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[ "Share this article on LinkedIn Email\n\nLotus has undergone a management reshuffle, with its CEO Patrick Louis stepping aside from his day-to-day role with the team.", "\n\nLouis was brought into Lotus at the start of 2010 when current owners Genii Capital bought the team from French car manufacturer Renault. ", "He was originally COO but moved up to the CEO role in 2012.", "\n\nThe Frenchman worked alongside team principal Eric Boullier to help get Lotus back to winning ways and tried to secure its financial future amid recent difficulties.", "\n\nBut before the start of the 2014 campaign, AUTOSPORT has learned that Louis has elected to step down as CEO to take up a position with the Genii Automotive brand. ", "He will retain a position on the Lotus team board, however.", "\n\nStepping into the CEO role is Matthew Carter. ", "He is understood to be an ally of minority shareholder Andrew Ruhan, the property investor who got involved with Lotus at the start of last year.", "\n\nLotus had hoped to secure a major deal with investors Quantum Motorsports at the end of 2013, but the deal was not completed.", "\n\nWith that deal failing to come off, Lotus signed Pastor Maldonado and his PDVSA backers for 2014, rather than opt for Nico Hulkenberg, who had been in advanced talks with the outfit.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "In the dynamic industry of circuit design, the goal is always to develop components that are smaller and more efficient. ", "The basic module of all digital circuits is the logic gate which performs according to simple Boolean expressions. ", "Unlike analog circuits, digital circuits have only a few discrete input states. ", "A Boolean variable typically has one of two values, signified as 1 or 0, and often referred to as TRUE or FALSE, respectively. ", "In an electronic system these logic states may indicate that either a voltage is present to represent a value of 1, or no voltage is present to represent a value of 0. ", "A gate's operation may be described in mathematical terms and Boolean algebra may be used for analyzing a circuit having gates. ", "A gate is a simple digital circuit that produces a specific, predictable output condition based solely upon each possible combination of input conditions; hence logic implemented by gates is also referred to as combinational logic. ", "Other than combinational logic, there is sequential logic wherein the output of a functional block also depends not only upon the inputs at a given time but also upon the prior states of the outputs of that functional block. ", "When gates are connected to other gates, they are able to perform complex logical and arithmetic operations.", "\nThe simplest of logic functions are the Switch and the Inverter. ", "A Switch has two states, being either Closed or Open; in other words, the input and output of a Switch are either connected to each other or not connected. ", "In a two-state system of logic, an Inverter serves to change the state, namely, to invert 1's to 0's, and vice versa. ", "These devices may be considered as degenerate logic elements, but they have their places.", "\nPerhaps the most basic of gated logic elements is the OR-gate as described in U.S. patent application Ser. ", "No. ", "10/719,119, which may be referred to here as the '119 application. ", "It should be noted here that the term “OR” without a qualifier is generally taken to mean Inclusive-OR. ", "In its most basic form, this type of OR-gate accomplishes the function of disjunction, that is, it outputs a value of 1 if any one or more of its inputs has a value of 1. ", "The Inclusive-OR gate will have an output value of 0 only if all of the values at its input are 0. ", "When the output state of an OR-gate is inverted, the combined result is a NOR-gate, which has been addressed in U.S. patent application Ser. ", "No. ", "11/273,362.", "\nA second of the most common gates in digital logic design is the AND gate which performs the Boolean operation of conjunction. ", "The AND gate outputs a value of 1 only if all of its input values are 1. ", "If any one or more of the inputs to an AND-gate have a value of 0 then its output will be 0. ", "An AND-gate which has had its output state inverted is referred to as a NAND-gate.", "\nOf the logic elements having only two inputs, the remaining one is the Exclusive-OR gate, commonly referred to as an XOR-gate. ", "The XOR-gate assumes an output state of 1 if only one of its inputs is 1, and the other is a 0. ", "The inverted form of the XOR-gate is called an XNOR-gate (or alternately, an XAND gate) and will have a 1 at its output for either of the conditions wherein both inputs are the same, that is, both inputs are 1 or both are 0. ", "The XOR function is necessary to accomplish the arithmetic operation of addition, which is a precursor to an arithmetic multiplier.", "\nEach of these two-input logic functions may be implemented with gates having relatively few components. ", "For example, the function of an OR-gate may be accomplished by two diodes in parallel or by two transistors in parallel. ", "In the transistor example, when a gate voltage is present at the gate of one or both of the transistors a 1 value will result at the output of the OR-gate. ", "An AND-gate may be constructed with two transistors in series, where a voltage is required at the gates of both transistors in order to produce a value of 1 at the output of the AND-gate. ", "Implementation of the XOR function is a bit more complex. ", "As can be expected, a vast number of OR-gates, AND-gates and other logic elements are required to construct the complex circuitry of a computer system. ", "Because of this, even slight reductions in the size of a single logic gate would result in significant improvements to the overall architecture of a computer system.", "\nIt would be an advancement in the art to provide an AND-gate, an OR-gate, an XOR-gate, or any other logic circuit element that is smaller, more efficient, and has superior gate voltage control. ", "Such devices are disclosed and claimed herein." ]

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[ "If the Pens win no one will care because it's meaningless. ", "If the Pens lose it will cause a meltdown. ", "I'm the perfect poster for tonight because I don't care what other people think about me. ", "Just relax." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nError getting to Test Window in VS 2012 RC\n\nI have been using the customer preview of Visual Studio 2012 up until day before yesterday when the Release Candidate became available. ", " After I installed the Release Candidate, I can't get to the Test Window (Test / Windows / Test Explorer).", "\nI get the following lengthy error which I've copied manually here. ", " (Since this is my first question, I couldn't post the picture, and the screen would not allow me to copy the text to the clipboard. ", " Hopefully there are no typos.)", "\nThe composition produced a single composition error. ", "The root cause is provided below. ", " Review the CompositionException.", "Errors property for more detailed information.", "\n\n1) Value cannot be null.", "\nParameter name: testPlatform\n\nResulting in: An exception occurred while trying to create an instance of type 'Microsoft.", "VisualStudio.", "TestWindow.", "Model.", "ReqeustConfigurationFactory'.", "\n\nResulting in: Cannot activate part\n'Microsoft.", "VisualStudio.", "TestWindow.", "Model.", "ReqeustConfigurationFactory'.", "\nElement: Microsoft.", "VisualStudio.", "TestWindow.", "Model.", "ReqeustConfigurationFactory -->\nMicrosoft.", "VisualStudio.", "TestWindow.", "Model.", "ReqeustConfigurationFactory --> CachedAssemblyCatalog\n\nResulting in: Cannot get export\nMicrosoft.", "VisualStudio.", "TestWindow.", "Model.", "ReqeustConfigurationFactory\n(ContractName=\"Microsoft.", "VisualStudio.", "TestWindow.", "Model.", "RequestConfigurationFactory\")' from part\n'Microsoft.", "VisualStudio.", "TestWindow.", "Model.", "ReqeustConfigurationFactory'.", "\nElement:\nMicrosoft.", "VisualStudio.", "TestWindow.", "Model.", "ReqeustConfigurationFactory\n(ContractName=\"Microsoft.", "VisualStudio.", "TestWindow.", "Model.", "RequestConfigurationFactory\") --> CachedAssemblyCatalog\n\nThe error occurs regardless of whether I have opened a solution or not. ", " A second attempt to open the window yields \"Cannot create the tool window.\" ", " After restarting Visual Studio, and attempting to get to the Test Window, I get the long message again.", "\nAt the time I upgraded Visual Studio to the Release Candidate, I had installed:\n\nNUnit\nSpecFlow\nReSharper (Beta)\nCode Contracts -- the last thing I had installed before upgrading Visual Studio. ", " I cannot guarantee that the test window was working after I installed this.", "\n\nI have searched the web for key phrases out of the error message, but found no help.", "\nI have also:\n\nRepaired Visual Studio (which solved a problem I was having getting to the Extension Manager, but not the Test Window problem)\nUninstalled Visual Studio and reinstalled it \nUninstalled each of the Extensions/packages listed above (NUnit, SpecFlow, ReSharper, Code Contracts). ", "Uninstalling didn't seem to help, so I have re-installed all of them,\none at a time. ", " I've also confirmed that I can run tests in the ReSharper test window.", "\nDeleted the currentsettings.vssettings file from C:\\Users\\\\Documents\\Visual Studio 11\\Settings, hoping it contained the problem and would be recreated correctly. ", " I got a message that \"The IDE will use your most recent settings for this session\". ", " I don't know where to find those...\nReset settings from the Import and Export Settings option.", "\n\nNone of these actions has helped.", "\nIt looks to me like a config file somewhere is missing an element for testPlatform, but I have no idea where that would be (or in what format, or what Options page entry would set it.)", "\nAny help would GREATLY be appreciated.", "\n\nA:\n\nI didn't figure out exactly what was causing the error, but I did get it fixed. ", " Here's what finally worked\nI installed all VS 2012 one more time, plus the extensions, then looked for bits that might have been left behind by the uninstall. ", " I found and deleted the following before reinstalling:\n\nC:\\Users\\<my id>\\Documents\\Visual Studio\nC:\\Users\\<my id>\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\VisualStudio\nC:\\Users\\<my id>\\AppData\\Local\\Microsoft\nRegistry: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\n\nUpon re-installing Visual Studio 2012 RC, the original problem was resolved. ", " Re-installing the extensions also worked successfully.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Ultra-rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic screening for phenothiazines in human samples.", "\nA high-performance liquid chromatographic method is presented for the simultaneous identification and quantification of six commonly prescribed phenothiazines. ", "Single-step extraction was achieved from alkaline samples with heptane - isoamyl alcohol (98.5 + 1.5), using prochlorperazine as an internal standard. ", "A Spherisorb CN column was used, with a mobile phase of acetonitrile - acetate buffer (95 + 5). ", "Detection was carried out at 254 nm." ]

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[ "Multifractal spectrum differentiation of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma from complex atypical hyperplasia of the uterus.", "\nTo introduce a new field of multifractal spectrum in distinguishing between endometrial well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (WDAC) and complex atypical hyperplasia (CAH). ", "Thirteen cases of CAH and 16 of WDAC were selected from radical hysterectomy specimens, and multifractal spectrum was measured from at least 4-5 representative digitized images of each case. ", "The data were collected from f(alpha) vs. alpha curves. ", "The values of alpha max, alpha min, and their difference delta alpha (alpha max-alpha min) were recorded and the data compared. ", "The mean +/- SD of alpha max, alpha min, and delta alpha of CAH were 2.36357 +/- 0.111623, 1.71357 +/- 0.032160, and 0.64214 +/- 0.094248, respectively. ", "The mean +/- SD of alpha max, alpha min, and delta of WDAC were 2.50640 +/- 0.104545, 1.72100 +/- 0.036436, and 0.77620 +/- 0.108268, respectively. ", "The mean of alpha max, alpha min, and delta alpha of WDAC were higher than in CAH. ", "Mann-Whitney U test showed significant difference (p < 0.0001) of alpha max and delta alpja of WDAC and CAH. ", "Multifractal dimension is significantly different in WDAC and CAH. ", "The multifractal dimension is a new area in pathology. ", "This study demonstrates the potential usefulness of multifractal analysis in histopathology." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We suggest a general formalism to treat a baryon as a composite system of three quarks and a ‘sea’. ", "In this formalism, the sea is a cluster which can consists of gluons and quark-antiquark pairs. ", "The hadron wave function with a sea component is given. ", "The magnetic moments, related sum rules and axial weak coupling constants are obtained. ", "The data seems to favor a vector sea rather than a scalar sea. ", "The quark spin distributions in the nucleon are also discussed.'", "\naddress:\n- |\n Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, Department of Physics,\\\n University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA\n- 'Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay 400005, India'\nauthor:\n- 'X. Song'\n- 'V. Gupta'\ntitle: Sea Contributions and Nucleon Structure\n---\n\n\\#1[[$\\backslash$\\#1]{}]{}\n\nINTRODUCTION\n============\n\nHistorically, the static SU(6) quark model provided a good description of hadrons: Baryons (mesons) are color-singlet combinations of three quarks (quark antiquark pairs) in the appropriate flavor and spin combination. ", "The space-time part of a hadron wave function can be determined by using a specific model of confinement, [*e.g.*]{} bag model[@chodos74a; @chodos74b] simple harmonic oscillator model[@isgur79; @godfery85; @capstick86], or other phenomenological models[@lichtenberg87]. ", "Although the naive SU(6) quark model works successfully in explaining various properties of hadrons, departures from the naive SU(6) results have been observed. ", "The naive $valence$ picture of hadron structure is a simplification or a first order approximation to the real system. ", "Within the framework of QCD, quarks interact through color forces mediated by vector gluons. ", "The QCD interaction Hamiltonian $H_I(x)=g{\\bar{\\psi}}(x){\\gamma}^{\\mu}({\\lambda}^a/2){\\psi}\n(x)A_{\\mu}^a(x) $ has several consequences: First of all, spin-dependent forces (e.g. color-hyperfine interactions[@rujula75]) between the quarks due to one (or multi-) gluon exchange lift the SU(6) mass degeneracy and explain the basic pattern of baryon and meson spectroscopies. ", "The spin dependent forces also cause different space-time distributions for different quark flavors and provide a good description of baryon magnetic moments and form factors[@isgur81; @song92]. ", "Secondly, the existence of quark-gluon interaction implies that quark-antiquark ($q\\bar q$-)pairs can be created by the virtual gluons emitted from valence quarks. ", "These $q\\bar q$-pairs are the so called sea quarks. ", "Usually, the ‘$sea$’ means a combination of the virtual gluons and sea quark-antiquark pairs. ", "Although deep inelastic muon nucleon scattering shows that the sea components ($q\\bar q$-pairs and gluons) indeed exist and play a very important role ([*e.g.*]{} gluons carry about one half of the nucleon momentum and the $sea$ dominates small$-x$ behaviour of structure functions), it is commonly believed that in the low energy regime, static properties of hadrons are dominated by their valence components. ", "However, it has been shown [@donoghue77; @he84] that the sea contributions may change the structure of hadrons and modify their low energy properties. ", "Using the QCD interaction Hamiltonian and the MIT bag model, Donoghue and Golowich (DG)[@donoghue77] (comments see cf [@he84]) calculated the probabilities of different sea quark components in the proton. ", "Several models[@golowich83; @close90; @close88; @li91] have been suggested to study the gluon component in hadrons. ", "In these models, a mixing of $q^3$ and $q^3$+gluon, in which a color ${\\bf 8}_c$ gluon coupled to a ${\\bf 8}_c$ $q^3$ state to form a color singlet, has been discussed. ", "However, the “sea” could be a gluon (as discussed in [@golowich83; @close90; @close88; @li91]) or a quark-antiquark pair (as discussed in [@donoghue77; @he84]), or even more complicated, for instance a multi-gluon state, multi-($q\\bar q$-) pairs or gluon(s) plus ($q\\bar q$-) pair(s). ", "In this paper, we study the sea contributions in a more general formalism and treat the “sea” as a cluster which can consist of two-gluon and a gluon plus a ($q-\\bar q$) pair or some admixture of both (which may be described by the generic term “flotsam”). ", "Since the baryon should be colorless and a $q^3$ state can be in color states ${\\bf 1}_c$, ${\\bf 8}_c$, and ${\\bf 10}_c$, the “sea” should also be in corresponding color states to form a color singlet baryon. ", "In addition, the “sea” spin is not required to be one (as in the single-gluon case). ", "Furthermore, if the sea is in a S-wave state relative to the $q^3$ system, conservation of the angular momentum restricts that sea spin can only be 0, 1 or 2 to give a spin-1/2 baryon. ", "If the sea is in a P-wave state, then its spin could be 0, 1, 2, or 3. ", "In this paper, we only discuss the S-wave case. ", "In section II, a more general wave function of the baryon, which consists of $q^3$ and a “sea”, is given. ", "In section III, the magnetic moments and related sum rules are derived and compared with the data. ", "In section IV, axial weak coupling constants and first moments of nucleon spin structure functions are calculated. ", "A discussion of the sea contribution, numerical results and several conclusions are given in section V, VI and VII respectively.", "\n\nHADRON WAVE FUNCTION WITH A SEA COMPONENT.", "\n==========================================\n\nThe three (valence) quark wave function of the baryon can be written as\n\n$$$$ \\Psi =\\Phi (| \\phi>\\cdot | \\chi>\\cdot |\n\\psi>)\\cdot (| \\xi>) $$$$\n\nwhere $| \\phi>$, $| \\chi>$, $| \\psi>$ and $| \\xi>$ denote flavor, spin, color and space-time $q^3$ wave functions. ", "For the lowest-lying hadrons, quarks appear to be in S-wave states and the space-time $q^3$ wave function $| \\xi>$ is total symmetric under permutation of any two quarks. ", "Hence the flavor-spin-color part $\\Phi$ should be total antisymmetric under $q_i\\leftrightarrow q_j$. In the conventional quark model, the color wave function $\\psi$ is taken to be total antisymmetric, i.e. a color singlet. ", "But in general this is not necessary if baryon is considered to have a sea component in addition to the $q^3$. Let superscripts $S$ and $A$ denote total permutation symmetry and antisymmetry, and $\\lambda$, $\\rho$ denote symmetric and antisymmetric under quark permutation $q_1\\leftrightarrow q_2$. Then the $q^3$ wave functions for a flavour octet baryon, are\n\n$$$${\\Phi}_1^{(1/2)}\\equiv \\Phi ({\\bf 8},1/2,{\\bf 1}_c)\n=F_S{\\psi}_{1}^A $$$$\n\n$$$${\\Phi}_8^{(1/2)}\\equiv \\Phi ({\\bf 8}, 1/2, {\\bf 8}_c)\n={1\\over {\\sqrt 2}}(F_{MS}\n{\\psi}_8^{\\rho}-F_{MA}{\\psi}_{8}^{\\lambda}) $$$$\n\n$$$${\\Phi}_{10}^{(1/2)}\\equiv \\Phi ({\\bf 8},1/2,{\\bf 10}_c)\n=F_A{\\psi}_{10}^S $$$$\n\n$$$${\\Phi}_8^{(3/2)}\\equiv \\Phi ({\\bf 8},3/2,{\\bf 8}_c)\n=F_A'{\\chi}^{(3/2)} $$$$\n\nwhere\n\n$$$$F_S={1\\over {\\sqrt 2}}({\\phi}^{\\lambda}{\\chi}^{\\lambda}+\n{\\phi}^{\\rho}{\\chi}^{\\rho}) $$$$\n\n$$$$F_{MS}={1\\over {\\sqrt 2}}({\\phi}^{\\rho}{\\chi}^{\\rho}-\n{\\phi}^{\\lambda}{\\chi}^{\\lambda}) $$$$\n\n$$$$F_{MA}={1\\over {\\sqrt 2}}({\\phi}^{\\rho}{\\chi}^{\\lambda}+\n{\\phi}^{\\lambda}{\\chi}^{\\rho}) $$$$\n\n$$$$F_{A}={1\\over {\\sqrt 2}}({\\phi}^{\\lambda}{\\chi}^{\\rho}-\n{\\phi}^{\\rho}{\\chi}^{\\lambda}) $$$$\n\nand\n\n$$$$F_{A}'={1\\over {\\sqrt 2}}({\\phi}^{\\lambda}{\\psi}_8^{\\rho}-\n{\\phi}^{\\rho}{\\psi}_8^{\\lambda}) $$$$\n\nwhere the detail expressions for ${\\phi}^{\\lambda}$, ${\\phi}^{\\rho}$, ${\\chi}^{\\lambda}$ and ${\\chi}^{\\rho}$ can be found in Ref.[@close79], and ${\\chi}^{(3/2)}$ is the totally symmetric $q^3$ spin wave function with spin 3/2.", "\n\nWe note that ${\\Phi}_1^{(1/2)}$ in (2.2) is the standard $q^3$ wave function which transforms as $\\bf 56$ of SU(6) and was denoted by $| N_0>$ in Ref.[@li91]. ", "Our ${\\Phi}_8^{(1/2)}$ and ${\\Phi}_8^{(3/2)}$ correspond to the notation $\\mid ^2N_g>$ and $|^4N_g>$ in Ref.[@li91] respectively, they transform as $\\bf 70$ of SU(6). ", "There is no ${\\Phi}_{10}^{(1/2)}$ term in previous works.", "\n\nWe consider a flavorless sea, which has spin (0,1,2 if we assume sea is in a S wave state) and color (${\\bf 1}_c$, ${\\bf 8}_c$ and ${\\bf {\\bar 10}}_c$,). ", "Let $H_{0,1,2}$ and $G_{1,8,{\\bar 10}}$ denote spin and color sea wave functions, which satisfy\n\n$$$$<H_i| H_j>={\\delta}_{ij}\\quad,\\qquad\n<G_k| G_l>={\\delta}_{kl} $$$$\n\nThe possible combinations of $q^3$ and sea wave functions, which can give a spin 1/2, flavour octet, color singlet state, are: $$$${\\Phi}_1^{(1/2)}\\cdot H_0\\cdot G_1\\ ,\\quad\n {\\Phi}_8^{(1/2)}\\cdot H_0\\cdot G_8\\ ,\\quad\n{\\Phi}_{10}^{(1/2)}\\cdot H_0\\cdot G_{{\\bar 10}} $$$$\n\n$$$${\\Phi}_1^{(1/2)}\\cdot H_1\\cdot G_1\\ ,\\quad\n {\\Phi}_8^{(1/2)}\\cdot H_1\\cdot G_8\\ ,\\quad\n{\\Phi}_{10}^{(1/2)}\\cdot H_1\\cdot G_{{\\bar 10}} $$$$\n\nand\n\n$$$${\\Phi}_8^{(3/2)}\\cdot H_1\\cdot G_8\\ ,\\quad\n{\\Phi}_8^{(3/2)}\\cdot H_2\\cdot G_8 $$$$\n\nThe total flavor-spin-color wave function of a spin up baryon which consists of three valence quarks and a sea component can be written as\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n| {\\Phi}_{1/2}^{({\\uparrow})}>\n&=&{1\\over N}\\Bigl [ {\\Phi}_1^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}\\cdot H_0\\cdot G_1+\na_8{\\Phi}_8^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}\\cdot H_0\\cdot G_8+\na_{10}{\\Phi}_{10}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}\\cdot H_0\\cdot G_{{\\bar 10}}\\nonumber \\\\\n&&+b_1({\\Phi}_1^{(1/2)}\\otimes H_1)^{\\uparrow}\\cdot G_1+\nb_8({\\Phi}_8^{(1/2)}\\otimes H_1)^{\\uparrow}\\cdot G_8+\nb_{10}({\\Phi}_{10}^{(1/2)}\\otimes H_1)^{\\uparrow}\\cdot G_{{\\bar 10}}\\nonumber\n\\\\\n&&+c_8({\\Phi}_8^{(3/2)}\\otimes H_1)^{\\uparrow}\\cdot G_8+\nd_8({\\Phi}_8^{(3/2)}\\otimes H_2)^{\\uparrow}\\cdot G_8\\Bigr ]\\end{aligned}$$\n\nwhere\n\n$$$$N^2=1+a_8^2+a_{10}^2+b_1^2+b_8^2+b_{10}^2+c_8^2+d_8^2 $$$$\n\nAlthough there are seven correction terms in (2.15), they are not equally important. ", "Some arguments are given in section V to show that main modifications come from the vector sea, in particular $b_8$, $b_1$ and $c_8$ terms, and minor contributions come from the scalar sea, e.g. $a_{10}$ term.", "\n\nThe first three terms in (2.15) come from a spin 1/2 $q^3$ state coupled to a spin 0 (scalar) sea. ", "The next three terms in (2.15) come from spin 1/2 $q^3$ $\\otimes$ spin 1 (vector) sea and in more detail we have\n\n$$$$({\\Phi}_1^{(1/2)}\\otimes H_1)^{\\uparrow}\\equiv\n{\\Phi}_{b1}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}{\\psi}_1^A $$$$\n\n$$$$({\\Phi}_8^{(1/2)}\\otimes H_1)^{\\uparrow}\\equiv\n{\\Phi}_{b8}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})} $$$$\n\n$$$$({\\Phi}_{10}^{(1/2)}\\otimes H_1)^{\\uparrow}\\equiv\n{\\Phi}_{b10}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}{\\psi}_{10}^S $$$$\n\nwhere\n\n$$$${\\Phi}_{b1}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}={\\sqrt {2\\over 3}}\nH_{1,1}F_S^{(1/2{\\downarrow})}\n-{\\sqrt {1\\over 3}}H_{1,0}F_S^{(1/2{\\uparrow})} $$$$\n\n$$$${\\Phi}_{b8}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}={\\sqrt {1\\over 2}}\n[{\\Phi}_{b8S}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}{\\psi}_8^{\\rho}\n-{\\Phi}_{b8A}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}{\\psi}_8^{\\lambda}]$$$$\n\n$$$${\\Phi}_{b10}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}={\\sqrt {2\\over 3}}\nH_{1,1}F_{A}^{(1/2{\\downarrow})}\n-{\\sqrt {1\\over 3}}H_{1,0}F_{A}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}$$$$\n\nIn (2.21), ${\\Phi}_{b8S}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}$ and ${\\Phi}_{b8A}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}$ are\n\n$$$${\\Phi}_{b8S}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}={\\sqrt {2\\over 3}}\nH_{1,1}F_{MS}^{(1/2{\\downarrow})}\n-{\\sqrt {1\\over 3}}H_{1,0}F_{MS}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}$$$$\n\n$$$${\\Phi}_{b8A}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}={\\sqrt {2\\over 3}}\nH_{1,1}F_{MA}^{(1/2{\\downarrow})}\n-{\\sqrt {1\\over 3}}H_{1,0}F_{MA}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}$$$$\n\nThe final two ($c_8$, $d_8$) terms in Eq.(2.15) come from spin 3/2 ($q^3$) $\\otimes$ spin 1 (sea) and spin 3/2 ($q^3$) $\\otimes$ spin 2 (tensor sea) respectively. ", "Their expressions are\n\n$$$$({\\Phi}_8^{(3/2)}\\otimes H_1)^{\\uparrow}\\equiv\n{\\Phi}_{c8}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})} $$$$\n\n$$$$({\\Phi}_8^{(3/2)}\\otimes H_2)^{\\uparrow}\\equiv\n{\\Phi}_{d8}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})} $$$$\n\nwhere\n\n$$$${\\Phi}_{c8}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}=[{1\\over {\\sqrt 2}}H_{1,-1}\n{\\chi}^{(3/2)}_{3/2}-{1\\over {\\sqrt 3}}H_{1,0}{\\chi}^{(3/2)}_{1/2}\n+{1\\over {\\sqrt 6}}H_{1,1}{\\chi}^{(3/2)}_{-1/2}]F_A' $$$$\n\n$$$${\\Phi}_{d8}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}=[{\\sqrt {2\\over 5}}H_{2,2}\n{\\chi}^{(3/2)}_{-3/2}-{\\sqrt {3\\over 10}}H_{2,1}{\\chi}^{(3/2)}_{-1/2}\n+{\\sqrt {1\\over 5}}H_{2,0}{\\chi}^{(3/2)}_{1/2}-\n{\\sqrt {1\\over {10}}}H_{2,-1}{\\chi}^{(3/2)}_{3/2}]F_A'$$$$\n\nThe wave function used in Ref.[@li91] (see Eq.(3.9) in [@li91]) can be obtained from (2.15) by taking $a_{8,10}=b_{1,10}=d_8$=0 and $b_{8}$=$c_8$=$-\\delta$. However, we would not like to restrict ourself to this special case.", "\n\nMagnetic Moments and Related Sum Rules\n======================================\n\nFor any operator $\\hat O$ which only depends on quark flavor and spin and does not depend on the color and space-time, we have\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n<{\\Phi}_{1/2}^{({\\uparrow})}| {\\hat O}|\n{\\Phi}_{1/2}^{({\\uparrow})}>&=&\n{1\\over {N^2}}\\Bigl [ <{\\Phi}_1^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}\n| {\\hat O}| {\\Phi}_1^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}>\\nonumber \\\\\n&&+\\sum_{i=8,10}a_i^2\n<{\\Phi}_i^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}\n| {\\hat O}| {\\Phi}_i^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}>\\nonumber \\\\\n&&+\\sum_{i=1,8,10}b_i^2<{\\Phi}_{bi}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}\n| {\\hat O}| {\\Phi}_{bi}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}>\\nonumber \\\\\n&&+2b_8c_8<{\\Phi}_{b8}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}| {\\hat O}|\n{\\Phi}_{c8}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}>\\nonumber \\\\\n&&+c_8^2<{\\Phi}_{c8}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}| {\\hat O}|\n{\\Phi}_{c8}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}>\\nonumber \\\\\n&&+d_8^2<{\\Phi}_{d8}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}| {\\hat O}|\n{\\Phi}_{d8}^{(1/2{\\uparrow})}>\\Bigr ]\\end{aligned}$$\n\nthe first term is the conventional quark model result. ", "The $a_8$, $a_{10}$ terms are the corrections coming from the scalar sea, $b_{1,8,10}$, $c_8$ and $b_8c_8$ terms are from the vector sea and the $d_8$ term is from the tensor sea.", "\n\nIf operator $\\hat O$ has a form like $\\hat O$=${\\sum}_i{\\hat O}_f^i{\\sigma}_z^i$ where ${\\hat O}_f^i$ depends only on the flavor of the ith quark and ${\\sigma}_z^i$ is the spin projection (z direction) operator of ith quark, from (3.1) we obtain\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n<{\\Phi}_{1/2}^{({\\uparrow})}| {\\hat O}|\n {\\Phi}_{1/2}^{({\\uparrow})}>&=&{1\\over {N^2}}\\Bigl [\na\\sum_i[<O_f^i>^{\\lambda\\lambda}<{\\sigma}_z^i>^\n{\\lambda\\uparrow\\lambda\\uparrow}+\n<O_f^i>^{\\rho\\rho}<{\\sigma}_z^i>^\n{\\rho\\uparrow\\rho\\uparrow}\\nonumber \\\\\n&&+2<O_f^i>^{\\lambda\\rho}<{\\sigma}_z^i>^\n{\\lambda\\uparrow\\rho\\uparrow}]\\nonumber \\\\\n&&+b\\sum_i(<O_f^i>^{\\lambda\\lambda}+\n<O_f^i>^{\\rho\\rho})(<{\\sigma}_z^i>^\n{\\lambda\\uparrow\\lambda\\uparrow}+\n<{\\sigma}_z^i>^{\\rho\\uparrow\\rho\\uparrow})\\nonumber \\\\\n&&+c\\sum_i[<O_f^i>^{\\lambda\\lambda}\n<{\\sigma}_z^i>^{\\rho\\uparrow\\rho\\uparrow}+\n<O_f^i>^{\\rho\\rho}<{\\sigma}_z^i>^\n{\\lambda\\uparrow\\lambda\\uparrow}\\nonumber \\\\\n&&-2<O_f^i>^{\\lambda\\rho}<{\\sigma}_z^i>^\n{\\lambda\\uparrow\\rho\\uparrow}]\\nonumber \\\\\n&&+d[\\sum_i<O_f^i>^{\\lambda\\lambda}+\n\\sum_i<O_f^i>^{\\rho\\rho}]\\nonumber \\\\\n&&+e[\\sum_i(<O_f^i>^{\\rho\\rho}-\n<O_f^i>^{\\lambda\\lambda})<{\\sigma}_z^i>^\n{\\lambda\\uparrow{3/2}\\uparrow}\\nonumber \\\\\n&&+2\\sum_i<O_f^i>^{\\lambda\\rho}<{\\sigma}_z^i>^\n{\\rho\\uparrow{3/2}\\uparrow}]\\Bigr ]\\end{aligned}$$\n\nThere are only five combinations of seven parameters appear in (3.2):\n\n$$$$a={1\\over 2}(1-{{b_1^2}\\over 3})\\ ,\\quad\nb={1\\over 4}(a_8^2-{{b_8^2}\\over 3})\\ ,\n\\quad c={1\\over 2}(a_{10}^2-{{b_{10}^2}\\over 3})\n $$$$\n\n$$$$d={1\\over {18}}(5c_8^2-3d_8^2)\\ ,\\quad\ne={{\\sqrt 2}\\over 3}b_8c_8 $$$$\n\nand $<O_f^i>^{\\lambda\\lambda}\\equiv <{\\phi}^{\\lambda}| O_f^i\n| {\\phi}^{\\lambda}>$, $<{\\sigma}_z^i>^{\\lambda\\uparrow\\lambda\\uparrow}\n\\equiv<{\\chi}^{\\lambda\\uparrow}| {\\sigma}_z^i|\n{\\chi}^{\\lambda\\uparrow}>$. Similar notations are used for $<O_f^i>^{\\rho\\rho}$, $<{\\sigma}_z^i>^{\\rho\\uparrow\\rho\\uparrow}$ etc. ", "All matrix elements for octet baryons are listed in appendix 1.", "\n\nFor magnetic moments, $O_f^i={e^i}/{2m_i}$ (i=u, d, s). ", "The baryon magnetic moments can be expressed in terms of the quark magnetic moments (${\\mu}_u$, ${\\mu}_d$, ${\\mu}_s$) and two parameters $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ as follows\n\n$${\\mu}_p=3({\\mu}_u\\alpha-{\\mu}_d\\beta), \\quad\n{\\mu}_n=3({\\mu}_d\\alpha-{\\mu}_u\\beta)$$\n\n$${\\mu}_{\\Lambda}={1\\over 2}(\\alpha-4\\beta)({\\mu}_u+{\\mu}_d)\n+(2\\alpha+\\beta){\\mu}_s$$\n\n$${\\mu}_{{\\Sigma}^+}=3({\\mu}_u\\alpha-{\\mu}_s\\beta), \\quad\n{\\mu}_{{\\Sigma}^-}=3({\\mu}_d\\alpha-{\\mu}_s\\beta), \\quad\n{\\mu}_{{\\Sigma}^0}={1\\over 2}({\\mu}_{{\\Sigma}^+}+{\\mu}_{{\\Sigma}^-}),$$\n\n$${\\mu}_{{\\Xi}^0}=3({\\mu}_s\\alpha-{\\mu}_u\\beta), \\quad\n{\\mu}_{{\\Xi}^-}=3({\\mu}_s\\alpha-{\\mu}_d\\beta)$$\n\nAlso, the transition moment\n\n$$$${\\mu}_{\\Sigma\\Lambda}=-{{\\sqrt 3}\\over 2}(\\alpha+2\\beta)\n({\\mu}_u-{\\mu}_d), $$$$\n\nwhere ${\\mu}_{q}={e}/{2m_q}$ ($q=u, d, s$) and\n\n$$$$\\alpha={1\\over {N^2}}({4\\over 9})(2a+2b+3d+{\\sqrt 2}e)\n $$$$\n\n$$$$\\beta={1\\over {N^2}}({1\\over 9})(2a-4b-6c-6d+4{\\sqrt 2}e)\n $$$$\n\nOne may ask why the seven parameters ($a_i$, $b_i$ etc.) ", "in the wave function contribute only through the combinations given by $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$. The physical reason is that $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ are connected with the number of spin-up (n($q_{\\uparrow}$)) and spin-down (n($q_{\\downarrow}$)) quarks in the spin-up proton. ", "If, $\\Delta q\\equiv n(q_{\\uparrow})-\nn(q_{\\downarrow})+n({\\bar q}_{\\uparrow})-\nn({\\bar q}_{\\downarrow})$, $q=u, d, s$ then $\\Delta u=3\\alpha$ and $\\Delta d=-3\\beta$. This can be directly checked from the wave function given in (2.15). ", "Also, as there are no explicit antiquarks or s-quarks in the wave function, $n({\\bar q}_{\\uparrow})-n({\\bar q}_{\\downarrow})$=0 and $\\Delta s$=0. ", "Further, because of in-built flavour SU(3) symmetry in the wave function $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ determine the other magnetic moments. ", "If there is no sea contribution, $2a=1$ and $b=c=d=e=0$, then $\\alpha=4/9$ and $\\beta=1/9$, and the simplest quark model result is reproduced[@pdg92]. ", "A class of models[@bartelski90; @karl92] have been recently considered in which the magnetic moments have been expressed in terms of ${\\mu}_q$ and $\\Delta q$ ($q=u, d, s$) without giving an explicit wave function. ", "Their expressions reduce to ours on putting $\\Delta u=3\\alpha$, $\\Delta d=-3\\beta$ and $\\Delta s=0$ (see Ref.[@bartelski90; @karl92]).", "\n\nAt first sight, (3.5)$-$(3.9) seem to contain five parameters ${\\mu}_q$ ($q=u, d, s$), $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$. However, as these always appear as products there are only four effective parameters which we take to be ${\\tilde U}\\equiv 3\\alpha{\\mu}_d$, ${\\tilde D}\\equiv -3\\beta{\\mu}_d$, $2p\\equiv -{\\mu}_u/{\\mu}_d>0$ and $r\\equiv {\\mu}_s/{\\mu}_d>0$. The numerical results for this four-parameter fit to the magnetic moments are discussed later. ", "Here we note the following four relations or sum rules between the eight magnetic moments:\n\n$$$$(4.71)\\ {\\mu}_{p}-{\\mu}_{n}={\\mu}_{{\\Sigma}^+}\n-{\\mu}_{{\\Sigma}^-}-({\\mu}_{{\\Xi}^0}-{\\mu}_{{\\Xi}^-})\\\n(4.15\\pm 0.07)$$$$\n\n$$$$(3.68\\pm 0.02)\\ -6{\\mu}_{\\Lambda}=({\\mu}_{{\\Sigma}^+}\n+{\\mu}_{{\\Sigma}^-})-2({\\mu}_p+{\\mu}_n+{\\mu}_{{\\Xi}^0}\n+{\\mu}_{{\\Xi}^-})\\ (3.36\\pm 0.09)$$$$\n\n$$$$(3.42\\pm 0.26)\\ ({\\mu}^2_{{\\Sigma}^+}-{\\mu}^2_{{\\Sigma}^-})-\n({\\mu}^2_{{\\Xi}^0}-{\\mu}^2_{{\\Xi}^-})\n={\\mu}^2_p-{\\mu}^2_n\\ (4.14) $$$$\n\n$$$$(5.58\\pm 0.28)\\ -2{\\sqrt 3}{\\mu}_{\\Sigma\\Lambda}=\n2({\\mu}_p-{\\mu}_n)-({\\mu}_{{\\Sigma}^+}\n-{\\mu}_{{\\Sigma}^-})\\ (5.83\\pm 0.06) $$$$\n\nThe value of the two sides taken from data[@pdg92] are shown in parenthesis. ", "The three sum rules in (3.12)$-$(3.14) are not new and hold in the class of models with $\\Delta s\\neq 0$ referred to above. ", "A discussion of why they are poorly satisfied can be found in Ref.[@bartelski90]. ", "The sum rule in (3.15), a consequence of the $4-$parameter model, is surprisingly well satisfied.", "\n\nThe simpler case with three effective parameters ${\\mu}_0\\alpha$, ${\\mu}_0\\beta$ and $r$ (${\\mu}_0\\equiv\ne/2m_u$) is of interest since it makes the natural assumption $m_u=m_d$ or ${\\mu}_u=-2{\\mu}_d$. This implies an additional sum rule (apart from the (3.12)$-$(3.15))\n\n$$$$(1.61\\pm 0.08)\\ \\ {\\mu}_{\\Sigma\\Lambda}={{\\sqrt 3}\\over 2}{\\mu}_n\n\\ \\ (1.66) $$$$\n\nwhich is quite well satisfied[@lichtenberg77; @franklin84].", "\n\nThe important point to note is that because of the sea contribution $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ are free parameters and not restricted to the simple quark model value. ", "Finally, we note that the failure of the data to satisfy the relations (3.12)$-$(3.14) implies that one can only obtain, at best, an approximate fit to the magnetic moment data in all the above cases.", "\n\nWEAK DECAY CONSTANTS AND SPIN DISTRIBUTIONS\n===========================================\n\nFor the weak decay constant $(g_A/g_V)$, $O_f^i=2{I_3^i}$ and we obtain\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n(g_A/g_V)_{n\\rightarrow p}&=&{1\\over {N^2}}({5\\over 3})(\n2a+{4\\over 5}b-{6\\over 5}c+{6\\over 5}d+{8\\over 5}{\\sqrt 2}e)\\nonumber \\\\\n&=&3(\\alpha+\\beta)\\end{aligned}$$\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n(g_A/g_V)_{{\\Xi}^-\\rightarrow {\\Xi}^o}&=&{1\\over {N^2}}\n(-{1\\over 3})(2a-4b-6c-6d+4{\\sqrt 2}e)\\nonumber \\\\\n&=&-3\\beta\\end{aligned}$$\n\nUsing (3.5) and (4.1), (4.2) we obtain\n\n$$$$ ({\\mu}_{\\Xi^0}-{\\mu}_{\\Xi^-})/\n({\\mu}_p-{\\mu}_n)=\n(g_A/g_V)_{{\\Xi}^-\\rightarrow {\\Xi}^o}/\n(g_A/g_V)_{n\\rightarrow p} $$$$\n\nNote that the relation Eq. (", "4.3) continues to hold in models[@bartelski90; @karl92] with $\\Delta s\\neq 0$ mentioned above. ", "For the 3-parameter model (i.e. with ${\\mu}_u=-2{\\mu}_d$) in addition to (4.3), one obtains\n\n$$$$ ({\\mu}_p+2{\\mu}_n)/({\\mu}_p-{\\mu}_n)=\n(g_A/g_V)_{{\\Xi}^-\\rightarrow {\\Xi}^o}/\n(g_A/g_V)_{n\\rightarrow p} $$$$\n\nThe relations (4.3) and (4.4) cannot be checked directly with data as ${(g_A/g_V)_{{\\Xi}^-\\rightarrow {\\Xi}^o}}$ is not measured. ", "However, we can predict (see Table 1) the ${(g_A/g_V)}$ for various semi-leptonic decays since they can be expressed, using flavour SU(3) symmetry, in terms of $F$ and $D$ or $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$.\n\nIn fact $(g_A/g_V)_{n\\rightarrow p}=F+D$ and $(g_A/g_V)_{{\\Xi}^-\\rightarrow {\\Xi}^o}=F-D$, from (4.1) and (4.2) we have\n\n$$$$F=3\\alpha/2\\ ;\\qquad D=3(\\alpha+2\\beta)/2\n\\ ;\\qquad {F/D}={\\alpha}/(\\alpha+2\\beta)\n $$$$\n\nIt is easy to verify that when there is no sea contribution ([*i.e.*]{} $a_{8,10}=b_{1,8,10}=c_8=d_8=0$) and ${\\mu}_u=\n-2{\\mu}_d$, the standard SU(6) quark model results, [*e.g.*]{} ${\\mu}_n/{\\mu}_p=-2/3$, $(g_A/g_V)_{n\\rightarrow p}=5/3$ and $F/D=2/3$ follow.", "\n\nFor spin distributions in the proton and neutron, we have\n\n$$$$I_1^p={1\\over 2}<\\sum_ie_i^2{\\sigma}_z^i>_p\n={1\\over {3N^2}}({5\\over 3}a+2b+{c\\over 3}+3d+\n{2\\over 3}{\\sqrt 2}e)\n $$$$\n\n$$$$I_1^n={1\\over 2}<\\sum_ie_i^2{\\sigma}_z^i>_n\n={1\\over {3N^2}}({4\\over 3}b+{4\\over 3}c+2d-\n{2\\over 3}{\\sqrt 2}e)\n $$$$\n\nwhere $I_1^p\\equiv \\int g_1^p(x)dx$ etc. ", "Similarly, one can obtain\n\n$$$$I_1^{\\Lambda}={1\\over 2}\n<\\sum_ie_i^2{\\sigma}_z^i>_{\\Lambda}\n={1\\over {3N^2}}({1\\over 3}a+{4\\over 3}b+c+2d-\n{2\\over 3}{\\sqrt 2}e)\n $$$$\n\nUsing the parameters $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$, they are\n\n$$$$I_1^p={1\\over 6}(4\\alpha-\\beta)\\ ;\\qquad\nI_1^n={1\\over 6}(\\alpha-4\\beta)\\ ;\\qquad\nI_1^{\\Lambda}={1\\over 4}(\\alpha-2\\beta) $$$$\n\nOne can see that the standard SU(6) result gives $\\int g_1^p(x)dx=5/18$, $\\int g_1^n(x)dx=0$ and $\\int g_1^{\\Lambda}(x)dx=1/18$. Including the sea contributions, however, $\\int g_1^p(x)dx$, $\\int g_1^{\\Lambda}(x)dx$ could be different from their SU(6) value and also $\\int g_1^n(x)dx$ could be nonzero. ", "One can verify, however, that the Bjorken sum rule is still satisfied\n\n$$$$\\int [g_1^p(x)-g_1^n(x)]dx={1\\over 6}\n(g_A/g_V)_{n\\rightarrow p} $$$$\n\nIn addition, we have\n\n$$$$\\int [g_1^p(x)-g_1^{\\Lambda}(x)]dx={1\\over {12}}\n[(g_A/g_V)_{n\\rightarrow p}+\n(g_A/g_V)_{\\Lambda\\rightarrow p}] $$$$\n\nIn our model, $\\int_0^1g_1^{\\Lambda}(x)dx$ will be less than its SU(6) value if sea contributions are taken into account (see Table 1). ", "It is interesting to note that an experiment to measure the spin structure function of the $\\Lambda$-particle has been suggested recently[@burkhardt93].", "\n\nDISCUSSION OF THE SEA CONTRIBUTION\n==================================\n\nFor simplicity, we consider the case when the magnetic moments are given by three parameters $\\alpha$, $\\beta$ and $r$ ([*i.e.*]{} put ${\\mu}_u=-2{\\mu}_d$ in (3.5)$-$(3.9)). ", "The discussion for the case when ${\\mu}_u\\neq -2{\\mu}_d$ can be carried out on similar lines and suggests that $-{\\mu}_u/2{\\mu}_d<1$ for both pure scalar and vector sea.", "\n\nScalar sea\n----------\n\nIf sea spin is zero, $a_8\\neq 0$ and $a_{10}\\neq 0$, but $b_1=b_8=b_{10}=c_8=d_8=0$, one obtains\n\n$$$${\\mu}_n/{\\mu}_p=(-{2\\over 3}){{1-a_{10}^2}\\over\n{1+{1\\over 3}(a_8^2-a_{10}^2)}}\\simeq\n(-{2\\over 3})(1-{1\\over 3}a_8^2-{2\\over 3}a_{10}^2+...)\n$$$$\n\nsince $0\\leq a_8^2, a_{10}^2\\leq 1$. It is obvious that the contribution from the scalar sea leads to a wrong correction to the ratio of neutron and proton magnetic moments. ", "For $F/D$ ratio, one obtains\n\n$$$$F/D={2\\over 3}(1+{1\\over 2}a_8^2+a_{10}^2+...)\n$$$$\n\nwhich also disagrees with the data. ", "Furthermore, for scalar sea, the first moment of the neutron spin structure function\n\n$$$$\\int g_1^n(x)dx={1\\over {9N^2}}(a_8^2+2a_{10}^2)$$$$\n\nis positive which seems to contradict the negative value indicated by the earlier analysis of the EMC result[@ashman89] and the latest data given by the SMC Collaboration[@adeva93].", "\n\nVector sea\n----------\n\nWe first look at a special vector sea as discussed in Ref.[@li91]. ", "Assuming $a_{8,10}$=$b_{1,10}$=$d_8$=0 and $b_{8}$=$c_{8}$=$-\\delta$, it is easy to see, from (3.5) that\n\n$$$${\\mu}_p={\\mu}_0{{1+{4\\over 3}{\\delta}^2}\\over\n{1+2{\\delta}^2}}\\ , \\quad\n{\\mu}_n={\\mu}_0(-{2\\over 3}){{1+{4\\over 3}\n{\\delta}^2}\\over {1+2{\\delta}^2}}\n $$$$\n\nwhere ${\\mu}_0=e/2m_u$. Hence the relation ${\\mu}_n/{\\mu}_p=-2/3$ is preserved as given in [@li91]. ", "Similarly, from (4.1) and (4.2), we have\n\n$$$$(g_A/g_V)_{n\\rightarrow p}=({5\\over 3})\n{{1+{4\\over 3}{\\delta}^2}\\over {1+2{\\delta}^2}}\n $$$$\n\n$$$$(g_A/g_V)_{{\\Xi}^-\\rightarrow {\\Xi}^o}=\n(-{1\\over 3}){{1+{4\\over 3}{\\delta}^2}\\over\n{1+2{\\delta}^2}}\n $$$$\n\none can see that the conventional SU(6) result $(g_A/g_V)_{n\\rightarrow p}/\n(g_A/g_V)_{{\\Xi}^-\\rightarrow {\\Xi}^o}=-5$ is also preserved. ", "However, using parameter $\\delta\n=-0.35$ given in [@li91], we obtain $(g_A/g_V)_{n\\rightarrow p}$=1.727, which is inconsistent with the data[@pdg92] $(g_A/g_V)_{n\\rightarrow p}$=1.257$\\pm$0.003. ", "This disagreement is not unexpected. ", "Because the perturbative calculation of the mixing parameters and its result $b_8=c_8=-\\delta$ are questionable. ", "It is obvious that the nonperturbative effects, which are dominant in the low energy region, would change the relative weight of these mixing parameters significantly. ", "Therefore, we prefer to discuss a more general vector sea and to look if there is another appropriate parameter set, in which the nonperturbative and perturbative effects are taking into account, can lead to a better agreement with the low energy baryon properties. ", "We will show below that this parameter set not only gives a right modification to the ratio ${\\mu}_n/{\\mu}_p$ but also gives a very good result for axial coupling constants.", "\n\nAs we mentioned above, the mixing parameters basically come from the nonperturbative interactions between quarks and gluons. ", "Hence we do not attempt to calculate these parameters, but rather estimate them by the required agreement with the low energy data. ", "Before doing this, we give some arguments as motivations for choosing the parameters. ", "Since the sea basically comes from the emission of virtual gluons, the $b_8$ term would be dominant and we would expect\n\n$$$$b_1^2, b_{10}^2\\ ({\\rm two}-{\\rm gluon}\\\n{\\rm sea})<<b_8^2\\ ({\\rm one}-{\\rm gluon}\\ {\\rm sea})\n $$$$\n\nThe $c_8$ term is expected to be small due to another reason\n\n$$$$c_8^2\\ ({\\rm quark}\\ {\\rm spin}-{\\rm flip})<<\nb_8^2\\ ({\\rm quark}\\ {\\rm spin}-{\\rm nonflip})\n $$$$\n\nThe scalar sea $a_8$ and $a_{10}$ terms are expected to be also small because they can only come from the two-gluon sea. ", "The tensor sea ($d_8$) term comes from two-gluon sea and quark spin-flip process, hence it should be highly suppressed. ", "Assuming no scalar and tensor sea contribution and neglecting the $c_8^2$ term (since $c_8^2<<\nb_8^2$), we have\n\n$$$${\\mu}_n/{\\mu}_p=(-2/3){{1-{1\\over 3}b_{1}^2}\\over\n{1-{1\\over 3}b_1^2-{1\\over 9}b_{8}^2}}\\simeq\n(-{2\\over 3})(1+{1\\over 9}b_8^2)\n$$$$\n\nthus the sea contribution gives a correction in the right direction.", "\n\nNUMERICAL RESULTS\n=================\n\nTo obtain numerical results, we use the data on magnetic moments and weak decay coupling constants to determine the parameters. ", "In particular, the values of $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ so obtained should be reproducible by choice of the seven basic parameters $a_8$, $a_{10}$, $b_1$, $b_8$ etc. ", "which determine the sea contribution. ", "It is clear from (3.10) and (3.11) that there are many ways of choosing $a_8$ etc. ", "to give the same $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$. However, guided by the qualitative discussion of section V, we will assume the sea is mainly vector with a small scalar component. ", "The tensor sea is neglected ($d_8$=0). ", "We shall see that the parameters ($b_8$, $c_8$ etc.), ", "which determine the contribution of such a sea to the baryon structure, can be chosen to give the $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ determined from the data.", "\n\nFour-parameter fit\n------------------\n\nThe magnetic moments in (3.5)$-$(3.9) are given in terms of four effective parameters ${\\tilde U}\\equiv 3\\alpha{\\mu}_d$, ${\\tilde D}\\equiv -3\\beta{\\mu}_d$, $2p\\equiv -{\\mu}_u/{\\mu}_d>0$ and $r\\equiv {\\mu}_s/{\\mu}_d>0$. Using ${\\mu}_p$, ${\\mu}_n$, ${\\mu}_{\\Sigma, \\Lambda}$ as inputs one can directly determine ${\\tilde U}=-1.348$, ${\\tilde D}=0.306$ and $p=0.922$ as these do not involve the parameter $r$. The value of ${\\mu}_{\\Lambda}$ is used as input to fix $r=0.6255$. Knowledge of the ratio ${\\alpha}/{\\beta}$=4.406 immediately predicts (see (4.5))\n\n$$$$ F/D=0.6878\n$$$$\n\nA more realistic model with a small $\\Delta s\\neq 0$ could easily modify this value. ", "Note that in the models of [@karl92] and [@bartelski90] with extra parameter ($\\Delta s$) they obtain 0.726 and 0.585 for this ratio. ", "To separate out the parameters ${\\alpha}$ and ${\\beta}$, we use the axial coupling constant data to obtain\n\n$$$${\\alpha}=0.3415,\\quad {\\beta}=0.0775\n$$$$\n\nThe values obtained for the quark magnetic moments (in nuclear magnetons ${\\mu}_N$) are\n\n$$$${\\mu}_u=2.428,\\ \\ {\\mu}_d=-1.316,\\ \\ {\\mu}_s=-0.823 $$$$\n\nA choice of sea parameters which reproduce the parameters ${\\alpha}$ and ${\\beta}$ given in (6.2) are $b_1^2=0.0039$, $b_8^2=0.22$, $c_8^2=0.027$ (for vector sea) and $a_{10}^2=0.0975$ (for scalar sea) with $b_8c_8>0$.\n\nThe values obtained for magnetic moments and other quantities are displayed in column 4 of Table I. It can be seen that the fit to the magnetic moments and the axial coupling constants is quite reasonable except for ${\\mu}_{{\\Sigma}^+}$. For the quark spin distributions our calculation suggests a small non-zero negative value for $\\int_0^1g_1^n(x)dx$, however, the result for $\\int_0^1g_1^p(x)dx$=0.2147 is much larger than the experimental value[@ashman89] of $0.126\\pm 0.018$. One must note, however, that the EMC experiment gives this value for $<Q^2>$=10.7 (GeV/c)$^2$ and this can be very different from the very low $Q^2$ result predicted by our $q^3$+sea model.", "\n\nThree-parameter fit\n-------------------\n\nThe natural assumption $m_u=m_d$ implies the relation ${\\mu}_u=-2{\\mu}_d$. Implementing relation in (3.5)$-$(3.9) gives ${\\mu}_p={\\mu}_0(2\\alpha+\\beta)$, ${\\mu}_n=-{\\mu}_0(\\alpha+2\\beta)$ etc. ", "where ${\\mu}_0\n\\equiv e/2m_u$. The magnetic moments are given in terms of three effective parameters ${\\mu}_0\\alpha$, ${\\mu}_0\\beta$, and $r$. Guided by 4-parameter fit we choose sea parameters similar to that case, namely $b_1^2=0.1$, $b_8^2=0.22$, $c_8^2=0.027$ and $a_{10}^2=0.02$ with $b_8c_8>0$. Basically we have enhanced the vector sea with a larger value of $b_1$ and reduced the scalar sea with a smaller value of $a_{10}$. This choice immediately gives $\\alpha=0.3264$ and $\\beta=\n0.0927$. Using ${\\mu}_p$ and ${\\mu}_{\\Lambda}$ as inputs then determines ${\\mu}_0=3.7465{\\mu}_N$ and $r=0.6286$. The results of magnetic moments etc. ", "are listed in column 5 of Table I. Since the ratio $\\alpha/\\beta=3.521$ one obtains $$$$ F/D=0.6380 $$$$ which is fairly close to the experimental value[@bourquin83]. ", "Since $F/D$ increases monotonically with increasing $\\alpha/\\beta$, for the simple quark model ($\\alpha/\\beta=4$) the value of $F/D$=2/3 lies between those in (6.1) and (6.4). ", "The results for quark spin distributions are similar to the $4-$parameter case.", "\n\nFor comparison, in column 3 of Table I the results for the simple quark model are given. ", "In this case there is no sea contribution and the baryons are given by standard $q^3$ wave function which fixes $\\alpha=4/9$ and $\\beta=1/9$. The magnetic moments are given in terms of $3-$parameters ${\\mu}_u$, ${\\mu}_d$ and ${\\mu}_s$. This fit with ${\\mu}_p$, ${\\mu}_n$ and ${\\mu}_{\\Lambda}$ as inputs gives ${\\mu}_u/(-2{\\mu}_d)=p$=0.953 and $r={\\mu}_s/{\\mu}_u$=0.63. ", "We have used the same inputs in all three cases for a meaningful comparison. ", "From Table I one can see that the $4-$parameter gives a somewhat better overall fit.", "\n\nSUMMARY\n=======\n\nIn summary, we have suggested a general formalism to treat a baryon as a composite system of $q^3$ plus a flavorless sea. ", "The modifications of the different properties of spin 1/2 baryon, by the sea, are given. ", "Numerical fits to the individual magnetic moments, $\\Sigma\\Lambda-$transition moment and axial weak coupling constants for the baryon octet have been obtained. ", "These results seem to favour a dominantly vector sea.", "\n\nIt should be noted that our results and conclusions are subject to the following points: (i) the sea and the $3-$quarks are considered to be in a relative $S-$state, possible higher angular momentum states have been neglected; (ii) the sea is assumed to be flavorless and has been specified only by its total quantum numbers; (iii) further, modification of baryon wave function is needed to have non$-$zero $\\Delta s$ in the nucleon; (iv) relativistic corrections have been neglected although the internal motion of the light quarks in the baryon is expected to be relativistic; (v) all calculations have been performed in the baryon rest frame. ", "This may be reasonable for the magnetic moments and the weak decay constants, but may not be appropriate for comparing the spin distribution calculated by us (at low $Q^2-$scale) with the EMC data at much high momentum transfer. ", "All these points need to be considered in future work to fully understand baryon structure.", "\n\nThe authors thank J. S. McCarthy and P. K. Kabir for their useful comments and suggestions. ", "V. G. would like to thank J. S. McCarthy for his warm hospitality at the Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics when this work was started. ", "X. Song was supported by the US Department of Energy and the Commonwealth Center for Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Virginia, USA.", "\n\nA. Chodos, R. L. Jaffe, K. Johnson, C. B. Thorn and V. F. Weisskopf, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D9**]{}, 3471 (1974)\n\nA. Chodos, R. L. Jaffe, K. Johnson and C. B. Thorn Phys. ", "Rev. [**D10**]{}, 2599 (1974)\n\nN. Isgur and G. Karl, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D19**]{}, 2653 (1979)\n\nS. Godfery and N. Isgur, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D32**]{}, 189 (1985)\n\nS. Capstick and N. Isgur, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D34**]{}, 2809 (1986)\n\nD. B. Lichtenberg, Inter. ", "Jour. ", "Phys. [**", "A**]{}, 1 (1987)\n\nA. de Rujula, H. Georgi and S. L. Glashow, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D12**]{}, 147 (1975)\n\nN. Isgur, G. Karl and D. W. L. Sprung, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D23**]{}, 163 (1981)\n\nX. Song and J. S. McCarthy, Phys. ", "Rev. [**C46**]{}, 1077 (1992)\n\nJ. F. Donoghue and E. Golowich, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D15**]{}, 3421 (1977)\n\nHe Hanxin, Zhang Xizhen and Zhuo Yizhong, Chinese Physics, [**4**]{}, 359 (1984)\n\nE. Golowich, E. Haqq and G. Karl, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D28**]{}, 160 (1983)\n\nF. E. Close and Z. Li, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D42**]{}, 2194 (1990)\n\nF. E. Close, Rep. Prog. ", "Phys. [**", "51**]{}, 833 (1988)\n\nZ. Li, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D44**]{}, 2841 (1991)\n\nF. E. Close, An Introduction to Quarks and Partons, Academic Press, 1979\n\nParticle Data Group, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D45**]{}, Part 2 (1992)\n\nJ. Bartelski, R. Rodenberg, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D41**]{}, 2800 (1990)\n\nG. Karl, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D45**]{}, 247 (1992)\n\nD. B. Lichtenberg, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D15**]{}, 345 (1977)\n\nJ. Franklin, Phys. ", "Rev. [**D30**]{}, 1542 (1984)\n\nM. B. Burkhardt and R. L. Jaffe, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [**", "70**]{}, 2537 (1993)\n\nJ. Ashman et al., ", "Nucl. ", "Phys. [**", "B328**]{}, 1 (1989)\n\nThe SMC Collaboration, B. Adeva et al., ", "Phys. ", "Lett. [**", "B302**]{}, 533 (1993)\n\nM. Bourquin et al., ", "Z. Phys. [**", "C21**]{}, 27 (1983)\n\n\\(i) Spin Projection Operator\n\n$$$$<{\\sigma}_z^{(1)}>^{\\lambda\\uparrow\\lambda\\uparrow}=\n<{\\sigma}_z^{(2)}>^{\\lambda\\uparrow\\lambda\\uparrow}=2/3\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{\\sigma}_z^{(3)}>^{\\lambda\\uparrow\\lambda\\uparrow}=-1/3\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{\\sigma}_z^{(1)}>^{\\rho\\uparrow\\rho\\uparrow}=\n<{\\sigma}_z^{(2)}>^{\\rho\\uparrow\\rho\\uparrow}=0\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{\\sigma}_z^{(3)}>^{\\rho\\uparrow\\rho\\uparrow}=1\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{\\sigma}_z^{(1)}>^{\\lambda\\uparrow\\rho\\uparrow}=\n-<{\\sigma}_z^{(2)}>^{\\lambda\\uparrow\\rho\\uparrow}=1/{\\sqrt 3}\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{\\sigma}_z^{(3)}>^{\\lambda\\uparrow\\rho\\uparrow}=0\n$$$$\n\nIt is easy to see that the matrix elements in (1) and (2) satisfy\n\n$$$$ \\sum_{i=1}^3<{\\sigma}_z^{(i)}>^{\\lambda\\uparrow\\lambda\\uparrow}=\n\\sum_{i=1}^3<{\\sigma}_z^{(i)}>^{\\rho\\uparrow\\rho\\uparrow}=1\n$$$$\n\nIn addition,\n\n$$$$<{\\sigma}_z^{(1)}>^{\\lambda\\uparrow 3/2\\uparrow}=\n<{\\sigma}_z^{(2)}>^{\\lambda\\uparrow 3/2\\uparrow}=-{\\sqrt 2}/3\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{\\sigma}_z^{(3)}>^{\\lambda\\uparrow 3/2\\uparrow}=2{\\sqrt 2}/3\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{\\sigma}_z^{(1)}>^{\\rho\\uparrow 3/2\\uparrow}=\n-<{\\sigma}_z^{(2)}>^{\\rho\\uparrow 3/2\\uparrow}={\\sqrt {2/3}}\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{\\sigma}_z^{(3)}>^{\\rho\\uparrow 3/2\\uparrow}=0\n$$$$\n\nThe matrix elements in (3), (5) and (6) satisfy\n\n$$$$ \\sum_{i=1}^3<{\\sigma}_z^{(i)}>^{\\lambda\\uparrow\\rho\\uparrow}=\n \\sum_{i=1}^3<{\\sigma}_z^{(i)}>^{\\lambda\\uparrow 3/2\\uparrow}=\n \\sum_{i=1}^3<{\\sigma}_z^{(i)}>^{\\rho\\uparrow 3/2\\uparrow}=0\n $$$$\n\n\\(ii) Isospin Projection Operator\n\nFor the proton, we have\n\n$$$$<{I}_3^{(1)}>_p^{\\lambda\\lambda}=\n<{I}_3^{(2)}>_p^{\\lambda\\lambda}=1/3\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{I}_3^{(3)}>_p^{\\lambda\\lambda}=-1/6\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{I}_3^{(1)}>_p^{\\rho\\rho}=<{I}_3^{(2)}>^{\\rho\\rho}=0\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{I}_3^{(3)}>_p^{\\rho\\rho}=1/2\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{I}_3^{(1)}>_p^{\\lambda\\rho}=\n-<{I}_3^{(2)}>_p^{\\lambda\\rho}=1/{2\\sqrt 3}\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{I}_3^{(3)}>_p^{\\lambda\\rho}=0\n$$$$\n\nfor the neutron, all matrix elements get an opposite sign. ", "For $\\Sigma^+$-hyperon, we have\n\n$$$$<{I}_3^{(1)}>_{\\Sigma^+}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=\n<{I}_3^{(2)}>_{\\Sigma^+}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=5/12\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{I}_3^{(3)}>_{\\Sigma^+}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=1/6\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{I}_3^{(1)}>_{\\Sigma^+}^{\\rho\\rho}\n=<{I}_3^{(2)}>_{\\Sigma^+}^{\\rho\\rho}=1/4\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{I}_3^{(3)}>_{\\Sigma^+}^{\\rho\\rho}=1/2\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{I}_3^{(1)}>_{\\Sigma^+}^{\\lambda\\rho}=\n-<{I}_3^{(2)}>_{\\Sigma^+}^{\\lambda\\rho}=1/{4\\sqrt 3}\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{I}_3^{(3)}>_{\\Sigma^+}^{\\lambda\\rho}=0\n$$$$\n\nsimilarly, for ${\\Sigma^-}$ the matrix elements reverse their signs. ", "For $\\Xi^0$-hyperon, we have\n\n$$$$<{I}_3^{(1)}>_{\\Xi^0}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=\n<{I}_3^{(2)}>_{\\Xi^0}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=1/12\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{I}_3^{(3)}>_{\\Xi^0}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=1/3\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{I}_3^{(1)}>_{\\Xi^0}^{\\rho\\rho}=<{I}_3^{(2)}>_{\\Xi^0}^{\\rho\\rho}=1/4\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{I}_3^{(3)}>_{\\Xi^0}^{\\rho\\rho}=0\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{I}_3^{(1)}>_{\\Xi^0}^{\\lambda\\rho}=\n-<{I}_3^{(2)}>_{\\Xi^0}^{\\lambda\\rho}=-1/{4\\sqrt 3}\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{I}_3^{(3)}>_{\\Xi^0}^{\\lambda\\rho}=0\n$$$$\n\nfor ${\\Xi^-}$, all matrix elements reverse their signs. ", "Finally, all isospin matrix elements for $\\Lambda$ and $\\Sigma^0$ hyperons are zero.", "\n\n\\(iii) Charge Operator With Symmetry Breaking Effect\n\nFor the proton, we have\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_p^{\\lambda\\lambda}=\n<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_p^{\\lambda\\lambda}=1/2\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)}{m\\over {m_3}}>_p^{\\lambda\\lambda}=0\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_p^{\\rho\\rho}=\n<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_p^{\\rho\\rho}=1/6\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)}{m\\over {m_3}}>_p^{\\rho\\rho}=2/3\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_p^{\\lambda\\rho}=\n-<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_p^{\\lambda\\rho}=1/{2\\sqrt 3}\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)}{m\\over {m_3}}>_p^{\\lambda\\rho}=0\n$$$$\n\nwhere $m=m_u=m_d$. We note that the matrix element $<{e}^{(3)}{m\\over {m_3}}>^{\\lambda\\rho}$ vanishes for all octet baryons.", "\n\nFor the neutron, the matrix elements in (19) reverse their signs. ", "But in (18) the first two matrix elements $\\bf do$ $\\bf not$ change the sign, i.e. $<{e}^{(i)}{m\\over {m_i}}>_n^{\\rho\\rho}=\n<{e}^{(i)}{m\\over {m_i}}>_p^{\\rho\\rho}$ (i=1,2) and the third one becomes $<{e}^{(3)}{m\\over {m_3}}>_n^{\\rho\\rho}=-1/3$. For the neutron matrix elements in (17), we have\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_n^{\\lambda\\lambda}=\n<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_n^{\\lambda\\lambda}=-1/6\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)}{m\\over {m_3}}>_n^{\\lambda\\lambda}=1/3\n$$$$\n\nFor ${\\Sigma^+}$, we obtain\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_{\\Sigma^+}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=\n<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_{\\Sigma^+}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=(10-r)/18\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)}{m\\over {m_3}}>_{\\Sigma^+}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=2(1-r)/9\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_{\\Sigma^+}^{\\rho\\rho}=\n<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_{\\Sigma^+}^{\\rho\\rho}=(2-r)/6\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)}{m\\over {m_3}}>_{\\Sigma^+}^{\\rho\\rho}=2/3\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_{\\Sigma^+}^{\\lambda\\rho}=\n-<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_{\\Sigma^+}^{\\lambda\\rho}=(2+r)/{6\\sqrt 3}\n$$$$\n\nwhile for ${\\Sigma^-}$, we have\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_{\\Sigma^-}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=\n<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_{\\Sigma^-}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=-(5+r)/18\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)}{m\\over {m_3}}>_{\\Sigma^-}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=-(1+2r)/9\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_{\\Sigma^-}^{\\rho\\rho}=\n<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_{\\Sigma^-}^{\\rho\\rho}=-(1+r)/6\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)}{m\\over {m_3}}>_{\\Sigma^-}^{\\rho\\rho}=-1/3\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_{\\Sigma^-}^{\\lambda\\rho}=\n-<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_{\\Sigma^-}^{\\lambda\\rho}=-(1-r)/{6\\sqrt 3}\n$$$$\n\nFor $\\Xi^0$, we have\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_{\\Xi^0}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=\n<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_{\\Xi^0}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=(2-5r)/18\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)}{m\\over {m_3}}>_{\\Xi^0}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=(4-r)/9\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_{\\Xi^0}^{\\rho\\rho}=\n<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_{\\Xi^0}^{\\rho\\rho}=(2-r)/6\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)}{m\\over {m_3}}>_{\\Xi^0}^{\\rho\\rho}=-r/3\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_{\\Xi^0}^{\\lambda\\rho}=\n-<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_{\\Xi^0}^{\\lambda\\rho}=-(2+r)/{6\\sqrt 3}\n$$$$\n\nand for $\\Xi^-$\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_{\\Xi^-}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=\n<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_{\\Xi^-}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=-(1+5r)/18\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)}{m\\over {m_3}}>_{\\Xi^-}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=-(2+r)/9\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_{\\Xi^-}^{\\rho\\rho}=\n<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_{\\Xi^-}^{\\rho\\rho}=-(1+r)/6\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)}{m\\over {m_3}}>_{\\Xi^-}^{\\rho\\rho}=-r/3\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_{\\Xi^-}^{\\lambda\\rho}=\n-<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_{\\Xi^-}^{\\lambda\\rho}=(1-r)/{6\\sqrt 3}\n$$$$\n\nFor $\\Lambda^0$, we obtain\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_{\\Lambda^0}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=\n<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_{\\Lambda^0}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=(1-2r)/12\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)}{m\\over {m_3}}>_{\\Lambda^0}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=1/6\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_{\\Lambda^0}^{\\rho\\rho}=\n<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_{\\Lambda^0}^{\\rho\\rho}=(5-2r)/36\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)}{m\\over {m_3}}>_{\\Lambda^0}^{\\rho\\rho}=(1-4r)/18\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_{\\Lambda^0}^{\\lambda\\rho}=\n-<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_{\\Lambda^0}^{\\lambda\\rho}=-(1+2r)/{12\\sqrt 3}\n$$$$\n\nand for $\\Sigma^0$, one obtains\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_{\\Sigma^0}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=\n<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_{\\Sigma^0}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=(5-2r)/36\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)}{m\\over {m_3}}>_{\\Sigma^0}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=(1-4r)/18\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_{\\Sigma^0}^{\\rho\\rho}=\n<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_{\\Sigma^0}^{\\rho\\rho}=(1-2r)/12\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)}{m\\over {m_3}}>_{\\Sigma^0}^{\\rho\\rho}=1/6\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_{\\Sigma^0}^{\\lambda\\rho}=\n-<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_{\\Sigma^0}^{\\lambda\\rho}=(1+2r)/{12\\sqrt 3}\n$$$$\n\nFinally, for $\\Sigma^0\\rightarrow\\Lambda^0$ transition elements we have\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_{\\Sigma^0\\rightarrow\\Lambda^0}\n^{\\lambda\\lambda}=<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_{\\Sigma^0\n\\rightarrow\\Lambda^0}^{\\lambda\\lambda}=-1/{4\\sqrt 3}\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)}{m\\over {m_3}}>_{\\Sigma^0\\rightarrow\\Lambda^0}\n^{\\lambda\\lambda}=1/{2\\sqrt 3}\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_{\\Sigma^0\\rightarrow\\Lambda^0}\n^{\\rho\\rho}=\n<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_{\\Sigma^0\\rightarrow\\Lambda^0}\n^{\\rho\\rho}=1/{4\\sqrt 3}\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)}{m\\over {m_3}}>_{\\Sigma^0\\rightarrow\\Lambda^0}\n^{\\rho\\rho}=-1/{2\\sqrt 3}\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)}{m\\over {m_1}}>_{\\Sigma^0\\rightarrow\\Lambda^0}\n^{\\lambda\\rho}=\n-<{e}^{(2)}{m\\over {m_2}}>_{\\Sigma^0\\rightarrow\\Lambda^0}\n^{\\lambda\\rho}=-1/4\n$$$$\n\n\\(iv) Charge Square Operator\n\nWe only discuss the nucleon case, for the proton we obtain\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)^2}>_p^{\\lambda\\lambda}=\n<{e}^{(2)^2}>_p^{\\lambda\\lambda}=7/18\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)^2}>_p^{\\lambda\\lambda}=2/9\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)^2}>_p^{\\rho\\rho}=<{e}^{(2)^2}>_p^{\\rho\\rho}=5/18\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)^2}>_p^{\\rho\\rho}=4/9\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)^2}>_p^{\\lambda\\rho}=\n-<{e}^{(2)^2}>_p^{\\lambda\\rho}=1/{6\\sqrt 3}\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)^2}>_p^{\\lambda\\rho}=0\n$$$$\n\nwhile for the neutron, one obtains\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)^2}>_n^{\\lambda\\lambda}=\n<{e}^{(2)^2}>_n^{\\lambda\\lambda}=1/6\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)^2}>_n^{\\lambda\\lambda}=1/3\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)^2}>_n^{\\rho\\rho}=<{e}^{(2)^2}>_n^{\\rho\\rho}=5/18\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)^2}>_n^{\\rho\\rho}=1/9\n$$$$\n\n$$$$<{e}^{(1)^2}>_n^{\\lambda\\rho}=\n-<{e}^{(2)^2}>_n^{\\lambda\\rho}=-1/{6\\sqrt 3}\n\\ ;\\qquad\n<{e}^{(3)^2}>_n^{\\lambda\\rho}=0\n$$$$\n\n -- ------------------------------------------ ------ -- --------------------------- ------ -- -------------- ------ -- -------------- ------ -- -------------- --\n Baryon      Data$^{16}$      SQM$^a$      Set I$^b$      Set II$^c$ \n P      2.7928      2.793$^*$      2.7928$^*$      2.793$^*$ \n n      $-$1.9130      $-$1.913$^*$      $-$1.913$^*$      $-$1.917$^*$ \n $\\Lambda$      $-$0.613$\\pm$0.004      $-$0.613$^*$      $-$0.613$^*$      $-$0.613$^*$ \n ${\\Sigma}^0$$\\Lambda$      $-$1.61$\\pm$0.08      $-$1.63      $-$1.61$^*$      $-$1.66 \n ${\\Sigma}^+$      2.42$\\pm$0.05      2.674      2.678      2.664 \n ${\\Sigma}^0$      $-$      0.791      0.761      0.830 \n ${\\Sigma}^-$      $-$1.160$\\pm$0.025      $-$1.092      $-$1.156      $-$1.004 \n ${\\Xi}^0$      $-$1.250$\\pm$0.014      $-$1.435      $-$1.408      $-$1.463 \n ${\\Xi}^-$      $-$0.6507$\\pm 0.0025$      $-$0.493      $-$0.537      $-$0.421 \n $(g_A/g_V)_{n\\rightarrow p}$      1.2573$\\pm$ 0.0028      1.666      1.2571      1.2573 \n $(g_A/g_V)_{\\Lambda\\rightarrow p}$      0.718$\\pm$ 0.015      1.000      0.7605      0.7455 \n $(g_A/g_V)_{{\\Sigma}^-\\rightarrow n}$      $-$0.340$\\pm$ 0.017      $-$0.333      $-$0.2325      $-$0.2781 \n $(g_A/g_V)_{{\\Xi}^-\\rightarrow \\Lambda}$      0.25$\\pm$ 0.05      0.333      0.2640      0.2337 \n $(g_A/g_V)_{{\\Xi}^-\\rightarrow {\\Xi}^0}$      $-$      $-$0.333      $-$0.2325      $-$0.2781 \n $\\int g_1^p(x)dx$      0.126$\\pm$0.010$\\pm$0.015      0.278      0.2147      0.202 \n $\\int g_1^n(x)dx$      $-$0.08$\\pm$0.06$^d$      0.0      $-$0.0052      $-$0.007 \n $\\int g_1^{\\Lambda}(x)dx$      $-$      0.0556      0.0466      0.0353 \n -- ------------------------------------------ ------ -- --------------------------- ------ -- -------------- ------ -- -------------- ------ -- -------------- --\n\n : Comparison of the calculated magnetic moments and axial coupling constants of baryons with data and other models.", "\n\na\\) Standard quark model result, e.g. see Ref. ", "16, VIII.59\n\nb\\) Four$-$parameter fit\n\nc\\) Three$-$parameter fit\n\nd\\) Ref.[@adeva93]\n\n\\*) Inputs\n" ]

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[ "The present invention relates to relatively sliding arrangements and more particularly, to such sliding arrangements for use in a sewing machine.", "\nGenerally, ceramic materials provide high hardness, low friction coefficients and low heat conductivity comparison with a metallic materials. ", "In this regard, ceramic materials are available for relatively sliding component which are operated at low speed and low load, since significant temperature elevation does not occur at the friction or sliding portions or surfaces. ", "However, if the sliding, or frictional, movement is performed at high speed and high load, temperature at the sliding portions, or friction zones, is elevated to have an abnormally high temperature, thus thermal seizure may occur at the friction, or sliding portions. ", "Accordingly, if the friction or sliding portions are subject to high speed and high load, ceramic material is not an adequate surface due to its insufficient heat conductivity.", "\nIf the friction, or sliding, portion is one at which high speeds and high loads are common, in conventional devices, metallic sliding components are used with a great amount of lubrication oil being supplied to the frictional surfaces in order to prevent thermal seizure. ", "However, another consideration must be made with respect to lubrication oil leakage due to the application of a large volume of lubrication oil. ", "Particularly, in case of a sewing machine which deals with a cloth and, therefore, if the lubrication oil is scattered or splashed on the cloth, the resultant product would be rendered unsuitable for the market place.", "\nTo avoid this, various countermeasures are required causing an increase in production costs, such as precise control of the lubrication oil supply." ]

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[ "/**\n * Copyright 2014-2015, Facebook, Inc.\n * All rights reserved.", "\n *\n * This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the\n * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. ", "An additional grant\n * of patent rights can be found in the PATENTS file in the same directory.", "\n *\n * @providesModule ReactElement\n */\n\n'use strict';\n\nvar ReactContext = require('ReactContext');\nvar ReactCurrentOwner = require('ReactCurrentOwner');\n\nvar assign = require('Object.assign');\nvar warning = require('warning');\n\nvar RESERVED_PROPS = {\n key: true,\n ref: true\n};\n\n/**\n * Warn for mutations.", "\n *\n * @internal\n * @param {object} object\n * @param {string} key\n */\nfunction defineWarningProperty(object, key) {\n Object.defineProperty(object, key, {\n\n configurable: false,\n enumerable: true,\n\n get: function() {\n if (!", "this._store) {\n return null;\n }\n return this._store[key];\n },\n\n set: function(value) {\n warning(\n false,\n 'Don\\'t set the %s property of the React element. ", "Instead, ' +\n 'specify the correct value when initially creating the element.',", "\n key\n );\n this._store[key] = value;\n }\n\n });\n}\n\n/**\n * This is updated to true if the membrane is successfully created.", "\n */\nvar useMutationMembrane = false;\n\n/**\n * Warn for mutations.", "\n *\n * @internal\n * @param {object} element\n */\nfunction defineMutationMembrane(prototype) {\n try {\n var pseudoFrozenProperties = {\n props: true\n };\n for (var key in pseudoFrozenProperties) {\n defineWarningProperty(prototype, key);\n }\n useMutationMembrane = true;\n } catch (x) {\n // IE will fail on defineProperty\n }\n}\n\n/**\n * Base constructor for all React elements. ", "This is only used to make this\n * work with a dynamic instanceof check. ", "Nothing should live on this prototype.", "\n *\n * @param {*} type\n * @param {string|object} ref\n * @param {*} key\n * @param {*} props\n * @internal\n */\nvar ReactElement = function(type, key, ref, owner, context, props) {\n // Built-in properties that belong on the element\n this.type = type;\n this.key = key;\n this.ref = ref;\n\n // Record the component responsible for creating this element.", "\n this._owner = owner;\n\n // TODO: Deprecate withContext, and then the context becomes accessible\n // through the owner.", "\n this._context = context;\n\n if (__DEV__) {\n // The validation flag and props are currently mutative. ", "We put them on\n // an external backing store so that we can freeze the whole object.", "\n // This can be replaced with a WeakMap once they are implemented in\n // commonly used development environments.", "\n this._store = {props: props, originalProps: assign({}, props)};\n\n // To make comparing ReactElements easier for testing purposes, we make\n // the validation flag non-enumerable (where possible, which should\n // include every environment we run tests in), so the test framework\n // ignores it.", "\n try {\n Object.defineProperty(this._store, 'validated', {\n configurable: false,\n enumerable: false,\n writable: true\n });\n } catch (x) {\n }\n this._store.validated = false;\n\n // We're not allowed to set props directly on the object so we early\n // return and rely on the prototype membrane to forward to the backing\n // store.", "\n if (useMutationMembrane) {\n Object.freeze(this);\n return;\n }\n }\n\n this.props = props;\n};\n\n// We intentionally don't expose the function on the constructor property.", "\n// ReactElement should be indistinguishable from a plain object.", "\nReactElement.prototype = {\n _isReactElement: true\n};\n\nif (__DEV__) {\n defineMutationMembrane(ReactElement.prototype);\n}\n\nReactElement.createElement = function(type, config, children) {\n var propName;\n\n // Reserved names are extracted\n var props = {};\n\n var key = null;\n var ref = null;\n\n if (config !", "= null) {\n ref = config.ref === undefined ? ", "null : config.ref;\n key = config.key === undefined ? ", "null : '' + config.key;\n // Remaining properties are added to a new props object\n for (propName in config) {\n if (config.hasOwnProperty(propName) &&\n !", "RESERVED_PROPS.hasOwnProperty(propName)) {\n props[propName] = config[propName];\n }\n }\n }\n\n // Children can be more than one argument, and those are transferred onto\n // the newly allocated props object.", "\n var childrenLength = arguments.length - 2;\n if (childrenLength === 1) {\n props.children = children;\n } else if (childrenLength > 1) {\n var childArray = Array(childrenLength);\n for (var i = 0; i < childrenLength; i++) {\n childArray[i] = arguments[i + 2];\n }\n props.children = childArray;\n }\n\n // Resolve default props\n if (type && type.defaultProps) {\n var defaultProps = type.defaultProps;\n for (propName in defaultProps) {\n if (typeof props[propName] === 'undefined') {\n props[propName] = defaultProps[propName];\n }\n }\n }\n\n return new ReactElement(\n type,\n key,\n ref,\n ReactCurrentOwner.current,\n ReactContext.current,\n props\n );\n};\n\nReactElement.createFactory = function(type) {\n var factory = ReactElement.createElement.bind(null, type);\n // Expose the type on the factory and the prototype so that it can be\n // easily accessed on elements. ", "E.g. <Foo />.type === Foo.type.", "\n // This should not be named `constructor` since this may not be the function\n // that created the element, and it may not even be a constructor.", "\n // Legacy hook TODO: Warn if this is accessed\n factory.type = type;\n return factory;\n};\n\nReactElement.cloneAndReplaceProps = function(oldElement, newProps) {\n var newElement = new ReactElement(\n oldElement.type,\n oldElement.key,\n oldElement.ref,\n oldElement._owner,\n oldElement._context,\n newProps\n );\n\n if (__DEV__) {\n // If the key on the original is valid, then the clone is valid\n newElement._store.validated = oldElement._store.validated;\n }\n return newElement;\n};\n\nReactElement.cloneElement = function(element, config, children) {\n var propName;\n\n // Original props are copied\n var props = assign({}, element.props);\n\n // Reserved names are extracted\n var key = element.key;\n var ref = element.ref;\n\n // Owner will be preserved, unless ref is overridden\n var owner = element._owner;\n\n if (config !", "= null) {\n if (config.ref !", "== undefined) {\n // Silently steal the ref from the parent.", "\n ref = config.ref;\n owner = ReactCurrentOwner.current;\n }\n if (config.key !", "== undefined) {\n key = '' + config.key;\n }\n // Remaining properties override existing props\n for (propName in config) {\n if (config.hasOwnProperty(propName) &&\n !", "RESERVED_PROPS.hasOwnProperty(propName)) {\n props[propName] = config[propName];\n }\n }\n }\n\n // Children can be more than one argument, and those are transferred onto\n // the newly allocated props object.", "\n var childrenLength = arguments.length - 2;\n if (childrenLength === 1) {\n props.children = children;\n } else if (childrenLength > 1) {\n var childArray = Array(childrenLength);\n for (var i = 0; i < childrenLength; i++) {\n childArray[i] = arguments[i + 2];\n }\n props.children = childArray;\n }\n\n return new ReactElement(\n element.type,\n key,\n ref,\n owner,\n element._context,\n props\n );\n};\n\n/**\n * @param {?", "object} object\n * @return {boolean} True if `object` is a valid component.", "\n * @final\n */\nReactElement.isValidElement = function(object) {\n // ReactTestUtils is often used outside of beforeEach where as React is\n // within it. ", "This leads to two different instances of React on the same\n // page. ", "To identify a element from a different React instance we use\n // a flag instead of an instanceof check.", "\n var isElement = !!(", "object && object._isReactElement);\n // if (isElement && !(", "object instanceof ReactElement)) {\n // This is an indicator that you're using multiple versions of React at the\n // same time. ", "This will screw with ownership and stuff. ", "Fix it, please.", "\n // TODO: We could possibly warn here.", "\n // }\n return isElement;\n};\n\nmodule.exports = ReactElement;\n" ]

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[ "Dynamism of a Speeding Horse + Houses\n\nDynamism of a speeding Horse + Houses is a sculpture from Umberto Boccioni realized in 1914-1915.", "\n\nIt is now part of the Peggy Guggenheim Collection art museum in Venice.", "\n\nDescription\nWith this artwork Boccioni aims at representing his idea on the concept of space, according to which not being able to see the distance means not to be able to perceive it. ", "As a consequence, a spinning horse and some houses in the background look to the observer as single dynamic unity.", "\n\nUmberto Boccioni sculpted Dynamism of a speeding Horse + Houses after publishing his manifesto on futurist sculpture technical rules. ", "In this document the artist encourages the use of several and different materials, the idea of an interpenetration among subject and background and the refuse of closed forms.", "\n\nSee also\n\nCategory:Sculptures by Umberto Boccioni\nCategory:Futurist sculpture\nCategory:1915 sculptures\nCategory:Peggy Guggenheim Collection\nCategory:Horses in art" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to identify the singleton object in JVM?", "\n\nDoes JVM manage any special attribute for singleton object? ", "How can I identify that in my program?", "\n\nA:\n\nNo. ", "There would be just a single instance of that particular class in the heap. ", "But again, it doesn't necessarily means that that class is a singleton. ", "It can be a normal class just instantiated once.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "We're just on the Crossrail site just outside\nPaddington station on the mainline from Paddington\nto Bristol. ", "It's the Great Western Railway,\nprobably Isambard Kingdom Brunel's greatest\nachievement constructing the Great Western\nRailway in the mid 19th Century. ", "This site\nis actually where in the 1850's he built a\nnew engineering yard with engines sheds and\nlocomotives workshops e.t.c. ", "When the main\nPaddington station was expanded this is where\nthey moved the engine workshops too. ", "We've\ngot some brilliant preservation here of one\nof the main engine sheds, turntable and several\nother structures which is probably the only\nsurviving part of this site. ", "It was demolished\nin 1906 when all of the engineering workshops\nwere moved to Old Oak Common another Crossrail\nsite a few miles up the line. ", "Well what we're\ndoing here is revealing the very kind of bottom\nfoundations of these great engine sheds, this\none we're in measured something like over 600 foot\nlong. ", "We're recording these remains carefully\nbecause essentially when the site was demolished\nin 1906 no records were made. ", "So we are going\nto record these carefully with laser scan\ntechnology and photography so we can re-construct\nthe yard as it was in the mid 1800's.", "\n" ]

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[ "Overview of \"home\" cultivation policies and the case for community-based cannabis supply.", "\nCannabis policies should be relevant to communities most impacted by them. ", "Home cultivation policies can engage people who grow cannabis and build on their motivation to supply a safe product. ", "This paper aims to examine the laws pertaining to \"home\" (i.e. personal, small-scale) cannabis cultivation internationally and their different aspects, and to discuss the potential of these policies to be expanded into community-level cannabis supply models. ", "We reviewed relevant laws and regulations in states/countries that legalised, decriminalised or applied other non-prohibitive approaches to home cannabis cultivation. ", "Non-prohibitive approaches to home cannabis cultivation have been adopted in at least 27 jurisdictions. ", "Twelve jurisdictions \"de jure\" legalised home cultivation (three U.S. states and Antigua and Barbuda legalised only home cultivation; six U.S. states, Uruguay and Canada legalised commercial sales as well). ", "Eight states/countries \"de facto\" (Belgium, the Netherlands) or \"de jure\" decriminalised it (Czech Republic, Spain, Jamaica, and three Australian states). \"", "De jure\" depenalisation was in place in Chile and Brazil and recent court rulings yielded \"de facto\" depenalisation or \"de facto\" legalisation in five other jurisdictions (South Africa, Mexico, Colombia, Costa Rica and Georgia). ", "Varying number of plants (per person and per property) and the circumstances of cultivation were in place. ", "The key limitations of the regulations included (i) possession thresholds for the produce from home cultivations, (ii) rules about sharing the produce, and (iii) potentially disproportionate sanctions for non-authorised behaviours. ", "Despite currently being limited, home cultivation policies might have the capacity to engage cannabis networks that already exist in the community and like that, enhance their participation in legitimate policy schemes. ", "Rules around pooled cultivation and sharing could be made fit for purpose to accommodate community supply of cannabis. ", "Home cultivation policies could serve as a basis for community-level cannabis supply models and as such, for more inclusive cannabis policies." ]

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[ "Quality Measures in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review.", "\nTo report the current quality measures that are applicable to orthopaedic sports medicine physicians. ", "Six databases were searched with a customized search term to identify quality measures relevant to orthopaedic sports medicine surgeons: MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, the National Quality Forum (NQF) Quality Positioning System (QPS), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) National Quality Measures Clearinghouse (NQMC), the Physician Quality Reporting System (PQRS) database, and the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) website. ", "Results were screened by 2 Board-certified orthopaedic surgeons with fellowship training in sports medicine and dichotomized based on sports medicine-specific or general orthopaedic (nonarthroplasty) categories. ", "Hip and knee arthroplasty measures were excluded. ", "Included quality measures were further categorized based on Donabedian's domains and the Center for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) National Quality Strategy priorities. ", "A total of 1,292 quality measures were screened and 66 unique quality measures were included. ", "A total of 47 were sports medicine-specific and 19 related to the general practice of orthopaedics for a fellowship-trained sports medicine specialist. ", "Nineteen (29%) quality measures were collected within PQRS, with 5 of them relating to sports medicine and 14 relating to general orthopaedics. ", "AAOS Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) comprised 40 (60%) of the included measures and were all within sports medicine. ", "Five (8%) additional measures were collected within AHRQ and 2 (3%) within NQF. ", "Most quality measures consist of process rather than outcome or structural measures. ", "No measures addressing concussions were identified. ", "There are many existing quality measures relating to the practice of orthopaedic sports medicine. ", "Most quality measures are process measures described within PQRS or AAOS CPGs. ", "Knowledge of quality measures are important as they may be used to improve care, are increasingly being used to determine physician reimbursement, and can inform future quality measure development efforts." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nupload new image/thumb to an existing carousel gallery/slider on wordpress\n\nMy website is still not published so I hope you wont find it too hard to help me.", "\nI'm new to wordpress and Ive just created my theme and activated it. ", "On my index page I'm using a image carousel/slider to show some of my work. ", "\nMy question is how can I upload new images without having to add new code to the page? ", "I mean I can add new pages without having to code.", "\nthis is how Ive set it up:\n<body>\n\n<div class=\"featured-work-slides\">\n <div id=\"home-carousel\" class=\"home-carousel-thumbs img-wrap-thumbs\"> \n\n <?", "php $query = \"SELECT * FROM wp_my_gallery ORDER BY id ASC\"; $user_list = $wpdb->get_results($query); \n\n foreach ($user_list as $user ) {\n ?", ">\n\n <figure class=\"thumb\">\n <a href=\"<?php echo $user->link; ?", ">\" class=\"overlay\">\n <div class=\"inset-bevel\">&nbsp;</div>\n <img src=\"<?php echo WP_CONTENT_URL.'/uploads/my_gallery/'.$user->image_file_name; ?", ">\" \n alt=\"Fantasy\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" />\n <figcaption class=\"name\">\n <?", "php echo $user->image_title; ?", "> \n </figcaption>\n </a>\n </figure>\n\n <?", "php } ?", "> \n\nHope my question and description is clear and thank you!", "\n\nA:\n\nRotating Images plugin by iThemes is ideal if you just want to rotate/slide images and have them each contain their own URL when clicked. ", " It costs $25 for a for a 2 site license though, but there is a 35% discount code available: ELF2012 is the code. ", " You can find it here: http://ithemes.com/purchase/rotating-images/ I use this plugin very frequently as it is easy to use and has good features. ", " I would recommend this if you are willing to purchase it.", "\nNivo Slider is another great plugin; however I do not think it supports a unique URL beig applied to each image. ", " For the single site WordPress version it costs $19.", "\nTheThe Image Slider is a free one, but I'm not sure of its linking capabilities either, but it has mostly good reviews. ", " http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/thethe-image-slider/\n\n" ]

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[ "Specifications TableSubjectGeography, Planning and DevelopmentSpecific subject areaGeography, Geoinformation, History, GIS, Historical GISType of dataLinear vector data layerHow data were acquiredData acquired by manual vectorisation from the 19th century historical maps.", "Data formatVector data, shapefileParameters for data collectionData were acquired for the 4 main categories of the roads, according to the historical map legend.", "Description of data collectionManual vectorisation of the historical road network of Galicia and Austrian Silesia (\\>80 000 km^2^) in the mid-19th century -- two regions of former Habsburg Empire, located in Central Europe. ", "The data were collected from detailed topographic map sheets of the Austrian second military survey map (1:28,800).Data source locationHistorical regions of Galicia and Austrian Silesia (Central Europe), currently located in Czechia, Poland and Ukraine (\\>80 000km^2^).Data accessibilityRepository name: Mendeley Data\\\nData identification number: 10.17632/j9mvw2zwgf.2\\\nDirect URL to data: <https://doi.org/10.17632/j9mvw2zwgf.2>**Value of the Data**•Detailed and consistent dataset on the historical main road network of a large part of Central Europe in the mid-19th century.•Data can be of high importance for social and environmental scientists studying e.g. migrations, accessibility, drivers of regional development, legacies of human impact on the environment like land use change, invasive species introduction, large mammals habitats and many more.•Accessibility is one of the most popular and important spatial variables used in environmental modelling. ", "However, historical road data are missing. ", "This dataset can address this issue.•Roadless areas are now perceived as critical for species connectivity globally; little is known however, about the impact of historical road legacies.•Data were collected based on the detailed 1:28,800 military maps, consistent over a large part of Central Europe and are now available in GIS, shapefile vector format, easy to be used in various spatial analyses, incl. ", "network analysis.•The road network is accompanied by the layer of 309 towns and villages with more than 2000 inhabitants, based on the 1857 Austrian census.", "\n\n1. ", "Data {#sec1}\n=======\n\nEvolution of the transportation network plays an important role in development of regions \\[[@bib1]\\] or transformation of the habitats \\[[@bib2]\\]. ", "In the 19th century, the role of the roads started to decrease due to dynamic railway network development \\[[@bib1]\\]. ", "However, the shape of the historical road network is an important indicator of spatial organisation of the area, clearly defining the centres and peripheries \\[[@bib1],[@bib3]\\]. ", "In order to analyse it, high-quality historical spatial data are needed. ", "However, due to the time-consuming process of acquisition, they are usually not easily available. ", "The dataset presented here covers four main categories of the roads of the Austrian second military survey maps (1:28,800) from the mid-19th century. ", "As the maps were a result of the cadastral mapping (1:2880) generalisation prepared for military purposes, the categories were defined, taking a strategic military point of view into consideration. ", "It is important to add, that the catalogue of the roads and paths shown on the maps was very expanded, and in this dataset, we included the most important types. ", "The categories were defined from the maps based on \\[[@bib4]\\] and included the roads passable at any time of the year:1)First class roads (Chaussée, *ger.* ", "Kaiserstrassen I. Klasse)2)Second class roads (Chaussée, *ger.* ", "Kaiserstrassen II. ", "Klasse)3)National roads (*ger.* ", "Landstrassen)4)Maintained roads (*ger.* ", "Erhaltener Fahrwegen)\n\nThe first and the second class roads contained the roads built according to the norms assuring usability by heavy military horse carts, all year long, in all weather conditions. ", "First category roads were at least 3 fathoms (*ger.* ", "Klafter) wide, which was equal to ∼5.7 m (1 fathom - 1,8965 m). ", "The second category roads could have less than 3 fathoms \\[[@bib4]\\]. ", "National roads were 16 feet wide (*ger.* ", "Fuss), which was equal to ∼5 m (1 foot - 0,3161 m). ", "Contrary to the first and second class roads, national roads did not have to have ditches, bridges and other protections. ", "Maintained roads had to be passable at any time of the year by the light horse carts, however, they did not have the built layer \\[[@bib4]\\]. ", "Altogether, the network consists of 15 461 km of roads. ", "As the auxiliary data helpful in explaining the shape of the network, we attached the layer presenting the location of 309 towns and villages with more than 2000 inhabitants, according to the 1857 census. ", "The layer includes the names, as presented in the census \\[[@bib5]\\] and contemporary names. ", "The dataset covers the territories located in the current Czechia, Poland and Ukraine ([Fig.", " 1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}; the data on historical and current boundaries are presented on the Figure to help the readers in correct locating of the dataset and are not included in the described dataset).Fig.", " 1Map of the four main categories of the roads in Galicia and Austrian Silesia, presented on the Austrian second military survey maps. ", "Towns and villages with more than 2000 inhabitants, according to the 1857 census \\[[@bib5]\\].Fig.", " 1\n\n2. ", "Experimental design, materials, and methods {#sec2}\n==============================================\n\nThe roads were manually vectorised from the Austrian second military survey maps (1:28,800) i.e., all the roads were re-sketched on-screen in ∼1:5 000 zoom. ", "Before the vectorisation, the maps in the form of 300 dpi tiff files, were georeferenced to the contemporary maps or satellite images, based on 20--30 ground control points per sheet. ", "The control points used in this procedure were stable over time, like historical churches or other buildings, road crossings etc. ", "The RMS error ranged in most cases between 10 and 30 m, with maximal values not exceeding 40 m. The maps covering the Austrian Silesia (42 map sheets) were issued 1837--41, while Galicia (413 map sheets) was mapped 1861--64. ", "Based on the maps, 4 categories of roads, presented in the *Data* section ([Fig.", " 1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) were distinguished and vectorised. ", "In the maps covering Austrian Silesia, the category of maintained roads included also the roads marked with the sign presented on the [Fig.", " 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} which was not included in Ref.", " \\[[@bib4]\\], what might be a result of earlier map edition regarding Galicia, and the time of Zaffauk \\[[@bib4]\\] publication.", "Fig.", " 2Categories of roads included in the database.", "Fig.", " 2\n\nAdditionally to four categories of main roads, we decided to create also category no. ", "5, which included -- river ferries and river passages on the main roads, main roads in some of the towns, where category was not assigned and short links between the main roads ([Fig.", " 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "In some cases, the road category changed with the change of the map sheet ([Fig.", " 4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}), but as we aimed at creating GIS database, as presented on the original maps, it is reconstructed as it was drawn on the maps. ", "Sometimes the road ends at the edge of the map sheet and does not continue on the neighbouring map, which may be a result of differences in road classification, done by the military cartographers. ", "In such cases, it is presented in the database in the same categories, as on the original map. ", "In order to assure the high quality of the data, we used snapping tools during data acquisition, what helped in connecting the roads topologically correct, and resulted in creation a network, when possible. ", "Additionally, the network topology was verified in ArcMap topology tools by a set of rules: *Invalid Geometry Check, Geometry on Geometry Checks (Overlaps), Orphan Check.* ", "Due to the nature of the data, the orphans (sections not connected to the rest of the dataset), where found mainly in the 3--5 road categories, while in the 1--2 road categories, only 3 sections were not connected (which was in line with the original map content). ", "Two other, above-mentioned topology rules indicated no errors in the dataset. ", "Dataset can be used in network analysis, like best route, creating service areas etc.", "Fig.", " 3Examples of category no. ", "5 presented in the database: A -- river ferry, B -- town roads with no clear category, C -- link between second class road and maintained road.", "Fig.", " 3Table 1Length of the road categories in the database; \\* - other categories include e.g. passages, links and selected road networks in the towns; full explanation can be found in the manuscript.", "Table 1Road categorynameLength \\[km\\]% of the network1First class roads281418.22Second class roads15029.73National roads354222.94Maintained roads741948.05Other\\*1841.2sum15 461100Fig.", " 4Change of the road category on the neighbouring map sheet from second class road to national road.", "Fig.", " 4\n\nFinally, the network covers 15 461 km ([Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"}) and, to make the network consistent, includes also the section of the First Class Road going through Moravia, located between the Austrian Silesia and Galicia.", "\n\nConflict of Interest {#appsec1}\n====================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.", "\n\nAppendix A. Supplementary data {#appsec2}\n==============================\n\nThe following is the Supplementary data to this article:Multimedia component 1Multimedia component 1\n\nThis research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Republic of Poland under the frame of \"National Programme for the Development of Humanities\" 2015--2020, as a part of the GASID project (Galicia and Austrian Silesia Interactive Database 1857--1910, 1aH 15 0324 83).", "\n\nSupplementary data to this article can be found online at <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104854>.", "\n" ]

