so readily available, how fast will he realize the flaws of his arguments that are wrong on more subtle levels?", "\n\nBut after everything is said and done, the fact that this error was not committed with intention to deceive and the fact that Dr. Brown had the courage to acknowledge his error publicly gives me hope for the future. ", "If all of Dr. Brown’s errors are rooted in misunderstanding as opposed to intentional deception we could more hopefully look forward to the day when Dr. Brown recognizes the rest of his mistakes and returns to the faith of his ancestors." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0001005985614405714, 0.0001321178491214163, 0, 0, 0.00006718624025799517, 0.00004959333465582226, 0, 0.000015872763924382153, 0.000036289737262302225, 0, 0, 0.0001602307322544464, 0.00003228305785123967, 0.00006530612244897959, 0, 0, 0.00012913223140495868, 0.000016659725114535613, 0, 0.00004691311690748733, 0.00007971938775510203, 0.000011037405768148255, 0.000055691690799732676, 0.0000252518875785965, 0, 0.00007257947452460445, 0.0001451589490492089, 0, 0.00018765246762994932, 0, 0.0000358564308508731, 0.00008416799932665601, 0, 0.0003305785123966942, 0, 0, 0.00007305135510263716, 0.00006944444444444444, 0, 0, 0.000028905075731298418, 0.000028293345405160706, 0.00007971091508130513, 0, 0.00013520822065981613, 0.00003501277966457757, 0.000019578667084344897, 0.00008899964400142399, 0, 0.000037637848620572846, 0, 0.00004959333465582226, 0.000009525986892242037, 0.00007694675284702985, 0, 0.000037180249851279, 0, 0, 0.000021041999831664002, 0.00003560682938987697 ]