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[ "Seller financing\n\nSeller financing is a loan provided by the seller of a property or business to the purchaser. ", " When used in the context of residential real estate, it is also called \"bond-for-title\" or \"owner financing.\" ", "Usually, the purchaser will make some sort of down payment to the seller, and then make installment payments (usually on a monthly basis) over a specified time, at an agreed-upon interest rate, until the loan is fully repaid. ", " In layman's terms, this is when the seller in a transaction offers the buyer a loan rather than the buyer obtaining one from a bank. ", " To a seller, this is an investment in which the return is guaranteed only by the buyer's credit-worthiness or ability and motivation to pay the mortgage. ", " For a buyer it is often beneficial, because he/she may not be able to obtain a loan from a bank. ", " In general, the loan is secured by the property being sold. ", " In the event that the buyer defaults, the property is repossessed or foreclosed on exactly as it would be by a bank.", "\n\nThere are no universal requirements mandated for seller financing. ", " In order to protect both the buyer's and seller's interests, a legally binding purchase agreement should be drawn up with the assistance of an attorney and then signed by both parties.", "\n\nSecondary market\nThere is a secondary market for seller financed debt instruments. ", " Many companies and investors look to purchase properly structured debt instruments as investments.", "\n\nSeller financing in housing \nIn the United States, seller financing has emerged as a way for people with poor credit a path toward home ownership following stricter regulations placed on mortgage lending following the subprime crisis of 2008. ", "Unlike a regular mortgage, in which the buyer gets the legal title to the house, the buyer in seller financing does not receive the legal title until they have fully paid off the purchase price of the house. ", "This means that if a buyer misses a payment, they can be evicted and lose all money and interest put into the house. ", "In addition, the buyer is often responsible for repairs, taxes and insurance, meaning that they have the responsibilities of being a homeowner without the rights of actually owning the property. ", "Seller financing contracts are subject to fewer consumer protections than mortgage loans in most states.", "\n\nWhile seller financing can provide a unique way for people with low credit scores to obtain a path to home ownership, they are considered predatory by groups such as the Center for American Progress. ", "In addition, some investment firms have shied away from getting involved with seller financing out of fear for their reputations. ", "A 2012 study of seller financing contracts in Maverick County, Texas found that less than 20% of people who signed such a contract ever came to fully own the home.", "\n\nBenefits\nSeller/buyer benefits:\n Both the buyer and the seller can make substantial savings in closing costs.", "\n They can negotiate interest rate, repayment schedule, and other conditions of the loan.", "\n The buyer can request special conditions for the purchase, such as inclusion of household appliances.", "\n The borrower does not have to qualify with a loan underwriter.", "\n There are no PMI insurance premiums unless negotiated.", "\n The seller can receive a higher yield on his/her investment by receiving equity with interest.", "\n The seller could negotiate a higher interest rate.", "\n The seller could negotiate a higher selling price.", "\n The property could be sold \"as is\" so there will be no need for repairs.", "\n The seller could choose which security documents (mortgage, deed of trust, land sales document, etc.) ", "to best secure his/her interest until the loan is paid.", "\n If the property sells for a substantial profit, the seller can spread the resulting capital gain over multiple years, usually reducing the overall tax burden by turning the transaction into an installment sale.", "\n\nDrawbacks\n The buyer could pay the loan in full but still not receive title due to other encumbrances not divulged by, or unknown to the seller.", "\n The buyer could make payments faithfully, but the seller might not make payments on any senior financing that may be in place, thus subjecting the property to foreclosure.", "\n The buyer might not have the protection of a home inspection, mortgage insurance, or an appraisal to ensure that he/she is not paying too much for the property.", "\n The seller might not get the buyer’s full credit or employment picture, which could make foreclosure more likely.", "\n Depending upon the security instrument that was used, foreclosure could take up to a year.", "\n The seller could agree to a small down payment from the buyer to assist in the sale, only to have the buyer abandon the property because of the minimal investment that was at stake.", "\n\nSee also\nHire purchase / installment plan\nLeasing\nRent to own\nClosed-end leasing\nMortgage\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Credit\nCategory:Mortgage\nCategory:Real estate terminology" ]

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[ "Ledgestone cladding applied in the same fashion as the rest of the home\n\nConcrete form work for the driveway borders\n\nAdditional concrete form work for the driveway addition\n\nConcrete form work\n\nBasalt stone tile set in place for the front pathway - brick facade cladding removed\n\nPreparing the area to be clad with ledgestone\n\nLedgestone complete!", "\n\nBasalt sill added to act as a water table ties in with tile\n\nThe opposite corner of the garage\n\nThe cladding complete with sill and new windows\n\nProject Story\n\nAs Greater Victoria’s leader in multi-faceted renovations, Flintstones was specifically approached to tackle the complete façade refresh of our clients’ home. ", "Built in the 1990s, the exterior of this home was outdated and the driveway and chimney were deteriorating and in need of repair. ", "Our clients were seeking something much more aesthetically appealing whilst undergoing essential maintenance requirements. ", "By working with Flintstones, our clients could completely renovate the exterior of their home providing them with an all-new contemporary look.", "\n\nFollowing a consultation with one of our Senior Design Consultants, a small range of 3d visual designs demonstrating proposed products, colours, and textures was presented to our client for review.", "\n\nTheir decision to improve these aspects of the exterior of their home was a very wise considering the return on investment. ", "This is especially relevant considering the current real estate market in Victoria and the ideal Royal Oak location of the home. ", "For instance, according to 2017 report by Remodeling Magazine, west coast homeowners can expect to recoup 102.0% of the cost to install stone veneer, 110.8% of the cost of a garage door, and 101.3% of the cost of a steel front door.", "\n\nDriveway\n\nThe home’s driveway was arguably the most noticeable aspect of the exterior that was in need of repair. ", "The exposed aggregate concrete was discoloured, worn, and had major cracking both horizontally and vertically. ", "Our clients wanted to upgrade not only the aesthetics but also improve function. ", "The decision was made to expand the driveway to the right of the home to allow for additional parking.", "\n\nThe concrete was likely 15-20 years old and it was apparent that it not installed to a very high standard. ", "All concrete will crack, but when best practices are used by skilled installers major cracks can be prevented. ", "This area of Greater Victoria has a history of poor ground fill for concrete work. ", "Poor ground fill means a poor sub-base which can lead to many concrete issues such as the cracking we saw in the driveway. ", "Well-constructed concrete driveways will typically last anywhere from 25 to 30 years — though in some cases the duration can be much longer if the construction standards are high and the driveway is properly maintained. ", "Construction and care are fundamental to the lifespan of a concrete driveway and the Flintstones team is committed to both. ", "Our team came up with various installation methods including the use of our specialized equipment to ensure that the new driveway would have a reliable sub-base for concrete.", "\n\nAt Flintstones, our crews from our various divisions work together to deliver a unified and complete home renovation service. ", "That means, the open lines of communication between skilled crews, project managers, and clients permits our teams to very efficiently coordinate and execute all aspects of a project, from drainage to sealing the final product. ", "The driveway installation required the coordination of both the drainage and concrete crews. ", "Once the area was excavated to prepare for installation, the drainage work that was to lie underneath the driveway could begin. ", "The old drain lines that ran down the driveway were removed and replaced with new drain piping. ", "The drain lines were then inspected and found to meet municipal and BC building code. ", "Without a moment to spare, the concrete crew was on site pouring gravel into the area for the foundation of the driveway. ", "The gravel was then graded and compacted with our speciality equipment. ", "The team continued by installing flexible wood boards around the perimeter to help maintain the form of the would-be driveway. ", "To strengthen concrete, rebar; a steel reinforcing rod was installed in a grid formation and bound to the forms throughout most areas of the driveway. ", "Next, the concrete was poured. ", "Several of our experts were involved in this process to help quickly and evenly spread the damp concrete and to finish the texture to perfection.", "\n\nStone Cladding\n\nThe dated, dull, and drab-looking original brick cladding on the home was next to be removed and replaced with our client’s choice of beautiful stone veneer.", "\n\nStone veneer was used in ancient Rome, however, since the late 1800’s it has steadily grown in popularity. ", "Today, it is one of the most popular siding choices for homes. ", "A home with stone veneer siding is far more likely to gain the interest of prospective buyers (and be the envy of neighbours!) ", "compared to other homes. ", "Even a small amount of this product added in the main areas of the interior or exterior of the home increase the warmth and elegance of the outdoor space in a home. ", "Natural thin stone was chosen for this project due to the same durability, low maintenance and aesthetic qualities as the full bed counterpart without the weight load. ", "The lighter weight of a stone veneer means there is no need for structural support in the form of footings or support ledges.", "\n\nOur team removed the brick façade along the front of the home but before they began to install the new veneer stone, the integrated waterproofing system was applied. ", "This system provides a drainage plane behind the stone to mitigate the potential for mold and mildew caused by moisture penetration. ", "Included was a building membrane, strapping, breather board, and rain screen. ", "The lath and scratch coat came next to prepare an adhesive surface for the stone veneer. ", "Our teams of skilled tradespeople worked hand in hand to install the new stone cladding, while simultaneously installing beautiful modern windows and complementary basalt stone sills to act as a water table, providing the right pitch and a drip edge for water runoff. ", "The final look of the cladding was an incredibly striking curb appeal improvement!", "\n\nExterior Entryway and Front Steps\n\nThe entryway steps were removed and our team built a new stair substructure using masonry units. ", "Next, conduits were installed that ran to the house, to allow for lighting under the stair treads. ", "Large square basalt stone tile was installed to provide a clean, smooth, look for the entryway. ", "Basalt stone is an extrusive igneous (volcanic) rock formed from the rapid cooling of basaltic lava exposed at the earth’s surface. ", "There a variety of sizes and finishes of this stone used for masonry, but for this application we used flamed top basalt tile and basalt slab stair treads. ", "It’s a great choice of material for its durability and sleek rich appearance that matched the grey tones of the ledgestone beautifully and matched precisely with the exterior window sills we had installed prior. ", "Our red seal masons installed the deep grey stone to perfection creating a cohesive and alluring look for the focal point of the front of the home.", "\n\nChimney\n\nThe chimney-the cherry on top of the project! ", "Our clients were concerned about the condition of their chimney due to its age. ", "Knowing Flintstones took its first steps as a chimney and masonry company, our clients requested our experts perform a chimney inspection. ", "We found that the chimney crown was deteriorating. ", "Often neglected, homeowners sometimes forget how important maintenance can be for their chimney. ", "A chimney is constantly exposed to the elements, and ensuring it is in optimal condition can prevent costly water damage repairs as well as greatly reduce the risk of a chimney fire! ", "One of the best ways to protect your chimney from water damage is by making sure there is a properly installed chimney cap and chimney crown on the top of your chimney. ", "Our clients enlisted our help to solve the problem of the deteriorating chimney crown. ", "We did so by removing the three layers of existing brick near the top of the stucco chimney then grinding and cleaning area as well as performing repairs to bring the chimney back to good working condition. ", "Next, our team installed the same ledgestone cladding to tie in the chimney with the front of the home. ", "Flintstones then supplied and installed new reinforced crowns, complete with drip edges and overhangs, to the chimney. ", "Similar to how the basalt window sills function, a grooved drip edge stops water from rolling down the sides of the chimney and causing damage. ", "The crowns included a moulding feature along the edges, giving the chimney that special touch of uniqueness and cosmetic appeal.", "\n\nMany other improvements were made to the home including new paint, and a new front and garage door to complete the full renovation design. ", "Our full-time experts who made this project possible, demonstrated their strengths in communication, masonry skills and methods, teamwork, dedication to quality, and commitment to timelines for this multi-faceted home renovation project. ", "Our clients loved the result of the transformation, agreeing that the improvements breathe life, function and value into their home in a most beautiful way!", "\n\nProject Features\n\nNatural Ledgestone Veneer\n\nDyed Canyon Slate stamped concrete driveway with borders\n\nBasalt stone tile and slab front steps and front pathway\n\nBasalt window sill\n\nA Job Well Done!", "\n\nFrom start to finish working with Flintstones was an excellent experience. ", "From the beginning, we were impressed with the way Mike and his team approached understanding our goals for the replacement of our driveway and updating the stone facade of our home. ", "They listened to what we wanted and helped us work through all the possibilities to create a project that fit both our aesthetic goals and the budget.", "\n\nThroughout the project the team did a great job of communicating what to expect with each phase of construction, anticipating many of our questions before we could ask and promptly responding to any questions that came up along the way. ", "The crew was fantastic, professional and polite, keeping the project moving with no wasted time and leaving the space clean and tidy at the end of every day.", "\n\nFinally the attention to detail and workmanship shows in the final results. ", "We are so happy with the quality of work and the integrity of the construction. ", "We’ve been through a few renovations with a few different companies in the past and the work done by Flintstones is the best we’ve seen. ", "It’s been our pleasure to recommend Flintstones to several of our friends.", "\n\nRelated Services\n\nWe do quality jobs of any size.", "Talk to us about your ideas today.", "\n\nFlintstones has a number of specialist teams that we combine to suit your needs, giving you the best construction experience imaginable. ", "Teams that have decades of experience, so you’re working with experts from day one. ", "We look forward to discussing your ideas with you!" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIs it possible, and/or advisable to develop Django web applications on OS X (10.6.4 and 10.5.8) using Python 2.6.5 64-bit? ", "Why?", "\n\nI'm trying to decide on which architecture to choose for developing Django 1.0.x through Django 1.2.1. ", "I've managed to get MySQL, MySQLdb, PIL, and Python 2.65 installed on Snow Leopard using x86 64-bit builds, but I'm curious as to whether or not there is a definitive answer to this question at the moment, and if so, why?", "\nThank you!", "\nMichaux\n\nA:\n\nOf course it's possible. ", "Advisable? ", "You didn't mention httpd and mod_wsgi, or some other WSGI container. ", "Get one installed and it should be fine.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Tavi State\n\nTavi is a village and former Rajput princely state on Saurashtra peninsula, in Gujarat, western India.", "\n\nHistory\nIt was a petty princely state, comprising the sole village, in the Jhalawar prant of Eastern Kathiawar, ruled by Jhala Rajput Chieftains.", "\n\nIt had a population of 509 in 1901, yielding a state revenue of 2,000 Rupees (1903-4, all from land) and paying a tribute of 335 Rupees, to the British and Junagadh State.", "\n\nExternal links\n Imperial Gazetteer, on dsal.uchicago.edu\n\nCategory:Princely states of Gujarat\nCategory:Rajput princely states" ]

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[ "For more information call Bettine at 973-783-4674 or 201-618-6293 or email CWCMontclair@yahoo.com\n\nIn principal and practice, AAUW values and seeks a diverse membership. ", "There shall be no barriers to full participation in this organization on the basis of gender, race, creed, age, sexual orientation, national origin, disability or class.", "\n\nPowered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates." ]

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[ "Since the raid in December not much information has been released by authorities in Sweden, but the size of the operation to shut down The Pirate Bay is now becoming evident. ", "According to a source present at the time, police seized at least 50 servers and left no hardware unturned.", "\n\nThe first major raid on The Pirate Bay took place on May 31 2006 in Stockholm, Sweden. ", "It was a dramatic affair, with dozens of police involved, hardware seized and individuals arrested.", "\n\nBut while authorities previously shut down the ‘Bay in a blaze of glory while pressing the maximum publicity button (most probably to send a signal to the United States), this time around things were markedly different. ", "Announcements, when they arrived, were much more considered – vague even.", "\n\n“There has been a crackdown on a server room in Greater Stockholm. ", "This is in connection with violations of copyright law,” read a statement from Paul Pintér, police national coordinator for IP enforcement.", "\n\nIt seems likely that the more modest tone was the product of 12 years of virtual humiliation at the hands of the world’s most arrogant torrent site. ", "Big announcements of raids and permanent closures are hard to retract when a site returns in 72 hours as it did following the raids in 2006.", "\n\nThis time around the raid was confirmed as taking place in a datacenter located in Nacka outside Stockholm, but very few details have been made available since. ", "However, according to new information, police left no stone unturned to ensure that The Pirate Bay was properly taken down.", "\n\nA witness to the raid has now confirmed that more than 10 officers turned up at the datacenter which, rather dramatically, is itself embedded into the side of a mountain just outside the capital.", "\n\nAlongside regular law enforcement officials were a forensics team tasked with securing all available related digital evidence on site. ", "Previously prosecutor Fredrik Ingblad said the investigation into the site would take months and now it’s becoming clear why that’s the case.", "\n\nTo ensure no piece of evidence was left behind, on December 9, 2014 the officers present seized around 50 servers under suspicion of being connected to The Pirate Bay. ", "That’s somewhat more than the 21 virtual servers the site previously claimed to operate.", "\n\nAccording to a source familiar with events last month, police not only took away servers that had been live at the time of the raid, but they also gained access to the datacenter’s storage rooms. ", "From there officers seized old equipment, just in case any of it had been used to operate The Pirate Bay.", "\n\nWhile shutting down the site was the main goal of the police, evidence is now being sifted through as part of a criminal investigation. ", "Earlier this month prosecutor Fredrik Ingblad confirmed that the process would like take months to complete.", "\n\nWith that underway, speculation continues as to whether The Pirate Bay will ever return. ", "Various hints and suggestions have been appearing on the site’s temporary homepage but as yet not a single torrent or magnet link has been indexed.", "\n\nNevertheless, the site remains massively popular. ", "Understandably ThePirateBay.se took a massive hit in traffic when it stopped offering content in December but against all the odds the site is still attracting millions of visitors. ", "According to Alexa, the site is still the 159th most-trafficked in the world.", "\n\nFinally, as reported earlier this week, the site’s homepage was recently hosted in Moldova but protected by Cloudflare. ", "While the anti-DDoS service is still in place, the site does not appear to be operational from its earlier IP address.", "\n\nOn the move already? ", "Only eight days to find out……." ]

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[ "A new petition on the Government's No 10 website invites drivers to register their protest at the growing menace of Height Barriers.", "\n\nHeight Barriers are increasingly being used by local authorities to prevent access to car parks by HGVs and \"Travellers\" . ", "However, these barriers also cause major inconvenience to those with a legitimate right or need to park their vehicle.", "\n\nSome disabled drivers vehicles, most motorcaravans, some 4x4s and anyone with a roof rack are among those denied access to shopping areas, leisure facilities and tourist sites.", "\n\n\"In many cases the affected vehicles are likely to be tourists or people trying to enjoy their leisure time,\" said ABD spokesman Nigel Humphries. \"", "One council department spends public money trying to encourage tourists to visit their area, whilst another is spending public money preventing them from parking!\"", "\n\n\"For many owners, their motorcaravan is their only vehicle — they don't have the option of using a car that can get under the barrier. ", "This is nothing short of discrimination. ", "And for those of us made victims by the authorities, it is a frustrating and distressing experience.\"", "\n\nWe understand that travellers and fly tippers can cause issues for local councils, but the answer to this is to strengthen the laws that deal with these problems and to enforce them, not to obstruct everyone over an arbitrary height with barriers.", "\n\nThese barriers can also lead to expensive damage when people have roof racks or cycle carriers that they do not realise exceed this height, especially when faced with an entirely artificial barrier in an otherwise open area.", "\n\n\"I damaged one vehicle on a barrier in Worcestershire, which allowed me to enter the car park (which I did very carefully to ensure clearance), but was lower on the exit side, causing a scrape to the roof,\" concluded Humphries. \"", "They can't even make them a consistent height! ", "When I took an old bed to a tip in Essex and had my tailgate up, I was luckily wise to the hazard, or I would have done more damage.\"" ]

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[ " \n**Girls and**\n\n**Philosophy**\nPopular Culture and Philosophy® Series Editor: George A. Reisch\n\n**V OLUME 1** _Seinfeld and Philosophy: A Book about Everything and Nothing_ (2000)\n\n**V OLUME 2** _The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! ", "of Homer_ (2001)\n\n**V OLUME 3** _The Matrix and Philosophy: Welcome to the Desert of the Real_ (2002)\n\n**V OLUME 4** _Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Philosophy: Fear and Trembling in Sunnydale_ (2003)\n\n**V OLUME 5** _The Lord of the Rings and Philosophy: One Book to Rule Them All_ (2003)\n\n**V OLUME 9** _Harry Potter and Philosophy: If Aristotle Ran Hogwarts_ (2004)\n\n**V OLUME 12** _Star Wars and Philosophy: More Powerful than You Can Possibly Imagine_ (2005)\n\n**V OLUME 13** _Superheroes and Philosophy: Truth, Justice, and the Socratic Way_ (2005)\n\n**V OLUME 19** _Monty Python and Philosophy: Nudge Nudge, Think Think!_ (", "2006)\n\n**V OLUME 25** _The Beatles and Philosophy: Nothing You Can Think that Can't Be Thunk_ (2006)\n\n**V OLUME 30** _Pink Floyd and Philosophy: Careful with that Axiom, Eugene!_ (", "2007)\n\n**V OLUME 33** _Battlestar Galactica and Philosophy: Mission Accomplished or Mission Frakked Up?_ (", "2008)\n\n**V OLUME 35** _Star Trek and Philosophy: The Wrath of Kant_ (2008)\n\n**V OLUME 36** _The Legend of Zelda and Philosophy: I Link Therefore I Am_ (2008)\n\n**V OLUME 38** _Radiohead and Philosophy: Fitter Happier More Deductive_ (2009)\n\n**V OLUME 39** _Jimmy Buffett and Philosophy: The Porpoise Driven Life_ (2009) Edited by Erin McKenna and Scott L. Pratt\n\n**V OLUME 41** _Stephen Colbert and Philosophy: I Am Philosophy (And So Can You!)_ (", "2009) Edited by Aaron Allen Schiller\n\n**V OLUME 42** _Supervillains and Philosophy: Sometimes, Evil Is Its Own Reward_ (2009) Edited by Ben Dyer\n\n**V OLUME 43** _The Golden Compass and Philosophy: God Bites the Dust_ (2009) Edited by Richard Greene and Rachel Robison\n\n**V OLUME 44** _Led Zeppelin and Philosophy: All Will Be Revealed_ (2009) Edited by Scott Calef\n\n**V OLUME 45** _World of Warcraft and Philosophy: Wrath of the Philosopher King_ (2009) Edited by Luke Cuddy and John Nordlinger\n\n**Volume 46** _Mr. Monk and Philosophy: The Curious Case of the Defective Detective_ (2010) Edited by D.E. Wittkower\n\n**Volume 47** _Anime and Philosophy: Wide Eyed Wonder_ (2010) Edited by Josef Steiff and Tristan D. Tamplin\n\n**V OLUME 48** _The Red Sox and Philosophy: Green Monster Meditations_ (2010) Edited by Michael Macomber\n\n**V OLUME 49** _Zombies, Vampires, and Philosophy: New Life for the Undead_ (2010) Edited by Richard Greene and K. Silem Mohammad\n\n**V OLUME 50** _Facebook and Philosophy: What's on Your Mind?_ (", "2010) Edited by D.E. Wittkower\n\n**V OLUME 51** _Soccer and Philosophy: Beautiful Thoughts on the Beautiful Game_ (2010) Edited by Ted Richards\n\n**V OLUME 52** _Manga and Philosophy: Fullmetal Metaphysician_ (2010) Edited by Josef Steiff and Adam Barkman\n\n**V OLUME 53** _Martial Arts and Philosophy: Beating and Nothingness_ (2010) Edited by Graham Priest and Damon Young\n\n**V OLUME 54** _The Onion and Philosophy: Fake News Story True, Alleges Indignant Area Professor_ (2010) Edited by Sharon M. Kaye\n\n**V OLUME 55** _Doctor Who and Philosophy: Bigger on the Inside_ (2010) Edited by Courtland Lewis and Paula Smithka\n\n**V OLUME 56** _Dune and Philosophy: Weirding Way of the Mentat_ (2011) Edited by Jeffery Nicholas\n\n**V OLUME 57** _Rush and Philosophy: Heart and Mind United_ (2011) Edited by Jim Berti and Durrell Bowman\n\n**V OLUME 58** _Dexter and Philosophy: Mind over Spatter_ (2011) Edited by Richard Greene, George A. Reisch, and Rachel Robison-Greene\n\n**V OLUME 59** _Halo and Philosophy: Intellect Evolved_ (2011) Edited by Luke Cuddy\n\n**V OLUME 60** _SpongeBob SquarePants and Philosophy: Soaking Up Secrets Under the Sea!_ (", "2011) Edited by Joseph J. Foy\n\n**V OLUME 61** _Sherlock Holmes and Philosophy: The Footprints of a Gigantic Mind_ (2011) Edited by Josef Steiff\n\n**V OLUME 62** _Inception and Philosophy: Ideas to Die For_ (2011) Edited by Thorsten Botz-Bornstein\n\n**V OLUME 63** _Philip K. Dick and Philosophy: Do Androids Have Kindred Spirits?_ (", "2011) Edited by D.E. Wittkower\n\n**V OLUME 64** _The Rolling Stones and Philosophy: It's Just a Thought Away_ (2012) Edited by Luke Dick and George A. Reisch\n\n**V OLUME 65** _Chuck Klosterman and Philosophy: The Real and the Cereal_ (2012) Edited by Seth Vannatta\n\n**V OLUME 66** _Neil Gaiman and Philosophy: Gods Gone Wild!_ (", "2012) Edited by Tracy L. Bealer, Rachel Luria, and Wayne Yuen\n\n**V OLUME 67** _Breaking Bad and Philosophy: Badder Living through Chemistry_ (2012) Edited by David R. Koepsell and Robert Arp\n\n**V OLUME 68** _The Walking Dead and Philosophy: Zombie Apocalypse Now_ (2012) Edited by Wayne Yuen\n\n**V OLUME 69** _Curb Your Enthusiasm and Philosophy: Awaken the Social Assassin Within_ (2012) Edited by Mark Ralkowski\n\n**V OLUME 70** _Dungeons and Dragons and Philosophy: Raiding the Temple of Wisdom_ (2012) Edited by Jon Cogburn and Mark Silcox\n\n**V OLUME 71** _The Catcher in the Rye and Philosophy: A Book for Bastards, Morons, and Madmen_ (2012) Edited by Keith Dromm and Heather Salter\n\n**V OLUME 72** _Jeopardy! ", "and Philosophy: What Is Knowledge in the Form of a Question?_ (", "2012) Edited by Shaun P. Young\n\n**V OLUME 73** _The Wire and Philosophy: This America, Man_ (2013) Edited by David Bzdak, Joanna Crosby, and Seth Vannatta\n\n**V OLUME 74** _Planet of the Apes and Philosophy: Great Apes Think Alike_ (2013) Edited by John Huss\n\n**V OLUME 75** _Psych and Philosophy: Some Dark Juju-Magumbo_ (2013) Edited by Robert Arp\n\n**V OLUME 76** _The Good Wife and Philosophy: Temptations of Saint Alicia_ (2013) Edited by Kimberly Baltzer-Jaray and Robert Arp\n\n**V OLUME 77** _Boardwalk Empire and Philosophy: Bootleg This Book_ (2013) Edited by Richard Greene and Rachel Robison-Greene\n\n**V OLUME 79** _Frankenstein and Philosophy: The Shocking Truth_ (2013) Edited by Nicolas Michaud\n\n**V OLUME 80** _Ender's Game and Philosophy: Genocide Is Child's Play_ (2013) Edited by D.E. Wittkower and Lucinda Rush\n\n**V OLUME 81** _How I Met Your Mother and Philosophy: Being and Awesomeness_ (2014) Edited by Lorenzo von Matterhorn\n\n**V OLUME 82** _Jurassic Park and Philosophy: The Truth Is Terrifying_ (2014) Edited by Nicolas Michaud and Jessica Watkins\n\n**V OLUME 83** _The Devil and Philosophy: The Nature of His Game_ (2014) Edited by Robert Arp\n\n**V OLUME 84** _Leonard Cohen and Philosophy: Various Positions_ (2014) Edited by Jason Holt\n\n**V OLUME 85** _Homeland and Philosophy: For Your Minds Only_ (2014) Edited by Robert Arp\n\n**V OLUME 86** _Girls and Philosophy: This Book Isn't a Metaphor for Anything_ (2015) Edited by Richard Greene and Rachel Robison-Greene\n\n**I N PREPARATION:**\n\n_Adventure Time and Philosophy_ (2014) Edited by Nicolas Michaud\n\n_Justified and Philosophy: Shoot First, Think Later_ (2014) Edited by Rod Carveth and Robert Arp\n\n_Dracula and Philosophy_ (2015) Edited by Nicolas Michaud and Janelle Pötsch\n\n_Steve Jobs and Philosophy_ (2015) Edited by Shawn E. Klein\n\n_Its Always Sunny and Philosophy_ (2015) Edited by Roger Hunt and Robert Arp\n\n_Orange Is the New Black and Philosophy_ (2015) Edited by Richard Greene and Rachel Robison-Greene\n\nFor full details of all Popular Culture and Philosophy® books, visit www.opencourtbooks.com.", "\n\n_Volume 86 in the series, Popular Culture and Philosophy_ ®, edited by George A. Reisch\n\n**To order books from Open Court, call toll-free 1-800-815-2280, or visit our website atwww.opencourtbooks.com**.", "\n\nOpen Court Publishing Company is a division of Carus Publishing Company, dba Cricket Media.", "\n\nCopyright © 2015 by Carus Publishing Company, dba Cricket Media.", "\n\nFirst printing 2015\n\nAll rights reserved. ", "No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Open Court Publishing Company, 70 East Lake Street, Suite 800, Chicago, Illinois 60601.", "\n\nISBN: 978-0-8126-9887-9\n\n**Library of Congress Control Number 2014949560**\n_For Brooke Michelle Robison_\nContents\n\nAcknowledgments\n\nThinking about _Girls_\n\n**PART I** **Everyone here looks how I would look with a nose job.**", "\n\n1. ", "How Not to Watch _Girls_\n\nDAVID J. FROST\n\n2. ", "Don't Get Mad at _Girls_\n\nRACHEL ROBISON-GREENE\n\n3. ", "Adam, Like a Hero\n\nTRIP MCCROSSIN\n\n4. ", "Why _Girls_ Can't Be Spoiled\n\nRICHARD GREENE\n\n**PART II** **Am I seriously the only one of us who prides herself on being a truly authentic person?**", "\n\n5. ", "What _Girls_ Teaches Us about Millennials and the Meaning of Life\n\nKIMBERLY BLESSING AND SAMANTHA WEZOWICZI\n\n6. ", "Jessa the Existentialist\n\nCHELSI BARNARD ARCHIBALD\n\n7. ", "Can Hannah Rewrite Her World?", "\n\nHAYLEY ADDIS\n\n8. ", "Can Millennials Be Authentic?", "\n\nRACHEL CROSSLEY\n\n9. ", "The Q-Tipping Point of Anxiety\n\nMARIE VAN LOON\n\n**PART III** **If you're here to tell me what a bad person I am, I don't want to hear it.**", "\n\n10. ", "Listen, Ladies! ", "Or Maybe You Shouldn't\n\nROBERTO SIRVENT AND JOEL AVERY\n\n11. ", "The Seven Deadly Sins of _Girls_\n\nJAMES EDWIN MAHON AND NICOLE KIMES WALKER\n\n12. ", "Vulnerable Young Workers\n\nANDY WIBLE\n\n13. ", "A Tale of Two Hannahs\n\nCHRISTOPHER KETCHAM\n\n**PART IV** **I thought this would just be a nice opportunity for us to have fun together and prove to everyone via Instagram that we could still have fun as a group.**", "\n\n14. ", "Forever Unsatisfied\n\nKENN FISHER\n\n15. ", "What Their Clothes Tell Us about Those Girls\n\nANNA KESZEG\n\n16. ", "Who Are the Ladies?", "\n\nTONI ADLEBERG\n\n17. ", "Suffering for Want of Love\n\nZORIANNA ZURBA\n\n18. ", "Were We Educated for This?", "\n\nDAVID LAROCCA\n\n19. ", "Chinese Philosophy Looks at _Girls_\n\nBOBBY CARLEO AND PAUL D'AMBROSIO\n\nReferences\n\nIhe Voices of Their Generations. ", "Or at Least . . .", "\n\nIndex\nAcknowledgments\n\nWorking on this project has been a pleasure, in no small part because of the many fine folks who have assisted us along the way. ", "In particular a debt of gratitude is owed to David Ramsay Steele and George Reisch at Open Court, Rob Arp, the contributors to this volume, and our respective academic departments at UMass Amherst and Weber State University. ", "Finally, we'd like to thank those family members, students, friends, and colleagues with whom we've had fruitful and rewarding conversations on various aspects of all things _Girls_ as it relates to philosophical themes.", "\nThinking about _Girls_\n\nSay what you will about Hannah Horvath—that young woman is real. ", "In some cases she might even be more real than many of us are comfortable with (Q-tip scene anyone?). ", "Though in many ways she might be kind of a horrible person (recall her behavior at her editor's funeral when she raises the issue of alternative suggestions for publishing her book to the editor's grieving widow), she has a commitment to truth that it is hard not to admire. ", "She tells it like it is even when doing so is awkward.", "\n\nHannah's concerned with the authenticity of her work to the degree that she feels she shouldn't just write a story about drug use. ", "She needs to actually do some coke so that she can write a truthful authentic story about drug use. ", "She may not match the noble, high-minded stereotype that you might have in mind when you picture a person living a philosophical life, but she lives one all the same, in her neurotic, self-absorbed way. ", "Hannah follows Socrates's call to \"know thyself\"—millennial style.", "\n\n_Girls_ is virtually chockablock with philosophical content, because _Girls_ is stark and raw, which makes it accurate. ", "It's very much about the commonalities of human existence, and ultimately the meaning of life. _", "Girls_ tells the story of four millennials struggling to find their identities and places in the world. ", "While some of the particulars are different (for example, not everyone grew up in the world of Facebook, twitter, smartphones, and really good coffee, nor did everyone grow-up in today's uncertain economic climate, or in Brooklyn), much of what _Girls_ is about is common to all of us. ", "Everyone wonders who they are and who they will become. ", "Everyone struggles at times with how to relate to his or her friends or co-workers, or even strangers, for that matter. ", "Everyone has to figure out for themselves what is rightly expected of them and which of those expectations they will choose to try to meet.", "\n\nIn this volume, we take Hannah Horvath's attempts to know herself even further. ", "We also want to know Marnie, Jessa, Shosh, Ray, Adam, Laird, and even Thomas-John. ", "To know these characters is to know ourselves. ", "To that end, Kimberly Blessing and Samantha Wezowicz discuss the meaning of life for millennials. ", "Hayley Addis, Chelsi Barnard Archibald, Rachel Crossley, Amie Zimmer, and Marie van Loon each offer a different take on existentialist philosophers and themes. ", "Richard Greene considers the question of whether it's possible to reveal spoilers in a show like _Girls_. ", "Rachel Robison-Greene faces up to a variety of criticisms leveled at _Girls_. ", "Trip McCrossin considers whether Adam Sackler is heroic. ", "Christopher Ketcham addresses human rights by contrasting Hannah Horvath with a counterpart of hers living in Darfur. ", "Roberto Sirvent and Joel Avery address topics in existentialist ethics. ", "Andy Wible does the same with respect to business ethics. ", "James Edwin Mahon and Nicole Kimes Walker provide a novel look at the Seven Deadly Sins. ", "Bobby Carleo and Paul D'Ambrosio apply Daoism and Confucianism to the musings of Hannah and the gang. ", "Anna Keszeg looks at the cast's clothing choices through a theoretical lens. ", "Toni Adleberg gives an ontology of \"the ladies.\" ", "David LaRocca investigates the ancient Greek notion of _paideia_. ", "Zorianna Zurba applies the theories of Julia Kristeva to _Girls_. ", "And finally, Kenn Fisher provides a Freudian analysis. ", "As you can see, there is much that is philosophical about _Girls._", "\n\nIdeally, this book will get you thinking about life in the early twenty-first century, as much as _Girls_ gets us thinking about such things. ", "We hope you enjoy the book, perhaps with a few friends over coffee at someplace like Grumpy's!", "\nI\n\nEveryone here looks how I would look with a nose job.", "\n\nHow Not to Watch _Girls_\n\nDAVID J. FROST\n\nIn the pilot for _Girls_ , Hannah steals the tip her parents left for the hotel housekeeper. ", "This scene foreshadows the bad behavior of Hannah and her circle of friends in the coming episodes. ", "These young women are \"self-centered,\" \"vapid,\" \"narcissistic\" and much worse, according to many critics who disapprove of the show.", "\n\nThe characters' \"unlikeability,\" these critics say, makes the show unenjoyable and perhaps even a bad influence in the culture. ", "So, these critics arrive at a negative aesthetic judgment as to the value of _Girls_. ", "But these critics are wrong and they are watching TV in the wrong way.", "\n\nThe characters' unlikeability is just one of the many things about the show that some critics don't like but that actually makes _Girls_ unique and revolutionary among TV shows. ", "What are some of the other revolutionary aspects?", "\n\nFirst, _Girls_ is frank and non-judgmental in its depiction of female promiscuity, at least in Hannah's friend Jessa's case.", "\n\nSecond, awkward, disempowering, and one-sided, but realistic, sexual encounters abound in Hannah's storyline.", "\n\nAnd, finally, _Girls_ gives lots of screen time to Lena Dunham's \"non-Hollywood\" body. ", "None of this has been seen before on mainstream TV where, in particular, sex is depicted in a timid way. ", "The act is often not shown at all but only hinted at, or if it is shown it's portrayed in a stylized, unrealistic manner. ", "It's cleaned up and smoothed out. ", "Everyone is loving, communicative, and sexually satisfied. ", "Plus, on mainstream TV female promiscuity is always a judgment. ", "And, finally, we are all well aware that mainstream TV partakes in the general culture's denigration of the average female body type, elevating and idolizing something more akin to a condition of anorexia. ", "To challenge these aspects of the mainstream is a virtue.", "\n\nWhat theory of how to watch television would hold that the representation of unlikeable characters, awkward sex, female promiscuity, and unglamorous nudity are laudable virtues of a TV show?", "\n\nAnswer: It's the theory offered by German-born philosopher of American popular culture, Theodor Adorno. ", "Adorno argues that \"the culture industry\"—that is, the commercial institutions in which pop cultural artifacts are produced—results in TV shows that create individuals susceptible to totalitarian and ideological control. \"", "The repetitiveness, the selfsameness, and the ubiquity of modern mass culture tend to make for automatized reactions and to weaken the forces of individual resistance,\" Adorno says in \"How to Look at Television.\" \"", "Mass culture is the seed bed of political totalitarianism,\" he writes in _The Dialectic of Enlightenment_ (p. 218), implying that pop culture prepares people's minds to accept fascist rule.", "\n\nAdorno's accusation that cultural products create unthinking automatons might seem exaggerated. ", "But there is more than a little truth to it. ", "We know that some TV is mind-numbing and some TV makes you think. ", "And we should admit that individuals do not so much create society as society creates individuals. ", "So, according to Adorno, what's important is not whether a show is good or bad in terms of aesthetic pleasure. ", "What's important are the psychological effects TV has on each individual's critical faculties which, when sharp, allow us to see the tragic truth about our socio-economic position in the culture. ", "When these faculties are dulled, we are imprisoned unthinkingly in our positions. \"", "The effort here required is of a moral nature itself: knowingly to face psychological mechanisms operating on various levels in order not to become blind and passive victims\" (\"How to Look at Television,\" p. 158). ", "So, TV that does not numb your mind, but rather exercises it can provide a path to what Adorno calls, \"emancipation.\"", "\n\n_Girls_ is a rarity that avoids the very serious and consequential pitfalls Adorno finds in most products of the culture industry.", "\n\nStandardization\n\nMainstream TV shows—such as safe, laugh-track shows like _Gilligan's Island_ and _The Brady Bunch_ —are \"standardized\" in Adorno's terminology, in such a way that we can't practice our critical faculties in the way we respond to the show. ", "But, in _Girls,_ thinking is required of the viewer in order to digest the novel aspects of the show.", "\n\nAdorno says that in the case of popular music—produced in the same standardized way by the same culture industry that produces cookie-cutter TV shows—the songs are \"pre-digested\" and do not require a thoughtful response. ", "Indeed, they inhibit one. \"", "Standardization of song hits keeps the customer in line by doing their listening for them, as it were\" (\"On Popular Music,\" p. 79).", "\n\nParticular aspects of TV shows will come \"pre-digested\" and without anything novel to stimulate a viewer every time those aspects are copied from an earlier show. ", "Some aspects of _That 70s Show, The Big Bang Theory_ , and _How I Met Your Mother_ are copies of formulas from the commercially successful show _Friends_ , which is itself a formulaic show copied from previous popular shows. ", "There is no new thinking required by these standardized shows.", "\n\nThe culture industry's standardized product is psychologically debilitating. ", "But how does standardization come about? ", "Adorno says it's caused by the competition inherent in capitalism. ", "Economists usually say that competition tends to create variety in the marketplace. ", "But that's the capitalist line. ", "Adorno saw, in agreement with Marx, that competition encouraged imitation of what had already succeeded, with the aim of creating the most profits with the least investment:\n\nAs one particular song scored a great success, hundreds of others sprang up imitating the successful one . . . ", "and the process culminated in the crystallization of standards. ", "Under centralized conditions such as exist today these standards have become frozen. (", "p. 77)\n\nWhat Adorno says here about popular songs applies equally well to TV shows and movies.", "\n\nCapitalism, according to Adorno, \"institutionalized the standardization and made it imperative,\" guaranteeing that \"nothing fundamentally novel will be introduced.\" ", "This standardizing process explains why there is such a repetition of forms in TV shows, popular music, and movies as well as in \"motor cars and breakfast foods,\" as Adorno puts it. ", "Thus, an audience is fed a variation on the basic ensemble of character types, such as The Hero, The Anti-Hero, The Love Interest, and the Buddy. ", "Jerry, Kramer, Elaine, George and Ed, Peg, Kelly, Bud and Richie, the Fonz, Joanie, Ralph, et cetera. ", "Other aspects of TV shows are standardized if thought successful, such as plot lines, locales, themes, and even particular jokes. ", "The less novelty, the less thoughtful engagement with the show is invited.", "\n\nIn order to acquire a psychological benefit from any work of art such as a TV show, you must experience and interpret it. ", "But for this, engagement and effort are required. ", "Standardization and the fact that people are alienated from their labor operate hand-in-hand to prevent genuine experience of an artwork. ", "The working person wants relief from the boredom of his or her job as well as relief from _effort_ :\n\nA fully concentrated and conscious experience of art is possible only to those whose lives do not put such a strain on them that in their spare time they want relief from both boredom and effort simultaneously . . . ", "They seek novelty, but the strain and boredom associated with actual work lead to avoidance of effort in that leisure time which offers the only chance for really new experience . . . ", "The whole sphere of cheap commercial entertainment reflects this dual desire. ", "It induces relaxation because it is patterned and pre-digested. ", "Its being patterned and pre-digested serves within the psychological household of the masses to spare them the effort of that participation without which there can be no receptivity to art. (", "p. 81)\n\nWork at most jobs is both tiring and boring. ", "So in their leisure time, working people want relief from boredom as well as from effort. ", "Standardized popular culture can supply relief from both boredom and effort. ", "But non-standardized shows, songs, and movies are challenging and require effort to watch and understand. ", "Mainstream cultural products offer no opportunity to practice effortful critical thinking and thus diminish the viewer's capacity for it.", "\n\nChallenging TV shows that are neither predictable nor the same old same old require thinking and, therefore, allow for the individual to achieve \"autonomy,\" \"maturity,\" \"emancipation,\" and \"genuine experience.\" ", "These are Adorno's words for the \"most desirable effect of television\" (\"How to Look at Television,\" p. 158) and for the most desirable result of culture's role in the psychological formation of an individual's subjectivity and self-understanding.", "\n\nAdorno is drawing on Immanuel Kant's claim that autonomy is maturity, the capability of exercising your own discretionary judgment, and making up your mind for yourself. ", "When culture obstructs the development of critical consciousness of social reality, a more insidious \"integration\" is produced. ", "Adorno believes that the main effect of the standardization of culture is the promotion of critical immaturity in the citizenry. ", "The exercise of any critical faculties with respect to social reality is frustrated and prohibited by standardized art forms. \"", "The very capacity for life experience may be dulled\" (p. 171). ", "But, it stands to reason, if a TV show is not standardized, is not predictable, but is thought-provoking and upends previous forms, then the TV show may help an individual achieve maturity, autonomy, emancipation and genuine independence from the conceptual categories offered by society. ", "Hannah's body, for example, generates at the very least a mental realization that all the other bodies you've seen on TV are not at all average. ", "The non-judgmental depiction of Jessa's promiscuity might get you to think that the usual stigma is unjustified, and so on.", "\n\nThe Fake-realism of _Sex in the City_\n\nThe same aspects of _Girls_ that demonstrate that it's different from most other shows (that it's not standardized), also demonstrate that _Girls_ does not participate in the structural form which Adorno calls \"fake-realism.\" ", "Fake-realism offers a fantasy world as if it were really attainable. ", "The representation of promiscuity, the nakedness of what Sheila Ruth would call a \"non-serviceable\" kind, and awkward or disempowered sexual encounters, mean that _Girls_ deviates from the standard form and content of most TV shows. ", "And those same features of _Girls_ also keep the show from evincing fake-realism.", "\n\n_Sex and the City_ definitely exhibits fake-realism. ", "That show is ostensibly \"realistic\" insofar as it does not incorporate any surrealism, magical realism, or supernatural plot points or devices. ", "And yet the reality depicted in _Sex and the City_ is an unrealistic fantasy world. ", "As Adorno writes, \"The culture industry presents the everyday world as a paradise\" ( _The Dialectic of Enlightenment_ , p. 113). ", "And so what is pure, unattainable fantasy (for everyone except perhaps the one percent) is presented as a real world to which you must merely aspire. ", "For Adorno, this fits the role of \"ideological representation\" in a capitalist mass culture: the real material conditions of ninety-nine percent of society are obscured or obliterated from consciousness by an alternate reality which claims for itself its own false legitimacy via naturalistic representation in moving images.", "\n\nFake-realism, then, is a form of representation that standard TV shows adopt in which a false and unattainable reality is offered to the masses. ", "The masses receive it both aspirationally—something to hope for—and in terms of escapism—somewhere to flee to. ", "It's aspirational, and yet as Adorno maintains, the fantastical promise is never fulfilled. ", "In the end, it is a trick. ", "As Lena Dunham says in the DVD commentary for Season One Episode One, because of _Sex and the City_ \"people moved to New York City\" and yet \"it didn't work out.\"", "\n\nEscapism goes hand-in-hand with aspirationalism because when you aspire to what isn't, you turn away from what is, which helps obscure social reality from view. ", "Fake-realism is thus perniciously ideological, doing nothing to expose the status quo. ", "Fake-realism passes off the socio-economic and material conditions of life for the masses as natural and inevitable, Adorno says.", "\n\nEscapist and aspirational TV shows exhibit fake-realism and thereby undermine an individual's emancipation from societal strictures. ", "In fact, it binds them all the more effectively:\n\nWhen the audience at a sentimental film or sentimental music become aware of the overwhelming possibility of happiness, they dare to confess to themselves what the whole order of contemporary life ordinarily forbids them to admit, namely, that they actually have no part in happiness. ", "What is supposed to be wish fulfillment [think of _Sex and the City_ 's aspirational aspects] is only the scant liberation that occurs with the realization that at last one need not deny oneself the happiness of knowing that one is unhappy and that one could be happy . . . ", "The actual function of sentimental music [or TV] lies rather in the temporary release given to the awareness that one has missed fulfillment. (\"", "On Popular Music,\" p. 83–84)\n\nAspiring to a fantastical life, escapism, and wish fulfillment might possibly have a pleasant psychological outcome. \"", "It is catharsis for the masses, but catharsis which keeps them all the more firmly in line. . . . ", "Music that permits its listeners the confession of their unhappiness reconciles them, by means of this 'release', to their social dependence\" (p. 84).", "\n\n_Girls_ avoids fake-realism precisely by not being aspirational and not being escapist. ", "The purposeful unlikeability of the characters prevents the audience having any aspiration to be like the characters. ", "Recall the episode in which Jessa mercilessly analyzes the others at rehab, but cannot see her own failures as a friend. ", "Recall when Charlie and Ray find and read publically from Hannah's diary in which she has condemned Marnie and Charlie's relationship. ", "Instead of apologizing to Marnie, Hannah selfishly asks, \"If you had read the essay and it wasn't about you, do you think you would have liked it?\" ", "And recall when Hannah thoughtlessly asks Laird, the recovering addict, to risk relapse by procuring heroine for her. ", "You can't aspire to this kind of behavior. ", "It would amount to \"the tyranny of pluck,\" Elaine Blair writes in _The New York Review of Books_ , to want on TV only likeable characters whose main concern is always doing the right thing or being happy-go-lucky. ", "These characters, which Blair describes as \"raw and bruised,\" are not to be aspired to.", "\n\nEven though the awkward sex and the \"non-serviceable\" nudity challenge the culture industry's usual images and representations of women in media, these aspects are not presented as something to aspire to but which is nevertheless impossible to obtain. ", "They are all too easy to obtain. ", "Furthermore, no fantasy is offered into which we may fruitlessly escape. ", "The pernicious ideology of fake-realism is thus avoided.", "\n\nHidden Messages\n\nIn \"How to Look at Television\" Adorno says that mainstream TV comes in a \"multilayered structure,\" including \"hidden messages\" below the surface-level plot. ", "The idea from psychoanalysis that persons have multiple layers of personality is used by the culture industry perhaps not entirely intentionally \"in order to ensnare the consumer as completely as possible and in order to engage him psycho-dynamically in the service of [certain] effects\" (p. 166).", "\n\nAdorno takes as an example an \"extremely light comedy of pranks,\" in which there is:\n\na young schoolteacher who is not only underpaid but is incessantly fined by the caricature of a pompous and authoritarian school principal. ", "Thus, she has no money for her meals and is actually starving. ", "The supposedly funny situations consist mostly of her trying to hustle a meal from various acquaintances, but regularly without success. . . . ", "Overtly, the play is just slight amusement mainly provided by the painful situations into which the heroine and her arch-opponent constantly run. ", "The script does not try to 'sell' any idea. ", "The 'hidden message' emerges simply by the way the story looks at human beings; thus the audience is invited to look at the characters in the same way without being made aware that indoctrination is present. . . . ", "The heroine shows such . . . ", "high-spiritedness that identification with her is invited and compensation is offered for the inferiority of her position. (", "pp. ", "166–67)\n\nSo, the manifest content of the script does not come with an explicit \"moral to the story.\" ", "No one behaving in a certain way is then given or denied a prize or a reward. ", "Nevertheless, there is a message hidden in the way we are invited to identify (as in what happens with fake-realism) with the main character.", "\n\nIn terms of a set pattern of identification the script implies: 'If you are as humorous, good-natured, quick-witted, and charming as she is, do not worry about being paid a starvation wage. ", "You can cope with your frustration in a humorous way' . . . ", "In other words, the script is a shrewd method of promoting adjustment to humiliating conditions by presenting them as objectively comical and by giving a picture of a person who experiences even her own inadequate position as an object of fun apparently free of any resentment. (", "p. 167)\n\nBecause we identify with the plucky schoolteacher we are given to think that the way she handles her situation would be appropriate for us. ", "We are encouraged to adjust to humiliating socio-economic conditions. \"", "The 'message' of adjustment and unreflecting obedience seems to be dominant and all-pervasive today,\" Adorno says. ", "These stories \"teach their readers that one has to be 'realistic', that one has to give up romantic ideas, that one has to adjust oneself at any price, and that nothing more can be expected of any individual.\"", "\n\n_Girls_ would transmit a hidden message except for the fact that identification with the characters does not take place. ", "If a viewer were somehow to identify with the characters in _Girls_ , then he or she would receive the hidden message that funny one-liners, careless valley girl blathering, myopia about the plight of lower socio-economic classes and about other people's problems constitute an appropriate response to the vicissitudes of life.", "\n\nAll this happens at the level of the subconscious. ", "A show with a plot like that of the plucky, put-upon schoolteacher \"does not pretend to touch anything serious and expects to be regarded as featherweight. ", "Nevertheless, even such amusements tend to set patterns for the members of the audience without their being aware of it\" (p. 167). ", "As a matter of fact, \"the hidden message may be more important than the overt, since this hidden message will escape the controls of consciousness, will not be 'looked through', will not be warded off by sales resistance, but is likely to sink into the spectator's mind\" (pp. ", "164–65).", "\n\nLooking at the hidden message in this way is in accordance with the \"assumption shared by numerous social scientists that certain political and social trends of our time, particularly those of a totalitarian nature, feed to a considerable extent on irrational and frequently unconscious motivations.\" ", "The majority of television shows today \"aim at producing, or at least reproducing, the very . . . ", "intellectual passivity and gullibility that seem to fit with totalitarian creeds even if the explicit surface message of the shows may be anti-totalitarian\" (p. 166).", "\n\nHowever, if a TV show does not exhibit fake-realism and if, thereby or for some other reason, does not allow a member of the audience to identify with the characters, then a hidden message of the kind Adorno discusses is not possible. _", "Girls_ , thus avoids hidden messages of such a kind because _Girls_ does not participate in fake-realism, the characters are unlikeable and thus cannot be identified with, and the show is not aspirational nor escapist.", "\n\nBy \"identify with\" I only mean identify in the sense of perceive as a role model or someone to aspire to be like. ", "An audience member would not identify in this sense with unlikeable or immoral characters. ", "However, an audience member could still \"identify\" with the unlikeable characters in the sense that he or she sympathizes with their difficulties and challenges and maintains enough interest through this kind of identification to continue to want to watch them on screen.", "\n\nBad Criticism\n\nThe professional critics who trash _Girls_ often have a bad theory or no theory at all about how mass media affect the audience psychologically. ", "Or these critics will have a bad theory or no theory at all about how to have a deep engagement with the representation of the characters of a story that will lead to an insightful interpretation of that story. ", "Requiring likeable characters or requiring the characters be role models is a bad critical engagement with a narrative.", "\n\nFor instance, any worthwhile version of feminist criticism will not require that characters in a TV show be role models. ", "A show with main characters who are unlikeable but rather more like anti-heroes can still be a feminist show, even if those characters themselves do not act as feminist role models.", "\n\nIn an article titled, \" _Girls_ Is Not Diverse, Not Feminist, and Not Empowering,\" Catherine Scott writes:\n\nWhat's there to celebrate for feminism when a show depicts four entirely self-interested young women and a lead character having the most depressing, disempowered sexual relationships imaginable?", "\n\nHow would Scott have a show's characters and events be depicted? ", "It looks as though she would require that a feminist show only represent characters who are models of what feminism rightly hopes for women. ", "Feminism is correct to advocate for a future in which young women are not narcissistic and arrange for themselves only empowering sexual relationships. ", "But in a fictional text it simply won't help to achieve the just ends of feminism by only ever representing women as feminist icons. ", "Role-modelism of that sort invites identification with the characters.", "\n\nAs we've seen, identification with the characters inflicts all sorts of pernicious effects on the audience at the psychological level of the subconscious. ", "Perhaps that won't be a problem if the identification on the part of the audience is always with a faultless feminist hero. ", "But the problem will be that if we demand, as Scott and others seem to do, that the characters always be role models there will be very little or no chance for a dialectical engagement with the text that sharpens our critical faculties. ", "Imagine a world in which TV shows and other cultural products only represent characters as role models. ", "Doesn't that strike you as insufferably uninteresting, unengaging, and in fact horrifically dystopian? ", "The role-modelism in _Girls_ criticism doesn't seem well thought out.", "\n\nInstead, what Adorno wants in terms of good art and the concomitant good criticism includes TV shows and other works that break from established genres, that challenge mainstream clichés and conventions of representation, that eschew fake-realism, that avoid pernicious hidden messages of adjustment to our situation, and that requires active and critical thinking on the part of the audience if the audience is to achieve \"autonomy\" and \"emancipation\" with respect to the prevailing ideology of our time.", "\n\n_Girls_ does all that.", "\n\nDon't Get Mad at _Girls_\n\nRACHEL ROBISON-GREENE\n\nMy first exposure to _Girls_ criticism came in the form of a Facebook status. ", "A distant friend from grad school said something like, \"Oh, I see the statement that Lena Dunham is trying to make about girls. ", "They are all neurotic, self-centered, and immature. ", "That is just great for the feminist movement.\"", "\n\nI had just watched the first season and I thought it was such a work of art that I almost felt that my friend was insulting me personally. ", "I later learned that there are a whole host of critics of the show, all of whom tacitly must accept the proposition that Dunham's Hannah Horvath herself asserts, which is that Dunham is the voice of her generation.", "\n\nDo You Think I Think This Is the Best Use of My Literary Voice and My Myriad of Talents?", "\n\nThe characters on _Girls_ don't behave well. ", "Many of the chapters in this book focus on the worst behavior in the series, so I'll mention some of the more obscure but equally hilarious examples of bad behavior.", "\n\nOne of the lines that cracked me up the most was when someone asked how Hannah's very old and sick grandmother, Flo, was doing and Hannah replied, \"Oh the old Flo Job, you know her just sluttin' around.\" ", "Or, remember when Hannah applied for that job and she insinuates that her interviewer is a date rapist? ", "She says, \"I read a statistic that said Syracuse has the highest rate of date rape of any other school. . . . ", "Which, weirdly, went down after you graduated.\"", "\n\nHannah is not alone in her tendency to act in ways that she shouldn't. ", "Though the _Girls_ are quite different, one thing that unites them is their tendency to make bad choices. ", "In fact, as viewers, we can understand the subject matter of the show (if there is any definable subject matter) as the bad choices that these young people make, and their ways of coping with those bad decisions as they progress to real womanhood. ", "Watching this happen is like watching a train wreck. ", "My husband has, more than once, had to beckon me out of my hiding place under the covers when the _Girls_ do something particularly inappropriate.", "\n\nBut this is part of what makes the show fun, and it might be a reason we respond to it. ", "We may not have made the kinds of mistakes that these millennials make, but each of us probably has one or two life experiences where we did something so embarrassing that we still cringe to think about it.", "\n\nIn this regard, it would be hard to forget Jessa, who is another poster girl for the making of bad choices. ", "She does drugs, she dates men who are bad for her, and, arguably, she runs from the very idea of doing anything substantial with her life. ", "Her commitment to living as some sort of free spirit is also a commitment to acting in ways that she really shouldn't. ", "After all, being a free spirit isn't always a good thing.", "\n\nOne criticism of the show that frequently comes up is that the characters are bad people. ", "They aren't good role models. ", "In fact, if you Google this criticism of _Girls_ , you'll find that some responses to the show are quite vitriolic. ", "There is a _hatred_ for it that is off the charts. ", "People don't like the fact that Hannah allows Adam to degrade her during sex. ", "They don't like how entitled Marnie is. ", "They don't like the fact that Jessa's self-centered, erratic behavior and frequent drug use is \"glorified\" as \"bohemian.\" ", "And they don't like how vapid Shoshana is.", "\n\nPiggybacking on the \"bad role model\" criticism, many, including my Facebook friend, think that the fact that the _Girls_ are bad role models makes them bad faces of the feminist movement. ", "There are so few shows that feature women as main characters, the thought is, maybe the shows that get picked up that do feature women as main characters should represent those women in a more dignified light. ", "This seems to be at the root of Catherine Scott's criticism.", "\n\nThis line of thought is not all uncommon. ", "Google it. ", "You'll see. ", "But the feminist issues are not even the most common point of criticism. ", "The loudest criticism of _Girls_ is that it is not ethnically diverse. ", "It's a show about white women who are friends with other white women and date and interact with predominately white men. ", "Since the ethnic makeup of New York City is actually much different, this scenario, to many, seems a little far-fetched. ", "Here is what Phoebe Robinson had to say about it in the Huffington Post:\n\nI'm confident that even if you don't look like me or have the same background as me, my point of view is universal enough because I've experienced all kinds of situations and people, so I say to you, Ms. Dunham: go out and learn some more shit, so you will have more things to write about. ", "It's lazy to stay so self-contained and beyond unacceptable to pass off such a myopic view of the world as THE 20-SOMETHING EXPERIENCE. ", "That is how the show is being packaged after all. ", "Well, _Girls_ doesn't represent me nor the women I know who have matured in NYC.", "\n\nThis type of response to the show is so intense that the first line of this opinion piece is \"FUCK. ", "THIS. ", "SHOW.\"", "\n\nTo see whether the criticisms are warranted, we need to do some philosophical analysis of a number of different concepts. ", "I think that real discussion of these issues is properly philosophical. ", "Before we do this, I just want to acknowledge that there _is_ a problem with the representation of women as main characters in movies and television shows and there _is_ a problem with the representation of people of color.", "\n\nYou an Underdog? ", "You Look Like a Fucking Kennedy\n\nWhat does it mean to say that a show contains \"bad feminism\" or that a show is \"bad for feminism\"? ", "That claim relies on a few assumptions about feminism:\n\n**1.** **", "That there is one \"correct\" conception of what feminism is.**", "\n\n**2.** **", "That the person saying this has the \"correct\" conception.**", "\n\n**3.** **", "That Lena Dunham does not have the correct conception.**", "\n\n**4.** **", "That there is one unified goal of feminism.**", "\n\n**5.** **", "That all art should strive to further the goal of the \"correct\" conception of feminism.**", "\n\nI think each of these assumptions is as wrong as rain. ", "Let's go through them one by one.", "\n\nFirst, there are lots of different approaches to feminism. ", "One feminist thinker, for example, might think that pornography is, by its very nature, exploitative, while another feminist thinker might argue that it is possible for women to freely choose to participate in the sex industry and that it is not inherently exploitative.", "\n\nFeminist thinkers have a wide range of positions on particular social issues, but also have a range of attitudes regarding what feminism even is and what it means to be a woman. ", "They disagree about whether feminism is purely a political movement or whether it is a definable system of thought. ", "We can easily make a list of what feminism _is not._ ", "I think we can safely say that if you think that women are inferior to men, you aren't a feminist. ", "If you believe in the subjugation of women, you are not a feminist. ", "If you don't believe in social and political equality, you are not a feminist. ", "If you use the term \"femiNazi,\" you are not a feminist. ", "Ann Coulter is not a feminist. ", "That leaves a lot of room for different positions.", "\n\nMost of the feminist criticism of _Girls_ takes place in opinion pieces, often those that likely have word caps, so the authors don't have the opportunity to articulate their particular conceptions of feminism. ", "What they do seem to do is make observations about the content of the show and just assume that the behavior that the characters are engaging in is _clearly_ not feminist in nature.", "\n\nWhat's going on here? ", "What does a piece of art have to look like in order for it to count as feminist in nature? ", "Does it have to look something like _Buffy the Vampire Slayer_? ", "Do we only allow art that portrays women as tough, smart, and independent with all of their shit worked out? ", "This is a topic that requires debate. ", "I am not going to assume any one position on feminism here. ", "However, a situation in which women are only portrayed as these superhero-caricatures isn't doing the feminist movement any favors. ", "There is room for that kind of portrayal. ", "I love _Buffy_. ", "But it's a fact about the world that most women can't take down three-hundred-pound monsters with roundhouse kicks. ", "Some women aren't smart, some women aren't independent, and most people don't have their shit together. ", "Why do we have to portray women as ideal versions of themselves in order to satisfy the demands of feminism? ", "It is far from clear to me that these authors have feminism right and Dunham has it wrong.", "\n\nThe behavior that comes up again and again in these articles is the demeaning sex that Adam has with Hannah. ", "I get that some people have a problem with demeaning sex. ", "It doesn't follow, however, that portraying demeaning sex in a show is immoral or contrary to feminist ideology. ", "We could have a conversation about whether demeaning sex itself is anti-feminist. ", "Even if it were, making demeaning sex part of a storyline in a work of fiction is not clearly so. ", "There is a tacit premise that isn't being articulated in the argument. ", "Here is the argument without the implicit premise:\n\n**_Premise One_ : Demeaning sex is contrary to a feminist ideology.**", "\n\n**_Conclusion:_ Portraying demeaning sex on television is contrary to a feminist ideology.**", "\n\nStated in this way, the argument isn't valid. ", "The conclusion doesn't follow from the premise. ", "Let's be more charitable and add the implicit premise to improve the structure of the argument:\n\n**_Premise One:_ Demeaning sex is contrary to a feminist ideology.**", "\n\n**_Premise Two:_ If a behavior is contrary to a feminist ideology, then it is contrary to the feminist ideology to portray that behavior on television.**", "\n\n**_Conclusion:_ Portraying demeaning sex on television is contrary to a feminist ideology.**", "\n\nPut this way, the argument has a good structure, but it's not clear that the second premise is true. ", "Accepting the second premise or something like it to be true leads us down a very dangerous path. ", "Do we really want to say that we shouldn't include behavior that is contrary to a feminist ideology in art? ", "Art is possibly the best medium we have for conveying ideas and allowing people to reflect in a profound way on the subject matter. ", "If what we want is social change, the way to bring that about is not going to be to stifle artistic expression.", "\n\nConsider a similarly structured argument:\n\n**_Premise One:_ Racism is immoral.**", "\n\n**_Premise Two:_ If Racism is immoral, portraying racism on television is immoral.**", "\n\n**_Conclusion:_ Portraying racism on television is immoral.**", "\n\nDoes this ring true to you? ", "If you find this argument compelling, then say goodbye to _12 Years a Slave, The Color Purple, The Help, All in the Family_ . . . ", "you get the idea.", "\n\nIn response, someone might say, \"But Dunham isn't trying to make a point about how bad demeaning sex is. ", "These other films are pointing out the injustice of racism and slavery. ", "Dunham, in Adam, is creating a character that it would appear that we are actually supposed to like.\"", "\n\nFirst of all, it's not clear that Dunham _isn't_ making any point about demeaning sex. ", "But even if she isn't, she isn't _advocating_ it. ", "She isn't saying \"Hey everyone, go out and have some demeaning sex right away!\" ", "Demeaning sex happens in life. ", "There is a legitimate debate about whether demeaning sex is necessarily contrary to a feminist ideology (some feminist philosophers, like Catherine McKinnon, argue that sex acts are, by their very nature, demeaning and violent). ", "By portraying this behavior in art, viewers are invited to arrive at their own conclusions about what they find acceptable.", "\n\nWe've looked at three of the main assumptions accepted by those who offer feminist critiques of the show. ", "There is no one, unified conception of feminism. ", "If we could land on one correct ideology, it isn't clear that it should be the conception hinted at by these authors rather than the one put forward by Dunham. ", "It's also far from clear that Dunham's work is hurting the feminist cause, if there really is a single such thing, in any way.", "\n\nLet's deal with the last assumption, that the proper role of art should be to advance a particular political cause, in this case, the feminist cause. ", "Why in the world should we think that? ", "Why should we think that art bears some necessary relationship to morality? ", "Art is about creativity and self-expression. ", "Perhaps we shouldn't put restrictions on the range of things art can be.", "\n\nSo what if _Girls_ was explicitly sexist? ", "I would hope that we would all stop watching it (though the fact that shows like _The Bachelor_ are still are the air gives me little hope for that). ", "Would it then, somehow, not count as art? ", "Of course not. ", "It would just be sexist art.", "\n\nWhatever conception of feminism you have, whatever goals you think that feminism should have, stifling the range of female experiences that can be portrayed in media and telling a woman what her artistic voice needs to sound like doesn't seem to jibe with any of those goals.", "\n\nI Wanted You to Tell Me What's Wrong with Me\n\nWhat about the criticisms of the show regarding its pretty much exclusively white cast? ", "We should analyze this criticism in a similar way. ", "We have a problem. ", "No doubt. ", "But what are people who raise this criticism of _Girls_ committed to? ", "I think their position must be the following:\n\n**1.** **", "The entertainment industry needs to feature people of color more prominently in movies and television, in roles and storylines that reflect a diversity of possible experiences.**", "\n\n**2.** **", "The best way to accomplish that goal is to have each individual writer be more cognizant of the limited role of people of color in the entertainment industry, with the desired result of writing more storylines featuring people of color prominently.**", "\n\n**3.** **", "A writer is remiss if they don't include people of color prominently in their art.**", "\n\nPoint 1, is simply categorically, true. ", "I am raising no challenge to that one. ", "I will, however, challenge points 2 and 3. ", "Is encouraging writers to include more people of color in their work the best way of ensuring that people of color will be featured prominently in film and television?", "\n\nI don't think that it is. ", "When an artist creates a work of art, they can best ensure the quality of that art if the work arises authentically and organically. ", "Lena Dunham is not a stock writer being paid to write television that meets a certain set of pre-agreed-upon standards. ", "She is an artist creating art for a cable television network. ", "Here is what she had to say about the criticism in an NPR interview:\n\nI wrote the first season primarily by myself, and I co-wrote a few episodes. ", "But I am a half-Jew, half-WASP, and I wrote two Jews and two WASPs. ", "Something I wanted to avoid was tokenism in casting. ", "If I had one of the four girls, if, for example, she was African-American, I feel like—not that the experience of an African-American girl and a white girl are drastically different, but there has to be specificity to that experience [that] I wasn't able to speak to. ", "I really wrote the show from a gut-level place, and each character was a piece of me or based on someone close to me. ", "And only later did I realize that it was four white girls. ", "As much as I can say it was an accident, it was only later as the criticism came out, I thought, 'I hear this and I want to respond to it'. ", "And this is a hard issue to speak to because all I want to do is sound sensitive and not say anything that will horrify anyone or make them feel more isolated, but I did write something that was super-specific to my experience, and I always want to avoid rendering an experience I can't speak to accurately.", "\n\nSo, if we take Dunham's response seriously, and I don't see why we shouldn't, Dunham is most comfortable and at her best when she writes what she knows. ", "This is how she creates the best art she can create. ", "Her experience has been mostly with white people. ", "Is that unfortunate? ", "Sure. ", "Is it the experience of some people? ", "Yep. ", "If we want the quality of art that gets produced to be high, we shouldn't force artists to be inauthentic. ", "So, perhaps fixing the problem with race in the entertainment industry shouldn't be focused on the level of the individual writer or creator.", "\n\nWhat, then, should we do? ", "How do we bring about the needed social change and at what level should it happen? ", "The first, and most crucial respect is to create. ", "If you can create good art that features people of color prominently, do it. ", "It takes only a small amount of effort to complain about ethnic diversity on television. ", "The recognition that there is a problem carries with it an obligation to do something about the problem. ", "It helps no one to ask writers to inauthentically write something that they don't know about—that only makes the problem worse. ", "If we do that, we'll get a portrayal of minorities and people of color that doesn't reflect the true quality of that lived experience.", "\n\nThe second point is that networks have an obligation to pick up shows that feature prominently people of color. ", "They need to recognize good art that is produced by people of color; they need to hire people of color. ", "They need to see to it that authentically written art about people of color gets produced.", "\n\nI've tried to make a case for the position that, in fixing this problem, we shouldn't focus our attention on individual writers or artists because that would diminish the quality of the product and it might make the problem worse. ", "But a further question we should address is whether writers who don't write people of color are behaving immorally.", "\n\nIn the opinion piece I mentioned earlier, Phoebe Robinson says, \"I say to you, Ms. Dunham: go out and learn some more shit, so you will have more things to write about. ", "It's lazy to stay so self-contained and beyond unacceptable to pass off such a myopic view of the world as THE 20-SOMETHING EXPERIENCE.\"", "\n\nI think we can all agree that it is a good thing to have many diverse experiences. ", "When we expose ourselves to all sorts of different people and places and cultures, we really grow as people, and as we become more educated, we are less likely to retain ignorant or hateful views about other people. ", "So, in a sense, I agree with Ms. Robinson. ", "Ms. Dunham, who seems to me to be a delightful person, would likely find her life improved if she sought out experiences with a diverse range of people. ", "This is not to say anything about Ms. Dunham personally. ", "It is trivially true in the sense that I think it is likely that _everyone's_ life would be better if they had a more diverse set of experiences. ", "Conceding that point, I don't think Ms. Robinson has a _moral_ claim to make against Ms. Dunham. ", "Ms. Dunham has had the experiences she has had. ", "That is true about all of us. ", "So long as she is not hurting anyone, why does anyone have any sort of claim on what kind of experiences another person has? ", "If another person hasn't had the experience you have had, why does that make them lazy?", "\n\nImagine that someone attempts to commission a portrait artist to paint a mountain scene. ", "It seems perfectly appropriate to me for the artist to say, \"I don't paint landscapes. ", "I don't know how to effectively portray a landscape. ", "It isn't that I am opposed to other kinds of art, but if you want a good depiction of the mountain scene, I am not the best person to do it.\" ", "This seems like an honest answer, and not one that would likely to be met with moral disdain. ", "What changes in the case of _Girls?_", "\n\nMs. Robinson may be making the same mistake that my Facebook friend made. ", "The fact that the show is called _Girls_ , does not in any way entail that it is supposed to accurately portray all girls and women. ", "Though it may address challenges for young people that are, in some cases, universal experiences, the show is about _these particular girls_ dealing with those experiences. ", "It is not about all women. ", "It is not about all ethnic groups. ", "It is a character-driven show about these particular characters.", "\n\nThe Voice of Her Generation!", "\n\nIn addition to the two major criticisms that I mentioned, critics are also concerned that _Girls_ is classist. ", "It deals with rich or middle-class white girls with first-world problems. ", "I have a similar response to that concern that I have to the concern about race. ", "Yep. ", "This show is, indeed, about rich or middle-class white girls with first world problems. ", "That is what Lena Dunham knows and it is what she chose to make the subject matter of her art.", "\n\nWhy are people so passionate about the claims they make about the subject matter of Lena Dunham's work? ", "Why aren't people angry about the subject matter of _Bones,_ or 2 _Broke Girls,_ or _How I Met Your Mother_? ", "I've said it before, and I'll say it again on the record. ", "Lena Dunham is a creative genius and most people, on some level recognize that fact. ", "Her work is so damn good that everyone wants it to be consistent with his or her ideals. ", "Her show is about four girls. ", "The voice of a generation need not speak for everyone. ", "Hell, it would be sufficient to just have amazing insight into one person. ", "It's the insight into a group of individuals, however small, and the masterful way she is able to use words to convey that insight, that is truly impressive.", "\n\nHannah Horvath may or may not be the voice of her generation—we'll see. ", "For me, the jury is in on Lena Dunham.", "\n\nAdam, Like a Hero\n\nTRIP MCCROSSIN\n\n\"I was always here,\" Adam says to Hannah, in the closing moments of Season Two. ", "He's just broken down her door, having run across town to rescue her, having learned that she's in distress. \"", "You're here,\" Hannah whispers, amazed that he's standing before her, and what he says, he says as if simply to remind her. ", "What _we_ are reminded of in the process, as Hannah may be as well, is something he says in the opening moments of Season One. \"", "I like you so much,\" she admits, but \"I don't know where you disappear to,\" to which he responds, apparently baffled, \"I'm right here.\"", "\n\nThe similarity between these two bookend scenes underscores the dissimilarity between the respective portrayals of Adam. ", "In the earlier scene, while Hannah is clearly smitten, he's at best aloof, at worst indifferent, most troublingly with regard to his sexual behavior. ", "While we may already be suspicious of Marnie's standards, her description of him as an \"animal\" shortly afterward doesn't seem at this point all that far-fetched. ", "In the later scene, though, Adam is portrayed in far more flattering, even _heroic_ terms.", "\n\nWhat the storyline connecting these scenes offers, in this light, is an unusual perspective on what it means to develop as a _hero_ —an old question still very much alive today.", "\n\nJust Another Rom-Com Ending?", "\n\nDon't we first have to worry, though, that Lena Dunham, creator of the series, who wrote the earlier episode and co-wrote the later one, doesn't _herself_ describe Adam's behavior in the rescue scene as heroic in her 2013 interview with Glenn Whipp?", "\n\n\"Adam running to Hannah via FaceTime,\" Dunham tells us, \"speaks to the intensity of rom-com endings.\" ", "So clearly we're supposed to be amused, thanks to a clever _You've Got Mail_ plot device for the Millennial Generation. ", "Even so, there seems also to be something deeper going on. ", "Hannah suffers from obsessive-compulsive disorder, which, if untreated, can be devastating. ", "She's off her meds. ", "To make matters worse, her publisher is brutally unsympathetic, and her father only somewhat less so. ", "And she feels ashamed to see, or feels abandoned by, her closest friends, and regrets losing Adam, as was revealed by their chance encounter in the previous episode. ", "All of this Dunham portrays in heartbreaking detail. \"", "I feel like I'm unraveling,\" Hannah finally admits to Adam, as \"FaceTime\" reveals to him her recurring disorder, \"I'm really, really scared.\" \"", "Stay right where you are,\" he responds, \"I'm coming to you.\" ", "Dramatic music is cued. ", "Tears begin to form.", "\n\nAdam's behavior wouldn't be properly heroic, we think, if Hannah's distress were more mundane—the earlier splinter in her behind, for example. ", "As Dunham portrays it, it's anything but. ", "In addition to needing the distress to be relatively extraordinary, though, we need the response to be so as well, relative to what those who witness it expect of others, and of themselves. ", "If it were Cary Grant running across town, for example, coming to the rescue of a 1950s-era Hannah—the humorous plot device here being, perhaps, stopping frantically, each and every block along the way, to call her from a phone booth—we'd likely think, okay, it's _Cary Grant_ , and so _of course_ —isn't this just what we _expect_ of _someone like him_. ", "But for _Adam_ to do what he does, it's rather _not_ what we expect, for better or for worse, in _our_ day and age. ", "It's not, that is, the _Millennial_ thing to do. ", "As such, taken together with the extraordinary nature of Hannah's distress, how can we not think of Adam's behavior as heroic?", "\n\n\"Don't people just meet at the coffee shop rather than run to the airport to find somebody?,\" ", "Dunham adds, but \"we also all want someone to run to the airport to find us. ", "So we wanted something that did both.\" ", "Why _both_? ", "Because heroes are extraordinary, but we wish they weren't. ", "We want what Adam does to be _both_ heroic _and_ happening \"at the coffee shop\"—for Adam's behavior to be as common now as we imagine Cary Grant's was back in the day.", "\n\nMoving Mattresses and Chairs\n\nWe may _want_ Adam to be heroic, but what more precisely _qualifies_ him as a hero? ", "The natural place to begin is with the first and only explicit reference to heroism in the storyline in question, which is in the moving-out scene that opens Season One's finale.", "\n\nMarnie's discontent with Hannah's self-centeredness, which has been simmering since the pilot, finally comes to a head in the previous episode, and now she's moving out. ", "Adam's helping in the process, and in this particular bit of slapstick, Hannah and Marnie are struggling to move a large chair down a flight of stairs, while he's trailing just behind them with a mattress. ", "Halfway down, frustrated by Hannah's whining about \"being crushed\" by the chair, he insists suddenly that he's \"got it,\" the chair in addition to the mattress, that is, and that they simply move out of the way and let him finish this part of the move by himself. ", "To this Hannah protests, \"You don't need to be like a hero about this,\" but she and Marnie do get out of the way finally, and he proceeds to get the job done handily enough.", "\n\nHe didn't \"need\" to be \"like\" a hero, by moving the mattress and chair on his own, but he did, and so for this is he a hero after all? ", "In light of our earlier discussion, not so much it seems. ", "Hannah's distress is relatively mundane. ", "She's in no real jeopardy, or serious discomfort even, it seems. ", "Adam's response is also mundane, albeit less so. ", "Getting a mattress _and_ a chair down a flight of stairs alone is perhaps not the easiest thing to do, but if he'd bailed instead, Hannah and Marnie would presumably have managed easily enough.", "\n\nSo, while he may be acting _like_ a hero, in Hannah's estimation at least, in that he's suffering at least to some degree for the sake of others, it seems he's not yet properly heroic. ", "Still, to take this bit of the moving-out scene seriously is to see Adam as at least flirting with heroism, if not yet actually embodying it. ", "The question is, does he eventually move farther along in this direction, and does he ultimately get there?", "\n\nBetween Moving Out and (Almost) Moving In\n\nThe moving-out scene also sets up a one-episode storyline that sheds additional light on the question.", "\n\nIt begins, shortly afterward, with the moving- _in_ scene, which is Adam's sudden realization, \"Maybe I'll move in,\" which surprises and thrills Hannah. ", "It ends, later the same day, with their dispute over its meaning and motivation. ", "Sandwiched in between is Jessa's surprise wedding, with the drama it produces, leading to the dispute scene.", "\n\nHannah's chatting with Elijah and his boyfriend after the ceremony, and learns that they're not living together, and that Elijah is unhappy with his resulting living arrangements, and she invites him to move in. ", "It's clearly a spontaneous gesture, but one that's also made self-consciously enough, that it's her first news when next she and Adam speak, good news she thinks.", "\n\n\"So you don't have to worry about moving in cause I found someone,\" Hannah tells him, \"so if you felt obligated, don't.\" ", "Adam's clearly offended, much to her surprise. \"", "I thought you were trying to help, and I appreciate it,\" she offers in turn, as she begins to explain herself, but he cuts her off. \"", "I don't want to _help_ ,\" he objects, which has to surprise us. \"", "No one does anything because they want to _help_ ,\" he adds, which is also surprising. \"", "I was doing it because I _love_ you,\" he concludes, and we're relieved.", "\n\nBut our relief is short-lived, as he's only that much more offended by the surprised look on her face, which leads her to dig herself in only deeper, and finally he moves to exit. \"", "I don't want to freak out on you at a surprise wedding,\" he says, unclear as to whether this is for his sake or for hers—adding as he leaves, \"if you want to fuck me from behind, at least pull my hair back,\" which can't help but remind us of the pilot's first scene, as in \"at least wear a condom.\" ", "We're set now to complete the arc of the first season, as their dispute spills out onto the sidewalk and into the street—over, more broadly now, and also more angrily and eloquently, the nature of love and commitment in relation to vanity and fear.", "\n\nWhat we want to focus on particularly here, given present purposes, is the very first bit of their dispute. ", "As we listen in, we hear in Hannah's choice of words, and in particular \"if you felt obligated, don't,\" an echo of her earlier one, \"You don't have to be like a hero about this.\" ", "In each instance she's discouraging Adam from pursuing the exemplary act he's considering, as _she_ takes it to be, even if _he_ does not, making clear to him that he doesn't \"have to,\" needn't feel \"obligated\" to do so. ", "But he must know this already, we think. ", "Why does this matter?", "\n\nAnything Could Happen—and Does\n\nIn the earlier moving-out scene, Adam is irritated, but also apparently _generous_ , and generous acts are generous in the first place because, in part, we don't _have_ to do them. ", "What if instead, for example, Ray had happened along, found himself similarly irritated, and, with his usual gruffness, taken over the business of moving the chair and mattress down the stairs? ", "We would not think of him, however gruff, as obligated to help, certainly not to help in this way, but he'd be helping out of generosity. ", "The same applies to Adam, even though, having presumably agreed to help with the move in the first place, we think of him as _generally_ obligated to help.", "\n\nBack now to the moving-in scene. ", "We know more here than in the moving-out scene, about what's motivating Adam. ", "Looking forward, we have Adam's \"I was doing it because I _love_ you\" description of what he was thinking and feeling at the time. ", "Looking backward, we remember what he and Hannah say, and don't say, just before his \"Maybe I'll move in\" revelation. ", "She's feeling guilty that Marnie's \"just like really hurt,\" and Adam takes exception. \"", "Don't waste time on guilt,\" he urges, \"holding on to toxic relationships is what keeps us from growing.\" \"", "You're forming every time you shed a layer,\" he tells her, optimistically, \"getting closer to yourself.\" ", "And the additional upside is, he adds, that the apartment is \"half empty now; full potential; anything could happen,\" Hannah adding, as if completing his thought, \"and all of Marnie's fake grown-up stuff is gone.\" ", "Hannah's not at all focused, it seems, on such mundane considerations as making rent, and Adam even less so.", "\n\nIt makes perfect sense, then, that he would deny later on that he'd been motivated by a desire to help, given that the _need_ for help was not at all an issue. ", "And their dispute occurs later the same day, and so while it's conceivable that the question of need might have arisen earlier, there's no evidence within the storyline that this is the case. ", "So _why_ the later dispute?", "\n\nWhat reason can there be but the one Hannah divulges to Jessa a little while earlier. \"", "How can you be so sure?,\" ", "Hannah asks, worried about the brevity of Jessa's pre-marital courtship. \"", "Adam wants to move in with me,\" she admits, \"and I can't even tell if that's good or bad.\" ", "She's gone from \"I like you so much\" in the pilot, to securing him as boyfriend six episodes later, to wondering now whether living together is \"good or bad.\" ", "It's romantic progress, but not at nearly the pace that she finds Adam's been traveling.", "\n\nWe drew a connection between the moving-out and moving-in scenes, and within them between Hannah's \"You don't need to be like a hero\" and \"If you felt obligated, don't\" turns of phrase. ", "We thought that if, as it seemed, Adam is flirting with heroism in the former, perhaps he's also doing so in the latter. ", "But now it seems that the latter may instead be a better guide to the former. ", "Hannah's \"You don't have to be like a hero\" is preceded by Adam's assertion that he's \"got it,\" and in response to her statement he responds by neither affirming her claim, nor denying it, but merely reiterating, \"I got it.\" ", "His gesture here may _seem_ to be generous, but it also seems to be the same sort of sudden realization that he has in the later moving-in scene.", "\n\nPerhaps what's _not_ going in the moving-out scene is what's _not_ going on in the moving-in scene? ", "Adam _could have_ just as easily said in the former what he _did_ say in the moving-in scene, which is, \"I don't want to _help_. ", "I was doing it because I _love_ you.\" ", "But Hannah \"appreciates\" that he's \"trying to help,\" and so we seem to hear a different emphasis—\"I don't _want_ to help,\" but help \"because I _love_ you.\" ", "Love, we conclude, means there are certain things we _just do_.", "\n\nIn Adam's world, there are things that love allows, and others that it requires. ", "In the former category, as Adam tells us in the first moments of Season Two, we \"don't have to be nice all the time.\" ", "In the latter category, judging from the moving-out and moving-in scenes, we move loved ones' furniture up and down stairways by ourselves, and live with them whenever the opportunity arises. ", "These aren't heroic gestures because, as we've seen, the distress is too mundane, or the assistance is, or both. ", "They're _also_ not heroic, it seems, for the same reason they're not generous, because they're done not because he _wants_ , but because he _has_ to act.", "\n\nSo, Is Adam a Hero in the End?", "\n\nWhether he is or isn't heroic finally in the rescue scene depends, then, on different sorts of considerations.", "\n\nWe've already looked at two of them. ", "On the one hand, Hannah's distress is serious enough, certainly. ", "She insists, \"You really don't have to do this,\" and, \"Honestly, please don't worry about me,\" in the spirit of her earlier, \"You don't need to be like a hero,\" and, \"If you felt obligated, don't,\" but now her insistence is simply incredible, to Adam and to us. ", "Adam's response, on the other hand, given the circumstances, seems also serious enough—the running, the music, being almost hit by a cab, breaking down Hannah's door, and so on.", "\n\nBut the additional consideration now is whether, from _our_ perspective, in running across town to rescue Hannah, Adam _wants to help_ or is _doing so because he loves her_. ", "However serious Hannah's distress, however serious his rescue, whether he's heroic in the end seems to depend finally on this.", "\n\n\"I was always here,\" Adam says. ", "He picks Hannah up, and cradles her in his arms. ", "They kiss, embrace, and speechlessly fade to black. ", "Adam has behaved well, _very_ well it seems, at least this once, and we are, as we imagine Hannah is, reassured. ", "Even so, we are also bound to have a _say what?_ ", "moment, however muted.", "\n\nIt's easy enough to imagine, based on their earlier chance encounter, that Hannah has regretted losing Adam and wanted to rekindle their relationship, and that his arrival signals to her that he too has wanted this. ", "But we also remember that, in spite of Adam's bad behavior toward Natalia in the previous episode, and his \"fuck her\" outburst toward her in this one, we find them still together not long before, still a couple, however dysfunctional. ", "When Adam gets Hannah's call, we know that Natalia is still not \"done with\" him, but is _he_ done with _her_? ", "Is he _now_ , as a result of the call? \"", "Stay right where you are,\" he tells Hannah, \"I'm coming to you,\" but at _that_ moment, _who_ is he attached to, and _how_ , and _how strongly_?", "\n\nThese are questions we can't easily answer, but then perhaps Adam couldn't either. ", "He's attached to Natalia romantically, but perhaps not lovingly. ", "He's attached to Hannah, not romantically, but perhaps still lovingly, though perhaps also not in the way he was before. \"", "I was always here,\" Adam says, but _how_ was he? ", "And if the answer is that he \"was always\" there as still her boyfriend in some sense, is this a realization made in hindsight, and so not necessarily the way he's thinking and feeling when he sets off to rescue her in the first place? ", "These questions aren't any easier.", "\n\nA lesson from the moving-out and moving-in scenes seems to be that even if the circumstances _had_ been more dramatic, Adam _still_ wouldn't have been acting heroically. ", "He was acting not out of a desire to help, that is, but out of love, which for him makes the act either instinctual or compulsory, and so not appropriately heroic. ", "If a Good Samaritan is someone who acts to promote another's welfare, _on purpose_ , but _not out of obligation_ , then we can think of a hero in the same spirit, but not as just a _Good_ Samaritan, but an _Extraordinary_ Samaritan.", "\n\nIsn't there a simpler story, though, in which heroism requires only heroic acts, without the additional worry over motivation? ", "What if Batman, for example, regularly engages in acts of heroism (capturing criminals, saving lives, and so on, in generally extraordinary ways), but it turns out that he's simply _compelled_ to do so out of love for his parents or the citizens of Gotham more generally, or his sense that _as Batman_ it's _just what he does_? ", "Would having such motivations make Batman less of a hero? ", "The advocate of the simpler story would say no. ", "Adam's behavior, however, suggests the different, more complicated story outlined above.", "\n\nWe can also contrast two less fictional examples from the real-life Gotham, New York City. ", "First, let's think about Chesley \"Sully\" Sullenberger. ", "On the 15th of January in 2009, Captain Sullenberger managed a successful emergency landing of US Airways flight 1549, disabled shortly after take-off, onto the Hudson, saving not only all aboard, but all those who would have been injured or killed if the plane had gone down in the city or nearby New Jersey instead. ", "For this, the _New York Daily News_ dubbed him the \"Hero of the Hudson.\" ", "While then Mayor Bloomberg was surely right, though, to praise him for having done \"a masterful job of landing the plane in the river and then making sure everybody got out,\" why, in the midst of the \"Great Recession,\" when he might well be on the lookout for available heroes, did he choose not to take advantage of the occasion? ", "Presumably for the same reason that Sullenberger himself appraised his actions as simply \"what we're trained to do.\" ", "If everyone who does masterfully what they're trained to do is a hero as a result, that is, we've simply too many heroes for the title to be particularly meaningful any longer.", "\n\nContrast this with the case of Wesley Autrey, which Susan Neiman has drawn our attention to recently. ", "On the 2nd of January in 2007, Mr. Autrey jumped into the subway tracks at the 137th Street station in Harlem to save Cameron Hollopeter, who had fallen in as a result of a seizure, laying over him in between the tracks as the oncoming subway rolled over them. ", "For this, he was dubbed, among other things, the \"Hero of Harlem.\" ", "When asked to account for what motivated him to act as he did, however, he also avoided the language of heroism, as Sullenberger would two years later, saying simply, \"I don't feel like I did something spectacular; I just saw someone who needed help. ", "I did what I felt was right.\"", "\n\nAutrey was \"trained in the ideal of public service in the Navy,\" Neiman reminds us, as Sullenberger was in the Air Force, but \"more important, he led a quiet life of unusual responsibility, caring for the indigent and a large extended family.\" ", "Which is not to say that Sullenberger hadn't led such a life, only that such a life is less relevant to understanding Sullenberger's actions on his fateful day in January of 2009, than to understanding Autrey's two years earlier. ", "It's hard to imagine the former, that is, turning to his co-pilot, Jeff Skiles, and saying, \"I'm sitting this one out, so it's your call what to do,\" and not being judged unjust in the process. ", "The latter, on the other hand, if he'd turned to someone on the subway platform and spoken similarly, we might well be sorry for the sentiment, but we would not similarly condemn him. ", "To sit in a captain's chair is to accept certain obligations toward one's passengers, but simply to stand on a subway platform is to accept few, if any such obligations toward one's fellow commuters. ", "Autrey was not obligated to act, as Sullenberger was, but acts rather as a Samaritan, and not just a good one, but surely an _extraordinary_ one. ", "It's not for nothing that he's more widely known as the \"Subway Samaritan,\" and for precisely this reason he's also the Hero of Harlem. ", "Is Adam heroic in this sense?", "\n\nPerhaps tweaking the dialogue just a bit will help to answer this. ", "Remember the ending of the dispute scene? ", "That he's a \"beautiful fucking mystery\" to Hannah hits Adam like a truck, ultimately, figuratively _and_ literally. ", "As he's taken away by ambulance, he refuses to allow Hannah to come along, because, as he says, \"she's a monster.\" ", "Now, fast-forward a season. ", "In keeping with the intended \"intensity of rom-com endings,\" let's keep everything after \"I was always here\" as is. ", "But when Hannah calls in distress, instead of saying what he actually says, let's imagine Adam saying instead, \"Look, I still think you're a monster, and we're not getting back together, but you're in trouble, and I want to help, so stay right where you are, I'm coming to you.\" ", "Bringing him more in line with an Extraordinary Samaritan, the additional language would seem more clearly indicative then of Adam's heroism. ", "He _didn't_ say this, but _might_ he not have been thinking it, or thinking something like it?", "\n\nUnfortunately not if we also remember what's sandwiched in between \"I don't want to _help_ \" and \"I was doing it because I _love_ you.\" ", "There we find Adam's _reason_ , it seems, for why he _can't_ be doing the former and _must_ be doing the latter, which is, \"No one does _anything_ because they want to _help_.\" ", "But if _this_ were true, all that we'd be left with would be acts motivated by self-interest or instinct or compelled by love, which seems to leave us without heroes. ", "If only he'd said, \"We _rarely_ do _anything._ . . .\" ", "Maybe it's what he _meant_? ", "Maybe what he _says_ , he says as a bit of Millennial overstatement? ", "I for one am rooting for overstatement.1\n\n1 I'm grateful to Cait Callahan, my stalwart guide to all things Millennial, for the observation about Adam's behavior illustrated by the Cary Grant example, and to Deborah Greenwood for patiently helping me to understand the series as more than just a disheartening depiction of the generation. ", "I'm grateful to the volume editors for the question about Batman's motives and for their patience and assistance throughout the writing of this chapter. ", "Finally, I'm grateful to Erin Carlston and Carisa Showden for the Sully Sullenberger example and the helpful contrast it provides to Neiman's Autrey example, and for their patience and assistance in the late stages of the process. ", "None of them is responsible, though, for what I've done with their insights and encouragement.", "\n\nWhy _Girls_ Can't Be Spoiled\n\nRICHARD GREENE\n\nSPOILER ALERT: you may not want to read this chapter if you haven't watched _Star Wars, Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back_ , or the original _Planet of the Apes_ , or _Psycho_ , or _Murder on the Orient Express_ , or _Fight Club_ , or read the Harry Potter books. ", "But what about _Girls_? ", "Is it okay to read on, if you're not caught up on _Girls_? ", "Well, . . . ", "that remains to be determined. ", "Continue at your own peril!", "\n\nSpoilers have existed for as long as there have been things to spoil. ", "We can easily imagine some citizen of Athens in 429 B.C.E. leaving the Theater of Dionysus on the opening night of Sophocles's _Oedipus the King_ shouting \"OMG, Oedipus slept with his own mother!\" (", "or something along those lines).", "\n\nThe ethics of spoilers, however, has changed over time. ", "When I grew up in the 1960s my friends and I would race to be the one to reveal a spoiler to the entire group (though we didn't think of them as spoilers). ", "It was a kind of competition: \"Did you see _The Lone Ranger_ this week? ", "Tonto almost got shot!\" ", "No one would have dreamed of objecting upon hearing this news. ", "Nowadays, of course, we're expected to be sensitive to whether we're revealing a spoiler. ", "If you reveal a spoiler, the response might range anywhere from mild shock at the _faux pas_ to downright outrage or anger. ", "The revealing of spoilers is typically met with a cry of \"Spoiler alert!\" ", "which is intended to suggest that you should not have done so.", "\n\nAnd does anyone know why they now design trailers so that you can determine most or all of the major plot twists in a movie just by watching the trailer? ", "When at the cinema watching trailers, I'm occasionally overcome with an impulse to scream \"Spoiler alert!\" ", "for the duration of the trailer, just to save my fellow movie-goers from having movies spoiled for them.", "\n\nA cry of \"Spoiler alert!\" ", "can also be used humorously or ironically, in cases where it's clear that the \"spoiler\" in question is not a true spoiler. ", "Suppose that just prior to watching Adam's Broadway debut in George Bernard Shaw's _Major Barbara_ , Hannah were to say to Shoshanna that in the play \"Cusins is going to marry Barbara,\" it would hardly count as a legitimate spoiler as the plot of the play is very well known, and it is well over a hundred years old.", "\n\nMy son at age six loved to yell \"spoiler alert\" on airplanes as the flight attendants were giving their flight safety spiel (usually around the time they were discussing emergency evacuations in water). ", "This would always elicit a good laugh from the other passengers (except the very nervous ones who wondered whether he knew something).", "\n\nSo just what constitutes a spoiler?", "\n\nSomething's Rotten in Brooklyn\n\nWhat we need is a list of conditions for a legitimate spoiler to occur. ", "I'm using the term \"legitimate spoiler\" to distinguish those cases in which a spoiler was revealed and should not have been—the kind of spoiler that would yield the sort of moral disapproval described above—from a spoiler that rightly ought to be met with a \"So what?\" ", "For example, if my wife and I were discussing an episode of _Girls_ that she hadn't yet seen, and I were to report to her that Hannah wore a silly outfit, that would, I suppose, technically be a spoiler, but not one worthy of moral outrage. ", "Why? ", "Because, 1. ", "Hannah almost always wears silly clothing, and 2. ", "I'm not revealing something interesting about the story that was designed to arouse any sort of feeling of shock or surprise, or any of a number of similar responses in the viewing audience. ", "It would be as if I reported that Marnie spoke, and in doing so used some vowels.", "\n\nThe fact that Hannah _always_ wears silly clothing is relevant to whether or not my reporting it is a legitimate spoiler, but the timing of my reporting is also relevant. ", "Were I to tell my wife before she had seen _any_ episodes of _Girls_ things about the show, such as that Hannah always wears silly outfits, or that Adam is a bit of a sexual deviant, or that Shoshanna is obsessed with _Sex and the City_ , or that Ray is really blunt, then I at least run the risk of revealing a spoiler.", "\n\nThe term \"spoiler\" isn't just limited to plot twists. ", "Potentially anything important in a show can be spoiled. ", "One of my favorite moments from _Girls_ occurs in the episode \"Truth or Dare.\" ", "Hannah, Adam, and Shoshanna are on a road trip. ", "Hannah in a moment of frustration blurts out \"I'm just realizing that this road trip is not a metaphor. ", "It just isn't.\" ", "At the time it seemed like the most hilarious thing ever. ", "Had I known this line was coming, it might not have seemed so funny. ", "The moment would have been spoiled.", "\n\nLearning facts about the actors who play in movies and shows, can also, under certain circumstances, count as spoilers. ", "Suppose that you learn that Adam Driver, who plays Adam on _Girls_ is filming in Europe all summer, and that the entire fifth season of _Girls_ is being filmed entirely in New York City at the same time. ", "You could then conclude that Adam will not be featured in the fifth season. ", "This, I should think, would count as a major spoiler.", "\n\nYou might think that you can avoid revealing legitimate spoilers by not being too specific. ", "This's not true. ", "Sometimes it's enough to say something like \"There's a twist at the end\" to be guilty of revealing a spoiler. ", "Had I been thinking this all through _Fight Club_ , the surprise ending would have been ruined for me (as will be now for you, if you haven't already seen it).", "\n\nFinally, not every kind of entertainment can be legitimately spoiled. ", "For example, it seems okay to report that such and such a team won the World Series (hopefully it will be the San Francisco Giants again this year) immediately after it happens, or to report something that you saw on the news (for example, that _Girls_ has been picked up for another season, or that Lena Dunham won a bunch of awards again). ", "Spoilers are pretty much limited to fiction. ", "That said, if your friend tells you that she recorded the seventh game of the world series, and won't be watching it until later, it would be pretty rude to tell her the result before she watches it. ", "Use your best discretion here.", "\n\nHey, I Think This Cheese Is Old!", "\n\nSo let's start compiling our list of things that need to occur for something to be a legitimate spoiler. ", "You might think that you can't spoil something too old. ", "The fact that Shaw's play _Major Barbara_ is over one hundred years old is sufficient to rule it out as a candidate for being the source of legitimate spoilers. ", "This seems right. ", "The idea is that folks have some responsibility to see things in a timely manner, during which they should not be subjected to spoilers, but after enough time has passed, then it's okay to discuss things. ", "Suppose that Shosh and Jessa are having a conversation about an episode of _The Mary Tyler Moore Show_ (perhaps the one in which Mary dates Chuckles the Clown), which aired in the 1970s. ", "Certainly, Shosh could not be criticized for bringing the show up, or mentioning details about the show, even if Jessa had never seen the episode under consideration. ", "To deny this would be to maintain that you can never discuss anything that your audience has never seen (unless it were a matter of emergency, or were essential that you do so for some reason). ", "This, of course, would be absurd. ", "Things that are old enough are fair game.", "\n\nWhat constitutes old enough? ", "This is a tricky issue. ", "Currently, in the United States, if you miss a television program when it first airs, or a movie when it is first in the Theaters, there are opportunities to see the show or the movie right away. ", "Movies are often available for download or are released on Blu-ray within weeks of their theatrical release date. ", "Television programs, such as _Girls_ , are available on HBO GO and Amazon Instant Video, often within hours of being aired. ", "Both movies and television programs end up on Netflix within months of being released or first aired. ", "On the other hand, you might have to wait months or even years to catch a new Broadway show.", "\n\nSo, we're not going to be able to cash out what \"old enough\" means in terms of a specific amount of time, as that will vary from medium to medium, as well as place to place (most US-made movies are released in Europe after their US release date, and are released in Africa, Asia, and South America even later). ", "So we'll have to adopt a standard of what seems reasonable given the medium, and the type of program it is (we should also keep in mind that some folks prefer to watch an entire series at once and may wait until the series had had its run, and the entirety is available in digital format). ", "Here it's best to err on the side of caution. ", "At the time of this writing it's probably still too soon to discuss the details of the final episode of _Breaking Bad_ with someone who hasn't seen it. ", "By contrast, certainly there can be no prohibition on discussing the final episode of _Seinfeld_ , even though it contains many things that would have been considered spoilers at the time (for example, the fact that the four main friends—Jerry, George, Elaine, and Kramer—all ended up in jail together).", "\n\nSo the reasonable time standard sounds good, but there is a worry. ", "It's been nearly forty years since _Star Wars_ first appeared on screen. ", "Suppose that Ray (I choose Ray for this example because he's the character on the show most likely to do such a thing) went in to a kindergarten classroom at PS 235 in Brooklyn and announced that Darth Vader is Luke Skywalker's father. ", "This, I think, would be unacceptable. ", "There are two ways of capturing this intuition. ", "The first is to hold that the children are too young to be expected to have already seen _Star Wars Episode V_ , and hence the reasonable amount of time standard still applies. ", "This is not an entirely happy response, because I also have the strong intuition that Ray would be remiss were he to tell Adam or Marnie or anyone else who had never seen _Star Wars Episode V_ that Darth Vader is Luke's father.", "\n\nThe other (and preferable) way of capturing the intuition that it's unacceptable for Ray to reveal that Darth is Luke's father is to hold that some spoilers never expire. ", "Some plot twists rise to the level being so significant (or the shows, movies, plays, and books to which they belong are so significant), that they should never be revealed. ", "Alongside Darth is Luke's Father on the Mount Olympus of spoilers we also find:\n\n• **Snape killed Dumbledore! (", "And Dumbledore wanted Snape to kill him!)**", "\n\n• **Norman Bates is \"Mother\"!**", "\n\n• **Dorothy's trip to Oz was all a dream!**", "\n\n• **All the passengers on the Orient Express conspired together to commit the murder!**", "\n\n• **Soylent Green is people! (", "related: _To Serve Man_ is a cookbook!)**", "\n\nAnd finally, what many consider to be the greatest spoiler of them all,\n\n• **The Planet of the Apes is really Earth!**", "\n\nPerhaps the best way to put it is that even if someone has not seen these programs or movies, and even if they might never see them, they ought to. ", "That is sufficient to require that they never be spoiled. ", "Moreover, people who have not seen these shows or movies or read these books do not deserve to know these spoilers. ", "So these few _bona fide_ counterexamples to our reasonable time requirement don't cause enough worry for the requirement to be jettisoned.", "\n\nDidn't We Already Have This Soup Last Week?", "\n\nSo what shall we next add to our list of requirements for something to be a legitimate spoiler? ", "One thing that stands to reason is that you can't spoil something if people are already aware of it. ", "So a legitimate spoiler must be something that is not common knowledge. ", "Suppose, for example, that on our way to see the film _Pompeii_ (that's right, I was one of the thirty or so people who actually saw this movie in the theater), I tell my wife that there will be a volcanic eruption in the film. ", "Certainly this would not count as a spoiler, as it is virtually certain that my wife knows that the movie _Pompeii_ will be about the eruption of Vesuvius. ", "Historical events have a propensity to be common knowledge. ", "Even if my wife didn't happen to know that there would be a volcano in _Pompeii_ , the fact that it is commonly known is sufficient to rule it out as a legitimate spoiler.", "\n\nAgain, we may employ a \"reasonability\" standard—this time a \"reasonable person\" standard. ", "If it's reasonable to suppose that a reasonable person might know something, that's enough to conclude that telling them that thing can't count as revealing a legitimate spoiler. ", "You can't reveal a spoiler about _The Tudors_ by blurting out that Anne Boleyn gets beheaded, nor can you spoil _Apollo 13_ by stating that they will say \"Houston, we have a problem,\" nor the _Titanic_ movie by saying \"The ship hits an iceberg and sinks!\"", "\n\nIt's not only historical events that count as common knowledge for our purposes. ", "Suppose that Adam feels romantic and takes Hannah to a new film version of _Romeo and Juliet_. ", "Since it's common knowledge that both titular characters die in the end, Adam could comment on this without revealing a spoiler. ", "So both historical fiction, such as _Pompeii_ , and well-known works of fiction, such as _Romeo and Juliet_ , are essentially spoiler-proof (or at least the parts of them that count as common knowledge are).", "\n\nHistorical fiction poses an interesting case. ", "It seems clear that revealing historical events, such as Anne Boleyn gets beheaded in _The Tudors_ , does not count as a spoiler. ", "But what about less well-known events? _", "Boardwalk Empire_ , for instance, is based loosely on real historical characters that were in and around Atlantic City during prohibition. ", "The show's main character, Nucky Thompson, is based on real-life Atlantic City politician and mobster, Nucky Johnson. ", "Facts about the life of Nucky Johnson, in contrast to Anne Boleyn, are not so well known. ", "It seems that if someone were to assert that Nucky Johnson went to prison in 1941, and did so just before the show was to portray events as occurring in 1941, then a spoiler would have been revealed. ", "The relevant criterion, again, is whether something counts as common knowledge. ", "In turn, whether something counts as common knowledge, can vary from group to group. ", "Folks my age tend to know more things about the cold war than do millennials, so my mentioning something about the cold war to one of my peers when discussing, say, _Apollo 13_ , may not constitute a spoiler, but Jessa making the same statement to Hannah, might. ", "We can easily imagine similar examples, not based on age, but based on geographic factors, political affiliation, the kind of work we do, and so forth. ", "The bottom line here is that you probably ought to use your discretion, and err on the side of caution. ", "It's the polite thing to do.", "\n\nSparing the Rod\n\nWe now have two necessary conditions for something to be considered a legitimate spoiler: 1. ", "the thing being spoiled cannot be too old (with a few exceptions, as we've seen), and 2. ", "the thing being spoiled can't be considered common knowledge. ", "Are these conditions enough? ", "Suppose that I report, to someone who had not yet seen the episode, that in the Season Three finale of _Girls_ Marnie casually mentions to Ray that she left her phone at her apartment. ", "Since the episode aired just a few weeks prior to this being written, and it's not common knowledge, both of our necessary conditions for something being a legitimate spoiler are met, and yet still it doesn't have the feel of being a legitimate spoiler. ", "Nothing was spoiled. ", "It's akin to finding out that your birthday present was wrapped (assuming you knew you weren't getting something non-wrappable, such as a trip, or eleven favors on demand, or a divorce); knowing that the present was wrapped does not ruin the surprise.", "\n\nThis presents a natural third condition—one that we've already hinted at. ", "In order for you to reveal a legitimate spoiler you must be revealing something significant, and not merely mundane. ", "Some surprise must be ruined, or a plot twist exposed, or a moment diminished (as in the example from above where a funny line from _Girls_ might not have seemed so funny had I heard it in advance). ", "Darth saying \"Luke, I am your father\" is a moment in a movie that can easily be spoiled. ", "Shoshanna saying \"I think it's time to unchoose some of those choices\" is not.", "\n\nI Make the Good _Girls_ Go Bad\n\nWe now have enough to go on to answer our titular question: can _Girls_ be spoiled? ", "The answer is a heavily qualified \"yes,\" but not in the traditional ways. _", "Girls_ , at least at the time of this writing, meets our first two conditions for legitimate spoiling. ", "The show is somewhere in the middle of its run, so it's fairly recent, and, for the most part, there is nothing in the show that is common knowledge (aside from a few mundane facts, such as Brooklyn is in New York, and brownstones are nice). ", "So the critical condition for our purposes is the third one: the requirement that the thing being spoiled is significant.", "\n\n_Girls_ is a drama with the customary story arcs, plot twists and turns, and events in the lives of the main characters that are critical and, at times, even transformative. ", "So it would appear to be ripe for spoiling, and yet, arguably, it isn't. _", "Girls_ is a show about its characters, and their various predicaments, existential crises, and myriad struggles. ", "The plot twists are merely incidental; they are a backdrop for the brilliant conversations, emotional meltdowns, and (intentionally) stupid observations of the main characters (Hannah, in particular).", "\n\nConsider the main plot line of the show: Hannah and Adam's relationship. ", "While we never know what will happen next with Hannah and Adam (they break up and get back together with great frequency), there's never any suspense about it. ", "Whatever happens next is just whatever happens next. ", "Knowing in advance that Hannah and Adam break up in a particular episode doesn't diminish the experience of watching the show.", "\n\nWe can contrast the presentation of the Hannah-Adam relationship with any number of television relationships that are played very differently. ", "Consider, for example, Ross and Rachel, or Sam and Diane, or Buffy and Angel, or Buffy and Spike, or Ted and Robin. ", "This list goes on and on. ", "In each case people tuned in weekly to find out whether they would finally get together, or break up, or get back together, and so forth. ", "People \"ship\" these characters. ", "Alternatively, no one \"ships\" Hannah and Adam. ", "The same holds true for Ray and Marnie, Ray and Shoshanna, Charlie and Marnie, and Jessa and Thomas-John. ", "It is to the credit of _Girls_ that relationships on this show are more than manipulative plot devices designed to coerce us into tuning in one more time.", "\n\nThe same applies to plot turns on _Girls_ that don't involve relationships. ", "For example, it's a major development for Adam's character that he goes from kinda likeable, yet still pervy, loser in Season One, to a Broadway actor who constitutes the closest thing the show has to a moral center by the end of Season Three, and yet if we knew in advance that these sorts of changes were going to occur, our viewing experience wouldn't be diminished. ", "Again, the plot twists and turns of _Girls_ are nothing more than opportunities for what the show's writers and producers really want to express: what it's like to be a millennial in New York City.", "\n\nSo, in the conventional sense, it's not possible to legitimately spoil _Girls_. ", "There is one sense, however, in which it possible to spoil _Girls_ , and that's by revealing the delightfully hilarious lines from the show. ", "I'm tempted to reveal my very favorite line from the show, but I don't want to spoil it for you, so instead I'll just say this:\n\nYes Hannah, I do want you to eat all the foods!", "\nII\n\nAm I seriously the only one of us who prides herself on being a truly authentic person?", "\n\nWhat _Girls_ Teaches Us about Millennials and the Meaning of Life\n\nKIMBERLY BLESSING (GENXER) AND SAMANTHA WEZOWICZ (MILLENNIAL)\n\nImagine a group of girls. ", "They are white, privileged, narcissistic, slackers living in Brooklyn. ", "They're facing cliché-ridden problems: sex, STDs, abortions, smothering boyfriends, gay boyfriends, drugs, being broke, careers, body image, and friendship. ", "They include: an aspiring writer; a Bohemian nomad; a perky innocent; and a pretty-girl. ", "What could these flawed anti-heroines tell us about life's meaning?", "\n\nThere are some things, such as graduating from Oberlin, that are more meaningful than others, like winning a game of pool. ", "Meaningfulness, which varies and comes in degrees, is something that only applies to human life, ordinary or extraordinary. ", "When we do consider human lives we might consider the whole life: Is Mother Teresa's life more or less meaningful than Hannah's? ", "Or some part of that life, including an individual action or set of actions, project, or endeavor: Did the casual sex Jessa had with her former boyfriend (which poor Shoshanna was forced to witness) make Jessa's life more or less meaningful?", "\n\nBeing Stuck in My Own Head Is So Exhausting that It Makes Me Want to Cry\n\nSocrates famously proclaimed that \"The unexamined life is not worth living.\" ", "In _Girls_ there is a lot of self-analysis and navel-gazing. ", "Not so much self-examination. ", "Self-examination as Socrates meant it requires that you ask yourself whether or not your life is good or noble—one that's worthy of esteem or admiration. ", "If you can answer \"Yes,\" this might be one indication that your life is meaningful.", "\n\nReligious folks, along with others who believe that human life is sacred or intrinsically valuable, would agree to disagree with Socrates. ", "For even if your life is lacking meaning, it doesn't necessarily follow that you should end it now. ", "Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862) reminds us that masses of people \"lead lives of quiet desperation.\" ", "But just because these desperate people might not end up doing something admirable and meaningful with their lives, doesn't mean their lives are not still worth living.", "\n\nLots of folks believe that being goal-driven, or purposeful, is necessary for meaningfulness. ", "Evangelical pastor Rick Warren's self-help book, _The Purpose-Driven Life_ (2002), which argues that meaning can be found by knowing God's plan for us here on Earth, is the second most translated book after the Bible. ", "As of 2012 its English edition had sold over thirty million copies, which is a little less than the population of Canada. ", "If we took God out of the picture, would any other plan suffice? ", "Hitler realized a plan that was morally evil. ", "Moreover lots of people have plans for their lives that are _non_ -moral, like achieving greatness in the arts, intellect, or athletics.", "\n\nIt's All Hannah, All the Time\n\nOf all the characters on the show Hannah is the most purposeful or goal-driven. ", "She very clearly wants to become a writer: \"I think I may be the voice of my generation. ", "Or at least, _a_ voice of _a_ generation.\" ", "Moreover Hannah wants to become a _successful_ writer. ", "Simply writing in her journal or starting a blog won't be enough to satisfy Hannah. ", "Something like getting her e-book released would be a step in the right direction.", "\n\nThroughout the first two seasons we see that Hannah is willing to do anything to be a successful writer. ", "Even her mother, a professor living up in East Lansing, Michigan said \"I cut her off so she'd have something to write about.\" ", "To provide material for her writing, Hannah deliberately seeks outrageous experiences—snorting coke or joyfully letting it all hang out in a fishnet tee \"It's Wednesday night baby, and I'm alive.\" ", "At times she even manufactures events in order to have something to write about.", "\n\nIt's often the case, however, that Hannah ends up disappointing herself and others. ", "This is because she can't find real value or meaning in what she's doing, real or manufactured. ", "What's worse is that she harms others, mostly her friends and family, for \"the sake of art.\" ", "In Season One, Adam expresses the pain Hannah has caused him: \"You don't want to know me. ", "You want to come over in the night and have me fuck the dog shit out of you and then leave and write about it in your diary\" (\"Hard Being Easy\"). ", "Two seasons later, Hannah appears to be experiencing growth. ", "Hannah and Adam are in the tub talking about Hannah's fear of Adam leaving her because of his newfound happiness.", "\n\n**A DAM:** Are you upset I'm doing the play?", "\n\n**H ANNAH:** No. ", "No. ", "I'm so happy you're doing what makes you happy because I love you and you're the only person I've ever loved and you're the only person I wanna love, so . . .", "\n\n**A DAM:** Well, ditto. (\"", "Incidentals\")\n\nStill, there are shocking displays of Hannah's emotional callousness and indifference, such as when she learns of the death of her publisher. ", "All she cares about is whether or not her e-book will still get published. \"", "It's just crazy that you don't know the depth of someone's power until their funeral. ", "It's so sad.\"", "\n\nFrom Greek mythology, Narcissus was the one who looked into a pool of water and fell in love with his own image. ", "Hannah's biggest character flaw, as with many other characters in _Girls_ , is her selfishness and narcissism. ", "Both are evidenced in her relentless pursuit of her noble, non-moral goal of being a writer. ", "Hannah's neighbor Laird, a recovering heroin addict, gets it. \"", "You are the most self-involved, presumptuous person I've ever met.\" ", "Her gay ex-lover Elijah, who gave Hannah an STD and slept with Hannah's best friend Marnie, agrees, \"We're just all living in Hannah's world! ", "And it's all Hannah Hannah Hannah, all the time.\" ", "Even sweet Shoshana has a breaking point.", "\n\n**S HOSHANNA:** I'm talking about the fact that you're a fucking narcissist. ", "Seriously, I have never met anyone else who thinks their own life is so fucking fascinating. ", "I wanted to fall asleep in my own vomit all day listening to talk about how you bruise more easily than other people.", "\n\n**H ANNAH:** Are you serious?", "\n\n**S HOSHANNA:** Mm-hmm.", "\n\n**H ANNAH:** Okay, well, people have been calling me a narcissist since I was three, so it doesn't really upset me. ", "You've gotta choose something more creative.", "\n\nIs That All There Is?", "\n\nBy Season Three, Hannah is closer to realizing her goal of being a successful writer. ", "But even if achieving our goals improves our welfare, this is only one aspect of human welfare. ", "Other things bring meaning to our lives, such as having healthy interpersonal relationships with family and friends. ", "Moreover, if meaningfulness is to be found in terms of achievement, what happens once this is accomplished?", "\n\nIn an ancient myth, Sisyphus is condemned by the gods to roll a boulder up a mountain only to have it come back down every time he gets to the top of the mountain. ", "How could such a pointless existence be considered meaningful? ", "Let's imagine that Sisyphus was permitted to roll many rocks up the mountain, with the goal of creating a beautiful temple. ", "Once he has completed his task, he sits back to admire his temple. ", "But then there would be nothing left. ", "Only infinite boredom (Taylor, _Good and Evil_ , Chapter 18).", "\n\nSo, it can't be achievement alone that will make a life meaningful. ", "This is because achievements are temporary. ", "Once a goal has been realized, such as graduating from college, we set new goals like getting a job. ", "Then getting married. ", "Then having children. ", "And so on. ", "Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910) was a more accomplished writer than Hannah could ever hope to be. ", "Yet he didn't find meaning in his accomplishments. ", "This is the guy who wrote _War and Peace_! ", "Instead Tolstoy worried that if it all comes to nothing in the end—if nothing is permanent or lasts forever—then how could anything, including a very significant accomplishment, be meaningful? (", "Tolstoy, \"My Confession\").", "\n\nI'm an Individual and I Feel How I Feel when I Feel It\n\nUnlike Hannah, Jessa seems indifferent to success or accomplishment. \"", "All that matters are that your rising signs are compatible, the sex is decent, and he supports you creatively.\" ", "Jessa is a free spirit, a Bohemian world-traveler who acts spontaneously, often recklessly, in her quest to \"suck the marrow out of life.\" ", "Marnie asks, \"Since when is Jessa even a drug addict?\" ", "Hannah responds, \"She's really just a life addict.\"", "\n\nThis life addict is motivated by getting high, be it life, cocaine, or self-destructive behavior. \"", "I am going to look fifty when I'm thirty. ", "I'm going to be so fucking fat, like Nico, and you know why? ", "It's because I am going to be full of experience\" (\"It's A Shame about Ray\")! ", "Just like Hannah, there is not a line that Jessa won't cross in her unapologetic search for the next hit. ", "Jessa's pursuit of pleasure prevents her from holding down a job. \"", "You know what the weirdest part about having a job is? ", "You have to be there every day, even on the days you don't feel like it.\" ", "She is also easily bored. \"", "I'm attracted to everyone when I first meet them. ", "And then it wears off. ", "It always wears off.\"", "\n\nAs Jessa's ex-babysitter employer Katherine is watching Jessa self-destruct, she assumes a motherly role, which Jessa is desperately lacking. \"", "You're doing it [sleeping with unavailable men] to distract yourself from the person you are meant to be.\" ", "Katherine has the courage to tell Jessa what she does not want to hear: eventually Jessa is going to have to emotionally connect with someone. ", "In response to this advice Jessa did the most adult-thing she could come up with. ", "Get hitched. ", "She marries a virtual stranger, the unbelievably smarmy venture-capitalist Thomas-John, which comes as a huge surprise to her friends. ", "Jessa explains she admires Thomas-John for everything he doesn't know about. ", "Of course the marriage is doomed, and Jessa eventually walks out. ", "But not until she swindles her husband out of thousands of dollars just to get her to leave. ", "She also manipulates her grandmother into giving her money, but only if Jessa promises to go to rehab. ", "Spoiler alert! ", "Jessa eventually gets kicked out, this time for sleeping with another girl.", "\n\nFree to Do What I Want\n\nUnlike Hannah (and many of the other girls and boys on the show) Jessa thinks she has it all figured out. ", "The pseudo-feminist who is in control of her own destiny, writing her own rules, making her own choices. \"", "I'm offended by all of the supposed to's. ", "I don't like women telling other women what to do or how to do it or when to do it.\" ", "Perhaps Jessa read a little Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) while she was attending Oberlin College. (", "Of course she dropped out.) ", "Nietzsche thinks meaning arises from the creative, passionate _process_ of an activity, not by achieving goals. ", "Nietzsche also believes that to live meaningfully in a world of chaos, we have to accept that we are fragile beings and that everything is contingent. ", "If you accept this line of thinking, and live in the moment with passion simply for what it is, as if you could repeat the same exact moment for eternity, then life can be meaningful (Belliotti, _What Is the Meaning of Human Life?_ , ", "pp. ", "36–45).", "\n\nJust like Hannah, Jessa is a narcissist. ", "Just like Hannah, this character flaw creates a distance between Jessa and people she cares about, whom Jessa mistreats and takes for granted. ", "At the end of Season Two, there's a very poignant scene in which Hannah is suffering from a resurgence of her OCD, which, among other things, leads her to rupture her eardrums and cut off all of her hair. ", "In desperation, Hannah calls her friend Jessa and gets her voicemail. \"", "You've reached Jessa. ", "I would never listen to a voicemail. ", "But if you insist on trying . . .\" ", "We watch Hannah slowing falling apart as she leaves the following message for her deadbeat friend Jessa:\n\nYou fucker. ", "Are you kidding me? ", "Where did you go?", "\n\n[ _Begins Crying_.]", "\n\nAnd who am I supposed to talk to if you won't answer your fucking phone? ", "That anorexic Marnie? ", "I mean Shoshanna? ", "Or my stalker ex-boyfriend? ", "None of them want to talk to me [ _screaming into the phone_ ] and I don't blame them. ", "Because I cut off all my fucking hair!", "\n\n[ _Voice is cracking_ ]\n\nAnd now you're out somewhere, living it up, wearing a crop top.", "\n\n[ _Screaming_ ]\n\nYou probably got your vagina pierced. ", "You're not answering your phone and you're forgetting about _everyone_ who's fucking it up here. ", "So I hope you're having a GREAT time!", "\n\n[ _Screams_ ]\n\nLOVE YOU!", "\n\n[ _Hangs up_ ]\n\nAs the series unfolds we come to see that Jessa's reckless pursuit of freedom hardly ever results in her taking responsibility for her actions, be it her various sexcapades with unavailable men, or stealing money from her employer to buy cocaine. ", "Like any good hedonist, Jessa only cares about the next high.", "\n\nFollow Your Bliss\n\nJessa's and Hannah's attitudes and actions illustrate a subjectivist viewpoint about meaning. ", "Subjectivists believe that meaningfulness depends on the subject. ", "For Hannah, meaningfulness depends on realizing her goals, no matter the consequences. ", "For Jessa, meaningfulness depends on the satisfaction of her desires, consequences be damned. ", "Returning to the Myth of Sisyphus let's imagine that the gods took pity and injected Sisyphus with a drug that gave him the desire to roll rocks up a hill only to have them fall down again. ", "The pointless nature of his existence remains the same, but now Sisyphus _wants_ to do this. ", "The fact that he is following through on what he wants or desires makes this pointless task meaningful (Taylor, _Good and Evil_ , Chapter 18).", "\n\nAdvocates of meaningfulness in terms of desire-satisfaction, which is a very popular theory about meaningfulness, argue that we can find meaning in life or activities if we are passionately interested or invested in them. ", "Accordingly it is up to you, the individual subject, to discover what is in your nature to do, which will be different for each life or subject. \"", "Yeah, but you know what, Adam? ", "I don't _want_ to do it. ", "And it's really liberating to say no to shit you hate. ", "So you can go ahead. [ _", "Yells_ ] _You live your truth. ", "I'll be here living my truth_.\"", "\n\nOnce you find your passion, you will find meaning in your life. ", "In other words, you can find anything meaningful because it is up to you, the subject, to invest your lives and actions with meaning.", "\n\nThe Excrement-Eating Fool\n\nWhat if we were to compare a world-class pianist to an excrement-eater? ", "Imagine they are both grinning widely. ", "No matter how great his passion, no matter how big his grin as he spoons it down, the excrement eater should be an object of pity rather than envy, argues Erik Wielenberg. ", "Thus meaning-objectivists argue that there are some things—no matter how deep your investment or lively your passion—that would never be considered meaningful. ", "Who wants to eat _shite_?", "\n\nEating excrement is an extreme example. ", "It might be that none of the characters on _Girls_ are passionate about something that is so, how shall we say, distasteful. ", "But we do see that both Hannah and Jessa engage in behaviors that are reckless (such as casual sex and drug use) and just plain wrong (lying, stealing, using or abusing friends and family). ", "If you don't have an overarching structure or theory of meaningfulness, a meaningful life reduces to nothing more than an engaged life in which you are committed to certain projects you make your own, regardless of the moral status of the projects (Cottingham, _On the Meaning of Life_ ). ", "It wouldn't matter that Hannah-the-writer is a selfish friend and lover. ", "Or that Jessa-the-free-spirit lies to get what she wants.", "\n\nSome people who believe that meaningfulness is objective, not subjective, claim that religion can provide such an overarching structure or theory. ", "From a religious point of view humans will find fulfillment in lives and projects that are morally good. ", "It's not that religion provides life with purpose and fulfillment that matters, because this could be accomplished from a subjectivist or atheistic point of view. ", "Instead religion does guarantee that you will find your purpose and fulfillment in something which is inherently good. ", "Subjectivists (like Nietzsche or Taylor) can't guarantee that whatever choices you make will be morally good choices, however purposeful and passionate you may be.", "\n\nReligious folks believe in the power of goodness, a kind of \"cosmic optimism.\" ", "It's not glass-half-full-turn-that-frown-upside-down kind of optimism. ", "It's that you have trust and confidence that even in the darkest moments of suffering and sorrow it all means something in the end. ", "People who believe that meaning is purely subjective have to bite the bullet and admit that against all your best efforts towards living meaningfully, you could end up being cosmically screwed!", "\n\nLoving That Which Is Worthy of Being Loved\n\nThat may all be well and good, but some readers are not religious. ", "In fact religion never comes up on _Girls_ , which might reflect the fact that the majority of Millennials don't identify themselves as religious. ", "Susan Wolf's theory, presented in her book _Meaning in Life and Why It Matters_ , is compatible with a religious point of view, but she herself rejects that point of view as implausible.", "\n\nWolf argues that meaningfulness requires a subjective as well as an objective element: \"Meaning arises when subjective attraction meets objective attractiveness\" (p. 9). ", "This hybrid view is expressed in a pithy slogan: meaningfulness amounts to \"loving objects that are worthy of love\" (8). ", "Wolf thinks that meaningfulness requires an objective component because she believes that there are certain projects and not others that are \"fitting for fulfillment,\" or worthy of love. ", "No human being should be fulfilled eating excrement. ", "Moreover being fulfilled or satisfied isn't all there is to meaningfulness. ", "For it also matters what _kinds_ of actions and projects you choose.", "\n\nIt may sound as if Wolf wants to have her cake and eat it too. ", "But her hybrid theory of meaningfulness presents one way to examine our lives and actions. ", "Love, which requires both subject and object, plays a central role in Wolf's theory. ", "Does Jessa (subject) love Thomas-John? ", "Is Thomas-John (object) lovable? ", "Does Hannah (subject) love working at Café Grumpy? ", "Is this job (object) worthy of her love, given her talents and abilities? ", "If Jessa or Hannah would answer \"no\" to one or both of these questions, then it may help to explain why the relationship or job in question lacks meaning.", "\n\nExamined Living\n\nIt seems safe to conclude that Hannah's and Jessa's lives are not as meaningful as they could be. ", "The lack of meaning in their lives probably has a lot to do with the fact that neither of them is living an examined life. ", "Because Hannah and Jessa are so self-absorbed, they spend a lot of time analyzing themselves and their actions. ", "This is not the same thing as critical examination.", "\n\nExamined living is not about mere desire-satisfaction or the pursuit of pleasure. ", "Instead examined living is not always easy or pleasant. ", "Among other things, it requires sacrifice, facing fears, acting with courage, being vulnerable, exercising restraint. ", "And examined living isn't about trying to \"become who you are,\" as if there will be one magical moment in time when you \"arrive.\" ", "Instead examined living is ongoing. ", "It's a life-long process.", "\n\nThis kind of life isn't simply about accomplishments or achievements. ", "But that doesn't mean that you can't have definite goals and live purposefully. ", "It's okay to want to succeed. ", "One of the tricks is to make sure that your goals reflect your desires, and that you approach them with passion. ", "You have to be authentic.", "\n\nBeing Your True Self\n\nExamined living makes it possible to live authentically. ", "Authentic living requires that you choose actions that endorse your own goals. ", "Your goals reflect your unique situation (desperate or otherwise). ", "In _Justice for Hedgehogs_ , Ronald Dworkin says that you need to accept a \"special, personal responsibility for identifying what counts as success\" in your own life. _", "You_ are then responsible for creating that life \"through a coherent narrative.\" ", "An authentic life is not something that's given to you. ", "You have to _create_ it for yourself.", "\n\nCrafting a life narrative—your story—will help to unify your various life projects and goals. ", "It will also help you to achieve \"conscious consistency\" in your life and social interactions. \"", "Conscious consistency\" just means that you are always aware of and working on your narrative. ", "Like any good story or narrative, events, plot, and characters don't just come together by chance or accident. ", "The author has to thoughtfully put all these parts together in a way that makes sense, or has meaning.", "\n\nThe most important aspect of authenticity requires that you assume responsibility for yourself _and_ for the consequences that your freely chosen actions have on others. ", "To do otherwise is to be inauthentic, or as Jean-Paul Sartre puts it, to live in \"bad faith.\" ", "In _Existentialism Is a Humanism_ , Sartre claims that \"bad faith\" is a form of \"self-deception,\" or a lie that is fueled by a person's ego. ", "This lie that you tell yourself involves ignoring the freedom you have to be authentic or to change.", "\n\nHannah and Jessa lack authenticity. ", "Jessa presents herself to the world as a tough, independent, carefree emotional nomad. ", "We come to realize that this is merely a persona that Jessa has created because of her inability to emotionally connect with other human beings. ", "This purposeless persona is not her true self. ", "Hannah thinks she is authentic. \"", "Am I seriously the only one of us who prides herself on being a truly authentic person?\" ", "But hers is a phony narrative. ", "While Jessa manufactures a persona as a shield against experiencing reality, Hannah manufactures events to provide her writing material. ", "Both are recipes for disaster.", "\n\nWhat This All Means for Millennials, Written by a Millennial\n\nFor as long as we can remember we were told that if we are going to amount to anything, we \"need to go to college.\" ", "During our four (or six or so) years in college we accumulate massive amounts of debt. ", "Diplomas in hand, we're released into the \"real world.\" ", "In a depressed economy that offers us few jobs and opportunities we're expected to support ourselves financially.", "\n\nGrowing up, we were told \"you are special\" by our teachers and parents who grew up watching _Mr. Rogers_. ", "We were encouraged to \"follow our dreams.\" \"", "Be yourself.\" ", "Every step of the way we were celebrated—getting awards for simply showing up. ", "However, despite all the praise from our teachers and parents who encouraged us to become confident and successful individuals, we became resentful of the whole system. ", "We redefined \"success.\" ", "We crave new and different experiences.", "\n\nWe grew up watching _The Real World,_ and listening to Snoop Dogg tell us to \"Drop It Like It's Hot.\" (", "My co-author has no idea what this means.) ", "Internet celebrities taught us that it doesn't take much to become famous, if not rich. ", "We began tinkering with, in some cases exploiting, our identities through Facebook. ", "We make ourselves feel good relative to the number of people who follow us on Twitter. ", "Ubiquitous exposure to technology changed how we socialize and what we value. ", "Friends are like family. ", "Hooking-up is the norm. ", "Drinking and drugs are considered \"recreation.\" ", "And we have nothing to regret. ", "YOLO. (", "Again, she has no idea what I'm talking about.)", "\n\nUnfortunately Hannah and Jessa represent a large segment of Millennials. ", "Sad to say, I know some of these girls. ", "Fortunately, however, Hannah is only _a_ voice who doesn't speak for an entire generation.1 Some of us are different. ", "We are striving to live examined lives. ", "We care about authenticity. ", "We take responsibility for our actions, and care about how our words and actions affect others.", "\n\nLook, I'm not saying I've got this all figured out. ", "I'm far from perfect. ", "But when I am on my deathbed I want to be able to look back and think my life was worthwhile. ", "Hannah says, \"I just hope when I die that I don't see it coming. ", "I hope I'm already dead and then five minutes later I'm like what the fuck? ", "What just happened?\"", "\n\nI doubt that death comes that quickly or easily. ", "Instead most of us will have time to ask, \"Was mine a good and noble life—worthy of esteem and admiration?\" \"", "Was my life meaningful?\" ", "I'm not sure that Hannah and Jessa would be able to answer \"yes.\" ", "Sadly, I don't think they even care.", "\n\n1 My co-author wants me to point out that she agrees that these characters in _Girls_ don't seem to reflect most of the young women whom she gets to know through her teaching.", "\n\nJessa the Existentialist\n\nCHELSI BARNARD ARCHIBALD\n\nJessa Johannson does not allow the mandates of society to guide her experience, but lives authentically in the moment, no matter the consequences. ", "She embraces the absurd and continuously accepts the meaninglessness of life.", "\n\nJessa embodies the ideal preached by the existentialist writer Søren Kierkegaard. ", "Kierkegaard believed that an individual is solely responsible for bringing meaning to their life and living it as authentically as possible. ", "With passion, sincerity, and above all authenticity, the individual creates values through complete consciousness.", "\n\nWhere most women would be emotionally affected by the decision to get an abortion, Jessa doesn't seem to see the situation as inherently good or inherently bad. ", "Her relationship to her parents is static, emotionless, and arbitrary. ", "It is a systematic traditional connection only perpetuated by society. ", "More significantly, Jessa is a perfect example of what existentialists call \"facticity,\" in that she does not blame her past for her choices, even though it's often implied throughout the series that Jessa has had a rough background and many \"experiences\" as she often refers to them.", "\n\nJessa's ability to stay personally driven and integrally subjective, embracing as the existentialist Albert Camus puts it, the \"devastating awareness\" of the meaninglessness of life, and then living it honestly, is how Jessa is able to survive the seemingly difficult environment of her early twenties, amidst societal expectations and the pressures of personal fulfillment.", "\n\nAn Authentic Life\n\nThe decision to have an abortion is something that remains highly controversial for most individuals in society. ", "But the cleverness of the show's writing provided viewers with their first introduction to Jessa's character through this very fitting act. ", "Only Jessa could take on such a thing in a perfectly subjective way, something crucial within the existential philosophy. ", "To remain subjective, an individual guides her own experience without any influence or pressure from society. ", "This is what constitutes an authentic life. ", "This attitude sets Jessa up as the quintessential existentialist of the show.", "\n\nViewers are introduced to her by way of her younger, more worry-driven and anxiety-ridden American cousin, Shoshanna. ", "It's implied that Jessa has arrived from months of travel in Europe, something frequent in her life. ", "Shoshanna is enamored with the idea that Jessa doesn't even have a Facebook account, a thought that seems nearly impossible by today's popular youth standards.", "\n\nWe get the sense that Jessa is a nomad and tends not to stay long in one area. ", "This is so evident that when she is first introduced viewers are never sure whether she's a main character of the show or someone who might come and go throughout various episodes. ", "Both of these assumptions hold true. ", "Jessa is indeed a main character, but the very essence of her spirit is to remain in action, mobile, and unable to be placed within a specific construct. ", "There are large blocks of time in the series where Jessa is nowhere to be found and characters like Hannah speak of her as though she were a ghost.", "\n\nThe biological father of the fetus is never identified, but this remains unimportant. ", "What is important is the reaction Jessa has to getting a possible abortion. ", "Hannah Horvath, her longtime friend from Oberlin College, is worried after Shoshanna quotes a dating book in front of the girls on the day of Jessa's scheduled procedure.", "\n\nThe book advises that allowing a man to have sex with you from behind is degrading. ", "Jessa is appalled by this assumption saying, \"What if I want to feel like I have udders?\" ", "The very thought of societal construct or expectation as to what a women should expect or feel sexually, bothers Jessa and she rejects it entirely. ", "To Jessa, the action of sexual experience is to feel and to be ever conscious of those feelings, no matter how odd or different they may be seen by society.", "\n\nHannah assumes that this elicits guilt in Jessa for considering an abortion and that she needs to talk about her feelings. ", "Jessa rejects this notion immediately.", "\n\n\"I'm offended by all the 'supposed to's'. ", "I don't like women telling other women what to do or how to do it or when to do it. ", "Every time I have sex it's my choice . . .\" ", "says Jessa.", "\n\n\"Are you scared?\" ", "asks Hannah. \"", "No,\" says Jessa.", "\n\n\"Are you angry?\" ", "says Hannah. \"", "Who would I be angry at?\" ", "Jessa says.", "\n\n\"Maybe you're a little angry at yourself,\" Hannah says. \"", "No,\" says Jessa.", "\n\nAuthenticity is the degree to which any individual is true to her own personality, spirit, or character. ", "Jessa is able to maintain her authenticity despite external pressures and influences throughout her life. ", "Authenticity is not necessarily a set of rules or tenets to follow, but rather all that is not a rule or code. ", "It is that which exists outside of any preconceived notion of expectation in regards to society as a whole. ", "It is not attached to any particular political or aesthetic ideology and cannot be arrived at by simply repeating a ritual or set of actions or taking up a set of positions.", "\n\nJessa recognizes the world around her as being both meaningless and absurd. ", "She projects a sense of disorientation and confusion upon hearing the so-called advice from the dating book concerning sexuality or even the suggestion by Hannah that she would have an emotional response to being pregnant and needing an abortion. ", "Jessa goes to a bar in lieu of the procedure and has sex with a stranger. ", "She finds out during the sex act that she no longer needs the procedure as she has just started her period.", "\n\nThe Ever-Important Individual\n\nAccording to existentialism, each person is an individual, an independently acting, responsible, conscious being, rather than a label, a statistic, or a preconceived category (such as student, woman, slut, virgin, or abortion patient). ", "Jessa recognizes that traditional roles are too abstract and remote from her experience as a human being.", "\n\nFor Jessa, an abortion is neither inherently good nor inherently bad. ", "Since human beings can choose to act either cruelly or benevolently, they are then neither of those things essentially, and therefore an action like abortion is in itself neither good nor bad. ", "The idea that there is no meaning in the world beyond what meaning an individual gives it was advanced by Albert Camus. ", "This encompasses amorality—the absence of, indifference towards, or disregard for morality itself. ", "Briefly stated, life is only unfair as much as people assume it is, when in reality life just _is_ and nothing more.", "\n\nThis idea goes against the notion that \"bad things happen to good people.\" ", "In the world according to an existentialist, there is no such thing as good people or bad people or good events or bad events. ", "Events just happen, to both good and bad people alike, because life is inherently meaningless.", "\n\nIndividuals like Jessa live by a set of amoral observations, which allow them to create their own value system and to always be brutally honest with themselves. ", "In the episode, \"Role Play,\" Shoshanna finds her drug-relapsed cousin sitting near an alleyway smoking a cigarette and tells her that she \"looks like a junkie\"; Jessa makes sure to correct her by saying, \"I am a junkie.\" ", "It's essential that each individual human being, through their own consciousness, self-awareness, or the idea they have of themselves, creates their own values and determines meaning in their life, no matter what. ", "This requires firm unwavering vigilance and truth with the self.", "\n\nAccording to Sartre, all existentialists accept the premise that \"Existence precedes essence.\" ", "In other words, humans come into existence without having any predetermined function or purpose. ", "Your life is what you make of it—this is not decided for you. ", "The actual life of an individual is what denotes their \"true essence\" rather than any arbitrarily attributed \"essence\" others may use to define them.", "\n\nKierkegaard takes this further by stating, \"The crowd is untruth,\" meaning that in living by the social mores of the crowd the voice of the individual is not heard and the individual is reduced to merely a fraction of a whole rather than an true individual. ", "The actions of the crowd do not lay blame on any one individual, thus no individual feels the need to be personally responsible. ", "Only the overt singularity of the individual's existence and a conscious resolute conflict with the will and belief of the crowd is the driving force in staying truly authentic.", "\n\nTo an existentialist like Jessa, a complete rejection of any and all philosophies of life jars her out of a false reality over and over again. ", "It's Jessa's own personal recognition of nothingness that dictates her actions and no one else's, not even the society of which she is surrounded and bombarded by or the supposed standards which are ever perpetuated through conformity. ", "Her diligent cognizance of the absurd is crucial to maintaining her own unique essence.", "\n\nAn Impetus to Action\n\nMost importantly, according to Sartre, an impetus to action must arise from the individual in question and can never be externally imposed upon them. ", "No one individual can be forced upon this journey, they must consciously choose to live it themselves. ", "The very idea of action is something that defines Jessa's character. ", "If she feels like traveling to Europe, she simply does it and usually at a moment's notice.", "\n\nIn the episode \"Females Only,\" Jessa's friend Jasper hypothesizes about her while they are in a rehab treatment program. \"", "You have the accent of a little girl who grew up somewhere between Heathrow and JFK . . . ", "Wisdom comes from experience. ", "And I suspect you've had many, many experiences. ", "Too many, probably, for someone of your age.\"", "\n\nJessa replies, \"I've had fun.\"", "\n\nJasper quips, \"But it wasn't always fun, was it?\"", "\n\n\"No,\" says Jessa.", "\n\nIt's essential that an individual focus intently on having an authentic life because it concerns that person's relation with the world. ", "It is only through a unique discovery of the absurd from moment to moment that the individual can stay completely awake. ", "For Jessa, even when engaging in the acts of taking drugs and having sex, experiencing the world is an act of staying conscious, questioning, and remaining perpetually aware. ", "An individual must avoid slipping into meaningless behavior, which does not coordinate with their own prescribed value system.", "\n\nThe most important value for Jessa is action. ", "She is defined so far as she is acting. ", "And she is alone responsible for her own actions at all times. ", "Unfortunately for Jessa, this can sometimes lead to brief moments of angst when coming up against the reactions of those around her. ", "After being fired from a nannying job because her boss's husband attempts to initiate an affair with her, Jessa is confronted by her employer Katherine, who says, \"I feel like I want to help you, like I want to be your mother.\"", "\n\n\"But I don't need your help,\" says Jessa.", "\n\n\"I bet you get into these dramas all the time . . . ", "where you cause all this trouble and you've no idea why. ", "In my opinion, you're doing it to distract yourself from the person you're meant to be,\" says Katherine.", "\n\n\"Which is who?\" ", "asks Jessa.", "\n\nIn Jessa's mind, she doesn't see these alleged causations of drama as part of her value system. ", "They are merely events which have occurred along the perpetual journey in the acceptance of an absurd world. ", "An explanation by Katherine of who Jessa can or should be means nothing to her because it does not align with the self she has consciously created. ", "She's willing to deal with the consequences, such as being fired from the job, but not willing to accept the blame or responsibility someone else might attempt to place upon her.", "\n\nHowever, this particular event seems to spark some type of \"bad faith\" in Jessa in which she hurriedly marries a man she recently met. ", "Initially, Jessa finds Thomas-John boring and makes fun of his lifestyle and penchant for material things, but after Marnie initiates a sexual make out session, Jessa rises to the occasion and becomes intrigued with the entire experience. ", "A few days later, and with the influence of Katherine's words in the back of her mind, she decides to act impulsively and marry Thomas-John.", "\n\nJean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir were two philosophers who described an act of \"bad faith\" as pressure from societal forces to adopt false values and to disown your innate freedom and responsibility to act authentically. ", "Angst is a form of anxiety, dread, or anguish with negative feelings arising from experiences of freedom and responsibility. ", "Jessa's tryst with her former employer could be seen as a brief moment of angst. ", "Thus, she is propelled into entering an inauthentic marriage in a moment of panic. ", "What initially was an attempt to stay ceaselessly in action, in reality lacked the scrupulous thought required to maintain her authentic journey.", "\n\nHowever, Jessa acknowledges her mistake within a few short weeks of the marriage ceremony. ", "It's important that when experiencing angst, individuals rise to the occasion and correct their course lest they fall into \"philosophical suicide\" as Camus puts it, a fate far worse than actual death.", "\n\nThis perplexes her mother-in-law in the episode \"It's a Shame About Ray.\" ", "She wonders how Jessa has the means to travel without a job or source of income. ", "She then infers that Jessa married her son Thomas-John, an affluent venture capitalist, solely for his money. ", "Jessa then reveals that she left college after seven months so she could check into rehab for a heroin addiction. ", "When the couple returns home, Thomas-John is upset about the exchange to which Jessa replies, \"What was I supposed to do, lie?\"", "\n\nTo Jessa, the very idea of lying is more unthinkable than heroin addiction. ", "Jessa attempts to explain this value system to Thomas-John by stating, \"You think you're such a free spirit because you shacked up with me for two months? ", "I've been living this way for twenty-five fucking years. ", "I'm going to look fifty when I'm thirty. ", "I'm going to be so fucking fat like Nico. ", "And you know why? ", "That's because I'm going to be full of experiences.\"", "\n\nAt the end of the episode we infer that Jessa's marriage is over as Thomas-John offers to pay her a dividend and entice her to leave the relationship. ", "It's more important for Jessa to live truthfully, even if it displeases her husband or his parents. ", "Kierkegaard would agree that a societal construct like marriage might not align with your authentic values. ", "Kierkegaard often rejected religious and societal virtues due to a lack of questioning by the individual when faced with the institutional pressure to fit in and do their duty.", "\n\nWhen her father-in-law says he's grateful that the Lord was looking out for her during her heroin addiction Jessa replies, \"I wish there was a Lord, but I know there isn't.\" ", "Kierkegaard states that bourgeois religious organizations block true experiences and furthermore, block any potentiality for authentic thought. ", "He also goes on to say that there is no comprehensible purpose in God, which makes the very act of faith in God absurd. ", "However, Camus reminds us that although embracing the absurd does not lead to the belief in a God it does not necessarily lead to unbelief either. ", "In _The Myth of Sisyphus_ he states, \"I did not say 'excludes God', which would still amount to asserting.\"", "\n\nFacticity and the Past\n\nBecause of the world's absurdity at any given moment in time, anything can happen to anyone, and a horrific event can force someone to be in direct confrontation with the absurd. ", "This creates a devastating awareness of the meaningless of life. ", "Jessa's continual struggle with addiction is something that forces her to come into contact with the absurd, which she willingly meets head on.", "\n\nIn the episode \"Females Only,\" she is participating in group work at her rehabilitation program when she points out inauthentic behavior in her peers. ", "After laughing at one man for crying about a Fro-Yo opening up on his block and changing the predictability of his world, the councilor asks her to express her own feelings.", "\n\n\"What do you want? ", "Do you want me to cry? ", "Is that what you want? ", "It's really exhausting and boring. ", "I figured my shit out when I was five years old. ", "Heroin is really fun. ", "But it can also kill you,\" Jessa says.", "\n\nJessa rejects the act of \"leveling\" which Kierkegaard sees as the uniqueness of an individual being rendered non-existent by an assumption that individual behavior is equated to all human beings, a cohort group, or a peer group. ", "In order to achieve authentic faith, you must face reality, making a conscious choice and then passionately sticking with it. ", "To face reality is to form your own opinions of existence, no matter how often they're questioned or criticized.", "\n\nIn the episode \"Video Games,\" Jessa admits to being possibly molested as a child at one point or another, but doesn't name the culprit or dwell on the subject and states this to Hannah in a matter-of-fact fashion. ", "Later on, when she addresses her father and they speak of their relationship issues he says, \"We're not like other people.\" ", "Jessa does have similarities with her father in that he has been to multiple rehabs, often disappears without any notice, and has started many different relationships and families. ", "Jessa seems to accept this truth and does not assign blame to him for what other people assume are problems in her life.", "\n\nThus when a fellow rehab patient named Laura says, \"I am a victim of circumstances,\" Jessa scoffs at this and outs her as a lesbian. \"", "I feel like you are using being molested as an excuse. ", "We can't go around blaming other people for our shit behavior,\" Jessa says. ", "Later on, she sneaks into Laura's room and initiates her first lesbian encounter saying it was a \"charity\" offered to make her feel more authentic. ", "The rehab director kicks her out and asks her if she feels any remorse for hurting Laura's rehabilitation process to which Jessa replies, \"You can't make things that mean nothing mean something.\"", "\n\nIt is clear at this point in the series that Jessa is displaying facticity, a term that for Sartre means the mode of not being. ", "To him, the past is a temporal dimension of time and does not constitute the self. ", "The present and the future are the large majority of a life any individual may live and are most important in keeping with authenticity, thereby any attempts to blame the past for your behavior is inauthentic. ", "However, a complete denial of the past creates inauthentic life as well. ", "Thus Jessa readily admits her past in a factual manner but at no point does she place blame on it.", "\n\nFreedom in the Void\n\nCamus warns that there will always be a conflict between the human tendency to seek inherent value and meaning in life and the human inability to find any meaning no matter how hard they may try. ", "The efforts of humanity to continuously find meaning will ultimately fail due to an abundance of information available as well as the vastness of the universe and the unknown. ", "It is therefore impossible to garner any certain answers to life's biggest questions.", "\n\nThe ultimate conundrum is the individual search for meaning versus the utter meaninglessness of the universe. ", "This is the confrontation of an individual's desire for significance, meaning, and clarity while staring the silent, cold universe in the face. ", "For Jessa, this always implies action. ", "Action anchors her in consciousness and allows her to avoid complacency.", "\n\nAfter leaving rehab, relapsing on cocaine with Jasper, and being fired from yet another job, Jessa forces herself into withdrawals and begins consciously living yet again. ", "She meets Beadie, a disabled artist-photographer who is showing her work at a new gallery where Marnie has recently become employed. ", "Beadie needs someone to help archive the massive collection of photographs she has in her home. ", "When she asks Jessa what she truly thinks of one of the photographs Marnie wasn't willing to give a straight answer about, Jessa tells her the brutal truth and Beadie is so impressed that she hires her on the spot.", "\n\nThe two women become close and Beadie admits that she hates her existence and wishes to die. ", "Camus argues in _The Myth of Sisyphus_ that \"there is only one really serious philosophical question, and that is suicide.\" ", "To Camus, this is a confession on the part of an individual that life is not worth living because of its absurdity. ", "It is a choice that implicitly declares that life is too much to handle and that the most basic way out of absurdity is the termination of the self and its place in the universe.", "\n\nAfter Beadie finds out that Jessa can get her the drugs required to die, she asks her to assist in her suicide. ", "Jessa protests at first, but realizes that it isn't up to her because it is not her life or her value system. ", "She understands Beadie's loss at having to face the absurd and wants to help her live authentically. \"", "I hired you because I thought you were the only person who would see how necessary this was,\" Beadie says. ", "Jessa goes through with helping Beadie take the drugs and they wait together for her to die. ", "At the last minute, Beadie changes her mind and demands that Jessa call 911, which she does immediately and the Season Three finale comes to a close.", "\n\nCamus offers a solution to individuals who choose to continue living life despite its apparent absurdity and meaninglessness. ", "An individual can choose to embrace their own absurd condition by accepting their freedom and the opportunity to give life meaning. ", "This lies in the incessant recognition of the absurd. ", "The absurd experience is truly the realization that the universe is fundamentally devoid of absolutes. ", "Only when individuals can acknowledge this will they truly be free.", "\n\n\"To live without appeal\" is Camus's philosophical move to define absolutes and universals in subject terms. ", "This is a move to create your own meaning and purpose and to decide to think for your self. ", "If an individual like Jessa or Beadie, can effectively be free in embracing the absurd, then that individual becomes the most precious unit of existence. ", "They become a unique set of ideals that can be characterized as an entire universe all their own. ", "In acknowledging the absurdity of seeking any inherent meaning, but still continuing the search regardless of this knowledge, one can be happy by simply developing meaning from the very search itself.", "\n\nCamus makes sure to separate hope from authentic living. ", "When you hopes for nothing, you fear nothing, and only when you fear nothing, not even the absurdity of life, are you truly free. ", "By not having hope you're motivated to live every moment to its fullest.", "\n\nJessa is now faced with another possible consequence of living authentically. ", "While she may very well serve jail time for her assistance in Beadie's near-suicide, Jessa still remains virtuous in following her own value system, rigidly, consciously, ever embracing the meaninglessness of life and stubbornly deciding to carry on anyway.", "\n\nCan Hannah Rewrite Her World?", "\n\nHAYLEY ADDIS\n\nI almost joined Hannah when she cried at her desk. ", "You remember when she realizes that the other advertising writers in her new job have allowed their dreams of writing creatively to die in favor of a job that pays the bills? ", "And then recognizes that she's about to do the very same thing because, really, we all need to eat? ", "I genuinely shed a tear.", "\n\nWhy do we end up neglecting our dreams in favor of a creatively empty paycheck? ", "It got me thinking (I can't help it, I'm a philosopher . . .) ", "about whether we can write our way into a better life like Hannah wants to.", "\n\nHannah is a writer. ", "She's a writer who actually writes, no less. ", "Writing is her dream and when we start the show she's already pursuing a career in it, although she is getting nowhere. ", "Hannah is tenacious, however, and even when her parents cut her off in the very first episode she declares herself to be the \"voice of a generation. ", "Or, at least, _a_ voice of _a_ generation.\" ", "If she's the voice of a generation—and, as a twenty-something girl myself, I suspect Lena Dunham is hinting that Hannah is writing about the generation we both live in—then it's very telling that her writing is entirely self-obsessed biography. ", "Is that really our generation?", "\n\nMy favorite philosopher, Heidegger, agrees with Lena on this one; our generation is a product of a culture which he describes as being badly in the habit of \" _enframing_ ,\" which means that we see everything only in terms of how it benefits us and we look at other things (and people) as what we can get out of them. ", "Heidegger was worried that a technological culture was developing to make _enframing_ even easier than it is already, and that we'd then completely forget how to relate to other beings in a way that was healthy. ", "Sadly I think he was right and Hannah, bless her, shows us this so clearly! (", "Heidegger was originally writing in German and did strange things with language to show his readers a new way of thinking, which English translators have then had fun with, hence odd words like 'enframing'.)", "\n\nHannah's World\n\nI've already called her writing self-obsessed, and it is that way because _Hannah_ is. ", "The amazing New York swirls around Hannah, and she doesn't even notice! ", "She asks a recovering junkie to get her drugs so she can have an experience to write about—and then blames her best friend Marnie for ruining the experience because Marnie once slept with Hannah's very- _ex_ -boyfriend. ", "At a funeral Hannah interrupts the grieving widow to ask about publishers, she steals a story about someone else's \"cousin\" dying from cancer to prove she has compassion and to hide her lack of empathy, and she doesn't once appear to consider the impact these actions have on the other people involved. ", "Even the book she is writing is all about her experiences, because this is the whole of her _world_.", "\n\nHeidegger uses the term \"world\" in a technical way but he is talking about exactly what you'd expect if I said: \"Hannah's in her own little world!\" (", "She really is!) ", "Her \" _world_ \" includes all of the things she interacts with, experiences, _and_ all the relationships she has with those things _and_ all the relationships she has with other people _and_ all the meanings which are wrapped up in all these things, people and relationships for her. ", "Like Hannah, we each live in our own _world_ and our worlds expand and change as our relationships change. ", "This is an important idea because we humans have spent a long time trying to understand what makes us human and what kind of world we live in, and Heidegger takes us back to basics in a way that revolutionizes philosophy: our _world_ is simply where we live and everything we interact with, including intangible things.", "\n\nAs far as Heidegger is concerned the _world_ isn't something we can doubt, as the Skeptics say, and it isn't just \"matter\" or \"extension\" as some philosophers argue. ", "Our _world_ is, most importantly, where we live, and we live in our relationships. ", "Hannah is as affected by the relationships she does have and the meanings she finds in them as she is by the physical flat she calls home, if not more. ", "If she didn't invest a lot more meaning in the title \"writer\" than thinking of it only as a description of an activity she enjoys and wants to make money from, she wouldn't have brought herself, or me, to tears in that episode! ", "Her _world_ therefore includes the importance she places in having the identity \"writer.\" ", "Even with all these components her _world_ is small, however, because she relates to everything purely in relation to how it reinforces her all-important identity as \"writer\" and even her friends are extensions of who she is.", "\n\nI'm the Good Friend!", "\n\nHannah's insistence that she is the good friend when she argues catastrophically with best-friend Marnie comes from the _enframing_ of her _world_. ", "Hannah can't see Marnie as the person she is, as her entire _world_ revolves around herself and she doesn't understand that her view of the relationships in that _world_ is not the entire picture. ", "Hannah's relationship to her boyfriend Adam is the same; she is surprised to discover that he is a recovering alcoholic. \"", "You never asked.\" ", "He tells her in response, and she really hasn't. ", "Her _world_ is tiny and does not connect well with the _worlds_ of others, which is not how we normally exist at all! ", "When our _worlds_ meet they connect up and we live together with each other in a collective _world_. ", "We share stories and experiences, we relate to things in similar ways and we relate to others as people with their own _worlds_.", "\n\nAdam, Marnie, and others point out to Hannah that she is strange. ", "They recognize her way of existing in the _world_ as weird, and even more dysfunctional than their own. ", "This is why Hannah is so fascinating to watch—aside from the fact that we desperately want her to reach her dreams, not least because it would give us hope that reaching our own dreams is possible—she shows us a world that is both alien and familiar to us. ", "Our natural tendency towards _enframing_ (because we need to use things to survive) is taken to an extreme in Hannah. ", "If she doesn't monetize her experiences, for example, she won't be able to buy any more food (not that she needs to, with the free snack table . . .) ", "but the extent she takes it to also gets in the way of her engaging in relationships and existing with other people in the way that we naturally do. ", "We are social animals and so to be so self-absorbed cuts us off from others and leaves us hurting.", "\n\nThe stress of writing to a deadline and the fact that she is writing about herself encourages Hannah to cut herself off from the larger _world_ even more than usual and she does serious damage to herself—ending up in a hospital with a punctured eardrum! ", "I'm sure we all recognize the isolation and focus that comes with pursuing a project that we are passionate about all too well, but we also recognize that the inability to relate to others as people with their own lives is not normal!", "\n\nNew York, New York\n\nWe are creatures with our own worlds, which are part of the whole collective world, and because of this we are constantly living and acting in relationship to other entities—including other people, things, feelings and events. ", "When we cut ourselves off like Hannah we end up damaged! _", "Enframing_ , then, is a seriously bad thing.", "\n\nHeidegger reckoned that enframing could be undone by art because art shows us other entities in the world as they are. ", "Watching the show, _we_ can't use the dress that Marnie wears to Booth's party to dress ourselves up, so to engage with the artwork that is _Girls_ we have to look at the dress as something with its own life—it represents something to Marnie, it says something to the other party goers and it means beauty or ridiculousness to us, telling us something about Marnie's state of mind, and our own. ", "We aren't sat on the pile of take-away boxes with her in Hannah's story, so we have to relate to them as something that has a meaning and a story to tell in themselves; that some humans are slobs and by ending up with one she has fallen into a bad place! ", "By doing this the stories and paintings open windows into other people's (and object's) _worlds_ and our _world_ expands. ", "Hannah, however, refuses to engage with art outside her own creation like this, so she can't get outside her own _world_. ", "Her _world_ stays tiny.", "\n\nHannah has the whole of New York to explore, we see glimpses of whole _worlds_ of people with stories to tell, art to share, and lives Hannah could join in with. ", "But she doesn't. ", "Marnie, on the other hand, does. ", "Marnie goes to parties and mixes with others, she listens to another friend, Ray, when he suggests she should chase her stated dream of being a singer and she opens doors for herself with that singing. ", "Another _world_ became possible with that first performance at Charlie's party in order to bring him back into her life. ", "Regardless of the fact she ended up moping when he then turns ex again and puts an embarrassing video of her singing online (and refuses to take it down), her _world_ has changed.", "\n\nMarnie listened to Ray as a person with opinions, he listened to her as a person with dreams. ", "They engaged with each other as individuals with their own lives and _worlds_ and those worlds changed. ", "Especially later when Ray is delayed from his basketball match . . . ", "but that's another tale. ", "The important thing here is that creativity allowed Marnie to expand the horizons of her _world_ , because she did something outside of her previous experiences (she sang in public) and she connected with another being (Ray). ", "Hannah's horizons do not expand because she turns inwards and repeats those experiences through her writing (probably eight times) rather than looking beyond them.", "\n\nNew experiences and relationships aren't quite enough to defeat extreme enframing, though, probably because it's a useful thing to do, at least up to a point. ", "Hannah moved to New York to gain experiences which she could then share with others through her writing, but experiences alone are not enough. ", "It is all in the attitude. ", "Or the shirt.", "\n\nI Don't Think I've Ever Seen Adam with a Shirt on Before . . .", "\n\nThe first time we see Adam outside of his flat is the first time we see him with a shirt on, and by the sound of it it's also the first time Hannah sees him with a shirt on, interacting with other people or, well, outside of his flat. ", "Heaven knows how they met! ", "At this moment Hannah's _world_ does expand slightly as Adam's existence as a person with his own life (and a wardrobe) becomes clear. ", "Her relationship to him changes along with her understanding of him as not only existing for her pleasure (or displeasure). ", "She fights against this but it's too late, she will always have seen him in relation with the girls he was dancing with and so it has become possible to recognize him as having a life outside of their encounters, and impossible to un-recognize it!", "\n\nThe lack of control we have over the facts of the world we find ourselves in is what Heidegger describes as _thrownness_ , which implies that we've been tossed into a space and have to get our bearings. ", "As we're always _thrown_ —it's part of our nature—we are constantly responding to the _world_ around us, which in turn shapes it further. ", "So when Jessa invites everyone to the biggest party of their lives, they are _thrown_ to discover it is her wedding, _thrown_ into a situation where they can only respond as best they can. ", "Shoshanna is terribly upset by this as, not knowing, she wore white to someone else's wedding! _", "World_ as the sum of all _worlds_ is outside of our control. ", "Hannah couldn't control Adam's appearance, Shoshanna couldn't change the fact that she made a wardrobe blunder, Marnie couldn't stop Charlie leaving after he read Hannah's journal entries about him. ", "Each of them may have chosen to go to the wedding, but they were already _thrown_ into a _world_ where the wedding was happening, and where the expectation was there for them to turn up as invited.", "\n\nWhen Charlie leaves the flat he, Hannah, and Marnie share, he takes the coffee table he made with him. ", "The appearance and disappearance of this table is only commented on as though it is just furniture and it isn't until she seeks him out in his own flat and sees just how good he is at woodworking that Marnie finally recognizes Charlie's skills. ", "This recognition changes Marnie's relationship to him as it allows her to see him more as his own person. ", "He too engages in creative acts—building furniture to his own design—in order to change his _world_. ", "By bettering his space, he transforms the relationship he has with it and the rest of his life. ", "Adam works with wood too, but his relationship to woodworking is different from Charlie's. ", "Rather than building furniture to make his life better now, Adam is building a boat to escape off on adventures with. ", "In both _worlds_ woodworking is for improving their life, but in different ways. ", "The larger _world_ is made up of both Charlie's and Adam's relationships to woodworking, but each individual lives in a different _world_ because they have different relationships to it. ", "The meanings they each find in woodworking, as home-improvement, or as a route to adventure, shape their _world_. ", "Because _world_ is actually a singularity, however, this allows them to live in the same _world_ even when their _worlds_ are different.", "\n\nExpanding your world through writing, singing, traveling, or seeing someone or something in a new way can only happen if you are able to accept that there is a _world_ outside of the _horizons_ of your _world_ and we can do that because the individual _worlds_ are interconnected and create one gigantic whole.", "\n\nMaybe We Shouldn't Have Taken Her Out of Rehab . . .", "\n\nJessa, the Brit with the Bohemian attitude, has been everywhere! ", "And yet everything she does is in service to her view of herself as wild and free so it just reinforces her _world_ as she already knows it. ", "Just as with art and creative acts, travel can only serve to expand our _world_ and allow us to reach our dreams if we engage with it in a way that lets us connect to others and understand new possibilities.", "\n\nWorld is not a geographical space; even though she has travelled extensively Jessa's _world_ is small—her _horizons_ are close—because she focuses on maintaining a particular image. ", "Hannah's world consists solely of her writing career and Marnie often cannot see beyond her own potential successes or humiliations. ", "Each girl has a different _world_ , and each _world_ has very narrow horizons even when they shift or expand a little to include a relationship to Charlie's woodworking or Adam's life as a recovering alcoholic. ", "Are all _worlds_ naturally small?", "\n\nThe _worlds_ in _Girls_ appear to be particularly narrow, and contrasted against a particularly broad potential in New York City. ", "We see repeated gatherings of people with interests in the wider art and writing worlds and yet our girls rarely seem to step outside of themselves long enough to expand into these new horizons. ", "Living in a small _world_ is normal. ", "It is natural and generally sensible for surviving—if you're comfortable, why risk anything more? ", "The short answer: because we want to. ", "Because, like Hannah choosing to be a writer, Marnie longing to sing and Jessa seeking happiness, we want more than the humdrum. ", "Living in the _world_ in which we've been _thrown_ makes that tricky and _Girls_ is a simultaneously exciting and depressing show as it shows the longing for more and the challenges we face every day in reaching our dreams!", "\n\nThere's hope for Hannah yet, though, as she is basically Lena Dunham at an earlier point in her life, and we know that Lena has gone on to become a well-known, successful, and popular writer. ", "At some point Hannah must, then, realize that there is a much larger _world_ which she can inhabit and she must find a way to step into it. ", "Hopefully, wearing a fabulous dress.", "\n\nSo What _Do_ You Want to Do?", "\n\nWhen Shoshanna goes to college, or when Marnie begins to sing, or when Adam destroys his boat and starts again, we find the key to changing our _world_ and making rewriting it into a story with the adventures of our choosing possible. ", "In each case they make a choice. ", "They see the life they are living, they recognize the limitations of their _world_ and they choose to take responsibility for what they want to do. ", "Adam lets go of trying to escape into a fantasy and commits to the life he has with more energy than we've seen before. ", "Marnie writes her own piece of music and then springs it on a party in order to both win Charlie back and to become a \"singer.\" ", "Shoshanna makes a plan and hits the books. ", "Making a commitment, a choice, is not enough on its own though.", "\n\nFor Marnie engaging in the creative activity of composing was made possible in the world by the words of Ray and her courage in acting on them; without action, the possibility would have remained a dream.", "\n\nOn the other hand, Hannah writes a book of her life's stories before she turns thirty and even gets a book deal (however unsuccessful . . .) ", "to have it published, but her _world_ remains small. ", "The activity of writing, or pursuing what you want, is not enough either. ", "The difference? ", "Hannah writes only about what has happened to her, she reinforces the stories which keep her horizons narrow and revisits the world she already lives in. ", "Marnie, however, attempts to step outside of her _world_ and engages in a new activity which changes how she perceives the possibilities open to her. ", "She then takes up running, begins working on accepting herself without a boyfriend, and gets a kitten. ", "At the start of the show these things would have been impossible for her, by Season Three she has transformed her _world_. ", "She is much the same as she has always been, there isn't a great difference in her behavior because she hasn't changed, but her _world_ has and it was triggered by the engagement with another person: Marnie allowed Ray to show her something outside of her normal view, which opened the possibility of the action that widened her horizons further.", "\n\nWe can imagine that if Hannah would now write about things beyond what she already knows, if she sought out experiences to write about that were different from the image she had built for herself rather than reinforcing them (much like Jessa does), her _horizons_ would widen, opening possibilities that she currently can't reach.", "\n\nWe can also see that if Ray hadn't questioned Marnie, she wouldn't have started singing, but if she hadn't started the conversation with him—and then opened to engaging with the responses—his words would have had no effect. ", "Hannah has stayed within her _world_ precisely _because_ she is unable, or unwilling to open up to people outside of that _world_ enough to let her _world_ grow to encompass them. ", "However, in order to see outside our own _world_ we have to be able to accept the possibility that there is a larger _world_ of interconnected _worlds_ with other people and things that exist outside of our own _world_.", "\n\nHow can we see outside our world if we can't, actually, see outside our world already? ", "This is where art comes in. ", "Art, for Heidegger, is something that has been made by someone and which shows us things outside of our _enframed_ perspective. ", "The filmed dress cannot be worn, so we don't look at it as something we can use, we see it as something with its own life.", "\n\nHannah's New Dress\n\nWe've already seen commitment to writing in Hannah, but what she lacks is the ability to properly connect with others and see the _world_ as it is. ", "Until the episode that made me cry. ", "Until that point, she's living in a fantasy, disconnected from others and the possibilities of the world. ", "She quits jobs because they don't match her image of herself, but forgets that those jobs can give her the money to make creating that life possible. ", "After sobbing at her desk, however, she has recognized the reality of her existence as _thrown_ and she doesn't leave—for the time being. . . . ", "She takes responsibility for where she is and chooses to move forward from here. ", "In that moment Hannah recognized her colleagues as having creative lives, as being people in their own right.", "\n\nHer _world_ changed. ", "Perhaps this is the moment in which it all changes? ", "Perhaps this connection with what is and with other people will allow her to reframe her perspective and open the possibility of a route to her dreams which she hadn't seen before.", "\n\nIt certainly allowed her to buy a gorgeous new dress! ", "Ultimately that emotional connection lacked the window-opening power of art; after acting briefly in the new _world_ in which she can open doors and look after herself financially whilst allowing her writing to be something bigger than a means to an end, Hannah will leave, unable to shift her perspective of the world in a way that allows her to have opportunities she is after and returning to the aimless state she was in. ", "That self-absorbed _enframed-ness_ stops her from being able to apply the new realization in a way that lets her manifest her ideals—the facts of the world don't match up with her vision for herself and she is incapable of adapting the trappings of the vision to make it real and so she ends up back where she began. ", "Until the world _throws_ her another chance to change . . .", "\n\nLena Dunham may still be writing memoirs, but now she shares them with the world in a new way, in a way that we can relate to. ", "In writing her stories Hannah reinforces her _world_ and it isn't until she connects with someone else that she can step outside of those _horizons_. ", "So to change your _world_ you need to recognize that you are _thrown_ and there are therefore certain things you cannot control (like needing money) then you need to connect with other people and allow them to show you what is possible and then you start writing again. ", "Rather than writing only about the _world_ you already inhabit, however, you write (or sing, or paint, or study, or build) what is possible and that creates more possibilities for you. ", "If you only treat writing in an _enframed_ way however, only as a means to an end, it can never be more than a reinforcement of the world you already have.", "\n\nIn showing us Hannah's _world_ Lena has reflected back to us exactly what she said she would; her generation. ", "Rather than feel depressed about how _thrown_ into this world I am, I'd prefer to get excited about the fact that catching those creative dreams is possible even with a generation that has fallen prey to _enframing_! ", "Art cannot do its job if it is _enframed_ and reduced to a resource, so to survive Hannah must, as we all do, recognise her _thrownness_ and accept that she needs to earn a living in another way first to allow her writing to develop into something that can change the _world_ for her. ", "Only when it is strong enough to inspire a new _world_ for Hannah and others can her writing really take off as a career.", "\n\nThat there is art that shows us the _world_ we live in is the first step towards knowing what is real and what is possible; by which I mean, maybe if Hannah could watch _Girls_ she'd be able to see what she needs to do to change her _world_ and make her dream possible!", "\n\nCan Millennials Be Authentic?", "\n\nRACHEL CROSSLEY\n\n_G irls_: just another superficial show about young people living in New York; or a dramatization of the existential angst plaguing a generation of the Western World?", "\n\nHannah Horvath, the cynically dissatisfied yet naively ambitious, consistently eleven pounds overweight twenty-something 'girl' with obsessive-compulsive tendencies and a penchant for self-absorption, in many ways represents the group of awkward young people typically living in urban squalor and perpetual quarter-life-crises that contemporary culture likes to label as 'millennials'. ", "And the popularity and controversy of _Girls_ seems to have brought her closer to realizing her drug-induced declaration that she may be \"The voice of my generation. ", "Or at least, _a_ voice of _a_ generation.\"", "\n\nIs Hannah's dream of writing simply a naive self-indulgent ambition for success? ", "Or perhaps merely a creative hobby? ", "Or is there a deeper ideal of expression and truth at work here?", "\n\nMillennials\n\nWhen interviewed on _Conan_ , Lena Dunham was asked if she thought _Girls_ was _Sex and the City_ for the next generation, to which she replied that _Girls_ was more like \"a show for the girls who came to New York having watched _Sex and the City_ and wanting the life that they saw depicted on the show . . .\" ", "and then getting there to find that the dreams and ambitions they'd been presented with and aspired to were not reflected by the reality they were thrown into.", "\n\nFrom the first episode of _Girls_ , the show sets up and explores the typical uncertainties of Millennial life, of recent college graduates trying to navigate through the world, relationships, sex, jobs, and identity. ", "And maybe the most representative of how young people trying to adapt and survive in the jungle of society is the very opening scene, where Hannah's parents drop the bomb on her that they will no longer be paying for her \"groovy lifestyle.\"", "\n\nWorking an unpaid internship, struggling to make rent, and chasing a guy who won't text her back, having her income pulled away from her is confirmation for Hannah that life isn't turning out the way Carrie and the girls promised it would. ", "In \"Inside the Episode\" (a behind-the-scenes companion to the show), Lena Dunham says of Hannah that, \"Her shock is a little bit generational, because the kids who are coming out of college into the recession feel like they deserve something that the world isn't giving to them.\" ", "This sums up a huge theme of the show very well. ", "After unsuccessfully pleading with her parents to support her in pursuing her dream as a writer, the episode then ends with a disheartened, lost-looking Hannah, after waking up to find her parents suddenly gone, walking through a crowded New York, and you can't help but feel a little bit of the alienation and anxiety that Hannah seems afflicted with.", "\n\nThe characters of _Girls_ often struggle to come to terms with their own freedom and to find their place in the world, while feeling the pressure of both external forces (such as societal pressure) and their own desires to determine their own lives and values. ", "Jean-Paul Sartre, the most famous existentialist thinker, may have had a few comments to make about this struggle.", "\n\nAngst and Freedom\n\nWe might all think we're well acquainted with angst, with our lives far too full of deadlines and diets, trying to make rent, friends that we can't live with and can't live without, masochistic Facebook stalking, the horror that is networking, and, ohmygee, being faced with the question that sends dread into the heart of every college student and graduate: \"So, what are you going to do with your life?\" ", "Often asked by seemingly well-meaning (though I strongly suspect otherwise) relatives, this simple, torturous question makes you doubt every decision that you've ever made, from your college major, to thinking that you could pull off that floral playsuit.", "\n\nSartre's existential angst is of a different character, although the aforementioned 'dreaded question' has probably prompted or deepened a few instances of it. ", "It's often said that contemplating things like this can cause us to suffer an \"existential crisis,\" but what exactly do we mean by this?", "\n\nWe can broadly describe the concept of existential angst as a negative feeling, close to anxiety in nature, and often arising from the experience of human freedom and responsibility. ", "Angst is a reaction to the fact that (as Sartre puts it) we're \"condemned to be free.\" ", "Man is \"responsible for the world and for himself\" ( _Being and Nothingness_ , p. 574). ", "We have freedom and responsibility for our own lives; even in the face of overwhelming circumstances, we have the freedom to make choices and engage in self-determination. ", "Or, as Jose Ortega y Gasset put it, \"I am free by compulsion, whether I wish to be or not.\" ", "It is this inescapability of freedom, the fact that we can never give up our own freedom, which is responsible for the experience of existential angst.", "\n\nExternal circumstances may limit individuals (Sartre calls this limitation from the outside 'facticity'), but they cannot force a person to follow one of the remaining courses over another. ", "So we still always have some freedom of choice. ", "This means that when we do make a choice, as we inevitably must, we choose in anguish: we know that we must make a choice, and that it will have consequences for which we will have only ourselves to hold accountable.", "\n\nSartre says that we have \"full and profound responsibility\" ( _Existentialism Is a Humanism_ , p. 25). ", "The realization of the extent of this freedom and responsibility is not, however, always a positive experience. ", "Actually, it's usually the opposite, and if we find ourselves faced with this freedom, we'll often try to deny it or run from it. ", "When it comes to the problem of our own freedom, we'd much rather pick flight over fight.", "\n\nThe consequence of man being \"condemned to be free\" is often that he feels overwhelmed by this level of responsibility to determine the choices and purpose or goal of his own life, especially when also faced with conflicting external pressures. ", "The fear of this responsibility and freedom can result in an alienating depression and feeling of loss, now that the comfort of unreflective action and meaning has been snatched away. ", "Angst is distinguished from ordinary fear because it is not a fear of external events or particular objects. ", "Angst is the disturbing, mysterious mood which summons a person to reflect on her individual existence and its possibilities.", "\n\nWhen it comes to 'life decisions', Marnie may be the most angst-ridden of the characters. ", "As Shoshanna drunkenly exclaims, Marnie is \"tortured by self-doubt and fear\" (\"Beach House\"). ", "Marnie is the group's average disillusioned post-college girl. ", "Less artistic than Hannah, with a more conventional standard of success and ambition, Marnie is a girl who believed and invested herself in the story that society and the media offered to her; the typical middle-class route to success and happiness of going to college and getting a boyfriend, taking the path that so many do with the promise of a bright future. ", "But Marnie, like so many recent college graduates, has discovered that this path to success has suddenly been wiped out half way through the journey, leaving her without a map and destination.", "\n\nMarnie's journey into angst begins in Season One when she's fired and her relationship ends, and then we really see her take an unpleasant turn towards existential anxiety in \"I Get Ideas\" after she suffers a painful job interview which leaves her directionless and lost. ", "After years of unquestioningly planning and training for a career as a curator, Marnie is confronted with an abrupt gallery owner (who happens to be played by Lena Dunham's mother) telling her that she just doesn't see Marnie in the art world, and even more crushingly, that she doesn't know _where_ at all she sees her. ", "With this sudden dismissal, Marnie's plan for her life is extinguished, and as she contemplates what she's going to do now, she finds herself faced with the harsh truth of her own freedom and responsibility for her life.", "\n\nUntil this point, Marnie was trying to live an image of herself that she thought she should be, rather than thinking about what she really wants. ", "Being told that this 'image' isn't going to work for her forces her to rethink her life, and it is then that she finds herself beginning to realize the inevitability of her own freedom, and the angst that comes with it.", "\n\nBad Faith\n\nMarnie's anxiety over what choice to make when it comes to her life leaves her wishing to give up her own freedom: \"I don't even know what I want. ", "Sometimes I just wish someone would tell me, 'This is how you should spend your days' and 'This is how the rest of your life should look'\" (\"It's a Shame About Ray\"). ", "Later, however, she makes a choice to follow her own goal to sing, and thus to live in a more \"authentic\" way. ", "For Sartre, to live authentically is to be true to your own character and make your own choices, even in the face of external pressures. ", "This happens when we face our own overwhelming freedom and embrace it.", "\n\nMore often, however, we tend to spend most of our lives trying to avoid or deny freedom and the angst that comes with it. ", "Sartre points out that, angst, as the consciousness of our own freedom, is not something that human beings welcome; rather, we seek stability and identity. ", "One of the ways we avoid the truth of our own freedom is through \"bad faith.\"", "\n\nBad faith is the phenomenon where, under pressure from societal forces, we adopt false values and disown our innate freedom to act authentically. ", "One way this happens is if I adopt a third-person perspective on myself. ", "I can try to look upon myself as the \"Other\" does. ", "In existentialism, the \"Other\" is that which I am not, but which plays a role in defining me. ", "What we mean by the \"Other\" in this case is simply other people, society in general, or my social group. ", "I can be \"taken hold of by others,\" in the sense of coming to define myself as I am for others. ", "To do this is to see my own identity \"on the model of the Other,\" as if I were to myself as I am to others.", "\n\nWhen I see myself only through the judgments of others, I have lost my freedom to them. ", "It is this loss of myself to the determination of others that Sartre was referring to when, in his play _No Exit_ , he famously said that \"Hell is other people.\"", "\n\nBad faith is not one set mood that we are always in. ", "We can switch between different types and instances of bad faith, and there may be times when we are free from it. ", "It fluctuates with our context and mode of reflection. ", "We can see Hannah engaging in bad faith when she's asked to attend a group reading by an old college professor (\"Leave Me Alone\"). ", "She initially picks an old writing of hers about spending the night stuck in the room of a guy she met at college who turned out to be an unexpected hoarder—a typical Hannah-style piece of writing. ", "She then replaces this at the last minute with a piece on the 'deeper' subject of death, after Marnie and Ray are unimpressed by her original piece, with Ray telling her that if she wants to write she should write about real issues. ", "Hannah caves to the judgments and pressures of her friends, reading a piece which is not true to her own personality or instincts.", "\n\nBad faith can also take the form of the opposite sin of not contemplating at all how I am for others. ", "This might happen when I reject entirely the judgments of others and the role I play for them. ", "I am also in \"bad faith\" if I view myself as only my past self, giving up my freedom to make future decisions, and seeing them as determined by this past self, which is my identity. ", "Jessa and her estranged father might be seen as engaging in this form of bad faith when he dismisses their inability to commit to relationships as \"we're just not like that,\" that's just not what they do, because it's not what they've done (\"Video Games\").", "\n\nBad faith is at least partly about self-identity, in that it involves a person's reflection on who they are and what they are like. ", "Bad faith can be seen to be at work when I identify too fully with one of these objects of reflection—my past self, my objectified body, the image of myself for others, or my self-image—instead of balancing these different styles of self-reflection. ", "Sartre said that human reality is \"a being which is what it is not and which is not what it is\" ( _Being and Nothingness_ , p. 58). ", "What Sartre meant with this paradoxical remark is that no one type of self-reflection can give us the full story. ", "Human existence is necessarily ambiguous and many-sided. ", "Bad faith comes into play when, instead of facing up to this inevitable ambiguity, we ignore parts of our existence and immerse ourselves too fully in other parts, or just one part. ", "Bad faith involves a denial of the self.", "\n\nAnd everyday life is lived, in most part, in bad faith. ", "The nature of angst is such that we will endeavor to avoid it by escaping into the comforting embrace of bad faith and the stability of others. ", "Yet angst is also the thing which can attest to my nature as an individual, and might lead to acceptance of my freedom, and living authentically.", "\n\nAuthenticity\n\nTo live authentically is to avoid the temptations and traps of bad faith. ", "Authenticity is the extent to which I remain true to my own character and goals, despite external pressures. ", "My existence is an issue for me, and in confronting it I must make decisions about what to give to my life. ", "I must develop beliefs and values, and interpretations of my situation in the world. ", "I must determine my own priorities, such as what role work, religion, culture, or my heritage will play in my life, and what significance I will give these things. ", "To live authentically is to embrace our freedom to make choices and guide our lives toward our own chosen goal or project.", "\n\nAfter being faced with the anguish and uncertainty of her own freedom, and attempting to retreat into bad faith, Marnie finally acts authentically after Ray forces her to answer his question of \"What's your dream?\" \"", "What do you really want to do?\" ", "He confronts her, \"Stop thinking and start doing that\" (\"It's Back\"). ", "Marnie then admits that what she really wants to do is sing, and then makes this her \"chosen project\" that she works toward.", "\n\nHannah also experiences conflicts in trying to live authentically, as she struggles to balance societal and parental pressures with her own goal of being a writer. ", "Hannah's writing is her way of living authentically: choosing her own goals, and trying to overcome her anxiety and isolation by expressing her character and connecting with others. ", "When Hannah asks why she should sleep with her boss, Jessa responds by saying \"Do it for the story.\" ", "Jessa is encouraging Hannah to do it for the sake of expressing and experiencing her own freedom, although perhaps in a questionable way.", "\n\nOn the surface, Jessa, with her wild antics and spontaneous marriage, is arguably one of the most authentic characters, at least in the sense of being unconstrained by societal pressures and expectations. ", "Jessa seems to make all her decisions simply for the reason that she chooses to. ", "Out of all of the girls, she is the least bound by ambition and what's socially acceptable. ", "She says, \"I'm offended by all the 'supposed to's. ", "I don't like women telling other women what to do,\" protesting that she is not \"the ladies,\" and will not be forced to be \"the ladies\" (\"the ladies\" are the target of a dating advice book). ", "But Jessa's strict rejection of the views of others and commitment to rebellion is itself a form of bad faith. ", "And perhaps the mother of the kids she babysits is right when she says to Jessa, referring to the trouble she often gets herself into, \"You're doing it to distract yourself from becoming who you're meant to be\" (\"Leave Me Alone\").", "\n\nIs Authenticity Possible in the Twenty-First Century?", "\n\nWhat exactly does it mean to be 'authentic' in the twenty-first century? ", "Is it even possible? ", "Are the characters of _Girls_ trying to achieve authenticity? ", "Let's go back to the very first episode again.", "\n\nAfter drinking a tea of opium pods, Hannah finds herself situated between the conflicting views of Jessa and Marnie, as they discuss what she should say to try to appease her parents after their announcement that they are financially cutting her off. ", "Jessa proclaims, \"Just tell them that you're an artist!\" ", "After all, rappers on the street did it, Mick Jagger did it, and now Hannah should. ", "Marnie, as expected, provides the more sensible, practical view of \"Just tell them you're gonna get a job.\"", "\n\nJessa and Marnie are, to use a crude simile, like the angel of authenticity and the devil of bad faith sitting on Hannah's shoulders. ", "But Marnie's realism can't be denied. ", "Hannah is not completely free to live as an artist, her circumstances (not to mention her parents) won't permit it. ", "Although she's still free to make a choice, Hannah is restricted by external factors, like the economy and not wanting to starve. ", "In Season Three we see Hannah finally get a stable, paid, real writing job. ", "Well, of sorts—the less soulful sort. ", "Hannah finds herself writing advertisements, which Ray tells her is \"morally and creatively bankrupt\" (\"Free Snacks\"). ", "Despite enjoying the safety of the paycheck, and the free food, Hannah is panicked and almost quits when she hears that her co-workers all also used to be \"proper writers\" but then gave up on their own writing and projects once they started working and fell into the comfortable stability of bad faith.", "\n\nHannah wants to live authentically, as perhaps a lot of us do, but the need to get a job and live in society very rarely allows for this. ", "Being authentic in the twenty-first century western world is almost always going to have to be a compromise if you want to be sure that you're not going to live in poverty. ", "But this doesn't mean that we should give ourselves up entirely to the bad faith of societal expectations. ", "We should still be brave enough to face our own freedom and remain true to our character and values as much as our situation will allow. ", "As for the \"So what do you want to do with the rest of your life?\" ", "question, the only appropriate response is Jessa's: \"Hasn't anyone ever told you that's a rude question?\" (\"", "All Adventurous Women Do\").", "\n\nThe Q-Tipping Point of Anxiety\n\nMARIE VAN LOON\n\n**H ANNAH:** I'm coming back from the hospital because I shoved this q-tip down my earhole.", "\n\n**A DAM:** Jesus Christ, kid, be careful.", "\n\n—\"On All Fours\"\n\nIf I were Adam, I would ask Hannah: \"Why the f*** did you do that?\" ", "Because that would be my first question if I ran into one of my friends and she had shoved a q-tip down her ear. ", "Who does that? ", "At first it might seem that Hannah's situation is far removed from our ordinary lives. ", "Hence my next question for Hannah would go something like, \"Are you nuts?\" ", "Well, as it turns out, not so nuts. ", "It does seem crazy that someone would do that. ", "Sure Hannah has OCD and sees a shrink—but what for again? \"", "My parents think that I seem anxious\" (\"It's Back\").", "\n\nThat's where it gets interesting. ", "What are we talking about when we refer to anxiety as Hannah does here? ", "It's a psychological state. ", "As such, we could talk about it from a psychological point of view: this would mean scientifically inquiring into the mechanisms that operate and condition anxiety. ", "That's one way to go—we could also look at the phenomenon from a philosophical point of view.", "\n\nLeaving aside the scientific aspect of anxiety, we look at how anxiety works in a person's relation to her own existence, her own being and to the world. ", "This is taking the matter not only philosophically but also more precisely existentially. ", "Søren Kierkegaard—a Danish thinker from the nineteenth century—for example, is a philosopher who explored the concept of anxiety. ", "He's often been considered the \"father of existentialism,\" as his whole philosophy revolves precisely around the person's problematic relation to the world and to herself, and this is what existentialism is about. ", "Later on other philosophers such as Jean-Paul Sartre, in the forties in France, took up Kierkegaard ideas in their own works.", "\n\n_Girls_ shows the same interest in the individual—watching the series, we learn about life, maybe even about our own lives, through the stories of these four girls (and a few boys by the way). ", "Someone like Sartre, with existentialism, makes close-ups of particular examples of situations to show us the true struggles which are at the heart of existence; so does Lena Dunham with _Girls_ , or rather so do the characters. ", "Each of them is going through a phase of their lives which is particularly relevant to the struggle of existence: this weird moment of \"in-between\" when for the first time we truly have to face the fact that while all possibilities lie before us, we have to make choices.", "\n\nIt's a bit like facing your computer on film night, knowing that you can pretty much get any movie you want and still finding yourself completely unable to make a choice. ", "It's a bit like Hannah, free to take whatever step she wants in life, free of her parents' idea of what she should do, and yet, not being able to undertake anything serious. ", "Being in your twenties, facing the infinite possibilities that lie before you is enough reason to get anxious.", "\n\nFree as a Bird\n\nHannah is thrown out of the nest \"into the world,\" given her freedom by being pushed out by her family. ", "Her newfound freedom lies in her becoming responsible for her own survival, to put it bluntly. ", "Hannah loses the financial support from her parents; so in that sense she is given her freedom at the beginning of the series. ", "As for the rest of the \"gang,\" Hannah's friends also experience major changes in their lives: Jessa comes back from God-knows-where, Marnie breaks up with her boyfriend, and Shoshanna is introduced to the group by welcoming Jessa into her life.", "\n\nIn the first season there's this overall sense of \"starting anew,\" of new found liberty and what all these young women are going to do with it. ", "Quickly we realize that this freedom is a burden, because after all, we have to do something with this freedom we're given, whether it's by our parents, our ex-boyfriend or social status. ", "Freedom is hard to handle: that's when anxiety kicks in. ", "Anxiety is the means by which we handle freedom, whether we handle it badly or not. ", "Then, there are the different ways of dealing with anxiety. ", "They seem to come down to being courageous or being cowardly.", "\n\nShoshanna: Becoming Me, Becoming Samantha\n\nHannah, Jessa, Marnie and Shoshanna all seem to struggle with their bundle of infinite possibilities. ", "Shoshanna's very much concerned with becoming herself and growing into \"a fully formed human being\" as she puts it. ", "In Season Two most of her fights with Ray revolve around the need to change. ", "But earlier, in Season One, Shoshanna's relation to freedom is less obvious and concrete than it becomes later. ", "Shoshanna has it easier than the others, with an almost _Gossip Girl_ -like lifestyle and social circle.", "\n\nBut what Shoshanna has, compared to the others, is innocence. ", "She confides in her new friends and tells them that she's never had sex. ", "She's a virgin and therefore \"innocent,\" in the most conservative and traditional sense of the word. ", "We could say that freedom for Shoshanna, because she's innocent, is almost irrelevant to her situation. ", "Not to forget that she's a huge fan of _Sex and the City_ , which makes her role as \"ingénue\" even more evident, and slightly ironic. ", "She admires women, like Carrie Bradshaw, older and more experienced, living in the full of their sexual power and femininity. ", "The most ironic point is her identification with Samantha! ", "In that sense Shoshanna is the one who's in a dimension prior to freedom.", "\n\nHow to Joke Your Way through Anxiety\n\nJessa, on the other hand, can easily be seen as the \"free\" one. ", "How does anxiety work for her? ", "Jessa is bright, beautiful, almost goddess-like, and has all the cards in her hand. ", "More than anyone else in _Girls_ , Jessa is free—from parents, material burden, and self-consciousness. ", "It almost looks as if there's no place for anxiety in her life. ", "If Jessa must represent a certain aspect of freedom, she clearly is divine freedom, who overcomes both the anxiety of everything and nothing.", "\n\nExistential anxiety is not merely the anxiety of \"something\"; it doesn't restrict itself to the fear of determinate objects, like a choice or an event. ", "Anxiety emerges from facing the \"big nothingness\" as well, when anxiety has no precise reason to be. ", "This is the anxiety which creeps out on you on Sundays afternoons: feels like it's the week coming up—but without being able to put the finger on it. ", "Or blown up to extreme situations, the anxiety of nothing is the anxiety of death.", "\n\nFor Katherine (Jeff's wife), who hires Jessa in Season One as baby-sitter, this seemingly unbounded freedom is merely a game. ", "In a conversation toward the end of the season, Katherine even gives her a chance to face her situation:\n\n**K ATHERINE:** I bet you get into these dramas all the time, like with Jeff and me, where you cause all this trouble and you've no idea why. ", "My opinion? ", "You're doing it to distract yourself from becoming the person you're meant to be.", "\n\n**J ESSA:** Which is who?", "\n\n**K ATHERINE:** You tell me. ", "She might not look like what you pictured when you were sixteen. ", "Her job might not be cool. ", "Her hair might not be flowing like a mermaid. ", "And she might really be serious about something. ", "Or someone. (\"", "Leave Me Alone\")\n\nIn other words, Jessa's fluttering about reflects her fear of becoming herself and a serious woman. ", "Ironically, Jessa's next move following the conversation is to go and get married. ", "While marriage can be seen as the most serious of all commitments, Jessa turns it into a joke. ", "Nothing is serious for Jessa and nothing is worth being serious about. ", "For existentialist philosophers like Kierkegaard, seriousness, and the anxiety it brings, go hand in hand with freedom; you couldn't have freedom without \"paying the price\" for it. ", "Is Jessa telling us that Kierkegaard and all the existentialists have it wrong? ", "After all, as she rightly reminds her father: \"I'm a child!\" ", "Claiming her childhood allows her the kind of total freedom a serious woman could not afford. ", "It seems that Jessa hopes to untangle freedom from seriousness.", "\n\nFooled Ya!", "\n\nUnlike Jessa, Marnie is far from being free. ", "Marnie's attitude toward life is quite typical of what some existentialists, like Sartre, call \"bad faith.\" ", "Bad faith results from one way of dealing with anxiety in the face of possibilities. ", "It is denying the possibilities, by either falsely believing that you're in control or believing that there is no way to control anything, placing yourself in the position of the victim of fate. ", "Bad faith can also be the refusal of your own freedom, denying that you're responsible for who you are.", "\n\nMarnie's breakup with Charlie is a good example of her bad faith. ", "The breakup doesn't come about by a choice of her own, but by accident. ", "The decision doesn't come out of Marnie's struggle. ", "Even so, Marnie believes she has control over her own freedom. ", "In that sense, bad faith is basically fooling yourself. ", "In this kind of situation, anxiety becomes invisible.", "\n\nOn the other hand, when her anxiety does manifest, Marnie makes pretty clear what it comes down to: \"I don't know what's going to happen next week.\" ", "Ironically, even though Marnie is mostly in bad faith, it turns out she couldn't put more clearly what anxiety is about. ", "If anxiety is particularly relevant to these twenty-something persons in search of themselves and becoming who they are, it's simply because they tend to face the future with more intensity than usual. ", "And the future is nothing other the infinite unknown, in other words, freedom.", "\n\nMarnie, Jessa, and even Shoshanna in their will to embrace their freedom, attempt to flirt with the world of \"grownups\"—metaphorically and literally. ", "Flirting yes, but committing? ", "No, even for the least serious games. ", "Take Jessa's and Marnie's adventure at the businessman's apartment. ", "When they push it too far and giggle at his attempts of seduction, Thomas-John reproaches both of them for their lack of commitment and ask them whether they even know what it's like to work hard (\"Weirdos Need Girlfriends Too\"). ", "Marnie apologizes by saying that she was just trying to be free.", "\n\nSeriously Anxious\n\nSeason One ends with Hannah falling asleep in the metro and getting lost in some obscure place in the city. \"", "Where am I?\" ", "she asks. ", "Hannah keeps on walking and ends up alone on the beach, eating Jessa's wedding cake. ", "At the end of the next season, we'll get the q-tip scene. ", "By then, it's all downhill. ", "Although she's given an opportunity to be what she wants to be, a writer, it's the precise event that causes the downfall of Hannah. ", "She's given the task to write a book, with a deadline. ", "No surprise, she throws up right after the announcement. ", "Hannah's struggles are no worse than her friends' until that very confrontation with the opportunity to carry on her ambition of being a writer.", "\n\nWhy does her anxiety culminate now that the infinity of possibilities narrows down to one—writing a book? ", "What was an objectless anxiety, an anxiety of nothingness, has transformed into an anxiety that is aimed at some precise object. ", "Hannah is given an opportunity to do something potentially great. ", "And that's scary as hell. ", "The moment has come for Hannah to do her part and then leave it to the will of somebody else. ", "Now she has to make an effort and write her book. ", "What she doesn't know is whether her effort will pay off or not.", "\n\nThe scariest part in doing what you really want and putting effort into it is the risk that it might turn out not as great as you expected. ", "The same thing happens when you decide to commit to someone you love. ", "The risk that it might end someday is always present, but you have to accept it. ", "That's what Kierkegaard, in his book _Fear and Trembling_ , called the \"leap of faith.\" ", "When you undertake a project, you have to overcome the fact that you don't know what the future holds: maybe you'll break up in a month, maybe your publisher won't like the book you've written, or maybe the world will end tomorrow. ", "The leap of faith is deciding to write that book anyway, in spite of all the possibilities of failing.", "\n\nMaking the leap of faith is accepting anxiety. ", "And that requires tremendous amounts of courage—so much courage that Søren Kierkegaard called those able to do it \"knights of faith.\" ", "It's not a surprise, though: being courageous is difficult. ", "There are easier ways, and they're very tempting, but in the end only unhappiness comes out of them. ", "It's all about becoming who you are or being authentic. ", "Hannah teaches us that, by refusing to lead an authentic life. ", "We see her struggling very hard to, in a way, avoid writing her book. ", "Hannah can of course blame her OCD for her inability to make her deadline, but that's only bad faith. ", "We've already seen with Marnie that bad faith can come in the form of a complete denial of her anxiety. ", "It's easier in the end to blame some element external to yourself for your failures than to take responsibility for being the person you are. ", "Marnie's bad faith affords her temporary relief. ", "From apprentice curator to muse and then singer, Marnie walks with certainty towards what turns out in fact to be nothingness. ", "She's the captain of a sinking ship, her failing projects, but at least she's a captain, her confidence seems to scream. ", "For Marnie, bad faith enables her to save appearances.", "\n\nThe Q-Tipping Point\n\nBad faith is one way of dealing with anxiety—avoiding it. ", "Hannah goes through something different. ", "She is the person at the edge of a cliff torn both by the idea that she could fall and the idea that she could throw herself into the void. ", "This is a famous example used by Kierkegaard and later taken up by Sartre. ", "Sartre compares anxiety to vertigo. ", "Hannah, in her turn, brings vertigo into her bathroom, in \"On All Fours.\" ", "This episode, though not the last of the season, culminates with the tension accumulated throughout the series in a shocking scene. ", "Hannah's fragile mental state at this point and her solitude combine and emerge in her compulsive behavior disorder, as she cannot do other than brutally stick a q-tip in her ear. ", "The scene is quite horrifying and illustrates sickening anxiety. ", "If anxiety is the confrontation of a finite being with the infinity of her possibilities, then shoving a q-tip down her ear is quite like jumping into the void by fear of it. ", "It's embracing the possibilities all at once.", "\n\nNot without irony, the particular event of the q-tip shoving coincides with the moment Hannah should be done with her e-book. ", "As the deadline approaches, falling short of possibilities, her anxiety climaxes. ", "We follow Hannah very closely, in an elevator, in her apartment and in front of her mirror, and those terrible moments of silence echo with anxiety. ", "Sitting on the wooden floor in her underwear, Hannah is busy procrastinating in front of her computer. ", "An olive here, a pillow there and \"ouch\"—a splinter gets under the skin of her buttocks. ", "These little accidents make Hannah's whole day in her apartment seem even longer and darker, with this feeling of having achieved nothing. ", "Every moment seems to multiply into other moments, bringing with them more possibilities for Hannah of doing something other then writing her e-book. ", "In front of her mirror, while cleaning her ears she's suddenly sucked into one of her obsessive-compulsive disorder episodes and shoves the q-tip down her ear. ", "It's disconcerting for any outsider to the scene, and it doesn't seem pleasant for Hannah either.", "\n\nHere Hannah surrenders to the unbearable infinity of possibilities, but we cannot yet speak of a leap of faith, or anything like that. ", "What has Hannah achieved here? ", "She hasn't gotten closer to her true self. ", "She isn't freer. ", "All she's done is to narrow down the number of possibilities lying before her—but that means relapsing into bad faith.", "\n\nNow it looks like there's no way Hannah will make her deadline. ", "And she has also made it seem like there was no other possibility than jumping into the void. ", "Ironically, in these moments of total despair freedom turns into an unbearable burden. ", "Knowing that you're free and therefore taking responsibility for who you are is difficult: it brings anxiety with it. ", "Hannah refuses to take on the burden of freedom and as a result acts as if she has no choice. ", "While for some choosing anxiety might seem less painful than shoving a q-tip in your earhole, Hannah stubbornly chooses to become the victim of fatality.", "\n\nThe Bushwick Redemption\n\nFortunately there's hope! ", "Anxiety doesn't end with decadent abandonment to fatality. ", "On the contrary. ", "In the finale of Season Two, Hannah and Adam show us how even people like us can be knights of faith and surrender to something bigger than ourselves, opening possibilities of redemption.", "\n\nSurrender comes at the very last moment for Hannah. ", "She calls Adam and gives herself a chance of redemption, by offering him the possibility of helping her. ", "Redemption, or surrender, is the stage that we reach once we have accepted anxiety. ", "But what does it mean exactly to \"accept anxiety\"?", "\n\nAll these characters, Shoshanna, Jessa, Marnie and Hannah, in spite of their difference in handling it, know that, in the end, life is hard. ", "That's why they all find ways to avoid difficulty and pain. ", "Some of them, like Hannah, discover that you can actually surrender to anxiety and take the responsibility to leave it to the outside world. ", "But we can understand why this is hard. ", "It's like sending a message in a bottle: there is no guarantee anything will come of it. ", "We might end up alone on our desert island, but there's also the chance that someone will come and rescue us.", "\n\nSurrendering doesn't mean giving up. ", "Giving up, escaping, fooling one's self, doesn't require courage but only cowardice. ", "It takes guts for Hannah to call Adam, because surrendering is making yourself vulnerable to the other.", "\n\nAnxiety Loops and Life Circles\n\nFrom being \"freed\" from her parents to committing to men and publishers, Hannah goes through bad faith, despair, gives up, and finally surrenders to love. ", "But by Season Three and the knowledge that life simply doesn't end with French-kissing in the rain, but goes on, we can be pretty sure that anxiety will come back. ", "Freedom doesn't get easier to bear and it doesn't become less of a struggle to keep it than face it for the first time. ", "We vanquish it once, but it'll come back and we'll have to do it again.", "\n\nIn the Woody Allen movie, _Manhattan_ , similar conclusions about freedom and life are drawn. ", "The characters are not twenty-something's but forty-something's. ", "This difference doesn't change that they too face existential struggles. ", "Like we've just seen, these struggles repeat themselves and it doesn't get easier. ", "In one of the first scenes, set in a Manhattan café, not so far from the world in which Hannah and her \"girls\" struggle to become themselves, another group of friends reminds us that \"the important thing in life is courage.\" _", "Girls_ completes this idea of courage with that of anxiety.", "\n\nThe courage to be yourself, or rather to become what you are, entails the courage to face anxiety. ", "Movies like _Manhattan_ or series like _Girls_ , because they take their audience into the personal journeys of their characters are particularly fit to expose the struggles of existence. ", "The reason is that these hardships become salient in moments that requires you to take action or to make a choice; and it is these moments that _Girls_ , in the same vein as _Manhattan_ , portrays so accurately.", "\n\n_Girls_ shows that anxiety brings struggle; not only in its hardships but also in the fact that our relation to it is ambiguous. ", "Kierkegaard talks about antipathetic-sympathetic relation to our own anxiety. ", "It's not as simple as fighting anxiety and overcoming it. ", "Anxiety is tempting; we want to give in to the void. ", "Like vertigo, anxiety makes nothingness both repelling and attractive. ", "Accepting anxiety is part of being serious and becoming oneself. ", "It implies great awareness and balance.", "\n\nAdam sums up in a few words the hardship of the pursuit of your true self: \"This shit's really hard. ", "When I broke up with my girlfriend from college, so sad. ", "I lost thirty pounds, I couldn't move, or talk or get my dick hard. ", "But! ", "It also made me go 'Hey! ", "Who am I and what do I want?' ", "Then I was like 'Boom! ", "I know who I am.' ", "I wanted to switch majors and buy a circular saw. ", "And I promised myself I'd follow my gut no matter what. ", "And I'd do what makes me feel good\" (\"Weirdos Need Girlfriends Too\"). ", "Adam explains to us that life is hard but that through the hardest struggles we discover who we are. ", "By discovering who we are, we take responsibility for what we can become. ", "Maybe it isn't as easy as \"Boom!\", ", "but this difficulty is exactly what _Girls_ shows.", "\nIII\n\nIf you're here to tell me what a bad person I am, I don't want to hear it.", "\n\nListen, Ladies! ", "Or Maybe You Shouldn't\n\nROBERTO SIRVENT AND JOEL AVERY\n\nWhen it comes to romance, what exactly are the ground rules? ", "It depends who we ask.", "\n\nHannah favors friends with benefits. ", "But then she wants more. ", "Marnie finds it okay to have sex with the ex. ", "But that only gives her more headaches. ", "Shoshanna is waiting until she's in love. ", "But soon enough, any guy will do. ", "And Jessa, well, she's fine as long as she can treat her body as a roller coaster. ", "Oh, and as long as it makes for a good story.", "\n\nGentlemen, what do you think? ", "Ray avoids women who are either under twenty-five or who have slept with a drummer. ", "But, he cautions, \"It's not like they're commandments.\" ", "Okay, not commandments but more like _rules of thumb_? ", "Thanks, Ray. ", "And Adam, well even _he_ has boundaries. ", "In the episode \"All Adventurous Women Do,\" Hannah asks if Adam still wants to have sex after she pissed him off one too many times. \"", "When it's appropriate, sure,\" Adam says. ", "Then, in an attempt to learn from her past mistakes with Adam, Hannah gives an exhaustive list of dating do's and don'ts to her new man Sandy. ", "To which he replies, \"Why do you have so many rules?\"", "\n\nIt's Not Like They're Commandments\n\nAll of us might be wondering the same thing. ", "When it comes to love, sex, and romance, why _do_ we have so many rules? ", "And is it possible that in a realm as messy (both literally and figuratively) as human sexuality that rules and principles may actually _get in the way_ of a morally worthwhile life? ", "Before we can understand why we have so many rules, we should think about what _kind_ of rules, or ethics, we have.", "\n\nTwo of the most popular ways of 'doing ethics' are deontology and utilitarianism. ", "Deontological ethics, made famous by the philosopher Immanuel Kant, judges the morality of our actions based on how well we adhere to certain rules or duties. ", "What matters is not what consequences will arise from my action. ", "The only thing that matters is that I follow the right rule, and that I perform this action out of a sense of duty. ", "Because these rules are seen as universal, objective, and independent, everyone is morally obligated to follow them— _all the time_. ", "There are no exceptions when it comes to commandments, at least from a deontological perspective. ", "This is why Ray says his general rules are not 'commandments.' ", "He wants to keep his options open.", "\n\nUtilitarianism, commonly associated with the philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, has a different take on ethics. ", "A good utilitarian takes into account all that can go wrong or right with a certain course of action. ", "You can think of this as the engineer's approach to ethics: measure twice, cut once. ", "The goal is to achieve maximum utility. ", "So, you go into your ethics lab, lay all your ethical concerns on the table, sort them out, weigh and measure them, draft various configurations, and finally select the best model that brings about the greatest good. ", "This 'good' might be happiness, pleasure, or even the general welfare of society. ", "But however we define the 'greatest good' or 'utility' is beside the point.", "\n\nEthics here is about engaging in a cost-benefit analysis. ", "It's the kind of analysis Jessa engages in when Shoshanna asks if she'd ever sleep with a virgin (\"Hannah's Diary\"). \"", "Depends on the virgin,\" Jessa says. ", "Yes, the guy's virginity matters. ", "But it's one of _many_ factors that matter. ", "And it's up to Jessa to weigh them all together.", "\n\nIt's easy to see the appeal of using such universal rules, principles, and calculations to navigate our ethical lives. ", "After all, life is hard and romantic relationships are complicated, right? ", "If only there were a map, or a _book_ , that used deontological and utilitarian ethics to show us the way. ", "Well lucky for us, Shoshanna's got our back. ", "In the episode \"Vagina Panic\", she's found the perfect book to un-complicate the love lives of her dear and dejected friends Hannah and Jessa. ", "The Bible? ", "No. _", "Fifty Shades of Grey_? ", "Closer, but no. ", "What else but the soon-to-be classic, _Listen, Ladies! ", "A Tough Love Approach to the Tough Game of Love_.", "\n\nWho Are 'The Ladies'?", "\n\nTo Shoshanna's surprise, Hannah and Jessa do not share her excitement for the book. ", "Let's begin with one of Hannah's objections. \"", "Here's my question,\" Hannah tells Shoshanna, \"Who are _the ladies_?\" ", "This was the question asked by Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855) and German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900). (", "Okay, no, they never literally asked, \"Who are 'the ladies'?\" ", "But you know what we mean).", "\n\nKierkegaard and Nietzsche were each critical of a universal, objective approach to ethics like the kind found in Shoshanna's book. ", "This doesn't mean that these methods are always or necessarily bad. ", "They may have some merit, but what's most vexing about them is that these high-flying appeals to universal, objective ethics may actually get in the way of us living a good life. ", "That's right: our ethical theories may be the very thing that prevents us from being ethical! ", "Why? ", "Because these approaches are too impersonal.", "\n\nFirst, for both thinkers, deontological and utilitarian ethics fail to sufficiently take into account the _individual_. ", "The meaning of an action can't be divorced from the personal history of the individual, as well as the particular goals, desires, needs, and values of that individual. ", "We also can't forget that each individual is examining, rethinking, and re-orienting their values in her own _particular_ way. ", "So, to appeal only to an abstract ideal like duty or utility is to fail to ask a very important question: What does this act mean to this particular person in this particular circumstance?", "\n\nWhat frustrates Hannah and Jessa about Shoshanna's book is that it lumps every woman into the category of 'ladies' and expects its moral advice to apply to all of them all the time. ", "But any ethical advice that reduces them to simply 'girls' or 'ladies' fails to do justice to their uniqueness and particularity as _individuals_. ", "Hannah, Jessa, Marnie, and Shoshanna are distinct 'ladies' with personal histories and current concerns. ", "It would make for a pretty boring TV show—and world—if this weren't the case.", "\n\nSo what else bothered Kierkegaard and Nietzsche about utility and rule-based ethics? ", "According to them, not only do _people_ get reduced with such impersonal approaches to morality. ", "Our ethics get reduced, too. ", "We end up living our lives as if our problems can be solved with a kind of moral calculus. ", "Now, of course, there are plenty of people telling us how to lead our lives. ", "This is why so many self-help authors are filthy rich. ", "Their lists, codes, and formulas promise us a simple, clear, and fast way to find true happiness.", "\n\nWhy is Shoshanna so obsessed with her new book? ", "Because she wishes love were a bit easier to figure out. ", "Marnie wishes the same for life in general. ", "In the episode \"It's a Shame About Ray,\" she begs the cosmos for some clear direction. \"", "Sometimes I just wish someone would tell me like 'This is how you should spend your days and this is how the rest of your life should look.'\" ", "Marnie doesn't just want someone to save her from life's difficult decisions. ", "She wants someone to make those decisions for her. ", "She doesn't want a moral savior. ", "She wants a moral dictator.", "\n\nBut what exactly makes us ethical? ", "Are we ethical just because we follow instructions? ", "Are we ethical just because we know how to plug in the variables of our lives into an equation and calculate the right moral answer? ", "Is _this_ what makes us ethical human beings? ", "Or are we just looking for an easy way out? ", "What, if anything, do we miss when ethics is reduced to mere calculation? ", "And are we so afraid of moral struggle that we, like Marnie, search desperately for an instruction manual to life?", "\n\nHard Being Easy\n\nFor Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, standard ethical approaches tend to minimize the complexity of both the individual and ethics itself. ", "So why do these approaches still appeal to us? ", "This leads to their third criticism. ", "For both thinkers, our reliance on such ethical systems is merely an attempt to avoid responsibility. ", "It's not that we don't have ethical responsibilities—we do!—it's that we use ethics as a cover. ", "We make it look like we're ethical beings (following the rules and so on), but what we are actually doing is _avoiding_ ethical action—in the name of ethics! ", "We simply kick the problem 'upstairs' when we act 'on principle', which Kierkegaard describes as an attempt to escape ourselves and avoid personal responsibility. ", "It's sort of like making an ethical excuse: The principle made me do it!", "\n\nIn _Genealogy of Morals_ , Nietzsche makes a similar critique. ", "An individual's approach to life must be driven by her own goals, interests, and personal passions. ", "The abstract, impersonal, and so-called objective nature of duty and utility is actually, according to Nietzsche, incompatible with the freedom and responsibility of what he calls the 'sovereign individual.' ", "We can imagine that Jessa has traveled through Europe with Nietzsche in her backpack, especially in light of her furious reaction to Shoshanna's book. \"", "This woman doesn't care about what I want,\" she says. \"", "Fuck that silly fucking book! ", "I'm offended by all the 'supposed to's.' ", "I don't like women telling other women what to do or how to do it or when to do it. ", "Every time I have sex is _my_ choice.\" ", "Nietzsche would be so proud.", "\n\nWe can also imagine Jessa agreeing with Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek, who picks up these threads from Kierkegaard and Nietzsche and weaves them in with the thought of psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan. ", "Žižek uses Lacan's notion of the \"Big Other\" to explain how our beliefs and ethics shield us from confronting the trauma of actually living our lives. ", "The \"Big Other\" is the one that holds our world, or sense of reality, together. ", "The easiest example is an idea like God, the \"Big Other\" that made and ordered the world. ", "A lot of deontological ethical systems invoke God when they talk about duty and universal laws. ", "We do something because \"Big Other\" told us to. ", "But God is just one of many \"Big Others.\" ", "For Stalin it was History, for patriots it's Country, for conservatives it's Capitalism, and for liberals it's Progress.", "\n\nAll of these ideas function as the ultimate grounds of one's reality. ", "More importantly, _all of them tell us what to do_. ", "Even if the \"Big Other\" is Utility or Duty, we are appealing to something beyond ourselves, and in doing so, we attempt to escape the trauma of taking responsibility for our own actions. \"", "Really, I'm a good person,\" we tell ourselves, \"but Capitalism demands I act selfishly!\" \"", "Really, I'm a good person, but my Country calls on me to drop bombs on civilians.\" ", "The \"Big Other,\" then, not only helps us make sense of our world. ", "It also gives us someone to blame. \"", "Big Other\" made me do it.", "\n\nOff Limits\n\nSo are Kierkegaard and Nietzsche saying we should just do whatever the hell we want? ", "It would be a mistake to think so. ", "Their moral outlooks are richer and far more complex than this. ", "To give one example, Kierkegaard would have a lot to say to Jessa who, in the words of Thomas-John, destroys people's lives \"because she's bored.\" ", "This is the same Jessa who advises Hannah to have sex because it makes for a good story. ", "Here, Jessa is acting as what Kierkegaard called the \"aesthete.\" ", "The aesthete suffers the illusion that she can escape her boredom, or angst, and the emotional cycle of satisfaction and dissatisfaction. ", "What the aesthete tries to escape are unhappy circumstances, when the problem is located in the individual herself.", "\n\nThis is the challenge of Kierkegaard's ethics. ", "If it really is up to us, and not abstract principles ruling our lives, then we're not off the hook—the hook goes deeper! ", "Jessa can't escape her unhappiness, because to do so would be to escape herself. ", "We can't escape ourselves, Kierkegaard tells us. ", "And because it is impossible to escape ourselves, attempts at escape through aesthetic pleasures will fail to bring us the happiness we ultimately seek.", "\n\nTo give another brief example, Nietzsche would be quite critical of Hannah's behavior in the episode \"Hard Being Easy.\" ", "Here we see a confused Adam asking her why she tried having sex with her boss. \"", "For the story,\" Hannah replies, following Jessa's cue. ", "Then, after a short pause, Hannah says, \"I don't know, just to be an asshole.\" ", "Hannah is just one more person trying to escape herself. ", "From another angle, we also see what Nietzsche calls ressentiment, or hatred towards others and towards oneself. ", "Hannah's self-hatred perpetuates hateful acts upon others. ", "In her case, a reckless sexual act actually functions to deny what is deeply beautiful about her sexuality—she becomes \"just an asshole.\" ", "We might also wonder what Nietzsche might have to say to Marnie and Elijah about their awkward sexual encounter in the episode \"It's About Time.\" ", "It's not out of self-exploration but self-hatred that both are accused of trying to be something they aren't. ", "This hatred prevents an experience of happiness and beauty, resulting instead in destructive self-denial. ", "Wishing to be better than they are, they end up worse off together.", "\n\nWe're not saying that 'anything goes' in romance. ", "We should not throw out all rules and principles. ", "Nor should we stop calculating how our actions might affect ourselves and other people. ", "In clarifying this point, we feel a lot like Hannah in the episode \"It's a Shame About Ray.\" ", "Here we find Marnie offering her answer to the question: What exactly is 'off limits' in the bedroom? \"", "I mean I just don't think anyone should do anything they're not comfortable with,\" she says. \"", "Especially when it comes to sex.\" ", "Hannah, pointing out the obvious, responds, \"Well yes, Marnie. ", "That's the principle behind not raping people.\"", "\n\nSo yes, _of course_ there are principles that can and should guide us in the romantic realm. ", "These might include care, consent, freedom, responsibility, and mutuality (just to name a few). ", "But there is no simple way to determine ahead of time what each of these looks like in a given situation. ", "Principles or rules can't hold our hand. ", "The act of loving _actual_ people is a complicated one, especially if we want to consider the particularity of each individual. ", "If true, sexual ethics might have to rely a lot less on rule following and a lot more on creativity and vulnerability.", "\n\nAll Adventurous Women Do . . . ", "What Exactly?", "\n\nNo matter how bad they want it, the girls of _Girls_ explore sex—and life—without a clear sense of what is useful or right. ", "Rules and cost-benefit analysis can only take them so far. ", "They are opening themselves up to life, not as they thought it would be, but as they discover it to be along the way. ", "Participation is essential to that discovery. ", "These are people making their lives happen. ", "And the way they engage sex, ethics, and responsibility has a lot to say about how they engage _life_ , ethics, and responsibility. ", "In a certain way, taking responsibility for our lives entails taking responsibility for our bodies.", "\n\nSo instead of asking what we should do, perhaps we're better off asking what kind of people we want to be. ", "Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.) called this virtue ethics, the cultivation of virtuous character for an authentically flourishing life. _", "This_ is the moral project that Hannah, Marnie, Jessa, and Shoshanna engage in. ", "They're not wondering what rules they should follow and they're not trying to master the cost-benefit analysis. ", "They're each trying to become a certain kind of person. ", "Each 'lady' is confronting all sorts of \"Big Other\" claims in her life: parents, career, peer/class expectations, and so on. ", "If they are to take responsibility in the face of these claims, if they are to take responsibility for themselves, then the first site is the self, the body. ", "Establishing their identities as sexual, subjective, and vulnerable persons is the first step. ", "Every other act of responsibility starts here.", "\n\nThis is what Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Žižek want us to embrace. ", "Instead of fleeing ourselves, our bodies, and hiding under the covers of ethics, we need to take risks. ", "In her book _Undoing Gender_ feminist philosopher Judith Butler talks about what it means to be a true self exposed to others. \"", "Let's face it,\" Butler writes:\n\nWe're undone by each other. ", "And if we're not, we're missing something. ", "One does not always stay intact. ", "It may be that one wants to, or does, but it may also be that despite one's best efforts, one is undone, in the face of the other, by the touch, by the scent, by the feel, by the prospect of the touch, by the memory of the feel. [", "Sexuality] is to be understood as a mode of being dispossessed, of being for another, or, indeed, by virtue of another. (", "p. 19)\n\nLove and sex are not safe. ", "But Charlie sure wants them to be. ", "In the episode \"Hard Being Easy,\" he tells Marnie what it'll take for him to accept her back as his girlfriend. \"", "Don't abandon me,\" Charlie says. \"", "Don't make me feel safe and then abandon me.\" ", "Charlie's defense mechanisms might seem a bit naive, selfish, and controlling. ", "But it's nothing compared to the emotional wall Hannah puts up with Adam. ", "And in the episode \"Welcome to Bushwick a.k.a. ", "The Crackcident,\" Adam finally calls her out on it:\n\nYou never ask me anything, besides 'does this feel okay?' ", "or 'do you like my skirt?' ", "or 'how much is your rent?' ", "I'm not gonna fuckin' talk your ear off about shit you don't ask about. ", "You don't wanna know me. ", "You want to come over in the night and have me fuck the dog shit out of you. ", "Then you wanna leave then write about it in your diary. ", "You don't wanna _know_ me.", "\n\nCommon approaches to ethics offer safety. ", "But we cannot be truly ethical unless we are vulnerable. ", "We can't be ethical unless we risk. ", "And we can't be ethical unless we surrender. ", "This means surrendering our need for safety, certainty, and clarity. ", "But more importantly, it means surrendering our refusal to be \"undone\" by the one we claim to love.", "\n\nOddly enough, love allows us to be both undone _and_ our true selves. ", "Against most conceptions of the moral life, then, _Girls_ shows us that in order to be truly moral, we must be truly naked.", "\n\nTruth or Dare\n\nThe body has always been a tremendous source of anxiety and uncertainty. ", "And like everything else we fear, we try to control it. ", "So it's no wonder that philosophers have devised rules and formulas to guide us. ", "But how much can rules and moral calculations _really_ help us out here?", "\n\nThe way forward is not to control our fears but to face them, not to reject vulnerability but to embrace it. ", "Only by confronting head-on the risk and messiness of romantic love can we ultimately experience a new kind of freedom in the midst of the sexual unknown.", "\n\nLife, like sex, is difficult. ", "It can even hurt. ", "There are no easy answers. ", "And even if there were, we shouldn't want them. ", "It's the same lesson Hannah learns when examined by her doctor for an STD. \"", "Is that painful?\" ", "her doctor asks. \"", "Yeah,\" Hannah replies. \"", "But only in the way it's supposed to be.\"", "\n\nThe Seven Deadly Sins of _Girls_\n\nJAMES EDWIN MAHON AND NICOLE KIMES WALKER\n\nThe characters in Lena Dunham's _Girls_ are extremely flawed individuals. ", "They sleep around, they neglect their responsibilities, and they are excessively casual about hurting other people's feelings. ", "Some might even say that's the point of the series.", "\n\nAs Season One's tagline suggests— _Living the dream. ", "One mistake at a time—_ the characters' imperfections are the show's sum and substance. ", "They create the drama and humor and make the characters relatable. ", "We sympathize with their weaknesses, in part because their misdeeds do not go unpunished. ", "Poor decisions damage the characters' relationships, lower their self-esteem, and even affect their health.", "\n\nSince the characters' faults form the crux of the show, they are worth looking at more closely. ", "When we do, we discover that these very modern characters are guilty of the traditional seven deadly sins:\n\n• **Pride,**\n\n• **Greed,**\n\n• **Lust,**\n\n• **Envy,**\n\n• **Gluttony,**\n\n• **Wrath,**\n\n• **Sloth.**", "\n\nThese sins, however, are due for an upgrade—a re-branding for the current generation. ", "The seven deadly sins of _Girls_ , then, are:\n\n• **Self-Absorption,**\n\n• **Entitlement,**\n\n• **Sleeping Around,**\n\n• **Hatin',**\n\n• **Excessive Drink and Drugs,**\n\n• **Irritability,**\n\n• **Flakiness.**", "\n\nSelf-Absorption ( _Superbia_ )\n\nThe sin of Self-Absorption ( _Superbia_ ) is opposed to the virtue of Humility ( _Humilitas_ ), and is similar to _hubris_ (excessive pride). ", "Self-Absorption is love directed towards an improper end, namely, oneself, as opposed to one's goodness or one's virtue. ", "It is what St. Augustine (354–430 B.C.E.) calls \"the love of one's own excellence,\" except that here one's 'excellence' consists in simply being oneself, and not in the (good) acts that one performs or the (good) qualities that one possesses. ", "Self-Absorption is loving oneself just for oneself—regardless of how good or bad one might be.", "\n\nThe early Christians who came up with the original designations believed this to be the worst of the seven sins, the \"gateway sin\" that leads to all the others. ", "Self-absorption is the most prevalent sin of the characters in _Girls_ and, yes, it does seem to lead them to commit the other six transgressions. ", "It's their self-absorption, their tendency to put themselves first, that does the most damage to their relationships.", "\n\nSelf-absorption is a problem for all the characters, but Hannah is the worst offender. ", "Her self-absorption is, in fact, a running gag that supplies a great deal of the show's humor. ", "Adam reveals he never thought she was interested in a relationship because she was too self-absorbed to ask him questions about his life. \"", "You don't want to know me,\" he says, to which Hannah hilariously responds, \"Do you even think about me when I'm not there?\" ", "Another incident occurs after Charlie's discovery of Hannah's diary. ", "Charlie is so upset by what Hannah has written about his relationship with Marnie that he breaks up with Marnie on the spot. ", "Moments later, Hannah asks her, \"If you had read the essay and it wasn't about you, do you think you would have liked it? ", "Just as, like, a piece of writing?\"", "\n\nThe death of Hannah's editor provides the perfect comedic set up to explore the tension between Hannah's desire to behave appropriately in social situations and her self-absorbed desire to get a new book deal. ", "When she succeeds in landing a new deal, she calls her father, so excited to tell him about it that she ignores his announcement that he is recovering from a medical procedure. ", "She does not bother to ask how he's feeling or even what the procedure was for.", "\n\nCertainly, Hannah is aware of her self-absorption, if only because people are constantly calling her on it. ", "Adam, Marnie, Ray, Laird, and Shoshanna all complain about it, with Ray memorably asking if she could place \"Just one crumb of human compassion\" on \"her fat-free muffin of sociopathic detachment.\" ", "Laird tells her she's \"the most self-involved, presumptuous person\" he has ever met. ", "When, towards the end of the third season, Shoshanna calls her a narcissist, Hannah tells her, \"People have been calling me a narcissist since I was three.\"", "\n\nMarnie is almost as self-absorbed as Hannah is. ", "When Marnie complains to Hannah's ex-boyfriend, Elijah, about Hannah's selfishness, he tells her that she and Hannah are \"cut from the same cloth,\" and he has a very good case for saying so. ", "Marnie has just cornered Elijah to talk about her problems, and it is very much a one-sided conversation. ", "As Elijah tells her, \"Here I haven't seen you since college, and you're complaining about the same bullshit I've been hearing since 2006.\"", "\n\nTo be fair, Marnie has just received a shock—she's just learned that, only two weeks after their breakup, Charlie has a new girlfriend. ", "However, she is so dismissive of Elijah's criticism that she goes from complaining to Elijah about her problems to complaining to a complete stranger. ", "As if that is not bad enough, she tops it off by telling the guy he would have a hard time getting over her if they had dated, at which point he simply stands and walks away.", "\n\nMarnie doesn't seem embarrassed by this incident. ", "Her self-absorption in some way inoculates her against its effects. ", "She does not seem to notice when she has made a fool of herself, and it takes her a long time to acknowledge that there is anything wrong with her behavior. ", "Even when Marnie realizes that she never once went to Charlie's apartment over the course of their relationship, she fails to evaluate her conduct or find fault with it. ", "At the end of the first season, with no sense of irony, she confronts Hannah about Hannah's self-absorption.", "\n\nHowever, as Marnie's travails increase, as she is rejected by a second guy, loses her job, and is forced to reconsider her career, she finally begins to become more self-aware. ", "She asks Ray to tell her what's wrong with her, because she wants to \"take responsibility for what has happened\" in her life. ", "Ray gets right to the point, telling her \"You act like you're better than everyone and want no part of their lives, and then when you're excluded from things, you're outrageously offended.\"", "\n\nEntitlement ( _Avaritia_ )\n\nRay's summation of Marnie's character describes not only her self-absorption but also another sin. ", "The sin of Entitlement ( _Avaritia_ ) is opposed to the virtue of Charity ( _Caritas_ ). ", "It's more than simply having a desire for wealth, status, and power beyond any amount that one might need. ", "That, one might think, is not even sinful. ", "It is also more than love directed towards material goods. ", "That kind of fetishizing would not seem to be worth the punishment reserved by Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) in the _Divina Commedia_ for those guilty of the sin, namely, to be bound, facing the ground, for all eternity. ", "Entitlement is the belief that one _deserves_ such excessive wealth, status, and power, because one is _superior_ to others. ", "Entitlement is, then, closely related to Self-Absorption, and Hannah and Marnie both suffer from a sense of entitlement.", "\n\nIn the first episode of the show, Hannah is shocked and dismayed when her parents withdraw their financial support. ", "We learn that they have been supporting her since she graduated from college two years ago. ", "Jessa counsels Hannah to tell her parents once and for all that she is an artist and that they can't possibly expect her to pay her own way. ", "That night, high on opium tea, Hannah tells her parents they need to support her because she is the \"voice of her generation, or at least . . .\"", "\n\nMarnie also believes she is more deserving of success than other people are. ", "She is appalled when Charlie sells an app and appears to be doing better than she is. \"", "Charlie is living the dream,\" she says. \"", "I thought he was going to be broken for at least six years. ", "I mentally budgeted six years of brokenness. ", "He's not broken at all. ", "And it just proves to me, like, it doesn't matter how right you do things. ", "Because you know who end up living their dreams are like sad messes like Charlie. ", "And the people who end up flailing behind are people like me who have their shit together.\"", "\n\nSleeping Around ( _Luxuria_ )\n\nThe sin of Sleeping Around ( _Luxuria_ ) is opposed to the virtue of Chastity ( _Caritas_ ). ", "Traditionally, this sin was simply a matter of having sexual relations outside of marriage. ", "However, by today's standards, this is surely not enough to qualify as sinful. ", "What is at issue in this sin is what Pope John Paul II (1920–2005) was talking about in his lecture _Mutual Attraction Differs from Lust_ , when he said \"For the man who looks in that way, the woman ceases to exist as an object of eternal attraction. ", "She begins to be only an object of carnal concupiscence.\" ", "It is the sin of thinking of another person as an object of sexual gratification, and no more. ", "It is the sin of reducing the other person to the level of a thing—a sex toy, as it were—and turning sexual relations with another person into mere masturbation. ", "When you commit the sin of Sleeping Around, you're only concerned with yourself.", "\n\nDubious sexual mores create some of the most poignant or tragic scenes in _Girls_. ", "In Season One, the sex Adam has with Hannah is fantasy-based. ", "He is not having sex with her—he is imagining that she is someone else. ", "As Hannah tells her parents, he is treating her heart \"like monkey meat.\" ", "He also sleeps with other women, as we learn when he sends Hannah a dick pic and then a text that says, \"SRY that wasn't for you.\"", "\n\nHannah becomes so used to this kind of objectification that when she has sex with a former high school friend, she starts talking dirty to him, as she would with Adam, and ends up freaking him out. ", "We're not sure who we feel sorrier for—Hannah who thinks that is an appropriate way to behave, or the young pharmacist who appears to like Hannah and to be trying to forge a genuine connection.", "\n\nIt's one of the show's sweeter twists that Adam ultimately falls for Hannah and offers to be her committed boyfriend. ", "When she rejects him, he has a brief relationship with a girl named Natalia. ", "The relationship ends when Adam subjects Natalia to degrading sex and then doesn't call her. ", "When he finally runs into Natalia in a coffee shop, she tells Hannah that Adam is an \"off the wagon Neanderthal sex addict sociopath who's gonna fuck you like he's never met you and like he doesn't love his own mother.\"", "\n\nAll the characters are promiscuous. ", "Sexual encounters with total strangers are not uncommon. ", "Hannah has sex with a man she just met after he complains that the café where she's been working has been leaving its trash in his trashcans—she goes to apologize, he invites her in, and they have sex ten minutes later. ", "Shoshanna sleeps with a total stranger because she is having a fight with her boyfriend, Ray. ", "This precipitates a tearful break-up with Ray and her bedding of a long line of boys. ", "Jessa hooks up with a stranger at a bar. ", "Marnie hooks up with a friend of a friend who is basically a stranger to her. ", "She also has sex with Elijah almost as a matter of curiosity.", "\n\nAt least Hannah is willing to admit the problem with this sin. ", "When, after she uses him for sex, Laird accuses her of being a terrible, self-absorbed person, she admits that he's right. \"", "I don't have anything to say to that, Laird, except I'm sorry, and I didn't think about you as a person.\"", "\n\nHatin' ( _Invidia_ )\n\nThe sin of Hatin' ( _Invidia_ ) is opposed to the virtue of Kindness ( _Humanitas_ ). ", "This sin is often thought of as desiring the same achievement or possession that another person has, such as a best-selling novel, or a brownstone in Brooklyn. ", "However, it's better to think of it as desiring that someone else _not_ have the achievement or possession that she or he does have. ", "Or, even better, as desiring that the other person _not_ have it, and that one _does_ have it oneself. ", "Hatin' is wanting to have the present uneven situation _reversed_. ", "What lies behind this sin is not the desire that you do well, but the desire that others not do as well as you. ", "As they say in Hollywood, in order to have a good day, it's not enough that your movie does well—your best friend's movie has to be a flop, too. ", "Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) said that this was one of the most potent causes of misery in the world, since people who are jealous like this are not merely unhappy—they also wish for others to be unhappy, too.", "\n\nIn the episode that most clearly illustrates the sin of hatin', Hannah is so envious of the success of a former college classmate, Tally, who is now a published writer, that she even envies her the tragedy that serves as material for her novel. \"", "She's so lucky,\" she says about the fact that Tally's boyfriend crashed his car on purpose. \"", "Your boyfriend should kill himself,\" Jessa tells her. ", "To this Hannah responds, \"You're just saying that because you love me.\" ", "Hannah then goes on to say about Tally, \"She is passive aggressive, she's fake, she's not talented.\" ", "She feels better when her former professor says, about Tally's book party, \"Yeah, I know this probably seems like a big deal, but Tally is a shitty writer.\"", "\n\nJessa is also guilty of hatin'. ", "When she discovers that a former friend of hers has recovered from her drug addiction and turned her life around, instead of being happy for her, she is mortified. ", "She tells her, \"Looks like you got it all figured out with your brownstone and your baby and your cool-looking husband. ", "Don't call me when your life's in shambles . . . ", "None of this is going to work out for you, by the way.\"", "\n\nNot classy, girls. ", "Not classy and not fun. ", "Hatin' is bad for everyone.", "\n\nExcessive Drink and Drugs ( _Gula_ )\n\nThe sin of Excessive Drink and Drugs ( _Gula_ ) is opposed to the virtue of Temperance ( _Temperantia_ ). ", "In his _Summa Theologica_ St. Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) said that there were five ways to commit this sin—to consume what is too costly or exotic, to consume too much, to consume what is too elaborately prepared, to consume at an inappropriate time, and to consume too eagerly. ", "However, none of this seems sinful considered by itself. ", "Surely what is sinful about consuming things to excess is doing so while others go without, and doing so knowing the possible ill-effects that it will have, especially on others.", "\n\nThe characters in _Girls_ are frequently spotted taking drugs or drinking to excess, and often the way they behave afterwards is harmful to others. ", "Hannah sleeps with Laird after doing cocaine. ", "She also sleeps with Frank, Jessa's teenage stepbrother, after getting high on whip-its. ", "Frank later accuses her of using him—a clear sign that he feels harmed by her behavior.", "\n\nShoshanna accidentally does crack cocaine when she thinks she is smoking marijuana, and winds up hitting Ray with her handbag. ", "Jessa, a former heroin addict, robs the store where she works after relapsing, and Elijah tells Hannah something that will hurt her after doing cocaine. ", "Adam, a former alcoholic who is in AA, subjects Natalia to degrading sexual behavior after his own relapse.", "\n\nFlakiness ( _Socordia_ )\n\nThe sin of Flakiness ( _Socordia_ ) is opposed to the virtue of Diligence ( _Industria_ ). ", "It consists of outright refusing to acknowledge one's obligations, and in not taking them sufficiently seriously and being careless about them. ", "The sin is not merely that of being lazy or failing to get things done, but of inconveniencing others and letting others down—others who are there for you. ", "In the _Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals_ , Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) imagines the indolent person as saying that it is okay to never help anyone, so long as one never asks for help oneself. ", "The problem, as Kant points out, is that it is the indolent who regularly need the help of others. ", "The truly lazy person is always asking others for help. ", "The sin of being flaky, then, is actually the sin of not returning the favor—of regularly being in need of the assistance of others, but being completely unreliable about ever doing anything in return. ", "Flakes can only be friends with non-flakes.", "\n\nJessa is definitely the show's flakiest character—unreliable and unable to commit to anything. ", "In the first episode, when Marnie takes Jessa to task for her flakiness (Jessa has just showed up two hours late for a party her friends were throwing for her), Jessa interrupts to reveal her unwanted pregnancy. ", "This effectively shuts Marnie up, but it also, to some degree, supports Marnie's claim. ", "Jessa's friends go to the abortion clinic to offer her their moral support, but, much to Marnie's disgust, Jessa fails to show up. ", "As Marnie quips, \"There is seriously nothing flakier in this world than not showing up to your own abortion.\"", "\n\nThe most obvious example of Jessa letting her friends down is when she vanishes for months without warning. ", "She does this after Hannah has accompanied her on a trip to Jessa's father's house, outside of the city. ", "Jessa abandons Hannah there, leaving her to find her own way back. ", "She doesn't turn up again for months, and is unreachable during that time, saying on her outgoing voicemail message that it is pointless to leave a message for her, since she would never listen to it anyway. ", "Hannah is furious, but when Jessa finally does turn up again, Hannah forgives her instantly, because Jessa is in rehab. ", "Once again, Jessa escapes blame by trumping her friend's complaints with a disaster of her own making.", "\n\nJessa has limited employment options because she dropped out of college and never returned to finish her degree. ", "More than that, however, she rarely attempts to find work. ", "As Shoshanna points out, she does little aside from sit around and watch _Forensic Files_.", "\n\nWhenever Jessa does secure employment, she inevitably manages to mess it up. ", "While working as a babysitter, Jessa is so cavalier about her duties that she actually loses her charges. ", "She soon loses the job as well—not because of how badly she cared for the children, but because of a situation she managed, through her carelessness, to create with Jeff, the children's father. ", "Jeff has a crush on Jessa, and texts her one night to ask what she's doing. ", "Jessa does not recognize the phone number, but texts back with the address of a party she is going to, just to see what will happen. ", "Jeff takes her up on the invitation, and the night ends up being a disaster for him, as Jessa gets him into a physical altercation with some partiers, and later rejects his advances.", "\n\nWhen Katherine, Jeff's wife, talks to Jessa about what happened, she says, \"I bet you get into these dramas all the time, like with Jeff and me. ", "Where you cause all this trouble and you've no idea why. ", "In my opinion, you're doing it to distract yourself from becoming the person you're meant to be.\" ", "Jessa asks Katherine who Katherine thinks she is meant to be, and Katherine suggests that \"She might not be who you pictured when you were age sixteen . . . ", "She might really be serious about something, or someone. ", "And she might be a lot happier than you are right now.\"", "\n\nKatherine is almost certainly right. ", "Jessa would be happier if she were less careless.", "\n\nIrritability ( _Ira_ )\n\nThe sin of Irritability ( _Ira_ ) is opposed to the virtue of Patience ( _Patientia_ ). ", "Irritability is anger directed at someone who is innocent of any offense or harm, or whose offense or harm was trifling. ", "According to Dante, it is the \"love of justice perverted to revenge and spite.\" ", "According to Seneca (A.D. 4–65), it is \"worthless even for war.\" ", "Unlike other sins, it does not have to concern oneself, and may be purely other-directed. ", "This does not mean, however, that it does not stem from dissatisfaction with oneself.", "\n\nAll the characters are irritable, but Jessa, Ray, and Adam are especially so. ", "Jessa is prone to fly off the handle at the slightest provocation. ", "At a party in Bushwick, she drops a bottle from a height and then insults and spits on the men she nearly killed when they protest. ", "Ultimately, Jessa's irritability ruins her marriage. ", "When her new husband gets angry with her for sharing her spotted past with his parents, she not only verbally abuses him, she punches him as well. ", "Later, in rehab, Jessa's irritability is such that she is incredibly cruel to the other patients, none of whom have done anything to harm her personally. ", "Her behavior is so awful that it prompts a rehab official to say, \"With most people, the more I get to know them, the more I understand them. ", "But not you. ", "Are you a sociopath? ", "Are you a method actor researching a role?\"", "\n\nRay is also very grumpy. ", "As Shoshanna complains when they're breaking up, \"You hate everything. ", "Seriously, you hate everything. ", "You hate the sound of children playing and you hate all of your living relatives, and you hate people who wear sunglasses even during the day. ", "You hate going to dinner, which you know I love. ", "You hate colors, you hate pillows, you hate everything. ", "I can't be the only thing you like.\" ", "Ray refuses to acknowledge the truth of this speech, telling her she is confusing negativity with critical thinking. ", "It is clear, however, from Shoshanna's examples, that the subjects of Ray's hatred are trivial and that his negativity is most likely misdirected, possibly stemming from dissatisfaction with himself.", "\n\nRay flies off the handle a couple of times. ", "When Joshua, a neighbor of the café where Ray works, comes over to inquire why café trash is ending up in his garbage cans, Ray escalates the conflict in a way that is unnecessary and even unreasonable. ", "At Hannah's twenty-fifth birthday party, Ray becomes so incensed at the DJ's decision to change the music from the song he requested that he not only confronts her but manages to get into a physical altercation.", "\n\nAdam is also frequently irritable. ", "He is prone to little outbursts—walking off a play he is supposed to be performing in, turning off a song that Shoshanna is singing to—and big ones as well. ", "At the end of the first season, he gets so enraged with Hannah that he unwittingly walks in front of a moving vehicle. ", "Another time, he gets so annoyed at Ray that he abandons him on Staten Island, despite the fact that Ray is doing Adam a big favor at the time. ", "And who can forget Adam's brawl with his unstable sister—one so emotionally violent that it ultimately gets physical. ", "While the siblings do have problems with each other, the things that set them off are fairly trivial.", "\n\nMarnie, Hannah, and Shoshanna also have their moments. ", "At the end of Season One, Marnie and Hannah get so worked up that they throw their toothbrushes at each other. ", "When the four girls go away for the weekend, Marnie gets so angry with the others for not following her agenda for the weekend that she ends up ruining it for all of them. ", "The weekend's award for irritability, however, goes to Shoshanna, who, in a surprise outburst, gives them all a dressing-down, telling Marnie that her \"self-doubt and fear\" makes her unpleasant to be around, making fun of Jessa's stint in rehab, telling Hannah she is \"mentally ill and miserable,\" and ultimately calling them all \"a bunch of fucking whiny nothings.\" ", "Very little triggered this outburst, making it a textbook example of irritability.", "\n\nWe Forgive Them\n\nThe characters of _Girls_ all have their vices. ", "However, that is not enough for us to completely abandon them, because in addition to being guilty of these sins, for which they are often roundly punished, they also demonstrate virtues, and in particular, the virtue of remaining friends with one another. ", "They throw parties to celebrate each other's successes, bail each other out of various mishaps, and offer each other emotional support. ", "The patience, vulnerability, and intimacy they show with one another is so sweet that we're willing to overlook their myriad faults or, if you'd prefer, their sins.", "\n\nVulnerable Young Workers\n\nANDY WIBLE\n\nThe girls in _Girls_ are not girls. ", "They are young adults who are trying to build a career and find meaning in their lives. ", "The path to finding a career and an identity is not easy and it shouldn't be. ", "A career takes years to hone and its meaning often comes from the hard work endured.", "\n\nYet, _Girls_ shows how vulnerable these young adults are in the workplace. ", "Hannah was an intern for two years with no pay; she was sexually harassed working at a law firm, and was encouraged to take cocaine to have an engaging story to write. ", "Her friends have their own problems. ", "Marnie has worked as a host at a gentlemen's club thanks to her good looks, and Jessa lost her job as a nannie after the father had sexual feelings for her. ", "For the most part, the girls are objectified, harassed, and poorly paid. ", "Even if they're not sexually harassed, should new younger employees be treated as other workers are?", "\n\nThe Case for Treating Young Employees Differently\n\nThere are some reasons to treat younger workers differently. ", "After all they are young and inexperienced. ", "They need experience to become more productive workers. ", "One of the best ways to gain it is to learn from the ground up. ", "Starting as a bartender at a restaurant and rising to become a manager, starting as a teller at a bank to become a loan officer, and starting on the factory floor as a means to becoming a supervisor are all legitimate ways of advancing your career.", "\n\nA bartending job might not require a college degree, but experience being a bartender is helpful when overseeing bartenders as the manager or owner of a restaurant. ", "Careers take years of labor and young employees are in the early stages of learning the various aspects of their fields. ", "Young employees often expect to work hard in tough jobs to be rewarded later with appointments that fit their talents and education. ", "Even doctors love to regale their listeners with stories of one-hundred-hour weeks during residency that trained them to be the venerable doctors that they are today.", "\n\nCareers are how we identify ourselves. ", "A career is not simply a job that you do. ", "A career in large part makes you who you are. ", "When meeting new people one of the first questions asked is: \"So, what do you do?\" ", "Not having an answer is not having an identity as a person. ", "Hannah is not identified by her law firm or coffee shop job, she is a writer. ", "It is what she strives to be. ", "Marnie strives for a career in the art collecting scene as she works a job as a host. ", "A career is what a person wants to do, it is often what she's good at doing, and it serves as a kind of label. ", "Careers are long-term processes that require long term sacrifices and these girls are not children who deserve special protections. ", "They are adults and should be treated as adults who lack experience.", "\n\nWorking in the art world and being a writer are also coveted jobs. ", "They are glamor jobs that millions of people would love to have. ", "This may be a result of the perceived ease of the job or the fame that comes with it, but these are the jobs people covet. ", "Thus, employers are in a position of strength. ", "They know that there are others waiting patiently to get a chance at these jobs. ", "Thus, they can make high demands while offering low compensation and still get quality work done. ", "In a way, the market and people's desires, no matter how irrational they may be, dictate the difficult conditions that young employees face in these fields.", "\n\nSuch problems are exacerbated because young employees like the girls are often victims of the experience paradox. ", "The types of job that their education qualifies them to do often require several years of experience that they don't have. ", "But how do you get experience in the first place if it's necessary to have it to get the job? ", "One answer is to take a job that does not require the education and experience. ", "The young employee can then show that she deserves a promotion. ", "A second path is to be a temporary or contract employee. ", "Hannah gets contract writing jobs where companies do not have a commitment to her for the long term. ", "A third way involves internships where young employees get experience in a short-term setting. ", "The employee and employer can see if the engagement will work. ", "Internships are seemingly good for both the employee and the employer.", "\n\nAs the argument goes, all of these reasons justify businesses treating young adult employees differently. ", "Similarly, in the Armed Forces, we don't have to treat a private like a general. ", "In fact if we want good generals, we need strenuous boot camps. ", "The plethora of available talent, along with young employees' inexperience and desire for improvement, allows businesses to pay such employees little or nothing, justifies imposing special demands on them, and warrants embroiling them in seemingly degrading drudgery.", "\n\nThe Importance of Work\n\nTough working conditions like those that Marnie, Hannah, Jessa, and others face in _Girls_ are often defended by supporters of the free market capitalist system. ", "But against this, it can be maintained that young workers should be afforded greater protection and be treated with the same dignity as their fellow employees. ", "One reason for this protection is the importance of work. ", "Work takes up one third or more of a full time worker's day and the work often defines that person to the world. ", "Work is important and deserves important workplace protections.", "\n\nThe old theory of work is that work is labor. ", "It is a necessary evil. ", "We work so that we can pay our bills and enjoy the time during which we do not work. ", "Work is not meant to be fun. ", "If it was fun, it wouldn't be work. ", "Work should not define us any more than other despicable necessary evils such as bowel movements. ", "Work is hard and degrading. ", "If we didn't have to work, we wouldn't. ", "So, work may be degrading, especially early in life, but it is necessary so we can achieve other important goals.", "\n\nAnother more convincing position is that work is necessary for us to live meaningful lives. ", "Our work defines us and gives our lives meaning. ", "It is important because work reflects who we are. ", "Work is central to our essence as human beings. ", "In the past many women lived through their husbands and their husbands' work. ", "A woman was defined as the wife of the plumber or the doctor. ", "But women today rightly want careers and meaningful lives of their own, tied to work. ", "Hannah wants to work as a writer and to be known as a writer. ", "We are beings who work. ", "In fact the philosopher Al Gini writes that a more fitting dictum than Descartes's \"I think, therefore I am,\" is \"I work, therefore I am.\"", "\n\nAlso, given the importance of work to a flourishing life, we need to make sure that work is meaningful. ", "Work must make us better and not worse. ", "E.F. Schumacher says in his book _Good Work_ that bad work is mechanical, artificial, affords no opportunities for self-development, and has no element of Beauty, Truth, or Goodness. ", "Good work is challenging, inspiring, and honest. ", "For example, a sales job that requires an employee to lie to customers grinds at that person's moral core. ", "Or take Ray the coffee shop manager. ", "Ray had little interest in the coffee shop assistant manager job he had and has little interest in anything more. ", "Shoshanna, his girlfriend, threatens to break up with him for his lack of ambition and so he goes to the coffee shop to quit. ", "But his boss then informs him that he is opening a new store and he wants Ray to manage it. ", "The job now involves more challenges and greater opportunities and as a result of feeling respected, Ray is newly interested and inspired.", "\n\nAnother possible reason for Ray's excitement over his new job is that in some respects the new store will be \"his\" coffee shop. ", "He will run it and be responsible for it. ", "This ownership of our work is also likely part of the reason why Hannah likes to write. ", "We all know Hannah is narcissistic, and when she writes, the finished product is hers. ", "She is often paid for the work, but it still has her name on it. ", "Pride in diligence and excellence can be seen in her work. ", "Much of the work people do does not provide such pride. ", "Workers are paid to work and the product or service that they provide is no longer theirs.", "\n\nKarl Marx thought that this detachment and alienation from the products of our labor was a major pitfall of capitalism and as a result capitalism should be abandoned. ", "Given the nature of many jobs, it seems that Marx was at least partly right. ", "Perhaps Schumacher and others are right to reply that within capitalism there can be good work if workers are recognized and respected as moral beings.", "\n\nThe philosopher Immanuel Kant helps us understand why treating people with respect at work and in general is so important. ", "Kant says we are moral creatures due to our rationality. ", "Persons have the ability to make decisions based on intentional reasons. ", "This intentional free action is what makes us intrinsically moral creatures. ", "He says that ethics requires that we treat ourselves and others as ends and never as means only. ", "In other words, we shouldn't use people.", "\n\nEmployees should be treated as subjects and not objects for making the business money. ", "Businesses do use their employees to achieve the business's ends and the employee uses the business to earn the money needed to live. ", "The relationship is unethical when respect is lost and people are treated as mere means only. ", "There are many instances in _Girls_ of people being treated as a mere means. ", "The sexual harassment of Hannah and Jessa at work is a prime example. ", "Another example is when Hannah receives a commission to write a book, with an unreasonable period of thirty days in which to write it. ", "She's paid an advance but the unreasonable deadline is too much pressure for Hannah and it causes a debilitating reoccurrence of her OCD. ", "For the editor of the company, what is important is the book and not the person writing it. ", "Kant reminds us that ethically speaking it is people who matter.", "\n\nI Can Do That\n\nKant's imperative that we treat people with respect is especially pressing when people are vulnerable. ", "Greed is frequently elicited when it is easy to use someone to our advantage. ", "Young employees as depicted in _Girls_ are particularly vulnerable. ", "By law they are adults and don't deserve the special attention children receive due to their undeveloped rationality. ", "Nevertheless, the line between protected childhood and full adulthood is usually not as clear in real life as in law. ", "Young employees have special characteristics that make them particularly vulnerable and ripe for mistreatment.", "\n\nYoung workers are vulnerable for many reasons. ", "The first is that they lack experience. ", "They don't know what to expect and so they often just take whatever is given to them. ", "Poor treatment is accepted because such treatment might be all they know if it's their first job. ", "Second, young workers have an extremely strong desire to succeed. ", "They are laying the foundations for a career that could define them as persons and determine the course of their life. ", "Young workers are taking a long view and are often willing to accept an early loss of dignity in exchange for possible future glory. ", "Thirdly, young workers often do not have emergency funds to draw on should an employment crisis occur. ", "Young employees simply have not had the time to save. ", "Hannah has often had the financial support of her parents in times of need, but many, such as her friend Jessa, don't enjoy that cushion.", "\n\nThe changing nature of the workforce has also made young workers more vulnerable. ", "There is much more turnover in young workers. ", "The Bureau of Labor Statistics in 2013 reported that between the ages of eighteen and forty-four people will change jobs on average eleven times and change entire careers three to five times. ", "Most of those changes happen early in a person's life. ", "A job that will last for a lifetime if you show up on time and work hard is something that only the ancestors of Millennials like Hannah enjoyed. ", "Younger workers are working scared, fearful the company will drop them when they are no longer found useful. ", "Hannah has a series of contract labor writing jobs while her parents have secure tenure-track professorships at Michigan State.", "\n\nChanging jobs does not necessarily make a person vulnerable. ", "In fact it might be a sign of strength for young employees. \"", "Treat me well or I will leave for somewhere that will\" is a cocky pronouncement of some young employees. ", "The problem is that often there are no jobs out there. ", "The unemployment rate for 19–29-year-olds in 2014 hovered around twelve percent which is five points higher than the national average in the United States, and a 2013 Pew report shows that the unemployment rate for 25–32-year-olds is significantly higher than it was for previous generations. ", "In recession-hit countries such as Greece and Spain the unemployment rate for young adults has been over fifty percent. ", "A consequence of this high unemployment is that almost a quarter of Millennials in the United States (22.8 percent) are living with their parents. ", "This is an unfortunate circumstance Hannah and her friends are currently avoiding, but the security, simplicity, and savings of living at home all tempted Hannah when she was visiting her parents in East Lansing.", "\n\nYoung employees are often treated immorally due to their vulnerability, but vulnerable employees also can treat the organizations for which they work unethically. ", "One example is that an employee is usually wrong to leave a firm immediately after the employer has invested thousands training the employee. ", "Secondly. ", "employees have an obligation to inform their employer of unethical behavior. ", "The National Business Ethics Survey found in 2003 that young employees between the ages of eighteen and thirty are much less likely to blow the whistle on internal wrongdoing than longer-term employees. ", "The reasons for this disparity are partly due to developmental differences in moral cognition, but other factors that lead to an unwillingness to speak up are a lack of confidence and experience and a worry that repercussions could result. ", "Whistle-blowing is a luxury of confident, stable, and secure employees, and few Millennials in the workplace fit that description.", "\n\nOn top of being the age that they are, the women in _Girls_ are members of the \"second sex.\" ", "Women have historically been objectified and discriminated against in society and the workplace. ", "Laws and awareness have improved the workplace from the _Mad Men_ style of male domination of the 1950s and 1960s. ", "But as _Girls_ convincingly demonstrates, sex-based discrimination still exists, as does a reluctance of young women to blow the whistle. ", "It's easier and believed best for long-term success to ignore wrongdoing.", "\n\nThere is a sense of hope in _Girls_. ", "Charlie's internet business is full of young employees with open and diverse workspaces, which lessens the chance for such discrimination. ", "Transparency, training, and strong labor laws have transformed the workplace for women. ", "There is even a possibility that these changes are the main reason that the wage gap between men and women is narrowest for young workers. ", "Young women earn ninety-four percent of what men make compared to seventy-seven percent overall according to the US Census Bureau.", "\n\nThe characters depicted in _Girls_ are not the worst off of society. ", "They are white, childless, and educated. ", "Contrary to some people's opinion, a liberal arts degree from Oberlin College does give a person advantages in life. ", "In fact the wage gap between those with and without a college degree has never been higher for full-time workers aged 25–32. ", "In 2013 college graduates earned approximately sixty percent more than people with only a high school degree. ", "A generation ago, the difference was only about twenty-five percent, according to a Pew Research Study.", "\n\nRace matters even more. ", "White women earn more than black and Hispanic men, and considerably more than black and Hispanic women. ", "But this doesn't mean that Hannah and her friends are not vulnerable. ", "Hannah works in a job at a coffee shop and Marnie works in a gentlemen's club. ", "These are not jobs that generally require a bachelor's degree in English. ", "Richard Vetter, an economist from Ohio University, points out that fifteen percent of taxicab drivers now have a college degree compared to one percent in 1970. ", "So, college degrees are still beneficial, but they do not guarantee a meaningful and secure job with high pay.", "\n\nHow to Treat Young Workers\n\nDoes this vulnerability translate into a need for the protection of young workers? ", "Age is a legally protected class, but the protections in question are generally thought to apply to older workers. ", "The argument in general is that it should not matter how old you are, but whether you can do the work required of you. ", "Airline flight attendants used to be aged out when they became too old. ", "Now such restrictions are prohibited. ", "We don't want to go too far the other way and say that if a four-year-old can do the job, then we should not prohibit her. ", "Children do need special consideration and protection. ", "Do young adult workers deserve special protection against discrimination? ", "This is not quite as clear, for much of the difference in treatment is due to their lack of experience and knowledge, which are justified reasons for treating workers differently. ", "Nonetheless, there are good reasons to be careful with young workers given their vulnerability. ", "The process of creating a more welcoming environment for young workers may result in a more profitable workplace too.", "\n\nCreating a better workplace is not as easy as just saying that all jobs should be challenging, treating people with respect, and allowing for advancement, as Schumacher suggests. ", "Some people might like unchallenging jobs and some people might not want to advance. ", "Marnie somewhat likes her job as a host at a gentleman's club and it would seem to be acceptable to her if she was told the job does not allow for advancement. ", "Unless they start an art gallery, she does not want to become assistant manager. ", "Also, it seems some jobs need to be done that cannot or should not be made challenging. ", "A factory job putting a side mirror on a car shouldn't be made more challenging by making the employee jump through a ring of fire. ", "A job should be made challenging only if does not harm the business and aids the employee.", "\n\nThere are actions, though, that can be taken to make sure younger vulnerable workers are not harmed in the workplace. ", "The first step is for employers to realize that young workers are vulnerable. ", "Awareness is often the first step when solving problems, and employers should know that young employees are likely both to carry out and to put up with immoral actions in order to fit in and to be wanted. ", "Protection of young workers is then the second step.", "\n\nExtra monitoring may be needed to make sure older employees are not abusing younger workers, and special attention should be paid to ensure that work requirements are not more onerous for younger employees than those that older employees would be reasonably be expected to meet. ", "For example, I once worked at a paper factory and we would stack books as they came off a press. ", "Our press churned out books the fastest because our supervisor thought that our team was young and could handle it. ", "Every time my back hurts, I think of that miserable job.", "\n\nA third thing that can be done is to be honest with young workers. ", "Young workers should be informed of their rights, job requirements, and chances for advancement. ", "A workplace should be transparent about its requirements and expectations, and backroom side deals should be eliminated.", "\n\nInternships are a prime example where the need for change can be seen. ", "Internships are intended to be educational experiences for students in the \"real world.\" ", "They do not guarantee employment as some apprenticeships provide, but are thought to be a vital part of getting the experience needed to start a young worker's career. ", "The experience paradox can be overcome with an internship. ", "Internships, though, have often resulted in these young workers being abused. ", "Many interns are not paid. ", "The employer is getting free work. ", "The employee is supposed to be learning but is often just treated as another employee.", "\n\nIf an unpaid internship is the main path to entry to some career, then the result is that only those from privileged backgrounds like Hannah can afford to embark on such a career. ", "Not many could afford to work for two years without pay as Hannah did. ", "Thus, internships should be paid and they should offer training on how the business works. ", "This training often justifies paying young employees less even when they are the most competent people in the business. ", "Businesses that pay their interns are also more committed to them. ", "Sixty-three percent of paid interns got job offers at graduation compared to only thirty-seven percent of interns who were not paid. ", "Pay is a way of showing respect that has long term effects.", "\n\nOn this note, the medical community has seen internship and residency requirements change to protect young doctors and to create better outcomes for patients. ", "Medical residents of the past often would work several days straight and over a hundred hours a week. ", "They are now limited to eighty hours a week, they must have ten hours off between shifts, and they must not work more than thirty hours at one time. ", "The justification for the long hours was that they have a lot to learn and that residency is a kind of boot camp for teaching young doctors the rigors of practicing medicine.", "\n\nThe problem was that it was not good for either patients or doctors. ", "These residents were seeing patients, and their patients were being harmed by having sleepy, overworked doctors examine them. ", "For the good of the patient, reform was needed. ", "Second, those long hours and the associated lack of sleep often resulted in less learning rather than more. ", "The trick of learning to sleep while standing up is not the medical education that should have occurred.", "\n\nThe reason that these unreasonable residency conditions persisted for so long, and that poor conditions prevail for young workers in general is that old workers essentially say, \"I was abused and I became the competent person I am today, so the young workers of today should be abused.\" ", "It is this attitude that makes even a thirty-hour work period seem reasonable. ", "Most patients who are getting ready to see a physician on his thirtieth hour would likely disagree. ", "More residency reform will likely proceed as young doctors and other stakeholders are treated with respect.", "\n\nTwo-Way Respect\n\nYoung workers like those depicted in _Girls_ are hardworking, idealistic, and naive. ", "They play a vital role in our economy and should be treated accordingly. ", "Hannah, Marnie, Jessa, Ray and others deserve greater consideration at work than they get. ", "They deserve respect, honesty, and guidance. ", "There are many more laws to protect workers today than in the past. ", "Yet employers don't feel the obligation to workers that they did in the past and so abuse, especially for legally unprotected workers such as young adults, is still endemic. ", "Employers should realize the often debilitating effects discrimination or forced redundancy have on a young worker.", "\n\nYoung workers have obligations as well. ", "They should treat their fellow workers, and the company as a whole, with respect. ", "The fun young family atmosphere at Charlie's office where they work hard and play hard at work is due to respect and dedication flowing both ways between employee and employer.", "\n\nWorkplace relationships such as these will ensure that the _Girls_ of today don't become the bitter _Golden Girls_ of tomorrow.", "\n\nA Tale of Two Hannahs\n\nCHRISTOPHER KETCHAM\n\nThere are two women separated by thousands of miles and two continents who both have the same first name.", "\n\nHannah Horvath in Brooklyn (played by Lena Dunham) we know from the show _Girls_. ", "We will call her Hannah B.\n\nMeet Hannah from war-torn Darfur, in a remote village in western Sudan. ", "We will call her Hannah D.\n\nBoth are the same age, intelligent, but otherwise average. ", "Certainly their cultures are different, their living conditions are different, and even though both may aspire to be creative artists, do both have the same opportunity to do so? ", "And what do their different cultures mean to the two Hannahs? ", "Hannah B is white and Jewish, from a middle class background but lives near the margins in Brooklyn; Hannah D is a minority in her country, of Black African descent not Arab, and lives at the margins of her country. ", "Hannah D is Muslim, and has always lived in poverty.", "\n\nBut the Hannahs have become women. ", "They survived the ordeal called adolescence, they have been schooled, though for Hannah B her education was longer and more formal, and both have developed life and work skills that could be applied to different jobs or careers, even if it is to maintain a home or support a family. ", "Some women will want partners, children and families, others won't. ", "Some marry for love; for others marriages are arranged. ", "As women enter adulthood are they not like the Hannahs, wondering, hoping—trying to understand who they will be and want to or can become? ", "They ask, \"I am Hannah. ", "Who am I?\"", "\n\nWhile girls all over the world face some of the same challenges of becoming women and adults, there are differences. ", "First, countries vary in their support for human rights: not so much in the Sudan; more in the US. ", "Bribery and corruption may be tolerated or not. ", "Some cultures support equality for women; others don't. ", "Some cultures support education for women and work outside the home; others don't. ", "Economic, health and security conditions vary as well. ", "So, everything's relative, right?", "\n\nIs It All Relative?", "\n\nAccording to some people, called relativists, we can't reasonably criticize the practices in one society because the standards we appeal to when we criticize are drawn from our own society. ", "So, the relativist says, it's perfectly normal that when we look at a society with different standards from our own, we see things that look wrong to us. ", "But remember, when members of that other society look at what goes on in our society, they see things that look wrong to them. ", "Since there's no absolute standard of what's right and wrong, it's not reasonable to make judgments about what goes on in a different culture.", "\n\nSo, for example, we tend to suppose that young people ought to be free to choose their marriage partners and that marriage partners selected by parents before the engaged couple have even met, are obviously unfairly constricting on the lives of young people. ", "But someone who lives in a society where arranged marriage is the norm might just point to the disturbing sexual behaviors we witness in any episode of _Girls_ , and say that these are the kinds of horrors which occur when inexperienced young people are left free to choose their mates.", "\n\nPeople who reject relativism accept some version of what is called natural law theory. ", "They think that some beliefs and practices are objectively wrong, by an absolute standard independent of any particular culture. ", "For instance, many people consider slavery or the Holocaust to be evil, regardless of how southern slave-owners or Nazis viewed these practices. ", "At first glance it may look as if relativism is full of tolerance for people who are different. ", "But as C. Fred Alford and others have argued, relativism can just as easily lead to intolerance, for if all beliefs are equal, there can be no basis for thinking it wrong to suppress any particular belief.", "\n\nA modern way to look at this issue, seen in the work of John Rawls, is to ask whether there are some fundamental rights that all humans ought to be granted, regardless of whether they live in a democratic country like Hannah B or a hierarchical regime like Hannah D. Do human rights trump cultural practices and what does this mean for the transitional experience for girls to adulthood?", "\n\nWe know that in Brooklyn there are places where poverty is extreme and other places where the wealth of some is incredibly huge. ", "In Darfur there are many poor villages and overcrowded refugee camps but there are also wealthy Sudanese, especially those who are members of the ruling and governing classes. ", "Gangs and mafiosos roam Brooklyn, killing each other and others who get in their way. ", "In Darfur, the Janjaweed militia, which many believe is supported by the Sudanese government, has been ethnically cleansing non-Arabs from the Darfur region since 2003. ", "Rape and murder are common tactics of the Janjaweed. ", "But what about our Hannahs, what is their story, how have they fared in their different worlds until now?", "\n\nHapless Hannah\n\nHannah B is searching for what she will become. ", "In the first episode she tells her parents, \"I have work, and then I have a dinner thing. ", "And then I am busy, trying to become who I am.\" ", "But at the end of the first season she's overcome by self-doubt when she says, \"No one could ever hate me as much as I hate myself.\" ", "Angst runs high for Hannah B.\n\nShe's left the Midwest for the big city but kept the financial lifeline to her parents. ", "During the contentious dinner in the first episode where her parents cut off her financing, she says to them, \"I could be a drug addict. ", "Do you realize how lucky you are?\" ", "Hannah B is not the aggressive go-getter type. ", "So her search for herself is at times listless. ", "Nor did she date the quarterback in high school. ", "She dresses plainly, even frumpily, in the fashion-conscious city. ", "She doesn't live in either the affluent Brooklyn Heights or the trendy Park Slope district, but in the grittier working class Greenpoint neighborhood.", "\n\nHannah doesn't feel very special but as she says in the same episode, \"I don't want to freak you out, but I think that I may be the voice of my generation . . .\" ", "She has aspirations to be a writer but on the driven meter, her dial is set very low. ", "Then in Season Two an online editor offers her $200 an article but he wants stories about her doing a threesome with people she just met on Craigslist or snorting cocaine. ", "She considers these suggestions seriously and then goes to Jessa for cocaine, \"to snort for work because I'm planning on writing an article that exposes all my vulnerabilities to the entire internet\" (\"Bad Friend\").", "\n\nOtherwise, she spends most of her time just trying to get by in New York. ", "She tends to sabotage herself in work situations and is ambivalent towards love and her sometimes boyfriend Adam. ", "Her doubt boils over after she goes to Adam's apartment to break it off: \"I really care about you and I don't want to anymore because it feels too shitty to me\" (\"Hannah's Diary\"). ", "But they still see each other.", "\n\nHer world is small in a big city. ", "Like others who come to New York, she's invisible to most beyond her small circle of friends and co-workers. ", "But in her mind she has taken on the burdens of her group: \"If anything, I think I'm just too smart and too sensitive and too, like, not crazy. ", "So that I'm feeling all these big feelings and containing all of this stuff for everyone else\" (\"One Man's Trash\"). ", "Yes, Hannah B is just getting by. ", "She says to Adam, \"I'm really scared, okay? ", "I'm really scared all the time\" (\"She Did\").", "\n\nHopeful Hannah\n\nHannah D, like Hannah B, is just getting by . . . ", "most of the time. ", "In that part of the Sahara there are droughts and intermittent flash floods. ", "Water is precious and not always clean. ", "Her family's hut is made from bits of this or that and fabric. ", "Planted crops produce marginal yields and sometimes fail and small herds of cattle suffer during the droughts. ", "Firewood is a necessity which Hannah D must gather from a very long walk away, but firewood gathering requires protection from marauders and rapists, in armed gangs that mostly belong to the Janjaweed. ", "But the women don't trust the civilian police who are supposed to guard the women on their firewood search.", "\n\nHer father was killed by Janjaweed in the early fighting and her mother was raped two years ago by the Janjaweed but unlike most women who are taken by the Janjaweed she survived, unconscious, left for dead with a deep gash across her face which has now scarred over. ", "Most of the men of the village were killed. ", "Hannah D escaped this same fate because she was gathering firewood at the time and she and the other women waited for two days outside the village until the Janjaweed had gone. ", "At the sight of the larger and better armed Janjaweed her male protectors fled. ", "The Janjaweed took her five-year-old brother and he hasn't been seen since. ", "Her mother under her scar looks like she's in her sixties not her real age of forty-three. ", "There is a baby, who was hidden under blankets and not killed by the Janjaweed, and Hannah D, which is all that's left of her mother's children. ", "There was only one poorly built and minimally staffed religious school in the village before the drive to eliminate non-Arabs and Hannah D learned how to read, write, and do sums but the school is gone now.", "\n\nDarfur had a rich tradition of women singers, mostly praise and encouragement songs to the men to inspire them in their arduous tasks. ", "With the troubles, much of this traditional singing is gone too (as Roxanne Connick tells us). ", "But Hannah D learned many songs from the old women and has written these down in a journal where she also includes her own private thoughts. ", "But she hides this journal from her mother who can't read and who would not approve of the writing down of things that are personal or intimate. ", "Hannah D wears a head scarf as other Muslim women do in her village and she prays with the other women (women and men in Darfur don't eat together or pray together). ", "Hannah D is old not to have been married but her father who would have arranged it is dead along with all his brothers and there are few eligible males left in the village.", "\n\nIn spite of her plight, Hannah D is hopeful, hopeful that a good man will find her and a male relative will agree to her marriage soon. ", "Because if Hannah D does not marry she will be dubbed maiden, get less respect and will be excluded from many aspects of her community. ", "And Hannah D is also hopeful that the talks in the country she keeps hearing about from the UN people will bring back the village she remembers from childhood. ", "Beyond that horizon she can't see, for she doesn't know what the bigger world is.", "\n\nHannahs at the Margins\n\nBoth Hannahs are living at the margins of the world. ", "The oppression of the big city with its outsized expense and ultra-competitive culture keeps Hannah B down because she cannot or will not push herself into its mainstream. ", "Hannah D cannot see beyond her village because the country where she lives is in turmoil and the various forms of oppression from government, militias, and gang forces serve to keep Hannah D and her community from aspiring to anything beyond survival. ", "The two women are in different places and circumstances but yet they are both near the bottom of what anyone might call personal fulfillment. ", "For different reasons their life is filled with anxiety about the future and about what they could become.", "\n\nWhat if both Hannahs were given the same rights and conditions of living; what would happen? ", "Before we answer this question we must explore the idea of human rights to find what it is that would give both Hannahs the same opportunities for personal fulfillment. ", "Then we must find a location where this could take place.", "\n\nHuman Rights\n\nWhat if we put both Hannah B and Hannah D in the same place to see whether it is culture or individuality that brings people fulfillment? ", "In order to do this we need to put them both in a place where the effects of culture is limited. ", "What this means is a place where there are a limited number of rights and where the two Hannahs are not familiar with the local culture. ", "So it can't be Brooklyn or Darfur.", "\n\nWhat are most basic human rights the two Hannahs expect in this new country? ", "John Rawls was a political philosopher, famous for his books about justice, which he defined as fairness. ", "But when it came to basic and inalienable human rights Rawls considered the question, \"In a world of different cultures what might the peoples of the Earth agree should be inalienable human rights?\"", "\n\nOn the basis of this question, Rawls drafted _The Law of Peoples_. ", "He reasoned that well-ordered societies whether governed by the people, such as in the US, or ruled hierarchically like in Darfur, would have to have certain basic human rights. ", "However he steered away from rights that appeared to critique specific cultural or religious practices. ", "Rawls thought that it would be hypocritical for any society to critique the culture of another society as long as the other society observes certain minimal human rights.", "\n\nRawls boiled down his Law of Peoples to five fundamental and inalienable rights:\n\n1. ", "Life including subsistence and security,\n\n2. ", "Liberty—no slavery or serfdom,\n\n3. ", "Formal Equality, meaning that if my issue, case, or situation is the same as yours we both are treated, judged, or regulated the same way,\n\n4. ", "Personal Property, and\n\n5. ", "Liberty of Conscience, meaning I can practice my religion and can think freely.1\n\nHowever, equality of the sexes, and even guarantees for education for women or men are off the table. ", "Different religions must be tolerated but there can be a state religion. ", "Land ownership, healthcare beyond subsistence, prohibition of female circumcision, or the right of the individual to criticize the government are not required. ", "Formal equality means that there is fairness in the courts and, \"that the law is guided by a common good idea of justice\" ( _The Law of Peoples_ , p. 66).", "\n\nRawls was not advocating that these five rights, by themselves, were ideal, far from it. ", "His thought was that if a country had these minimal rights that other countries would not have the authority to interfere forcibly or militarily on the basis of human rights if the country was not otherwise aggressive. ", "Rawls was being pragmatic: he was looking for the minimum we could possibly accept, even though we would desire much more. ", "And he would want the world to use all its political and economic influence to help these minimally compliant countries improve their human rights record.", "\n\nLiberty means a right to emigration but there can be bureaucratic red tape. ", "But there is no such right for immigration so the tough immigration laws of the US would not violate the Law of Peoples. ", "Also, given that all inalienable rights of the Law of Peoples are met, the people can be generally illiterate, live at bare subsistence levels, and be mostly out of work. ", "What the government must also do is maintain reasonable measures to protect the people from gangs like the Janjaweed in Darfur or gangbangers in Brooklyn. ", "Being in a state that adheres to the Law of Peoples may still produce the kind of life Thomas Hobbes called, \"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.\"", "\n\nThe Law of Peoples has three roles.", "\n\nFirst, it establishes a country's legitimacy both internationally and locally for its own people.", "\n\nSecond, it prevents invasion or other interventions by other countries as long as the country maintains the five basic rights.", "\n\nThird, the Law of Peoples actually limits cultural diversity by requiring at least some rights for all regardless of cultural practices that may not have recognized these rights before (\"The Law of Peoples,\" p. 71).", "\n\nBut where would we find a country for the Hannahs that just meets the minimum requirements for the Law of Peoples to help us answer this question: \"If both Hannahs were in a place with at least these human rights what would change for either of them?\"", "\n\nWelcome to Blandland\n\nThis is a thought experiment and as such will require creating a fictional scenario that has everything to do with Hannah B's character but nothing to do with actual _Girls_ show episodes. ", "So, here goes.", "\n\nHannah B had nearly run out of money but refused to slink back to Michigan and her parents. ", "But she gave up on Brooklyn and Adam and ditched her friends. ", "She used the last of her funds to fly to Europe ostensibly to rediscover the Parisian literary scene of Ernest Hemmingway, Ezra Pound, F. Scott Fitzgerald, T.S. Eliot, and Gertrude Stein in the cafés of the 1920s, now at places like Shakespeare and Company. ", "But to her everyone was just too into self-promotion, obsessing about their art. ", "And her French wasn't too good which didn't help win her any friends. ", "She left Paris and bummed around for a while in Spain, taking odd jobs here and there just to survive.", "\n\nHannah D and her entire village were evacuated to the Bredjing Refugee camp in Eastern Chad. ", "Hannah D found conditions in the camp to be intolerable and sought a way out. ", "Her mother refused to leave, wishing to stay with what remained of her villagers. ", "Hannah D escaped the camp hidden in a UN vehicle. ", "When the truck stopped she found a refugee support group in Chad that helped her emigrate to Europe.", "\n\nSomehow both Hannahs ended up in Blandland, unmarried, and without job prospects and no local contacts.", "\n\nFictional Blandland is a small hierarchically governed country in Europe and it meets Rawls's criteria to be minimally compliant with the Law of Peoples. ", "Many languages are spoken including English and Arabic. ", "The state religion is Christian Catholicism but other religions are tolerated, though wearing veils or Yarmulkes is not. ", "Not being a native born Blandlander is looked upon as second-class and natives are chosen over non-natives in many occupations.", "\n\nIt's a male dominated society and women are paid less and few work outside the home. ", "Education for women generally ends about the eighth grade, though there is one college for women. ", "Marriage is sometimes arranged and women marry young, generally in their late teens. ", "The state controls the economy which is marginal and Blandland isn't part of the European Union. ", "The army is large and defense-leaning, and it's the employer of choice for many young men.", "\n\nHealthcare is state run and minimal; consumer goods are rationed. ", "Aging public transit is the mode of transportation for most. ", "Blandland is rural, with many villages and one major city. ", "Most people are on some form of relief. ", "Real property is owned by the state and apartments are overcrowded because of a chronic housing shortage. ", "The ruling family is wealthy but tolerant and there is a small group of well-heeled industrialists, mostly connected with mining. ", "The country has a long proud tradition of successful women and men poets, writers, singers and other performers as well as a rich agrarian and forest-based folk history, which has been the subject of much of the country's literary and musical output.", "\n\nLiving the Law of Peoples\n\nWhat will happen to the two Hannahs in Blandland? ", "The question is important because it aims at the heart of relativism. ", "If both Hannahs are in a place where they each have the same basic rights of humanity as set out by Rawls, what determines whether their lives are fulfilling or not? ", "Is it the individual that matters, or is it culture or both?", "\n\nBut you are protesting at the top of your lungs that women are not equal to men in Blandland so their opportunities for fulfillment are significantly less than for men. ", "But not so much different if both aspire to become artists because the culture has its share of men and women writers and musicians who have done equally well in their professions in Blandland. ", "But we know that there are gender differences whether biological or the social conditioning that begins from childbirth. ", "How do these affect girls and their transition to womanhood and beyond?", "\n\nHannah B and Hannah D can get apartments with roommates in Blandland. ", "Hannah B's will be about the same as what she had in Brooklyn, and like many others of her age she can live off the dole which will give her a lot of time to write. ", "But will she write or will Blandland be like Brooklyn for Hannah B, a place where she can dream and be with others in a kind of holding pattern, not being any more than she was in Brooklyn, a hapless soul? ", "And will she remain a pushover to others, following the crowd while searching for herself?", "\n\nBut, you say, Hannah B had every opportunity in Brooklyn, but she doesn't in Blandland. ", "Yes, there was every opportunity in Brooklyn but was Hannah ready for these opportunities? ", "So is Hannah B's character reflective of her existence, her living in Brooklyn, or is there a Hannah B that could become what she could become simply by changing her residence and culture to Blandland?", "\n\nHannah D, out from under her mother's watchful eye, might find more time to write, perhaps to chronicle or even sing the songs she has learned. ", "Her circumstances are better than what she could have ever expected in Darfur and the camp in Chad where there were no opportunities. ", "But like Hannah B this new freedom to be what she can be may be too much for Hannah D, and she too might drift along, maybe even with roommates and others from Sudan or other parts of Africa with whom she could commiserate, wishing for the village of her childhood. ", "On the other hand, having tasted the opportunity she might want more, and expand her horizon of the world until she begins to feel fulfilled in her life.", "\n\nHow much influence does place and culture have over the personal fulfillment for either Hannah, or how much influence does the Hannah within have?", "\n\nIs the Law of Peoples Enough?", "\n\nRawls asked, \"What's the best I can get for every human in a world of well-ordered societies?\" ", "For the feminists, critical race theorists, liberal jurists and others The Law of Peoples will not be enough. ", "Yet in many countries today we don't even have Rawls's minimum human rights.", "\n\nFor some the Law of Peoples might be acceptable as a good first step. ", "But how far a step is that? ", "Consider the US where there has been a long struggle to eliminate segregation and inequality, and where the seemingly intractable problems of poverty, opportunity, and personal fulfillment for minorities have never been resolved.", "\n\nWhile it is up to Hannah B and Hannah D to find their own way to personal fulfillment in Blandland, they will face gender, religious, economic, class, and other pressures that will push back against them becoming who they eventually want to be or dream to become. ", "Even with basic human rights in place and their own personal drive, other elements of society can get in their way of finding personal fulfillment.", "\n\nSo it isn't just my attitude alone but it's also the attitude of others in the society and my own circle of acquaintances and even my upbringing that will influence me, either to oppress me or to elevate me or simply leave me alone.", "\n\nFor some, personal fulfillment is the accumulation of wealth. ", "For Hannah B it may be that all she wants is to be comfortable being Hannah B, nothing more. ", "For Hannah D maybe it's having the opportunity to dream that fulfills her, knowing there can be more to her life than firewood-gathering and hiding from the Janjaweed. ", "But for either, or both, it could be much more.", "\n\nSo, it's more complicated than human rights and opportunities. ", "Sure, some are dealt lousy hands in refugee camps in Chad where opportunities for personal fulfillment are minimal to nonexistent and you have to elbow your way to the UN supply truck just to get the meager staples you need to live. ", "Then there are places of plenty like Brooklyn—but it's hard there too, for even with many opportunities you've got to elbow your way into its fast moving stream or drown. ", "And even if you are in a place where everyone has minimal rights and some opportunities, the attitude of others towards you, your gender, your race or place of birth may be oppressive.", "\n\nWhat's the solution for personal fulfillment for everyone—or is that a reach so far that we can't ever grasp for it? ", "Suffice it to say that personal fulfillment is a thorny dilemma. ", "It's a mixture of basic rights, personal drive, acumen, and societal attitudes. ", "Is there one perfect place in the world where everyone could become personally fulfilled? ", "Look around your world: who's had everything and become nothing; who came from nothing and has become fulfilled; who has simply become what they want to become which isn't much but is enough? ", "What contributed to each and why? ", "Perhaps if we can get answers to these questions we will gain a better understanding of humanity and personal fulfillment. ", "So what do you think is the future for Hannah B and Hannah D?2\n\n1 Rawls gave one version of these rights and then later updated and expanded them. ", "Where the two versions differ, I go with the 1999 version.", "\n\n2 I would like to thank a fellow student of philosophy at West Chester University, Majid Ali, originally from Sudan who provided helpful insight into the conditions in Darfur. ", "I would also like to thank Niemat Ahmadi, President, Darfur Women Action Group in Washington DC for her careful reading of the text and critical comments on my understanding of the circumstances of Hannah D and other women in Darfur and the refugee camps.", "\nIV\n\nI thought this would be a nice opportunity for us to have fun together and prove to everyone via Instagram that we could still have fun as a group.", "\n\nForever Unsatisfied\n\nKENN FISHER\n\nAdam: Is this the game? ", "You chase me like I'm the fucking Beatles for six months, and then I finally get comfortable and you shrug?", "\n\n—\"She Did\"\n\nDoesn't that just about sum it all up? ", "Hannah Horvath spends the first season of _Girls_ being all-but-obsessed with Adam so long as he continued one important trait: indifference towards her. ", "As soon as he starts to show a little bit of interest in her, she loses her once thriving passion.", "\n\nThis is a recurring theme in _Girls_ —the characters want something badly, so long as they are unable to get it. ", "They get off on the rejection. ", "Suddenly, when the tables turn, and they are being accepted (sexually, or otherwise), they fall into a sort of Alvie Singer (channeling Freud through Groucho Marx) state of _\"I wouldn't belong to a club that would have a guy like me as a member.\"_ ", "In the end, desire is something that is ultimately incapable of being fulfilled. ", "Is there not always something more that we may seek, hoping that maybe it's the thing that will finally make us complete—or happy? ", "This tendency becomes the main obstacle for the characters of _Girls_ to having any real happiness, or developing their dreams.", "\n\nThis lust for rejection is actually a part of human desire, specifically in a psychological sense of the word. ", "Humans have long wanted exactly what they couldn't have, and modern psycho-analytical theory has had a fun time observing and dissecting this enigma of the human character.", "\n\n_Girls_ has a lot to say about this aspect of human condition. ", "When we look at the history of desire as interpreted by modern psychology, we can see that psychologists have practically written the stories of the four main characters of _Girls_. ", "What's more, _Girls_ , as a commentary on contemporary twenty-somethings, criticizes the inability of its subject matter to commit to what they want.", "\n\nFreud, and His Ability to Mother My Mother\n\nSigmund Freud (1856–1939), unquestionably the father of modern psychology, spoke very little about desire in the sense that we're examining. ", "This is not to say that he did not discuss desires, but he looked at them mostly in the sense of their being repressed. ", "Freud saw desires as forces we may be unaware of, springing from our subconscious minds. ", "According to Freud, these desires originate in the Id, a dark, inaccessible part of our personality. ", "These desires are overwhelmingly powerful but completely blind and thoughtless. ", "We can become aware of them only indirectly, for example by analyzing dreams or by looking closely at people's strange and neurotic behavior.", "\n\nThese blind, chaotic urges from the Id represent the striving for instantaneous pleasure—they are kept in check by other parts of the mind: the Ego and the Superego, but these parts of the mind also disguise the desires coming from the Id, so that they we can't directly observe what it is that we really want.", "\n\nThe Id is basically thoughtless want. ", "It is Hannah in the Season Two episode, \"Bad Friend,\" on cocaine, dancing to the well-chosen song \"I Don't Care (I Love It),\" with her nipples out in public. ", "She is yelling out the chorus, completely absent of societal pressure or norms. ", "She lays out her wants, and has little regard for anything other than immediate pleasure fulfillment. ", "There is no thought of long-term repercussion of her actions—just satisfaction and the now.", "\n\nThe Ego is where the Id hits reality. ", "It is our personality rationalizing our primal (but not long-term) desires within the construct of our society (and all of its damned rules). ", "It places desires in order, realistically compromising certain desires for the sake of others. ", "In the Season One episode, \"Weirdos Need Girlfriends Too,\" Hannah wants to be fit and lose weight but does not actually want to do the exercise that is required to get that result. ", "While running with Adam, she explains her root desires simultaneously with Adam's interpretation of higher order desires:\n\n**H ANNAH:** I don't like this, Adam. ", "I hate this. ", "I hate this. ", "I HATE THIS!", "\n\n**A DAM:** Yes, yes. ", "Fuck, yes. ", "I fucking love it. ", "Hannah, you're doing awesome. ", "That's great.", "\n\nIn the end, we're constantly living through this internal confrontation. _", "I want the cake, yet I don't want to be fat. ", "I want to take the day off of work, yet I want to be able to pay rent. ", "I want to go to the orgy, yet I don't want to get the STD._", "\n\nThe Superego is the part of our mind that reflects internalized cultural rules. ", "It's the part of the personality that interprets society's rules. ", "It is the part of the mind made up of the long list of things that we're not supposed to do, so that we can live with others who have the same wants, and must follow the same rules. ", "It can appear to us as God's omnipresence, or as the fear of other people's negative opinions of our reactions.", "\n\nPerhaps the best example of the Superego in action in _Girls_ is not one from within the show, but instead, from its very audience. ", "Now, this could technically be said about the relationship between the characters of any program (or movie, or book)—however, I do feel that there's a special relationship between Hannah and Dunham's audience. ", "Her critics have poked and prodded the heroine regarding her raw honesty (both literally, and the superficially honest way that she bares her body) to the point of bullying. ", "In response, Hannah upped the ante in the second season with her forthright portrayal of an OCD downwards-spiral and, of course, more in-your-face nudity and rare ability to be blunt with the sexual exploits of modern New York twenty-somethings.", "\n\nThis reaction is clearly Hannah's Ego consciously (or otherwise) choosing her Id over her Superego. ", "Dunham responds to this in the Season Two episode, \"One Man's Trash.\" ", "Hannah quickly becomes close with Joshua, and the two form their own version of a domestic relationship. ", "It is not until Hannah becomes emotionally intimate that Joshua rejects her, representing the very fear that the Superego creates within all of us.", "\n\nAccording to Freud, it is exactly the constant choice between these three categories of the mind that creates and prods at our psychological desires. ", "Desires are usually those things that we repress, although our Id would prefer that we did otherwise. ", "Usually the Superego wins out, which leads our frustrated Egos down a path of unhappiness (including any number of mental health issues).", "\n\nFreud 2.0\n\nJacques Lacan (1901–1981) was a prominent psychologist and a theorist in the fields of: psychoanalysis and literary, feminist, and film studies. ", "He ushered a return to Freud and prompted others to focus on Freud's original texts again. ", "Like Freud, he was likely the most important psychoanalytical theorist of his time, and was equally as controversial.", "\n\nLacan focused on desire. ", "According to Lacan, desire is the \"untold.\" ", "That is, literally, that which has not been spoken of. ", "It is often lingering in the room, and in the setting of an analyst's office, it is perhaps either considered to be so obvious that it does not need to be spoken, or it is unrecognized by the patient. ", "Either way, it is the aim of psychoanalysis to uncover it. ", "An important part of the process, according to Lacan, is that the desire is not only uncovered, but articulated by the patient. ", "Lacan said that, \"it is only once it is formulated, named in the presence of the other, that desire appears in the full sense of the term.\" ", "He described naming the desire not necessarily as just being able to put a title to something that already exists, but at times as bringing \"a new presence in the world.\"", "\n\nWhen Hannah goes to her parent's house in the Season One episode, \"The Return,\" she becomes reacquainted with Eric, an old high school roommate. ", "While having sex with him, Hannah starts asking him some kinky questions— _do you want me to keep my boots on? ", "What's your favorite part of fucking me?_ —", "and eventually, puts an unsolicited finger in his ass. ", "This is Hannah's articulation to the audience (the audience here being Eric, as well as us) of her desire. ", "This is the first time that we see that she is as kinky as Adam, and suddenly we understand her desire for him.", "\n\nOften in fiction the audience knows something that the character does not. ", "Usually, it is who the killer is, or something like that. ", "In _Girls_ , it is frequently something about the characters themselves that they do not know—or that they do not fully understand. ", "Hannah seems to know (to some degree) that she is self-involved, but likely not as much as is actually true. ", "In the case of desire, we know throughout Season Three that Shoshanna wants to have Ray back. ", "It's not until she finds out that he has been sleeping with Marnie that she realizes it (although subconsciously, she knew all along). ", "When it comes to desire, the characters of _Girls_ are always the last to know.", "\n\nLacan agrees with Freud's distinction between the ideas of drive and instinct. ", "A drive is not a biological need because it can never be satisfied and does not aim at an object but rather circles perpetually around it. ", "He uses the term \"jouissance,\" which is literally translated as enjoyment, but is usually left untranslated because Lacan has a specific definition of the word. ", "Lacanian \"jouissance\" is a drive that goes beyond the Pleasure Principle (Freud's term to describe the force that drives the Id). \"", "Jouissance\" is what compels the subject to constantly attempt to transgress the prohibitions imposed on his enjoyment. ", "It is the repetition of movement of the feeling of desire, around the object of desire, which itself is also in constant movement. ", "In other words, desire is not a constant. ", "You can't desire another, get them, and desire them for the rest of your happy lives together. ", "Shoshanna and Ray both desired one another throughout the latter half of Season One and the first half of Season Two. ", "But their desires changed. ", "No one is immune from this.", "\n\nIn \"The Signification of the Phallus,\" Lacan describes desire as something different than demand, or even need. ", "Need, he says, is a biological urge, demand is the articulation of that urge. ", "Desire, however, \"begins to take shape in the margin in which demand becomes separated from need.\" ", "This is the beginning of the idea that desire can never be satisfied. ", "Think of desire not as the thing that the subject wants, but rather a place in the subconscious that exists regardless of what you have, or what previous wishes have been fulfilled. ", "Hannah makes it clear from the pilot that she wants to become a professional writer. ", "In the middle of Season Two, Hannah gets an e-book deal and is only temporarily satisfied. ", "In fact, that satisfaction very quickly turns to a nightmarish climax where she has the worst case of OCD that we have had the chance to witness. ", "Desire is not for a particular thing, and therefore will never go away, however it will drastically change form.", "\n\nThe Brain from Sloven; Ži Ži Top\n\nDesire's raison d'être is not to realize its goal, to find full satisfaction, but to reproduce itself as desire.", "\n\n—Slavoj Žižek\n\nSlavoj Žižek is a contemporary Slovenian philosopher, psychoanalyst, and cultural critic. ", "He has made a career of interpreting Lacanian theories through contemporary popular culture and world political events. ", "He takes the idea of unfulfilled desire a step further:\n\nIn what precise sense is object _a_ the object-cause of desire? ", "Object _a_ is not what we desire, what we are after, but rather that which sets our desire in motion, the formal frame that confers consistency on our desire. ", "Desire . . . ", "a set of fantasmatic features which, when encountered in a positive object, insures that we will come to desire this object. ", "Object _a_ , as the cause of desire, is nothing but this formal frame of consistency . . .", "\n\nThis model of object-cause of desire can be seen in any romantic relationship in _Girls_. ", "All four of the girls spend their time absolutely longing for the men that they have crushes on, but respond with nothing less than fear when they actually get what they want. ", "These aptly titled 'girls' do not desire the supposed end-goal, but rather the comfortable feeling of the chase. ", "This is why they are constantly seeking exclusively that which rejects them.", "\n\nMarnie's relationship with Charlie is an ideal example. ", "As the series begins, Marnie is unsatisfied with her long-term boyfriend, who showers her with love and attention. ", "She avoids sleeping next to him and constantly complains about his attitude towards her. ", "This would hardly be a surprise to anyone who has been in such a relationship. ", "There is almost nothing more unattractive than that much-expressed love.", "\n\nIn the middle of Season One, Charlie finds out about this and leaves her. ", "Once Charlie has shown this ability to live without her, she goes to him and tries to mend things. ", "Their relationship is healthiest for a few moments while they are not even together. ", "Only once they repair the relationship does she lose the attraction again. ", "While having make-up sex, Marnie breaks up with him. ", "She then spends the next dozen episodes (taking her to the end of Season Two) regretting this decision more and more. ", "This is because, of course, Charlie got over her. ", "He went on with his life, and became happy without her. ", "Because he no longer needed her love, her love for him grew.", "\n\nIn Season Three, Marnie continues her pattern without Charlie. ", "In \"Only Child,\" she goes to Ray's house explicitly looking for him to tell her what is wrong with her. ", "He proceeds to give her a list of character flaws (\"extremely judgmental, . . . ", "unbearably uptight, . . . ", "huge, fat fucking phony\"). ", "How does she respond to this list of rejections? ", "She has sex with Ray for the first time, after years of showing nothing but disdain for him.", "\n\nThis is not the first (nor the last) time that we see a character from _Girls_ react to rejection with the offering of sex. ", "Hanna and her friends live in an almost surreal cycle of relationships that go (roughly) as follows:\n\n**Character A wants to be with character B only while character B shows little or no interest in character A.**\n\n**Once Character B gives in, character A immediately rejects character B.**\n\nThis applies to Hanna and Adam (several times), Jessica and Thomas-John, and Shoshanna and Ray. ", "In non-sexual terms, this applies to the characters' relationships with their careers, and even with each other.", "\n\nAll Adventurous Women Do\n\nNowadays, you can do anything that you want—anal, oral, fisting—but you need to be wearing gloves, condoms, protection.", "\n\n—Slavoj Žižek\n\n_Girls_ is an excellent commentary on a very specific demographic. ", "I have heard it called the \"Lost Generation,\" however, I believe that that name is already taken. ", "There are, undoubtedly, millions of people born after 1980 that have seen a shift in the employment landscape that has led them to years of unpaid internships following their acquisition of useless arts degrees. ", "The success of _Girls_ is not only to show their plight, but also to poke fun at their inability to grow up. ", "After all, the twenty-somethings in this show are not ready to be in a series called _Women_.", "\n\nThe behavior of the characters in seeking that which rejects them is part of this commentary. ", "The generation that they are depicting is the first in Modern Western Society to have so much flexibility in careers and relationships. ", "They have more choices, and can make more mistakes than those that came before them. ", "Unable to reach the level of success that they were once promised, the characters have molded their lives in a fashion where they are comfortable. ", "After all, the alternative is failure or rejection.", "\n\nIn 2008 the University of Michigan released a study concluding that while humans experience desire and fear as psychological opposites, desire and fear have the same brain circuitry. ", "The characters of _Girls_ deny the acceptance of a partner's love because they are afraid of what that would mean in terms of responsibility. ", "Would they have to settle down? ", "Would they have to get married? ", "Have kids? ", "How can they do this when they can't pay rent? ", "Instead, it is easier to fall down, and borrow more money from their parents.", "\n\nThis is not to say that the series is labeling the aforementioned generation victims of outright regression. ", "It's deeper than that. ", "The characters (and the writers) are sexual pioneers. ", "They're displaying human sexuality and twenty-first-century social media interactions in a way that is so layered, that the aptly-titled _Girls_ need the breathing room to figure it out before they grow up. ", "It is undeniable that the technological, economic, sexual, and social changes that set the stage for a series like _Girls_ are happening at an alarmingly fast rate. ", "Perhaps they need a little more time than normal to grow up.", "\n\nWhat Their Clothes Tell Us about Those Girls\n\nANNA KESZEG\n\nAccording to Dr. Michael Carter, noted historian of clothing, fashion theory begins with nineteenth-century Scottish philosopher Thomas Carlyle's novel about the philosophy of clothing, _Sartor Resartus_ ('The Tailor Retailored'). ", "In a fashion (pun intended) similar to Carlyle's, TV shows can use clothes as metaphors of individual personalities and their ways of thinking.", "\n\nThe Foursome of Romantic Sitcoms\n\nBefore there was _Girls_ , there was _Sex and the City_ , which utilized a similar format: offer four perspectives on fashion and dress to exemplify four distinct clothing philosophies of urban culture.", "\n\nIn the making of the first _Sex and the City_ movie, stylist Patricia Field, explains the clothing culture of each character: the fashionable uptown chic of Carrie, the sexually explicit and dirty chic of Samantha, the sweet preppy style of Charlotte, and the androgynous career gal look of Miranda.", "\n\nWhile the stylist sees all those fashion habits in terms of brands, designers, and accessories, let's accept the challenge to define them in terms of fashion theories. ", "And I'll keep with simple associations: I'll use Roland Barthes for Carrie, Thomas Carlyle for Samantha, Herbert Spencer for Charlotte, Thorstein Veblen and Georg Simmel for Miranda.", "\n\nRoland Barthes spoke about the fashion system as a set of signs and meanings connected to all clothing habits similar to a language capable of expressing facts and meanings about the whole world. ", "Thomas Carlyle uses the clothing metaphor to describe the moral depravity of humanity. ", "Herbert Spencer considers that there is an end to fashion evolution in the principle of equity and reason. ", "Thorstein Veblen and Georg Simmel defend the classic sociological view that dress expresses achieved or idealized social status or belonging.", "\n\nThe fashion system of Barthes applies to Carrie because there is meaning in each of her outfits: they are like academic texts full of invisible footnotes referring to collections, fashion anecdotes, codified information and professional savoir-faire. ", "For Samantha, Miranda, and Charlotte the classic sociological and contextual fashion theories are inter-connectively operative: the sexually explicit dress of Samantha is the other side of Charlotte's moderate womanhood in the protestant tradition of classic elegance. ", "And in the case of Miranda the theorists of trickle-down clothing well express her professionalism.", "\n\nIn those three cases the biological and social functions of dress play a decisive role. ", "In non-professional settings, people use clothing to identify with a particular group or subculture. ", "Doing so legitimizes even shocking or freaky choices, while assuring an easiness of self-expression. ", "There are only two problems with the appropriation of fashion in this way: its cost, and the difficulty of choosing a well-developed wardrobe. ", "Even if it's expensive and difficult to organize and understand, fashion is a very reassuring factor in the life of _Sex and the City_ 's protagonists and the well-being of characters is related to their success in managing to be always well-dressed. ", "The fashion system is good as it is.", "\n\nSame Sign of Four?", "\n\nIt's easy to see the four main characters of _Sex and the City_ characters as two-dimensional stereotypes (or fashion archetypes), but doing so is not so easy with the four main characters of _Girls_. ", "This is so, in part, because the characters bear problematic relations to the protagonists of the older sitcom. ", "When Jessa moves to Shoshanna in the pilot of the series, there is a _Sex and the City_ poster on the wall (Shosh is a huge _Sex and the City_ fan: \"seeing _Sex and the City_ is a necessity like being on facebook.\")", "\n\nJessa had never seen an episode of the series and Shosh—in her usual never-caring-about-the other's-answer-style—gives her account of how the four \"girls\" relate to their _Sex and the City_ counterparts. ", "She states, \"You're funny because you're definitely like a Carrie with some Samantha aspects and Charlotte's hair. ", "It's like a very good combination. ", "I think I'm definitely a Carrie at heart, but like sometimes . . . ", "sometimes Samantha kind of comes out, and then when I'm at school I try to put on my Miranda-hat.\" ", "Shoshanna is the least intellectual of the four girls, and as such is the only one who would define herself in terms of _Sex and the City_. ", "The other \"girls\" have more complicated relations to the fashion system.", "\n\nUnlike _Sex and the City, Girls_ is not a series about gender roles and women's biographies, it's more about growing up and experiencing adulthood. ", "And even with an emphasis on the female characters, the sitcom is working on the ethos of _the_ or _a_ generation and not on the symbolic values of big city womanhood. ", "The clothing culture has to be rethought in the frame of adult self-definition and of new models of consumption: Jessa exemplifies desires from sensual pleasure and immediate gratification. ", "Marnie exemplifies a struggle to grow up, and is often out of control. ", "Shoshanna, by contrast, is largely in control—she's focused on her education, and is ambitious. ", "Hannah exemplifies the radical otherness of her own life-experience. (", "She tells her parents while asking for their financial support: \"I don't want to freak you out but I think I may be the voice of my generation.\" ", "After seeing their underwhelmed faces, she changes it to \" _A_ voice of _a_ generation.\")", "\n\nIn _Sartor Resartus_ , Thomas Carlyle tells us that the dress of the western culture makes visible the differences between the natural order of things and the non-natural human existence. ", "These differences constitute a main feature of his pessimistic and morally condemning views on fashion. ", "For some, this attitude fell into disfavor around the middle of the twentieth century. ", "At that time, dress culture, in many ways, became about the adequate relation between the natural order of personality and non-natural order of society.", "\n\nFor the characters in _Sex and the City_ , being a single woman in New York is uneasy; there are problems with the social roles of women. ", "For the characters on _Girls_ , the focus is on the difficulty of the complications associated with being an adult. ", "Somehow grown-up roles become unnatural and it is difficult to become content. ", "Let's say, then, that all the patterns of the relation to dress proposed by former clothing philosophies (fashion as social status, fashion as expression of sexual power, fashion as expression of individuality and fashion as symbolic system) have to be changed. ", "Let's look to new models to illustrate the fashion statements of our four \"girls.\"", "\n\nThe Girls' Fashions\n\nIn the _Seinfeld_ episode, \"The Jacket,\" Kramer says to Jerry upon seeing Jerry's new suede jacket: \"That's more you than you've ever been.\"", "\n\nMarnie has never made a wrong fashion choice: she has the perfect break-up-with-Charlie outfit (think of something along the lines of Carrie's post-wedding-break-up wardrobe here), she has perfect dinner outfits, she has perfect day-at-the-beach wear, and perfect doing-something-morally-dubious outfits. ", "Marnie's clothes are in perfect harmony with her desired social status, and she believes that the perfect dresses will perfectly show one's status and personality (\"Jessa, I put you in the lighthouse because it's bohemian.\") ", "It's a fashion world without failure. ", "Her fashion territory is that of pure social representation.", "\n\nAnd while Marnie (in her own mind) is the perfect \"cool person\" with whom other \"cool people\" can't wait to work, nothing in her life matches with that conception of coolness: no cool working place, no cool boyfriend, and she loses contact even with her best friends. ", "We see the social system of clothes in complete freefall—at least for the time being, Marnie's fashion choices are out of sync with who she really is.", "\n\nFor Jessa, fashion is the art of self-expression. ", "Specifically, she's expressing her life as a heroin addict. ", "She adopts the very European style tradition of an Yves Saint-Laurent. ", "She asserts, \"Down with the Ritz—long live the street.\" ", "Jessa's attitude smacks (pun intended) of the struggling of western civilization with its outcast others: non-western cultures, tribes, peasants, and the working class. (", "While traveling to Marnie's weekend house, Jessa insists on sitting in the back of the bus for \"political reasons.\") ", "And, as in the case of the sixties-seventies trickle-up fashion revolutions, a bohemian-guilty feeling will always be part of her ensemble.", "\n\nJasper, Jessa's rehab-connection, uses the \"people like us\" term for describing themselves, and that strong conscience of undeniable otherness is the main feature of Jessa's fashion choices. ", "Everything is classy because she is the one who wears it—Jessa has confidence. (", "Even when donning a geisha-dress with big floral print mixed up with UGGs.)", "\n\nAs for the bubbly Shoshanna, there is a Krameresque side of her fashion-comportment. ", "What William Irwin said of Kramer—the \"K man\"—that he is par excellence the aesthetic stage of Kierkegaardian human existence,\" works for Shoshanna Shapiro too. ", "What she finds interesting and pleasurable is constantly changing, and what's even more: without any consequence. ", "Equivocation is always the answer! ", "Even if it's always something tricky in her choices, she manages keeping them up by negating them. ", "All dressing issues are like her famous equivocations, Shosh states, \"I think it's time to unchoose some of those choices.\" ", "And in that girly pink room there is space for very elaborate fashion decision, later asserting, \"I feel like my bandana collection is like my most developed collection.\" ", "Oh. ", "Em. ", "Effing. ", "Gee. ", "It's like bandana is the new shoe.", "\n\nNegating Fashion in the Terrible Twos\n\nFinally we arrive at Hannah. ", "As one might expect, things are getting more complicated with her. ", "Her narrative voice always keeps changing because Hannah is, in her own words, \"busy with trying to become who she is.\" ", "We might need a little help here. ", "And we'll seek it again from Jerry Seinfeld. ", "Again, quoting the episode \"The Jacket,\" in his opening comedy routine monologue, Jerry says, \"I hate clothes, okay? ", "I hate buying them. ", "I hate picking them out of my closet. ", "I can't stand every day trying to come up with little outfits for myself. ", "I think eventually fashion won't even exist. ", "It won't. ", "I think eventually we'll all be wearing the same thing. ", "'Cause anytime I see a movie or a TV show where there's people from the future or another planet, they're all wearing the same thing. ", "Somehow they decided, 'This is going to be our outfit. ", "One-piece silver jumpsuit, V-stripe, and boots. ", "That's it.\" ", "Jerry's attitudes on clothing fit Hannah to a tee (pun intended).", "\n\nIn the eighth episode of the first season of _Girls_ (\"Weirdos Need Girlfriends Too\") we encounter an iconic pair of pyjamas: a cream one-piece sleeper with buttons on the front for boys and girls equally. ", "Hannah seems pretty comfortable in it; she even leaves the house with them on (this appears to be a subtle allusion to the many pyjama-on-the-streets-scenes from _Sex and the City_ ). ", "There's truly something symptomatic about those pyjamas: it's a form of dress beyond the standard consumption circle. ", "It represents efforts to rethink the whole system of fashion. ", "The procedure of inventing it is completely childish, anarchic and radical: clothing needs only one feature to be validated and this is its functionality. ", "Those pyjamas are the complete negation of the fashion industry—as a child would negate its existence. ", "Because it's too hard to pick clothes out of the closet, it's too hard to fill the closet, it's too hard even going shopping.", "\n\nAdam invented what Jerry dreamed about—what I call a \"sophomoric dress.\" ", "It's a clothing piece which reinvents the whole set of attitudes toward clothing and fashion: the social status is unimportant, the age, the gender and the individuality equally, but there are so many benefits that come with it that those losses are worth it: you can get fat in it, you can sleep in it, it's colorless and it doesn't even require boots.", "\n\nBut inventing that uniform doesn't annihilate all clothing. ", "They need to be reinvented in that sophomoric frame. ", "For Hannah there's not even one piece of proper clothing, which is obvious. ", "Somehow she decided that she has a whole range of dresses and accessories created by the fashion system that she uses as a fashion-illiterate; she hasn't a clue about the meaning of dress and the rules of using it. ", "So she has to start from the beginning: she picks up every single piece of clothing and walks around in it like the first human who had worn it. ", "And there's always something wrong with her appearance. ", "As Jessa puts it to Marnie, \"have you ever noticed when she gets dressed up and she puts on a good dress and nice shoes and she does her lipstick and then she leaves her forehead shiny? ", "It's like you came so far, wash your forehead.\"", "\n\nDuring the whole series Hannah never speaks about her fashion choices: it's as if her entire clothing system has an inner evaluation principle, which avoids critics (or attempts to do so). ", "And here we see a connexion with Elaine Benes of _Seinfeld_ , who is an excellent mate for the three boys of the _Seinfeld_ series until her fashion choices come to light. ", "In the episode \"The Shoes,\" the Botticelli shoes of Elaine become the main source of drama. ", "Elaine apparently doesn't like it when anyone talks about her shoes, nor does she like to think about them. ", "But when she's forced to give them away, she decides to lose them instead. ", "It's the same with Hannah: even totally neglecting the fashion system (she seems to work very hard on doing so), she still has a huge wardrobe and spends a lot of time preparing her manicure and inventing interesting patterns and combinations. ", "The complete negation and the intense involvement are equally strong components of her attitude toward fashion. ", "There is a kind of ambiguity in her attitude.", "\n\nThis ambiguity is the basis of the sophomoric attitude: smart and wise, and foolish and dull, all at the same time. ", "And what that attitude has gained over time from its invention in the Judd Apatow movies and in _Seinfeld_ , is the extraordinary self-confidence of the characters who adopt it. ", "We can call this \"the perseverance of the sophomoric.\" ", "If in _Seinfeld_ and in most of Apatow's movies it was explicit but presented only like an exception, in the _Girls_ it's a whole bunch of folks who are alike, a whole sophomoric society. ", "This is why they have to come up with a new fashion system, emotional theory, social hierarchy, and dating habits. ", "The sophomoric logic is that of Shoshanna's failed argumentation. ", "It's the logic of equivocation.", "\n\nBut how can we apply the rules of critical thinking—formal and informal logical fallacies—to a dress? ", "Jenn Rogien, costume designer, provides the basis. ", "Let's take the famous example of her favorite costume joke of the series: Hannah's _GQ_ colleague Joe wears, during Hannah's first work day, the same shirt as Hannah wore during one of Season One's group portraits. ", "This is what we could call a wardrobe equivocation. _", "Girls_ logic is all about that transformational attitude: you heard a story and you heard it like many times with little differences and then you make it work for you—pick a sense that only works for you (or for an unrepresentative minority) and use it like it's a universal given. ", "Like Jenni Konner, writer and producer on _Girls_ , does it even on twitter, \"I am in Tokyo and almost everyone is Shoshanna.\"", "\n\nTwenty-Something Teenagers\n\nRousseau and nineteenth-century educational philosophy enjoyed a childish innocence. ", "As for us, we decided to fall for teenagers. ", "Because their seriousness about their innocence is so much more interesting. ", "With _Girls_ we have the whole culture and the whole world reinvented by the teenage attitude of those twenty-six-year-old adults.", "\n\nIt has been said that the conflicts of the second half of the twentieth century were gender-based, and the first epoch of the emerging twenty-first century are based on generational differences. ", "In his 1923 essay _The Problem of Generations_ , Karl Mannheim defined the generations as \"important agents of social change.\" _", "Girls_ nicely exemplifies that phenomenon. ", "As dresses have to be reinvented, filled with content and appropriated, so do adult life histories. ", "It's always difficult to think about _Girls_ , because each affirmation is somehow part of an uneasy adulthood that lies at the heart of each protagonist's problems.", "\n\nAs radical feminists often hold, only a woman can speak in the name of and about womanhood. ", "Similarly, for the sophomoric generation only the sophomoric perspective works. ", "And this perspective is based on the main logical structure of the show: the equivocation, a form of logical fallacy that involves interchanging those definitions. ", "It's the same in the case of Kaspar Hauser, who was a cultural curiosity in the nineteenth century because of his innate method of logical thinking. ", "And if his arguments were used to rethink the academic logic of his epoch, Hannah Horvath is our Kaspar Hauser who keeps on developing her equivocations.", "\n\nConsider some exemplary moments from the series, which bring to light this logic of equivocation. ", "Shoshanna states, \"Basically it's been a very sexually adventurous time for me. ", "I'm alternating nights of freedom with nights of academic focus. ", "So at the end of my senior year I will have had both experiences while also still being super-well-prepared for the professional world.\"", "\n\nHannah seemingly goes through periods or phases in which self-contained psychological episodes play out. ", "She had her period of mental illness, she had periods of crisis and depression, and she's experienced professional burnout, all while she's in her first serious relationship and experiencing her first serious job.", "\n\nAnd, finally, we have Adam who is wise and advises the others, \"You might just need to face up to the fact that you're just not meant for a job in the traditional sense.\" ", "Later he states, \"Holding on to toxic relationships keeps us from growing.\" ", "Hannah sums up Adam as follows, \"I'd say in some ways he's the most mature person I've ever met and in other ways he's not yet been born.\" ", "And if Adam's sentences make sense, we have all the necessary elements for the correct interpretation of his statements: we just have to laugh at his actions.", "\n\nThis is what _Girls_ is putting clearly in front of us: there has to be a lot of equivocation behind social conventions, if it's so easy to misinterpret them. ", "Their sophomoric attitude to life and culture is so comfortable to watch, because after all—like Jessa—we don't like women telling other women what to do, or how to do it, or when to do it. ", "Nor do we like anybody to tell us these things. ", "What about wardrobe and fashion issues? ", "All of our clothes are finally back in business.", "\n\nWho Are the Ladies?", "\n\nTONI ADLEBERG\n\nIn Season One of _Girls_ , Shoshanna shares a book of relationship advice with Hannah and Jessa. ", "The book's called _Listen, Ladies!_ ", "and it includes advice like: \"If a man doesn't take you on a date he's not interested, point blank,\" and \"Sex from behind is degrading, point blank.\"", "\n\nJessa is unimpressed. ", "She's so unimpressed that she doesn't even bother to argue that the book offers bad advice. ", "Instead, she implies that the book's advice _does not even apply to her_ when she sharply insists: \"I'm not 'the ladies'.\"", "\n\nWhen Jessa denies being \"the ladies,\" she may mean that she does not identify strongly as a woman or that she does not possess many of the qualities that the stereotypical woman has. ", "Whatever she means, Shoshanna clearly finds her statement absurd and immediately responds: \"Yes, you are! ", "You're 'the ladies'!\"", "\n\nShoshanna seems to represent a common-sense view that philosophers call \"biological determinism.\" ", "This is the view that there is a real, unambiguous distinction between men and women and that there are biological features that all men share which make them men and biological features that all women share which make them women. ", "If we asked her, Shoshanna might say, for example, that all women (and only women) have two X chromosomes and female reproductive organs. ", "These shared features make roughly half of the population \"the ladies,\" whether they like it or not. ", "Shoshanna, of course, does not explain her reasoning. ", "She just asserts what seems obvious to her: \"I'm a lady. ", "She's a lady. ", "You're a lady. _", "We're the ladies_.\"", "\n\nIs \"The Ladies\" a Biological Category?", "\n\nDespite its intuitive appeal for people like Shoshanna, biological determinism is actually quite controversial among philosophers who study gender. ", "For one thing, some have argued that recognizing any clear-cut distinction between the genders can be politically problematic. ", "As Judith Butler puts it, \"identity categories are never merely descriptive, but always normative, and as such, exclusionary.\" ", "In other words, the position that a group of individuals _does_ share certain features seems to imply that they _should_ share those features.", "\n\nWhen Marnie tells Charlie that going about his business and \"not giving a fuck\" is \"what men do,\" she's not merely offering him a description of men's behavior; her descriptive claim has a clear normative implication: Charlie _should_ do what other men do. ", "Any descriptive claim about a group of people will necessarily describe some members of the group better than others and carry the implication that the atypical members of the group should change.", "\n\nBiological determinism is not as widely held today as it once was, but there are still many people who argue that there are some differences between men and women that are \"hardwired\" or \"innate.\" ", "In 2005, the president of Harvard University caused a controversy when he suggested that men might perform better than women in science and math because of innate biological differences. ", "It's also common to see popular science articles in the news citing neuroscientific evidence for gender differences. ", "For example, the corpus callosum, which is the bundle of nerve fibers that connects the right and left brain hemispheres, is reportedly larger in women than in men. ", "Science journalists often speculate that such neurological differences might explain why women outperform men on attention and social cognition tasks or why men outperform women on spatial reasoning and sensorimotor tasks.", "\n\nIn a 2010 article on CNN.com, scientist and writer Louann Brizendine reports that the amygdala, which alerts us to fear and danger, is larger in men while the mirror neuron system, which is involved in empathy, is larger in women. ", "An even greater difference, she claims, is that men's \"sexual pursuit area\" is two and a half times larger than women's. (", "She doesn't say, at least in her CNN article, what or where the \"sexual pursuit area\" is.) ", "Brizendine claims that the female brain is \"driven to seek security and reliability in a potential mate before she has sex\" whereas the male brain is \"fueled to mate and mate again.\" ", "She concludes that \"we can't really blame a guy for being a guy.\"", "\n\nNews articles like Brizendine's are generally misleading and irresponsibly written. ", "They often take gender differences in the brain as evidence of biological determinism, implying that the differences are innate and that men are just born with certain brain characteristics and women are born with others. ", "The problem with this reasoning is that our brains are actually highly plastic. ", "They develop throughout our lives in response to our environments, the social cues we receive, and our own behavior. ", "Even if there are differences between adult male and female brains, those differences may not be innate. ", "They may have developed as a result of socialization.", "\n\nIf men outperform women on spatial reasoning tasks, for example, it may not be because of genetics. ", "We can improve our spatial reasoning abilities with practice and our improvements will be reflected in our brains. ", "Men may simply practice more because they are socially conditioned to believe that they should be good at such tasks. ", "The size of the corpus callosum is actually another example of a gender difference that does not seem to be innate. ", "In her book, _Sexing the Body_ , Anne Fausto-Sterling reports that there is no measurable difference in the size of the corpus callosum in young girls and boys (p. 131). ", "A difference may develop later on as a result of the different ways girls and boys are encouraged to use their brains.", "\n\nThough the view that gender is determined by sex has common-sense appeal, there is actually very little evidence for _any_ hardwired biological differences between ladies and non-ladies. ", "Not even anatomical differences can establish a clear-cut distinction. ", "After all, there are people who are born with female reproductive organs who identify as men and there are people who are born with male reproductive organs who identify as women. ", "There are also people who are born with some combination of male and female genitals who are typically assigned at birth to one sex or the other. (", "Some of them identify with sex they were assigned and some undergo sex change operations later in life. ", "Fausto-Sterling provides a catalogue of such cases in Chapter 4 of her book.) ", "Finally, there are people who do not identify strongly with either gender.", "\n\nA biological determinist who insists upon a clear-cut distinction between men and women based on neurological or anatomical differences is unable to account for any transgendered people, people with unusual genitalia, or people who find themselves in the middle of the gender spectrum. ", "So, if a given individual claims to not identify with his or her sex, a biological determinist would have to say that the individual is either disingenuous or mistaken. ", "But surely we should take it seriously when an individual makes an assertion about _his or her own identity_. ", "Surely nobody knows more about Jessa's identity than _Jessa herself_ , not even Shoshanna.", "\n\nIs \"The Ladies\" a Socially Constructed Category?", "\n\nGiven the problems with biological determinism, many philosophers have instead adopted the position that gender is a social construct. ", "It may be useful for us to classify people as men or women, but there is no fact of the matter about who is a man and who is a woman, at least not independently of human attitudes and practices.", "\n\nOne of the earliest social constructionists was Simone de Beauvoir, who wrote in _The Second Sex_ that gender is not innate but that \"social discrimination produces in women moral and intellectual effects so profound that they appear to be caused by nature.\" ", "More recently, an influential feminist philosopher named Elizabeth Spelman has advocated the social construction of gender. ", "Spelman writes that \"being a woman is neither the same thing as nor reducible to being [biologically] female. ", "Women are what females of the human species become, or are supposed to become, through learning how to think, act, and live in certain ways\" ( _Inessential Woman_ , p. 134).", "\n\nThere's a good deal of evidence that society treats male and female children differently, even from the moment that they're born. ", "Mothers evidently treat female infants as though they are more delicate than baby boys. ", "They give male infants more social reinforcement for moving their arms and legs around. ", "Mothers touch male infants more and they speak more to female infants (\"Baby X\"). ", "Though eleven-month-old babies exhibit no gender differences in motor abilities, studies show that mothers of eleven-month-old boys _overestimate_ their children's performance on motor tasks and mothers of eleven-month-old girls _underestimate_ their children's performance (Mondschein).", "\n\n_Girls_ itself is rife with examples of men and women receiving different social treatment, and we can often see the results of such treatment reflected in the development of the characters. ", "Lena Dunham has suggested in interviews, for example, that Adam's character probably watches a lot of porn. ", "He seems to have internalized the expectations and sexual preferences he has seen.", "\n\nShoshanna also seems to have internalized the social pressure to project an image that is \"normal\" for her gender. ", "She feels pressure to lose her virginity to a man but to appear confident and self-possessed. ", "It is important to her that Hannah and Elijah know that she \"may be deflowered\" but she is \"not devalued.\" ", "She proclaims: \"I am Woman, hear me roar. ", "You know what I mean?\"", "\n\nSocial conditioning may also explain why Marnie is interested in Booth Jonathan and why she reacts with excitement rather than disgust when he tells her that he may scare her the first time they have sex because, as he puts it, \"I'm a man and I know how to do things.\" ", "Marnie is affected by social norms in at least two ways. ", "First, she seems to have an explicit desire to conform to norms, of which she may be aware. ", "Second, her other desires are infiltrated by social norms in more subtle ways. ", "Social norms dictate that men should be dominant and women should be submissive, and Marnie seems to desire dominant men.", "\n\nLike Marnie and Shoshanna, Jessa's desires have no doubt been affected by the norms of the culture around her. ", "Unlike Marnie and Shoshanna, though, Jessa does not have an explicit desire to conform to those norms. ", "She seems to rather enjoy defying them. ", "She expresses interest in unexpected men—often men who are older or who are not conventionally attractive. ", "Probably in a failed attempt to get a reaction, she tells Hannah that she wants to have children with \"many different men of different races.\" ", "She has sex with a young man in a bathroom as soon as she meets him.", "\n\nMuch of Jessa's sexual behavior contradicts the cultural norm for women. ", "She may be acting purely on her desires, but sometimes her actions seemed designed to assert her autonomy or just to make people uncomfortable, like the young man in the bar. ", "When he asks Jessa if what he's doing is \"okay,\" Jessa tells him never to ask her that \"ever again.\" ", "She wants to think of herself as unaffected by social pressure. ", "She wouldn't be having sex with him in the bathroom with him if it weren't \"okay.\"", "\n\nWho's Responsible for the Social Construction of Gender?", "\n\nThough Jessa may like to think that she has not been affected by society's expectations of her as a woman, she did not grow up in a cave. ", "Messages about the acceptable and unacceptable ways for her to behave come from everywhere—her family, her friends, strangers, and books—those messages would be impossible to ignore. ", "Though she enjoys defying people's expectations of her, she will sometimes deliberately play into them as well.", "\n\nJessa ditches her usual harem pants and puts on a dress and lipstick before meeting an ex-boyfriend in the park. ", "She flirts with many men, including the father of the young girls she babysits. ", "Though she's seemingly not attracted to Jasper, her friend from rehab, she has sex with him when it seems that is all he wanted from her. ", "In cases like these, Jessa seems resigned to the fact that everyone is playing a role that was prescribed to them. ", "When the father she had been flirting with calls her a \"tease,\" she bitterly replies: \"I liked you better when you were being the good guy.\"", "\n\nIt's not always clear why Jessa rebels against stereotypes one day and gives in to them the next, but it's pretty clear that she's happier doing the former than the latter. ", "She may feel it is a public service to cause anyone to question the norms we impose upon each gender. ", "She does, after all, tell Hannah that she thinks posing for Playboy is \"noble\" because it can help young boys learn about sexuality. ", "Quite plausibly, she thinks it is similarly noble to help older boys reconsider what they have already learned about sexuality.", "\n\nIn fact, some philosophers would agree that Jessa's rebellious behavior is noble insofar as it may cause a small shift in the way that society construes gender boundaries. ", "As philosopher Sally Haslanger argues, the socially constructed meaning of gender terms are flexible rather than fixed. ", "Because Haslanger understands the existing social meanings of gender terms as unjust, she recommends resisting the pressure to conform to gender norms. ", "She would likely commend Jessa for having what Haslanger calls \"an active political commitment to live one's life differently.\"", "\n\nJessa seems to be at her best when a bizarre desire strikes her and she pursues it. ", "She revels in the befuddlement of her friends. ", "But what about those of us whose desires are less bizarre? ", "What about the Shoshannas and the Marnies in the world? ", "If it's noble to pursue a desire that defies stereotypes, does that mean it's wrong to pursue a desire that conforms to stereotypes? ", "If gender is a social construct, is each of us responsible for its construction?", "\n\nSuppose, for example, that some men desire \"sex from behind\" because they have internalized the desire for women to be sex objects and women are more like sex objects when their faces are out of view. ", "Does the fact that men's preferences are imposed by harmful social norms entail that acting upon those preferences is wrong? ", "Is it wrong for a man to have sex from behind if that is what he wants? ", "And what if Jessa wants to have sex from behind? ", "What if, as she suggests to Shoshanna, she wants to \"think about something else\" or \"feel like she has udders\"? ", "Is it wrong for her to pursue her strange desires because they perpetuate the objectification of women?", "\n\nWhat about What Jessa Wants?", "\n\nIf we applaud Jessa for joyfully rebelling against the norm in order to redefine oppressive stereotypes, it seems to follow that behaving in a way that's typical for one's gender is wrong insofar as it perpetuates oppressive stereotypes. ", "It seems wrong for Marnie to encourage Booth Jonathan, for Shoshanna to demand that a man take her on a traditional date, or for Adam to seek out the kind of sex he sees in pornography. ", "From here, it wouldn't require a big leap in reasoning to come to the conclusion that seemingly innocuous expressions of traditional gender identity like wearing make-up, baking cupcakes, or putting on a dress are wrong as well.", "\n\nIt seems to me, however, that this line of reasoning must be misguided. _", "Listen, Ladies!_ ", "is abhorrent to Jessa precisely because of its implication that, regardless of what a woman wants, it's wrong for her to engage in certain behavior just in virtue of her gender. ", "Uncontroversially, it would be wrong to tell a woman that she should behave a certain way in order to _conform_ to social norms, and it seems to me that it is equally wrong to tell her that she should behave a certain way in order to _defy_ social norms. ", "Both are oppressive; both impinge upon her freedom.", "\n\nMoreover, behaving in conformity with social norms need not always perpetuate those norms. ", "For example, most of Adam's behavior towards Hannah, while it's often quite strange and is probably consistent with what Adam sees in his pornography, does not seem to me to be harming anyone or perpetuating the oppression of women. ", "Hannah is autonomous and self-possessed and she willingly indulges Adam's fantasies. (", "Of course, Adam's behavior towards _Natalia_ , on the other hand, does seem to me to be harmful, but the problem does not stem from the fact that his behavior is consistent with and might perpetuate stereotypes about men. ", "The problem with Adam's behavior towards Natalia stems from the fact that Natalia does not want to be treated as a sexual object, so he harms her when he objectifies her.)", "\n\nThe best way to fight harmful societal expectations about gender roles cannot be for each individual to behave as a counterexample to stereotypes, even when doing so is unnatural or undesired for that individual. ", "The best way to fight harmful societal expectations about gender roles is to try not to interpret individuals' behavior as necessarily representative of their gender. ", "Granted, Jessa has been socialized a certain way in virtue of being perceived as a woman. ", "Many of her desires are informed by the way that she has been socialized. ", "But while she may be _one_ of the ladies, she is right to deny that she is _the ladies_.", "\n\nIt would be wrong to interpret one person's behavior as representative of an entire gender or to insist that an individual has a moral responsibility to behave in any particular way in order to conform to or defy stereotypes. ", "Provided that she isn't harming anyone, if Jessa wants to feel like she has udders, if she wants to have children with many different men of different races, and—for that matter—if she wants to wear dresses and go out on dates, she should pursue those desires, point blank.", "\n\nSuffering for Want of Love\n\nZORIANNA ZURBA\n\nThe pilot episode of _Girls_ begins with a nicely coiffed Hannah spending some quality time with her parents, Tad and Lureen at a white tablecloth kind of restaurant. ", "Over dinner, Hannah's parents calmly announce that they \"can't keep bankrolling\" Hannah's \"groovy lifestyle.\"", "\n\nWhen Hannah protests and asks for at least two months to prepare herself, her father softens, but her infuriated mother scorns him: \"You're being played by a major fucking player.\" ", "Terrified by the news and losing her case, Hannah quickly downs her white wine and replies: \"I could be a drug addict. ", "Do you realize how lucky you are?\"", "\n\nWhile Hannah does not have a drug addiction, let alone a habit, she confounds her out-of-town parents by showing up at their hotel room the next night, high on an opium pod tea made by Ray. ", "She hugs a stack of paper close to her chest announcing, \"I don't want to freak you out, but I think that I may be the voice of my generation, or, at least, _a_ voice, of _a_ generation.\" ", "She then shoves a pile of writing at each of them and demands they read it now. ", "As her parents pore over the printed pages, Hannah passes out on the floor. ", "All is not well in Hannah's world, and not just for Hannah, but for her whole generation.", "\n\nA Voice, of a Generation\n\nHannah Horvath is a voice representing her generation. ", "Which is to say that Hannah Horvath along with her alliterative allies Marnie Michaels, Jessa Johansson, and Shoshana Shapiro, and the motley crew of boys in _Girls_ capture the ambivalences, ambitions, and the crises of a generation.", "\n\n_Girls_ doesn't shy away from showing the dirty, uncomfortable, or painful parts of life. ", "Instead it revels in TMI (too much information). _", "Girls_ reveals the prevalence of the lack of self-care, unhealthy eating habits, drug use, alcohol abuse, readiness to turn to New Age spirituality, and reliance on self-help books. ", "Hannah is never quite on top of things but is determined to feel what she feels when she feels it. ", "She is shown binge eating, slurping spaghetti as she fills her arms with leftovers from her parents' fridge; and struggles with an obsessive compulsive disorder.", "\n\nMarnie repeatedly, aggressively shouts her mantras \"I'm okay\" and \"I've got my shit together\" as her life continues to unravel. ", "Jessa indulges in drugs and alcohol. ", "The extent to which drugs and alcohol have pervaded her life is made apparent by her two stints in rehab, and her nadir after Jasper's return.", "\n\nShoshana placates herself with celebrity culture, the power of positive thinking and popular modes of self-help: she smudges her apartment with burning sage, makes vision boards, quotes self-help books, and encourages Ray to think positively. ", "Binge eating, out of tune mantras, drug abuse, and over-investing in positive psychology: these antidotes are to help cope with contemporary life, they are antidotes for a crisis.", "\n\nThe psychoanalyst and philosopher Julia Kristeva would agree with Dunham that her generation is experiencing a crisis. ", "Where Kristeva's writing reflects the stories of her psychoanalytic patients, Lena Dunham has tuned in to the stories and experiences of her generation. ", "Dunham expresses the crisis in the psyche of the Millennials. ", "For Kristeva, this is a crisis that we all share.", "\n\nUnderstanding the Crisis\n\nJulia Kristeva is a philosopher on the margins, who, like Lena Dunham, is a provocateur. ", "When Kristeva's works were first being translated and made available in North America in the 1970s, she was grouped along with Helene Cixous and Luce Irigaray as a Holy Trinity of French Feminism. ", "However, Kristeva was born in Bulgaria, her mother tongue is Bulgarian, she emigrated to France to study, and throughout her career (as Schippers tells us) Kristeva frequently rejected being identified as a feminist.", "\n\nIn her job as a psychoanalyst, she is privy to the crises of her patients. ", "After bearing witness to her patients' suffering, she wrote the book _New Maladies of the Soul_ to shed light on her concerns. ", "Kristeva's patients' stories mainly describe people who face difficulty or are unable to \"form connections or bonds with others\" (Schippers, p. 60). ", "Trouble connecting with people and forming bonds is not something that is confined to these individuals, but is experienced on a collective level.", "\n\nHey, Girl\n\nThe show's title reclaims and recasts the word \"girl,\" no longer pejorative or diminutive. ", "A girl relishes her youth and explores all the options available to her before settling on who she wants to be: Hannah is ready to try anything so long as it's fodder for her writing; Marnie emphasizes her abilities as a singer after being fired from her job as an art gallery 'gallerina'; Jessa is free spirited with the intention to experience everything, end up looking fifty at thirty and get fat like Nico; and Shoshana pushes herself to divide her time between studying and partying before becoming a business woman.", "\n\nA girl explores her body and her sexuality: Hannah surrenders to Joshua and takes on a reluctant role in Adam's fantasies, Marnie fools around with Booth Jonathan and later Ray; Jessa proves she is ' _unsmoteable_ ' after having sex with an ex, and later gives marriage a shot; and Shoshana tries to be \"the ladies\" as prescribed by her book, _Listen, Ladies! ", "A Tough-Love Approach to the Tough Game of Love_ , despite her lingering feelings for a loser, Ray, and knows that \"she may be deflowered, but she will not be devalued\" (\"It's About Time\"). ", "A girl believes in love and its power to transform her life. ", "Girls, and specifically these girls, believe that there is someone, a love object, out there who will fulfill all of their needs, whose presence will make life easier and more wondrous.", "\n\nThe belief in the presence of an ideal love, for Julia Kristeva, is the belief of an adolescent. ", "Like the use of the word 'girl', 'adolescent' isn't intended to imply immaturity or naivety. ", "Neither does adolescence refer to a specific age or a marker of achievement. ", "As Kristeva diagnoses, adolescence is the time when a person is overcome by an ideal, and made sick by acquiring this ideal (Kristeva, _This Incredible Need to Believe_ ). ", "The adolescent malady is the adolescent belief: the belief in an ideal other. ", "The special malady of the adolescent is not to be confused with the general crisis, which affects us all.", "\n\nThe adolescent's malady is her belief in an ideal, specifically in an ideal love that will satisfy her. ", "As Kristeva says, \"there is no such thing as an adolescent without the need to believe\" (p. 16). ", "The child exits childhood and transitions into adolescence as soon as she realizes that there is another ideal for her beyond the relationship with her parents. ", "This new realization brings about a new kind of subject \"who _believes in the existence of the erotic object_ \" (p. 14).", "\n\nThe adolescent not only believes that her ideal partner exists, but also that the partner will fulfill her needs and create a kind of paradise for her. ", "The adolescent is certain of the existence of the ideal other; she has _faith_ in their existence. ", "The adolescent is guided in her faith that: \" _There certainly can not not be an absolutely satisfying other_ \" (p. 16). ", "Kristeva goes on to explain that \"Since he believes that the other, surpassing the parental other, not only exists but that he/she gives him total satisfaction, the adolescent believes that the Great Other exists, which is bliss [ _jouissance_ ] itself\" (pp. ", "15–16). ", "Simply believing in the presence of the other and the transformative powers of love provides the feeling of bliss. ", "This bliss transforms us into adolescents; as Kristeva explains \"All of us are adolescents when we are passionate about the absolute.\"", "\n\nBelief and Nihilism\n\nThe contemporary crisis has rendered us all suffering for want of love (Kristeva, _Tales of Love_ ). ", "The crisis is exacerbated for the adolescent who has faith in love. ", "Their faith in love is expressed as a faith in finding a person, a love object, to fulfill them. ", "Either an ideal love object is never found, or when a love object is found it doesn't live up to the expectations laid before them and falls short of being ideal. ", "Adam is either too absent, too present or too weird; Charlie is annoyingly loving, then too casual; Ray doesn't like anything and has no passion; and Jessa won't be anchored by anyone who won't let her express herself.", "\n\nAdolescent belief and nihilism cannot be viewed as separate. ", "Kristeva explains it this way, \"Since _it_ [the ideal love object] _exists_ (for the unconscious), but \"he\" or \"she\" lets me down (in reality), I hold this against \"them\" and I get back at them: vandalism follows. ", "Or since it exists (in the unconscious), but 'he' or 'she' disappoints or fails me, I have only myself to blame and to take my disappointment out on: mutilations and self-destructive attitudes follow\" ( _This Incredible Need_ , p. 16).", "\n\nKristeva has called this nihilism and self-destruction a \"kamikaze syndrome,\" which reveals itself as depression, suicide, anorexia, drug use, and abandonment in popular culture's idealized forms. ", "Where Kristeva points to self-harm including substance abuse and anorexia, _Girls_ represents lack of self-care, emotional eating, substance abuse, engaging in demeaning sex, and obsessive behaviors.", "\n\nHannah: I'm Broken\n\nHannah's parents make frequent appearances and play a major role in her life. ", "Kristeva explains that the adolescent seeks an ideal relation that is formulated with and against the parental relation. ", "The parents are still idealized as a romantic couple and this idealization coincides with the wish not only to replicate the parental romance, but to improve it, to make it better. ", "Hannah's ideal seems to include the stability of her parent's relationship, without their power imbalance. ", "As a result, the same relationship that is idealized is also put down. ", "By insulting and putting down the parental relationship, the adolescent distances herself from it. ", "Once the adolescent has distanced herself from her parents, she tries to outdo the parental relationship with her relationship to her ideal love object. ", "Hannah often shows her disapproval of Tad and Lureen's bickering banter by rolling her eyes and talking over them.", "\n\n_Girls_ begins with Hannah needing to steady herself after her parents pull the financial rug out from under her, a move that redefines their relationship. ", "For Tad and Lureen, this push should bring Hannah further independence, yet for Hannah, the lack of financial security is devastating. ", "While Hannah searches for an idealized object outside of the relationship with her parents, she idealizes the relationships with her friends in the meantime. ", "Hannah holds her friends responsible for her well-being. ", "Instead of fending for herself when her comfort is compromised, Hannah looks to Marnie to take care of her and pay for her share of the rent. ", "In Kristevan terms, when her parents disappoint her, she turns to another idealized object to satisfy her needs.", "\n\nHannah often turns to the girls for attention, comfort, and reassurance. ", "After Jessa has disappeared, Hannah calls her and leaves her an angry voicemail \"You're forgetting about everyone who is fucking it up over here\" (\"Together\"). ", "Yet, despite Hannah's earlier reliance on Marnie and the others, once she moves in with Adam she tells him: \"I'm not interested in anything they have to say. ", "That's not the point of friendship\" (\"Females Only\"). ", "Hannah treated her friends like placeholders until Adam's arrival.", "\n\nHannah is persistent in her quest to have a relationship that satisfies her needs for what she understands to be real intimacy and care. ", "Adam is selected as Hannah's idealized love object. ", "The Hannah-Adam pairing began with Adam ignoring Hannah and never returning her texts; she confesses she sometimes feels like she imagined him (\"Vagina Panic\"). ", "Yet Hannah desperately wanted to be with the absent actor, writer, and woodworker. ", "Hannah romanticized Adam's quirks and behavior. ", "She often awkwardly made excuses to stroll over to see him when she needed affection: after leaving her internship, after her attempt at blackmailing her boss backfired—and, not even her strangely penciled in eyebrows kept her away.", "\n\nTo convince herself that she has a role in Adam's life, Hannah consents to his perversions. ", "Despite Hannah's intense feelings and their voracious intimacy, Adam complains, she \"never asks him shit\", and it was unclear if she wanted him to be her boyfriend (\"Welcome to Bushwick aka The Crackcident\"). ", "When Hannah breaks it off with Adam, he records himself performing emotional songs about their break-up, and she worries that he is \"not murder-y in a sexy way, but murder-y in a murder way\". ", "Adam then shows up at her place, and she calls the police on him, even though all she wanted was for him to stop texting her (\"I Get Ideas\"). ", "Adam is either too weird, too absent, or too present and falls short of Hannah's expectations. ", "The ideal love object has failed to fulfill its promise.", "\n\nDisappointed, Hannah lashes out. ", "As Kristeva explains, the very idealization that pushed the adolescent toward seeking satisfaction will send them into violence and frustration when their ideals are not met. \"", "Because _the adolescent believes in the object relation, he suffers cruelly from its impossibility_ \" (p. 15); the bliss of belief becomes the devastation of dissatisfaction. ", "This violence is either taken out against others, those who let us down, or ourselves, in the form of mutilation and self-destruction. ", "While Hannah has emotional outbursts, blames and puts down others, more often she is shown engaging in self-destructive behaviors during moments of uncertainty and feeling as though her needs aren't met. ", "Hannah engages in self-deprecating sex acts. ", "She tells Joshua that she once asked someone to punch her in the chest and then ejaculate on that same spot. ", "Hannah indulges in Adam's sexual role-play, agreeing to stand in for a junkie who gets sent home to her mommy and daddy covered in cum.", "\n\nAs Natalia warns an already experienced Hannah, \"he'll fuck you like he never met you, and doesn't love his own mother\" (\"Ladies Only\"). ", "Without someone to watch over her and protect her from herself, Hannah's self-destruction worsens. ", "When Hannah has difficulty writing her book, her editor David complains he doesn't see her \"sexual failure pudgy face semen and sadness\" (\"On All Fours\"). ", "Hannah descends into isolation and begins to count compulsively. ", "The options that Hannah faces are \"take a pill or talk\" ( _New Maladies_ , p. 30), of which she does both.", "\n\nAdam returns to Hannah's life to rescue her. ", "After a chance encounter when walking from the hospital following the q-tip accident, Hannah FaceTimes Adam to confess she isn't well. ", "Adam recognizes Hannah's strange counting behavior as symptomatic of her obsessive compulsive disorder and heroically runs across Brooklyn with his iPhone in hand and Hannah on FaceTime, then bashes down her door to save her. ", "Adam continues to care for her throughout her episodes of obsessive compulsion and ensures that she takes her meds, eats protein, and says a calming chant. ", "They finally commit to each other, so they can, as Natalia says, enjoy their lives like the two feral children they are—wildly happy in their uncultured love. ", "However heroic and romantic Adam's rescue may be, the idealized love object will continue to disappoint. ", "The solution for Hannah's wanting of love will not be found in an individual. ", "A source of renewal and healing for Hannah can be found in creativity, not Adam's love.", "\n\nWriting from a vulnerable position and expressing terribly awkward life situations is central to Hannah's writing. ", "Hannah tells Joshua that she just wants to be happy like everyone else, but has always pushed herself to take in every experience in order to tell others about it. ", "This is a trait that Hannah recognizes in Adam's creative endeavors, such as the play he writes about being rejected by a girl, who uses a pink, feathered pen, in his class. ", "Kristeva grimly pronounces how \"an affirmation emerges: today's men and women—who are stress ridden and eager to achieve, to spend money, have fun, and die-dispense with the representation of their experience that we call psychic life\" (p. 7).", "\n\nBoth Hannah and Adam use their dark experiences as fodder for their art: personal essays and short plays. ", "They rethink, rework, rewrite and recast their experiences, transforming experience into an on-going project. ", "The ability to be dynamic with your understanding of self is central to surviving uncertainty; Kristeva encourages \"imagination as antidote to the crisis\" ( _Tales of Love_ , p. 381). ", "Accepting the individual's peculiarities and quirks \"becomes essential elements, indispensable \"characters\" if you will, of a _work in progress_ \" (p. 381). ", "To understand yourself as a work in progress is to be open to change, and to understand the self as always in flux. ", "Still, Hannah is suffering for want of love.", "\n\nMarnie: I May Not Seem Okay, but I Am Okay\n\nAfter four years of being together, Marnie struggles with Charlie's smothering love and even sleeps in Hannah's room to avoid being with him. ", "Her ideal object has disappointed her. ", "She complains, \"he's so busy respecting me that he looks right past me and my needs\" (\"Vagina Panic\"). ", "Marnie's \"needs\" don't include visiting Charlie at his own apartment, as she has no idea where he lives. ", "What Marnie understands to be her needs are the assumptions and expectations she has as a result of her idealization. ", "However, it is Charlie who breaks up with Marnie; he is upset after he and Ray read Hannah's diary and he finds out how the girls trash talk him. ", "Marnie hasn't quite given up on Charlie; for her, this object still has promise. ", "When they begin to spend time together again and become intimate, Marnie assumes that they've had \"their experiences\" and can now become old fogeys together. ", "Marnie has no sense of Charlie's intentions and simply assumes that she knows _when_ someone is her boyfriend—which is, of course, whenever she wants.", "\n\nMarnie's frustration with her own situation extends to a lack of compassion for others, a trait that Kristeva observed in her patients. ", "When the break-up inspires Charlie to create an app called Forbid, Marnie is upset by his success. ", "Marnie is further upset by her own lack of success: \"People who live their dreams are sad messes like Charlie, and the people who are left flailing behind are the people like me who have their shit together\" (\"It's Back\"). ", "And, in response to not being invited to pick up Jessa from rehab, she comments: \"I didn't want to come. ", "I just didn't want _anyone_ to go\" (\"Truth or Dare\"). ", "Marnie seems to have an ideal that she is trying to live up to and punishes herself and everyone around her when they don't live up to it. ", "Hannah is her usual target.", "\n\nMarnie idealizes her relationship with Hannah, whom she understands to be her best friend, and is cruel to Hannah when she doesn't live up to Marnie's expectations. ", "Marnie frequently complains of Hannah's unreliability and lack of attention since Hannah is busy \"fucking that animal.\" ", "Indeed, as Hannah complains, \"the only thing you talk about are your issues with me\" (\"Beach House\"). ", "Marnie's frustration comes from her expectation that Hannah can simply drop whatever is going on in her life and attend to her needs. ", "During a knock 'em out fight between Adam and his sister, Caroline, Marnie calls to have Hannah come over and see the kitten that she got from some guy who had a backpack full of them and is then upset because Hannah won't come over. ", "When Marnie's healing dinner is sabotaged by the presence of boys, she snaps at Hannah \"All you do is disappoint.\" ", "When Hannah tells her to lower her expectations, Marnie retorts: \"I can't lower them any further\" (\"Beach House\"). ", "Marnie's cruelty toward Hannah is a result of her own disappointment.", "\n\nMarnie's growing boredom is the result of unsatisfied and unmatched idealization. ", "When Marnie's life was still picture perfect with her creative and upwardly mobile job, handsome, loving boyfriend who is also in a band, and, eclectic Brooklyn apartment, her boredom was palpable.", "\n\nAs Kristeva explains, the very idealization that pushed the adolescent toward seeking satisfaction will send them into violence and frustration when their ideals are not met. ", "Worse still, when the adolescent can't fully delve into other aspects of life: school, work, or hobby to counter balance or replace the loss of the ideal, it \"leads inevitably to _depressiveness_ in the guise of ordinary boredom: 'If I don't have Everything I'm bored' [capitalization hers]\" ( _This Incredible_ , p. 17). ", "This rings true for Marnie, who is continually dissatisfied and upset, and Jessa whose pretentious boredom is an honest reflection of her frustration in love, both parental and romantic.", "\n\nMarnie's boredom worsened and became hostile as she took on a pretty-person job at Shoshanna's suggestion, found herself having casual sex with men she thought were her boyfriend, but weren't, and, had to move in with her mother. ", "The more frightened Marnie grew, the scarier she acted. ", "Shoshanna rightly observes of Marnie \"You are tortured by self-doubt and fear\" (\"Beach House\"). ", "Her repeated positive affirmations, such as \"I'm fine. ", "I'm really good actually. ", "I'm on a journey, and it is my journey\" do not seem to be changing her outlook (\"On All Fours\").", "\n\nHer anger, antagonism, and frustration mask her disappointment, loneliness, and sadness. ", "She goes so far as to bluntly ask Ray, who she assumes loves to tell people what is wrong with them, to tell her what her problem is (\"Only Child\"). ", "Ray is unapologetic in his description of her, and then adds the observation that the \"deep dank toxic well of insecurity\" is probably created by her absent father, and that allows her to be a sympathetic character\" (\"Only Child\"). ", "Ray recognizes in Marnie the frustration of idealized love lost in early life.", "\n\nUnlike Hannah, whose parent's feature prominently in her life, Marnie's father is totally absent and she has an ambivalent relationship with her mother, Evie. ", "Marnie is intent, through her adolescent's idealization of an object, to surpass her parent's relationship. ", "Evie is annoyed by Marnie's inability to get over Charlie, and encourages her to do 'the work': self work, charity work, work out, work on whatever it takes to move on because she is \"fucking sick of talking about him.\"", "\n\nMarnie seeks her mother's consolation. ", "Her mother should understand what it's like to lose the person you thought you would love for the rest of your life. ", "Instead, her mother reminds her of her middle name, Marie, which carries a legacy of strength and independence. ", "Refusing to acknowledge her mother's ability to transform her life and accept her suggestions, Marnie further shuts down her defenses, claiming, \"I've already fixed everything.\" ", "Marnie is stuck in her disappointment.", "\n\nMarnie masks her Jersey shoreline origins and preferences for popular musical theatre with her participation in the art world and ability to replicate on trend outfits. ", "She purchases a plastic dress to fit in as Booth's hostess, and irreverently dons a beanie to play down her beauty queen corkscrew curls when meeting Soojin. ", "The influence of celebrity and popular culture on Marnie's values is less obvious, but still legible. ", "For example, Marnie hosts a J. Crew/Martha Stewart/TED talk inspired beach house weekend complete with plans for dinner of duck and a julienned salad, and a healing session of burning notes with past woes in a fire. ", "She even asks Ray \"Which _Real Housewives_ locale is most intriguing to you?\"", "\n\nThe promises of love that are normalized by commercials and popular culture express another form of idealization, and reveal the extent to which Marnie is longing for love to support her. ", "For Kristeva the idealization of popular culture and celebrity culture \"are the visible secular face of the deep need to _believe_ that nourishes adolescent culture\" (p. 18). ", "Marnie seeks for a love to sustain her, but does not find it in Charlie, her mother, or her friends.", "\n\nIt may be, that like the Edie Brickell song she apes, Marnie isn't aware of too many things. ", "The cadence of her frustrated mantra \"I'm okay\" and her indignation indicate the need for renewal, despite her refusal. ", "Marnie may not be prepared for change, or may not have reached her crisis point. ", "Change comes, Kristeva explains, \"when they have touched bottom, precisely, they are going to construct other possibilities for living, and so one cannot construct without destroying the old defenses\" (Clark and Hully interview, p. 165). ", "Indeed, the imperfection that Marnie refuses is an answer to her adolescent crisis.", "\n\nJessa: I Figured My Shit Out when I Was Five\n\nJessa's boredom, self-destructive drug use, and nihilism most clearly exemplify the adolescent psyche in crisis. ", "Repeatedly, Kristeva emphasizes that the contemporary crisis has rendered us all suffering for want of love. ", "In Jessa's case, this is worse still as the loving foundation of parental idealization has been missing from her early life. ", "We eventually learn that Jessa's mother is ill and \"can't go to the bathroom on her own\" (\"Ladies Only\").", "\n\nJessa's absent father is far from the ideal: he has been in rehab twelve times and maintains his distance. ", "When Jessa receives a text message of scrambled letters from her father, she understands it as a sign from the universe and decides to visit him. ", "During the visit, Jessa struggles to find common ground with her father, who is currently living on in a farmhouse with his new-agey girlfriend, Petula. ", "Jessa confronts him about his continual disappearances and demands that he finally recognize that she is the child, and that he is the father (\"Video Games\"). ", "The relationships that should have provided Jessa with seemingly unconditional support, stranded her. ", "As a result, Jessa's relationships are fraught with ambivalence.", "\n\nThe belonging, caring and shelter that the girls offer is a source of mixed emotions for Jessa. ", "When the girls make her a welcome home dinner, she arrives late (\"Pilot\"), and typically comes and goes as she pleases. ", "She strands Hannah at her father's country home in Poughkeepsie with only a note that says \"see you around.\" ", "And, then later lies to Hannah in order to be picked up after being kicked out of Sheltering Winds.", "\n\nJessa callously encourages Hannah by reminding her that her \"book of shit\" isn't going to \"mean shit, and that's the first thing she needs to know\" (\"Boys\"). ", "Jessa loafs at Shoshanna's apartment watching episodes of _Forensic Files_ all day (\"Dead Inside\"), and pushes the limits of Shoshanna's gracious hospitality by inviting Jasper over for cocaine-fuelled conversations. ", "Jessa either uses her friends as stand-ins for an idealized object and then punishes them when they disappoint her, or punishes herself.", "\n\nMost centrally, Jessa struggles with desiring men, and locating an object to desire. ", "Unlike the other three girls, Jessa continually flits away from romance and love, and claims that dates are for lesbians (\"Vagina Panic\"). ", "When the father of the girls she babysits, Jeff Lavoyt, becomes interested in her \"face like Brigitte Bardot and ass like Rhianna,\" Jessa pretends to ignore his feelings, until he takes a sucker punch for her. ", "His wife, Katherine, intervenes by explaining to Jessa that she distracts herself from becoming who she is supposed to be with \"these kinds of situations\" (\"Welcome to Bushwick aka The Crackcident\"). ", "Accepting attention from unavailable men affords Jessa a way of experiencing affection with a built-in safeguard that prevent her from investing affection in them, and more importantly, prevent her from having any expectations which could lead to disappointment.", "\n\nLater, in true bohemian fashion, Jessa, clad in an off the shoulder babydoll dress, has a surprise wedding to Thomas-John after their quick acquaintance a few nights earlier during which he serenaded Jessa and Marnie with his mash-ups and they excluded him from a make out session. ", "When he comes to realize that Jessa, having completed only six weeks of college, having gone to rehab for heroin, and never having had a 'real job' really is the free spirit she claims to be, Thomas-John describes himself as unicorn and Jessa as a dumb hipster who is eating his hay (\"It's a Shame about Ray\"), and pays her to leave their marriage.", "\n\nIndeed, it is Thomas-John who struggles with idealization, not Jessa. ", "Jessa tells her father that she thought her husband's vows meant something, but she just takes everyone's shit because he never taught her anything else (\"Video Games\"). ", "In this instance, Jessa most clearly recognizes the impact of her father's absence. ", "Discouraged by her efforts toward cultivating intimacy, Jessa then sticks with her old habits, fending off men like Jasper at rehab who was \"pants shittingly scared\" she left before they could have sex, and swears off men (\"Truth or Dare\").", "\n\nJessa's self-destructive behaviors are a symptom of her adolescent crisis. ", "Her father is unreliable; Thomas-John momentarily pretends to be free-spirited, but is really conservative; and her friends don't quite get it: Jessa is let down by the people around her. ", "Jessa has already been to rehab for heroin, spends time at Sheltering Winds, and then sabotages her newly stable life to sniff cocaine with Jasper.", "\n\nJessa is a Kristevan kamikaze adolescent par excellence. ", "Shoshana excuses Jessa's binge drinking and drug use as fun, and glamorizes Jessa's trip to rehab as a celebrity rite of passage, thus revealing the extent to which Shoshanna idealizes celebrity culture, her selected panacea for the crisis. ", "At Sheltering Winds, Jessa mocks Dr. Sterns about her reasons for going to rehab: so her grannie will pay for her rent, a plane ticket, and buy her Uggs. ", "Dr. Sterns tells Jessa that she has a skewed understanding of life, and fellow rehab patient, Jasper, advises Jessa to analyze her life through the \"kaleidoscope of her own daddy issues\" (\"Ladies Only\"). ", "When confronted with the discovery that her friend Season had faked death in order to avoid spending time with her because she enables, she says, \"I told you I needed help with cocaine, and you took me to an ayahuasca ceremony\" (\"Dead Inside\").", "\n\nThough Jessa claims to have figured her shit out when she was five,\" she still describes herself as living without a life vest. ", "With nothing else to buoy her up, Jessa turns to drugs, which remove consciousness but \"render belief in the absolute of orgasmic regression real in a hallucinatory kind of pleasure\" ( _This Incredible Need_ , p. 18). ", "A pleasure she continues to choose after working in a children's clothing shop proves to be unfulfilling.", "\n\nThe support that Jessa needs is to replenish the creative possibilities of understanding her potential during opportunities of change. ", "During a group therapy session at Sheltering Winds, Jessa snidely remarks that she could easily cry and tell her life story, in fact \"[She] is really good at it\" (\"Ladies Only\"). ", "She claims to have \"figured out her shit when she was five years old\": cocaine is really fun, and dangerous. ", "Having retold her life story the same way, Jessa repeatedly closes herself to reconceptualizing her identity, to renewing herself. ", "As Kristeva writes of the contemporary youth, the next step is to \"Help them, then, to speak and write themselves in unstable, open, undecidable spaces\" ( _Tales of Love_ , p. 380).", "\n\nWhen Shoshanna intervenes and puts an end to Jasper's and Jessa's bender, it's Jasper who benefits. ", "By reuniting Jasper with his daughter, Dottie, Dottie reminds Jasper of what \"a beautiful person he can be\" and he leaves with Dottie to start over. ", "Jessa is left with a dismayed Shoshanna. ", "Shoshanna tells Jessa that \"She looks like a junkie,\" and in a moment of ultimate self-defeat Jessa responds, \"I am a junkie.\"", "\n\nShoshanna: !!!!", "\n\nShoshanna's fast-talking, wildly gesticulating, emoji loving self-expression doesn't mask her nihilism, rather she exudes a strong faith in the \"idealization of the _bourgeois couple_ , as portrayed by TV soap opera cliché, or by _People_ magazine-type glamorizing the life of the couple\" ( _This Incredible_ , p. 18). ", "Shoshanna cultivates a confident and independent feminine identity, a pastiche of recent single and strong urban women in popular culture including the women of _Sex and the City,_ whose poster adorns her wall, and _Bridget Jones_ , who is herself a pastiche.", "\n\nShoshanna dramatizes moments in everyday life through hyperbole. ", "Shoshanna's dramatization \"takes the form of \"soap operas\" that inevitably cater to the other side of the society of performance and stress\" ( _New Maladies_ , p. 29). ", "For example, Adam is \"so dementedly helpful\"; her friend \"is going to freak\" when she sees her rustic souvenir; her \"array of bandanas is insane;\" and, \"I'm like the least virginy virgin ever.\"", "\n\nEven though she's steeped in the rhetoric of popular culture, Shoshanna negotiates her adolescent ideals by continually attempting to improve herself and challenge herself to push her boundaries—which are acts of creativity to produce her self-identity. ", "Shoshanna wanted a date with mood lighting, she settled for tacos. ", "Her dating expectations don't prevent her from dating the anti-romantic, nihilist, and self-righteous Ray. ", "Ray isn't quite Shoshanna's ideal. ", "Ray criticizes her use of air quotes \"Pantomime to express your emotions is a crutch. ", "We've talked about that\" (\"It's Back\"), and disparages nearly all of her preferences.", "\n\nShoshanna slowly comes to the realization that Ray doesn't have a permanent address, typically lives out of his car, and has been hiding his situation by staying with her. ", "Still, Shoshanna falls in love with him. ", "But Ray's dark cloud of gloom proved to be a tough challenge to her sunny disposition:\n\n\"You hate everything. ", "You hate the sound of children playing. ", "You hate all of your living relatives. ", "You hate people who wear sunglasses, even during the day. ", "You hate going to dinner, which you know I love. ", "You hate colors. ", "You hate pillows. ", "You hate ribbons. ", "You hate everything. ", "Maybe I can deal with your black soul better when I'm older, I just can't handle it now.\" (\"", "Together\")\n\nUnlike the adolescent who seeks their ideal, and is then devastated when they disappoint, Shoshanna was willing to accept Ray as he is, and Ray loved her for the \"weirdo\" that she is. ", "Still, Shoshanna breaks up with Ray, avoids him, and then dons a trench coat and Jackie O glasses to stalk him. ", "Ray's lingering feelings for Shoshanna are evidenced in his inability to make small talk with her and his proclamation that \"We shared true and stunning intimacy, and now we're nothing but strangers\" (\"Ladies Only\").", "\n\nThe 'negative qualities' the two saw in each other became, the 'indispensable \"characters' of their work in progress ( _Tales of Love_ , p. 380); they recognize the revision and rethinking, the creativity, that is necessary to continually write and live one's own life story. ", "The dissolution of their relationship doesn't diminish their maturity. ", "Despite Adam's assessment of the Shoshanna-Ray relationship as \"just babies holding hands\" (\"Boys\"), the mismatched twosome negotiated loving the other as they are, not as they wished they could be.", "\n\nHannah, Marnie, Jessa, and Shoshanna have taken up different methods of coping with both the larger crisis and their individual disappointments in love. ", "To overcome the nihilism brought on by the disappointment of the ideal object, a new belief must take its place; that is to say, in the clearing made after the disenchantment with the ideal love object, emerges a wanting for a new love. ", "As Kristeva says, \"the shadow of the ideal had fallen over adolescent drive and crystallized into the need to believe\" ( _This Incredible_ , p. 19). ", "The girls suffer from want of love, and for Kristeva, their solution is in love.", "\n\nFor Julia Kristeva, following Sigmund Freud, our psyche is most functional when it is in love. ", "When in love, the psyche is stable and resilient. ", "In love, the psyche is an \"open system\" which is receptive to change and to exchange with others. ", "In the process of idealization, the adolescent, as a lover, turns their beloved into an object, or as Kristeva declares \"The lover is a narcissist with an object\" (p. 33). ", "The adolescent has invested her belief in the wrong thing because she has invested her belief in a thing to begin with. ", "As Kelly Ives elucidates \"Thanks to Freud, it's known that it is not so much the object of love that is really important as love itself, as it is experienced by the individual\" ( _Art, Love, Melancholy_ , p. 117). ", "It is the experience of love that renews the psyche, not the attainment of or attachment to an object.", "\n\nThe solution to the crisis is to offer psychic rebirth to the subject, \"to give and give oneself a new time, another self, unforeseen bonds\" through the experience of love ( _This Incredible_ , p. 25). ", "The experience of love is received in what Kristeva calls the incredible need to believe. ", "For Kristeva, belief need not be religious: \"Whether I belong to a religion, whether I be agnostic or atheist, when I say 'I believe,' I mean 'I hold as true'.\" ", "Belief is an act of confidence \"implying restitution in the form of divine favor granted to the faithful.\" ", "Belief and the need to believe are incredible, which is to say, _unbelievable_.", "\n\nHannah describes an experience similar to that of the belief in love when she calls her parents from the train station in Poughkeepsie to thank them because she has always felt that she'd lived her life with the feeling of a safety net under her. ", "Jessa's description of the feeling that she is swimming without a life vest is the result of her lack of belief. ", "The willingness for personal growth and flexibility that Shoshanna welcomes is a part of this belief, the very same part that Marnie, in her refusal to acknowledge that everything is not okay, ignores.", "\n\nThe opposite of nihilism is not necessarily to find perfect meaning in life, nor is it to believe. ", "Rather, it is to something more ambivalent, less grandiose, and more flexible. ", "It is to be open to the question of believing in something, and to recognize in oneself the incredible need to believe. ", "Taking notice of the adolescent experience of crisis and their need to believe offers insight into the larger cultural experience of crisis. ", "The experience of the adolescent is like our own experience \"that we take part in through our own eternal adolescence\" so long as we need to believe in love.", "\n\nWere We Educated for This?", "\n\nDAVID LAROCCA\n\nLena Dunham didn't call her HBO series _Women_ , or the ironic-cum-nostalgic _Golden Girls_ , and not even the literarily inflected _Little Women_ , but rather _Girls_ , and so the title invites us to consider how the show's female protagonists are still being formed, still maturing, still not quite themselves. ", "As Nathan Heller tells us in his _Vogue_ article on the show, these \"girls\" and their male companions and counterparts are trying by their wits and talents to variously discover or establish their identities as adult persons in \"middle-class postcollegiate life.\"", "\n\nThe fact that all these characters have chosen present-day Williamsburg, Brooklyn, or Manhattan, or New York City more generally, as the site of this experiment is evocative—since the \"big city\" is a place that is perennially characterized, especially in literature, movies, television, and popular culture, as a classical American location for self-discovery or self-fashioning.", "\n\nThe backstory of their education, especially of the four principal female leads, involves arriving in the city from a rural liberal arts college with a bachelor's degree in the arts and humanities. ", "And so, what does the fictitious world of _Girls_ tell us about its creator's inheritance of the liberal arts—about how girls are educated and what that education is for? ", "Marnie yells a similar kind of question—with invective comments full of anger and frustration—to her boss as she quits her job at Ray's coffee shop, a job she believes is beneath not just her dignity but her education: \"Do you know what kind of work I'm qualified to do out in the world?\" (\"", "Dead Inside\").", "\n\nWhen Hannah goes to work for _GQ_ in the desperate wake of not being able to publish her memoir, she asks a rhetorical question in the same vein, with the same sense of clarity that she, for whatever reason, lives at a remove from her proper work: \"Do you think that I think this is the best use of my literary voice and my myriad talents?\" (\"", "Free Snacks\"). ", "The presumptions nested in Marnie and Hannah's rhetorical questions make clear that the show is aware that these are worthy questions—perhaps ones it knows must be asked but doesn't quite know how to fully answer. ", "Indeterminacy and ambiguity in knowing what to do are essential to the show's theme and its resonance.", "\n\nWe do know, however, that the show's chief writer and producer, Lena Dunham, grew up in Brooklyn, the daughter of two artists, graduated from Oberlin College—a school famous for its liberal arts tradition—with a degree in creative writing and that her education there informed the story dramatized in her first feature movies, _Creative Nonfiction_ (2009) and _Tiny Furniture_ (2010), and thereafter, several of the lead characters that populate _Girls_. ", "But how precisely, or if at all, are the values and virtues of a liberal arts education learned at a place such as Oberlin, and its many equivalent institutions, translated—or not—into a fictional world that is often treated as an analogue of our own?", "\n\nAuthor and Character\n\nA first clue to replying to such a question comes in the fact that Lena Dunham not only stars in the show she writes, but that her character, Hannah Horvath, is understood—by Dunham—to be a sort of fictionalized doppelgänger. ", "Like Charlie Kaufman who featured a character named Charlie Kaufman (played by Nicolas Cage) in his movie _Adaptation_ (2002), and well before him, like Plato, who used fiction and fictitious characters (often based on historical people, such as Socrates and Gorgias) to explore his ideas, we find Dunham depicting Hannah's experiences as iterations or variations on Dunham's own experience as a young woman who graduated from a liberal arts college and wants to be a writer in New York.", "\n\nDunham herself acknowledges the relationship between herself and her \"hapless alter ego,\" between real and fake worlds with a quick gesture of intimacy and interrelation: \"the show is so personal—I have OCD, Hannah has OCD\" ( _Entertainment Weekly_ interview, p. 40). ", "And we know that Dunham's first book is a memoir—while Hannah works on her memoir to be published as an e-book, and as such, she emphasizes with regret, \"It will never ' _hit_ the shelves'\" (\"Dead Inside\").", "\n\nYet, as must be the case given Dunham's productivity and Hannah's apparent lack of it, we're encouraged to view them as related figures but also chastened by their differences. ", "As Dunham's mother, the artist Laurie Simmons says of her daughter: \"That character [Aura] couldn't write a script like _Tiny Furniture_ and get the movie made,\" adding that when Lena lived at home after college, \"I would go into her bedroom late at night, and she'd have fallen asleep amid a heap of cell phone, laptop, books, scripts, pencils, papers. ", "She was in her bed covered with work\" (Heller).", "\n\nAs Kaufman's critique of Hollywood storytelling takes place in a Hollywood movie with A-list actors, and as Plato's dialogues feature the star intellect, Socrates, who himself doesn't write a word, so we have in Dunham's creative project a show that is aware of itself as a show, standing in relation to a world it is meant to reflect and transform. ", "And so Dunham is a liberal arts graduate in creative writing who, with her band of players in the city, aims to show what it's like for a liberal arts graduate in creative writing in the city.", "\n\nThere's a Thousand Yous, There's Only One of Me\n\nWhat are the liberal arts for today? ", "To a considerable extent, the long-standing and still-steadfastly held notion of liberal arts is the implied or assumed grandeur of an individual's identity—discovering it, developing it, defining it, defending it. ", "One of the goals of such undergraduate education is self-exploration and self-expression. ", "Meanwhile, cultures of technology are reinforcing and intensifying the self-centric nature of personal identity among young people—from Facebook pages to selfies, the latter now sanctioned by the _Oxford English Dictionary_ as 2013's \"word of the year\" and another indication of the self-orientation of popular culture and its technologies for self-representation and self-reference.", "\n\nYet, as Andrew Delbanco has emphasized, college should help students \"develop certain qualities of mind and heart requisite for reflective citizenship\" ( _College_ , p. 3). ", "One of Delbanco's distilled precepts for the undergraduate includes \"A willingness to imagine experience from perspectives other than one's own.\" ", "Being reflective, of course, may rightly involve the pursuit of self-knowledge, but it needn't devolve solely into a solipsistic project of _self_ -reflection. ", "Students are then asked to look _beyond_ themselves—to develop empathy—as part and parcel of their individually designed and defined educational endeavor.", "\n\nSo, what is the liberal arts education, often undertaken in pastoral settings, meant to confer on its students, who upon graduation often relocate to large cities and trendy locations (Nashville, Austin, Portland)? ", "And if that conferral was successful, of what relevance is it to a striving soul in the hustle and bustle of a congested urban context? ", "Do you dutifully, earnestly train to be an independent writer or avant-garde artist and then end up being a secretary typing memos (Hannah) or a receptionist taking messages in an art gallery (Marnie)? ", "Do you read lauded works of literature and perennially provocative philosophy in class only to feel a disjunction between the lessons of those works and your day-to-day life in the workaday world—that is, to find it hard to articulate your own ideas in writing or in the expression of artworks?", "\n\nWhat's the meaning and status of the individual self in all of this—is it a knowing source from which to take dictation (one metaphor) or an empty vessel you aim to fill (a competing metaphor)? ", "More than a cliché about creative writers and art students trying to \"make it\" in the big city—a phrase we find in Kayne West's \"Stronger\" (sung by Marnie in \"On All Fours\") and in the classic anthem \"New York, New York,\"—\"if I can make it here, I'll make it anywhere\"— _Girls_ variously depicts, romanticizes, laments, skewers, and problematizes the nature and even the existence of the liberal-arts graduate in the early twenty-first-century American metropolis.", "\n\nThe inheritance of Sinatra's signature myth of how we \"make it\" (or not) is also echoed in \"Empire State of Mind,\" where Alicia Keys belts the reassuring chorus \"there's nothin' you can't do / Now you're in New York / These streets will make you feel brand new / Big lights will inspire you\"—only to have her manic proclamation quickly chastened by Jay-Z's \"City is a pity, half of y'all won't make it.\" ", "And in _Girls_ the terms and conditions of what it means to make it are perpetually under debate in some form or another—romantically, vocationally, emotionally, and intellectually.", "\n\nA _Saturday Night Live_ satire of _Girls_ , featuring Tina Fey as a long suffering Albanian woman named Blerta, suggests that the characters on the show are out of touch with genuine pain, real trauma, and substantive problems. ", "The characters seem to have quite shockingly failed to develop Delbanco's recommended trait of \"reflective citizenship\" along with a capacity to \"imagine experience from perspectives other than one's own.\" ", "Moreover, the fact that the short—presented as a mock coming attraction promotion for a future episode—features a _woman_ among girls, creates something of an analogue to the age asymmetry that pervades, for example, the Platonic dialogues—where it is always men who instruct boys.", "\n\nIn the _SNL_ send-up, an exasperated Marnie tells Hannah: \"My ex-boyfriend is an Internet millionaire.\" ", "Blerta overhears this from the other room and shares her experience in broken, accented English: \"My ex-boyfriend is buried in shallow grave. ", "On windy days the dirt covering him blows away and you can see skull.\" ", "In a closing vignette, Hannah (Noël Wells) worries aloud—\"I just don't know how anything is going to turn out\"—so Blerta comforts her with an embrace and says with assurance: \"It's okay, you are only fifteen.\" ", "Hannah corrects her with injured pride: \"No I'm not. ", "I'm twenty-four.\" ", "Blerta responds quizzically: \"Twenty-four? ", "What the fuck is wrong with you?\"", "\n\nThe skit is very funny, and draws its humor from Blerta's desperate life and her incomprehension of the girls she's living with. ", "From the popularity of the show—especially its critical success—audiences must be drawn to it not for its opacity but because it reflects something intelligible, something viewers can recognize in themselves or others. ", "So like the _SNL_ satire of _Girls, Girls_ itself is taking seriously but also critiquing a pervasive predicament, or attitude, or style of life. ", "And given the intergenerational characters—from Hannah's parents, literary editor, and afternoon lover, to Jessa's father, husband, and rehab friend—audiences will likely find points of resemblance and resonance. ", "Parents spending huge sums of money on their child's education—or none. ", "A daughter trying to do well by her parents' expectations, and failing to do just that.", "\n\nThese and related topics and issues suggest that _Girls_ is an engaging and ongoing text for exploring a contemporary understanding of _paideia_ —the classical Greek notion of culture, or education, or the process of becoming oneself (a whole and balanced individual) in the midst of a robust community of others—and its legacy in the modern university's exercise of the liberal arts. ", "Are we, any longer, caught up in the hope of educating the young to realize their ideal humanity as citizens of the polis (one way of describing the Greek ambition), or has the self become sufficiently abstracted from its lived context that our focus turns to its expression (often in terms of creative work, or the persona that claims its authorship); its reference to itself (in moods of meta-critical ironic distancing); and its promotion (through various modes of display and digital mediation)?", "\n\nTo the extent that the present-day liberal arts preserves some of the ancient Greek notion of paideia, how does _Girls_ portray the liberal arts as a pre-condition, condition, or context for the make-up of one's identity as a person and a professional—as an adult—that is, when girls become women? ", "There are specific instances in the show when the characters engender these values and virtues—for example, Hannah defending her writing by saying \"It's not a journal\"; but the show itself, as it draws from the creator's contemporary experience and her contribution to contemporary culture, helps us think through the meaning of education and liberal arts—perhaps especially the role of the humanities in our lives, the training of artists, and thereafter the creation of art works.", "\n\nDamn, They Don't Make 'Em Like This Anymore\n\nWhat if there were a way of taking up the education of the young—both as the teachers of youth and as youth who seek instruction—that addressed them as individuals yet resisted the inculcation of individualism? ", "Think of how Hannah becomes the unexpected mentor—a sort of emotional tutor—for her younger cousin, Rebecca (Sarah Steele), whose ambition for professional achievement is used as a prophylactic against undigested family trauma (\"Flo\"). ", "For those who find Rebecca unsympathetic, perhaps it's worth considering how her self-understanding and self-valuation are distorted—in particular, focused too intently on her status as assessed by others and the institutions they run.", "\n\nIf Rebecca could see her medical training as part of a larger interaction between herself and her community—both of them in need of care—her painful complex of narcissism and shame might evolve into something like a sense of humble service to others in need—what medical doctors are mythically and practically promised to do. ", "Hannah's uncharacteristically generous and patient attention to Rebecca reveals new empathic capacities in Hannah (a respite from her incessant self-involvement), and also makes evident the positive efficacy of mentors who do not stir and stoke another's resentment and fear, but guide her to a better view of the situation.", "\n\nTurning to ancient Greek values, we find a complementary phenomenon in the notion of paideia—tersely defined as \"education,\" or more fully construed as the art of aiming to create ideal, culturally and politically astute members of the polis. ", "The term, along with the millennia-old debates over its precise meaning, emerged in a distinctive way in Plato, for example, in the _Protagoras_ , where the question of education's _effect_ is discussed—for instance, can virtue be taught?; ", "in the _Gorgias_ , where rhetoric's status as a \"knack\" is said to render it merely a superficial skill for gratification and pleasure, for persuading crowds and not the care and formation of the individual soul; and in the _Republic_ where Socrates likens paideia to a process of becoming human.", "\n\nWe also find an engaging account of paideia from one of Gorgias's students, and one of Plato's chief rivals, Isocrates, who in his \"Against the Sophists\" and _Antidosis_ lends helpful orientation to the meaning of the term and its potential relevance to an inquiry about the current status of the liberal arts, which after all drew its inspiration from ancient Greek modes of education. ", "Werner Jaeger, who wrote the three-volume masterwork, _Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture_ , referred to Isocrates—not Socrates—as \"the father of 'humanistic culture'\" (Volume III, p. 46). ", "Jaeger contends that \"since the Renaissance [Isocrates] has exercised a far greater influence on the educational methods of humanism than any other Greek or Roman teacher.\" ", "Meanwhile, Jaeger cautions, \"an understanding of the true Greek paideia at once entails a criticism of modern academic humanism\" (p. 47).", "\n\nHave the liberal arts graduates portrayed in _Girls_ —despite their pedigrees and credentials—benefited from ancient paideia or, as Jaeger suggests, would a robust engagement with the ancient Greek form of education undermine more contemporary notions of training individuals, who may or may not find fulfillment in a life shared with other people? ", "Hannah's elation upon receiving an acceptance letter (in the wake of Rebecca's story, and Hannah's vocational struggles, the notion of \"acceptance\" here seems particularly painful—and telling), to graduate school invites a fresh consideration of the writer and the city (\"Two Plane Rides\"). ", "Once again, it seems Hannah is drawn to a pastoral location to train in the liberal arts—now, perhaps, going even deeper into the Midwest than she did before.", "\n\nWhat _does_ a writer learn at Iowa? ", "To study literature, to summon the spirit for writing it, to sort the craft of composition, to overcome craft as we have known it? ", "Might those things be learned—learned better?—in an extracurricular life lived in New York City? ", "These questions are familiar enough to have prompted a recent anthology of essays— _MFA vs NYC: The Two Cultures of American Fiction_ —edited by novelist Chad Harbach. ", "At a time when writers can, if only thinking technologically, transmit their work from any location on Earth, what would these realms—one in the academy (which has many locations), the other in the traditional, say, pre-Internet, capital of publishing (which was and still appears to be New York)—retain for the education and flourishing of writers? ", "This is the sort of question Harbach's collection addresses, and it's also the kind we find serially at issue in _Girls_ and in the journalistic and critical reception of the show.", "\n\nAs we're being entertained by Hannah's fraught decision making—whether to leave New York for Iowa, whether to agonistically engage \"MFA vs. NYC\" as an existential conflict—we are given a chance to wonder which life seems more appealing: one in which a young writer is accepted into the country's best graduate school for writing, or one in which that achievement is a fiction in a Golden Globe–winning series on HBO? ", "Who knew that _Girls also_ could be such a devastating \"criticism of modern academic humanism\"?", "\n\nThough Plato and Isocrates offered, as Carlin Romano notes, \"two visions of philosophy,\" they agreed that the constitution of the self cannot be understood as a project that takes place _within_ the self, or that is generated _from_ the self ( _America_ , p. 535). ", "Rather, you must be other- and outer-directed. ", "Hannah and Rebecca's relationship seems a meaningful clinic on this insight. ", "And so the contemporary emphasis in liberal arts and creative writing on self-expression, self-reference, and self-promotion—that is, a habitual reference to the self as a _source_ —all distort or distract from what might be considered the most crucial task of a liberal arts education, especially as derived from ancient Greek notions of paideia and their inheritance through the Renaissance and into our modern context: to address the work itself, with the aid and direction of your teacher or mentor—in a mood of wonder and receptivity, with an evolving and expanding sense of empathy for others, and with attunement to the moral edification made possible by the work.", "\n\nShould we worry that Hannah's proposed educational training in Iowa will not likely help her dissolve habitual self-reference but, presumably, only exacerbate it further (for example, as authors become brands in need of endless self-promotion)? ", "We may wonder about the difference between egos and ideas as we find them among ex-writers at the _GQ_ roundtable meetings and those we discover among the most promising students around the seminar table in Iowa.", "\n\n_Girls_ reflects, and explores, the consequences of a culture that would decide that there are two fundamental options for the writer (if also, admittedly, caricatured and critiqued in the show): a life in \"advertorial,\" and a life by way of an academically-trained, financially structured, institutionally-sanctioned path. (", "The third option, the most coveted—just being a writer and living from the proceeds that follow the work—no long seems viable for the vast majority of writers.)", "\n\nAt the core of Isocrates's paideia, according to Romano, is the \"development of judgment\"—not as a pronouncement of righteous condemnation, but in the philosophical sense as a capacity to measure, mediate, and modify ideas and beliefs based on experience. ", "For this reason, among others, Romano recognizes Isocrates as \"the father of what we now call 'liberal arts education,' the instilling in students of a flexible, critical spirit and a mastery of language\" (p. 550).", "\n\nOne of the leitmotifs of _Girls_ is the extent to which Adam Sackler is accepting of others—the way, to use the term under a different aspect, he lacks judgment. ", "Many times, Adam's willingness to refrain from making or voicing judgments about others is regarded, by others, as an almost Christ-like attribute. ", "Characters are in awe of his capacity to be without judgment—that is, without ever-expanding waves of stinging, acerbic irony and snark. ", "But, importantly, it also seems he doesn't _form_ judgments that he furtively withholds; he is not, that is to say, duplicitous or resentful. ", "While this inflection of judgment is central to Adam's service as a counterpoint to Hannah's astringent, unceasing criticisms of others, this is _not_ the sort of judgment Isocrates and other Greek philosophers have in mind. ", "Their concern is with the judgment of value—what we find in matters of moral and aesthetic consideration—that defines our relationship to ideas and things in the world. ", "And it's this kind of judgment that we hope to invest and evolve in our training of young people in the liberal arts.", "\n\nWhile we _may_ read to find a friend (someone we like or who is like us), and _may_ write to express ourselves, a countermanding notion arises when we encounter people in books or on screen who are _different_ from us—for it is in that difference and distance from ourselves that we catch a glimmer of our _common_ humanity. ", "In that moment of disorientation, of lostness, in our relationship to others—as the Greek experience of paideia presumed to be a merit of our conflicting and confounding intimacies with others—we also become both vulnerable and accountable to the conditions of the experience we share.", "\n\nThat's a good thing. ", "And its opposite, as Hannah suffers it and describes it, is feeling \"numb\"—consumed by a sort of blasé indifference to whatever is happening outside herself, with or for others, or does not instantly relate to her perceived priorities, goals, and immediate desires (\"Dead Inside\").", "\n\nCustomary contemporary liberal arts training, broadly in the humanities and in the teaching of creative writing, with its focus on the evolution of the student's identity and her _opinions_ about what she reads—and not necessarily on her development in contest with the wider world, including what she reads—encourages a student to read a work of literature or philosophy not for its own merits, to read it as Matthew Arnold once suggested, \"as in itself it really is\"—but rather for how the book relates to her own life, as if its creation were somehow addressed to her _personally_. ", "Students are regularly encouraged, or perhaps willingly and gladly take the license, to read for immediate relevance, and if the work does _not_ seem pertinent to their personal identities, experiences, and nascent aspirations, then the work may appear justifiably dismissed—a problem of the text, not its interpreter. ", "If a reader doesn't see herself in the fiction, the fiction is deemed alienating or otherwise irrelevant.", "\n\nThe fact that paideia as lived and taught in ancient Greece was devoted strictly and solely to boys ( _pais_ is the Greek for \"boy\"), should not be lost on our discussion of the education of the young women in _Girls_. ", "This shift in the scope of its application hardly means that paideia is a misplaced or misapplied term for our contemporary inquiry about the education of the young; rather, the historical context of paideia—as the education of boys by men—should be dwelled on, if only to consider the abiding _structural_ attributes of having a knowing educational mentor (Gurley, pp. ", "351–377).", "\n\nDo Anybody Make Real Shit Anymore?", "\n\nOne of the underlying assumptions shared by the girls in _Girls_ revolves around the notion that you must achieve authentic experience—in fact, as Alex Williams emphasized in the _New York Times_ , it's a show \"that portrays a subculture obsessed with 'authenticity.'\" ", "The scare quotes give us a clue that the show is aware of this obsession and uses the term as part of its own self-explanation, as for example, when we hear Hannah chide her _GQ_ colleagues by asking, in a caustic rhetorical question: \"Am I seriously the only one of us who prides herself on being a truly authentic person?\" (\"", "I Saw You\").", "\n\nSadly, what counts as authentic is often degrading, demoralizing, and sometimes simply illegal. ", "At one point, Hannah says she took cocaine so she'd have something to write about, and that, with the presumed authority of first-hand experience (as if writing _fiction_ required _nonfictional_ substantiation), her writing would be taken more seriously. ", "Marnie dated a famous artist, Booth Jonathan (Jorma Taccone), who was profoundly unkind to her (was he abusive?), ", "but persisted with the relationship because she thought her association with him would be edifying (yet was her hope clouded by her vanity?). ", "Hannah experienced sexual harassment in the workplace, but was told by her peers (in this case, all older women) to accept the mistreatment by her male boss, Rich Glatter.", "\n\nWhat do these indignities amount to? ", "Do they contribute to and reinforce the onward development of human excellence or do they further confound agents about how to live? ", "Consider the show's awareness of the inter-relationship between meritocracy and mediocrity—that is, the way the former inspires a hope (even a presumed faith in the eventuality) of ever-upward achievement, while the latter suppresses or confirms your realized contributions; moreover, fame and popularity do not always register high values and bold talents; the truly gifted may remain obscured, or worse. (", "Here, the show's own fame and popularity add another moment of meta-critical self-awareness—is _Girls_ as good as we think it is?) ", "As Isocrates parses the phenomenon in _Antidosis_ : \"all knowledge yields itself up to us only after great effort on our part, and we are by no means all equally capable of working out in practice what we learn\" (Norlin, p. 299). ", "Or as the song goes, only very few awaken to find themselves \"cream of the crop, and top of the heap.\"", "\n\nCharacters are recurrently presented with the paradox that excellence is the assumed goal of their efforts, struggles, sacrifices, and humiliations while the presence and imposition of equality (a city full of other equally welcome strivers in perpetual contest) counteracts their ambitions and over-valuations of personal worth. ", "With greater numbers in contention, there are fewer slots of renown to fill, and more open spaces in which to inscribe defeats. ", "This seems as evident in the boardroom as the bedroom, in public encounters and private relationships.", "\n\nReflecting a general logic of present-day American culture, each individual is said to be special and worthy, and yet that particularity and assigned value seems predicated on the notion that it is (also?) ", "based on exceptional— _earned_ —characteristics and the fruits of your labors. ", "Hence Hannah's struggle to write something distinctive and Marnie's tenacious, self-imposed attempt to sing her way out of an anonymous, unproductive day-job.", "\n\nIn their pursuit of authentic or real experience, the characters all engage—or more often, are thwarted by—the city itself. ", "The imbalances of their personal life (either as atrophy or distension) are seemingly exacerbated by the high cost of living and a felt need for competitiveness with others. ", "The city appears to stoke their vanity (and its underside, shame), since it itself is preoccupied with its premiere status among cities—the rhetoric of promotion routinely refers to it as the \"Capital of the World\"—and so anyone who _lives_ there is presumed to partake, even unintentionally or unconsciously, in that grandness. ", "And yet, your day-to-day reality often belies the presumed heights of the ideal global metropolis. ", "In short, even as the city's idea of itself can bolster your own self-image, it can also erode it—hence the shame. ", "Why is this? ", "What makes the city so hard a place for an artist to live in and flourish? ", "And is that harshness a criterion for the creation of great art based on authentic experience—or instead its opposite?", "\n\nA recent anthology of twenty-eight essays, inspired in part by Joan Didion's essay about being a young woman who gave up on the city and moved to California, entitled _Goodbye to All That: Writers on Loving and Leaving New York_ , is exclusively written by young women. ", "In her day, decades ago, Didion \"could afford to fall out of love with the city slowly,\" writes Alex Williams, \"Not so for the would-be Didions of today. ", "In their New York, the nice apartments with the bridge views tend to go to the underwriters of bond issues, not to the writers of essays for literary anthologies. ", "The unaffordability of New York on a writer's budget is a theme running through several contemporary variations on the theme\" (\"The Long Goodbye,\" p. 15). ", "And as the editor, Sari Botton, says: \"more and more people are finding they can't afford to live in New York if they're in a creative field.\" ", "The city, she concludes is \"just not conducive to a creative life.\" ", "As a result of the high prices, those trained in the liberal arts commonly find themselves living as a \"bohemian-serf\"—unmoored and at the mercy of a fickle market.", "\n\nSuccess, as _Girls_ shows, requires an ongoing process of selling yourself. ", "The darker insinuations of the phrase are apt, at least as the show depicts these lives, since the girls often appear to suffer some form of humiliation or abuse in order to engage with others, or to even remain in the city (the earliest episodes of Season One revolve around Hannah's stress from relying on parental monetary support in order to pay her rent; and roommate shuffling in a bid to minimize rent is an ongoing theme of the series). ", "Despite all, however, the belief that the experience is bona fide—and the expense justified—somehow trumps its variations of harshness, even brutality. ", "Like the wider culture in which they live, the characters are prone to emphasize how things \"literally\" or \"actually\" happened—another way their language reflects their largely unarticulated anxiety and panicked skepticism that it didn't.", "\n\nWe can contrast the tones of darkness, sarcasm, snark, and irony found among the girls of _Girls_ with the earnestness and joy of the titular character, Frances Halladay in the movie _Frances Ha_ (2012). ", "Frances, another graduate of a rural liberal arts college who moved to New York, feels the city as an environment for humble experiments, hobbies, and routines, not grand projects of the self—yet even in these modest actions she is thwarted and encumbered by others, and sometimes herself: at twenty-seven, she apologizes: \"I'm sorry, I'm not a real person yet.\" ", "Still, she takes up menial jobs with relative aplomb; she visits loving parents in California and there takes a welcome bike ride in the sun, showing no signs of regret or resentment; she moves in and out of apartments with roommates on good terms, with a good temper. ", "In a bit of cross-fertilization, Adam Driver (who plays the character Adam Sackler in _Girls_ ), appears as a prospective mate, and then roommate, for Frances. ", "Yet so thoroughly does Frances change the context of the city's frameworks and forces, that we don't feel any encumbrances from the world of _Girls_ —even when one of the show's main characters shows up to court Frances.", "\n\nI Know I Got to be Right Now / 'Cause I Can't Get Much Wronger\n\nBecause of the frank depiction of sex in _Girls_ , one might expect that a turn to ancient Greek paideia would naturally link or lead to a consideration of _eros_. ", "Yet, while eros is central to Platonic educational philosophy, the more relevant term for the present consideration of _Girls_ is the _agon_ and the agonistic—namely, a conscious embracing of conflict, competition, contest, and the moral and aesthetic lessons of limitation and constraint. ", "Bonnie Honig, a political theorist and one of the principal advocates for the virtues of agonism, says that\n\nto affirm the perpetuity of the contest is not to celebrate a world without points of stabilization; it is to affirm the reality of perpetual contest, even within an ordered setting, and to identify the affirmative dimension of contestation. (", "Honig, p. 15)\n\nGiven that the inertia of habit and history is likely to propel the onward braggadocio of New York's representatives, and the expense and competitiveness of living there will abide for the foreseeable future (perhaps becoming the main criterion that justifies a resident's pride), it may be advisable to consider a productive, even restorative, response to the infringements imposed on the brave citizen. ", "In the concept of the agonistic, we find not a resolution of problems, but a faith in an endless creative conflict. ", "And thus, following Kayne West's lyrics, we find a need for _immanent_ experiment (\"I got to be right now\"), but also admit that we must allow for struggle and error (\"'Cause I can't get much wronger\").", "\n\nPerhaps one of the most promising aspects of the agonistic is its pluralistic response to the conflicts that animate liberalism. ", "This feature is especially evident in politics, since its discourse distinctively preserves contest. ", "Yet, as political theorist Samuel Chambers has written in the context of another television show, _The West Wing_ , \"this agonistic element of discourse must be rigorously distinguished from _ant_ agonism.\" ", "And the same can be said for the speech that defines the characters in _Girls_ —as antagonists, they are also, as it were, agonists.", "\n\nAgonism implies a deep respect and concern for the other; indeed, the Greek _agon_ refers most directly to an athletic contest oriented not merely toward victory or defeat, but emphasizing the importance of the struggle itself—a struggle that cannot exist without the opponent. ", "Victory through forfeit or default, or over an unworthy opponent, comes up short compared to a defeat at the hands of a worthy opponent—a defeat that still brings honor. ", "An agonistic discourse will therefore be one marked not merely by conflict but, just as important, by mutual admiration. (\"", "Dialogue, Deliberation, and Discourse,\" p. 96)\n\nIn the kitchen scene at the end of \"Beach House,\" when Hannah, Marnie, Shoshanna, and Jessa renew the vigor and clarity of their thoughts for (or about) one another, they attempt to establish whether their contest is worthwhile, in short, whether, the other is _worthy_ of their conflict—their pain, their time.", "\n\nLooking out from this scene of contest in the kitchen—where antagonists discern the parameters of their shared agonistic discourse, we glean how the contrast between _Girls_ and _Frances Ha_ remains fitting and fecund, since it's precisely in Frances's experience that trials are confounding (and yet mainly harmless), whereas in _Girls_ they so often appear dehumanizing (and laced with a silent menace). ", "On its own, but perhaps even more so when _Frances Ha_ is placed beside _Girls_ , the movie becomes a fairy tale of agonistic struggle—it even begins with _mock_ fighting between Frances and her friend, Sophie (Mickey Sumner), as if to signal that the contests we are about to see are playful, unrehearsed, unselfconscious, and not harmful or calculated. ", "But is Frances's experience a function of luck or her attitude? ", "Is she savvy or delusional? ", "And if Frances shares a liberal-arts education with the leading female characters in _Girls_ , why does she seem to inhabit an attractive world—a world called New York City—that is nevertheless full of setbacks?", "\n\nThese philosophically oriented reflections on _Girls_ remind us of the extent to which drama is based on conflict (something Aristotle noted in his _Poetics_ two and a half thousand years ago), but also how contemporary drama on HBO and other television networks is especially dedicated to a kind of conflict that exposes characters' moral ambiguity, ambivalence, or even degeneracy. ", "Viewers seem to prefer watching characters behave badly rather than nobly—from _The Sopranos_ to _Deadwood, Mad Men_ to _Breaking Bad_.", "\n\nSomeone being decent is not as funny or entertaining as someone being vain, mean, or jealous. \"", "Critical artistic practices,\" as Chantal Mouffe has written, \"do not aspire to lift a supposedly false consciousness so as to reveal the 'true reality'\" ( _Agonistics_ , p. 93). ", "Rather, _Girls_ 's credentials as such a critical artistic practice reside precisely in its invitation, even demand, for us to dwell on its status as fiction. ", "Only then—by looking at its world on its own terms—can we find what makes _Girls_ what Mouffe calls a \"truly subversive experience,\" for example in its frank depiction of the obviously provocative—nudity, body image, and sex—but also, more subtly, of gender roles, artistic practices, vocation, moral commitments, conversation, parenting, and friendship.", "\n\nMeanwhile on network television, two sitcoms, which premiered the same week, _New Girl_ (Fox, 2011–) and _2 Broke Girls_ (CBS, 2011–), are, like _Girls_ , ostensibly about \"girls\"—about twenty-something women trying to find their way in work and in relationships. ", "Yet the tone and pacing of the network shows puts easy laughter (one-liners, put-downs, pratfalls, rude language, innuendo, and stereotypes) above nuanced explorations of the complicated inner lives of characters—the shows adhere closely to traditional television notions of joke set-up and punch-line. ", "In these cases, the shows are blithely complicit in proliferating the inherited forms of representation we are familiar with, and thus despite occasional shocks, they are hardly subversive: characters are, instead, in the service of the material, come what may, whereas in _Girls_ , as in much of the programming on HBO and other paid-programming, the characters _are_ the material. ", "In this respect, _Girls_ draws lessons from drama into its moments of comedy and satire, and for that reason also allows the space and time on screen to explore the issues that form the contexts, backstories, and aspirations of its characters.", "\n\nLetter from a Known Woman\n\nPerhaps _Girls_ can be regarded as a kind of heuristic for considering the world we viewers live in—all of us, not just young women—and as a way of thinking further about the question \"Whom, how, and why do we educate?\" ", "If _Girls_ burnishes its realism—its \"unvarnished naturalism\"—with grit and grime, failure and misfortune, vanity and shame, self-aggrandizement and self-doubt, what are we to make of the world that gave rise to it—that is, our own? (", "Heller). ", "These questions, in turn, direct us to the contestations that animate the education of humans and thus the making of humans. ", "When a young person becomes a \"real person,\" what kind of person does she want to be? ", "And will her education—her paideia—be understood as the necessary condition for that agonistic achievement?", "\n\nAs if in reply to these questions, remarks by the novelist Claire Messud—that is, a writer of fiction—may orient us to the achievements of _Girls_ , while also lending advice to the broad, diverse audience that assiduously and attentively watches the show either out of curiosity, or for a kind of companionship in a shared predicament. ", "Messud helps us discern a sober, mature account of what kind of thing _Girls_ is, and how we might profitably relate ourselves to it as a work of art. ", "In this respect, Messud, is our mentor—our pedagogue.", "\n\nMessud says \"The more accurately one can illuminate a particular human experience, the better the work of art\" (\"An Unseemly Emotion\"). ", "In the radical specificity of a character, such as Dunham's Hannah and the figures who surround her, we are given a chance to consider the reality and truth of the fiction. ", "As Messud emphasizes, the needs we seek from art \"can only be addressed in the individual, not in the general.\" ", "Thus, Dunham cannot satirize herself, as if offering us a caricature of her own qualities and foibles, but rather must commit to the individual existence of her fictitious creation, Hannah.", "\n\nWhen Messud was in high school, she read Dostoyevsky, and \"felt passionately about fictions that articulate anger, frustration, disappointment,\" and responded by saying \"my God, fiction can do this? ", "Fiction can say these unsayable things?\" ", "Later, in reading \"Beckett or Camus or Philip Roth's _Sabbath's Theater_ to Thomas Bernhard\" she found authors who were \"all articulating unseemly, unacceptable experiences and emotions, rage prominent among them.\"", "\n\nAs if cognizant of the spirit animating the agonistic, she adds \"Because rage at life and rage for life are very closely linked. ", "To be angry, you have to give a shit.\" ", "And this we learn continually in the post-graduate world of _Girls_ : the characters' anger is often as intense as it is empathetically applied—such as when Ray chastises Hannah that her response to her editor, David's death was full of self-regarding narcissism about the fate of her own book, that is, e-book: \"Hannah, why don't you place just one crumb of basic human compassion on this fat-free muffin of sociopathic detachment? ", "See how it tastes\" (\"Dead Inside\").", "\n\nYet, in the wake of Ray's withering verbal lashing, in the tension between its justification and its truth, we can be reminded by Messud that as in _Girls_ , so in literary fiction: \"If you're reading to find friends, you're in deep trouble. ", "We read to find life, in all its possibilities. ", "The relevant question isn't 'is this a potential friend for me?' ", "but 'is this character alive?'\" ", "Though Hannah's literary mentor, David, dies, it is the reality of Hannah's self-absorption that proves to be the truly vital feature of the event, and the reason we keep watching. ", "As if meaningfully suited to the lessons of Greek paideia, a viewer's ambition should not be to judge the characters as possible friends, but to understand their contexts and conditions. ", "We're watching _Hannah_ struggle agonistically with her world—her ideas of herself, her ambitions, her talents, her friends, her parents, her mentors—to achieve her existence.", "\n\nWith Claire Messud's pedagogical intervention—we might say, the mentorship of an older female writer for a younger female writer (as is very much the case with Dunham's fortysomething creative partner, Jenny Konner, \"the queen of recognizing what a scene is missing,\" as Heller puts it)—we are in the position to describe how Lena Dunham, a graduate of a liberal arts creative writing program living in New York, has achieved a living character in the form of Hannah Horvath. ", "As Konner confides: \"Where it takes me twenty years to write about my twenties in a really honest way, . . . ", "it takes [Dunham] twenty-four hours to, like, have gone on a bad date, experienced it, had pain about it, gone home, metabolized it, and turned it into art. ", "It's the fastest system I've ever seen.\" ", "Meanwhile, costar Allison Williams refers to her boss affectionately and admiringly as an \"aggregator of humanity\" (Heller).", "\n\nAnd thus as the character Charlie Kaufman struggled to write his screenplay, the screenwriter Charlie Kaufman created in _Adaptation_ a masterful metafiction full of reality and consequence. ", "Likewise, we find in Lena Dunham, as embodied in her creation, _Girls_ , a power to express the \"unseemly, unacceptable experiences and emotions\" that undo her character, Hannah, \"the confused, questing neophyte,\" but confirm Dunham as an artist of contemporary significance.", "\n\nWhile Hannah may struggle to write, to love, to understand herself and her circumstances, it is in Dunham's television show that we find a proper object for considering the legacies of paideia, agonism, and the liberal arts.", "\n\nChinese Philosophy Looks at _Girls_\n\nBOBBY CARLEO AND PAUL D'AMBROSIO\n\nHannah Horvath declares to her parents in the very first episode of _Girls_ , \"I have work, and then I have a dinner thing, and then I am busy trying to become who I am.\"", "\n\nHow can you try to become who you are? ", "Contemporary American culture emphasizes individuality, and young Americans constantly find themselves told to \"be yourself.\" ", "TV insists on it just as much as teachers and grandparents, and the message seems to be getting stronger by the decade. ", "It's an inspiring notion, but one that can leave us asking \"Who am I?\"", "\n\nThe American idea of finding or creating your own identity contrasts with Chinese tradition, which defines identity through people's roles in family and society. ", "For instance, Confucianism demarcates specific relationships among people and insists they act properly according to their roles. ", "For the characters of _Girls_ , on the other hand, responsibility in interpersonal relationships is essentially non-existent, which helps the show to forefront one of its major themes: the struggle with identity.", "\n\nNothing plays a stronger role in _Girls_ than how the characters see themselves. ", "Rather than crises of responsibility, physical threat or love, we trace the failures of a group of young girls constantly battling problems created by their senses of identity. ", "Within a cosmology of characters all of whom care primarily about themselves, we find the central romance of the show—Adam and Hannah. ", "The couple presents strongly contrasting, extreme characters who deal with identity in very different ways.", "\n\nHannah fancies herself a \"writer\" and strives to live up to this romanticized notion, frequently allowing grandiose delusions based on this identity to control her despite little experience and success in writing. ", "For her, the title of writer does not result from writing achievements; rather, it is an idealized vision of a lifestyle and perspective that leads to her writing a world-changing masterpiece and, most importantly, widespread acclaim.", "\n\nAdam generally can't be bothered to define himself, apparently seeing little value in aligning his particularly spontaneous actions and emotions with a fixed label the way Hannah does.", "\n\n_Girls_ highlights three types of interaction with identity that we label \"positive,\" \"negative,\" and \"non-identity.\" (", "No, these aren't standard philosophical terms; we just made them up.) \"", "Positive identities\" are defined by consistent striving towards ideals associated with certain names or titles, and this is how Hannah lives. \"", "Negative identities\" are the opposite and involve actively rejecting such labels, while \"non-identity\" means living without attachment to names—and Adam provides good examples of both.", "\n\nRectify Yo'self\n\nConfucianism's emphasis on ordering relationships between individuals is marked by fixed understandings of roles and titles, establishing each person's position and its corresponding responsibilities. ", "The subsequent importance of titles or names lead to heated discussions of the importance of labels being properly fulfilled by those who they were bestowed on. ", "In fact, practically all of the major schools in classical Chinese thought, including Confucianism, Daoism (sometimes romanized as Taoism), Mohism, and Legalism, discuss the importance of matching names with real qualities and actual conduct.", "\n\nThe image of the \"tally\" ( _fu_ ) is used in ancient Chinese thought to understand how name and actuality ought to fit together. ", "As part of a contract or imperial order, an item would be carved of anything from wood to bone, metal or jade and then broken in half. ", "Thereafter, the two parts together symbolized the authority of the contract or order, which required the words or concept (one half) to be carried out through actions (the other half). ", "In the Confucian and Legalist traditions, praise or blame is only ever derived from a relational context in which a person's behavior (one part of the tally) is judged according to their role or position in society (that is, their \"title\" or \"name,\" the other part of the tally).", "\n\nIn the _Analects_ , in which Confucius's students recorded the master's words and deeds (similar to how the _Bible_ relates stories of Jesus through his disciples), Confucius elaborates on this topic and calls for a \"rectification of names.\" ", "This means ensuring that names are aligned with corresponding realities so that people can be trusted and affairs successfully carried out. ", "For Confucians, this is an ethical project as well as a political one, as they define moral conduct as correspondence between a person's actions and role-based title.", "\n\nAccording to the master, \"Rulers should rule, fathers should father, and sons should son\" ( _Analects_ 2.13) (This, and all subsequent translations, are our own . . . ", "but don't worry, we're trained professionals.) ", "This means that people should live up to the requirements of their roles. ", "For Confucian thinkers, personal moral cultivation is achieved through appropriating and modeling oneself on exemplars (either read in texts or experienced in real life).", "\n\nIn _Girls_ , the concept of \"writer\" provides an identity, or role, that Hannah strives to fill. ", "Her quest is similar to that championed in the Confucian tradition. ", "Just as Confucians stress correspondence between titles and conduct, Hannah establishes her identity as a writer and then seeks to live her life accordingly. ", "Unfortunately, she allows her image of herself as a writer to grow out of control, and with grave consequences.", "\n\nHannah's general failure to align her identity with her actual conduct becomes her character's central crisis and causes the majority of her difficulties over the first two and a half seasons. ", "As an obvious danger of approaching life by assigning ourselves a name _before_ filling the role accorded to it, Hannah's issue was unsurprisingly one of Confucian thinkers' most ardently discussed topics: the necessity of adequately performing our roles.", "\n\nHannah is able romanticize her image of herself because she lives \"names first,\" which allows her to take her positive identification as a writer too far. ", "She confuses her dream with reality and dislodges her identity from her actuality. ", "This results in her image of herself as a writer not only becoming toweringly more important in her mind than the act of writing (her actual conduct), it also creates major problems in her relationships with others and eventually results in psychological breakdown.", "\n\nSheep Stealing and the Pudgy Face Slick with Semen and Sadness\n\nConfucians identified and warned against Hannah's problem. ", "In an often-misread passage from the _Analects_ , Confucius is confronted with a governor who brags that a man in his village is so committed to being truthful that he reports his own father for stealing a sheep. ", "Confucius warns that this is not necessarily the essence of proper conduct, and that sometimes lying in a moral way is more virtuous than telling the truth (13.18). ", "The son's actions become unethical because he was identifying too strongly with being truthful, which leads him to ignore the practicalities of the situation in judging whether his actions are, in fact, moral.", "\n\nSimilarly, Hannah consistently fails both professionally and in interpersonal relationships because she identifies too closely with her vision of herself as a writer. ", "Both her and the truth-telling son associate themselves with a particular title, which diminishes the significance they place on the actual effects of their behavior. ", "Their failures arise from an unbalanced emphasis on names.", "\n\nThroughout the series, Hannah's tight adhesion to her title blinds her in her actions and obfuscates and obstructs her goals. ", "At first, her identification as a writer serves to facilitate her laziness. ", "When her parents cut her off, she attempts to use her book as an excuse to wring an \"investment\" out of them. ", "Her over-identification also disrupts her relationship with her friends. ", "When her writing is responsible for Marnie's break up, Hannah's obsession with recognition as a writer completely impedes her ability to act as a friend. \"", "If you had read the essay and it wasn't about you, do you think you would have liked it? ", "Just as like a piece of writing?\" ", "she asks, in place of all sympathy. ", "Her delusions even repeatedly disrupt her professional life, and after she tries to sue, seduce, and extort her boss, her final threat is to write an essay about him.", "\n\nHer \"names first\" problem manifests in another dimension: her idea that worthwhile topics for her writing are limited to preset categories. ", "This becomes pronounced at her (nemesis) classmate's publishing party when Hannah complains that her former classmate was blessed with a boyfriend who killed himself—a perfect topic to write about. ", "Her e-book editor then reinforces such notions when he pigeonholes Hannah as a \"pudgy face slick with semen and sadness,\" and the severity of her problem becomes more pronounced as we watch Hannah try to live up to this \"ideal.\" ", "In the end we find that by pre-emptively giving herself the title of \"writer,\" Hannah has bestowed herself with a false success that has prevented her from actually succeeding at much of anything.", "\n\nThe Daoist tradition differs from the Confucian tradition in that rather than \"rectifying\" names with their actuality, it omits the importance of \"names\" altogether. ", "In Daoism, humans are not asked to strive to fill predefined roles. ", "Instead, Daoist texts see names as threats to a person's ability to behave productively. ", "In the _Zhuangzi_ (also romanized _Chuang-Tzu_ ), the second most famous ancient text on philosophical Daoism after the _Daodejing_ (also romanized _Tao Te Ching_ ), we find a passage that explicitly warns about the delusional attitudes of people who value names too highly. ", "It reads:\n\nIf someone's understanding is effective for a certain job, or if their actions are useful in a particular village, or if their virtuosity is liked by a ruler, he or she may win acclaim in that country. ", "Such people will view themselves the way that others see them, [as fitting a specific job or role]. ", "But Song Rongzi laughs at this kind of person. ", "Song would not be swayed even by the whole world's praise, nor would he be upset by the entire world's scorn. ( _", "Zhuangzi_ 1:3)\n\nSong Rongzi provides an exemplary model that critiques people who value their titles too seriously. ", "The text reminds us that people may wind up with a good job through luck alone, and that it would be mistaken to attribute this to actual skill (or virtuosity). ", "The Daoist sage Song Rongzi does not concern himself with how others see him. ", "He lives his life unattached to the names generated by his conduct. ", "For Song, titles are superfluous, and he would rather focus on the specific actualities of his conduct than living up to, or identifying with, any particular role. ", "The passage then continues:\n\nHe fixed the distinction between the inner and outer, and distinguished the places of honor and disgrace. ", "Nothing more can be done than this. ", "He did not worry himself over worldly matters, and remained poised—though he was not firmly planted. (", "1:3)\n\nSong knows that names can be important for \"outer\" matters—that is, a person's social acceptance and identity—but he also knows that people's own self-definition should not be based on these names or the way others see them.", "\n\nIn this context, we find Hannah's devaluation of reality based on her \"names first\" attitude echoed in one of the central issues of both Confucian and Daoist philosophies. ", "Both schools are aware that an emphasis on names can confuse people's perception of themselves and misguide behavior. ", "For Confucius, this can result from over-identifying with a single moral term (such as telling the truth) and therefore fail to take into account our entire situation.", "\n\nDaoists reject the value of titles entirely, warning that striving to fill a pre-established role may prevent a person from dealing with the realities of particular situations. ", "The Confucian answer to Hannah's problem is the \"rectification of names,\" which is a sincere engagement with titles through living up to the realities they stipulate. ", "Such engagement never appears in the show, but the Daoist solution does, and is embodied by Hannah's lover Adam.", "\n\nDreams of a Life Without Names\n\nAdam, in contrast to Hannah, embodies many characteristics of the Daoist sage as outlined in the _Daodejing_ and _Zhuangzi_. ", "These texts describe a type of person who is empty of any definitive ideas about right and wrong. ", "They approach situations \"empty\" of predetermined notions about how things should be and deal with the particulars of the situation in the most efficacious way possible.", "\n\nThe _Daodejing_ uses images like the unfilled vessel or valley (as opposed to mountains) to discuss how a sage should be empty. ", "Non-sages are often full of ideas and therefore approach situations assuming that they know what needs to be done and how to do it. ", "Sages are empty of such presuppositions and can thereby fill themselves with the particulars of whatever circumstance they are in. ", "This is how sages are able to operate according to what Daoism calls non-interference, or more literally \"doing non-doing.\" ", "This concept describes acting according to the particular environments we find ourselves in. ", "Daoist texts argue that many actions can be done with increased efficacy if a person empties their mind of fixed notions, including fixed identities. ", "In fact, as representatives of what we call \"non-identity,\" these sages have no continuous self at all. ", "A famous story from the _Zhuangzi_ presents this view perfectly:\n\nOnce Zhuang Zhou dreamt of a butterfly, a lively butterfly, self-content and enjoying itself. ", "It did not know Zhou. ", "Suddenly Zhou woke up and was fully and completely Zhou. ", "It cannot be known whether there was a Zhou that dreamt and became a butterfly or whether there was a butterfly that dreamt and became a Zhou in a dream. ", "There must be a distinction between Zhou and the butterfly, this is called the transformation of things. ( _", "Zhuangzi_ 7:3)\n\nHere Zhuang Zhou, the supposed author of the _Zhuangzi_ , is said to transform from human to butterfly and then back again. ", "We are told, however, that as a butterfly he is completely self-content and has all the ideas and emotions of the insect. ", "When he is Zhuang Zhou again he is completely human, without any semblance of the butterfly.", "\n\nUnlike many other parables in which people maintain their thoughts, emotions and memories—that is, their selves—during transformation, this Daoist tale underlines the distinction between Zhou and the butterfly, championing fluidity of identity. ", "Although we do not find anything quite this fantastic in _Girls_ , Adam likewise displays the ability to behave in complete accord with a variety of tasks unobstructed by adherence to a fixed identity.", "\n\nSince Adam has no strong positive attachment to particular labels or titles, he is able to more fully involve himself in the tasks or hobbies he chooses. ", "For example, Adam sees value in performing and woodworking without necessarily considering himself a performer or a woodworker, and without striving for praise or other external recognition. ", "On stage he no longer identifies as a woodworker, and produces a moving monologue. ", "While at home constructing things he is completely engaged with his work, and not thinking about performing for an audience. ", "In bed, Adam is particularly fond of roleplaying, constantly attaching himself to all sorts of new \"selves.\" ", "Like Zhuang Zhou and the butterfly, Adam forgets his other identities and becomes someone new.", "\n\nThis contrasts sharply with Hannah, who is so obsessed with \"becoming who she is\" through her prefabricated identity as a \"writer\" that it takes over essentially all her social interactions. ", "Even the road trip to pick up Jessa in rehab disappoints Hannah when she finds nothing interesting to write about. ", "At this moment, Adam's non-identity also poignantly expresses itself. ", "He pulls the car over and literally wanders into the wild. ", "Hannah decides to sit down and listen to music, returning to an activity that fits her image of herself while he rambles through the woods.", "\n\nAdam maintains a clarity as well as a comfort with life that Hannah lacks. ", "These stem from his Daoist-like emptiness, which allows him to act \"without interfering\" wherever he may find himself. ", "He immediately pulls the car over and starts off into the woods to make his point to Hannah, namely that it's unnecessary and even unhelpful to conform to set notions like those that structure Hannah's view of the world. ", "This scene forms a parallel with the earlier episode in which Jessa and Hannah pull over and Hannah proceeds to have sex with Jessa's stepbrother because she \"thought that's what we were doing.\" ", "Again, Hannah pre-emptively and mistakenly defines a situation and hurts others in the process. ", "Adam walking off into the woods is the opposite of Hannah's sex in the bushes, and demonstrates explicitly his disregard for according his actions to defined categories (or \"names\").", "\n\nAdam exhibits no instances of the type of \"positive identification\" that proves so destructive for Hannah. ", "He does, however, identify in other ways, exhibiting \"negative identification\" in which he creates images or titles for himself that he strives to push away from and avoid. ", "Despite having not had a drink since he was seventeen, Adam continues to turn to AA for support, pushing off his negative identification as an alcoholic as a way to keep psychologically stable.", "\n\nIndeed, just as much as striving towards positive identification never succeeds and often fails miserably in the world of _Girls_ —Hannah's writing, Marnie's singing and Jessa's marriage—casting off negative identities proves consistently successful. ", "Soshanna's negative identification as a virgin leads her to Ray, who, in turn, revolts against his own negative identity as a loser and thereby grows. ", "In the show, striving towards an ideal is doomed, but running away from fixed ideas or identities is healthy. ", "Negative identification joins non-definition as successful methods of interacting with the world. ", "Despite their foundational dissimilarity—one fundamentally admits the value of definition, the other fundamentally rejects it—the effects of both are similar. ", "Negative identification repels us from undesirable characteristics, but does not proactively guide us in a particular direction the way positive identification does. ", "This leaves us open to continue to \"be ourselves\" in either the contemporary American or Daoist understanding.", "\n\nKings, Sages, and Girls\n\nThe _Mencius_ , named after the highly revered Confucian Mencius, comments, \"Those who take the correspondence between name and actuality as primary act for others, those who take the correspondence between name and actuality as secondary act for themselves\" ( _Mencius_ 6B26). ", "According to the _Mencius_ , positive identities can provide efficacious and productive models if names are properly matched with actuality. ", "Fulfilling roles correctly guides people's behavior and benefits others by encouraging people to interact meaningfully with one another. ", "This is why Confucius was so concerned with \"rectifying names.\"", "\n\nIf a person's title appropriately corresponds to their behavior, the world becomes navigable and people enter into respectful and responsible relationships. ", "When the link between names and actuality breaks down or becomes \"secondary,\" however, people live in their own private worlds where their external image not only prevents others from knowing them, but actually hinders their own self-understanding.", "\n\nThe Daoist critique of this system calls for non-identity, or non-attachment to specific social roles and defined relationships. ", "In this way Daoism is able to avoid some of the major problems Confucians worry about, but the Daoist solution is not perfect either. ", "Shortly after the _Zhuangzi_ was written, the third most celebrated Confucian philosopher, Xunzi, criticized the work as he saw that \"Zhuangzi is limited by what is natural and does not know the human social world\" ( _Xunzi_ 21.5). ", "Even though this is not completely accurate, there is certainly a danger of misreading Daoism this way. ", "Thus, even while Adam's carefree non-interference allows him to prevail for a while as a relatively enlightened and productive character, this relies on _Girls_ 's fundamental absence of interpersonal responsibility. ", "In the long run of post-twenties adult life, Hannah's \"names first\" mentality may prove successful after all.", "\n\nEarly in Season Three, Hannah gets a job writing at _GQ_ magazine, where she shows fantastic potential to move up—and she is openly adverse to it. ", "She immediately attempts to differentiate herself from her co-workers, saying, \"No offense, but I'm like a writer writer, not like a corporate advertising, working-for-the-man writer.\" ", "Her ideal of just what it means to be a \"writer\" is then confronted with the fact that her new co-workers are all previous virtuosos who have already succeeded as \"writer writers.\" ", "After considering quitting her job, she settles for writing \"at night and on weekends,\" finally shocked closer to a realistic understanding of her label of \"writer\" and the real-world conduct it entails.", "\n\nShe then starts to, as Confucius put it, \"rectify names\" and embraces her new promising career, albeit with some anxiety. ", "Adam is now the one who seems delusional. ", "Unemployed, he only goes to acting auditions allegedly for the \"challenge\" of it. ", "This claim serves as an anti-identity move against \"having a job,\" and belies the practical importance of Adam finding a stable social role.", "\n\nTowards the end of the third season Hannah and Adam are nicely situated in their familiar dynamic. ", "After \"trying to get fired\" Hannah's \"career\" is over, and she receives an acceptance letter to do graduate work in writing. ", "Meanwhile, Adam becomes seriously focused on his role in a Broadway play, where he seems to demonstrate excellent potential.", "\n\nThese two characters have matured closer to what the _Zhuangzi_ calls being an \"internal sage and external king.\" ", "This essentially means being a Daoist in private and a Confucian in public. ", "It does not, however, imply hypocrisy. ", "In mainstream Chinese society as well as academia, this ideal is interpreted to mean that a person should not limit their identity to their social roles. ", "People should sincerely behave according to names and titles while recognizing their creative potential to take on or even create new roles.", "\n\n_Girls_ thereby embraces the very same truths recognized by the founders of Chinese philosophy. ", "It is only through an accurate understanding of the correspondence between name and reality that people can successfully live \"names first\" and develop productively towards their goals. ", "Anti-identity or non-identity can be personal, but it should be coupled with recognition of the importance of titles in society.", "\nReferences\n\nAdorno, Theodor W. 2001. ", "How to Look at Television. ", "In Bernstein 2001.", "\n\n———. ", "2009. ", "On Popular Music. ", "In Storey 2009.", "\n\nAdorno, Theodor W., and Max Horkheimer. ", "1969. _", "The Dialectic of Enlightenment_. ", "Herder and Herder.", "\n\nAlford, C. Fred. ", "2004. ", "Levinas and Political Theory. _", "Political Theory_ 32:2.", "\n\nArendt, Hannah. ", "1979. 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", "Polity.", "\nThe Voices of Their Generations. ", "Or at Least. . .", "\n\n**H AYLEY ADDIS** is very definitely a girl, but is not particularly the voice of any generation. ", "Nor would she wish to be, as it sounds like much more work than finishing her PhD in Wales (which is very nearly done, honest), telling local fairy stories, and exploring the philosophy of enchantment through aesthetics and continental philosophy. ", "She does enjoy public speaking though, so perhaps there is hope yet.", "\n\n**T ONI ADLEBERG** has a master's degree in philosophy from Georgia State University. ", "She writes about philosophy, science, and pop culture on a freelance basis. ", "She's probably not the voice of her generation but who's to say that she isn't _a_ voice of _a_ generation?", "\n\n**C HELSI BARNARD ARCHIBALD** has an MA in English from Weber State University. ", "She writes television recaps for Socialite Life, a prominent celebrity gossip blog. ", "Her nights consist of drinking craft beer, wearing thrift-store plaid, and listening to the most obscure bands on vinyl. ", "Her days are full of hot yoga, organic coffee dates in locally owned book shops, and biking around town while taking nostalgic snapshots with her vintage 35mm camera.", "\n\n**J OEL AVERY** lives in Brooklyn and is finishing a Master of Divinity degree at Yale. ", "He writes mainly about radical theology and movies. ", "Like Hannah, he's still figuring out ethics, one mistake at a time.", "\n\n**K IMBERLY BLESSING** is professor of philosophy at SUNY Buffalo State. ", "She teaches courses in modern philosophy, existentialism, philosophy of religion, and the meaning of life, and edited _Movies and the Meaning of Life: Philosophers Take on Hollywood_ (2005). ", "She enjoys working with young women in the philosophy program who are, thankfully, very unlike the characters on _Girls_. ", "She thinks her co-author, and former student, Sam is going to rock the world of philosophy. ", "You go \"girl\"!", "\n\n**B OBBY CARLEO** is a research assistant at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and experienced translator of Chinese academic philosophy as well as movies and television. ", "Exhausted by the deeply introspective nature of his work, he's thinking about shifting to food writing. ", "Bobby prefers the light floral hints of Confucian sage over the deep, earthly tones of its Daoist counterpart.", "\n\n**R ACHEL CROSSLEY** is currently studying for a master's degree in philosophy at the University of St Andrews and writing her dissertation on human rights. ", "When she's not worrying about deadlines, she can be found desperately maintaining her caffeine levels, drinking cocktails with her two cats, and making questionable life decisions (yes, even more questionable than the decision to study philosophy).", "\n\n**P AUL D'AMBROSIO** received his PhD in philosophy from the National University of Ireland in 2012. ", "He then took a position as a post-doctoral researcher at East China Normal University in Shanghai, mainly to avoid having to get a \"real\" job. ", "However, he still has to work quite a bit, he teaches philosophy at Merrimack College (in the US) in the summer, and during the school year teaches courses in Chinese philosophy for the Masters programs at both East China Normal University and Fudan University. ", "He has published a dozen articles and book chapters in Confucian and Daoist philosophies, but the one in this volume is the only one he finds interesting (and you should believe this because these bios are written in the third person).", "\n\n**K ENN FISHER** has a Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy and Political Science from the University of Toronto. ", "This has made him qualified to work at a coffee shop, a children's clothing store, or as a babysitter. ", "Somehow, he has gotten work in movie and television production in Toronto. ", "He has previously contributed to _The Wire and Philosophy_ (2013) and _Jurassic Park and Philosophy_ (2014). ", "The fact that he sees a lot of himself in the _Girls_ characters has made him reconsider many life decisions.", "\n\n**D AVID J. FROST**, PhD, is an independent scholar who writes on popular culture and philosophy and on the ethical implications of contemporary empirical psychology, such as what the science of how the brain works says about how to live a better life. ", "He believes these topics are universally interesting, but he does not think he is the voice of his generation or any generation. ", "His website is davidjfrost.com. ", "He had his shit figured out by the time he was thirty-five.", "\n\n**R ICHARD GREENE** is a professor of philosophy at Weber State University. ", "He's also served as Executive Chair of the Intercollegiate Ethics Bowl. ", "He's co-edited a number of books on pop culture and philosophy including _The Sopranos and Philosophy_ (2004), _Quentin Tarantino and Philosophy_ (2007), _Dexter and Philosophy_ (2011), and _Boardwalk Empire and Philosophy_ (2013). ", "Richard would like to believe that we are all a little Hannah, a little Jessa, a little Marnie, and a little Shoshanna, but if he's being honest with himself, he's mostly Ray.", "\n\n**A NNA KESZEG** is a lecturer in the Department of Communication, Public Relations and Advertising at Babe -Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. ", "When trying to act like Hannah Horvath during her classes, it's always a clash of cultures with her Transylvanian students. ", "She travels a lot to find other _Girls_ -fanatics while protecting weirdos and adventurous women in her hometown.", "\n\n**C HRISTOPHER KETCHAM** is neither hopeful nor hapless, but a doctor of philosophy: PhD. Nor is it true that he is haunted or hounded. ", "Yet it is a fact that he is both harried and hurried. ", "And he hopes that your Hannah has more ambition than Horvath. ", "Be humble and not hollow his motto be. ", "So he leaves you with that for he's off to hunt down another haunch on which to chew. ", "And his haunts are in Pennsylvania where he hews tales of both the hopeful and the hapless such as the two who have found themselves in blessed Blandland.", "\n\n**D AVID LAROCCA** is Visiting Scholar in the Department of English at Cornell University and Lecturer in value theory and film in the Department of Philosophy at the State University of New York College at Cortland. ", "He's the author of _Emerson's English Traits and the Natural History of Metaphor_ and editor of _The Philosophy of Charlie Kaufman_ and _The Philosophy of War Films_. ", "A former resident of Manhattan, he made brief visits to Brooklyn where he drank fair trade single origin cold brew pour-over coffee served with cream derived from regionally sourced grass-fed cows or imbibed raw micronutrient-rich unfiltered organic cleansing juice made using a nine-ton hydraulic press with non-GMO vegetables grown on local rooftop gardens, while talking with creative writers and critics who have work published or forthcoming in _The New Yorker, Cabinet_ , or _n+1_ and have or will seek an MFA or a Ph.D. but are currently exploring possibilities and just remaining open. ", "At no point during his conversations were drinks consumed ironically.", "\n\n**J AMES EDWIN MAHON** is Professor of Philosophy and head of the Department of Philosophy at Washington and Lee University. ", "He has contributed to _Psych and Philosophy_ (2013), _The Good Wife and Philosophy_ (2013), and _The Devil and Philosophy_ (2014). ", "He divides his time between Lexington, Virginia, and Brooklyn, where he eats frozen yoghurt and keeps hoping to run into Lena Dunham.", "\n\n**T RIP MCCROSSIN** teaches in the Philosophy Department at Rutgers University, where he works on, among other things, the nature, history, and legacy of the Enlightenment. ", "His chapter in this book is part of a broader effort to view literary and other forms of popular culture through the lens of Susan Neiman's understanding of the same. ", "Sometimes, on the first day of classes, he thinks to himself, \"I'm very moved . . . ", "people finding each other . . . ", "taking shelter . . . ", "I'm very moved.\"", "\n\n**R ACHEL ROBISON-GREENE** is a PhD candidate in philosophy at UMass Amherst. ", "She is co-editor of _The Golden Compass and Philosophy_ (2009), _Dexter and Philosophy_ (2011), and _Boardwalk Empire and Philosophy_ (2013). ", "She has contributed chapters to _Quentin Tarantino and Philosophy_ (2007), _The Legend of Zelda and Philosophy_ (2008), _Zombies, Vampires, and Philosophy_ (2010), and _The Walking Dead and Philosophy_ (2012). ", "Rachel thinks that co-editing _Girls and Philosophy_ is the best use of her literary voice and her myriad of talents.", "\n\n**R OBERTO SIRVENT** is Associate Professor of Political and Social Ethics at Hope International University. ", "He has published essays on theology, political philosophy, and David Foster Wallace. ", "While Roberto isn't sure whether he has a bigger crush on Marnie or New York, he's pretty sure both would drive him absolutely crazy.", "\n\n**M ARIE VAN LOON** is completing her Research Masters in Philosophy at the University of Amsterdam. ", "Marie has been exploring with fear and anxiety a great number of topics from existentialism and responsibility to the question of non-existent objects. ", "After a long day of struggling with infinite possibilities, or deeply reflecting on the great questions of life, Marie enjoys following the adventures of her fictional _Girls_ friends, Hannah, Jessa, Shoshanna and Marnie.", "\n\n**N ICOLE KIMES WALKER** is a writer living in Brooklyn. ", "She mostly writes for children, so it was a nice change for her to write about sex, drugs, and Hannah's \"groovy lifestyle.\"", "\n\n**S AMANTHA WEZOWICZ** is a graduate of the philosophy program at SUNY Buffalo State, where she earned the 2014 Outstanding Philosophy Student Award. ", "She also completed a minor in Women and Gender Studies, and was one of the founding members of WIP: Women in Philosophy, which is a support group and academic club for women in the philosophy program. ", "Sam is pursuing a PhD in philosophy at Temple University in Philadelphia, where she enjoys courses in Kant, Aesthetics, and Continental Philosophy. ", "She's pretty sure she taught her prof, and co-author, a thing or two about _Girls_ and girls.", "\n\n**A NDY WIBLE** is an instructor of philosophy at Muskegon Community College in Michigan. ", "He humbly teaches and writes on business ethics, biomedical ethics, the philosophy of sport, and LGBTQ issues, even though his true calling is writing about his own amazing talents, accomplishments, and friends. ", "He enjoyed writing this awesome bio.", "\n\n**Z ORIANNA ZURBA** is currently completing a PhD in Communication and Culture at the program jointly held between Ryerson and York Universities in Toronto, Canada. ", "Zorianna's dissertation examines cinephilia and love through the prism of Woody Allen's movies. ", "Zorianna longs to live in Brooklyn, and sip lattes at Cafe Grumpy or Ray's. ", "In her spare time Zorianna enjoys quilting and sewing, but would rather borrow clothes from Jessa's closet than make her own.", "\nIndex\n\n_Adaptation_ (movie), ,\n\nAdorno, Theodor, 3–13,\n\nthe culture industry, ,\n\n_The Dialectic of Enlightenment_ , ,\n\n\"How to Look at Television,\" 4–7, 9–11\n\n\"On Popular Music,\" , 8–9\n\nAfrica, , ,\n\nAhmadi, Niemat, 152n\n\nAir Force, United States,\n\nAli, Majid, 152n\n\nAlford, Fred C.,\n\nAlighieri, Dante _Divina Commedia_ (book),\n\n\"All Adventurous Women Do\" (episode), ,\n\n_All in the Family_ (television series),\n\nAllen, Woody,\n\n_Amazon Instant Video_ ,\n\nAmerica,\n\nAmerican Culture,\n\nangel,\n\nangst, 85–88\n\nanxiety 95–101–104\n\nApatow, Judd,\n\n_Apollo 13_ (movie) 42–43\n\nAristotle,\n\n_Poetics_ ,\n\nArnold, Matthew, 208–09\n\nAquinas, St. Thomas, _Summa Theologica_ (book),\n\nAsia,\n\nAtlantic City,\n\nAugustine, St.,\n\nAustin,\n\nauthenticity, 61–63, 89–92\n\nAutrey, Wesley,\n\nB, Hannah; _see_ Hannah Horvath\n\n_The Bachelor_ (television series),\n\nbad faith, 88–91, 99–103\n\n\"Bad Friend\" (episode), ,\n\nBaker, Becky Ann,\n\nBardot, Brigitte,\n\nBarthes, Roland, 163–64\n\nBates, Norman,\n\nBatman, , 36n\n\n\"Beach House\" (episode), , 189–190,\n\nBeadie, 70–71\n\nThe Beatles (band),\n\nBeauvoir, Simone de,\n\n_The Second Sex_ (book),\n\nBeckett, Samuel,\n\nBelliotti, Raymond, _What Is the Meaning of Human Life?_ (", "book),\n\nBenes, Elaine, , , 168–69\n\nBentham, Jeremy,\n\nBernhard, Thomas,\n\n_The Bible_ (book), , 108–09,\n\n_The Big Bang Theory_ , (television series),\n\nbiological determinism, 174–76\n\nBlair, Elaine,\n\nBlandland, 149–150\n\nBlerta,\n\nBloomberg, Michael,\n\n_Boardwalk Empire_ (television series),\n\nBoleyn, Anne, 42–43\n\n_Bones_ (television series),\n\nBotton Sari, _Goodbye to All That: Writers on Loving and Leaving New York_ (edited collection),\n\n\"Boys\" (episode), ,\n\n_The Brady Bunch_ (television series),\n\nBradshaw, Carrie, , , 163–66\n\n_Breaking Bad_ (television series), ,\n\nBredjing Refugee Camp,\n\nBrickell, Edie,\n\n_Bridget Jones Diary_ (movie),\n\nBrizendine, Louann, 174–75\n\nBroadway, ,\n\nBrooklyn, , , , , , , , , , , 199–200\n\nBrooklyn Heights,\n\n_Buffy the Vampire Slayer_ (television series), 18–19\n\nBulgaria,\n\nBundy, Al,\n\nBundy, Bud\n\nBundy, Kelly,\n\nBundy, Peg,\n\nBureau of Labor Statistics,\n\nBushwick, ,\n\nButler, Judith,\n\n_Undoing Gender_ (book),\n\nCafé Grumpy,\n\nCage, Nicolas,\n\nCallahan, Cait, 36n\n\nCamus, Albert, , , , 69–71,\n\n_The Myth of Sisyphus_ (book), 67–68,\n\nCanada,\n\ncapitalism,\n\nCarlston, Erin, 36n\n\nCarlyle, Thomas, _Sartor Resartus_ (book), 163–65\n\nCarter, Michael,\n\nCatholicism,\n\nChad, 149–150,\n\nChambers, Diane,\n\nChambers, Samuel, \"Dialogue, Deliberation, and Discourse\" (essay),\n\nChinese Culture, ,\n\nChrist, Jesus, ,\n\nChristianity,\n\nChuckles the Clown,\n\nCixous, Helene\n\nClark, Suzanne,\n\n_The Color Purple_ (movie),\n\n_Conan_ (television series),\n\nConfucianism, 219–224, 227–28\n\nConfucius,\n\n_Analects_ , 221–22\n\nConnick, Roxanne,\n\nCostanza, George, ,\n\nCottingham, John, _On the Meaning of Life_ (book),\n\nCoulter, Ann,\n\nCNN.com (news website), 174–75\n\n_Creative Nonfiction_ (movie),\n\nCunningham, Joanie,\n\nCunningham, Richie,\n\nCusins, Adolphus,\n\nD., Hannah, , , 145–46, 148–152\n\n_Daodejing_ , 223–24\n\nDaoism, , 223–28\n\nDarfur, , , , , 152n\n\nDarfur Women Action Group, 152n\n\nDattolo, Charlie, , , , , ,\n\nrelationship with Marnie, , , , , , , , , 160–61, , , 188–89,\n\n\"Dead Inside\" (episode), , , , ,\n\n_Deadwood_ (television series),\n\nDelbanco, Andrew, _College_ (book),\n\ndeontology, 108–09,\n\nDescartes, René,\n\nDidion, Joan,\n\nDogg, Snoop,\n\nDostoyevsky, Fyodor,\n\nDottie,\n\nDriver, Adam, ,\n\nDumbledore, Albus,\n\nDunham, Lena, , , , , , , , 85–86, , , , , , 200–01, 216–17\n\nfeminist, , 19–20\n\nvoice of her generation, ,\n\nwriter, , 22–24, 27–29, , ,\n\nDworkin, Ronald, _Justice for Hedghogs_ (book),\n\nEast Lansing, ,\n\nEastern Chad,\n\nego, 156–57\n\nEliot, T.S.,\n\n_Entertainment Weekly_ (magazine),\n\n\"Empire State of Mind\" (song),\n\nEric,\n\neros,\n\nethics, ,\n\nEurope, 39–40, , , ,\n\nEuropean Union,\n\nthe examined life, , 57–58\n\nexistentialism, 61–71, 85–89, 96–97\n\nFacebook (social media web page), , , ,\n\n_FaceTime_ (telephone application), ,\n\nFausto-Sterling, Anne, _Sexing the Body_ (book) 175–76\n\n\"Females Only\" (episode), , ,\n\nfeminism, 16–21,\n\nFey, Tina,\n\nField, Patricia,\n\n_Fifty Shades of Grey_ (movie),\n\n_Fight Club_ (movie), ,\n\nFitzgerald, F. Scott,\n\n\"Flo\" (episode),\n\nFonzarelli, Arthur,\n\nThe Fonz; _see_ Fonzarelli, Arthur\n\n_Forensic Files_ (television series), ,\n\nFrance, ,\n\n_Frances Ha_ (movie), ,\n\nFrank,\n\n\"Free Snacks\" (episode),\n\nfreedom, 96–97, , 102–03,\n\nFreud, Sigmund, 155–56, 158–59,\n\n_Friends_ (television series),\n\nGale, Dorothy,\n\nGeller, Ross,\n\nGenX,\n\n_Gilligan's Island_ (television series),\n\n_Girls_ (television series), criticism of, 12–13, 15–25\n\nfor episodes, _see_ under titles of episode\n\nGini, Al,\n\nGlatter, Richard,\n\nGod, , , ,\n\n_Golden Girls_ (television series), ,\n\nGolden Globe Awards,\n\nGorgias, ,\n\n_Gossip Girl_ (television series),\n\nGotham City,\n\n_GQ_ (magazine), , , , ,\n\nGrant, Cary, 28–29, 36n\n\nGrant, Richard E.,\n\nGreat Recession,\n\nGreece,\n\nGreen, Rachel,\n\nGreenwood, Deborah, 36n\n\nGreenpoint,\n\nGurley, Jennifer, \"Platonic Paedeia\" (essay),\n\nHalladay, Frances,\n\n\"Hannah's Diary\" (episode), ,\n\nHarbach, Chad, _MFA vs NYC: The Two Cultures of American Fiction_ (edited collection),\n\n\"Hard Being Easy\" (episode), ,\n\nHarlem,\n\n_Harry Potter_ (book series),\n\nHarvard University,\n\nHaslanger, Sally,\n\nHauser, Kaspar,\n\nHBO, , 214–15\n\nHBO GO (television network),\n\nHeathrow (airport),\n\nHeidegger, Martin, 73–74, , ,\n\nHeller, Nathan, , ,\n\n_The Help_ (movie),\n\nHemingway, Ernest,\n\nHitler, Adolf,\n\nHobbes, Miranda, 163–65\n\nHollopeter, Cameron,\n\nHolocaust,\n\nHonig, Bonnie, _Political Theory and the Displacement of Politics_ (book), 212–13\n\nHorvath, Hannah, , , , 29–33, , 38–39, , , 49–50, 53–55, 57–60, 62–63, , , 82–83, , , , 96–97, 99–100, 102–03, 107–09, 112–13, , 124–25, , 129–131, 133–34, , 138–39, 143–44, , 148–152, 157–58, 167–69, , , , 186–87, , , 196–97, , 202–03, , , , 212–13, 216–17, , , ,\n\nbad behavior of 15–16\n\nbody of, , , ,\n\nself-centered, , , 51–52, , , , 74–75, , 118–120, , , , , , ,\n\nobsessive-compulsive disorder, , , , 95–96, 100–02, , , 159–160, , , ,\n\nrelationship with Adam, , 27–28, 30–34, , 44–45, , , 102–03, , 121–22, , , , , 170–71, , , 186–87, , ,\n\nvoice of her generation, , , , 59–60, , , ,\n\nwriter, 51–52, , , 73–76, 79–83, , 89–92, , , , , , 130–31, , , , , , , 206–07, 209–210, , 220–23, ,\n\nHorvath, Lureen, , ,\n\nHorvath, Tad, , ,\n\nHouston,\n\n_How I Met Your Mother_ (television series), ,\n\nHudson River,\n\nHuffington Post (online journal),\n\nHully, Kathleen,\n\n\"I Don't Care (I Love It)\" (song),\n\n\"I Get Ideas\" (episode), ,\n\n\"I Saw You\" (episode),\n\nId, 156–57,\n\n\"Inside the Episode\" (video companion to _Girls_ ),\n\niPhone,\n\nIrigaray, Luce,\n\nIrwin, William,\n\nIslam, ,\n\nIsocrates,\n\n\"Against the Sophists\" (essay),\n\n_Antidosis_ (book), ,\n\n\"It's a Shame about Ray\" (episode), , , , , ,\n\n\"It's about Time\" (episode),\n\n\"It's Back\" (episode), , , ,\n\nIves, Kelly, _Art, Love, Melancholy_ (book),\n\nJ. Crew,\n\n\"The Jacket\" ( _Seinfeld_ episode), 166–67\n\nJaeger, Werner, _Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture_ , (book), 205–06\n\nJagger, Mick,\n\nJanjaweed Militia, 143–45\n\nJasper, , , 166–67, ,\n\nJay-Z,\n\nJFK (airport),\n\nJoe,\n\nJohansson, Jessa (character), , , , , , 53–60, 62–70, , , 90–93, 96–100, , 108–09, , , , , 124–26, , , 133–34, , 164–67, , , , , , 196–97, ,\n\nbad behavior of, , , , 177–181, , 190–92\n\ndrug use of, , , , , 64–65, , , , , , , , 191–94\n\nexistentialist, 61–71\n\nmarriage to Thomas-John, , , , 66–67, , , , , ,\n\npromiscuity, , , 177–79,\n\nJohnson, Enoch (Nucky),\n\nJonathan, Booth, , , , ,\n\nJones, Samantha, , 163–65\n\nJoshua, , , 187–88\n\nJudaism,\n\njouissance, ,\n\nKant, Immanuel, ,\n\nautonomy,\n\n_Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals_ (book),\n\nKaufman, Charlie (character), ,\n\nKaufman, Charlie, 200–01,\n\nKeys, Alicia,\n\nKhalwa (school),\n\nKierkegaard, Søren, , , 67–68, 95–96, , , , 109–112, ,\n\n_Fear and Trembling_ (book),\n\nKirke, Jemima,\n\nKonner, Jenni, ,\n\nKramer, Cosmo, , , ,\n\nKrantz, Elijah, , , , , , ,\n\nKristeva, Julia, 182–197\n\n_This Incredible Need to Believe_ (book), , , 194–96\n\n_New Maladies of the Soul_ (book), , ,\n\n_Tales of Love_ (book), , , ,\n\nLacan, Jacques, , 158–59\n\n\"The Signification of the Phallus\" (essay),\n\n\"Ladies Only\" (episode), , , ,\n\nLaird, , , ,\n\nLaura,\n\nLavoyt, Jeff, ,\n\nLavoyt, Katherine, , , , 125–26, 192–93\n\n\"Leave Me Alone\" (episode), , ,\n\nLegalism, 220–21\n\n_Little Women_ (book and movie),\n\n_Listen Ladies! ", "A Tough Love Approach to the Tough Game of Love_ (book), , , ,\n\n_The Lone Ranger_ (television series),\n\n_Mad Men_ (television series), ,\n\n_Major Barbara_ (play),\n\nMalone, Sam,\n\nMalph, Ralph,\n\nManhattan, ,\n\n_Manhattan_ (movie),\n\nMannheim, Karl _The Problem of Generations_ (book),\n\n_The Mary Tyler Moore Show_ (television series),\n\nMarx, Groucho,\n\nMarx, Karl H., 132–33\n\nMcKinnon, Catherine,\n\nMeaning of life, 49–61\n\nMencius,\n\n_The Mencius_ ,\n\nMessud, Claire, \"An Unseemly Emotion\" (essay), 215–17\n\nMichaels, Evie,\n\nMichaels, Marnie Marie (character), , , , , , , , , 53–54, , , , 75–77, , , 88–89, 91–92, 96–97, 99–100, , 109–110, 112–13, 119–122, 124–25, , 129–131, 136–37, , , , , 181–83, , 188–191, , 196–97, , 202–03, 209–210, ,\n\nentitled, ,\n\nrelationship with Charlie, , , , , , , , , 119–120, 160–61, , , 188–191\n\nrelationship with Ray, , , ,\n\nMichigan, ,\n\nMichigan State University,\n\nMichigan, University of,\n\nMill, John Stuart,\n\nmillennials, , , 36n, , , , 85–86, 134–35\n\nMitchell, John Cameron,\n\nMohism,\n\nMondschein, E.R.,\n\nMosby, Ted,\n\nMother Teresa,\n\nMouffe, Chantal, _Agonistics_ (book),\n\nMount Olympus,\n\n_Mr. Roger's Neighborhood_ (television series),\n\n_Murder on the Orient Express_ (book and movie), ,\n\nNarcissus,\n\nNashville,\n\nNatalia, , , , ,\n\n_The National Business Ethics Survey_ ,\n\nnatural law theory,\n\nNavy, United States,\n\nNazi Party (National Socialist German Workers' Party),\n\nNeiman, Susan,\n\nNetflix,\n\n_New Girl_ (television series),\n\nNew Jersey, ,\n\n\"New York, New York\" (song),\n\nNew York City, , , , 44–45, , , , , , 199–200, , , 213–14\n\n_New York Daily News_ (newspaper),\n\n_New York Review of Books_ (magazine),\n\n_New York Times_ ,\n\nNico, ,\n\nNietzsche, Friedrich, , , 109–110, ,\n\n_The Genealogy of Morals_ (book),\n\nNorth America,\n\nO'Dowd, Chris,\n\nOberlin College, , , ,\n\nOedipus,\n\nOhio University,\n\n\"On All Fours\" (episode), , , ,\n\n\"One Man's Trash\" (episode), ,\n\n\"Only Child\" (episode),\n\nOrtega y Gasset, Jose,\n\n_Oxford English Dictionary_ ,\n\nOz,\n\n_paideia_ , 204–05, 207–09, , ,\n\nParis,\n\nPark Slope District,\n\nPetula,\n\nPew Report,\n\nPew Research Study,\n\n\"Pilot\" (episode), , , ,\n\n_Planet of the Apes_ (movie), ,\n\nPlato, 200–01,\n\n_Gorgias_ ,\n\n_The Republic_ (dialogue),\n\nPlatonic dialogues,\n\n_Playboy_ (magazine),\n\nPloshansky, Ray, , , , , , , 89–92, , 119–120, , 126–27, , , , , , , 190–191, , , 226–27\n\nrelationship with Marnie, , , ,\n\nrelationship with Shoshanna, , , , , , , , 195–96,\n\nPortland,\n\n_Pompeii_ (movie), 42–43\n\nPope John Paul II, _Mutual Attraction Differs from Lust_ (lecture),\n\nPoughkeepsie, ,\n\nPound, Ezra,\n\nPressler-Goings, David,\n\nPS 235, Brooklyn,\n\n_Psycho_ (movie),\n\nracism,\n\nRawls, John, _The Law of Peoples_ , 146–151\n\n_The Real World_ (television series),\n\nRebecca, 204–207\n\n\"The Return,\" (episode),\n\nRhianna,\n\nRichards, Mary,\n\nRobinson, Phoebe, , 23–24\n\nRogien, Jen,\n\nRomano, Carlin, _America the Philosophical_ (book), 207–08\n\n_Romeo and Juliet_ (play), 42–43\n\nRongzi, Song, 223–24\n\nRousseau, Jean-Jacques, 169–170\n\nRoth, Philip, _Sabbath's Theater_ (book),\n\nRussell, Bertrand,\n\nSackler, Adam, , , 31–33, , , , , , , , , , , , 102–03, , , , , 126–27, , , , 170–71, , , , 195–96, , 224–26,\n\nactor, , , , ,\n\nalcoholic, ,\n\nhero, 27–36\n\nrelationship with Hannah, , 27–28, 30–34, , 44–45, , , 102–03, , , 121–22, , , , , , , 219–220,\n\nsexual proclivities, , , , , , 179–180, ,\n\nSackler, Carolyn,\n\nSahara Desert,\n\nSan Francisco Giants,\n\nSartre, Jean-Paul, 64–66, , 86–87, , , ,\n\n_Being and Nothingness_ (book), ,\n\n_Existentialism Is a Humanism_ (book), ,\n\n_No Exit_ (play),\n\n_Saturday Night Live_ (television series),\n\nScherbatsky, Robin,\n\nSchifrin, Tally,\n\nSchippers, Brigit, _Julia Kristeva and Feminist Thought_ (book),\n\nSchumacher, E.F., _Good Work_ (book), 132–33\n\nScolari, Peter,\n\nScott, Catherine, \" _Girls_ Is Not Diverse, Not Feminist, and Not Empowering,\" 12–13\n\n_Seinfeld_ (television series), , , 168–69\n\nSeinfeld, Jerry (character), , , 166–68\n\nSeven Deadly Sins, 117–18\n\n_Sex and the City_ (television series), 7–8, , , 163–65, ,\n\nShapiro, Shoshanna (character), , 38–40, , , 51–52, , , , , , , 96–97, , , 107–111, , , 124–27, 164–65, , 169–170, 173–74, 176–77, , 181–83, , 192–95, ,\n\nrelationship with Ray, , , , , , , , 195–196,\n\nShakespeare and Company,\n\nShaw, George Bernard, _Major Barbara_ (play), ,\n\n\"She Did\" (episode), ,\n\nSheltering Winds, 193–94\n\n\"The Shoes,\" ( _Seinfeld_ episode),\n\nShowden, Carisa, 36n\n\nSimmel, Georg, 163–64\n\nSimmons, Laurie,\n\nSinatra, Frank,\n\nSinger, Alvie,\n\nSisyphus, ,\n\nSkiles, Jeff,\n\nSkywalker, Luke, ,\n\nslavery,\n\nSnape, Severus,\n\nSocrates, 49–50, 200–01,\n\nSoojin,\n\nSophocles, _Oedipus the King_ (play),\n\nSophie,\n\n_The Sopranos_ (television series),\n\nSouth America,\n\n_Soylent Green_ (movie),\n\nSpelman, Elizabeth, _Inessential Women_ (book),\n\nSpencer, Herbert 163–64\n\nSpike,\n\nSt. Laurent, Yves,\n\nStalin, Joseph,\n\n_Star Wars_ ,\n\n_Star Wars, Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back_ (movie), ,\n\nStaten Island,\n\nSteele, Sarah,\n\nStein, Gertrude,\n\nSterns, Dr., 193–94\n\nStewart, Martha,\n\n\"Stronger\" (song),\n\nSudan, , , 152n\n\nSudanese Government,\n\nSullenberger, Chesley, 34–35, 36n\n\nSummers, Buffy,\n\nSumner, Mickey,\n\nsuperego, 156–57\n\nSyracuse University,\n\nTaccone, Jorma,\n\nTaoism; _see_ Daoism\n\nTaylor, Richard,\n\n_Good and Evil_ (book), ,\n\nTED Talks,\n\n_That 70's Show_ (television series),\n\nTheater of Dionysius,\n\nThomas-John, ,\n\nmarriage to Jessa, , , , , ,\n\nThompson, Enoch (Nucky),\n\nThoreau, Henry David,\n\n_Tiny Furniture_ (movie), 200–01\n\n_Titanic_ (movie),\n\n\"Together\" (episode), ,\n\nTokyo,\n\nTolstoy, Leo\n\n\"My Confession\" (essay),\n\n_War and Peace_ (book),\n\n\"Truth or Dare\" (episode), ,\n\n_The Tudors_ (television series), 42–43\n\n_12 Years a Slave_ (movie),\n\n_The Twilight Zone_ , \"To Serve Man\" (episode),\n\nTwitter (social media application),\n\n_2 Broke Girls_ (television series), ,\n\n\"Two Plane Rides\" (episode),\n\nUGGs, ,\n\nUnited Nations, ,\n\nUnited States of America, ,\n\nUS Airways,\n\nutilitarianism, 108–09\n\nVader, Darth, ,\n\n\"Vagina Panic\" (episode), , ,\n\nVeblen, Thorstein,\n\nVertigo, ,\n\nVesuvius,\n\nVetter, Richard,\n\n\"Video Games\" (episode) , , 192–93\n\nVirtue ethics,\n\n_Vogue_ (magazine),\n\nWarren, Rick, _The Purpose Driven Life_ (book),\n\nWashington, DC, 152n\n\n\"Welcome to Bushwick a.k.a. ", "The Crackcident\" (episode), , ,\n\n\"Weirdos Need Girlfriends Too\" (episode), , , 156–57,\n\nWells, Noel,\n\nWest, Kanye, ,\n\nWestern World,\n\nWest Chester University, 152n\n\n_The West Wing_ ,\n\nwhistleblowing,\n\nWilliams, Alex,\n\nWilliams, Allison,\n\nWilliamsburg,\n\nWilson, Patrick,\n\nWolf, Susan, _Meaning in Life and Why It Matters_ (book),\n\nWorld Series,\n\nXunzi,\n\nYork, Charlotte, 163–65\n\nZhuang, Zhou, 225–26\n\n_Zhuangzi_ , 223–25, 227–28\n\nŽižek, Slavoj, , , 160–61\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Books3" }

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[ "AMD isn’t the only hardware company making waves this week at SIGGRAPH 2017. ", "NVIDIA is looking to bolster its position in the professional graphics arena with a few new breakthroughs. ", "The first of which is the addition of two new external graphics solutions that are targeted at professional artists and designers who primarily work with notebooks.", "\n\nNVIDIA is making it possible for these professionals to use either Pascal-based TITAN xP or Quadro graphics cards within an external GPU (eGPU) enclosure. ", "NVIDIA will be partnering with a number of hardware partners including Bizon, Magma, and Sonnet, who will make compatible solutions available in September.", "\n\n\n\n“While more computer power than ever is needed for VR, photoreal rendering and AI workflows, mobile systems are getting thinner and lighter, with limited performance and memory,” said Bob Pette, NVIDA VP for Professional Visualization. “", "Our eGPUs can now solve this problem, enabling creatives to plug into our most capable GPUs so they could do their best work on the most graphically demanding applications.”", "\n\nNVIDIA is also playing up two of its strengths in artifice intelligence (AI) by launching the OptiX 5.0 SDK. ", "With version 5.0, the OptiX is gaining ray tracing support to help speed up processing with regards to visual designs. ", "This new release also adds GPU-accelerated motion blur along with AI-enhanced denoising capabilities.", "\n\n\n\n“Developers using our platform can enable millions of artists and designers to access the capabilities of a render farm right at their desk,” added Pette. “", "By creating OptiX-based applications, they can bring the extraordinary power of AI to their customers, enhancing their creativity and dramatically improving productivity.”", "\n\nNVIDIA is really talking up the power of OptiX 5.0 when used in conjunction with the DGX Station. ", "Powered by NVIDIA’s Volta GPU architecture, the latest generation of the DGX Station is able to provide the rendering performance of 150 servers in just one system.", "\n\nThe OptiX 5.0 SDK will be available in November as a no-cost upgrade for registered developers." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nsyntax error near unexpected token `fi'\n\nI'm getting a syntax error unexpected token fi and Permission denied in the following script:\ncd /home/NorthStar/Dhruva/server-specific-scripts/crons/ResetETA\n\nsu postgres -c \"psql -d \"Dhruva\" -f /home/NorthStar/Dhruva/server-specific-scripts/crons/db-connection/query.sql\" >> reset.log 2> reset.log\n\nif su postgres -c \"psql -d \"Dhruva\" -f /home/NorthStar/Dhruva/server-specific-scripts/crons/db-connection/query.sql; then \n printf su postgres -c \"psql -d \"Dhruva\" -f /home/NorthStar/Dhruva/server-specific-scripts/crons/db-connection/query.sql\\n' >> resset.log\nelse\n printf su postgres -c \"psql -d \"Dhruva\" -f /home/NorthStar/Dhruva/server-specific-scripts/crons/db-connection/query.sql\\n' >> reset_error.log\nfi\n\nA:\n\nUnbalanced quotes\nWhat you have is a messy example of unbalanced quotation marks.", "\nEvery pair of single and double quotes must be balanced, meaning, whenever you have an opening quote, you have to have a closing quote later on in the same statement, and they must be properly nested. (", "So, for example, echo \"foo 'bar' baz\" is valid, but echo \"foo 'bar baz\"' is not.", "\nSo, in your case, sh (or whatever Bourne shell you appear to be using), interprets the quotes as if they're balanced, which results in parts of your script being \"quoted\" which you didn't intend, namely, much of the if .. else .. fi construct.", "\nAnother (abbreviated) example from your script: su \"psql -d \"Dhruva\" blah.sql\". ", "In that example, the string Dhruva is actually outside the quotes, which is probably not what you intended.", "\nEssentially, your problem is the unbalanced quotes. ", "I will analyze your script a bit more to see if I can't figure out what you're trying to do, and suggest a fixed version, but I confess I don't quite understand your intentions with the script.", "\n\"Fixed\" script\nI've put \"fixed\" in scare-quotes because even though I can tell you how to repair the syntax of your script, I still have concerns, which I will enumerate at the end of this answer.", "\nA bit of refactoring, and fixing the quotes\nFirst, you have some very long lines containing repeated elements that can easily be refactored, which already makes our job of \"fixing\" much easier:\n#!", "/bin/sh\n\ncd /home/NorthStar/Dhruva/server-specific-scripts/crons/ResetETA\n\ndb=\"Dhruva\"\nfile=\"/home/NorthStar/Dhruva/server-specific-scripts/crons/db-connection/query.sql\"\ncmd=\"psql -d $db -f $file\"\n\nsu postgres -c \"$cmd\" >> reset.log 2> reset.log\n\nif su postgres -c \"$cmd\"; then \n printf su postgres -c \"$cmd\" >> resset.log\nelse\n printf su postgres -c \"$cmd\" >> reset_error.log\nfi\n\nWhile the above is now valid syntax, I do have a few remaining concerns:\n\nIs there a need to run $cmd so many times? ", "Does the output change (i.e., does the query have side effects?) ", "Or can you save the results and append to your log files separately?", "\nIs resset.log a typo, or do you really have three different logs?", "\nprintf ... will not do what you (probably) want, here. ", "printfs first argument is the format string (in this case, \"su\"), hence, it will print su.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "My name is Kolla. ", "I grew up in Iceland but have lived in Los Angeles for the past 12 years.", "\nI love the beach, surfing and swimming. ", "I'm also a big music fan so try to catch as many live shows as I can.", "\n\nReviews\n(78)\n\nReviews From Guests\n\nWe had a great stay here. ", "The house matched the description and met all of our expectations. ", "Kolla was very accommodating and available when we had questions or requests. ", "Would highly recommend to anyone looking to stay in the area.", "\n\nHost greeted us very nice person and that was that never saw her again and she gave us complete privacy - the house was awesome just far enough up the hill and close to Sunset Blvd great location - you cant be anymore centered than Kolla's place right in the middle of the action but far enough to enjoy a solid sleep - will be back again soon!!!", "\n\nThe home is a classic Hollywood Hills charmer. ", "It is oozing with character, very comfortable, has a sweeping view of downtown and surrounding, fully equipped kitchen, built in sound system and tons of interesting artwork and musical instruments. ", "Really enjoyed staying here - additionally Kola is a lovely host, she went out of her way to accommodate us and the curveballs that traveling for extended periods can sometimes throw your way. ", "Definitely recommend!", "\n\nWe had a wonderful stay at this apartment in Santa Monica. ", "Great location, walking distance to Main St. and place was clean and as advertised. ", "Would stay here again during my next visit to LA, thank you!", "\n\nAll was just as promised at this great apartment. ", "It was a very close walk to the beach, Exhale Yoga, some terrific restaurants, including my faves: Cafe Gratitude & Moon Juice, just a tad farther walk to Abbot Kinney, and is close and equidistant from Venice and Santa Monica.", "\nOnly downside was the lack of AC as we happened to arrive during a September heatwave.", "\nWe look forward to hopefully returning to the apartment in the near future!", "\n\nAmazing place only blocks from the beach.", "\nGreat neighbourhood, everything within walking distance.", "\nGetting in was easy and straightforward. ", "Kolla was great and super accommodating.", "\nStreet and building can be quite busy, so as long as you don't need absolute quiet to sleep, this place is great! ", "I would totally recommend." ]

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[ "Aston Villa bought Vlaar from Feyenoord in the Dutch Eredivisie two summers ago, and on the face of things the results have been unimpressive. ", "The club barely escaped relegation in 2012-13, and was still in danger of going down relatively late in the 2013-14 season as well. ", "Villa conceded 130 goals in the two seasons. ", "While Vlaar anchored a great Netherlands defense at the World Cup, he has not been able to lift his club side above mediocrity.", "\n\nA closer look at the numbers, however, demonstrates Vlaar’s importance to Aston Villa. ", "He has missed 17 matches in the past two seasons, and Villa conceded 34 goals in those matches, an average of two per match. ", "In the 59 games he did play, Villa conceded 96, or about 1.6 goals per match. ", "We see a similar effect in expected goals per match as well, so this is not just a fluke of conversion rates. ", "Villa gave up more and better scoring opportunities in the matches that Vlaar missed.", "\n\nThis was also not just a function of opponent quality. ", "I adjusted each result for quality of opposition, based on the team’s average expected goals output and whether or not the match was a home game. ", "The results are even more striking. ", "Aston Villa played roughly league average defense with Vlaar in the lineup, and they were utterly awful without him. ", "The following chart shows the xGA+ rating for Aston Villa with and without their key center back. ", "A 120 xGA+ rating would mean the team conceded about 20 percent more xG than would be predicted given the quality of opposition. ", "Lower is better.", "\n\nNow, plus-minus statistics like this are never determinative. ", "But this study is at least indicative that Villa have played better with Vlaar in the lineup. ", "The individual statistics of Aston Villa center backs also point toward Vlaar’s superiority.", "\n\nIn particular, Vlaar is the strongest passer Villa has. ", "He completes more passes than any of the other three center backs who have played with him in the past two years. ", "And this is not simply a function of Vlaar choosing to play shorter passes, as he also completes more long passes than the other Villa center backs. ", "He has the second most successful tackles and interceptions per 90 minutes, and Chris Herd who leads him in this statistic only played about 800 minutes at CB.", "\n\nPerhaps the most telling statistic might be clearances. ", "The other CBs just clear the ball much more often. ", "Vlaar’s lack of clearances may point to his quality. ", "When Vlaar is in the back line, Villa more rarely found itself pushed back and in need of a last-second clearance. ", "Further, with Vlaar’s superior passing ability, he could collect the ball and start possession, rather than clearing the ball and risking another attack.", "\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nIt is not easy for a team that pays lower wages to withstand a bigger club’s advance for one of its players. ", "But if Aston Villa loses Ron Vlaar, the statistics suggest it could be another relegation fight, and this one Villa might not win." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nInconsistency with PKCS#11 v2.40 CKM_AES_KEY_WRAP_PAD\n\nThere appears to be some inconsistencies between the PKCS#11 v2.40 Current Mechanism Specification and the specification for AES Key Wrap Pad as defined in SP800-38F.\nFirst, according to PKCS#11:\n\nThe mechanisms will accept an optional mechanism parameter as the Initialization vector which, if\n present, must be a fixed size array of 8 bytes, and, if NULL, will use the default initial value defined in\n Section 2.2.3.1 of [AES KEYWRAP].", "\nThe type of this parameter is CK_BYTE_PTR and the pointer points to the array of 8 bytes to be used as\n the initial value. ", "The length shall be either 0 and the pointer NULL, or 8, and the pointer non-NULL.", "\n\nHowever, according to SP800-38F, the ICV2 value for AES-Key Wrap PAD must be four bytes in order to correctly pad the input to the cipher routine (section 6.3 algorithm 5).", "\nSecondly, PKCS#11 specifies that CKM_AES_KEY_WRAP_PAD is used for Encryption/Decryption only, not for Wrapping/Unwrapping operations (Table 65, in section 2.14 in the PKCS#11 current mechanism specification). ", " This seems inconsistent with the goals of the AES KEY Wrap Pad algorithm.", "\nSo my questions are:\n\nIs this a known inconsistency and has Cryptoki released any updates to how the CKM_AES_KEY_WRAP_PAD algorithm can be used? ", " I cannot find anything on Google but maybe I missed something.", "\nIn my PKCS#11 implementation, can my solution be to inform the user (through documentation) that the IV for CKM_AES_KEY_WRAP_PAD will be truncated to 4-bytes?", "\nI know this appears to be out of spec, but can I in my PKCS#11 implementation allow the user to use CKM_AES_KEY_WRAP_PAD for Wrapping/Unwrapping as well as Encryption/Decryption.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe PKCS#11 technical committee is currently working on standard version 3.0. ", "You can find the latest working draft here: https://www.oasis-open.org/committees/download.php/64968/pkcs11-curr-v3.0-wd09.docx\nIn fact, reworked section \"AES Key Wrap\" (now 2.16) solves your problems:\n\nIt allows all mechanisms to be used with Encrypt&Decrypt and Wrap&Unwrap.", "\nIt clarifies that CKM_AES_KEY_WRAP and CKM_AES_KEY_WRAP_PAD actually refer to NIST SP800-38F section 6.2 (\"KW\"), which in fact require an 8 byte IV.", "\nIt introduces new CKM_AES_KEY_WRAP_KWP, which is algorithm KWP of NIST SP800-38F section 6.3 you are looking for.", "\n\nHeader files for the working draft can be found here: https://github.com/oasis-tcs/pkcs11/tree/master/working/3-00-wd-01\n\n" ]

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[ "Recently, there is growing use of information, such as personal information, online bank transactions or the like, for which there is a strong requirement for improved confidentiality with regard to strangers or external parties, on an information processing apparatus such as a personal computer.", "\nWhen information as described above is used, generally, a “password” dedicated for the use of the information is personally set, and then processes, such as browsing of a folder including the information on a recording medium or decoding of a file representing the information, can be performed only when collation with the password is obtained.", "\nIn the related art, an encoding or decoding process is independently performed for every file or folder. ", "In this case, when performing the encoding or decoding process, password input corresponding to each process is required for each file or folder on a case-by-case basis." ]

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[ "Collapse of Smile\n\nThe Beach Boys' failure to complete the album Smile is often reported as a pivotal episode marking the professional decline of the band and its leader Brian Wilson. ", "Some of the difficulties and pressures surrounding the album's making included its cumbersome editing process, concerns over its potential reception, the Wilson family's resentment of Brian's new social circle, Carl Wilson's arrest for draft evasion, the band's attempt to terminate their contract with Capitol Records, their heavy marijuana consumption, and Brian's escalating mental health issues and creative dissatisfaction.", "\n\nThe original Smile sessions lasted from August 1966 to May 1967. ", "Brian produced and completed most of the album's backing tracks by December 1966. ", "When the Beach Boys returned from a month-long tour of Europe, they were confused by the new music and the new coterie of interlopers that surrounded him. ", "After missing a January 1967 deadline, the album's release date was repeatedly postponed as he tinkered with the recordings, experimenting with different takes and mixes, unable or unwilling to supply a completed version of the album. ", "Meanwhile, he suffered from paranoid delusions, such as believing that the album track \"Fire\" caused a nearby building to burn down.", "\n\nAt the end of February 1967, the Beach Boys filed suit against Capitol for $255,000 in unpaid royalties. ", "Within weeks, Parks distanced himself from the group due to various disputes, and Wilson consequently lost track of how to complete the album. ", "It is sometimes suggested that Mike Love was responsible for the project's collapse. ", "Love regards such claims as hyperbole and said that his vocal opposition to Wilson's drug suppliers was what spurred the accusation that he, as well as other members of the band and Wilson's family, sabotaged the project.", "\n\nWilson concluded that Smile was too esoteric for the public and decided to record simpler music instead. ", " A stopgap album, Smiley Smile, was recorded throughout June and July, and after a settlement was reached with Capitol, released in September. ", "Smile was left incomplete while Wilson gradually abdicated his leadership of the Beach Boys and retreated from the public eye. ", "Over the ensuing decades, he became disabled by his mental health problems to fluctuating degrees. ", "In 2004, he finished a version of Smile as a solo artist, Brian Wilson Presents Smile. ", "A compilation and box set dedicated to the Beach Boys' original recordings, The Smile Sessions, followed in 2011.", "\n\nBackground \n\nAfter the Wilsons' father Murry was fired as the Beach Boys' manager in April 1964, Brian began a process of expanding his social circle to include a mix of worldly-minded friends, musicians, mystics, and business advisers from the developing Los Angeles \"hip\" scene. ", "He also took an increasing interest in recreational drugs (particularly marijuana, LSD, and Desbutal). ", "While on a December 23 flight from Los Angeles to Houston, Brian suffered a panic attack. ", "The 22-year-old Wilson had already skipped several concert tours by then, but the airplane episode proved devastating to his psyche, and to focus his efforts on writing and recording, he indefinitely resigned from live performances. ", "The Beach Boys continued to tour without Wilson, who was replaced by Bruce Johnston on the road, and Wilson's personal relationship with the band became more distant.", "\n\nIn mid 1965, multi-instrumentalist Van Dyke Parks was introduced to Wilson by mutual friends David Crosby and Terry Melcher. ", "About a year later, Wilson asked Parks to collaborate as lyricist for the Beach Boys' upcoming album project, soon titled Smile, to which Parks agreed. ", "Parks introduced Wilson to Derek Taylor, former press officer for the Beatles, who then became the Beach Boys' publicist. ", "Meanwhile, Wilson became acquainted with former MGM Records agent David Anderle thanks to a mutual friend, singer Danny Hutton (later of Three Dog Night). ", "Anderle, who was nicknamed \"the mayor of hip\", acted as a conduit between Wilson and the \"hip\". ", "Parks said that, eventually, \"it wasn't just Brian and me in a room; it was Brian and me ... and all kinds of self-interested people pulling him in various directions.\"", "\n\nAdditional writers were brought in as witnesses to Wilson's Columbia, Gold Star, and Western recording sessions, who also accompanied him outside the studio. ", "Among the crowd: Richard Goldstein from the Village Voice, Jules Siegel from The Saturday Evening Post, and Paul Williams, the 18-year-old founder and editor of Crawdaddy! ", "As Wilson made more connections, \"[his] circle of friends enlarged to encompass a whole new crowd,\" biographer Steven Gaines writes. \"", "Some of these people were 'drainers,' [but others] were talented and industrious\". ", " Other notable friends of Brian in this era included Michael Vosse, Anderle's assistant, and Paul Jay Robbins, a journalist from the underground press. ", " David Oppenheim, who briefly visited Wilson's home to film a segment for the documentary Inside Pop: The Rock Revolution, later described the scene as \"a strange, insulated household, insulated from the world by money ... A playpen of irresponsible people.\"", "\n\nCommenting on the reliability of figures such as Anderle, Siegel, and Vosse, journalist Nick Kent wrote that their claims are oftentimes \"so lavish [that] one can be forgiven, if only momentarily, for believing that Brian Wilson had, at that time orbited out to the furthermost reaches of the celestial stratosphere for the duration of this starcrossed project.\" ", "Gaines acknowledged that the \"events surrounding the album differed so much according to each person's point of view, that no one can be certain.\"", "\n\nGrowing band tensions\n\nThe Beach Boys' album Pet Sounds, issued on May 16, 1966, was massively influential upon its release, containing lush and sophisticated orchestral arrangements that raised the band's prestige as rock innovators. ", "Capitol Records continued promoting the Beach Boys as a surfing group, much to the band's disdain. ", "Wilson requested that Taylor establish a new image for the band as fashionable counterculture icons, and so a promotional campaign with the tagline \"Brian Wilson is a genius\" was created and coordinated by Taylor. ", "Wilson told Melody Maker: \"Our new album will be better than Pet Sounds. ", "It will be as much an improvement over Sounds as that was over [our 1965 album] Summer Days.\"", "\n\nThroughout the summer of 1966, Wilson concentrated on finishing the group's forthcoming single, \"Good Vibrations\". ", " According to various reports, both the Pet Sounds and \"Good Vibrations\" recording sessions were fraught with tension between the group members. ", "Wilson's bandmates resented that he was singled out as a \"genius\", while he believed that they were worried about him separating from the group. ", "He recalled that the band \"liked Pet Sounds but they said it was too arty\", and that they eventually \"gave in [and] let me have my little stint\". ", "In 1976, he said that some group members were frustrated with the lengthy recording devoted to \"Good Vibrations\", but declined to name who specifically. ", "Derek Taylor could not recall hearing \"a single disparaging word [about Brian from the other Beach Boys] in all that time. ", "Maybe a few jokes about his eccentricities, but always basically affectionate.\" ", "Anderle said the first problems with Brian's bandmates were when they voiced concerns about losing \"what the Beach Boys are\" by going too \"far out\" beyond a \"simple dumb thing\", and that they did not want to change their \"physical image\" (i.e. their striped shirts and white pants stage uniforms).", "\n\nReleased on October 10, 1966, \"Good Vibrations\" was the Beach Boys' third US number-one hit, reaching the top of the Billboard Hot 100 in December, and became their first number one in Britain. ", "That month, the record was their first single certified gold by the RIAA. ", "The Beach Boys were soon voted the number-one band in the world in an annual readers' poll conducted by NME, ahead of the Beatles, the Walker Brothers, the Rolling Stones, and the Four Tops. ", " Biographer David Leaf wrote that the success of \"Good Vibrations\" \"bought Brian some time [and] shut up everybody who said that Brian's new ways wouldn't sell...his inability to quickly follow up 'Good Vibrations' [was what] became a snowballing problem.\"", "\n\nBy December 1966, Wilson had completed much of the Smile backing tracks. ", "When the Beach Boys returned from a month-long tour of Europe, they were confused by the new music he had recorded and the new coterie of interlopers that surrounded him. ", "Gaines wrote that David Anderle now appeared to them as the leader of \"a whole group of strangers [that] had infiltrated and taken over the Beach Boys\". ", "Anderle had been encouraging Wilson to leave the group, and he was \"sure they saw me as somebody ... who was fueling Brian's weirdness. ", "And I stand guilty on those counts.\"", "\n\nDrug use\nAs Wilson prepared for the writing and recording of Smile, he purchased about $2,000 worth of marijuana and hashish. ", " He told journalist Timothy White in 1976: \"a lot of the stuff [Smile recordings] was what I call little 'segments' of songs, and it was a period when I was getting stoned, and so we never really got an album; we never finished anything! ... ", "We were too fucking high, you know, to complete the stuff. ", "We were stoned! ", "You know, stoned on hash 'n' shit!\" ", "Carl recalled: \"To get that album out, someone would have needed willingness and perseverance to corral all of us. ", "Everybody was so loaded on pot and hash all of the time that it's no wonder the project didn't get done.\"", "\n\nGaines writes that one of Brian's \"best friends\" at the time was an assistant at the William Morris Agency named Loren Schwartz (later Lorren Daro), whose knowledge of \"trendy [books] widely read by college kids ... seemed mystical and terribly important to [Brian].\" ", "In early 1965, Schwartz introduced Wilson to LSD, recounting the dosage as 125 micrograms of \"pure Owsley\", and that \"he had the full-on ego death. ", "It was a beautiful thing.\" ", "To the dismay of Brian's wife Marilyn, Schwartz became a daily visitor to their Laurel Way home. ", "Additionally, only a week after his first LSD trip, Wilson began experiencing persistent auditory hallucinations. ", "The group was aware of Brian's LSD use, according to Al Jardine, who \"wanted to be as far away from that as possible! ", "Because I didn't want to know about it—I wanted the innocence!\" ", " He said that \"everybody was high but me\" and compared the experience to being \"trapped in an insane asylum.\" ", " \n\nMichael Vosse described Brian's use of drugs as \"the biggest red herring in [his] story I've heard so far,\" and rebuked the accusation that Brian was \"some kind of nut\". ", "In reference to a story about Brian installing a tent into his living room to hold meetings, Vosse said \"we were all excited about it, [and] anybody who thinks this was like Brian being wacko and everybody [else disapproving] is wrong.\" ", "Danny Hutton disputed that the drugs \"got in the way at all\" and said that they actually helped Brian \"work longer hours.\" ", "Parks said: \"Don't let the marijuana confuse the issue here. ", "If you look at the amount of work that was done in the amount of time it took to almost finish it, it's amazing. ", "A very athletic situation, very focused.\" ", "He also expressed feeling uncomfortable with the drug scene, and said that he only partook in the drugs at Brian's insistence.", "\n\nWilson's instability and paranoia\n\nFollowing the recording session for the album track \"Fire\" on November 28, 1966, Brian became irrationally concerned that the music had been responsible for starting several fires in the neighborhood of the studio. ", "Brian claimed for many years that he then burned and destroyed the Smile tapes, but that was not the case, although he did abandon the \"Fire\" piece for good. ", "Parks deliberately stayed away from the session—during which Brian encouraged the musicians to wear toy firemen hats—and that he later described Brian's behavior as \"regressive\", something which band mates also observed during and after this session. ", "By the beginning of 1967, Brian's behavior became increasingly erratic, and his use of drugs escalated. ", "For instance, taking advice from his astrologer who told him to beware of \"hostile vibrations\", Wilson holed up in his bed for days smoking cannabis and eating candy bars. ", "Other stories involve Brian cancelling a $3,000 string session because of the room's inexplicably negative atmosphere, delusions of Phil Spector taunting him with coded messages hidden in the newly-released John Frankenheimer film Seconds, and another delusion where he was convinced that a portrait of himself, painted by Anderle, had literally captured his soul. ", "Anderle believed that his relationship with Brian crumbled immediately after the portrait episode.", "\n\nWhile such actions were a concern for some of his friends, Brian usually maintained his diligence and a professional demeanor for most of the recording sessions. ", "His paranoia also sometimes had a rational basis. ", "Music historian Domenic Priore noted his high position in the music industry and an instance where the master tapes for \"Good Vibrations\" had been stolen by an unknown party for three days. ", "Brian believed that his father and Phil Spector hired private investigators to follow him, and in turn, Brian hired his own private investigators to follow them. ", "Although Spector was not actually tracking Brian, it was thought that Murry was. ", "Rumors were also abound that the Smile tapes were being leaked from their Los Angeles studios, and the 1967 Sagittarius single \"My World Fell Down\" indicated to Brian that others were copying his work on Smile. ", "Parks explained that being \"invited to a session was a big deal in those days, and certainly to know what Brian's process was would be something that everybody desired at that time, because he was such an opinion-maker and he was inventing new formats, new ways of working.\"", "\n\nMike Love reflected: \"When we were younger, no one really knew what was wrong with Brian. ", "Nobody knew about mental illness. ", "We just had no clue about that as kids, as cousins and brothers, growing up ...\" Bruce Johnston recalled listening to tracks from Smile, \"and I don't feel any joy, I feel uncomfortable, I can hear Brian disintegrating. ", "The music was cool but it's always tinged with the reality of making it.\" ", "Commenting on how Brian's emotional state affected his work schedule, David Anderle said that \"Brian [could not] go into a session with something happening in the back of his head ... [if something causes] him to worry and grieve, he's not going to be able to cut [a record] ... he would try almost heroically to get something done, but he couldn't.\"", "\n\nSidetracks, recording tedium, and Capitol lawsuit\n\nDuring the making of Smile, Wilson planned many different multimedia side-projects, such as a sound effects collage, a comedy album, and a \"health food\" album. ", "Capitol did not support some of these ideas, which led to the Beach Boys' desire to form their own label, Brother Records. ", "According to Gaines, Love was \"the most receptive\" to the proposal, wanting the Beach Boys to have more creative control over their work, and supported Wilson's decision to employ his newfound \"best friend\" David Anderle as the head of the label, even though it was against the wishes of band manager Nick Grillo. ", "Plans for the label began in August 1966. ", "In a press release, Anderle stated that Brother Records was to give \"entirely new concepts to the recording industry, and to give the Beach Boys total creative and promotional control over their product.\" ", "On January 3, 1967 Carl Wilson refused to be drafted for military service, leading to indictment and criminal prosecution which he challenged as a conscientious objector. ", "He was arrested by the FBI in early May, and it would take several years in the courts before the matter would be resolved.", "\n\nOnce Brian missed a January 15 album deadline, he concentrated mostly on the projected singles; first \"Heroes and Villains\", then \"Vega-Tables\", and then \"Heroes and Villains\" again. ", "Throughout the first half of 1967, the album's release date was repeatedly postponed as Brian tinkered with the recordings, experimenting with different takes and mixes, unable or unwilling to supply a completed version of the album. ", "Anderle remembered how it \"was just impossible to keep up with that man. ", "He was setting up blocks of studio time, would get uptight if he couldn't get a studio ... four in the morning he'd be sitting around and he'd get an idea and he'd want to be able to go in the next morning, like at seven or eight and record. ", "Couldn't do that, obviously, because you can't operate that way.\" ", "When asked if Wilson was afraid of \"putting something out that he couldn't top,\" Anderle answered: \"No way! ", "During that period, there was no way ... he really had a sense of it being a beginning. ", "I don't think Brian ever had a sense of anything being the pinnacle.\"", "\n\nA February 1967 lawsuit seeking $255,000 (equivalent to $ in ) was launched against Capitol over neglected royalty payments. ", "Within the lawsuit, there was also an attempt to terminate the band's contract with Capitol prior to its November 1969 expiry. ", "Even if Smile was completed during this juncture, it may not have seen an immediate release due to the lawsuit. ", "Paul Williams saw that \"Ironically, the independence that forming Brother Records was supposed to bring to Brian Wilson and the Beach Boys was the very thing that knocked Smile–and the Beach Boys–out of the water. ", "David Anderle's initial idea in the formation of Brother Records was sound, but the time it takes to put this type of thing through the courts was not conducive to the production race that was important during this period of radical change in pop.\" ", "The Capitol lawsuit was eventually settled, the band receiving their $200,000 in exchange for Brother Records to distribute through Capitol Records, along with a guarantee that the band produce at least one million dollars profit.", "\n\nEventually, the number of possible variations for song edits became too overwhelming for Wilson. ", "Danny Hutton compared the challenge to hearing \"a commercial ten times, and all of a sudden you start humming it, and you don't even know if you like it or not, because you've heard it so many times you can't even judge ... He lost that ability of the 'freshness' to know which part should go where.\" ", "Smile Sessions co-producer Mark Linett argued that Wilson could not have finished the album simply because his ambitions were unfeasible with pre-digital technology: \"In 1966, [assembling pieces] meant physically cutting pieces of tape and sticking them back together—which is how all editing was done in those days—but it was a very time-consuming and labor-intensive process, and most importantly made it very hard to experiment with the infinite number of possible ways you could assemble this puzzle.\" ", "His colleague Alan Boyd shared the same view, stating that the tape editing \"would have been probably an unbearably arduous, difficult and tedious task\". ", "Wilson said: \"Time can be spent in the studio to the point where you get so next to it, you don't know where you are with it, you decide to just chuck it for a while.\"", "\n\nArtistic and commercial concerns\n\nContemporary music climate\n\nAnother reason Smile was not released, Wilson said, was that \"people wouldn't understand where my head was at, at that time.\" ", "In later years, he described the album as \"too advanced\" to have been released in 1967. ", "Hutton supported that, after a certain point, Wilson doubted whether the album would still be received as a culturally relevant work among record-buyers and the contemporary rock audience. ", "Richard Goldstein, who met Wilson in 1967, said that \"he came across as deeply insecure about his creative instincts, terrified that the songs he was working on were too arty to sell.\"", "\n\nSmile drew from what most rock stars of the time considered to be antiquated pop culture touchstones, like doo-wop, barbershop, ragtime, exotica, pre-rock and roll pop, and cowboy films. ", "Music journalist Erik Davis wrote of the album's disconnect to the hippie subculture, noting that \"Smile had banjos, not sitars\". ", "In 1968, Wilson stated that he shelved the album because he did not have a \"commercial feeling\" for its songs and surmised, \"Maybe some people like to hang on to certain songs as their own little songs that they've written, almost for themselves. ", "You know, what they've written is nice for them ... but a lot of people just don't like it.\"", "\n\nIn the months coinciding with Smiles delays, several revolutionary rock albums were issued to an audience that was similarly growing in sophistication, while Wilson's image was reduced to that of an \"eccentric\" figure. ", "From February to May 1967, this included Jefferson Airplane's Surrealistic Pillow, the Velvet Underground's The Velvet Underground and Nico, the Jimi Hendrix Experience's Are You Experienced, and the Beatles' Sgt. ", "Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. ", "Music historian Luis Sanchez writes that as time passed, the hype for Smile turned into \"expectation\", then \"doubt\", and finally, \"bemusement\".", "\n\nDisagreements\n\nThe financial interests of the band and their families was also a major pressure for Wilson. ", "David Anderle and Michael Vosse recalled that the Beach Boys' vocal sessions for Smile were tense between Brian, Parks, and the other group members, and that it caused Brian \"tremendous paranoia\" knowing every studio visit would lead to an argument. ", "Danny Hutton could not remember Brian having doubts about the music until afterward, and reflected that the touring members were also worried about how they would be able to perform the songs live. ", " Durrie Parks, then-wife of Van Dyke, said that there were recording sessions in which \"people wouldn't participate\" and \"meetings where it was discussed that this wasn't going well.\" ", "Vosse recalled: \"The vibe was getting worse and worse. ", "Brian was trying to complete one of the most ambitious projects in pop music. ", "But the people close to him were rolling their eyes and saying, 'Are you sure?' ", "And that really got to him.\" ", "Anderle believed that the Beach Boys had \"no way to relate to what Brian was putting down\" before Sgt. ", "Pepper proved that such ambitious combinations of disparate music elements and surreal lyricism could be successful.", "\n\nIn reference to such claims, band archivist Alan Boyd commented that no evidence of \"drama and angst\" appears on the recordings he heard while compiling The Smile Sessions. ", "A reviewer for the compilation similarly reported that no \"Let It Be style sniping\" is audible on any of the session highlight tracks. ", "Having attended some of the sessions circa January 1967, NME journalist Tracy Thomas wrote that Brian's \"dedication to perfection does not always endear him to his fellow Beach Boys, nor their wives, nor their next door neighbours, with whom they were to have dinner ... But when the finished product is 'Good Vibrations' or Pet Sounds or Smile they hold back their complaints.\" ", " Anderle said that tensions between Parks and Wilson flared after February. ", "The songwriters \"started clashing\" because Brian thought Parks' \"lyric was too sophisticated, and in some areas Brian's music was not sophisticated enough [for Van Dyke].\" ", " Ultimately, he stated, \"a great reason why Smile wasn't finished\" was because of \"resistance in the studio.\"", "\n\nRace against the Beatles\n\nDerek Taylor commented that Brian was preoccupied with \"a mad possessive battle\" against the Rolling Stones and \"particularly\" the Beatles, and that he \"didn't want me to like any other artist but himself. ", "I could never stand bands competing over me. ", "It was never a problem with the Byrds, mind. ", "But Brian...\" He added that it was \"strange too, because the fact that Pet Sounds hadn't sold at all well didn't even bother him. ", "He was only interested in these 'Who Is The Best?' ", "heats. ", " ... Criticism was hell for him because you can only say it's great one more time and he'd never leave you in peace.\" ", "Anderle supported that \"Brian always felt that ... the Beatles were number two [with Derek] ... He had a very strong feeling about that.\"", "\n\nThroughout early 1967, the music industry and pop fans were aware that the Beatles were working on a significant new work as their follow-up to Revolver, with the band having been ensconced in their London studios since the previous November. ", "Wilson told a Rolling Stone interviewer in 1987 that when he started Smile, he was \"trying to beat\" the Beatles; when asked whether Smile would have topped his rivals' subsequent release, Wilson replied: \"No. ", "It wouldn't have come close. ", "Sgt. ", "Pepper would have kicked our ass.\" ", "According to historian Darren Reid: \"In Wilson's mind, the first album to market [in 1967] would be the one to claim victory, it would be the record which would set the standard against which all other albums released after that time would have to be judged.\" ", "Reportedly, his first exposure to the Beatles' February 1967 single \"Strawberry Fields Forever\" affected him. ", "He heard the song while driving with Michael Vosse under the influence of barbiturates. ", "Vosse said that as Wilson pulled over to listen, \"He just shook his head and said, 'They did it already—what I wanted to do with Smile. ", "Maybe it's too late.' ", "I started laughing my head off, and he started laughing his head off ... But the moment he said it, he sounded very serious.\" ", "Responding to a fan's question on his website in 2014, Wilson denied that hearing the song had \"weakened\" him.", "\n\nAfter finishing Sgt. ", "Pepper in early April 1967, Paul McCartney visited the US to reunite with his actress girlfriend Jane Asher and to learn of developments in the San Francisco music scene. ", "While staying with Taylor in Los Angeles, McCartney attended a Beach Boys recording session and played him the Sgt. ", "Pepper song \"She's Leaving Home\", and according to Beatles biographer Ian MacDonald, advised Wilson not to delay in his response to Revolver. ", "In a January 1968 interview, Wilson stated of the McCartney episode that \"it was a little uptight and we really didn't seem to hit it off. ", "It didn't really flow. ... ", "It didn't really go too good.\" ", "He became aware of rumors alleging that Taylor had possibly played some of the Smile tapes for the Beatles. ", "According to Parks, Wilson felt \"very sad\" and began \"question[ing] the loyalties of the people who were working for him\".", "\n\n\"Heroes and Villains\" single\n\nIn July 1967, \"Heroes and Villains\" was released after months of delays. ", "Al Jardine called the final mix a \"pale facsimile\" of Brian's original vision: \"He purposefully under-produced the song ... It was lost because Brian wanted it to be lost. ", "He was no longer interested in pursuing number one.\" ", "Terry Melcher recalled that, before the single was released, Wilson personally delivered an exclusive acetate of the record to radio station KHJ by limousine. ", "As he excitedly offered the vinyl record for radio play, the DJ refused, citing program directing protocols, which Melcher said \"just about killed [Brian]\". \"", "Heroes and Villains\" ultimately peaked at only number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100, and was met with confusion by the general public. ", "Anderle said that whatever new fans the group had brought with Pet Sounds were \"immediately lost with the [single].\" ", "This included Jimi Hendrix, who negatively described the song as a \"psychedelic barbershop quartet\" to the NME. ", "Wilson's emotional state plummeted further, as the band's future manager Jack Rieley wrote for an online Q&A in 1996:\n\nIn Wilson's own words, he became \"fucked up\" and \"jealous\" of the Beatles and Phil Spector, once dismissing Smile as an imitation of Spector's work without \"getting anywhere near him\". ", "Writing in 1981, sociomusicologist Simon Frith identified Wilson's subsequent withdrawal, along with Spector's self-imposed retirement in 1966, as the catalysts for the \"rock/pop split that has afflicted American music ever since\". ", "Frith added that, while the influence of both these producers was evident in 1967 hit songs by the Electric Prunes, the Turtles, Strawberry Alarm Clock, Tommy James and the Shondells, and the 5th Dimension, the most enduring and successful American pop act was the Monkees, which had been created as \"an obvious imitation of the Beatles\".", "\n\nCancellation\n\nIn March 1967, Parks left the project, but returned the next month. ", "On April 14, 1967, he left the project for good in the wake of signing a record deal with Warner Bros. Records so he could work on his debut album Song Cycle. ", "He said: \"I walked away from the situation as soon as I realized that I was causing friction between him and his other group members, and I didn't want to be the person to do that.\" ", "Jules Siegel said that Parks was \"tired of being constantly dominated by Brian.\" ", "Parks was depended upon by Wilson whenever issues came up in the studio, and when he left, the end result was that Wilson lost track of how the album's fragmented music should be assembled.", "\n\nWilson discussed breaking up the Beach Boys \"on many occasions,\" according to Anderle, \"But it was easier, I think to get rid of the outsiders like myself than it was to break up the brothers. ", "You can't break up brothers.\" ", "Siegel was exiled from Wilson's social circle on the grounds that his girlfriend had been disrupting Wilson's work through ESP. ", "Anderle said that at the time \"I couldn't put my finger onto why Smile was now starting to nose dive, other than the fact that I still felt at that point that the central thing was Van Dyke's severing of the relationship.\" ", "He left of his own accord weeks later, after it became apparent that Brian felt he had to prioritize the wishes of the group and his family above all else. ", "The last time Brian was visited by Anderle to discuss business matters, he refused to leave his bedroom. ", "Danny Hutton remained in the circle and recalled \"the vibe was still great\" several months later.", "\n\nIn the last two April 1967 issues of the weekly British journal Disc and Music Echo, Derek Taylor reported that it was uncertain when the Beach Boys' next album or single would be ready. ", "On May 6, he announced in the publication that the Smile tapes had been destroyed by Wilson and would not see release. ", "He wrote: \"What, then? ", "I don't know. ", "The Beach Boys don't know. ", "Brian Wilson, God grant him peace of mind...he doesn't know.\" ", "According to author Christian Matijas-Mecca, it is unlikely that Brian was aware of Taylor's announcement, as he proceeded to record the Smile track \"Love to Say Dada\" only days later. ", "Taylor later described the scene at the time as \"all hell breaking loose. ", "It was tapes being lost, ideas being junked — Brian thinking 'I'm no good' then 'I'm too good' — and then 'I can't sing! ", "I can't get those voices anymore'\". ", " Desperate for a new product from the group, the group's British distributor EMI released \"Then I Kissed Her\" as a single without the band's approval.", "\n\nWilson was left psychologically scarred by the making of Smile and requested Capitol to keep the album unreleased: \"We didn't tell them for how long. ", "We told them 'For a while.'\" ", "He said the group \"nearly broke up for good\" when he asked that \"Surf's Up\" be shelved. ", "Taylor terminated his employment with the group to focus his attention on organizing the Monterey Pop Festival, an event the Beach Boys declined to headline at the last minute. ", "They received significant criticism for their withdrawal, as Gaines writes, the decision \"had a snowballing effect\" that came to represent \"a damning admission that [the Beach Boys] were washed up\".", "\n\nSmiley Smile and Wild Honey\n\nThe Beach Boys were still under pressure and a contractual obligation to record and present an album to Capitol. ", "Carl remembered: \"Brian just said, 'I can't do this. ", "We're going to make a homespun version of [the album] instead. ", "We're just going to take it easy. ", "I'll get in the pool and sing. ", "Or let's go in the gym and do our parts.' ", "That was Smiley Smile.\" ", "By July, the group's dispute with Capitol was resolved, and it was agreed that Smile would not be the band's next album. ", "Released in September, Smiley Smile was met with mixed reviews and the group's worst sales yet, becoming the first in a seven-year string of under-performing Beach Boys albums. ", "Some of the original Smile tracks continued to trickle out in later releases, often as filler songs to offset Brian's unwillingness to contribute. ", "The band was still expecting to complete and release the album as late as 1973 before it became clear that only Brian could comprehend the innumerable fragments that had been recorded. ", "In the meantime, he gradually ceded production and songwriting duties to the rest of the group and self-medicated with the excessive consumption of food, alcohol, and drugs.", "\n\nIn October 1967, Cheetah magazine published \"Goodbye Surfing, Hello God!\", ", "a memoir written by Jules Siegel. ", "The article credited Smiles collapse to \"an obsessive cycle of creation and destruction that threatened not only his career and his fortune but also his marriage, his friendships, his relationships with the Beach Boys and, some of his closest friends worried, his mind\". ", "Carl blamed the article and \"a lot of that stuff that went around before\" with \"really turn[ing Brian] off.\" ", "He also remembered that Brian was concerned about critics who thought \"the band, and Brian in particular, [sounded] like choirboys, [while Brian felt we] should get more into a white R&B bag.\" ", " Johnston said that \"we wanted to be a band again. ", "The whole [Smile] thing had wiped everyone out, and we wanted to play together again.\"", "\n\nWithin three months after the release of Smiley Smile, the Beach Boys recorded and released a new album, Wild Honey, which was heavily influenced by soul music. ", "Carl described it as \"music for Brian to cool out by. ", "He was still very spaced.\" ", "In December 1967, Mike Love told a British journalist: \"Sure people were baffled and mystified by Smiley Smile but it was a matter of progression. ", "We had this feeling that we were going too far, losing touch I guess, and this new one brings us back more into reality ... Brian has been re-thinking our recording program and in any case we all have a much greater say nowadays in what we turn out in the studio.\"", "\n\nMike Love \n\nMike Love is sometimes cited as the reason for the album's collapse. ", "According to Love, he did not have an issue with \"crazy stupid sounds\" or following Brian's odd requests, but he still desired \"to make a commercially successful pop record, so I might have complained about some of the lyrics on Smile.\" ", "Carl said that, with regard to the Smile material, Love's only misgiving was Parks' lyrics. ", "Brian denied that Love's opposition to the lyrics made him shelve the album. ", "In a 1998 deposition related to the memoir Wouldn't It Be Nice: My Own Story, he stated, \"No. ", "There weren't as many lyrics as there was just—see, Smile wasn't a lyrical thing.\" ", "On a later occasion, he said that one of the reasons Smile was never released was because \"Mike didn't like it\". ", "In the same interview, he stated that \"they knew it was good music, but they didn't think it was right for them.\" ", "Although Brian could have sung all the necessary parts, he said, \"I still needed them to do it. ", "I needed that Beach Boy blend. ", "They didn't think they were right for it, but I knew they were right for it.\" ", "Anderle described Carl as \"diplomatic\", Dennis as supportive, and Love as concerned about \"fuck[ing] with the formula\".", "\n\nA December 6, 1966 session for \"Cabin Essence\" was the scene of an argument between Van Dyke Parks and Mike Love after the latter requested that Parks explain the meaning of the lyrics he was to sing. ", "Parks later said the event marked the point in which he started distancing himself from the project. ", "Love was skeptical of Parks' lyrics, and worried that they would not be appreciated and understood by the group's fans. ", "The obtuseness of the lyrics led him to adopt the term \"acid alliteration\" when describing them. ", "He argued that if the words of \"Good Vibrations\" did not have \"anything to connect to people intellectually or emotionally, then it would have been a brilliant piece of music, but perhaps not gone to No 1.\" ", "In a 1968 article for Crawdaddy!, ", "Anderle characterized Love as \"Brian's opposite\", remembering that Wilson would \"stomp right out\" of the room due to the frustration of \"trying to relate to Mike\". ", "He said that Brian repeatedly accused Love of being a \"businessman\" and \"soulless\", however, it was \"very untrue, Mike is a very soulful person ... [but he's] the only one really who is aware of business, for the group ... Mike was the easiest one for me to relate to, outside of Brian ... because Mike understood what I was trying to do on a business level\".", "\n\nLater, Love commented that he was held responsible for the collapse only when the accounts of \"Anderle and the other hipsters\" were used as sources in writings about the Beach Boys. ", "He said that their role as Wilson's drug suppliers was understated so that they would avoid accountability for Wilson's subsequent mental decline and struggles with substance addiction, thus shifting the blame onto himself. ", "A 1971 Rolling Stone article by Tom Nolan inspired a 1978 biography by David Leaf, titled The Beach Boys and the California Myth, which concluded that \"If Brian sought refuge within drugs, in reaction to all the pressure, then everybody must share the blame—the record company, the family, the Beach Boys, and Brian's entourage.\" ", "Love noted that the book included anonymously-quoted attacks toward Marilyn Wilson, who \"had called Brian's new friends 'users' because she saw how they exploited Brian for their own careers while bringing the drugs into her house.\" ", "He took to the issue of Wilson's \"hagiographers and sycophants\" in his 2016 autobiography:\n\nIn the revised 1985 edition of The Beach Boys and the California Myth, Leaf wrote that he \"no longer indict[s] the world of 'being bad to Brian,' when it’s apparent that Brian has been hardest on himself.\" ", "Parks accused Love of historical revisionism, believing that the hostility Love held toward Wilson and Smile was \"the deciding factor\" in the album's postponement. ", "After being told of Love's self-proclaimed love for the material, Parks reportedly stated laughingly, \"I'm just incredulous. ", "I can't believe that he's an enthusiast. ", "I wouldn't condemn him if it took him some time to come to that conclusion.\" ", "In response to press material surrounding the Beach Boys' 50th anniversary reunion and Smile Sessions compilation, Parks released a statement on his website that read: \"Certainly I did walk away from Smile. ... ", "I comment only to combat any doubt that Mike Love delayed the release of Smile by 40 years purely out of a mislaid jealousy. ", "Smile was an obviously good work.\"", "\n\n\"Don't fuck with the formula\"\nThe statement \"don't fuck with the formula\" originates from a 1971 Rolling Stone magazine article written by freelancer Tom Nolan titled \"The Beach Boys: A California Saga\". ", "Nolan's article unusually devoted minimal attention to the group's music, and instead focused on the band's internal dynamics and history, particularly around the period when the band fell out of step with the counterculture of the 1960s. ", "The relevant text pertaining to the \"formula\" quote is as follows:\n\nAnderle later stated that the line \"was taken slightly out of context\" and that Love was more concerned with the \"bottom line\" than the \"artistic\" side of business. ", "Love denied ever telling Wilson \"don't fuck with the formula\", adding that the Beach Boys \"have no formula. ", "In 1967 alone, the year I supposedly made that comment, we recorded Wild Honey, an R&B album that was entirely different from anything we'd ever done, and I cowrote ten songs and sang three leads.\" ", "In a 1998 deposition related to the memoir Wouldn't It Be Nice: My Own Story, Wilson testified that Love had never spoken the line to him. ", "Pet Sounds lyricist Tony Asher did not recall hearing the remark and could not verify whether it was actually spoken. ", "He said that, \"it seems very much like Mike. ", "And to tell the truth, I think he had a point,\" arguing that Pet Sounds \"was not much of a success\" and that its music \"was [probably] not what Beach Boys fans were expecting.\"", "\n\nOver the ensuing years, \"don't fuck with the formula\" was repeated in myriad books, articles, websites, and blogs. ", "The remark is usually invoked to signal the conflicts that arose between Wilson and Love when the former began subverting the \"formula\" that brought the Beach Boys their initial success: songs with lyrics that embraced girls, cars, and surfing. ", "According to journalist David Hepworth, the style of Nolan's 1971 article was unprecedented in the field of music writing, and the \"story within was destined to become a classic piece from that brief interlude when pop writing collided with New Journalism ... It combined admiration for the group's achievements with distaste for their strange, inner world in a way that hadn't been done before\".", "\n\nIn 2017, Rolling Stone included the cousins' discord as one of \"Music's 30 Fiercest Feuds and Beefs\". ", "Contributor Jordan Runtagh wrote that when Wilson \"sought to move the band beyond their fun-in-the-sun persona. ", "Love found the new musical daring pretentious, and feared alienating the fans originally won over by their carefree surfing image.\" ", "In 2014, fans reacted negatively to the announcement that Wilson would be recording a duets album, comparing it to a \"cash-in\". ", "A Facebook post attributed to Wilson responded to the feedback: \"In my life in music, I’ve been told too many times not to fuck with the formula, but as an artist it’s my job to do that.\"", "\n\nBrian Wilson Presents Smile\n\nThe Smile Sessions\n\nReferences\nNotes\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nCollapse of Smile\nCategory:1966 in American music\nCategory:1967 in American music\nCategory:1960s in music" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "1 minute read\n\nSwift Group open new £8m production facility\n\nSwift Group have opened their new £8m purpose-built modern manufacturing facility at its headquarters based in Cottingham, on the outskirts of Hull.", "\n\nThe new facility has taken less than a year to build after construction began in July 2016 and houses production of all the company’s Holiday Homes and Lodges.", "\n\nSwift Group have opened their new £8m facility that took less than 12 months to build / Picture: Swift Group\n\nThe opportunity to build a whole new production facility from scratch is virtually unheard of within the Holiday Home industry and has allowed Swift to create a state of the art facility that sets new standards in the manufacture of holiday homes and lodges and secures employment at the site for many years.", "\n\nThis latest £8m investment follows on from other major investments in capital equipment over the past 5 years as Swift Group introduced its SMART innovative construction systems in touring caravans and motorhomes that have revolutionised their manufacture. ", "The most recent development will be commissioned in the coming weeks and fully operational after the summer.", "\n\nHoulton, the construction firm who have built the new facility, first worked with Swift in the mid 80’s when they were commissioned to build their first production building at the Cottingham site.", "\n\nSwift Group managing director, James Turner said ‘This is a most exciting time for Swift Group. ", "We are starting to see significant benefits from our manufacturing investments over the last few years and have high expectations for the opportunities this new facility will provide. ", "It is fantastic news for the local area’\n\nHoulton managing director, Paul Dickerson added: ‘Houlton was delighted to be chosen to construct this new production facility for Swift Group. ", "It will prove a real boost to the local economy and allowed us to continue to provide excellent learning opportunities for our trainees during this exciting project.’", "\n\nThe new manufacturing facility houses all of the holiday home and lodge production / Picture: Swift Group" ]

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[ "“I was in bedrooms at four in the morning watching Liam and Noel hammer each other, y’know!”", "\n\nPaolo Hewitt definitely “was there then.” ", "For four crucial years he was at the centre of Oasis’s inner circle. ", "Working as the band’s DJ he saw first hand the incendiary power of the original line-up at era-defining shows in front of tens of thousands of people. ", "Paolo also had exclusive access to the unfolding dramas as their fame exploded, in dressing rooms and in recording studios, watching moments of creative success and also familial tension. ", "Written from that insider’s perspective, his two accounts of life with Oasis are the definitive telling of the Oasis story. ", "Getting High, first published in 1997 and newly available as an e-book, takes the band’s story from childhood to Knebworth. ", "The Be Here Now world tour is chronicled in Paolo’s second Oasis book, Forever the People, and finds life within the inner circle to have changed greatly. ", "In this exclusive interview for Oasis Recording Info Tom Stroud hears from Paolo Hewitt about the highs and lows of his time with Oasis and also the creative processes involved in writing his books.", "\n\nTom: Oasis are a brilliant subject for a biographer and right up your street: rock ’n’ roll, working-class heroism, fashion, love of football and the Beatles – it’s a great story isn’t it?", "\n\nPaolo: I know and, yeah, I’m a sucker for all that! ", "I’m always attracted to those kind of stories and this one was perfect. ", "And also because Oasis became such a phenomenon between ’94, ’95 and ’96. ", "That put the icing on the cake, as it were. ", "I mean there’s kind of other bands a little bit like them, but none had the incredible success that Oasis had.", "\n\nIt was a special time and your books do present that: they are very vivid, with pacey narration and an almost novelisation of some parts of the story.", "\n\nYou’re very astute. ", "One of the books that had a real impact on me when I was a young man was In Cold Blood, by Truman Capote. ", "And that led me on to all the new journalism stuff like Tom Wolfe (the New Journalism anthology), Hunter S. Thompson… and that was all about taking journalism away from being cold and factual and using novel-type techniques within it. ", "Which I really liked doing because it just makes the story much more exciting, really. ", "And it also gives you much more of a flavour – if you’re trying to describe a character, a situation, a record, or whatever it is. ", "So I’ve always enjoyed that very much and it’s one of the things I’m very interested in.", "\n\nThat sense of “being there” runs through your writing. ", "Getting High is almost cinematic – it’s not chronological but jumps around a bit to put you in the place.", "\n\nYeah, well that’s another thing: film is a big influence on me as well. ", "I’m a big fan of films such as Once Upon a Time in America, which use flashbacks in a very creative way. ", "That kind of stuff [in Getting High] came with the times as well. ", "They were heady times: there was a lot of drink around, a lot of drugs, and [the prose style] gives you a sense of that as well.", "\n\nGetting High is the definitive account of the early Oasis story. ", "It isn’t an “official” biography but it had input and support from the band, their families, and management. ", "How did you come to be in the position to write the book?", "\n\nWhat happened was that I went to see Oasis – they played two London gigs in a week: one on the Tuesday at the Kentish Town Forum [16th August 1994] and one on the Thursday at the Astoria, I think [18th August 1994]. ", "And after the Astoria gig I went to an after-show party and that’s where I first met Noel. ", "He knew about me because he was a big Jam fan and I’d written the official Jam book. ", "So he knew who I was and we had a very brief chat.", "\n\nAnd I was really knocked out with them because, at that time, their sound was so big and yet they were so static; it was such a weird dynamic to see this band with such a huge sound and them just standing there, not moving to the music. ", "And they looked like a gang as well. ", "So visually they were compelling, and musically they were compelling; Liam’s voice was completely different to anything that was around at the time and Noel’s songwriting was obviously in that classic rock and pop tradition. ", "So I was quite taken with them.", "\n\nAnd then in the January I got a phone call from Noel and he said, “Look, I’m in this flat in Fulham”, which turned out to be Johnny Marr’s flat, “…d’you want to pop over?” ", "And I said yeah, I’d love to. ", "So I went over and, y’know, it was like you just said earlier: Beatles, football, that kind of thing.", "\n\nWhen I did the book I went to Noel’s house in Burnage, where they grew up. ", "And it was just like the council house where I’d lived in Bisley after the children’s home. ", "I was sitting there going: “This sitting room is exactly the same!” ", "So there were a lot of similarities, as it were. ", "And then I got to know Noel very well. ", "Me and him hung out a lot in that year. ", "And it was an amazing year, ’95, because everything was fresh to them; everything was new. ", "It was like, “Oh my god we’re going to Japan! ", "It’s fuckin’ amazing!” ", "And, as Noel pointed out to me, in just one year they’d gone from playing a pub in Yorkshire to playing the Sheffield Arena. ", "It was such an incredible ascent, and I was there. ", "I thought that it really needed documenting, so I approached them and Noel was really up for it.", "\n\nBut it was Marcus [Russell, Oasis’s manager] who said he didn’t want to make it an official book because I think, at that time, there were other [Oasis] books coming out and I don’t think they wanted to get on the bad side of the other writers, [implying] “We’ve chosen Paolo and not you guys.” ", "I think it was that. ", "And the fact that – the official one – if Noel ever does his book then he will command loads and loads of money for it. ", "So I think it was a business decision, which I was fine with because I had complete access anyway. ", "It didn’t really matter and everybody was more than happy to talk to me.", "\n\nWell let’s talk a bit about that access. ", "Because, like you said, when you joined the party that’s early 1995. ", "So already there’s a bit of back story to fill in. ", "And that involved research, and also sitting down and talking to people. ", "Can you tell us a bit about the research process?", "\n\nBecause I was spending a lot of time on the road with Oasis I had a very good friend of mine called Beatrice, [Beatrice Venturini in Getting High’s Acknowledgements] an Italian girl, do the research for me on Manchester. ", "Meantime, during my time with the band, I would ask people questions along the way: “What happened when you recorded with the Real People? ", "How did that all come together?” ", "And also, because I’d be there in the dressing room, on the coach, and in hotel rooms, they would naturally say stuff like, “D’you remember that time we were travelling back from that gig and we got stopped by the police and they opened up the boot?” ", "So I was just jotting it all down. ", "So it was kind of a bit of formal research, and a bit of informal research as well.", "\n\nAnd the great thing was that Noel asked me to DJ, which was really good because it meant that no-one saw me as “The Writer.” ", "It was more like, “That’s Paolo – he’s the DJ.” ", "No one thought, “That’s the writer, we’d better keep quiet.” ", "So when I’d come into the dressing room no one would shut up. ", "They would just carry on. ", "They wouldn’t shut up in front of me for fear of being written about. ", "So I got a load of good stuff there, really.", "\n\nYour book is very specific. ", "There’s a lot of dates and a lot of detail in it. ", "You mentioned that earlier, presumably, you had access to tour diaries and everything was open to you.", "\n\nYeah, I did a lot of groundwork. ", "Getting stuff from Creation Records, going through the NME, reading everything about them. ", "I think I spent probably January, February, March [1996] just reading. ", "It was important to have all that documented, like: “They played here, they did this, this is where that happened, this is where that happened.” ", "So that took me about three months really. ", "And then I thought, “Well, I’ve got enough info now.” ", "Like I said, I had a great mix of the formal and the informal to work with. ", "I do think with any biography, and also just personally, I wanted to up my writing. ", "A lot of people really loved The Jam: A Beat Concerto but I think it lacked a lot of detail. ", "Because, in that time, in ’83-’84, detail wasn’t such a big thing as it is now. ", "And if I did that book again I’d put [things like], “They went to RAK Studios on 12th October and this is what they recorded, and da-de-da-de-dah…” And that’s what I was trying to do with the Oasis book. ", "To up my game, just as a writer. ", "That, to me, my books up to [Getting High] are kind of stepping stones to the one where… that was my Morning Glory, if you like!", "\n\nYou’d already written books on The Jam (A Beat Concerto) and the Small Faces (The Young Mods’ Forgotten Story) – but they were kind of ‘closed’ stories because you knew how they ended; Getting High was different in that it was an on-going story, wasn’t it?", "\n\nYeah, It was! ", "It was. ", "And I did a follow-up to it when I went on tour with them [Forever the People]. ", "Which I always liken to that Beatles book from ’63…..\n\nMichael Braun’s Love Me Do.", "\n\nYeah. [", "Forever the People] was more about what it was like to be on tour, really. ", "I think there’s a lot of good scenes in there because obviously I was in bedrooms at four in the morning watching Liam and Noel hammer each other, y’know! [", "Laughs]\n\nLet’s talk about that. ", "The fact that you’re in the dressing room at four in the morning and there’s certain craziness and substances going on, and you went and wrote it down the next day. ", "Which-\n\nNo, that night!", "\n\nWhat, before you went to bed?", "\n\nYeah, yeah, yeah, yeah!", "\n\nBecause there’s a huge amount of discipline in all of this, isn’t there?", "\n\nYeah, well I had to be, I had to be, because – even though it was great fun – I would get back to my bedroom and I would just think: “What did Noel say about that? ", "Liam said that, Guigsy said that,” Crrrr, and I’d get it all down. ", "I’d wake up in the morning and I wouldn’t be able to read my own writing! ", "Haha. ", "Nah, that’s not true! ", "But I knew it was an important book. ", "And so, even though, yeah, I had a few drinks and whatever, there was always part of me which was like: OK… just remember what they said, y’know. ", "So I was able to do that.", "\n\nWere you the guy with the notebook, or did you have a cassette running…?", "\n\nNo. ", "No, no, no. ", "I had all these big green notebooks back at the hotel. ", "So when I got in I would literally spend an hour just scribbling everything down. ", "That’s if it was of interest. ", "Some nights nothing happened! ", "And it was boring, y’know? ", "And other nights I’d get a load of really good stuff.", "\n\nThe account of the set-to between Liam and Noel at Maison Rouge is particularly vivid and a brilliant way to open Getting High. ", "How did you go about writing that chapter? ", "The dialogue seems completely authentic. ", "I thought that was a transcription of a cassette or something.", "\n\nNo. ", "No, no. ", "It was… I mean… I got home at 4 a.m. after that one and I probably spent about two hours writing down everything I could remember. ", "Because that’s one of my favourite tracks, The Masterplan. ", "I think it’s probably my favourite Oasis track. ", "And hearing that for the first time… and also Round Are Way as well. ", "But hearing The Masterplan and thinking, “My god, this is epic!” ", "And Noel’s writing had just got better and better and better, d’you know what I mean?", "\n\nI mean, I like the first album but it seemed he was just getting better and better and The Masterplan was that… I was just excited when I got in. ", "I thought it was just amazing. ", "I think I got him to play it three times: “Play that tune again!” [", "Laughs] It is such a wonderful record.", "\n\nAnd a stunning way to open the book because it really sets the tone as well.", "\n\nThank you. ", "When I came to write it I knew, straight away, that that scene had everything: Noel’s songwriting, Liam bickering, Meg was there… a lot of the people who were around the group at the time. ", "I thought it just set it up really nicely, and there was that big argument, but then Noel plays The Masterplan and it just shuts Liam up! ", "I just thought: this is brilliant. ", "Those things fall into your lap and you’ll be, like, “Thank you Lord.”", "\n\nSo you started DJ-ing for the band at gigs and you’re making notes at the time. ", "Once it became clear that you were writing a book did your relationship change? ", "Were they suspicious or guarded around you?", "\n\nNo, no. ", "They knew that I was… I mean, at that point, they didn’t care. ", "They really didn’t care. ", "I remember having a meeting with Marcus and Noel, and Noel was saying [to me] “You write whatever you like” and Marcus was like, “Noel, in ten years’ time you’ll have a kid; are you sure you want them to be reading this stuff?” ", "Noel was saying it’s not a problem. ", "I think now if I was to say to Noel, “Can I do a book now about you?” ", "he’d probably be a lot more guarded. ", "But then… that’s what I was saying to you: it was such fun, because everything was new to them. ", "They’d come from literally playing to two people in a pub to Earls Court. ", "What a journey! ", "In, like, a year and a half.", "\n\nI never had any problems with any of them really. ", "It wasn’t that… I mean there was a lot of rumblings from some of their friends, like, “Who’s that fuckin’ cockney?” ", "D’you know what I mean? ", "I’m not even a cockney! ", "But there was a bit of that Manc… a lot of, “Fookin’ cockney fookin’ who’s he fookin…” blah blah blah blah blah.", "\n\nLike you wouldn’t understand because you’re not from the North.", "\n\nYeah! ", "Cos Mancs are like that; they hate London. ", "But I used to get them by doing this thing: “Er, Liam, where do you live?” ", "Primrose Hill. “", "Noel, where do you live?” ", "Belsize Park. “", "Guigsy…?” ", "and so on. ", "When they were giving their, “Manchester was the be-all and end-all of everything” thing I’d just shoot ’em down like that. [", "Laughs].", "\n\nThey couldn’t wait to move out though.", "\n\nAnd also football was a big thing as well.", "\n\nYes. ", "Of course!", "\n\nBut I’m Spurs, so I’d just mention Ricky Villa (who scored the winner in 1981 for Spurs against Manchester City in the FA Cup final)… that’d shut them up! ", "For a second. ", "So everything was just fun. ", "Everything was just happening, like, crazy. ", "And I think they were far more open, so they really didn’t care. ", "And they knew they could trust me because they knew that I was a fan of the band and that I wasn’t… you’ve gotta remember that Oasis were very, very clever in the early days. ", "Because what had happened was that, in the eighties, the inkies – the tabloids – had got interested in pop music again. ", "And so: here’s Boy George, and isn’t he cuddly? ", "And isn’t he lovely? ", "And… CRASH! ", "He’s a heroin addict. ", "Crisis! ", "Blah blah blah blah blah. ", "All that.", "\n\nSo what Oasis did was that they came along and went, “Yeah, we love cocaine, we love girls, we love drinking, we love the rock ’n’ roll lifestyle” …and what could [the press] do with that? ", "There were no great exposés to do on the band because they’d fessed up to it already. ", "I remember seeing this headline in the News of the World where, I dunno, one of their bodyguards had written a book and it said something like: “Liam Took Two Grammes of Coke And Climbed On Top Of A Coach” or something and all the country said: “Yeah, we know! ", "He told us that last week.", "”[Laughs].", "\n\nYeah!", "\n\nSo they said we know that because they’ve told us this. ", "There’s no, y’know, there’s nothing to expose.", "\n\nI remember reading a quote from Noel and this was like ’94 or ’95… Oasis were a group who unashamedly wanted it all and Noel in particular would tell fans, “We tell the truth, we’ve got nothing to hide.”", "\n\nYeah!", "\n\nDid that mean there were no restrictions on you as a writer?", "\n\nYeah, yeah, yeah! ", "Because what was I going to say that the tabloids hadn’t already said?", "\n\nYes.", "\n\nY’know, there was nothing there. ", "So… I think there’s one bit where I’m round at Noel’s flat and he deliberately picked an argument with Liam so that Liam would shoot off in a rage. ", "And Noel just pulled out a wrap and went: “Great! ", "More for us.” [", "Laughs]. ", "And he’d done it deliberately. ", "And I wrote that and they were absolutely fine.", "\n\nThe scenes of the Gallaghers’ tough childhood and home life are particularly evocative. ", "Was it hard to talk to Liam and Noel about that sort of thing?", "\n\nI was brought up in a children’s home you see; so I kinda knew that shit, d’you know what I mean? ", "So I could kind of… when me and Noel were drunk one night and I said, “Look, I know you’ve had shit in your life but I’ve had shit in mine.” ", "And that kind of binds you. ", "So I think they realised that what I would do would be sensitive towards that. ", "But I kinda knew that world anyway; I understood their relationship with their dad, I really did. ", "Because I’d had a similar thing myself. ", "My foster mother was a cruel, vindictive woman. ", "So it was a very unspoken thing, but I knew I could write it and write it well, and it would be fine.", "\n\nYour first gig as DJ (Southend-On-Sea Cliffs Pavilion, 17th April 1995) was Tony McCarroll’s last with the band. [", "1] Was it particularly memorable?", "\n\nNo, it wasn’t that great to be honest with you. ", "I wasn’t that blown away. ", "I remember seeing them at Brighton [29th December 1994], which was a lot better; that Kentish Town Forum gig when I first saw them was great; Blackpool, the first date of one of their tours, [2nd October 1995] was amazing; one in Aberdeen was fuckin’ out of this world [20th September 1997]. ", "But, no… I mean it was all just chaos. ", "There was this real sense of chaos going on. ", "And then up in Scotland, what was that one where I played Hey Jude afterwards? ", "Then everyone wrote about it and Noel was like, “You got more publicity than I did!” [", "Laughs]\n\nIrvine Beach (14th and 15th July 1995) – that’s the gig you were thinking of.[2]\n\nThere you go!", "\n\nWhat was it like DJ-ing, seeing the crowds?", "\n\nIt was fantastic, it was great. ", "What was interesting as well – just culturally and musically – was that in the eighties I only really listened to black music. ", "Because, for me, rock music was just rubbish. ", "All these indie bands and… y’know, it was just dire. ", "And then suddenly you had acid house, which was amazing; and you had hip-hop, which was amazing. ", "So, at the NME, I was known as the kind of black music guy, like: “There’s Paolo in the corner with his disco stuff.” ", "I was known like that. ", "But in the ’90s when I went… there was this real sea change. ", "Because bands like Oasis came along. ", "All these bands started appearing who’d been part of that thing; they were into hip-hop and they were into acid house. ", "In fact, did you send me that track that was close to Columbia?", "\n\nDavid might’ve done. ", "He might’ve got one from me.", "\n\nHe sent me this track that influenced Columbia [Axe Corner – Tortuga], and it’s this pure acid house track.[3] So it was this melting of all those barriers. ", "That’s what I loved about the ’90s – all those barriers went down and I think ecstasy had quite a lot to do with it. ", "I remember being at the NME and all the writers coming back from Glastonbury after seeing the Stone Roses or someone, and they’d all done an E… and suddenly they were coming up to me and going, “You know that track that goes: ‘Can you feel it?’ – ", "who’s that by?” ", "I’d go, oh that’s so-and-so [Fingers Inc. – Can You Feel It]. ", "And then another one would come up. ", "So all those barriers were broken down I think. ", "So when I was DJ-ing I could play anything, as long as it was good. ", "You could play Hey Jude and you could play Sly Stone; people would get off on that as well. ", "There was this real sense that anything could go. ", "It was a very exciting period, musically.", "\n\nIn summer ’95 you wrote the liner notes for Morning Glory, describing Oasis as “A sound that was a million miles away from fakery and a step away from your heart… a council estate singing its heart out, you hear the clink of loose change that is never enough to buy what you need, boredom and poverty, hours spent with a burnt out guitar, dirty pubs and cracked up pavements, violence and love, all rolled into one, and now all this.”", "\n\nWhich I did Sunday morning at 9 a.m., absolutely sober at my sister’s house in Horley, Surrey. ", "And everybody was like, “You were off your tits!” ", "but no – I was absolutely stone-cold sober! [", "Laughs] But I thought that it needed a kind of surreal sort of thing in there. ", "There was no point in writing a kind of, you know, “This band are from Manchester” and blah-blah-blah… I thought I’d just go with the flow. ", "And I was absolutely stone-cold sober when I wrote that.", "\n\nIt’s like a surreal love letter to the band, isn’t it? ", "Because you were clearly a fan!", "\n\nYeah, it was. ", "And, y’know, they’d asked me to do that and I was very honored to do it.", "\n\nHow did writing the liner note come about? ", "They’re rare for albums (Morning Glory is certainly the only Oasis album to have one).", "\n\nWell, the old ones did… Noel just came to me and said, “Do you want to write it?”", "\n\nThe Beatles albums did, but I assumed it was a nod to the mysterious Cappuccino Kid’s missives on Style Council sleeves…?", "\n\nWell, there was a little bit of that going on as well, I suppose. ", "I remember being in America and three or four people were like, “Oh my god, I really love that piece of writing.” ", "There was one girl who said, “You’ve made me a poet because of that.” ", "And I was like: “I really do apologise.”", "\n\nYou wrote the Morning Glory sleeve note as “P.H.” Why the initials?", "\n\nBecause every time I write something for an album I always like to put a different name.", "\n\nOh OK. ", "And you’re listed, P.W. and P.H., with “eternal respect” to you both.", "\n\nYeah, yeah. ", "Which was beautiful.", "\n\nWas objectivity ever an issue in writing Getting High? ", "You loved the music and were also employed by them… did you ever think: I better tone it down a bit because this is turning into too much of a love letter?", "\n\nI dunno. ", "Well… I liked all that stuff up till then. ", "It’s the first two albums, isn’t it?", "\n\nYes.", "\n\nAnd so, y’know, I didn’t think they’d put a foot wrong, really. ", "But then I’d heard that stuff about Whatever where they got sued by Neil Innes didn’t they?[4] And then the Coca-Cola thing as well [with Shakermaker]. ", "But, you know, people used to go, “Oh, the beginning of Don’t Look Back in Anger is John Lennon.” ", "It was deliberately John Lennon. ", "It was put there to wind people up! ", "That’s what they were doing, like: “You think we’re ripping the Beatles off? ", "Have a listen to this!” [", "Laughs] It was like, they didn’t care. ", "All musicians before always try and hide their tracks; they nick a riff and then try and hide it away. ", "Oasis didn’t. ", "They just played up to it.", "\n\nCigarettes and Alcohol is audacious isn’t it? ", "You wouldn’t do that now – it’s such an obvious nick.", "\n\nExactly. ", "And they got sued – and they didn’t care! ", "It was like, “Yeah, give ’em money, who cares?” ", "That’s how it was. ", "It was so refreshing.", "\n\nYou interviewed all of the band on camera for inclusion in the “There And Then” video. ", "What was that like?", "\n\nThat was great. ", "They were all very comfortable with me. ", "By this time I’m going to Guigsy’s house, Noel’s house, occasionally seeing Liam. ", "It was such a great time. ", "I’d go round to Noel’s flat in Camden. ", "I always liked that line in the book where I said his success was much bigger than the flat. [", "Laughs] It was true because they were so big by then; and yet you’d go to this tiny flat in Camden. ", "And we’d watch the football and stuff like that. ", "And it was all just a laugh. ", "So they were very comfortable with me. ", "It was all good.", "\n\nThere’s that George Harrison line about the calmness at “the eye of the hurricane” – you were in the middle of it, weren’t you?", "\n\nYeah, yeah. ", "And also because they kind of… the Beatles said it, didn’t they? ", "In that the one they felt sorry for was Elvis, because at least when it happened to the Beatles there were four of them who could experience it together and protect each other. ", "Whereas Elvis was completely on his own.", "\n\nBeing part of the gang makes the difference, doesn’t it?", "\n\nYeah. ", "Absolutely. ", "And Oasis were very much a gang then. ", "I think my favourite photograph of them was a little bit later on, for the Be Here Now thing. ", "And Liam’s obviously just said something mad and they’re all just pissing themselves laughing. ", "D’you know that one?", "\n\nYeah, is it Jill Furmanovsky’s shot?", "\n\nYes, Jill’s – that’s my favourite shot of them man, because they did come out with these surreal things. ", "It was very much… I mean Noel was always full of stories. ", "And he would always elaborate. ", "So I remember going round the flat once and he’d just seen Morrissey in the street. ", "And it wasn’t like, “Hello Morrissey. ", "How are you?” ", "It was huge, kind of, “passing of the flame to Noel” [symbolic] kind of stuff and I remember thinking: yeah, right! ", "But Liam would come out with stuff like, “This place smells of balloons.” [", "Laughs] I was like, “What?!” ", "He had this kind of surreal kind of sensibility. ", "And that kind of informed the sleeve notes as well. ", "That’s what I was trying to capture.", "\n\nTell me about the rest of the band – Bonehead, Guigsy, and Alan.", "\n\nWell they were very much the… they knew that Noel and Liam obviously were Oasis. ", "And they were very, very protective. ", "And they were really lovely guys, very loyal. ", "And very funny as well. ", "Bonehead was funny. ", "Guigsy was more of a spliff man, so he had a much more dry sense of humour. ", "I remember we played football once in Australia and I was playing up front. ", "And I thought I could smell something… and I realized he had a fuckin’ toke going on! [", "Laughs]\n\nBut, for example, that football game was on the Be Here Now tour. ", "And by then it’d got too big. ", "And Liam had gone out and smacked a fan in the mouth, d’you remember all this?", "\n\nThat’s right. ", "I remember – this is in the book, isn’t it?", "\n\nAnd it was… we were all woken up and it was, “Don’t talk to the press” and it was all this crisis thing. ", "And Guigsy went, “You see that park over there? ", "We’re gonna go over there and have a game of football.” ", "And everybody was like, “Uh, what?!” ", "And he said, “Come on, we’re gonna have a game of football.” ", "And everybody went over and we played some local side and we won. ", "And Guigsy had bonded everybody together; he’d brought football in and bonded everyone. ", "And that night, everybody was back and it didn’t matter what Liam had done. ", "And that’s what I mean about their kind of loyalty: they were clever in knowing how to protect each other.", "\n\nBonehead seems a stabilizing influence at the time.", "\n\nHe was great, Bonehead. ", "Yeah, that’s what I mean. ", "They were stabilizing and they knew everybody inside out. ", "So they could… when mates know that they know how to protect each other. ", "So it was a great thing.", "\n\nIn writing the first book you interviewed a lot of the band’s then inner circle as part of the research process – can I throw some names at you and just get you to give a sort of potted reaction to them?", "\n\nYeah.", "\n\nAlan McGee.", "\n\nI didn’t really know Alan. ", "He used to turn up on gigs and I think he was a bit wary of me and I was a bit wary of him. ", "But then I said, “I really need to talk to you for the book.” ", "And then we really bonded. ", "You know, music brings people together. ", "If you’ve got a love for music it doesn’t really matter what the music is. ", "And that’s why he asked me to write the Creation book later [Alan McGee & the Story of Creation Records: This Ecstasy Romance Cannot Last].", "\n\nAnd I really like Alan. ", "He’s very funny, very self-deprecating. ", "He’d got a very good grasp on what was going on. ", "And he loved the band, he really did. ", "And he’s always been a very big supporter of the band, he really has. ", "Very loyal.", "\n\nMarcus Russell.", "\n\nHe was a great manager for them because he had this calmness… he didn’t panic. ", "He wasn’t a panicker. ", "So when things went mental he took control of the situation and made sure it was OK. ", "And he had a very self-deprecating manner.", "\n\nThere was a lovely time once where me and Noel went to Italy. ", "And that’s when I interviewed Marcus, in Italy. ", "I kept on asking for an interview and he said, “Look, I tell you what: me and Noel are going out to do a couple of radio stations in Italy for a couple of days, I’ll probably have a bit of time then; why don’t you come over? ", "And we can talk then.” ", "And that’s when I got a really good interview from him. ", "He was a lovely guy Marcus.", "\n\nVery straight, very sober sounding when you read him talk.", "\n\nYeah, well he had to be because [Laughs] everybody else was lurching around, weren’t they?", "\n\nOwen Morris.", "\n\nOwen was fine but I don’t think we really… he didn’t kind of get me because when I showed up… I don’t think I interviewed Owen, and I kept meaning to but it didn’t happen. ", "And he couldn’t quite work out what I was, because one minute I was a DJ and then I’d written an article. ", "He couldn’t kind of get a grip on me, y’know? ", "So… but he was fine, he was fine.", "\n\nThe Real People – because that’s an interesting story in itself – did you interview them?", "\n\nYeah. ", "They played support on a few of the gigs. ", "So I got to know them. ", "Of course they kept on bugging me to write their book! [", "Laughs]\n\nBecause they’ve got their own tale to tell about what happened in the early years, haven’t they?", "\n\nYes. ", "It was only afterwards that – I think it was Tony [Griffiths] said to me that he felt that… because one thing which I never nailed and it kind of… even now thinking about it kind of bugs me – was that, if you – d’you remember those Oasis demos that came out? ", "The first lot?", "\n\nYeah, the pre-’93 ones: Colour My Life and all that stuff.", "\n\nHow bad were those songs?", "\n\nYeah, they don’t sound like the Oasis of ’93.", "\n\nThey’re dreadful, right? ", "They’re absolutely dreadful. ", "How did they go from that to Rock ’n’ Roll Star or all those other tracks? ", "How did Talk Tonight or… how did all that come about? ", "And Tony says that Noel was cadging a lot off the Real People. ", "And he probably was, I don’t know. ", "But it’s one thing that bugged me and I should’ve nailed that a bit further, really, in the book.", "\n\nI think there was some legal action, wasn’t there? ", "Because the Griffiths do get credits on certain records now when they didn’t at the time.[5]\n\nYeah, yeah, yeah. ", "And I should’ve kind of gone in a bit on that. ", "And it was one thing I thought, “I must ask Noel how they went from one thing to another.” ", "But he probably would’ve given me some bullshit answer. ", "Because, really, he was just developing, do you know what I mean? ", "But it is incredible how that… because those first eight songs are dreadful.", "\n\nYeah, they’re baggy, shuffly; they sound like Northside. ", "They don’t sound like the Beatles, do they?", "\n\nYeah, yeah… Northside gone Southside! [", "Laughs]\n\nThe Abbots! ", "Tim and Chris – they were a force at the start of the Oasis thing weren’t they?", "\n\nYeah they were. ", "And Tim was – I didn’t see Chris so much – but Tim was really funny. ", "He made me laugh… I remember him saying to me once he had a job at Levi’s. ", "Where he was doing advertising or marketing for Levi’s, and he said, “I went to Thailand and I didn’t come back for two years.” ", "Pause. “", "Those pills are good aren’t they?!”", "\n\nAnd Johnny Hopkins as well, doing the press.", "\n\nWell Johnny made me laugh man because by this time, by ’95, I was really close with Noel and I remember Loaded had said to me, “Look, can you get an interview with him?” ", "So I rang Noel up and said, “Are you up for doing an interview for Loaded?” ", "And he said, “Yeah, come round – we’ll do it now.” [", "Week of release of Roll With It single, August 1995].", "\n\nAnd, of course, I went round there and we did the interview about the album… and we went to Regent’s Park and this photographer came along, took some photos. ", "The photo was of the ball coming in, flying in front of Noel? ", "The football?", "\n\nRight, yes.", "\n\nYeah, that’s in Regent’s Park. ", "In fact that’s me kicking the ball. ", "And then I went home and wrote it. ", "Didn’t even think anything of it. ", "Just sent it in and, of course, it was the front cover on Loaded and it wasn’t part of their press campaign. ", "And suddenly there was… all hell broke loose. ", "People were so precious about everything. ", "And I remember Johnny saying to me, “I think that this interview could’ve well and truly scuppered the sales of (What’s the Story) Morning Glory?” [", "Laughs] Eleven million albums later…\n\nDidn’t do any harm! ", "But of course you had the direct line to Noel at the time; you didn’t have to go through the press department.", "\n\nYeah. ", "I can see Johnny’s point of view really, but he was… and they were very clever as well. ", "That first interview with the NME [published 23rd April 1994] – they’d talked about it beforehand, like, “It’s our first NME interview; how are we going to handle this?” ", "Well, you know, why don’t you two have a ruck? ", "And that kinda set the tone, didn’t it?", "\n\nThat’s the Wibbling Rivalry interview.[6]\n\nExactly. ", "Yeah, yeah. ", "And it was like that; you can imagine them in their bedroom at sixteen, shouting at each other about songs being better than… because Liam was convinced that the way he looked and his attitude was what was drawing people to Oasis. ", "And Noel would say, “No, it’s the fucking songs”, you know. ", "So…\n\nAnd that charisma: a joy for a writer as well.", "\n\nYeah, because that tension went the whole way through. ", "I think there was a bit in [Getting High] where we played Dublin [23rd March 1996] and their dad shows up and Noel’s like, “Don’t fuckin’ talk to him!” [", "Noel and Liam] used to do this thing where they’d lock – like Antelopes, you know? ", "They’d put their foreheads against each other like that. ", "So it was just – back to the hotel room crrrr, write, write, write, write, write, you know? ", "That’s how it was.", "\n\nOne more name to throw at you and that’s Peggy Gallagher.", "\n\nShe was lovely. ", "She gave me such a great, lovely interview. ", "She was from that generation that didn’t want any fuss, you know. ", "And I remember Noel saying to me, “We’ve offered her everything” and all she wanted was a bigger TV. ", "She wanted to still live in her council house, because that’s what she knew; she was happy there. ", "Why move? ", "She didn’t want a big house. “", "We’ll buy you a place” – but she wasn’t interested.", "\n\nAnd you went there for tea and she told you everything you needed to know.", "\n\nYeah, it was great. ", "It was fantastic. ", "Because Noel came with me; me and Noel went up to Manchester and we had two days there. ", "And he took me to his mum’s house and, like I said to you, this is exactly the same as… [where I had stayed in Woking]. ", "And there was stuff I put into [Getting High] like, there was a Formica table. ", "And, later, you know when McGee gave Noel the Rolls?", "\n\nYes.", "\n\nAnd Noel’s rubbing the thing going – “Well, this isn’t Formica!” [", "Laughs] So I made a little play on that in the book.", "\n\nWhat was the band’s view generally on the idea of a biography? ", "Their media image at the time suggested that they weren’t great readers…\n\nNo. ", "And, in fact, there was brilliant day when – it was the day after Knebworth – and I’d basically finished the book. ", "Or I’d finished a lot of it. ", "And Guigsy said, “D’you know what? ", "You should take it round to Liam.” ", "Because he was a little bit suspicious. ", "He said to take it round to Liam and show him what I’d been doing.", "\n\nSo Guigsy picked me up and we go round to Liam’s. ", "And he comes down and I said, “Look, Liam, y’know, I know you’ve been a bit suspicious but this is what I’ve been doing so far. ", "Have a look.” ", "And he looks through all these pages and went, “It’s no fucking good to me!” ", "And I went: “Why not?” ", "And he said, “The fuckin’ pictures! ", "Where’s the fucking pictures?!” [", "Laughs] He wanted to look good in it, that’s what he was interested in: how good he looked in the photos!", "\n\nSo, I think Noel, Guigsy, Bonehead, Alan White… all of them were very complimentary.", "\n\nYou wrote a book with Guigsy, didn’t you?", "\n\nYeah, in that same period we discovered this footballer called Robin Friday and we wrote a book about him [The Greatest Footballer You Never Saw: The Robin Friday Story] during that brilliant summer of ’96. ", "We’d found out about this guy and we were going down to Reading together every week and finding out about Robin Friday.", "\n\nHow was Getting High received by management and also the publisher?", "\n\nLoved it.", "\n\nWere you asked to take much out? ", "More of this, less of that?", "\n\nNo. ", "Nothing. ", "It was run as was written. ", "The publishers loved it. ", "I remember they let… the first one to read it was some girl from Esquire. ", "You know that quote, “Sometimes you get what you pay for, 10 out of 10”? ", "Whoever that was, that was the first person to read it.", "\n\nThere was all that secrecy bollocks as well [Laughs]. ", "They were put into a room with the manuscript and they read it and there was… I remember Jake (my editor) calling me and saying they thought it was amazing, they love it. ", "And there was… the only one – y’see this is the worst thing about being a writer. ", "Let’s say I had fifty reviews of that book.", "\n\nThere were forty-nine going: this is amazing, this is great, this is wonderful, this is… you know… superb, and blah blah blah. ", "And there was one crappy review and it was in MOJO. ", "And they slagged the book off like no one’s business. ", "And I later found it was this bloke who really hated me anyway. ", "But that was the one review that I remembered. ", "Not the one going, “You’re brilliant” but the ones going, “You’re crap.” ", "That’s the one you remember! [", "Laughs].", "\n\nBut that’s the artist in you isn’t it?", "\n\nBut you’re just like “grr.” ", "But, you know, you have to go with the flow and it sold really well, everybody liked it, and I’m still very proud of it. ", "In fact the other day I dipped into it and about an hour later I was still reading it and I thought, “Fuck me! ", "Who wrote this?! ", "This is really good!” [", "Laughs].", "\n\nOne of my big regrets was… have you got the book there?", "\n\nI haven’t got it to hand, no.", "\n\nOK, well check out the first word and the last two words in the book. [“", "Always at it. ", "Always. ", "The pair of them” p. 3 and “Always at it. ", "Always the pair of them” p. 395]\n\nRight.", "\n\nAnd you’ll… I was very pleased with it, except the second word I’m talking about had a letter on it which I forgot to take out. ", "But anyway.", "\n\nIn writing Getting High you must have pulled together loads of interview material; do you still have the raw tapes or transcripts? ", "And would you do anything with that?", "\n\nNo. ", "I don’t think I’ve got… I mean, I’ve moved house a few times, so they’re up in the loft somewhere if I’ve got them. ", "I don’t think I’ve got them to be honest with you. ", "I’m terrible like that. ", "It drives people mad… I mean, I interviewed Marvin Gaye, I should have the tapes for that but…\n\nDamn.", "\n\nBut I’ve just… there were some writers on the NME who were very much into collecting stuff. ", "So some album would come out and they would get every version of it. ", "But – to me – it’s just always been about the music; if the music’s great then, that’s always how I’ve been. ", "So unfortunately I haven’t got those things.", "\n\nSo no loft full of Oasis memorabilia or unreleased songs or anything?", "\n\nNah, well… I’ll probably have a look one day. ", "I’ve probably got all the notebooks with all my jottings in and maybe I’ve still got all the newspaper clippings and whatever. ", "I mean, my room was… oh man, you should’ve seen this room by the end of it. ", "It was like Hurricane Oasis had been in there! [", "Laughs] It was books and things… and also because I was reading so much around, there were things like Johnny Rogan’s Smiths book [Morrissey and Marr: The Severed Alliance]. ", "I just immersed myself in that whole thing for about two years. ", "Which, to write a book like that, you’ve got to do.", "\n\nYeah, it’s a huge part of your life. ", "A huge commitment.", "\n\nIt was, yeah. ", "But that’s the band to do it for. ", "At that time, that was the band to do it for. ", "I remember when I went to hear Be Here Now at AIR Studios in Hampstead, where they were having a playback [recounted in Chapter 1 of Forever the People, pp. ", "25-6].", "\n\nAnd I remember afterwards Liam going, “Yeah, I saw your fookin’ book and it was really big, so I know you’re taking this seriously.” ", "He wouldn’t read it. ", "He wouldn’t have read it. ", "But because it was so big he thought that that was the kind of… and that’s right! ", "That’s what a band like Oasis should have, a big book like that. ", "Because they were such a big band, they should have a book as big as that.", "\n\nThey deserved that book.", "\n\nYeah. ", "It was like everything Oasis did, you either understood it and thought, that’s that. ", "Or that’s amazing, like the Masterplan, Talk Tonight, Half the World Away.", "\n\nAnd they were so bound up in the times as well. ", "Getting High really captures that. ", "It’s this sense of “they’re the heroes and they win the day”, don’t they?", "\n\nWell it was great because the guy who’s putting it out on Kindle (Rupert) he wasn’t particularly a fan of Oasis. ", "And he said to me, “Would you like it to come out?”, ", "he was starting this new Kindle thing, and I said, “I’d love it.” ", "And I asked him if he was a fan and he said, “Nah, not really.” ", "And then he wrote back to me and he said, “What a fantastic document of those times.” ", "And I was really chuffed with that, because that’s what I was trying to do as well, because you had Loaded magazine; that was part of the story as well, as much as the band playing Knebworth. ", "There were all these kind of influences going on. ", "That’s what I was trying to do, to capture that era. ", "And of course those things can’t last, unfortunately. ", "But, you know what mate? ", "It was three or four fantastic years. ", "For me those two books, and especially Getting High, I thought – yeah – I’ve done well there.", "\n\nYeah, it was a very creative moment in British popular culture. ", "Getting High in particular really documents that sense of joy and optimism. ", "Echoes of the sixties were everywhere – it was a great time to be alive wasn’t it?", "\n\nIt was, it really was. ", "You know I was getting towards the end of writing the book and I was so tired. ", "And then one day I thought of this idea of Noel hitting this chord and it floating across the sea and landing where Peggy had sat (or where this young Irish girl had sat, you weren’t sure). ", "And that kind of summed it up to me, d’you know what I mean? ", "This whole… block of time, and what had happened. ", "I’m always very respectful of those days, I feel that I was very lucky to be there. ", "I really was. ", "And I put myself there, obviously, because of the work I’d done. ", "But I was very lucky to be there then and be there now. ", "Or be there then! [", "Laughs] And to see all that was fantastic. ", "And the summers were great and there was all this other music happening, all these other bands popping up: the Verve and so on.", "\n\nYes – Knebworth was the peak of that wasn’t it? ", "Summer ’96. ", "I remember it being – by then the whole Britpop thing had happened – and British guitar music was firmly back, it was a hot summer, and it seemed to peak around Knebworth didn’t it?", "\n\nAbsolutely. ", "I said to Noel once (very drunk), “You should’ve split up after Knebworth. ", "You should’ve gone: ‘That’s it, we’re finished.’” ", "Pfft! [", "Laughs] Because they would’ve just gone down as the greatest thing ever, d’you know what I mean? ", "To end on Knebworth would’ve been brilliant. ", "But of course they had the taste for it by then so it wasn’t going to happen. ", "If at Knebworth they’d gone, “That’s it.” ", "They’d have gone down in history. ", "But it carried on. ", "I think that they should’ve at least… after Knebworth they should’ve disappeared for a year.", "\n\nYes, because Getting High ends with them going straight back in the studio to start Be Here Now. ", "And you’re right – it was too fast wasn’t it? ", "It was too soon.", "\n\nIt was. ", "And they should’ve gone, “Lads, you’ve worked your arses off…” I mean they’d done all that stuff in America, Europe, Asia… they should have just gone: you know what? ", "Let’s take a year out and then come back. ", "By then everybody would’ve been gagging for something. ", "Put a single out maybe six months in, just to keep your toes in the water. ", "But they went back to America and there was that stuff with Liam and Patsy… all that stuff. ", "It was just too much.", "\n\nIn Forever the People there’s a real sense of the band “falling from grace”- they’ve had Be Here Now, which was still a huge seller but the critics didn’t like it, and, like you say, the cynicism sets in. ", "And your book is an account of the band’s reaction to all of that isn’t it?", "\n\nYeah, it is. ", "And the fun’s gone. ", "I think with Getting High there’s a lot of fun in it; you’re on this journey and it’s, “Wow, we’re on this rollercoaster” kind of thing. ", "But with Be Here Now it was just like… they kept on talking about the old days. ", "I found that really striking. ", "They were talking about, “Oh, d’you remember when we played that gig when we got stopped by the law and we were all smoking spliff?”; “", "Oh, yeah thingy was there weren’t he…?” ", "etc. ", "And they kept talking about the old days and I thought this has now become a job.", "\n\nI mean, that’s the thing about rock ’n’ roll, or joining a band. ", "You join the band because you don’t want to do the 9-to-5 in a factory, but if you become really successful it becomes 9-to-5; it’s the same thing. ", "You make the album, you tour it, you do singles, you do this, you do that, and it becomes the same thing. ", "Because that’s what you do. ", "So there was that sense. ", "And also, I’d said it, that – before Knebworth – everyone got on the coach. ", "For Be Here Now there were five cars. ", "And they would give me a lift back to the hotel: I’d go in one of their cars, like with Guigsy, or with Noel. ", "And it was very much… it’d just become corporate. ", "It had just become something… Noel said to me once, “Honestly, I thought we were going to be the new Stone Roses.” ", "On that level. ", "D’you know what I mean?", "\n\nYes.", "\n\nIt was, “We were going to replace the Stone Roses.” ", "And be very well liked, and get to play Hammersmith Odeon four nights running, or whatever. ", "But instead they became this absolute phenomenon. ", "It just knocked them, I mean how do you cope with that? ", "It just became… I mean, on that tour, there were some great gigs: the Aberdeen one I particularly remember. ", "But that was telling as well because the Aberdeen gig was in a really small place. ", "The rest of the time it was just twenty-, thirty-, forty-thousand [capacity] arenas. ", "And they were told they couldn’t fuck around now because there were fifty-four people on the road. ", "It had just become a huge juggernaut. ", "And the fun of it had gone, I think. ", "And they go to make the next album [Standing on the Shoulder of Giants] and Guigsy and Bonehead leave.", "\n\nIt definitely got more corporate after Be Here Now had come out. ", "That six-month tour was a slog because all the fun had gone. ", "That’s what I was talking about – in ’94: “We’re going to Japan! ", "It’s amazing – wa-hey!” ", "But then in ’97 it was more like, “We’re not going to fucking Japan again are we? ", "Hmmph.”", "\n\nSomebody said to me… “You start off and you write a song for the pub; then you get successful and you write it for the clubs; then you write it for the Hammersmith Odeons; and then you write songs for the stadiums.” ", "How big you get depends on what you’re writing those songs for. ", "And that is a kind of trap, I think… I heard a track on Noel’s last album – Everybody’s On The Run – and I thought with the big chorus and everything that he’d just written that to end the set with. ", "And I think they were just writing songs because they had to. ", "I think some songwriters hit a patch, you know. ", "Or some musicians… and they’re just on it: everything they do in that period, which might last a year or it might last ten years. ", "I think the Who’s singles from ’65 to ’69 are amazing. ", "James Brown from 1967 to ’74: amazing. ", "Marvin Gaye from ’68 to ’75: amazing, d’you know what I mean?", "\n\nYeah, I do. ", "I also think you’re right – you do get those purple patches. ", "But also, you don’t analyse it – you just do it. ", "And once you get to a certain stage it stops being instinctive doesn’t it?", "\n\nYeah, because you’re thinking, “Oh my god, 600,000 people just bought my album on the first day of release – where do I go with that now?” ", "Absolutely. ", "And you’re not as instinctive. ", "And the trouble, I think, with Oasis was that they wrote songs about wanting to be rock ’n’ roll stars; they became rock ’n’ roll stars; and then didn’t have anything to write about.", "\n\nYeah.", "\n\nBecause they were all living in these huge houses and that creative spark where you’ve struggled away in a council house writing beautiful songs about your dreams… but once your dreams are fulfilled where do you go? ", "And where do you go musically?", "\n\nWhat do you make of Be Here Now? ", "There’s a bit in the book where you make a point that your mate had said to you, look, you only like it because you know them. ", "And then you defend it.", "\n\nI think now… I loved D’You Know What I Mean? ", "I thought that was a great song. ", "It’s a patchy album though, it is. ", "It is a patchy album. ", "It worked well live at that time but it hasn’t stayed the course like some of the others have, has it? ", "I think when they were doing that kind of rock ’n’ roll psychedelia thing (like D’You Know What I Mean?) ", "then it was great, but then… Alan McGee made me laugh. ", "He said, “Noel played us the demos to Be Here Now and I remember thinking… ‘Noel, I think you should maybe shorten most of the songs and not repeat “It’s getting better man” 47 times.’ ", "Because, to be honest, number one, he hadn’t been wrong yet. ", "He’d been right. ", "Everything the kid had ever fucking said was right.”", "\n\nIn Forever The People the tone is very different. ", "It’s a story of private planes, soundchecks, bickering, press negativity, some of the playing at the gigs is “perfunctory” and they’ve got hangovers. ", "Within the band Noel is “pulling rank” and you’re physically threatened by Liam. ", "Was it a brave book to write? ", "Did you feel that in publishing it you could be jeopardizing your position in the inner circle?", "\n\nWell, to be honest with you my position was kind of eroding anyway. ", "Because it had become something different. ", "And that different thing wasn’t to my liking, to be honest with you. ", "And I was kind of stepping back more and more. ", "And then when Guigsy and Bonehead left I think that was it… it just became something that didn’t interest me any more.", "\n\nSo the book was a kind of kiss-off to that era, really.", "\n\nYeah. ", "Yeah, I think so.", "\n\nWe mentioned this earlier but do you revisit your work very often? ", "You mentioned you dipped into Getting High.", "\n\nNo, no, no. ", "It was some Oasis fact and I thought it was in the book. ", "And I was looking through the pages and I started reading it and… one day, when I’m seventy-eight years old I’m gonna sit down and read them all.", "\n\nRight, OK. ", "So how do you feel about your Oasis books now? ", "There’s obviously a sense of pride that you wrote them and at the reaction that they got.", "\n\nYeah, oh absolutely. ", "Both books are very important to me. ", "I’m really happy that Getting High is being re-published.", "\n\nYes. ", "How did the experience of writing the books change you as an author and as a person?", "\n\nIt just gave me loads more confidence. ", "There’s a writer I love, an Italian-American writer called Nick Tosches and the book that had really, kind of, that I was trying to compete with… he did a big biography of Dean Martin [Dino: Living High in the Dirty Business of Dreams]. ", "And that’s where I got the “Getting High” from.", "\n\nBecause I was sort of trying to – not nick his style – but adapt his style. ", "I’m very much into the American thing and that kind of… and I thought, yeah, I’ve done it, I’ve managed to take a huge subject and people would say to me that they couldn’t put the book down. ", "So I thought to myself, “Well, that’s 125,000 words” so, you know, everyone was just gripped by it and I thought I’d… not to sound like I’m blowing my own trumpet, but I’m a good page-turner; when I write I can keep you interested. ", "And that’s a very derided quality in literary circles because it’s all about use of language. ", "But I just kind of look at myself like Charles Dickens [Laughs]… if it’s a great story and I can tell it, then that’s brilliant..\n\nSo when did you last see Liam or Noel, and how did it go?", "\n\nI saw Noel about two months ago at a friend’s surprise birthday party for his wife and it was great to see him. ", "Unfortunately we were on different tables. ", "But it was like, I walked in and I saw him sitting down, and he was talking to a couple of people. ", "And he saw me and got up straight away and we shook hands. ", "And I’m very much looking forward to hearing his album, I’ve heard good things about it. ", "And the last time I saw Liam was probably 1998 or ’99 or something.", "\n\nRight OK. ", "A long time ago. ", "And one final question: would you write about Oasis again? ", "Is there another story to tell?", "\n\nNo. ", "No. ", "It’s like, you know the Beatles was – really – 1966 to ’69, d’you know what I mean? ", "That was the real core of it, that was the real core of Oasis: ’94 to ’97. ", "I think that’s the real core. ", "I’m sure… I mean [Alan] McGee was telling me that their last album [2008’s Dig Out Your Soul] was a psychedelic masterpiece. ", "Do you think that?", "\n\nNo. ", "It’s good in parts; the bits I like, I like, but I don’t listen to all of it. ", "Seeing them on that last tour was still incredible and the amazing thing, for me, was seeing 18 year-olds down the front who knew the words to Supersonic and I remember thinking, “You weren’t born when that came out!” ", "That’s the power of the music, isn’t it? ", "It’s like the Who or something.", "\n\nYeah. ", "It is, they’re absolute classics. ", "I think Don’t Look Back in Anger is a classic pop single, I really do: it’s up there with the Kinks, the Beatles. ", "One of my favourite memories was when we were in Chicago and we went to this gig and we were in this coach afterwards. ", "And they’d just got the tape of Top of the Pops that they’d done it on. ", "And Noel’s wearing a white shirt and it just looked great. ", "It looked fantastic and just everything you wanted. ", "It looked great, you could tell that they were really together. ", "I’ll always remember that moment. ", "I remember thinking, “God, yeah, you’ve really done it.”", "\n\nPaolo it’s been really great to talk to you.", "\n\nIt’s been great man, I’ve really enjoyed it. ", "Thanks!", "\n\nTop of Page\n\nPaolo Hewitt was interviewed by Tom Stroud on 20th January 2015. ", "Interview arranged, plus additional research & online presentation by David Huggins. ", "The e-book of Paolo Hewitt’s Getting High: The Adventures of Oasis is out 2nd February 2015. ", "Visit Paolo Hewitt’s website here.", "\n\nNotes\n\nOasis live at the Cliffs Pavilion, Southend-On-Sea, 17th April 1995\n\n1. (", "Back to article) This gig, Tony McCarroll’s last with the band, was filmed by Nigel Dick for Squeak Pictures and released by Picture Music International [PMI] on VHS as Live by the Sea on 28th August 1995. ", "The concert film was also released on LaserDisc in Japan and the UK, by PMI and Pioneer LDCE. ", "In 2001 it was reissued on DVD by Big Brother Recordings in the UK and by Sony Music Entertainment in the US.", "\n\nNME Review of the Irvine Beach, Glasgow gig\n\n2. (", "Back to article) In his review of this gig (published in the NME on 29th July 1995), Keith Cameron described not only Oasis’s breathtaking performance but also a huge sing-along to a Beatles classic afterwards. “", "Hey Jude comes over the PA, as clear and loud and true as anything that had gone before. ", "Obviously everyone sings it, word for word, na-na-na-na for na-na-na-bloody-na. ", "And yes, it’s sheer magic. ", "Strangers are smiling, friends are embracing, while lovers are frankly losing it in a big way.”", "\n\nThe influence of Axe Corner – Tortuga on Columbia\n\n3. (", "Back to article) Columbia shares its chords and main melody with Axe Corner – Tortuga, an acid house track released by Palmares Records in 1991. ", "Axe Corner was a group of Italian DJs and producers comprising Adriano Dodici, Alex Neri, Marco Baroni, and Pietro Pieretti. ", "In the sleeve notes for the 20th anniversary reissue of Definitely Maybe, Noel Gallagher recalled that, “When we started, we didn’t have a lot of songs so we would jam out current Acid House favourites and fuck about. ", "Columbia derived from one of those nights.” ", "Tony McCarroll stated in his (2009) book Oasis: The Truth that Columbia was initially an instrumental that Oasis played at some of their early gigs, before lyrics were written for it during their spring 1993 recording session with the Real People in Liverpool (McCarroll, p. 86).", "\n\nColumbia also reflects a trend in early ’90s dance music (popularized by tracks like the Orb’s Little Fluffy Clouds and Primal Scream’s Loaded) of including spoken-word samples; the first can be heard over the song’s intro, and the second is an excerpt of Tony Benn reading a passage from the Bible (taken from a radio broadcast the band stumbled across. ", "Noel: “On the demo of Columbia there’s a snippet of Tony Benn talking. ", "We were just flicking through the radio recording it, and he was on.”). ", "The demo was given a multicultural twist by the addition of an (as yet unidentified) sample of what sounds like a Hare Krishna-type chant on the outro. ", "The sampled chant and Tony Benn clip were left off the final mix of Columbia for Definitely Maybe, but are retained in the Eden Studios mix included on CD-3 of the album’s 20th anniversary reissue.", "\n\nNeil Innes and Whatever\n\n4. (", "Back to article) In a video recorded to promote the release of Oasis’s greatest hits CD Time Flies, Noel Gallagher recalls learning of the similarity between Whatever and Neil Innes’ song How Sweet to be an Idiot. ", "Neil Innes spoke about this rights issue in an interview he gave to Transatlantic Modern magazine in 2013:\n\nNeil: [Paul McCartney’s brother Michael] rang me up and said, “Have you heard Oasis’s latest record [Whatever]?” ", "I said, “No.” ", "He said that Nicky Campbell… had just played it back to back with How Sweet To Be An Idiot. ", "He said, “They’re virtually identical at the beginning.” ", "I said, “Oh, really?” ", "And I thought no more about it. ", "Then more people said something about it, and I thought, “Well, I better ring up EMI about it,” because they’d published it. ", "Immediately, they said, “We’re on it! ", "We’re already on it!” ", "Apparently they settled out of court. [", "The Oasis camp] put their hands up and gave me a quarter of Whatever. ", "It goes to EMI, where it’s then divided 50/50 between EMI and me. […]", "\n\nBut what was quite funny to me, was that there’s a trade paper here called New Musical Express—the NME—of which you should never underestimate. ", "They put a headline up sort of saying, “Innes to Sue Oasis!” ", "And you know, I thought, “What?” ", "It said: “Neil Innes is to sue Oasis for Whatever” blah, blah, blah. ", "And then in the smaller print, it said, “Well at least we think he is, because we rang him up and he wasn’t in. ", "We assumed it’s because he’s in court with his lawyers.” [", "Laughter] So this is how to make a headline work and not have to put an apology in afterward.” (", "Innes, 2013).", "\n\nThe Real People credits\n\n5. (", "Back to article) Chris Griffiths recalled in a 2009 interview for MOJO magazine that Rockin’ Chair was one of the tracks that was influenced by the Real People; this was reflected in an additional writing credit for C. Griffiths when the song was reissued in November 1998 as part of the Masterplan compilation CD.", "\n\nWibbling Rivalry\n\n6. (", "Back to article) The journalist John Harris interviewed Noel and Liam at the Forte Crest Hotel, Glasgow on 7th April 1994, for an infamous article (entitled The Bruise Brothers) published in the NME on 23rd April 1994. ", "This interview is perhaps best remembered for Noel and Liam’s argument over a punch-up that took place during a ferry crossing to the Netherlands in February of that year, which led to the band being prevented from playing a gig in Amsterdam; Harris summarized Noel and Liam’s disagreement over the event in his Britpop memoir The Last Party: “Liam celebrated his role as an uncontrollable libertine; Noel, taking issue with his brother’s pride in Oasis’s high jinx, insisted that attention be paid to nothing but the music” (Harris, p. 146). ", "The tape recording of this interview was later edited and released in 1995 by Fierce Panda records as a CD single entitled Wibbling Rivalry, attributed to “Oas*s.” ", "It became the highest-charting interview release in the UK, having reached number 52 on 25th November 1995.", "\n\nTop of Page" ]

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[ "Q:\n\n$f''(x)+e^xf(x)=0$ , prove $f(x)$ is bounded\n\nDifferentiable function in $\\mathbb{R}$ for which $f''(x) + e^x f(x)=0$ for every $x$. Prove that $f(x)$ is bounded as $x \\rightarrow +\\infty$\nI have tried a few stuff but they didnt work out, for example i noticed that the function has infinite max and min as $x \\rightarrow +\\infty$ but thats still not enough to prove it, any ideas?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe general solution of your differential equation is\n$$ f(x) = A J_0(2 e^{x/2}) + B Y_0(2 e^{x/2})$$\nwhere $J_0$ and $Y_0$ are Bessel functions of the first and second kinds.", "\nTheir asymptotics are known.", "\nEDIT: if $R(x) = f'(x)^2 + e^x f(x)^2$, show that $R'(x) = e^x f(x)^2 \\le R(x)$,\nand thus $\\dfrac{d}{dx} \\log R(x) \\le 0$.\n\n" ]

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[ "Comedian Jedi & Wife Welcome Baby Girl\n\nAfter getting married in January 2016, comedian Jedi and wife, Olajumoke have welcomed their first child- a baby girl as a couple. ", "The bundle of joy arrived yesterday in the US where the couple have been based since getting married. ", "Jedi announced the good news on his IG saying;\n\nFew weeks back, we had a baby shower put together to celebrate the forth coming a blessing to the family… In the Afternoon hours of September 28th, 2016 it became a reality. ‘", "For unto us a child was born and unto us a DAUGHTER is given…..’ Thank you Father for the blessing and precious gift of a daughter to us. ", "We are eternally grateful. ", "@orlajumorke and I say welcome to your new home, family our baby girl…! #", "BlessTheLordOhMySoul #BabyAyoola #BabyGirl #ProudMum&Dad #FreshLove#FreshFmaily #FreshBoss" ]

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[ "--\n-- (C) 2013-20 - ntop.org\n--\n\ndirs = ntop.getDirs()\npackage.path = dirs.installdir .. \"/scripts/lua/modules/?.lua;\" .. package.path\n\nrequire \"lua_utils\"\nlocal graph_utils = require \"graph_utils\"\nrequire \"historical_utils\"\n\nsendHTTPContentTypeHeader('text/html')\n\nifid = _GET[\"ifid\"]\ndirection = _GET[\"sflow_filter\"]\n\ninterface.select(ifid)\nlocal host_info = url2hostinfo(_GET)\nlocal host_ip = host_info[\"host\"]\nlocal host_vlan = host_info[\"vlan\"]\nlocal host = interface.getHostInfo(host_ip, host_vlan)\n\nlocal now = os.time()\nlocal ago1h = now - 3600\nlocal protos = interface.getnDPIProtocols()\n\nif(host == nil) then\n print(\"<div class=\\\"alert alert-danger\\\"><img src=\".. ntop.getHttpPrefix() .. \"/img/warning.png> \"..i18n(\"ndpi_page.unable_to_find_host\",{host_ip=host_ip})..\"</div>\")\n return\nend\n\nlocal FILTER_SENT_ONLY = \"sent\"\nlocal FILTER_RECV_ONLY = \"recv\"\n\nvals = {}\nfor k in pairs(host[\"ndpi\"]) do\n vals[k] = k\n -- print(k)\nend\ntable.sort(vals)\n\nlocal filter_pass = function(row)\n local isok\n\n if direction == FILTER_SENT_ONLY and row[\"bytes.rcvd\"] ~= 0 then\n isok = false\n elseif direction == FILTER_RECV_ONLY and row[\"bytes.sent\"] ~= 0 then\n isok = false\n else\n isok = true\n end\n\n return isok\nend\n\nlocal total_sent\nlocal total_recv\n\nif direction ~= nil then\n total_sent = 0\n total_recv = 0\n\n for _k in pairsByKeys(vals , desc) do\n k = vals[_k]\n\n if filter_pass(host[\"ndpi\"][k]) then\n total_sent = total_sent + host[\"ndpi\"][k][\"bytes.sent\"]\n total_recv = total_recv + host[\"ndpi\"][k][\"bytes.rcvd\"]\n end\n end\nelse\n total_sent = host[\"bytes.sent\"]\n total_recv = host[\"bytes.rcvd\"]\nend\n\nlocal total = total_sent + total_recv\n\nprint(\"<tr><td>Total</td><td class=\\\"text-right\\\">\".. secondsToTime(host[\"total_activity_time\"]) ..\"</td><td class=\\\"text-right\\\">\" .. bytesToSize(total_sent) .. \"</td><td class=\\\"text-right\\\">\" .. bytesToSize(total_recv) .. \"</td>\")\n\nprint(\"<td>\")\ngraph_utils.breakdownBar(total_sent, i18n(\"ndpi_page.sent\"), total_recv, i18n(\"ndpi_page.rcvd\"), 0, 100)\nprint(\"</td>\\n\")\n\nprint(\"<td colspan=2 class=\\\"text-right\\\">\" .. bytesToSize(total).. \"</td></tr>\\n\")\n\nfor _k in pairsByKeys(vals , desc) do\n k = vals[_k]\n\n if filter_pass(host[\"ndpi\"][k]) then\n print(\"<tr><td>\")\n\n local host_href = hostinfo2detailshref(host_info, {page = \"historical\", ts_schema = \"host:ndpi\", protocol = k}, k..\" \"..formatBreed(host[\"ndpi\"][k][\"breed\"]))\n print(host_href)\n\n t = host[\"ndpi\"][k][\"bytes.sent\"]+host[\"ndpi\"][k][\"bytes.rcvd\"]\n\n if((host[\"ndpi\"][k][\"bytes.sent\"] == 0) and (host[\"ndpi\"][k][\"bytes.rcvd\"] > 0)) then\n print(\" <i class=\\\"fas fa-exclamation-triangle fa-lg\\\" style=\\\"color: orange;\\\"></i>\")\n end\n\n historicalProtoHostHref(getInterfaceId(ifname), host, nil, protos[k], nil)\n\n print('</td>')\n print(\"<td class=\\\"text-right\\\">\" .. secondsToTime(host[\"ndpi\"][k][\"duration\"]) .. \"</td>\")\n print(\"<td class=\\\"text-right\\\">\" .. bytesToSize(host[\"ndpi\"][k][\"bytes.sent\"]) .. \"</td><td class=\\\"text-right\\\">\" .. bytesToSize(host[\"ndpi\"][k][\"bytes.rcvd\"]) .. \"</td>\")\n\n print(\"<td>\")\n graph_utils.breakdownBar(host[\"ndpi\"][k][\"bytes.sent\"], i18n(\"ndpi_page.sent\"), host[\"ndpi\"][k][\"bytes.rcvd\"], i18n(\"ndpi_page.rcvd\"), 0, 100)\n print(\"</td>\\n\")\n\n print(\"<td class=\\\"text-right\\\">\" .. bytesToSize(t).. \"</td><td class=\\\"text-right\\\">\" .. round((t * 100)/total, 2).. \" %</td></tr>\\n\")\n end\nend\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "The present invention relates to a database management system. ", "More particularly, the present invention relates to a query processing method and system that may be adapted advantageously to parallel query processing suitable for relational database management systems.", "\nThere are two known conventional database management systems: Abstract Data Type of SQL3, and parallel database systems.", "\nThe Abstract Data Type of SQL3 will be described first. ", "Currently, relational database systems, particularly SQL database systems, are increasingly finding their way into administrative data processing and other related fields. ", "Efforts are also under way to implement so-called object database systems. ", "These systems are difficult to operate efficiently in the conventional framework of relational databases, handling data of complicated structures as one of their objectives.", "\nStudies have been performed to expand relational databases so that they may handle data of complex structures. ", "The results of the research are currently merged into SQL3 for standardization. ", "A SQL3 database system is capable of handling user-defined data (types) having complex structures called the Abstract Data Type (ADT). ", "Under the ADT scheme, data called attributes (called sub-data hereunder) are hidden behind function interfaces so that a database system may handle and inherit object-oriented complicated data from one data type to another.", "\nA data type is defined by use of a definition SQL statement beginning with “CREATE TYPE.” ", "Defined types may be used for variable declarations and table column definitions just like the system-defined integer type and character type. ", "Using these types makes it possible to create and utilize data of complicated structures.", "\nThe ADT of SQL3 is discussed illustratively by Andrew E. Wade, Ph. ", "D., in “Object Query Standards” ACM SIGMOD Record, Vol. ", "25, No. ", "1, pp. ", "87–92, March 1996. ", "A draft of SQL3 standards is available from ISO/IEC JTC1/SC21/WG3 DBL-MCI-004, ISO Working Draft Database Language SQL, 1996.", "\nParallel database systems will now be described. ", "A relational database system may easily enhance its performance by having data distributed to a plurality of database processing servers for parallel access therethrough. ", "Along with skyrocketing increases in quantities of data to be handled has come a growing demand for such parallel database systems. ", "Parallel database systems are discussed illustratively by DeWitt, D., et. ", "al., ", "in “Parallel Database Systems: The Future of High Performance Database Systems” (CACM, Vol. ", "35, No. ", "6, 1992).", "\nTypically, the parallel database system includes a server (called a front end server) for analyzing and compiling queries made by a user application program (UAP) in a host computer to the database, and a plurality of servers (called database operation servers) for accessing disk drives holding data and for manipulating data therein. ", "For purpose of simplification and illustration, the parallel database system is assumed in the description below to have a single front end server and a plurality of database operation servers. ", "However, it is also possible for the system to have a plurality of front end servers for handling a plurality of queries from one or multiple hosts. ", "In such a case, each query is dealt with by a setup of one host, one front end server and a plurality of database operation servers. ", "Thus, the system is perfectly applicable to the multiple front end server setup as well.", "\nGenerally, the SQL representing queries directed at a database (called database queries hereunder) is often embedded (called embedded SQL) in computer language such as C (called the host language hereunder). ", "In operation, the host language in the host computer issues database queries such as searches through the database as well as updates, deletions and insertions in the database. ", "In turn, the database system analyzes and compiles the queries and returns the result to the host. ", "The host language uses the received result in control processing such as decisions as well as in data manipulations such as insertions and calculations. ", "This invention also applies to stored procedures whereby database queries including control operations and data manipulations are issued.", "\nIn this case, the processing performed on the side of database operation servers such as searches, insertions, updates and deletions in the database is sometimes called database operation statements, distinct from the processing on the side of the front end server such as control operations and data manipulations.", "\nStored procedures are described illustratively by Hatsuko Katayama in “Utilizing Stored Procedures and Triggers,” Nikkei Open Systems, No. ", "2, pp. ", "133–144, 1993.", "\nThe host language may have a plurality of database queries embedded therein. ", "This allows the result of queries to be exchanged through the use of host language variables. ", "The transfer of values in variables is determined by the manner in which the result of analysis is processed by the host language. ", "One way of value transfer through variables involves determining in advance an area in which to accommodate a value for each of the variables used, with appropriate information “bound” to the variables so that the areas may later be referenced through the bound information for access to the values therein.", "\nWhat follows is a description of a typical example in which the embedded SQL is used to create, transfer and execute procedures in an internal format of a parallel database system. ", "The result of database operations is manipulated and/or controlled by UAP (user application program) control statements written in the embedded SQL. ", "Database queries are sent one statement at a time over a network to the front end server connected with the user application program. ", "A compiler subjects the queries to syntax analysis, semantic analysis and optimizing compilation. ", "This creates an internal-format procedure for carrying out actual database operations based on the received database queries.", "\nThe internal-format procedure includes codes to be interpreted and executed by an interpreter as well as execute form codes. ", "Definition information needed for the compilation is provided as dictionary information that may be accessed by the front end server. ", "The procedure thus created is transferred over the network to a database operation server that actually operates the database by executing the procedure. ", "Usually the server that performs the actual database operation is determined by information about partitioning of a table for operations. ", "The information about table partitioning is designated by table definitions which are placed in a dictionary. ", "Each database operation server has a processor and at least one disk drive.", "\nA proposed improvement involves placing the internal-format procedure in a cache of a database operation server, so that a second and subsequent queries performed may each issue an execution request to use the procedure that resides in the cache. ", "The typical parallel database system has a plurality of database operation servers for parallel SQL processing. ", "A database operation server exchanges data with other database operation servers as needed over the network, and the result of the SQL processing is eventually returned via the front end server to the user application program for manipulations of and/or control operations on the executed result. ", "The processing is repeated thereafter for each SQL statement.", "\nWhere data to be handled in database queries are a collection of a plurality of data items (called attributes or sub-data items in the ADT environment), there are two ways to process the data (i.e., for searches, updates, insertions, manipulations or control operations): either to deal with the sub-data items making up the data one at a time, or to process the data as a whole. ", "In an example of using database queries, the data as a whole may be retrieved first in response to the initial query and the retrieved data may be submitted, in response to subsequent queries, to the front end server one sub-data item at a time for individual processing. ", "In such a case, the subsequent queries may or may not use all sub-data items constituting the retrieved data. ", "However, where techniques of the conventional parallel database system described earlier are adapted to the ADT, what happens is that the data retrieved as a result of a query and bound for the host are all transferred from the database operation server in question to the front end server for subsequent analysis and execution. ", "If the unused sub-data items are massive (e.g., those of LOB data), the time required to transfer such unnecessary data from the database operation server to the front end server can be considerable. ", "Thus it takes more time to deal with queries." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We present a predictor-corrector framework, called , that can transform a first-order model-free reinforcement or imitation learning algorithm into a new hybrid method that leverages predictive models to accelerate policy learning. ", "The new “ed” algorithm optimizes a policy by recursively repeating two steps: In the Prediction Step, the learner uses a model to predict the unseen future gradient and then applies the predicted estimate to update the policy; in the Correction Step, the learner runs the updated policy in the environment, receives the true gradient, and then corrects the policy using the gradient error. ", "Unlike previous algorithms, corrects for the mistakes of using imperfect predicted gradients and hence does not suffer from model bias. ", "The development of is made possible by a novel reduction from predictable online learning to adversarial online learning, which provides a systematic way to modify existing first-order algorithms to achieve the optimal regret with respect to predictable information. ", "We show, in both theory and simulation, that the convergence rate of several first-order model-free algorithms can be improved by .'", "\nbibliography:\n- 'ref.bib'\n---\n\nINTRODUCTION\n============\n\nReinforcement learning (RL) has recently solved a number of challenging problems [@mnih2013playing; @duan2016benchmarking; @silver2017mastering]. ", "However, many of these successes are confined to games and simulated environments, where a large number of agent-environment interactions can be cheaply performed. ", "Therefore, they are often unrealistic in real-word applications (like robotics) where data collection is an expensive and time-consuming process. ", "Improving sample efficiency still remains a critical challenge for RL.", "\n\nModel-based RL methods improve sample efficiency by leveraging an [accurate]{} model that can cheaply simulate interactions to compute policy updates in lieu of real-world interactions [@tan2018sim]. ", "A classical example of pure model-based methods is optimal control [@jacobson1970differential; @todorov2005generalized; @deisenroth2011pilco; @pan2014probabilistic], which has recently been extended to model abstract latent dynamics with structured neural networks [@silver2016predictron; @oh2017value]. ", "These methods use a model of the dynamics and cost functions in the RL problem to predict cost-to-go functions or policy gradients when updating policies. ", "Another way to use model information is the [hybrid]{} framework [@sutton1991dyna; @sutton2012dyna], which interleaves model-based and model-free updates, ideally cutting learning time in half. ", "However, all of these approaches, while potentially accelerating policy learning, suffer from a common drawback: when the model is inaccurate, the performance of the policy can become *biased* away from the best achievable in the policy class.", "\n\nSeveral strategies have been proposed to remove this performance bias. [", "Learning-to-plan]{} attempts to train the planning process end-to-end [@pascanu2017learning; @srinivas2018universal], so the performance of a given planning structure is directly optimized. ", "While using a policy structure similar to the model-based algorithms, these algorithms are still optimized through standard model-free RL techniques. ", "Therefore, it is unclear as to whether they are more sample efficient. ", "Another class of bias-free algorithms is control variate methods [@chebotar2017combining; @grathwohl2017backpropagation; @papini2018stochastic], which use models to reduce the variance of sampled gradients to improve convergence.", "\n\nIn this paper, we provide a novel learning framework that can leverage models to improve sample efficiency while avoiding performance bias due to modeling errors. ", "Our approach is built on techniques from online learning [@gordon1999regret; @zinkevich2003online]. ", "The use of online learning to analyze policy optimization was pioneered by @ross2011reduction, who proposed to reduce imitation learning (IL) to adversarial online learning problems. ", "This reduction provides a framework for performance analysis, leading to algorithms such as  [@ross2011reduction] and  [@ross2014reinforcement]. ", "However, it was recently shown that a naïve reduction to adversarial online learning loses information [@cheng2018convergence]: in practice, IL is *predictable* [@cheng2018model] and can be thought of as a predictable online learning problem [@rakhlin2013online]. ", "Based on this insight, @cheng2018model recently proposed a two-step algorithm, . ", "The authors prove that, by leveraging predictive models to estimate future gradients in an interleaved fashion, can speed up the convergence of IL, without incurring performance bias due to imperfect models.", "\n\nGiven these theoretical advances in IL, it is natural to ask whether similar ideas can be extended to RL. ", "In this paper, we show that RL can also be formulated as a predictable online learning problem, and provide a first-order learning framework, (), for both RL and IL. ", "is a *meta-algorithm*: it takes a standard online learning algorithm designed for adversarial problems (like  [@kingma2014adam]) as input and returns a new hybrid algorithm that can use model information to accelerate convergence. ", "This new “ed” algorithm optimizes the policy by recursively repeating two steps: In the Prediction Step, the learner uses a predictive model to estimate the gradient of the next loss function and then applies it to update the policy; in the Correction Step, the learner runs the updated policy in the environment, receives the true gradient, and then corrects the policy using the gradient *error*. ", "We note that is an approach orthogonal to control variate methods; it can still improve learning even if the true gradient is noise-free (see Section \\[sec:comparison\\]).", "\n\nTheoretically, we prove that can improve the convergence rate of *any* base algorithm that can be written as mirror descent [@beck2003mirror] or Follow-the-Regularized-Leader (FTRL) [@mcmahan2010adaptive]. ", "This family of algorithms is rich and covers most first-order algorithms used in RL and IL [@cheng2018fast]. ", "And, importantly, we show that does not suffer from performance bias due to model error, unlike previous model-based approaches. ", "To validate the theory, we “” multiple algorithms in simulation. ", "The experimental results show that the ed versions consistently surpass the base algorithm and are robust to model errors; they converge even the models are adversarial.", "\n\nThe design of is made possible by a novel reduction that converts a given predictable online learning problem into a new adversarial problem, so that standard online learning algorithms can be applied optimally without referring to specialized algorithms. ", "Thus, we can treat as an automatic process for designing new algorithms that safely leverages imperfect predictive models (such as off-policy gradients or gradients simulated through dynamics models) to speed up learning. ", "Particularly, is its special case when the base algorithm is FTRL.", "\n\nPROBLEM DEFINITION\n==================\n\nWe consider solving policy optimization problems of the form below: given state and action spaces $\\Sbb$ and $\\Abb$, and a parametric policy class $\\Pi$, we desire a stationary policy $\\pi \\in \\Pi$ that solves $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:RL problem}\n\\min_{\\pi \\in \\Pi} J(\\pi), \\quad J(\\pi) \\coloneqq \\E_{(s,t) \\sim d_{\\pi}} \\E_{a \\sim \\pi_s} \\left[ c_t(s, a) \\right]\\end{aligned}$$ where $c_t(s,a)$ is the instantaneous cost at time $t$ of state $s\\in\\Sbb$ and $a\\in\\Abb$, $\\pi_s$ is the distribution of $a$ at state $s$ under policy $\\pi$, and $d_{\\pi}$ is a generalized stationary distribution of states generated by running policy $\\pi$ in a Markov decision process (MDP); the notation $\\E_{a \\sim \\pi_s}$ denotes evaluation when $\\pi$ is deterministic. ", "The use of $d_{\\pi}$ in  abstracts different discrete-time RL/IL problems into a common setup. ", "For example, an infinite-horizon $\\gamma$-discounted problem with time-invariant cost $c$ can be modeled by setting $c_t =c$ and $d_{\\pi}(s,t) = (1-\\gamma) \\gamma^t d_{\\pi,t}(s)$, where $d_{\\pi,t}$ is the state distribution visited by policy $\\pi$ at time $t$; that is, we can equivalently write $J(\\pi) = (1-\\gamma) \\E_{\\rho_{\\pi}} [ \\sum_{t=0}^\\infty \\gamma^t c(s_t,a_t)]$, where $\\rho_{\\pi}$ is the trajectory distribution generated by $\\pi$. An IL problem can also be written similarly [@cheng2018convergence].", "\n\nFor convenience, we will usually omit the random variable in expectation notation to simplify writing (e.g. we write as $\\E_{d_{\\pi}}\\E_{\\pi} \\left[ c \\right]$). ", "For a policy $\\pi$, we overload the notation $\\pi$ to also denote its parameter, and write $Q_{\\pi,t}$ and $V_{\\pi,t} \\coloneqq \\E_{\\pi} [Q_{\\pi,t}]$ as its Q-function and value function at time $t$, respectively.", "\n\nIL AND RL AS PREDICTABLE ONLINE LEARNING {#sec:reduction to online learning}\n========================================\n\nOnline learning is a theoretical framework for analyzing online decision making [@hazan2016introduction]. ", "For policy optimization, let us consider the following setup: in round $n$, the learner plays a policy $\\pi_n$ in the MDP environment of , and then the environment reveals a loss function $l_n$, called the *per-round loss*. ", "The analysis of online learning concerns *regret*, which measures how the performance of the learner’s decision sequence $\\{\\pi_n\\}$ is compared with any single constant decision in the set $\\Pi$. Given a policy class $\\Pi$ and a weight sequence $\\{w_n> 0\\}$, we define the $N$-step weighted regret of $\\{\\pi_n\\}$ with respect to the loss sequence $\\{l_n\\}$ as $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:weighted regret}\n\\regret_N(l) \\coloneqq \\sum_{n=1}^{N} w_n l_n(\\pi_n) - \\min_{\\pi \\in \\Pi} \\sum_{n=1}^{N} w_n {l}_n(\\pi)\\end{aligned}$$ and an expressiveness measure of the policy class $\\Pi$ $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:baseline performance}\n\\epsilon_{\\Pi,N}(l) \\coloneqq \\min_{\\pi \\in \\Pi} \\frac{1}{w_{1:N}}\\sum_{n=1}^{N} w_n l_n(\\pi)\\end{aligned}$$ where $w_{1:n} = \\sum_{m=1}^{n} w_m$.\n\nIn this section, we show that the policy optimization problems in IL and RL can be formulated into online learning problems for some per-round losses such that the policy performance can be upper-bounded in terms of $\\regret_N$ and $\\epsilon_{\\Pi,N}$. In particular, we show that these online learning problems are *predictable*: the per-round losses are not completely adversarial but can be estimated using past information.", "\n\nIL as Online Learning {#sec:IL as OL}\n---------------------\n\nWe provide a summary of the online learning approach to IL (online IL for short), which was first proposed by @ross2011reduction. ", "The core idea of IL is to leverage domain knowledge about a problem through expert demonstrations. ", "Online IL, in particular, optimizes policies by letting the learner $\\pi$ query the expert $\\pi^\\*$ for the desired action, so that a policy can be quickly trained to perform as well as the expert. ", "Online IL at its heart is based on the following lemma, which relates the performance between $\\pi$ and $\\pi^\\*$.\n\n\\[lm:performance difference\\] Let $\\pi$ and $\\pi'$ be two policies and $ A_{\\pi',t}(s, a) = Q_{\\pi',t}(s,a) - V_{\\pi',t}(s)$ be the (dis)advantage function with respect to running $\\pi'$. Then $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:performance difference}\n J(\\pi) = J(\\pi') + \\E_{d_\\pi} \\E_{\\pi} [ A_{\\pi'} ]. ", " \n \\end{aligned}$$\n\nGiven the equality in , the performance difference between $\\pi $ and $\\pi^\\*$ can then be upper-bounded as $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:condition on D}\n\\hspace{-2mm}\nJ(\\pi) - J(\\pi^\\*) = \\E_{d_{\\pi}} \\E_{\\pi} [ A_{\\pi^\\*} ] \\leq\nC_{\\pi^\\*} \\E_{d_{\\pi}} [D(\\pi^\\* || \\pi)]\\end{aligned}$$ for some function $D_t$ and constant $C_{\\pi^\\*} > 0 $. ", "Often $D_t$ is derived from statistical distances such as KL-divergence. ", "When $V_{\\pi^*,t}$ is available, we can also set $D_t(\\pi_s^\\*||\\pi_s) = \\E_{a \\sim \\pi_s}[ A_{\\pi^\\*,t}(s,a)]$, as in value aggregation () [@ross2014reinforcement].", "\n\nWithout loss of generality, we suppose $D_t(\\pi_s^\\star||\\pi_s) = \\E_{a\\sim\\pi_s}[\\bar{c}_t(s,a) ]$ for some $\\bar{c}_t$. By , minimizing the performance gap is a new RL problem $\\min_{\\pi \\in \\Pi} \\E_{d_{\\pi}} \\E_{\\pi} [\\bar{c}]$. Online IL tackles this new problem indirectly through online learning, thereby avoiding difficulties in RL (such as estimating value functions). ", "It defines a per-round loss $\\tilde{l}_n$ that is an unbiased estimate of $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:IL online loss}\nl_n(\\pi) \\coloneqq \\E_{d_{\\pi_n}} \\E_{\\pi}[\\bar{c}].\\end{aligned}$$ The regret with respect to $\\tilde{l}_n$ upper-bounds the performance gap between the learner and the expert.", "\n\n\\[lm:IL performance bound\\] Let $\\{w_n > 0\\}$ be a weight sequence. ", "Then\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\E\\left[ \\sum_{n=1}^{N} \\frac{ w_n J(\\pi_n) }{w_{1:N}} \\right] \\leq J(\\pi^\\*) \n + C_{\\pi^\\*} \\E\\left[ \\epsilon_{\\Pi,N}(\\tilde{l}) + \\frac{\\regret_N(\\tilde{l})}{ w_{1:N}} \\right]\n \\end{aligned}$$\n\nwhere the expectation is due to sampling $\\tilde{l}_n$.\n\nTherefore, when a no-regret algorithm is used to update policies, the performance concentrates toward $J(\\pi^\\* ) + C_{\\pi^\\*}\\E[ \\epsilon_{\\Pi,N} (\\tilde{l}) ]$.", "\n\nRL as Online Learning {#sec:RL as OL}\n---------------------\n\nCan we also formulate RL as online learning? ", "Here we propose a new perspective on RL using Lemma \\[lm:performance difference\\]. ", "Given a policy $\\pi_n$ in round $n$, we define a per-round loss $\\tilde{f}_n$ that is an unbiased estimate of $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:RL online loss}\nf_n(\\pi) = \\E_{d_{\\pi_n}} \\E_{\\pi} [ A_{\\pi_{n-1}} ].\\end{aligned}$$ $f_n(\\pi)$ describes how well a policy $\\pi$ performs relative to the previous policy $\\pi_{n-1}$ under the state distribution of $\\pi_n$. For example, by Lemma \\[lm:performance difference\\], we see that $f_n(\\pi_n) = J(\\pi_{n}) - J(\\pi_{n-1})$. This choice of per-round loss in  has an interesting relationship both to actor-critic in RL [@konda2000actor] and in IL [@ross2014reinforcement].", "\n\n#### Relationship to Actor-Critic\n\nAlthough, theoretically, the actor-critic method computes the gradient $\\E_{d_{\\pi_n}} (\\nabla \\E_{\\pi}) [A_{\\pi_n}] |_{\\pi=\\pi_n}$ to update the policy $\\pi_n$, [in practice]{}, it computes $\\E_{d_{\\pi_n}} (\\nabla \\E_{\\pi}) [A_{\\pi_{n-1}}] |_{\\pi=\\pi_n}$, as the value function estimate in round $n$ is updated only [after]{} updating the policy $\\pi_n$. This gradient is *exactly* $\\nabla f_n(\\pi_n)$ in .", "\n\n#### Relationship to Value Aggregation\n\ncan be viewed as taking a policy improvement step from some reference policy: e.g., with the per-round loss $\\E_{d_{\\pi_n}} \\E_{\\pi} [ A_{\\pi^\\*}]$, it improves one step from $\\pi^*$. Realizing this one step improvement in , however, requires solving multiple rounds of online learning, because $\\Pi$ does not contain all functions and the dynamics are unknown [@cheng2018convergence]. ", "Therefore, while ideally one can solve multiple problems (one per each policy improvement step) to optimize policies, computationally this can be very challenging. ", "Minimizing the loss in  can be viewed as an approximate policy improvement step in the style. ", "Rather than waiting until convergence in each policy improvement step, it performs only a *single* policy update and then switch to the next problem with a new reference policy (i.e. the latest policy).", "\n\nWe show that the regret of the online learning problem with $\\tilde{f}_n$ upper-bounds the on-average performance of a policy sequence (proved in Appendix \\[app:proof of RL performance bound\\]).", "\n\n\\[lm:RL performance bound\\] Let $\\{w_n > 0\\}$ be a weight sequence satisfying $\\frac{w_{n+k}}{w_{n}} \\leq \\frac{w_{m+k}}{w_{m}}$, $\\forall n \\geq m \\geq 1$ and $k \\geq 0 $, Then, for arbitrary initial reference policy $\\pi_0$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:RL performance bound}\n &\\E\\left[ \\sum_{n=1}^{N}\\frac{w_n J(\\pi_n) }{w_{1:N}} \\right] \\leq J(\\pi_0) \\\\[-1mm]\n &\\quad + \\sum_{n=1}^{N} \\frac{w_{N-n+1}}{w_{1:N}} \\E\\left[\\regret_n (\\tilde{f}) + w_{1:n} \\epsilon_{\\Pi,n} (\\tilde{f}) \\right] \\nonumber\n \\end{aligned}$$ where the expectation is due to sampling $\\tilde{f}_n$.\n\nInterestingly the RL performance bound in Lemma \\[lm:RL performance bound\\] applies to any initial reference policy $\\pi_0$, which can be different from the learner’s initial policy $\\pi_1$. In particular, if we choose $\\pi_0 = \\pi^\\*$, then the bound in  becomes relative to $J(\\pi^\\*)$. This choice tightens the connection between , actor-critic, and .", "\n\nIn Lemma \\[lm:RL performance bound\\], the amount of policy improvement is reflected in the term $\\E[\\regret_n (\\tilde{f}) + w_{1:n} \\epsilon_{\\Pi,n} (\\tilde{f})]$ in , which trades off $\\E[\\regret_n (\\tilde{f})]$ and the potential performance improvement due to negative $\\E[\\epsilon_{\\Pi,n} (\\tilde{f})]$. Imagine $\\E[\\epsilon_{\\Pi,n} (\\tilde{f})]\\leq -\\Omega(1)$ and $\\{ \\pi_n \\}_{n=1}^N$ is updated by a no-regret algorithm. ", "Then $\\E[\\regret_n (\\tilde{f}) + w_{1:n} \\epsilon_{\\Pi,n} (\\tilde{f})] \\leq - \\Omega(w_{1:n})$. This means, e.g., if $w_n = 1$ and $\\regret_n (\\tilde{f}) \\leq O(\\sqrt{n})$, then the average performance improves around $O(N \\E[\\epsilon_{\\Pi,N}(\\tilde{f})] )$ away from $J(\\pi_0)$ (which can be $J(\\pi^\\*)$). ", "By contrast, in Lemma \\[lm:IL performance bound\\], the improvement is only a constant $O(\\E[\\epsilon_{\\Pi,N}(\\tilde{l})])$ distance from $J(\\pi^\\*)$. However, we note that currently we do not have a formal proof that results in an upper bound of $\\E[\\epsilon_{\\Pi,n} (\\tilde{f})]$ or its sign. ", "While it is intuitive to conjecture that $\\E[\\epsilon_{\\Pi,n}(\\tilde{f})]$ is negative in the early iterations or when the policy sequence is concentrated, we note that, because $J$ is lower bounded, this intuition does not hold for all $N$. Nonetheless, Lemma \\[lm:RL performance bound\\] suggests an alternative perspective on and actor-critic that are known to work well in practice. ", "Further investigation into Lemma \\[lm:RL performance bound\\] is left to future work.", "\n\nPredictability\n--------------\n\nAn important property of the above online learning problems is that they are not completely adversarial for IL, as pointed out by @cheng2018convergence. ", "This can be seen from the definitions of $l_n$ and $f_n$ in  and , respectively. ", "For example, suppose the cost $c_t$ in the original RL problem  is known; then the information unknown before playing the decision $\\pi_n$ in the environment is only the state distribution $d_{\\pi_n}$. Therefore, the per-round loss cannot be truly adversarial, as the same dynamics and cost functions are used across different rounds. ", "We will exploit this property to design .", "\n\nA PREDICTOR-CORRECTOR LEARNING FRAMEWORK\n========================================\n\n\\[sec:piccolo\\] We showed that the performance of RL and IL can be bounded by the regret of a properly constructed *predictable* online learning problem. ", "This suggests that directly applying a standard online learning algorithm designed for adversarial settings (e.g. gradient/mirror descent) to these RL/IL problems is *suboptimal*. ", "The predictable information must be considered in the policy update to achieve optimal convergence in learning.", "\n\nOne way to include predictable information is to develop specialized two-step algorithms based on mirror-prox or FTRL-prediction [@juditsky2011solving; @rakhlin2013online; @ho2017exploiting]. ", "For IL, was recently proposed [@cheng2018model], which updates policies by approximate Be-the-Leader [@kalai2005efficient] and provably achieves faster convergence than previous methods. ", "However, these two-step algorithms often have obscure and non-sequential update rules, and their adaptive and accelerated versions are less accessible [@diakonikolas2017accelerated]. ", "This can make it difficult to implement and tune them in practice.", "\n\nHere we take an alternative, reduction-based approach. ", "We present , a general first-order framework for solving predictable online learning problems. ", "is a meta-algorithm that turns a base algorithm designed for adversarial problems into a new algorithm that can leverage the predictable information to achieve better performance. ", "As a result, we can adopt sophisticated first-order adaptive algorithms to optimally learn policies, without reinventing the wheel. ", "Specifically, given *any* first-order base algorithm belonging to the family of (adaptive) mirror descent and FTRL algorithms, we show how one can “it” to achieve a faster convergence rate without introducing additional performance bias due to prediction errors. ", "Most existing first-order policy optimization algorithms belong to this family [@cheng2018fast], so we can use to wrap these model-free algorithms into new hybrid algorithms that can robustly use (imperfect) predictive models, such as off-policy gradients and simulated gradients, to improve policy learning.", "\n\nBuilding Blocks\n---------------\n\nWe begin by reviewing mirror descent and FTRL, which will be used as the building blocks of . ", "We assume that $\\Pi$ is a closed and convex subset in some normed space with norm $\\norm{\\cdot}$, and we use $B_R(\\pi || \\pi') = R(\\pi) - R(\\pi') - \\lr{\\nabla R(\\pi')}{\\pi - \\pi'}$ to denote a Bregman divergence generated by a strictly convex function $R$, called the distance generator.", "\n\n[Mirror descent]{} updates the decision variable based on proximal maps [@parikh2014proximal]. ", "In round $n$, given first-order information $g_n$ and weight $w_n$, it executes $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:mirror descent}\n\\pi_{n+1} = \\argmin_{\\pi \\in \\Pi} \\lr{w_n g_n}{\\pi} + B_{R_n}(\\pi|| \\pi_n)\\end{aligned}$$ where $R_n$ is a strongly convex function. ", "Mirror descent reduces to gradient descent with step size $\\eta_n$ when when $R_n(\\pi) = \\frac{1}{2\\eta_n}\\norm{\\pi}^2$. Alternatively, [FTRL]{} runs $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:FTRL}\n\\pi_{n+1} = \\argmin_{\\pi \\in \\Pi} \\sum_{m=1}^{n} \\lr{ w_m g_m }{\\pi} + B_{r_{m}}(\\pi|| \\pi_m),\\end{aligned}$$ where $r_{m}$ is a strongly convex function. ", "To connect FTRL with mirror descent, we can roughly think of $ \\lr{(wg)_{1:n-1} }{\\cdot} + \\sum_{m=1}^n B_{r_{m}}$ as $B_{R_n}$ in , since both act as regularization. ", "In particular, when $\\Pi$ is unconstrained, they are indeed equivalent [@mcmahan2017survey].", "\n\nThe Meta-Algorithm {#sec:piccolo rules}\n-------------------\n\nis a meta-algorithm that takes a base algorithm (mirror descent or FTRL) as input and outputs an update rule in predictor-corrector style. ", "It decomposes a base algorithm into three basic operations $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:basic ops}\n&h \\gets \\update(h, H, g, w) , \\quad H \\gets \\adapt(h, H, g, w) \\nonumber \\\\\n&\\hspace{20mm} \\pi \\gets \\project(h, H)\\end{aligned}$$ and recomposes them to generate the new algorithm, where $g$ is a update direction, $w$ is a weight, $h$ is a representation of $\\pi$, and $H$ is a regularization function. ", "The operators $\\update$ and $\\adapt$ define how $h$ and $H$ change when receiving first-order information $g$ and weight $w$, respectively, and $\\project$ describes how $h$ is decoded into a policy $\\pi$. Below we show how these operations define the update rules in  and  and then show how uses them to define a new algorithm (see Appendix \\[app:basic operations\\] for details).", "\n\n### Base Algorithms {#sec:base alg}\n\nWe first show the update rules in  and  can be written within a single framework as $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:general adaptive scheme}\n\\begin{split}\nH_n &= \\adapt(h_n, H_{n-1},g_n, w_n)\\\\\nh_{n+1} &= \\update(h_n, H_n, g_n, w_n) \n\\end{split}\\end{aligned}$$ In round $n$, both algorithms first decode a policy $\\pi_n = \\project(h_n, H_{n-1})$ and run it in the environment to get $g_n$ (which is equal to $ \\nabla \\tilde{l}_n (\\pi_n)$ in IL or $\\nabla \\tilde{f}_n (\\pi_n)$ in RL). ", "Then, based on $g_n$ and $w_n$, they use $\\adapt$ to update the regularization to $H_n$ and use $\\update$ to compute $h_{n+1}$ using the up-to-date $H_n$.\n\nTo validate this, we first define $(h,H)$, $\\update$, and $\\project$. In [mirror descent]{}, we identify $h = \\pi$ and $H$ as the distance generator in , and define $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:mirror descent ops}\n&\\update(h, H, g, w) = \\argmin_{\\pi' \\in \\Pi} \\lr{wg}{\\pi'} + B_H(\\pi' || h) \\nonumber \\\\[-2.5mm]\n&\\project(h,H) = h\\end{aligned}$$ In [FTRL]{}, we identify $H$ as the sum of Bregman divergences in  and $h$ as the weighted sum of past first-order information, and define $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:FTRL ops}\n\\begin{split}\n&\\update(h,H,g,w) = h+wg \\\\ \n&\\project(h, H) = \\argmin_{\\pi' \\in \\Pi} \\lr{h}{\\pi'} + H(\\pi') \n\\end{split}\\end{aligned}$$ Before presenting the details of $\\adapt$, we can already verify that, with the above identifications, indeed implements the classical update rules  and .", "\n\nThe operator $\\adapt$ is designed to update the regularization $H$ (e.g. changing the step size) so that the online learner achieves small regret. ", "Although the exact definition of $\\adapt$ depends on the specific base algorithm, in general it updates the size of regularization $H$ to grow *slowly* and *inversely* proportional to the norm of $g$. We will soon give a concrete example in Section \\[sec:example\\] and please refer to Appendix \\[app:basic operations\\] for details.", "\n\n\\[1\\]\n\npolicy $\\pi_1$, cost sequence $\\{\\psi_n\\}$, regularization $H_0$, model $\\Phi_1$, iteration $N$, exponent $p$ $\\bar \\pi_N$ Set $\\hat{\\pi}_1 = \\pi_1$ and weights $w_n = n^p$ Sample integer $K$ with $P(K=n) \\propto w_n$ $\\hat{g}_n = \\Phi_n(\\hat{\\pi}_n, \\psi_n)$ $\\pi_n = \\PredictionStep(\\hat{\\pi}_n, \\hat{g}_n, H_{n-1}, w_n )$ $\\DD_{n}, g_n = \\DataCollection(\\pi_n, \\psi_n)$ $H_n, \\hat{\\pi}_{n+1} = \\CorrectionStep(\\pi_n, e_n, H_{n-1}, w_n)$, where $e_n = g_n - \\hat{g}_n$. $\\Phi_{n+1} = \\ModelUpdate(\\Phi_n, \\DD)$, where $\\DD = \\DD \\bigcup \\DD_n$.\\\nSet $\\bar \\pi_N = \\hat{\\pi}_K$\n\n### The ed Algorithm\n\naccelerates policy learning by using estimates of future gradients. ", "The full algorithm is summarized in Algorithm \\[alg:piccolo\\]. ", "In round $n$, a “ed” algorithm first queries the predictive model $\\Phi_n$ for $\\hat{g}_n$, which estimates $g_n$ the gradient of the unseen per-round loss. ", "Next, it performs the Prediction Step using $\\hat{g}_n$ to generate the learner’s decision (i.e. $\\pi_n$) and runs this new policy in the environment to get the true gradient $g_n$. Using this feedback, the algorithm performs the Correction Step to amend the bias of using $\\hat{g}_n$. This is accomplished by first adapting the regularization to $H_n$ and then updating $\\pi_n$ to $\\hat{\\pi}_{n+1}$ according to prediction error $e_n = g_n - \\hat{g}_n$. This intermediate policy $\\hat{\\pi}_{n+1}$ will be used as an estimate of the next decision $\\pi_{n+1}$ in querying $\\Phi_{n+1}$ in the next round.", "\n\n#### Update Rules\n\nrecomposes the three basic operations of a base algorithm to define the Prediction and the Correction Steps in Algorithm \\[alg:piccolo\\][^1]: $$\\begin{aligned}\nh_{n} &= \\update(\\hat{h}_{n}, H_{n-1}, \\hat{g}_{n}, w_n) & \\text{[Prediction]} \\label{eq:prediction} \\\\[2.5mm]\n\\begin{split}\nH_{n} &= \\adapt(h_n, H_{n-1}, e_n, w_n) \\\\[-1mm]\n\\hat{h}_{n+1} &= \\update(h_n, H_{n}, e_n, w_n) \n\\end{split} & \\text{[Correction]} \\label{eq:correction}\\end{aligned}$$ Like the base algorithms discussed earlier, calls $\\pi_n = \\project(h_n, H_{n-1})$ to make decisions. ", "Here we write the dependencies in terms of $h_n$ (instead of $\\pi_n$) so they can be used with both mirror descent and FTRL base algorithms. ", "Note that in the Prediction Step, only $h_n$ is updated, not the regularization.", "\n\n#### Predictive Models\n\nThe predictive model $\\Phi_n$ is a first-order oracle, which can be updated online using past information. ", "Given a policy $\\pi$ and a cost function $\\psi$ (e.g. $\\bar{c}$ in IL or $A_{\\pi_{n-1}}$ in RL), it predicts $\\Phi_n(\\pi, \\psi)$ as an estimate of $\\E_{d_{\\pi}} (\\nabla \\E_{\\pi}) [ \\psi ]$. ", "In , we use $\\Phi_n$ and $\\hat{\\pi}_n = \\project(\\hat{h}_n, H_{n-1})$ to construct $\\hat{g}_n$. For example, we can set $\\hat{g}_n = \\Phi_n(\\hat{\\pi}_n, A_{\\pi_{n-1}})$ to estimate the gradient in  in RL. ", "A predictive model can be a simulator with an (online learned) dynamics model [@tan2018sim; @deisenroth2011pilco], or a neural network trained to predict the required gradients [@silver2016predictron; @oh2017value]. ", "An even simpler way is to construct predictive models as *off-policy* gradients. ", "For our previous example, $\\Phi_n(\\hat{\\pi}_n, A_{\\pi_{n-1}}) = \\hat{\\E}_{d_{\\pi_{n-1}}} (\\nabla \\hat{\\E}_{\\pi}) [ A_{\\pi_{n-1}} ] |_{\\pi = \\hat{\\pi}_n}$ can be used to approximate the future gradient $g_n\n= \\hat{\\E}_{d_{\\pi_n}} (\\nabla \\hat{\\E}_{\\pi}) [ A_{\\pi_{n-1}} ] |_{\\pi = \\pi_n}$, where $\\hat{\\E}$ denotes finite sample approximation. ", "A similar predictive model can be constructed using a replay buffer.", "\n\nWhy Does Work? {#", "sec:example}\n--------------\n\nuses the predicted gradient to take an extra step to accelerate learning. ", "In the meanwhile, to prevent the error accumulation, it adaptively adjusts the step size (i.e. the regularization) based on the prediction error and corrects for the bias on the policy right away. ", "To gain some intuition, let us consider  [@duchi2011adaptive] as a base algorithm[^2]:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\nG_n &= G_{n-1} + \\diag(w_n g_n \\odot w_n g_n)\\\\[-1mm]\n\\pi_{n+1} &= \\argmin_{\\pi \\in \\Pi} \\lr{w_n g_n}{\\pi} + \\frac{1}{2 \\eta} (\\pi - \\pi_n)^\\top G_n^{1/2} (\\pi - \\pi_n) \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$\n\nwhere $G_0 = \\epsilon I$ and $\\eta,\\epsilon>0$, and $\\odot$ denotes element-wise multiplication. ", "With its $\\update$ and $\\project$ defined standardly in , its $\\adapt$ is defined as $\n\\adapt(h, H, g, w) = G + \\diag(w g \\odot w g)\n$ which updates the Bregman divergence based on the gradient size.", "\n\ntransforms into a new algorithm. ", "In the Prediction Step, it performs\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\pi_{n} &= \\argmin_{\\pi \\in \\Pi} \\lr{w_n \\hat{g}_n}{\\pi} + \\frac{1}{2 \\eta} (\\pi - \\pi_{n-1})^\\top G_{n-1}^{1/2} (\\pi - \\pi_{n-1})\\end{aligned}$$\n\nIn the Correction Step, it performs\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\nG_n &= G_{n-1} + \\diag(w_n e_n \\odot w_n e_n) \\\\[-1mm]\n\\hat{\\pi}_{n+1} &= \\argmin_{\\pi \\in \\Pi} \\lr{w_n e_n}{\\pi} + \\frac{1}{2 \\eta} (\\pi -\\hat{\\pi}_n)^\\top G_n^{1/2} (\\pi - \\hat{\\pi}_n) \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$\n\nWe see that the -updates $G_n$ proportional to the prediction error $e_n$ instead of $g_n$. It takes larger steps when models are accurate, and decreases the step size once the prediction deviates. ", "As a result, is robust to model quality: it accelerates learning when the model is informative, and prevents inaccurate (potentially adversarial) models from hurting the policy. ", "We will further demonstrate this in theories and experiments.", "\n\nTHEORETICAL ANALYSIS {#sec:piccolo theories}\n====================\n\nWe show that has two major benefits over previous approaches: 1) it accelerates policy learning when the models predict the required gradient well [on average]{}; and 2) it does not bias the performance of the policy, even when the prediction is incorrect.", "\n\nTo analyze , we introduce an assumption to quantify the $\\adapt$ operator of a base algorithm.", "\n\n\\[as:base algorithm\\] chooses a regularization sequence such that, for some $M_{N}= o(w_{1:N})$, $\n \\norm{H_0}_{\\RR} + \\sum_{n=1}^{N} \\norm{H_n - H_{n-1}}_{\\RR} \\le M_N \n $ for some norm $\\norm{\\cdot}_{\\RR}$.\n\nThis assumption, which requires the regularization to change slower than the growth of $w_{1:N}$, is satisfied by most reasonably-designed base algorithms. ", "For example, in a uniformly weighted problem, gradient descent with a decaying step size $O(\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{n}})$ has $M_N = O(\\sqrt{N})$. In general, for stochastic problems, an optimal base algorithm would ensure $M_N = O(\\frac{w_{1:N}}{\\sqrt{N}})$.\n\nConvergence Properties\n----------------------\n\nNow we state the main result, which quantifies the regret of with respect to the sequence of linear loss functions that it has access to. ", "The proof is given in Appendix \\[app:piccolo regret analysis\\], which is based on a general reduction from predictive online learning to adversarial online learning.", "\n\n[theorem]{}[piccolobound]{} \\[th:piccolo\\] Suppose $H_n$ defines a strongly convex function with respect to $\\norm{\\cdot}_n$. Under Assumption \\[as:base algorithm\\], running ensures $\n \\sum_{n=1}^N \\lr{ w_n g_n }{\\pi_n - \\pi} \n \\leq \n M_{N} + \\sum_{n=1}^N \\frac{w_n^2}{2} \\norm{ e_n }_{*,n}^2 - \\frac{1}{2} \\norm{\\pi_n - \\hat{\\pi}_n}_{n-1}^2\n $, for all $\\pi \\in \\Pi$.\n\nThe term $\\norm{ e_n }_{*,n}^2$ in Theorem \\[th:piccolo\\] says that the performance of depends on how well the base algorithm adapts to the error $e_n$, which depends on the $\\adapt$ operation in the Correction Step. ", "Usually $\\adapt$ updates $H_n$ gradually (Assumption \\[as:base algorithm\\]) while minimizing $\\frac{1}{2} \\norm{ e_n }_{*,n}^2$, like we showed in .", "\n\nIn general, when the base algorithm is adaptive and optimal for adversarial problems, we show in Appendix \\[app:analysis of policy optimization\\] that its ed version guarantees that $\\E[\\sum_{n=1}^N \\lr{ w_n g_n }{\\pi_n - \\pi} ]\n\\leq O(1) + C_{\\Pi,\\Phi} \\frac{w_{1:N}}{\\sqrt{N}}$, where $C_{\\Pi,\\Phi} = O( |\\Pi| + E_\\Phi + \\sigma_g^2 + \\sigma_{\\hat{g}}^2)$ is some constant related to the size of $\\Pi$, the model bias $E_\\Phi$, and the sampling variance $\\sigma_g^2$ and $\\sigma_{\\hat{g}}^2$ of $g_n$ and $\\hat{g}_n$, respectively. ", "Through Lemma \\[lm:IL performance bound\\] and \\[lm:RL performance bound\\], this bound directly implies accelerated and bias-free policy performance.", "\n\n\\[th:piccolo averageregret\\] Let $F_n$ to be either $\\tilde{l}_n$ or $\\tilde{f}_n$. Suppose $F_n$ is convexand $w_n \\geq \\Omega(1)$. Then running yields $\\E[\\regret_n(F)/w_{1:N}] = O(\\frac{C_{\\Pi,\\Phi} }{\\sqrt{N}})$, where $C_{\\Pi,\\Phi} = O( |\\Pi| + E_\\Phi + \\sigma_g^2 + \\sigma_{\\hat{g}}^2) = O(1)$.\n\n ------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Algorithms Upper bounds in Big-O\n\n \\[0.5ex\\] $ \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{N}} \n { \\left( \\abs{\\Pi} + \\sigma_g^2 + \\sigma_{\\hat g^2} + E_\\Phi \\right) }$\n\n model-free $\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{N}} \n { \\left( \\abs{\\Pi} + G_g^2 + \\sigma_g^2 \\right) }$\n\n model-based $ \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{N}} \n { \\left( \\abs{\\Pi} + G_{\\hat{g}}^2 + \\sigma_{\\hat g^2} \\right) } + E_\\Phi$\n\n $\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2 N}} { \\left( \\abs{\\Pi} \\hspace{-0.5mm} + \\hspace{-0.5mm} \\frac{1}{2}{ \\left( G_g^2 + G_{\\hat g}^2 + \\sigma_g^2 + \\sigma_{\\hat g}^2 \\right) } \\right) } \\hspace{-0.5mm}+ \\hspace{-0.5mm}E_\\Phi$\n\n \\[1ex\\] \n ------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n : Upper bounds of the average regret of different policy optimization algorithms.", "\n\n\\[tb:comparison of bounds\\]\n\nComparison {#sec:comparison}\n----------\n\nTo appreciate the advantages of , we review several policy optimization algorithms and show that they are can be viewed as incomplete versions of , which only either result in accelerated learning *or* are unbiased, but not both (see in Table \\[tb:comparison of bounds\\]).", "\n\nWe first consider the common model-free approach [@sutton2000policy; @kakade2002natural; @peters2008natural; @peters2010relative; @silver2014deterministic; @sun2017deeply; @cheng2018fast], i.e. applying the base algorithm with $g_n$. To make the comparison concrete, suppose $\\norm{\\E[g_n]}_{*}^2 \\leq G_g^2$ for some constant $G_g$, where we recall $g_n$ is the sampled true gradient. ", "As the model-free approach is equivalent to setting $\\hat{g}_n = 0$ in , by Theorem \\[th:piccolo\\] (with $e_n = g_n$), the constant $C_\\Pi$ in Theorem \\[th:piccolo averageregret\\] would become $O(|\\Pi|+G_g^2 + \\sigma_g^2)$. In other words, ing the base algorithm improves the constant factor from $G_g^2$ to $\\sigma_{\\hat{g}}^2 + E_{\\Phi}$. Therefore, while the model-free approach is bias-free, its convergence can be further improved by , as long as the models $\\{\\Phi_n\\}$ are reasonably accurate on average.[^3]\n\nNext we consider the pure model-based approach with a model that is potentially learned online [@jacobson1970differential; @todorov2005generalized; @deisenroth2011pilco; @pan2014probabilistic]. ", "As such approach is equivalent to only performing the Prediction Step, its performance suffers from any modeling error. ", "Specifically, suppose $\\norm{\\E[\\hat{g}_n]}_{*}^2 \\leq G_{\\hat{g}}^2$ for some constant $G_{\\hat{g}}$. One can show that the bound in Theorem \\[th:piccolo averageregret\\] would become $O((|\\Pi| + G_{\\hat{g}}^2+\\sigma_{\\hat{g}}^2)/\\sqrt{N} + E_{\\Phi})$, introducing a constant bias in $O(E_{\\Phi})$. Note that the above discussion simplifies the model-based planning into a gradient step along the direction provided by $\\Phi_n$ (which is not exactly [@jacobson1970differential; @todorov2005generalized; @deisenroth2011pilco; @pan2014probabilistic]). ", "Nevertheless, it captures the important effect of performance bias, which also appears in these multi-step algorithms.", "\n\nA hybrid heuristic to combine the model-based and model-free updates is  [@sutton1991dyna; @sutton2012dyna], which interleaves the two steps during policy optimization. ", "This is equivalent to applying $g_n$, instead of the error $e_n$, in the Correction Step of . ", "Following a similar analysis as above, one can show that the convergence rate in Theorem \\[th:piccolo averageregret\\] would become $O((|\\Pi| + G^2 + \\sigma^2)/\\sqrt{2 N} + E_{\\Phi})$, where $G^2 = \\half(G_{g}^2 + G_{\\hat{g}}^2)$ and $\\sigma^2 = \\half(\\sigma_g^2 + \\sigma_{\\hat{g}}^2)$. Therefore, is effectively twice as fast as the pure model-free approach. ", "However, it would eventually suffer from the performance bias due model error, as reflected in the term $E_{\\Phi}$. We will demonstrate this property experimentally in Figure \\[fig:simple exps\\].", "\n\nFinally, we note that the idea of using $\\Phi_n$ as control variate [@chebotar2017combining; @grathwohl2017backpropagation; @papini2018stochastic] is orthogonal to the setups considered above, and it can be naturally combined with . ", "Specifically, we can use $\\Phi_n$ to compute a better sampled gradient $g_n$ with smaller variance (line 6 of Algorithm \\[alg:piccolo\\]). ", "This would improve $\\sigma_g^2$ in the bounds to a smaller $\\tilde\\sigma_g^2$, the size of reduced variance.", "\n\nEXPERIMENTS\n===========\n\n\\~[<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">TrueDyn</span>]{}\n\n[.23]{}\n\n[.23]{}\n\n[.24]{}\n\n[.24]{}\n\n[.24]{}\n\n[.24]{}\n\n\\\n\n[.24]{}\n\n[.24]{}\n\n[.24]{}\n\n[.24]{}\n\n\\\n\nWe corroborate our theoretical findings with experiments in learning neural network policies to solve simulated robot RL tasks (CartPole, Hopper, Snake, Reacher3D, and Walker3D) in the DART [@brockman2016openai]. ", "We use CartPole to verify basic properties of and use the others to study the performance of in solving more complicated problems. ", "The aim is to see if improves the performance a base algorithm. ", "We choose several popular first-order algorithms (  [@kingma2014adam], natural gradient descent  [@kakade2002natural], and trust-region optimizer  [@schulman2015trust]). ", "We compute $g_n$ by GAE [@schulman2015high]. ", "For predictive models, we consider off-policy gradients (with the samples of the last iteration or a replay buffer ) and gradients computed through simulations with the true dynamics model[^4] (\\~). ", "Please refer to Appendix \\[app:exp details\\] for the details and complete results.", "\n\nWe use CartPole to study Theorem \\[th:piccolo averageregret\\], which suggests that is unbiased and improves the performance when the prediction is accurate. ", "Here we additionally consider two inaccurate models: that predicts gradients using a randomly specified neural network dynamics, and that predicts the gradients adversarially.[^5] Figure \\[fig:simple exps\\] illustrates the performance of and , when is chosen as the base algorithm. ", "We observe that improves the performance when the model is accurate (i.e. \\~). ", "Moreover, is robust to modeling errors. ", "It performs closely to the base algorithm (in this case) when using , converging to the optimal performance; on the other hand, yields a performance bias. ", "When the predictive model becomes adversarial, still converges, whereas fails completely.", "\n\nIn Figure \\[fig:exps\\], we study the performance of in a range of environments using and as base algorithms. ", "In general, we find that indeed improves the performance[^6], though we also find that the exact degree depends on the environment and the predictive model used. ", "For example, gives significant improvement in the difficult Walker3D, whereas it performs similarly to in the other settings. ", "We also find that ed has slightly worse performance than in Reacher3D[^7], whereas does improve the performance of . ", "Finally, we note that \\~provides improvement in various settings. ", "Although its computation time might be considered impractical to these simulated problems, it can be valuable in applications where agent-environment interaction is expensive.", "\n\nCONCLUSION\n==========\n\nis a general reduction-based framework for solving predictable online learning problems. ", "It can be viewed as an automatic strategy for generating new algorithms that can leverage prediction to accelerate convergence. ", "Furthermore, uses the Correction Step to recover from the mistake made in the Prediction Step, so the presence of model errors does not bias convergence, as we show in both the theory and experiments. ", "The design of opens the question of designing predictive models. ", "While is robust against modeling error, the accuracy of a predictive model can affect its effectiveness. ", "only improves the performance when the model can make non-trivial predictions. ", "In the experiments, we found that off-policy and simulated gradients are often useful, but they are not perfect. ", "It would be interesting to see whether a predictive model that is trained to directly minimize the prediction error can further help policy learning. ", "Also, the current design of takes only a gradient update in the Prediction Step. ", "An open question is how to adaptively take multiple updates in the Prediction Step in accordance with the model accuracy, while properly correcting for the bias in the Correction Step. ", "For example, if the predictive model is exact, an ideal Prediction Step should completely solve the learning problem. ", "Finally, we note that, despite the focus of this paper on policy optimization, can naturally be applied to other optimization problems.", "\n\n### Acknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}\n\nThis research is supported in part by NSF NRI 1637758 and NSF CAREER 1750483.", "\n\n[^1]: We provide a variation of in Appendix \\[app:practical piccolo\\].", "\n\n[^2]: We provide another example of natural gradient descent in Appendix \\[app:example\\].", "\n\n[^3]: It can be shown that if the model is learned online with a no-regret algorithm, it would perform similarly to the best model in the hindsight (cf. ", "Appendix \\[app:model learning\\])\n\n[^4]: As we focus on studying the properties of , we assume that a good dynamics model is available.", "\n\n[^5]: We set $\\hat{g}_{n+1} = - g_n \\times \\max_{m=1,\\dots,n}\\norm{g_m}/\\norm{g_n}$.\n\n[^6]: Note that different base algorithms are not directly comparable, as further fine-tuning of step sizes is required.", "\n\n[^7]: After an investigation, we found that the prediction errors are larger than the true gradients, i.e. using the predictive models are worse than predicting zero.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Background {#Sec1}\n==========\n\nThe proportion of people older than 65 years is growing faster than any other age group \\[[@CR1]\\]. ", "Recognition of this require expanded knowledge on how this large portion of population can experience successful ageing. ", "Successful ageing is about staying healthy \\[[@CR2]\\] and connected to a diversity of factors, such as psychological resources, life satisfaction, social participation, functioning and personal growth \\[[@CR3]\\]. ", "Wellbeing is also linked to health and age and refers to how people experience the quality of their lives \\[[@CR4]\\], comprising emotional responses, feelings of happiness, sadness, anger, stress, purpose and meaning in life \\[[@CR5]\\]. ", "The process of successful ageing \\[[@CR1]\\] is about extending healthy life expectancy and quality of life for all people as they age, but it is also about optimizing opportunities for health and participation in social, economic, cultural, spiritual and civil matters. ", "Lack of social support has shown to have a negative influence on future quality of life among elderly people \\[[@CR6]\\].", "\n\nAs people grow older, the prevalence of chronic illness is increasing, which challenge the health system to make easily accessible services to meet the growing needs for chronic illness management, risk reduction, promoting healthy lifestyles, and improving the aging population's quality of life \\[[@CR7]\\]. ", "Wellbeing have a protective role in health maintenance for older people \\[[@CR8]\\], where nutrition and diet prevent frailty. ", "Frailty is a continuum of being at risk of losing, or having lost, social and general resources, activities, or abilities that are important for fulfilling one or more basic social needs during the life span \\[[@CR9]\\]. ", "Also, sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, functional impairments \\[[@CR10]\\], higher level of depression, poor self-rated health and negative affect \\[[@CR11]\\] are shown to be significantly associated with frailty. ", "One study found a strong association between depression and incident of frailty in older women \\[[@CR12]\\].", "\n\nIn summary, a 2017 review \\[[@CR11]\\] states that a wide variety of factors, such as sociodemographic, physical, biological, lifestyle, diet, activities of daily living (ADL), and psychological factors (e.g. depressive symptoms) are associated with frailty. ", "A healthy diet includes food types like fruits, vegetables, fish, whole-grain bread and water \\[[@CR13]\\]. ", "Thus, healthy diets also consist of food variety, enabling food components to be met adequately and comprehensively \\[[@CR14]\\]. ", "Several publications have revealed that healthy diets are associated with better quality of life \\[[@CR13], [@CR15], [@CR16]\\]. ", "For instance, studies have shown that individuals with a higher score for adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet \\[[@CR17], [@CR18]\\] and higher consumption of low-fat milk and yogurt \\[[@CR19]\\] have lower odds of developing frailty, while a variety and quality of diets in older people \\[[@CR20]\\] is increased by factors, such as social resources, money and help from friends and neighbors.", "\n\nTo improve quality of life of older persons, it is important to screen and develop interventions targeting frailty components \\[[@CR6]\\]. ", "Moreover, as elderly's psychological status and lifestyle behaviours are associated with frailty, it is important to investigate the influence of life style behaviors and health status variables in relation to psychological distress, in addition to less studied factors such as type of neighborhoods \\[[@CR11]\\]. ", "Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the associations between diet patterns and psychological distress in elderly people when adjusting for other life style behaviors, wellbeing, health status, physical functioning and social support by using data from a longitudinal epidemiological observational study in Norway \\[[@CR21]\\].", "\n\nMethods {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nSample {#Sec3}\n------\n\nThe Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT Study) is one of the largest health studies ever performed, collecting data in four waves, HUNT 1 (1984--1986), HUNT 2 (1995--1997), HUNT 3 (2006--2008) and HUNT 4 (ongoing) \\[[@CR22]\\]. ", "This present study is based on data collected in the HUNT 3 wave (2006--2008). ", "The HUNT3 wave (50,807 participants) contain information on the inhabitants' sociodemographic status, living conditions, life-styles behaviors and health status. ", "In this study, elderly inhabitants are defined as being 65 years or older in 2006 when the HUNT3 data collection started.", "\n\nVariables and measures {#Sec4}\n----------------------\n\nThe outcome variable was psychological distress measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) \\[[@CR23]\\]. ", "HADS has been translated into Norwegian and is a valid and reliable measure \\[[@CR24]\\] to assess psychological distress. ", "HADS total score range from zero (best) to 42 (worst) as a continuous variable.", "\n\nThe independent variables consist of sociodemographic variables, variables assessing life style behaviors (diet, smoking, alcohol), social support, overall health, wellbeing, and instrumental activities of daily living (1-ADL). ", "Sociodemographic information contained information on sex (male/female) and living situation (cohabitating yes or no). ", "Variables assessing life style behaviors included diet (healthy or unhealthy diet pattern group), current smoking (yes or no) and alcohol consumption (4--7 times a week, 2--3 times a week, about once a week, 2--3 times a month, about once a month, a few times a year, not at all the last year, and never drank alcohol). ", "Food consumption was collected by asking how often of the following foodstuff the participants normally eat. ", "Then, the diet pattern variable was created by re-coding categorical food variables into continuous variables and calculating the average weekly consumption. ", "A healthy diet pattern was characterized as more consumption of fruits, vegetables, boiled potatoes, oily fish, whole-grain bread and water, while the unhealthy diet pattern consisted of larger amount of/consumption of chocolate/candy, pasta, sausages, sugar free and sugary soft drinks, and whole milk, juice, white and semi-grain bread.", "\n\nVariables assessing social support was assessed by two items from the Social Cohesion and Support Index (SCS) \\[[@CR25]\\], *«do you have friends that can help you when you need them\" and \"do you have friends that you can speak to confidentially\",* in addition to one item from the Short Form-8 (SF-8) health survey \\[[@CR26]\\]. ", "The SF-8 question \"*to what extent has your physical health or emotional problems limited you in your usual socializing with family or friends during the last 4 weeks\"* has the following response alternatives; not at all, very little, somewhat, much or was not able to socialize where lower score indicates less problems. ", "As people's community is relevant for social support, we included three items (network united, network distrust and network welfare) from the HUNT instrument, Local community \\[[@CR22]\\]. ", "The questions were \"*I feel a strong sense of community with the people who live here\"* (network united), \"*we do not trust each other here\"* (network distrust) and *\"people like living here\"* (network welfare), with answers strongly agree, somewhat agree, unsure, somewhat disagree or strongly disagree.", "\n\nWellbeing was assessed by a single item *\"thinking about your life at the moment, would you say that you by and large are satisfied with life, or are you mostly dissatisfied, which*is found to be a sufficient and valid measure \\[[@CR27]\\]. ", "The response alternatives were very satisfied, satisfied, somewhat satisfied, neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, somewhat dissatisfied, dissatisfied, very dissatisfied. ", "Overall health was measured with the question *\"how is your health at the moment\"* with the response alternatives poor, not so good, good or very good. ", "We assessed physical functioning by instrumental activities of daily living (I-ADL), defined as problems performing one or more instrumental activities. ", "The activities were preparing hot food, doing light housework, doing heavier housework, washing clothes, paying bills, taking medicine, being able to move outside the house, go shopping and taking a bus without help \\[[@CR28]\\].", "\n\nAnalyses {#Sec5}\n--------\n\nThe data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 22) \\[[@CR29]\\]. ", "To investigate differences between elderly dependent on diet clusters, we conducted bi-variate analyses where continuous and categorical variables were analyzed with independent t-tests and Pearson's chi-squared test, respectively. ", "To investigate independent associations between diet patterns and psychological distress when adjusting for other life style behaviors (smoking and alcohol consumption), wellbeing, health status, physical functioning and social support, we created a regression model where groups of variables were added to the model in five steps (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "After each step, we excluded the non-significant variables. ", "Multiple regression analysis are powerful statistical procedures suited to estimate the linear relationship between an outcome variable and one or more predictor variables \\[[@CR30]\\]. ", "Other principal assumptions in addition to linearity that justify the use of linear regression models are statistical independence of the errors, homoscedasticity and normality of the error distribution. ", "In this study, the assumptions of linear regression analyses, values of inter-correlations, the Durbin-Watson and Variance Inflation Factor were not violated. ", "Only cases with valid values for all variables are included in the analyses. ", "In multivariable regression analyses, the standardized beta coefficient (Beta) compares the strength of the association between the independent and dependent variable when adjusting for other independent variables in the model. ", "The level of significance was set to *p* \\< 0.05. ", "Only cases with valid values for all variables are included in the analyses. ", "Contribution of the independent variables in the model is expressed as explained variance (adjusted R^2^).", "\n\nThe diet pattern variable was created through K-means cluster analysis \\[[@CR31]\\], which is suitable for data with large sample sizes. ", "Cluster analysis classify individuals with similar traits into separate groups. ", "In this study, we re-coded categorical food variables into continuous variables by calculating the average weekly consumption. ", "Then, we standardized these continuous food variables before running the K-means cluster analysis to make sure that food groups did not influence the clusters with specific frequency \\[[@CR31]\\]. ", "The result from the K-means cluster analyses resulted in two different diet patterns (healthy and unhealthy) which are already published \\[[@CR13]\\]. ", "We created the variable cohabitating by recoding elderly's living situation into a dummy variable. ", "Those registered as married, or living with a registered partner was given value one and those registered as single, separated, divorced, surviving partner, or widower represented the reference category, value zero.", "\n\nResults {#Sec6}\n=======\n\nThe sample consisted of 11,621 participants, 65 years or older in 2006. ", "The sample's characteristics are presented in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}, showing that the healthy diet group consisted of more females, more elderly living with someone, less smokers and less alcohol consumption. ", "In addition, participants in the healthy diet pattern group had a lower level of psychological distress, higher scores on wellbeing, better scores on social support and less problems performing I-ADL's except from being able to do the shopping without help from others. ", "The internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha) of the HADS in this sample was 0.82.Table 1Descriptive characteristics of elderly dependent on diet pattern groupVariablesHealthy diet clusterUnhealthy diet cluster*P*-value*N* = 9128*N* = 2493N (%) or mean (SD)N (%) or mean (SD)HADS total score (0--42) ↓7.56 (5.1)8.75 (5.5).000\\*Sociodemographic information Female5119 (56.1)1181 (47.4).000\\* Cohabitating5872 (64.3)1248 (50.1).000\\*Lifestyle style behaviors Ex-smoker7282 (83.7)1871 (83.1).006\\* Alcohol consumption (1--8) ↓4.82 (1.9)5.12 (1.9).000\\*Overall health and wellbeing Life-satisfaction (0--7) ↓2.25 (1.0)2.41 (1.0).000\\* Health at the moment (0--4) ↑2.66 (0.6)2.56 (0.6).000\\*Social support SCS (friends support)7377 (92.2)1895 (90.5).000\\* SCS (friends talk)7204 (90.6)1875 (89.2).059 SF-8 (0--5) ↓1.54 (0.9)1.69 (1.0).000\\* Network united (1--5) ↓1.78 (0.9)1.87 (1.0).000\\* Network distrust (1--5) ↑3.61 (1.4)3.36 (1.4).000\\* Network welfare (1--5) ↓1.38 (0.7)1.46 (0.8).000\\*I-ADL Can prepare warm meals without help from others (yes = 1)5063 (96.1)1449 (94.8).028\\* Can do the shopping without help from others (yes = 1)5063 (95.5)1453 (94.7).196 Can go out without help from others (yes = 1)5187 (97.8)1478 (96.7).009\\* Can do light housework without help from others (yes = 1)5168 (98.0)1466 (96.3).000\\* Can do heavier housework without help from others (yes = 1)4423 (84.3)1177 (77.8).000\\* Can do the laundry without help from others (yes = 1)4764 (91.5)1357 (89.9).048\\* Can pay bills without help from others (yes = 1)5073 (95.6)1432 (93.7).001\\* Can take medicines without help from others (yes = 1)5097 (98.5)1453 (97.5).009\\* Can take the bus without help from others (yes = 1)4672 (91.4)1258 (86.7).000\\*↑Higher score is better, ↓lower score is better*HADS* = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, *SCS* = Social Cohesion and Support Index, *SF-8* = the Short Form-8 Health Survey, *I-ADL* = instrumental activities of daily living\\**p*-value \\< .05\n\nTable [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"} presents the results from the multivariable regression analyses. ", "In step 1, both demographic variables, being male and living with someone were associated with less psychological distress. ", "When adding the variable healthy diet pattern to the model, the analyses showed that there was an independent association between having a healthy diet pattern and less psychological distress. ", "In step three of the analyses, other lifestyle behaviors like alcohol consumption and smoking were added to the model. ", "The results showed that increased alcohol consumption and smoking were associated with higher psychological distress. ", "In step four, the analyses still showed that having a healthy diet pattern were associated with less psychological distress when adjusting for demographics, other lifestyle behaviors and instrumental activities of daily living. ", "Instrumental activities of daily living as being able to prepare warm meals, go out, do heavier housework do the laundry and pay bills without help from others were associated with  lower psychological distress. ", "In the final step of the analyses, we added variables assessing wellbeing, health status and social support to the model. ", "The multivariable regression analyses showed that the healthy diet variable still had an independent statistical significant influence on psychological distress when adjusting for the other variables in the model.", "Table 2Explained variance in psychological distress among elderly \\> 65 years oldIndependent variablesPsychological distress (HADS)STEP 1STEP 2STEP 3STEP 4STEP 5Beta*P*-valueBeta*P*-valueBeta*P*-valueBeta*P*-valueBeta*P*-valueSociodemographic Cohabitating (yes = 1)−.029.008\\*−.015.181 Sex (male = 1)−.072.000\\*−.083.000\\*−.078.000\\*−.096.000\\*−.081.000\\*Lifestyle style behaviors Healthy diet cluster (yes = 1)−.097.000\\*−.089.000\\*−.075.000\\*−.048.000\\* Smoker.057.000\\*.073.000\\*.048.000\\* Alcohol consumption (1--8)↓.044.000\\*.004.771I-ADL Prepare warm meals−.063.001\\*−.056.000\\* Go out−.066.000\\*−.025.080 Do heavier housework−.076.000\\*.039.010\\* Do the laundry−.035.040\\*−.023.148 Pay bills−.025.155 Take medicines−.003.850 Do the shopping.024.249 Do light housework.030.088 Take the bus−.034.057Health and wellbeing Life-satisfaction (0--7) ↓.297.000\\* Health at the moment (0--4) ↑-,119.000\\*Social support SF-8 (0--5) ↓.101.000\\* Network distrust (1--5) ↑−.086.000\\* Network welfare (1--5) ↓.099.000\\* Network united (1--5) ↓−.001.928 SCS (friends talk) (yes = 1)−.036.013\\* SCS (friends support) (yes = 1)−.008.570Adjusted R^2^0.07%0.16%0.19%4.8%24.3%Multiple linear regression analyses, standardized coefficients = Beta, \\* *p*-value \\< .05↑ Higher score is better, ↓lower score is better*HADS* = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, *SCS* = Social Cohesion and Support Index, *SF-8* = the Short Form-8 Health Survey, *I-ADL* = instrumental activities of daily living (Can do the following tasks without help from others)\n\nMoreover, the final model showed that in addition to a healthy diet, being male, being able to prepare warm meals or do heavier housework without help from others, reporting better health and life satisfaction were positively associated with less psychological distress. ", "In addition, more social support in terms of having friends that they could speak to confidentially, experiencing less problems that limited usual socializing with family or friends, and better scores on the community feelings welfare and distrust were all independently statistically significantly associated with less psychological distress. ", "The model as a whole explained 24.3% of the variance in psychological distress.", "\n\nDiscussion {#Sec7}\n==========\n\nThe aim of this study was to investigate associations between psychological distress and diet patterns when adjusting for other life style behaviors, wellbeing, health status, physical functioning and social support in elderly people.", "\n\nThe influence of diet patterns on psychological distress {#Sec8}\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn a previous HUNT study \\[[@CR13]\\], a significant difference in psychological distress between elderly people with a healthy and unhealthy diet was found, but the study did not adjust for possible confounders. ", "In this study, we performed multiple linear regression analysis and adjusted for other independent variables when studying the association between diet patterns and psychological distress. ", "The regression model showed that having a healthy diet was associated with less psychological distress in the elderly when adjusting for other lifestyle behaviours that in other studies have shown to influence older people's wellbeing \\[[@CR32]\\] and psychological distress \\[[@CR11]\\].", "\n\nFurthermore, this study confirm findings from other studies showing that sociodemographic determinants are associated with diet quality \\[[@CR33]\\] and social relationships are linked to dietary behavior \\[[@CR34]\\]. ", "Conklin and colleagues \\[[@CR34]\\] found that being single or widowed was associated with lower scores on vegetable variety, and the associations were enhanced when combined with male gender, living alone or infrequent friend contact. ", "Our bi-variate analyses showed that unhealthy diet patterns were more common among males and elderly with fewer supportive friends. ", "These findings confirmed the results from another study \\[[@CR20]\\] showing that varieties and quality of diets in elderly were influenced by social resources and help from friends and neighbors.", "\n\nGender differences in food preferences are shown as essential in several studies \\[[@CR33], [@CR35]\\] indicating that females prefer more vegetables and fruits than males \\[[@CR16]\\]. ", "Our analyses found more females in the healthy diet pattern group, and having a healthy diet was associated with less psychological distress. ", "Yet, the multivariable analyses showed that being female in itself were associated with  level of psychological distress.", "\n\nAs the design of this study is cross-sectional, it is not possible to establish a causal association saying that psychological distress is the \"outcome\" and diet the \"exposure\" since the relationship could be the opposite direction. ", "However, another study found associations between depressive symptoms and having a diet containing more meat, and that a \"meat dietary pattern\" was most common in males \\[[@CR16]\\]. ", "Hence, the inconsistent findings regarding the associations between depressive symptoms, diet and gender, need to be further studied.", "\n\nFurthermore, it is also evident that other lifestyle behaviors, besides diet, influence elderly people's psychological health. ", "This study demonstrates that smoking and alcohol consumption are independently associated with higher levels of psychological distress when adjusting for variables assessing wellbeing, health status, physical functioning and social support. ", "As such, this study confirms that several lifestyle behaviors (diet, smoking and alcohol consumption) are important domains to target in relation to promoting elderly people's health and wellbeing. ", "Smoking is for instance found to be more common in elderly with unhealthy diets \\[[@CR16]\\].", "\n\nHowever, it is clear that society needs to be aware of several factors, besides diet and other lifestyle behaviors, when aiming for improving elderly people's psychological status. ", "As this study showed, the ability to prepare warm meals without help from others predicted less psychological distress as well as the ability to socializing with family or friends. ", "These findings, along with evidence from other studies \\[[@CR34], [@CR36], [@CR37]\\], indicate that being social and in interaction with family or friends is of great importance, both for eating healthy and maintaining good psychological health. ", "For instance, the United States has established a variety of programs to improve elderly's diet, increase social interaction, and delay loss of independence. ", "Several benefits, such as better health, better nutritional intake and improved social interaction were found from these programs \\[[@CR36]\\].", "\n\nFor society, having knowledge of factors associated with less psychological distress is important to promote elderly's health and detect risk factors \\[[@CR38]\\]. ", "Several health promotion programs are found effective in supporting elderly's social participation and self-management \\[[@CR9]\\]. ", "In this study, self-management in terms of maintaining the ability to perform activities of daily living, such as preparing warm meals, were associated with less psychological distress. ", "As such, nutrition and food intake play a significant role for both, physical and psychological health in older age \\[[@CR15]\\]. ", "There is evidence that healthy dietary patterns rich in fruit, vegetables, fish, whole grains and starchy low-fat staple foods are likely to promote healthy ageing, including life expectancy and lesser risk of cardiometabolic diseases \\[[@CR39]\\].", "\n\nStrengths and limitations {#Sec9}\n-------------------------\n\nThe strength of this study is the large sample of elderly inhabitants. ", "Data includes a detailed registration of food intake, in addition to valid and widely used measurements assessing lifestyle behaviors, health status, wellbeing, physical and social functioning. ", "A limitation of the study is that the questionnaires are all based on self-report, and it has no objective measures of food intake or biological data. ", "However, the data make it possible to investigate associations between self-reported information on lifestyle behaviours such as diet or food intake, and variables assessing elderly's psychological distress, health, wellbeing, social support and physical functioning and compare our findings with other studies from different countries. ", "Another limitation in this study is the cross-sectional design. ", "Even though it is possible to detect associations between diet patterns, life style behaviors, wellbeing, health status, physical functioning, social support and psychological distress in this sample of elderly people, it is not possible to establish a causal association between psychological distress and the other variables.", "\n\nConclusion {#Sec10}\n==========\n\nThis study found that elderly inhabitants with a healthy dietary pattern were associated with less psychological distress when adjusting for other life style behaviors, wellbeing, health status, physical functioning and social support. ", "In addition, less psychological distress were independently associated with favorable health behaviors such as non-smoking and lesser alcohol consumption, better health status, higher wellbeing, more social support and less problems performing activities of daily living. ", "Knowledge about the influence of favorable health behaviors, such as eating healthy in relation to psychological distress, provide valuable insights into how society can promote healthy lifestyles to an ageing population. ", "Society should use this knowledge to improve the quality of life of older persons, e.g. by develop interventions that increase older people's food knowledge and knowledge about how to self-manage and promote one's health.", "\n\nThe Hunt Study\n\n: the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study\n\n WHO\n\n World Health Organization\n\n QOL\n\n Quality of life\n\n ADL\n\n Activities of daily living\n\n HADS\n\n the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale\n\n SCS\n\n Social Cohesion and Support Index\n\n SF-8\n\n the Short Form-8 Health Survey\n\nWe would like to thank all people involved in The Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (The Hunt Study) data collection. ", "The HUNT Study is a collaboration between HUNT Research Centre (Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University and Technology (NTNU)), Nord-Trøndelag County Council, Central Norway Regional Health Authority, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health.", "\n\nWe would also like to thank all our colleagues in the ProFooSe Study group.", "\n\nFunding {#FPar1}\n=======\n\nThis paper is funded by the European Economic Area (EEA) Grants, Promoting Food Security in Portugal (ProFooSe Study) Portugal-Norway. ", "The EEA Grants and Norway Grants represent the contribution of Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway to reducing economic and social disparities and to strengthening bilateral relations with 15 EU countries in Central and Southern Europe and the Baltics (<https://eeagrants.org/>).", "\n\nAvailability of data and materials {#FPar2}\n==================================\n\nThe data analyses in this current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.", "\n\nKG, GAE, CN and BA designed the study, KG performed the data analyses, and all authors (KG, GAE, CN, AMFR, MJG, RS, HC and BA) interpreted the data analyses and participated in the manuscript preparation. ", "All authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nEthics approval and consent to participate {#FPar3}\n==========================================\n\nAn invitation letter was sent by post to all inhabitants in the Nord-Trøndelag County and included the first questionnaire (Q1) and an information pamphlet. ", "The information pamphlets (for HUNT2 and HUNT3) were elaborated in co-operation with the Data Inspectorate of Norway, the Health Directorate and the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics. ", "The participants delivered the written consent together with the Q1 when they attended the health examination sites. ", "This present study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. ", "The Regional Ethics Committee in Medicine, Central Norway approved the study (2015/1211/REK midt).", "\n\nConsent for publication {#FPar4}\n=======================\n\nNot applicable\n\nCompeting interests {#FPar5}\n===================\n\nThe authors have no financial or non-financial competing interest in the design of the study, data collection, and analysis, interpretation of data or in writing the manuscript.", "\n\nPublisher's Note {#FPar6}\n================\n\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "// --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// <copyright file=\"SiteSettingTemplateListViewModel.cs\" company=\"Devbridge Group LLC\">\n// \n// Copyright (C) 2015,2016 Devbridge Group LLC\n// \n// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\n// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by\n// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or\n// (at your option) any later version.", "\n// \n// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the\n// GNU General Public License for more details.", "\n// \n// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License\n// along with this program. ", " If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/. \n// </copyright>\n// \n// <summary>\n// Better CMS is a publishing focused and developer friendly .NET open source CMS.", "\n// \n// Website: https://www.bettercms.com \n// GitHub: https://github.com/devbridge/bettercms\n// Email: info@bettercms.com\n// </summary>\n// --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nusing System.", "Collections.", "Generic;\nusing BetterCms.", "Module.", "Root.", "Mvc.", "Grids.", "GridOptions;\nusing BetterCms.", "Module.", "Root.", "ViewModels.", "SiteSettings;\n\nnamespace BetterCms.", "Module.", "Pages.", "ViewModels.", "SiteSettings\n{\n public class SiteSettingTemplateListViewModel : SearchableGridViewModel<SiteSettingTemplateItemViewModel>\n {\n /// <summary>\n /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref=\"SiteSettingTemplateListViewModel\" /> class.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"items\">The models.</param>\n /// <param name=\"options\">The options.</param>\n /// <param name=\"totalCount\">The total count.</param>\n public SiteSettingTemplateListViewModel(IEnumerable<SiteSettingTemplateItemViewModel> items, SearchableGridOptions options, int totalCount)\n : base(items, options, totalCount)\n {\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Returns a <see cref=\"System.", "String\" /> that represents this instance.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <returns>\n /// A <see cref=\"System.", "String\" /> that represents this instance.", "\n /// </returns>\n public override string ToString()\n {\n return string.", "Format(\"GridOptions : {0}, SearchQuery: {1}\", GridOptions, SearchQuery);\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "BERLIN (Reuters) - A long-time opponent of Angela Merkel promised to oversee a new start for her struggling Christian Democrats (CDU) on Tuesday as he lined up against two rivals in the race to take over Germany’s main conservative party.", "\n\nFILE PHOTO: German Health Minister Jens Spahn attends the weekly cabinet meeting in Berlin, Germany February 19, 2020. ", "REUTERS/Michele Tantussi\n\nThe CDU plans to pick a new leader at a congress on April 25 in hope of resolving a crisis that appears to be loosening its long hold on power.", "\n\nAfter four-time chancellor Merkel, brought up in the Communist East, broke the mould in the traditionally Catholic party, three white men in their 50s or 60s, all from the same state in western Germany, are the contenders so far.", "\n\n“We have today the alternatives of continuity and a new start,” Friedrich Merz, viewed by some commentators as the front-runner, told reporters.", "\n\nPro-business Merz, 64, lost out to Merkel’s protegee Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer in a 2018 vote for the CDU leadership.", "\n\nBut two weeks ago Kramp-Karrenbauer said she no longer wanted to succeed Merkel after an outcry over her handling of fallout resulting from a temporary dalliance between a regional CDU branch and the far-right.", "\n\nTogether, the CDU and their Bavarian CSU sister party are polling just 27%, down about 6 points from the last national election in 2017, and the CDU performed disastrously in a state vote in Hamburg on Sunday.", "\n\nMerz’s rivals to head the party include Armin Laschet, premier of Germany’s most populous state North Rhine-Westphalia, who joined the race with the surprise backing of Health Minister Jens Spahn, who had been expected to run himself.", "\n\nCentrist Laschet is widely seen as the continuity candidate and he may have boosted his chances by teaming up with Spahn, a fierce critic of Merkel’s 2015 open-door migrant policy who appeals to some on the CDU’s more conservative wing.", "\n\n“The CDU is bigger than either one of us, this is about the future of our country and the CDU,” said Spahn, adding it was time to build bridges within the party.", "\n\nThe third candidate is Norbert Roettgen, head of parliament’s foreign affairs committee, who tweeted that he would choose a woman as his running mate.", "\n\nMerz took aim at his rivals for ganging up on him.", "\n\n“In real life perhaps one would talk about the formation of a cartel that weakens competition - but it is all right and legitimate that they are doing that,” he told reporters.", "\n\nCHANCELLOR CANDIDATE?", "\n\nA YouGov poll on Monday showed that Merz was the most popular of the three contenders to run as chancellor in the next election due by October 2021, but 43% of those asked were still undecided.", "\n\nWhile the new CDU leader will be in a strong position to be chancellor candidate, that would still have to be agreed with the CSU, which may prefer its own leader Markus Soeder.", "\n\nMerkel, 65, who had led Europe’s richest country for almost 15 years, has said she will not run for a fifth term.", "\n\nHer succession strategy has unravelled and it is unclear if she will be able to remain chancellor with a new party leader although Kramp-Karrenbauer has said the CDU expects the new chair to work alongside the chancellor.", "\n\nLaschet made clear he was ready to work with the ruling coalition, including the Social Democrats (SPD).", "\n\n“We are focusing on the time after 2021 in terms of new ideas,” he said.", "\n\nPledging to focus more on education, digitalisation and tackling right-wing radicalism, Merz was less explicit, saying he and the chancellor would come to “an understanding”.", "\n\nHis rivalry with Merkel dates back to a power struggle within the party in 2002, and in October he said her lack of leadership had cast a fog of inaction over the country for years.", "\n\nHowever, Merz said he didn’t want to turn back the clock on the last 15 years. “", "Germany is in a good position despite all the problems. ", "But we need some corrections,” he said." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "(-2) - 692 - -1. ", "What is v rounded to the nearest 100?", "\n-700\nLet f = -29923164.81 + 29562175.8109. ", "Let i = f + 360966. ", "Let l = i - -23. ", "What is l rounded to three dps?", "\n0.001\nLet g = 31.425 + 42.649. ", "Let z = g + -74. ", "Round z to 2 decimal places.", "\n0.07\nLet v(j) = 1563*j + 4. ", "Let y be v(-8). ", "What is y rounded to the nearest 1000?", "\n-13000\nLet b be (-4)/8 + (-4574346)/4. ", "Let p = -10021165 - b. Let t = p - -15077578. ", "Round t to the nearest one million.", "\n6000000\nLet k = 0.348 - -4.322. ", "Let g = -5 + k. Round g to 1 decimal place.", "\n-0.3\nSuppose -4*v - 7188 = -4*f, 1768 = 5*f - 4*v - 7220. ", "Round f to the nearest 1000.", "\n2000\nLet m = 11.426 - -0.274. ", "Round m to the nearest integer.", "\n12\nLet q = 74 - 150. ", "Let b = 76.000086 + q. Round b to 5 decimal places.", "\n0.00009\nLet y = 1158036 - 666601. ", "Let c = -491436.999928 + y. Let p = -2 - c. What is p rounded to 5 dps?", "\n-0.00007\nLet x = 17 - 17.32. ", "What is x rounded to one decimal place?", "\n-0.3\nLet d = -0.3 - -0.3000012. ", "Round d to 6 dps.", "\n0.000001\nSuppose 3*g + 5*f = 21, 2*g - 5*f + 4 = -7. ", "Suppose 0*m - g*m + 44 = 3*r, 2*r + 4*m = 24. ", "What is r rounded to zero decimal places?", "\n16\nLet t = -325.00177 + 325. ", "Round t to four decimal places.", "\n-0.0018\nLet h = 7 - 5.2. ", "Let m = -1.79999985 + h. What is m rounded to seven decimal places?", "\n0.0000002\nLet v = -23.976 + 24. ", "Let l = v + -0.02399922. ", "What is l rounded to 7 dps?", "\n0.0000008\nLet h = 7 - 4. ", "Let g = h - 3.0000029. ", "What is g rounded to 6 dps?", "\n-0.000003\nLet t = 17 - 11. ", "Let v(c) be the first derivative of -42*c**2 - 6*c + 1. ", "Let u be v(t). ", "What is u rounded to the nearest one hundred?", "\n-500\nLet j = -122.114 + 122. ", "Let l = 88.077 + -88. ", "Let m = j + l. What is m rounded to 2 dps?", "\n-0.04\nLet m = -1 - -5. ", "Suppose 3*o + o + 2559988 = m*k, -2*o = 5*k + 1280015. ", "Round o to the nearest 100000.", "\n-600000\nLet r(n) = -n**2 + 11*n + 6. ", "Let z be r(11). ", "Let u be 24/(-9) + 4/z. Let x be -60000 + u + -2 + 4. ", "Round x to the nearest 100000.", "\n-100000\nLet w = 23 + -16. ", "Suppose -2*g = 0, 2*l + 3*g = w*l - 24000000. ", "Round l to the nearest 1000000.", "\n5000000\nLet s = -7 - -48. ", "What is s rounded to the nearest 10?", "\n40\nLet j(h) = -h**3 + h**2 - h + 8050000. ", "Let t be j(0). ", "Suppose t = 7*u - 2*u. ", "What is u rounded to the nearest 100000?", "\n1600000\nSuppose 4*n + 4*i = -i - 28, 3*n = 5*i - 56. ", "Let f be -4*3/n*2. ", "Suppose 5*u = 5*a + 210, -f*a + 4*u - u - 81 = 0. ", "Round a to the nearest 10.", "\n-50\nLet v = 15 - 86. ", "Let p = -125350.067 - -125279. ", "Let g = v - p. Round g to two dps.", "\n0.07\nSuppose 0 = -3*p - 5 + 17. ", "Suppose 5*s = 2*m + 1130912, 0*m + 2*s + 2261824 = -p*m. ", "Let w = -125456 - m. What is w rounded to the nearest 100000?", "\n400000\nLet w(a) = -73*a**2 + 3*a - 4. ", "Let b be w(4). ", "Round b to the nearest one hundred.", "\n-1200\nLet l = -16.78772 + 17.79. ", "Let o = l - 1. ", "Round o to 4 dps.", "\n0.0023\nLet g = -43 + 60. ", "Round g to the nearest ten.", "\n20\nLet c = -444646 - -628043. ", "Suppose -c - 76603 = -5*p. ", "Round p to the nearest ten thousand.", "\n50000\nLet j = -10 + 10.000000088. ", "What is j rounded to 7 decimal places?", "\n0.0000001\nLet x = -705 + 387. ", "Let f = x + 318.267. ", "Let m = -11.633 - f. Round m to the nearest integer.", "\n-12\nLet c = 0.08 - 12.08. ", "Let a = c - -18.1. ", "Round a to zero decimal places.", "\n6\nLet x = -2 - -1. ", "Let f be (-9030)/(-9) + x/3. ", "Suppose 3*y + 2*u = -u + 591, 0 = -5*y + u + f. What is y rounded to the nearest 1000?", "\n0\nLet h = 561 + -1521. ", "What is h rounded to the nearest 100?", "\n-1000\nLet z(v) = -166*v**2 + 6*v + 12. ", "Let q be z(19). ", "Round q to the nearest ten thousand.", "\n-60000\nLet x = -203610801.4168222137484 - -40.3168159137484. ", "Let l = x - -203610908.1. ", "Let u = -147 + l. What is u rounded to six decimal places?", "\n-0.000006\nLet j = -1.24 + 2.01. ", "Let i = 0.8 - j. Let m = -0.0385 + i. What is m rounded to 3 dps?", "\n-0.009\nLet d(j) = -j - 3. ", "Let g be d(-8). ", "Suppose -4*b = -4*a + 32400000, -5*a + 9*b = g*b - 40500000. ", "Round a to the nearest 1000000.", "\n8000000\nLet f = 0.076 + 9.524. ", "What is f rounded to the nearest integer?", "\n10\nLet o = -6.9992 + 7. ", "Round o to three dps.", "\n0.001\nLet y = 10.4 - 5.7. ", "Let w = 15.3 + y. Let p = w - 19.9999958. ", "What is p rounded to 6 decimal places?", "\n0.000004\nLet p = -7.05 - 0.75. ", "Let g = p - -7.862. ", "Round g to 2 dps.", "\n0.06\nLet b = -25147528 + 14886842. ", "Let x = 3760686 + b. Round x to the nearest one million.", "\n-7000000\nLet n = -0.77 + -13.81. ", "Let b = n + 15. ", "What is b rounded to 1 decimal place?", "\n0.4\nSuppose a + 2*l = 2, -2*l = -4*a + l - 3. ", "Let g be a + (-1)/((-3)/(-201315)). ", "Let y = g - 11895. ", "What is y rounded to the nearest ten thousand?", "\n-80000\nLet r = -21 + -39. ", "Let h = -7409892 + 7409952.00059. ", "Let y = h + r. What is y rounded to 4 decimal places?", "\n0.0006\nLet g = 41.27 + -41. ", "Let m = 0.11 + g. Round m to one decimal place.", "\n0.4\nLet g = -16 + 15.93. ", "Let w = -356 - -362.57. ", "Let y = w + g. Round y to the nearest integer.", "\n7\nLet p = 31 + -31.01. ", "What is p rounded to 3 decimal places?", "\n-0.01\nLet x = -0.022 + 4.222. ", "What is x rounded to the nearest integer?", "\n4\nLet p be ((-2)/(-5))/(2/(-40)). ", "Let h = p - -11. ", "Suppose 4968456 = 3*t + 4*a + 498468, h*a + 5960009 = 4*t. ", "What is t rounded to the nearest 100000?", "\n1500000\nSuppose 0*s - 204000 = -4*s. ", "What is s rounded to the nearest 10000?", "\n50000\nLet m = 4.49 - 4.3. ", "Round m to 1 decimal place.", "\n0.2\nLet l = 9.2024 - 9.2. ", "What is l rounded to four dps?", "\n0.0024\nLet n = 0.6 + -0.59968. ", "What is n rounded to four decimal places?", "\n0.0003\nLet n = -44704691.53999981 - -44704692. ", "Let w = n - 0.46. ", "Round w to seven decimal places.", "\n0.0000002\nSuppose 3*j + 2*j = 2*d - 6179, -3*j + 3*d = 3702. ", "Let a = -877 - j. Suppose 0*k = 2*k - a. What is k rounded to the nearest 100?", "\n200\nLet b be 40000/(-3)*(-3675)/(-10). ", "Round b to the nearest 1000000.", "\n-5000000\nLet g = -54 - -53.99999995. ", "What is g rounded to 7 decimal places?", "\n-0.0000001\nLet x = -33.7 - -6.1. ", "Round x to the nearest integer.", "\n-28\nLet f = 44 - 43.99737. ", "What is f rounded to 3 dps?", "\n0.003\nLet t = -3 + 12. ", "Let d = t - 8.99999925. ", "What is d rounded to 7 decimal places?", "\n0.0000008\nLet q = 0.06599834 - 0.066. ", "What is q rounded to seven dps?", "\n-0.0000017\nLet d = 0.33 + -0.3178. ", "What is d rounded to three decimal places?", "\n0.012\nLet p = -45.16 + 44. ", "Let b = 0.8 + p. Round b to one decimal place.", "\n-0.4\nLet u = 0.3 + -0.2816. ", "What is u rounded to 3 dps?", "\n0.018\nLet k = -6 - -16. ", "Let f = k - 10.00012. ", "What is f rounded to five dps?", "\n-0.00012\nLet r(l) = -2000*l. ", "Let b be r(1). ", "Round b to the nearest one thousand.", "\n-2000\nLet r = 18 + -32. ", "Let g = r + 14.0000035. ", "What is g rounded to 6 decimal places?", "\n0.000004\nLet j = 2038 + -61968. ", "Let f = -243298 - -119368. ", "Let n = j - f. What is n rounded to the nearest 10000?", "\n60000\nLet t = 31.037 + -31. ", "Round t to 2 dps.", "\n0.04\nLet y be 388/14 + (-2)/(-7). ", "Suppose -2*p - 11 = 2*o + 1, -5*p - y = 4*o. ", "Let u be (-719)/7 + o/7. ", "Round u to the nearest 10.", "\n-100\nLet j(g) = 197900*g. ", "Let r(m) = -5997*m. ", "Let a = -121 + 21. ", "Let l(d) = a*r(d) - 3*j(d). ", "Let c be l(6). ", "Round c to the nearest ten thousand.", "\n40000\nSuppose 4*z = -11 + 27. ", "Suppose 4*v + 300 = 2*a, 2*a + 4*v + 604 = 6*a. ", "Let u be a/6 + z/6. ", "Round u to the nearest 10.", "\n30\nLet r = -17.63 - -18.6. ", "Round r to 1 dp.", "\n1\nSuppose 2*r + 300 = r. Let y be (3520/(-6))/(2/r). ", "What is y rounded to the nearest 10000?", "\n90000\nLet q be 289000*((-600)/(-1))/6. ", "Round q to the nearest 1000000.", "\n29000000\nLet i = -0.79999952 - -0.8. ", "Round i to 7 decimal places.", "\n0.0000005\nLet y(u) = -675*u**2. ", "Let g(j) = -7*j**3 + 2*j**2 - 2*j + 1. ", "Let p be g(1). ", "Let z be y(p). ", "Round z to the nearest one thousand.", "\n-24000\nLet h = -5532 - -2132. ", "What is h rounded to the nearest 1000?", "\n-3000\nSuppose 0 = -0*n + n - 248868. ", "Suppose 3471128 = -4*r - n. Let h be -1 - -3 - (3 - r). ", "Round h to the nearest one hundred thousand.", "\n-900000\nLet n = 0.07165 - 10.06685. ", "Let i = -10 - n. Round i to 3 dps.", "\n-0.005\nLet n be 30/(-10) + -3 + 170006. ", "What is n rounded to the nearest 10000?", "\n170000\nLet n = 24.2 + -14.3. ", "What is n rounded to the nearest integer?", "\n10\nSuppose j + 5*f = -11 - 0, -j + 5*f + 19 = 0. ", "Suppose -2*r = -8, 0*r = j*o + 4*r + 6959984. ", "What is o rounded to the nearest 100000?", "\n-1700000\nLet p = 103.99999941 - 104. ", "What is p rounded to seven dps?", "\n-0.0000006\nLet j = 52134 - 52134.069066. ", "Let s = j - -0.069. ", "What is s rounded to 5 decimal places?", "\n-0.00007\nLet l = -0.205 + 0.16. ", "Let k = -0.02 - l. Let u = k + -0.04. ", "What is u rounded to 2 dps?", "\n-0.02\nLet u" ]

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[ "[Biological activity of Spirulina].", "\nIn this review information of Spirulina platensis (SP), a blue-green alga (photosynthesizing cyanobacterium) having diverse biological activity is presented. ", "Due to high content of highly valuable proteins, indispensable amino acids, vitamins, beta-carotene and other pigments, mineral substances, indispensable fatty acids and polysaccharides, PS has been found suitable for use as bioactive additive. ", "SP produces an immunostimulating effect by enhancing the resistance of humans, mammals, chickens and fish to infections, the capacity of influencing hemopoiesis, stimulating the production of antibodies and cytokines. ", "Under the influence of SP macrophages, T and B cells are activated. ", "SP sulfolipids have proved to be effective against HIV. ", "Preparations obtained from SP biomass have also been found active against herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus, influenza virus, etc. ", "SP extracts are capable in inhibiting cancerogenesis. ", "SP preparations are regarded as functional products contributing to the preservation of the resident intestinal microflora, especially lactic acid bacilli and bifidobacteria, and to a decrease in the level of Candida albicans. ", "The biological activity of SP with respect to microorganisms holds good promise for using these microalgae as components of culture media." ]

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[ "Assuming I charged a fee for doing personal consultations and that’d been my only source of income, probably, I would be living on the street by now. ", "Not because I would suck, but my clients wouldn’t be thrilled by my approach . ", "Well, it turns out that people are not much inclined towards snowballing their emotional intelligence. ", "All they desire is a quick remedy that allows them to feel good about themselves. ", "Not many people are concerned about learning ‘how to deal with emotions’ in a healthy way.", "\n\nPeople seek out therapy merely as a last resort. ", "When they aren’t able to solve their problems by themselves, they reach out to a therapist to seek help in resolving their snags.", "\n\nHowever, I attempt to transmogrify my clienteles into sovereign beings, those who are proficiently accomplished for unraveling their emotional issues and biases by themselves.", "\n\nIn this article, I have simplified the approach towards emotional mastery through 3 vigorous and extremely productive questions.", "\n\nQuestion 1: What I am Doing?", "\n\n“What I am doing” is the preliminary self-analysis that I suggest to everyone who contacts me for help. ", "An honest acceptance of material facts is a part of the foundation for any unbiased cognitive therapy. ", "A simple conscious realization of your on-going activity puts you in the driving seat of your life. ", "A mere recognition that you need help, or probably you aren’t doing or interpreting something in the right way, would help you evaluate the circumstances in your life with much better clarity.", "\n\nEmotions are an integral part of human behavior. ", "Pretty much everything in our life – values, beliefs, desires, choices, and situations – are a reflection of our feelings. ", "Whether you’ll read this article till the end also depends upon how you feel. ", "Therefore, I have two choices for doing this. ", "Either I can do this in a superficial feel-good way (it doesn’t lead to growth), or I can be brutally honest with you, which inevitably will not make you feel good. ", "But it will help you escape the web of false beliefs and principles. ", "I choose the latter. ", "Let’s decipher – how to deal with our emotions and feelings in a healthy way to grow our emotional intelligence.", "\n\nThe paradox of emotional inconsistency in life begins when we choose our values and beliefs according to what we feel as right. ", "We construct our opinions based on feelings and they act as the prejudiced metrics of almost all our judgments. ", "And from there all our interpretations are sieved through preconceived notions of our feelings .", "\n\nFor instance, those who feel inferior or jealous by a rich guy, also inevitably conceive that such a person is a bragger. ", "A classic example of a pre-existing belief (that wealthy guys indulge in showoffs) dominating the interpretation without considering a benefit of the doubt.", "\n\nWhether the question is about our choices, our family, or our dating life, emotions rather than the application of rational knowledge, are always a factor in making decisions and forming opinions.", "\n\n‘Do what you feel as right’ – is the social principle from which all good guidance is unearthed. ", "This principle is blown consistently in all cultures of human society and almost all our choices are taken through the same code.", "\n\nStruck between grim choices and don’t know what the hell you should do? ", "Don’t worry. ", "Just choose whatever you feel as right.", "\n\nThis is how our societies and cultures are oriented.", "\n\nDon’t know how to maintain a relationship? ", "Don’t worry. ", "Just keep doing what you feel as right.", "\n\nCan’t decide whether to visit your parents this holiday or not? ", "Don’t worry. ", "Just do what you feel like doing. ", "They’ll understand.", "\n\nDude, do you wanna smoke some weed ? ", "The majority of us make this choice according to the state of our emotions. ", "Not only those who choose to blow but also those who refuse – the rationality behind the decision-making is almost non-existent.", "\n\nGoing by the current data of markets all over the world, it’s the feel-good and feel-bad factor that determines the success of a product, service, and even national economies.", "\n\nThis is happening everywhere. ", "Even when you reach out to your best friend or anyone else you trust with your life problems (whether it’s about career decisions or relationship advice), more often than not, “do what you feel as right” is the social music that you hear as Christlike gospel.", "\n\nThis social music is like a heroic band that plays itself over and over again, in our cultures. ", "And once played over a few times in an individual life, it takes the form of the very meaning of that life. ", "In fact, many people develop a Stockholm Syndrome within their behavior , meaning that they are unable to imagine a life beyond gratification through appeasement to their feelings. ", "Therefore, they have become hostages of their own feelings.", "\n\nIn the west, there has been a lot of emphasis on the approach of rationalizing human brains into two types – Thinking and Feeling Brain, or Conscious and Subconscious Brain, or Objective and Subjective Brain.", "\n\nSuch differentiations appear great from the outside as if science has stepped into a highly significant proximity level in the study of human behavior and emotional psychology. ", "However, they are nothing but delusional marketing propaganda because let’s face it, anything which sounds intellectual ultimately makes us feel good about oneself. ", "We also feel intellectual by the mere fact of associating ourselves with such knowledge.", "\n\nApparently, such philosophers can hardly be blamed. ", "The human brain has an inclination towards cognitive bias and instant affirmations to whatever ‘feels’ as of right. ", "Whereas, aversion from instant affirmation is merely a sign of due diligence on a men’s part.", "\n\nFeelings are our ability to express our emotions. ", "Or put this way, feelings are the reaction to the chemical expression of our emotions. ", "Emotions are basically energy put in motion by our thoughts.", "\n\nThinking, feeling, consciousness, and subconsciousness are mere abilities of our brain . ", "And it has many other abilities such as multitasking, identifying and disidentifying, observing, decluttering, and cogent thoughts.", "\n\nAsking ourselves ‘what I am doing’, perhaps, is the first step towards developing self-awareness in order to break out from the paradox of making emotional choices. ", "In other words, to stop dancing to the tunes of the underlying imprudent social music, a meek yet abrasive query of “What I am doing” does wonders to an ill-influenced brain.", "\n\nProbably, you are wishing about getting back in shape for months. ", "However, the winters are here and in such weather, there is no better friend than a blanket. ", "Every morning the alarm rings but you stick with your sleep. “", "I promise I’ll start tomorrow” – the battle cry of every chronic procrastinator.", "\n\nNevertheless, next time the alarm rings, before you knock it off into silence, just very calmly ask yourself – what I am doing?", "\n\nYou can fit almost any situation in this layout. ", "Whether it’s you lashing out on everyone or your smoking addiction (which doesn’t seem to go away) or your compulsion to contact your ex-girlfriend after being treated like shit, repeatedly.", "\n\nIllustration Box For instance, it is already over 2 a.m. at midnight. ", "And as per my feelings, I desperately want to go to sleep. ", "I had almost switched off my laptop but then I asked myself – what the hell I am doing. ", "The answer was something like this; “I am being lazy and delaying this blog post. ", "I should rather finish it. ", "Besides, I have worked the whole night plenty of times before, so this isn’t something new”. ", "This immediate self-analysis brought me back to control. ", "And voila! ", "I am still writing.", "\n\nLet’s get to the next level of self-awareness for growing our emotional intelligence.", "\n\nQuestion 2: What I am feeling?", "\n\nThe response that your mind creates for the first question will invariably highlight some of your specific feelings. ", "In my example, I was being lazy and wanted to sleep to make myself feel good and, you know, to avoid vigorous mental pain associated with writing a 4000-word article on a chilly night.", "\n\nThe next morning, when the alarm rings and you ask yourself ‘what I am doing’, the response might be something like this: “I am acting lazy and averse to mental pain associated with working out in the gym”.", "\n\nSimilarly, by asking yourself – what I am feeling – you can rationalize your choices and decisions. ", "However, for establishing a healthy perspective while simplifying emotional biases and to grow our emotional intelligence, we must comprehend three extremely significant aspects related to our emotions.", "\n\n#1) Our Feelings are not that Important\n\nRationalizing the true worth of various aspects of life is a reflection of a prudent man. ", "However, ascertaining the true worth of our feelings is an arduous task. ", "Comprehending when to give more importance to feelings, and when to simply tell them to shut up, is beyond the comprehension ability of most people.", "\n\nIn the end, all our judgments are heaved by our values, which we consistently choose according to our likes and dislikes. ", "Our likes and dislikes, in turn, are eventually based upon our feelings. ", "It is a kind of spiral paradox.", "\n\nOur feelings are directly influenced by two things: 1) Comfort and Convenience 2) Visible Progress\n\nWe feel mentally retarding to visit a gym regularly because our feelings are initially focused on comfort and convenience. ", "However, once we manage to drag our lazy ass to workout for enough days to gain visible progress towards our goal; we feel motivated and revitalized.", "\n\nThe whole charade of studying for a few hours feels mentally painful until you sit down and go through a couple of chapters. ", "Once you accomplish some progress, suddenly, you feel proud of yourself and give a pat on your back.", "\n\nThe point is that our feelings are kind of dumb. ", "The points and figures they exhibit and wail about are exceedingly debatable and subject to change as per the external situations. ", "As it turns out, they don’t always know what is good for us.", "\n\nThe pain of working out long hours is essentially good for our bodies. ", "The anguish of studying, rather than playing video games, is beneficial for our future.", "\n\nTherefore, sticking too much importance on feelings is not a sensible idea. ", "Besides, not just our feelings but we ourselves are quite insignificant in the face of this universe.", "\n\n#2) Our Feelings are not Consistent and can’t be Trusted\n\nYou meet someone new and get very impressed by her attitude and behavior. ", "Fast forward to a few days, you grumble about the same person: that cold-hearted bitch!", "\n\nHow many times does it happen?", "\n\nFurther, you meet someone new and instantly hate him. ", "Dude, what is wrong with that guy? ", "However, upon spending some time with that individual, you realize he is a good person.", "\n\nI was a vegetarian until 19. ", "All my friends were non-veggies and I kinda felt like tasting the cuisine as well. ", "Hence, I converted myself into a non-vegetarian for the next 14 months. ", "The unhealthy obsession with high protein content in meat sure helped my decision .", "\n\nThen in the last year or so I changed my life principles and also I watched ‘The Game Changers’ on Netflix, bibbidi bobbidi boo…. ", "and I am a vegan again.", "\n\nYou love something today and end up hating it tomorrow, or vice versa. ", "Feelings change all the time. ", "Sometimes they change quicker than a snap.", "\n\nWell, the point is that our feelings are not consistent and thus cannot be trusted as a precise and accurate source of information.", "\n\n#3) There are multiple layers to our Feelings\n\nAs I mentioned earlier, feelings are the reaction to the chemical expression of our emotions. ", "And emotions are the energy put in motion by thoughts. ", "Our brain possesses the ability to have cogent thoughts. ", "Hence, as no thought is ever exclusive, feelings aren’t exclusive in nature, either. ", "Every feeling breeds a new conscious layer from itself. ", "Therefore, we can have feelings about feelings. ", "And feelings about feelings… about feelings, and so on.", "\n\nWe feel guilty about feeling guilty, anger about getting angry. ", "We feel anxiety about getting anxious. ", "And I can relentlessly go on beating this drum but you get the point. ", "Right?", "\n\nThis chronic paradox of emotions and feelings, called ‘the feedback loop from hell’ by Mark Manson, runs the show of our life. ", "To quash this insane paradox; the trick is to disidentify yourself\n\nIn the east, in spiritual terms, it has been touted that there are different states possible for a human being to live in. ", "These states are: physical, mental, emotional, and etheric.", "\n\nThe trick is to move from physical, mental, and emotional to the etheric state. ", "In the etheric state, you are disidentified from the external situations of your life in such a way that they don’t leave any mark on your perception.", "\n\nIn Zen, they ask you to do the same thing in a slightly different manner. ", "They ask you to paraphrase your observations in such a way to make you disidentified from your feelings. ", "Instead of saying, “I am angry”, say, “I feel anger”. ", "Instead of saying, “I am getting anxious”, they ask you to say, “I feel anxiety”.", "\n\nIf you carefully pay attention, then you can observe that the subject (you) and the object (your feelings) are very gently decoupled through such paraphrasing. ", "Though its a minor difference, yet it has an enormous effect.", "\n\nThrough such practices, you consciously bring yourself to a position from where you can actually break free from the chronic paradox of emotions.", "\n\nI know it is a lot easier said than done. ", "Most of us are living according to our feelings since forever. ", "Ergo, to break such a tenacious habit, a lot of disciplinary action would be required. ", "And guess what we do to work on our discipline and focus skills? ", "Right. ", "Absolutely nothing!", "\n\nPerhaps, lastly, it’s time to try meditation or any other activity aimed at enhancing your focus skills. ", "Even if you find it painful, still keep up with it for a minimum of 30 days. ", "If not anything, by the end you would have developed greater resistance for pain.", "\n\nProbably, by now you have understood your feelings in a much better way. ", "Therefore, that second question now will be a lot easier to handle without creating superficial stuff and opinions.", "\n\nRemember, any attempt to completely eliminate any feelings or thoughts from your system, would only make them stronger. ", "Therefore, do not try to fight the negative. ", "Accept it, embrace it, and then act despite it.", "\n\nGrowing with emotional intelligence doesn’t mean to have only positive emotions all the time. ", "You can experience life with a remote which denotes different buttons, each of them symbolizing all the different emotions. ", "You can choose which button to be pressed in which situation as per your choice. ", "However, you cannot punch out any button away for eternity.", "\n\nQuestion 3: What do my feelings imply?", "\n\nOnce through with the second question, you would have an adequate response based upon the state of your feelings. ", "Now ask yourself, “what do my feelings imply”. ", "No need to drive yourself batty. ", "Just try to be honest with yourself.", "\n\nIllustration Box Scenario: I always help her with work and she keeps taking me for granted. ", "Q1) What I am doing? ", "A: I am evaluating my relationship. ", "Q2) What I am feeling? ", "A: I feel anxiety. ", "I feel insecurity. ", "Q3) What do my feelings imply? ", "A: My feelings imply that either my partner is not doing somethings as per my expectations, or she is doing something contrary to my expectations. ", "This means that her actions are affecting me, which in turn is making me feel anxiety. ", "But her actions are supposed to affect me. ", "Isn’t it? ", "I mean we are in a relationship. ", "That’s how it works. ", "Right? ", "Or, Maybe I am getting too much dependent on my partner for the fulfillment of my emotional intensity. (", "Life – Intensity = Anxiety) And maybe my emotional dependency on external situations is what which is making me feel anxious in the first place. ", "I should probably work on my own emotional fulfillment, rather than ascertaining her intentions. ", "Also, because her actions are something over which I have no control. ", "Thus, it would be best to work on my own self.", "\n\nThis is the level of self-awareness that most people never reach. ", "Not just because this is the toughest, but it involves dealing with a lot of pain and hard facts.", "\n\nAnd even if you somehow land here, there is no guarantee that your answer to this question will always be correct. ", "Your interpretations of your feelings are always subject to debate.", "\n\nI know it sucks, but this is the truth. ", "However, we still have the ability to choose our interpretations. ", "Perhaps, we can evolve our desires of constant happiness (because let’s face it; life is never all roses) to staggering self-improvement.", "\n\nThe desire for self-improvement will inevitably lead you to infer your situations in such a way that prompts growth. ", "It’s like when you are thinking of a yellow car, you constantly end up spotting a yellow car.", "\n\nHowever, do remember that for any growth to occur, first, there has to be a simple acceptance that there is room for growth." ]

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[ "If you want to sell gadgets to guys, what better way than to enlist super babe Megan Fox. ", "Check out the photos in the slideshow above, as the lovely Megan definitely ads to the cool factor for this brand.", "\n\nThe new Sharper Image holiday marketing campaign recently kicked off with Fox starring in a multimedia campaign titled “Guys Love Gadgets.” ", "You can see sexy Megan relaxing in a Sharper Image bed. ", "Fox says, “I have always been a bit of a gadget geek and into different types of technology.”" ]

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[ "Spruce up any space with the best braided rug\n\nNever before have the best rugs existed in more complete harmony with it’s room and it’s surroundings. ", "With a single rug, you can redefine any living room, bedroom, dining room, or mudroom depending on your style. ", "All while adding everything from charm to a touch of class to your home, no matter where you place it - making home decorating that much easier.", "\n\nShop hundreds of braided rug styles and colors\n\nDiscover new styles that work with your home, from multicolored braided rugs to black braided rugs and everything in between. ", "Whether you’re into modern farmhouse or primitive decor, our endless selection of the braided rugs naturally compliment the home for years to come. ", "Choose from wool rugs, ultra durable rugs, braided country area rugs, and more - the choice is yours.", "\n\nGet your next rugs online from Braided-Rugs.com\n\nRug shopping is a tedious task. ", "That’s why we provide the know-how and care instructions for selecting the best rugs without compromising quality. ", "We offer a range of best braided rugs available in different shapes and colors including red, blue, dusky brown and earthy tones. ", "We aim to be the best online rug store for all your braided rug needs" ]

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[ "2014 European Road Championships – Women's under-23 road race\n\nThe Women's under-23 road race at the 2014 European Road Championships took place in Nyon, Switzerland on 12 July over a course of 129.6 km.", "\n\nRace\nThe breakaway of three riders, with Sabrina Stultiens, Elena Cecchini and Annabelle Dreville, were not caught by the bunch and sprinted for the European title. ", "Dutchwomen Stultiens was the fastest of the three and won the second gold medal for the Netherlands at the 2014 European Road Championships ahead of Checchini and Dreville. ", "Thalita de Jong from the Netherlands won the sprint of the peloton behind them.", "\n\nTop 10 final classification\n\nSource\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\n\n 2014 European Road Championships – Women's under-23 time trial\n\nCategory:2014 European Road Championships\nCategory:European Road Championships – Women's U23 road race\nCategory:2014 in women's road cycling" ]

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[ "867 F.2d 1305\n57 USLW 2553, 111 Lab.", "Cas. ", " P 35,186\nRamsford BARRETT, et al., ", "Plaintiffs-Appellants,v.ADAMS FRUIT COMPANY, INC., ", "Defendant-Appellee.", "\nNo. ", "88-3121.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.", "\nMarch 15, 1989.", "\n\nNora Leto, Bartow, Fla., Mivoshi D. Smith, Lipman & Weisberg, Miami, Fla., Florida Rural Legal Services, Inc., West Palm Beach, Fla., for plaintiffs-appellants.", "\nBonita L. Kneeland, Fowler, White, Gillen, Boggs, Villareal & Banker, Tampa, Fla., for defendant-appellee.", "\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida.", "\nBefore VANCE and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges, and HENDERSON, Senior Circuit Judge.", "\nVANCE, Circuit Judge:\n\n\n1\nThis case requires us to determine whether the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act, Pub.", "L. No. ", "97-470, 96 Stat. ", "2584 (1983) (codified at 29 U.S.C. Secs. ", "1801-1872), (\"the Act\") preempts the exclusive remedy provision of Florida's workers' compensation laws, Fla.Stat.", "Ann. ", "Sec. ", "440.11 (West 1981). ", " For the reasons set forth below we conclude that the private cause of action provision of the Act, 29 U.S.C. Sec. ", "1854, preempts the Florida statute. ", " Therefore, the receipt of workers' compensation benefits does not bar a private suit under the Act for actual or statutory damages.", "\n\nI.\n\n2\nOn May 8, 1985 plaintiffs, a group of farm workers, were injured in an accident while being transported in a van owned by their employer, Adams Fruit Company, Inc. (\"Adams\"). ", " Plaintiffs received workers' compensation benefits pursuant to Florida law. ", " They sued Adams under 29 U.S.C. Sec. ", "1854. ", " In their complaint plaintiffs alleged that the accident occurred and that their injuries were aggravated because Adams violated the Act and its implementing regulations by transporting plaintiffs in an unsafe van loaded beyond its seating capacity, by failing to provide a seat belt for each passenger and by failing to secure water storage containers transported in the van. ", " Pursuant to section 1854 plaintiffs sought declaratory and injunctive relief and damages \"equal to the amount of actual damages they suffered as a result of defendant's violations of the [Act] or statutory damages of $500 per plaintiff per violation of the Act and its implementing regulations, whichever is greater.\"", "\n\n\n3\nPlaintiffs here appeal from the grant of summary judgment in favor of Adams as to its liability for actual or statutory damages due to violations of the Act's transportation safety requirements. ", " The district court concluded that plaintiffs' claims for actual or statutory damages under the Act were barred by Fla.Stat. ", "Sec. ", "440.11, which provides in part that \"[t]he liability of an employer ... shall be exclusive and in place of all other liability of such employer ... to the employee ... and anyone otherwise entitled to recover damages from such employer at law or in admiralty....\" The district court relied on a Department of Labor regulation which provides that \"[w]here a State workers' compensation law is applicable and coverage is provided for a migrant or seasonal agricultural worker by the employer, the workers' compensation benefits are the exclusive remedy for loss under this Act in the case of bodily injury or death.\" ", " 29 C.F.R. Sec. ", "500.122(b). ", " The district court was also persuaded by the recent decision of the fourth circuit that the Act was not intended to preempt state workers' compensation laws. ", " Roman v. Sunny Slope Farms, Inc., 817 F.2d 1116 (4th Cir.1987), cert. ", "denied, --- U.S. ----, 108 S.Ct. ", "163, 98 L.Ed.2d 117 (1987).", "\n\n\n4\nThe parties settled their claims for statutory penalties for other violations of the Act. ", " This appeal followed.", "\n\nII.", "\n\n5\nThere are several ways in which a state statute may be preempted by a federal law and thereby rendered invalid under the Supremacy Clause.", "\n\n\n6\nFirst, when acting within constitutional limits, Congress is empowered to pre-empt state law by so stating in express terms.... Second, congressional intent to pre-empt state law in a particular area may be inferred where the scheme of federal regulation is sufficiently comprehensive to make reasonable the inference that Congress \"left no room\" for supplementary state regulation....\n\n\n7\nAs a third alternative, in those areas where Congress has not completely displaced state regulation, federal law may nonetheless pre-empt state law to the extent it actually conflicts with the federal law. ", " Such a conflict occurs either because \"compliance with both federal and state regulation is a physical impossibility,\" Florida Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Paul, 373 U.S. 132, 142-143, 83 S.Ct. ", "1210, 1217, 10 L.Ed.2d 248 (1963), or because the state law stands \"as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress.\" ", " Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52, 67, 61 S.Ct. ", "399, 404, 85 L.Ed. ", "581 (1941)....\n\n\n8\nCalifornia Fed. ", "Sav. ", "and Loan Ass'n v. Guerra, 479 U.S. 272, 280-81, 107 S.Ct. ", "683, 689, 93 L.Ed.2d 613 (1987) (citations omitted). ", " Neither the first nor second basis of preemption is present here. ", " In passing the Act, Congress expressly recognized and left room for state regulation. ", " Section 1871 provides that \"[t]his chapter is intended to supplement State law, and compliance with this chapter shall not excuse any person from compliance with appropriate State law and regulation.\" ", " 29 U.S.C. Sec. ", "1871.", "\n\n\n9\nTo determine whether the Florida statute is preempted under the third basis we must ascertain the purposes and objectives of the Act.1 This involves questions of statutory construction. ", " Thus, the deference with which we would ordinarily treat administrative regulations is not appropriate. ", " See Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 447-48, 107 S.Ct. ", "1207, 1221-22, 94 L.Ed.2d 434 (1987) (\" 'The judiciary is the final authority on issues of statutory construction and must reject administrative constructions which are contrary to clear congressional intent....' \") (quoting Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Counsel, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843 n. 9, 104 S.Ct. ", "2778, 2782 n. 9, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984)).", "\n\nA.\n\n10\nWe begin by examining the background of the Act. ", " The legislative history is complex, reflecting repeated Congressional attempts to strengthen enforcement and broaden protections to migrant and seasonal farmworkers. ", " The Act's predecessor, the Farm Labor Contractor Registration Act, Pub.", "L. No. ", "88-582, 78 Stat. ", "920 (1963) (\"FLCRA\") (repealed in 1983 by the Act), was enacted in 1963 in response to problems of farmworker exploitation and abuse. ", " See S.Rep. ", "No. ", "202, 88th Cong., ", "2d Sess. ", "reprinted in 1964 U.S.Code Cong. & ", "Admin.", "News, 3690, 3692. ", " This act established a system of federal registration for interstate farm labor contractors and required them to keep detailed payroll records for each worker, to disclose truthfully to farmworkers information about the area of employment, crops, wage rates, housing and transportation to be provided, and to obtain insurance covering the transportation of these workers. ", " The Secretary of Labor was responsible for enforcement. ", " See Farm Labor Contractor Registration Act, Secs. ", "5, 6, 7, reprinted in 1964 U.S.Code Cong. & ", "Admin.", "News, 1048, 1050-52.", "\n\n\n11\nBy 1974, testimony before Congress made clear that the FLCRA needed strengthening.2 As a result, Congress amended the FLCRA to broaden coverage and strengthen enforcement. ", " In order for farm labor contractors to receive a certificate of registration from the Secretary of Labor, they were required to show proof of vehicle insurance and to demonstrate that their vehicles and property complied with federal and state health and safety standards. ", " The 1974 amendments created a federal cause of action for damages by persons aggrieved by violations of the FLCRA or its regulations. ", " The amendments raised the maximum criminal penalties and empowered the Secretary of Labor to seek injunctive relief and impose civil penalties. ", " See Farm Labor Contractor Registration Act Amendments of 1974, Pub.", "L. No. ", "93-518, reprinted in 1974 U.S.Code Cong. & ", "Admin.", "News 1899, 1903-1905. ", " The amended act was silent as to the extent to which state workers' compensation insurance could be used to satisfy the minimum insurance requirements.", "\n\n\n12\nIn 19783 congressional hearings were held to examine a number of proposed amendments to the FLCRA and to discuss the manner in which the Department of Labor was administering the act. ", " One proposed bill, H.R. 10631, would have amended section 5(a)(2) of the FLCRA to provide:\n\n\n13\nIf such applicant has filed proof satisfactory to the Secretary [of Labor] of the existence of a policy of workmen's compensation insurance which insures the payment of workmen's compensation benefits under State law for personal injury or death to migrant workers by accident arising out of and in the course of their employment in connection with his business, activities, or operations as a farm labor contractor, the policy of vehicle liability insurance provided by him shall conform to the exclusive remedy provisions of the State workmen's compensation law.", "\n\n\n14\nH.R. 10631, 95th Congress, 2d Sess., ", "reprinted in Farm Labor Contractor Registration Act: Hearings on H.R. 8232, H.R. 8233, H.R. 8234, H.R. 8249, H.R. 8894, H.R. 10053, H.R. 10631, H.R. 10810, H.R. 10922 Before the Subcomm. ", "on Economic Opportunity of the Comm. ", "on Educ. ", "and Labor, 95th Cong., ", "2d Sess. ", "4 (1978) [hereinafter \"Hearings \"]. ", " Representative Ireland, the sponsor of this bill, explained that this provision was to prevent courts from allowing \"double dipping\" by agricultural workers. ", " See Hearings at 34. ", " Representatives from the Department of Labor opposed this amendment,4 as did farmworker representatives.5 Congress rejected this amendment.6\n\n\n15\nDissatisfaction with the FLCRA continued. ", " In 1982 Congress repealed this act and passed the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act. ", " The House Report accompanying this bill noted that under the FLCRA employers were treated in a \"haphazard, burdensome, and often conflicting manner\" and concluded that the FLCRA had \"failed to reverse the historical pattern of abuse and exploitation of migrant and seasonal farmworkers and that a completely new approach must be advanced.\" ", " H.Rep. ", "No. ", "97-885, 97th Cong., ", "2d Sess. ", "1, 2-3, reprinted in 1982 U.S.Code Cong. & ", "Admin.", "News 4547, 4548-49. ", " The new act regulated agricultural employers and associations directly.7 Congressional action was motivated in part by evidence of continuing abuses in the unsafe transportation of workers.8 The Act requires migrant and seasonal labor employers and contractors to comply with two separate protections relating to transportation: to ensure that vehicles used to transport workers are operated by licensed drivers and comply with safety standards promulgated by the Secretary of Labor and to provide insurance coverage for the workers while they are being transported. ", " See 29 U.S.C. Sec. ", "1841(a), (b). ", " Subsection (c) of this section provides that:\n\n\n16\nIf an agricultural employer, agricultural association, or farm labor contractor is the employer of any migrant or seasonal agricultural worker for purposes of a State workers' compensation law and such employer provides workers' compensation coverage for such worker in the case of bodily injury or death as provided by such State law, the following adjustments in the requirements of subsection (b)(1)(C) of this section relating to having an insurance policy or liability bond apply:\n\n\n17\n(1) No insurance policy or liability bond shall be required of the employer, if such workers are transported only under circumstances for which there is coverage under such State law.", "\n\n\n18\n(2) An insurance policy or liability bond shall be required of the employer for circumstances under which coverage for the transportation of such workers is not provided under such State law.", "\n\n\n19\nId. Sec. ", "1841(c). ", " Research revealed no debate surrounding this language.", "\n\n\n20\nCentral to the Act's enforcement is the provision for a private right of action for violations of the Act. ", " If a court finds that the defendant has intentionally violated the act or regulations, \"it may award damages up to and including an amount equal to the amount of actual damages, or statutory damages of up to $500 per plaintiff per violation....\" 29 U.S.C. Sec. ", "1854. ", " A co-sponsor of the Act in the House predicted that this provision would be \"the most important deterrent against the continued abuse of migrant and seasonal farmworkers. ", " As budget cuts undermine the Federal Government's ability to enforce the law, farmworkers will depend increasingly on the private bar and legal service organizations to insure that violations are punished and that they are made whole for their losses and sufferings.\" ", " 128 Cong.", "Rec.", "H. 10456 (daily ed. ", "Dec. 20, 1982) (statement of Rep. Ford).9\n\nB.\n\n21\nBoth the goal of preventing unsafe transportation practices and the role of private suits in enforcing worker protections convince us that applying Fla.Stat. ", "Sec. ", "440.11 to bar private suits for violations of the Act when transportation is covered by workers' compensation insurance would frustrate congressional intent. ", " Many of the transportation safety protections set forth in the Act and regulations would become effectively unenforceable.10 Once an employer obtained workers' compensation coverage, he or she would have little incentive to comply with the transportation safety requirements set out in the Act and its regulations. ", " See, e.g., Beliz v. W.H. McLeod & Sons Packing Co., 765 F.2d 1317, 1332 (5th Cir.1985) (\"Plainly, it ought not to be cheaper to violate [the FLCRA] and be sued than to comply with the statutory requirements.\"). ", " We therefore conclude that the exclusive remedy provision in Fla.Stat. ", "Sec. ", "440.11 is preempted because it stands as \"an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress.\" ", " Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52, 67, 61 S.Ct. ", "399, 404, 85 L.Ed. ", "581 (1941). ", " See Michigan Canners & Freezers Ass'n, Inc. v. Agricultural Marketing & Bargaining Bd., ", "467 U.S. 461, 478, 104 S.Ct. ", "2518, 2527, 81 L.Ed.2d 399 (1984); Fidelity Federal Sav. & ", "Loan Ass'n v. De La Cuesta, 458 U.S. 141, 156, 102 S.Ct. ", "3014, 3024, 73 L.Ed.2d 664 (1982). ", " Cf. ", "Rosa v. Cantrell, 705 F.2d 1208, 1221 (10th Cir.1982), cert. ", "denied, 464 U.S. 821, 104 S.Ct. ", "85, 78 L.Ed.2d 94 (1983) (42 U.S.C. Sec. ", "1983 preempts exclusive remedy provision of Wyoming's workers' compensation law).", "\n\n\n22\nWe cannot agree with Adams that section 1841(c) demonstrates that Congress intended for workers' compensation benefits, where available, to be the exclusive remedy for injuries resulting from violations of the transportation safety requirements of the Act. ", " This subsection relates to minimum insurance coverage, only part of the protections covering transported workers in the Act. ", " Congress was well aware of the possibility of \"double dipping.\" ", " See, e.g., Hearings at 134. ", " We believe that if Congress had intended to restrict significantly the availability of such a key ingredient as the private right of action it would have done so directly.", "\n\n\n23\nAppellee argues that our conclusion would violate the rule applied in United States v. Demko, 385 U.S. 149, 87 S.Ct. ", "382, 17 L.Ed.2d 258 (1966) that \"where there is a compensation statute that reasonably and fairly covers a particular group of workers, it presumably is the exclusive remedy to protect that group.\" ", " Id. at 152, 87 S.Ct. ", "at 384 (citing Johansen v. United States, 343 U.S. 427, 72 S.Ct. ", "849, 96 L.Ed. ", "1051 (1952)). ", " Demko held that a prisoner who had been injured in the performance of his assigned prison tasks and received compensation under 18 U.S.C. Sec. ", "4126 could not also sue under the Federal Tort Claims Act. ", " \"[T]o hold that the 1946 Federal Tort Claims Act was designed to have such a supplemental effect would be to hold that injured prisoners are given greater protection than all other government employees ..., a congressional purpose not easy to infer.\" ", " Demko, 385 U.S. at 152, 87 S.Ct. ", "at 384. ", " Demko involved claims under two federal statutes. ", " In contrast, this case involves claims under a federal and state statute. ", " Moreover, the legislative history and background of the Act provide strong support for the inference that Congress intended to provide heightened protection for migrant and seasonal agricultural workers. ", " Thus, allowing these workers to proceed under the Act even though they have received workers' compensation benefits does not violate the Johansen rule.", "\n\n\n24\nAppellee finally argues that it would be contrary to congressional intent and unfair to allow double recovery under workers' compensation laws and a suit for actual or statutory damages under the Act. ", " We note that workers' compensation benefits do not compensate workers for their full actual damages. ", " See, e.g., Fla.Stat. ", "Secs. ", "440.15-.16 (compensation capped at 66 2/3% of average wage). ", " The legislative history of the Act, however, indicates that Congress intended for migrant and seasonal farmworkers to recover fully for injuries caused by violations of the Act.11 Double recovery can be prevented by considering the factors discussed in Beliz, 765 F.2d at 1333. ", " There the court noted that \"[i]n fixing damages the court may consider.... the plaintiffs' recovery on closely related claims joined in the same suit that will in part compensate the damages caused by violations of the Act.\" ", " A claim for workers' compensation benefits would, of course, not be joined in a suit under the Act. ", " Evidence of the amount of workers' compensation benefits received, however, can be considered in calculating the amount of actual damages to be awarded pursuant to section 1854.", "\n\n\n25\nWe therefore conclude that section 1854 of the Act preempts Florida Stat. ", "Sec. ", "440.11. ", " The receipt of workers' compensation benefits thus does not bar a private suit for actual or statutory damages based on violations of the Act. ", " The amount of workers' compensation benefits, however, may be considered in awarding actual damages.", "\n\n\n26\nAccordingly this case is REVERSED and REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.", "\n\n\n\n1\n We cannot agree with the fourth circuit that section 1871 compels a conclusion of non-preemption. ", " See Roman v. Sunny Slope Farms, Inc., 817 F.2d at 1118-19 (4th Cir.1987). ", " Reading this section with section 1841(c), which permits workers' compensation coverage to be used to satisfy insurance requirements under the Act, the fourth circuit concluded that \"Sec. ", "1841 shows that Congress was cognizant of state workers' compensation laws, for [the Act] was in that instance written in view of and to mesh with the state laws, and not to interfere [sic] or supersede them.\" ", " Id. at 1119. ", " We believe that by allowing workers' compensation insurance to be used to satisfy the insurance or liability bond requirement of the Act, Congress did not thereby foreclose all possible methods by which state workers' compensation laws might be preempted. ", " We therefore must consider whether the third basis of preemption is present\n\n\n2\n The Senate report accompanying the 1974 amendments to the FLCRA noted that \"[i]t has become clear that the provisions of the Act cannot be effectively enforced. ", " Non-compliance by those whose activities the Act were intended to regulate has become the rule rather than the exception. ", " ... It is quite evident that the Act in its present form provides no real deterrent to violations.\" ", " See S.Rep. ", "No. ", "93-1295, 93rd Congress, 2d Sess., ", "reprinted in 1974 U.S.Code Cong. & ", "Admin.", "News, 6441, 6443. ", " The lack of a private remedy for aggrieved workers was cited as one of the reasons for the ineffective enforcement of the FLCRA. ", " Id\n\n\n3\n The FLCRA was slightly amended twice in 1976. ", " These amendments are not relevant here. ", " See Pub.", "L. No. ", "94-259 Sec. ", "2, 90 Stat. ", "314 (1976); Pub.", "L. 94-561 Sec. ", "6, 90 Stat. ", "2644 (1976)\n\n\n4\n We have always taken the position that the employer-employee relationship is not a factor in the application of the Farm Labor Contractor Registration Act. ", " ... The exclusive remedy provisions of the workers' compensation coverage rely on the employer-employee relationship and are more restrictive than the protection provided in the act. ", " We therefore are of the view that workers' compensation protection required under State law is not a substitute for the vehicle liability insurance protection under the act\nHearings at 56-57 (statement of Donald Elisburg, Assistant Secretary of Labor).", "\n\n\n5\n See, e.g., id. at 140 (\"The proposed amendment exposes workers once again to all manner of unsafe transportation and should be rejected.\") ", " (statement of Michael R. Masinter, Director of Litigation, Florida Rural Legal Services, Inc.)\n\n\n6\n The 1978 amendments to the FLCRA relate only to the scope of coverage of this act. ", " See Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act, Pub.", "L. No. ", "95-562 Sec. ", "4, 92 Stat. ", "2381, 2382 reprinted in 1978 U.S.Code Cong. & ", "Admin.", "News\n\n\n7\n Representative Ford, a co-sponsor of the Act in the House, emphasized the significance of this change. ", " \"For the first time, agricultural employees will, under Federal law, have a right to statutory damages from their employer if he furnishes unsafe housing or transportation.... The [Act] corrects the key weakness of the FLCRA, which held only the farm labor contractor responsible for such abuses and shielded the employer unless he fell within the narrow definition of 'farm labor contractor' under that act.\" ", " 128 Cong.", "Rec.", "H. 10456 (daily ed. ", "Dec. 20, 1982)\n\n\n8\n The House report cited as an example of migrant worker abuse an instance in which forty-seven farmworkers were seriously injured when the flat-bed grain truck in which they were being transported overturned. ", " H.Rep. ", "No. ", "97-885, reprinted in 1982 U.S.Code Cong. & ", "Admin.", "News, 4547, 4549. ", " Testimony during the 1978 hearings suggested that workers' compensation benefits were available to workers injured in this accident but criticized benefit levels as inadequate. ", " Hearings at 132 (testimony of Burton Fretz)\n\n\n9\n Courts have widely recognized the deterrent role of damage awards in suits for violations of the Act's predecessor, the FLCRA. ", " For example in Montelongo v. Meese, 803 F.2d 1341, 1350 (5th Cir.1986), cert. ", "denied sub nom. ", "Martin v. Montelongo, 481 U.S. 1048, 107 S.Ct. ", "2179, 95 L.Ed.2d 835 (1987), the fifth circuit rejected an argument that a liquidated damages award for violations of the FLCRA was too high because it exceeded the amount plaintiffs could have earned if their agreement had been honored. ", " The court noted that the civil remedy was designed to promote enforcement of the FLCRA and deter abuses. ", " See also Rivera v. Adams Packing Ass'n, Inc., 707 F.2d 1278, 1282 (11th Cir.1983) (\"the creation of a private cause of action ... indicates that Congress intended to provide additional means of enforcing [the FLCRA].\"); ", " Beliz v. W.H. McLeod & Sons Packing Co., 765 F.2d 1317, 1332 (5th Cir.1985) (civil remedy provision of FLCRA \"is not restricted to compensation of individual plaintiffs. ", " It is designed also to promote enforcement of the Act and thereby deter and correct the exploitive practices that have historically plagued the migrant farm labor market.\")", "\n\n\n10\n See supra note 2\n\n\n11\n In discussing the method by which technical violations are counted for the purpose of computing statutory damages, Senator Hatch, who introduced the Senate version of the Act, emphasized that \"I want to make absolutely clear, however, that as I have stated earlier, full actual damages would be awarded in every case.\" ", " 128 Cong.", "Rec.", "S. 15565 (daily ed. ", "Dec. 19, 1982) (statement of Sen. Hatch). ", " See also Beliz, 765 F.2d at 1332 & n. 68 (\"Nor should a worker who sues for violations find recovery inadequate to cover his personal costs in filing suit, testifying, and paying attendant attorney's fees, recovery of which is not allowed by the [FLCRA]\") (citing Senate report which notes that farmworkers must overcome a background of fear and intimidation in order to attempt to assert statutory rights)\n\n\n" ]

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[ "i gathered all our fails from this past year and put them into a compilation.", "\nnot our proudest moments, but i'm sure most of you will get a laugh out of it.", "\nIf you haven't had a chance to check out our 2014 recap video it's here; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZUhobwcoiM" ]

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[ "IA Sevan Muradian (1975-2016)\n\nSevan Muradian, a prolific chess organizer who worked tirelessly to promote FIDE-rated chess in the U.S, died of a heart attack on February 17 at his Kildeer, Illinois, home. ", "He was 40 years old.", "\n\nThe numbers reveal how vital a force Muradian was for chess in his home state, in the U.S., and internationally. ", "In his 11-year career as an organizer and director, his U.S. Chess affiliate rated 266 events, and he was chief director of 245 U.S. Chess-rated tournaments.", "\n\nBut what set Muradian apart from other American promoters of the game was organizing FIDE tournaments in the U.S. and promoting internationally-rated chess.", "\n\nChristopher Baumgartner, an Illinois player and friend of Muradian's, recalls, “In 2003-2005, no one was doing any kind of FIDE stuff at all. ", "I actually went to Oklahoma to get my FIDE rating.” ", "Baumgartner had decided to run some FIDE events of his own, when he met and got assistance from Muradian, who was also researching FIDE-rated chess.", "\n\n“Sevan decided ‘I want to do this,’ so he started asking people, ‘How do I do this?’ ", "He didn’t worry about failure, just tried as hard as he could to get something done. ", "He was very determined,” Baumgartner recalls. “", "His vision was to make Chicago an international chess place. ", "We could do world-level chess here like anywhere else. ", "He was always about elevating the game.”", "\n\n“When he looked for a mentor, he picked me,” said Tim Just, who in 2005 was already nationally known as an organizer, rulebook editor, tournament director (TD), and leader in TD certification for U.S. Chess.", "\n\nJust continued, “We looked at what traditionally worked best for organizers and TDs. ", "Sevan then did what he always did best; i.e., he took a look at what was and asked himself how he could make it better. ", "Sevan put his own spin on things and raised the bar for organizing and directing. ", "He saw the value in FIDE and sold it to all of us.”", "\n\nSevan Muradian during a simul with IM Angelo Young in Chicago, October, 2007. ", "He got the only draw against the master that day. (", "Photo: Tom Panelas)\n\nSo began a series of almost 200 FIDE events where Muradian served as arbiter. ", "The vast majority of these he organized, first at rented venues, and eventually at his own chess center in Skokie, IL.", "\n\n“He wanted to run important events, and what’s more important than helping people earn a title?” ", "Baumgartner pointed out.", "\n\nSaid Brad Rosen, father of IM Eric Rosen, “One of Sevan’s shining accomplishments is bringing norm events to U.S. shores, where players could earn international titles. ", "He ran 31 such norm events, but importantly he inspired many others across the U.S. to do the same.” ", "Thanks to the standard set by Muradian, the Chicago Open, the World Open in Philadelphia, and many more U.S. tournaments now offer norm opportunities.", "\n\nAfter earning his FIDE International Organizer title in 2008 and his International Arbiter title in 2009, Muradian became secretary of the FIDE Rules Commission. ", "In 2010, he convinced FIDE to start giving their arbiter certification seminar over the internet, making it much easier for others to get that title.", "\n\nWorking with FIDE gave Muradian many opportunities to travel, including to Lake Sevan in Armenia, the place his parents named him after. ", "Baumgartner recalled, “Chess opened doors for him in that way; he had opportunities to go places he wouldn’t have otherwise have gone.”", "\n\nMuradian’s chess interests were wide-ranging. ", "In addition to FIDE-rated tournaments and norm events, he developed eNotate, a U.S. Chess-approved electronic scoresheet. ", "His FIDE tournaments used increment instead of delay, and that became a more accepted practice in the Chicago area and elsewhere in the U.S. He helped promote this by marketing an increment-capable chess clock, and he frequently loaned dozens of these clocks and chess sets for Illinois state championships and other tournaments.", "\n\nMuradian was the founder and owner of the Chicago Blaze franchise of the United States Chess League (USCL) from 2008-2011. ", "His enthusiasm for the Blaze was so infectious that he gathered a sizable volunteer management and promotion team, and he filled his chess center with live spectators whenever the Blaze had a match. ", "In their last season the Chicago team reached the league finals, where Blaze players GM Mesgen Amanov, GM Dmitry Gurevich, IM Angelo Young and NM Gopal Menon lost 1.5-2.5 to the New York Knights.", "\n\nCreating learning and playing opportunities for the strong young players was another area of interest. ", "The chess center held many weekend classes and simuls. ", "Muradian made sure to save seats for the best prospects both on the Chicago Blaze team and at his norm events. ", "He also provided a free venue and helped run the Illinois qualifier events for the U.S. Chess Denker, Barber and Girls’ Invitational tournaments, and in the last year became the director of the Illinois Chess Association’s Warren Junior Scholars Program.", "\n\nWhen Muradian died, he was two days away from beginning the US Amateur Team-North, which he was organizing along with his friend Glenn Panner, a national tournament director. ", "The Chicago-area chess community immediately pulled together to replace the sets and clocks that Muradian would have brought to the event. ", "Once the tournament started, players and kibitzers shared memories in the skittles room and at a bulletin board set up for that purpose.", "\n\nDozens posted memories on the Chicago Area Chess Facebook page and on the U.S. Chess forum. ", "People ranging from youth players on up to U.S. Chess board members recalled Muradian’s wit, his determination, his love of playing devil’s advocate, the way he liked to tease and challenge others, but most of all his generosity.", "\n\nPanner, his co-organizer, said, “He truly cared about people, spending hours discussing how to enter the work force with college students, and talking with many parents about how to give their kids the best chance to succeed. ", "He poured time and money into endeavors without caring about what type of return came back.”", "\n\nOne of those young players, NM Michael Auger, said, “Apart from the incredible things he's done for the chess world, he's been a great life adviser for a lot of us. ", "A number of big decisions in my life can be traced directly back to conversations with him. ", "He was an incredible person, gone way too soon.\"", "\n\n\"By that point I was not sure which of us was the guru.\" ", "Muradian and National Tournament Director Tim Just. (", "Photo: Andi Rosen)\n\nIn May of 2015, Muradian’s chess center lost its lease, and he closed it and posted plans for his next chess endeavors to his Facebook page. ", "There would be two tournaments a month at a hotel, another chess center dedicated solely to teaching, a new website and “some now projects as well that I now have time for.”", "\n\nEleven years later after Muradian organized his first tournament, Just said, “My role as (his) mentor changed into that of a sounding board, and he tagged me his ‘guru.’ ", "I tagged him as a friend. ", "After he closed his brick and mortar club he aimed his focus on developing a website. ", "Together we developed a column for that site (OK, he had the idea and found a way to motivate me to jump on board) that focused on sharing all of our TD and organizer Yoda-like wisdom… By that point I was not sure which of us was the guru. ", "I think I had become the student and he had become the mentor. ", "Sevan had a way of infusing energy into everyone around him. ", "He always seemed to give more than he took.”", "\n\nSadly for us all, that “extra time” was not to be. ", "It is our good fortune that Sevan Muradian accomplished so much for chess in 11 short years. ", "Our condolences go out to his wife, his two daughters, the rest of his family and his many friends." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.014563106796116505, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0.006756756756756757, 0, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0, 0, 0.014354066985645933, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0.011695906432748537, 0, 0, 0.006097560975609756, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0, 0.008, 0.010050251256281407, 0.035897435897435895, 0, 0, 0, 0.015748031496062992, 0.005649717514124294, 0, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0, 0, 0.011976047904191617, 0, 0, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0.006211180124223602, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nGUI grep on OS X\n\nThis is a question coming from a former/current Windows user. ", "If I'm looking at a Finder window in a particular directory, how can I search for files with names matching a particular pattern (e.g. \"p*.php\") that contain a particular string of text?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can't do this from the spotlight icon in the menu bar. ", "But you can do it with spotlight:\n\nNavigate to the folder in the finder.", "\nType your search of the content in the file you are searching for in the search bar on the top right of the folder.", "\nThere is a line above the results that says: Search: This Mac \"Your Folder Name\" Click on the name of your folder to restrict the search to the folder instead of the whole computer, which is what the default selection \"This Mac\" does.", "\nThen click the gear icon, choose show search criteria, and narrow down your search. ", "For example you can add \"Name ends with .php\" and then click the plus to add another criteria. ", "You could then add \"Name begins with p\"\n\nEdit: I just grabbed a php file and searched for this string array_push($songs,$song) and it will not find the file, but if I only search up to the comma (ie array_push($songs ) spotlight does find the file! ", "\nI found this article which explains how to add php as a supported file type for spotlight which should fix the weird result I experienced above. ", "I believe without this change spotlight treats the file as rtf only so some php elements (punctuation especially) will make the search fail. ", "The command to edit the required file is:\nsudo nano /System/Library/Spotlight/RichText.mdimporter/Contents/Info.plist\n\nYou'll want to reindex after this change as the article mentions. ", "It also mentions the more proper way to do this is to install the developer tools.", "\nYou can then use the method I described above to restrict your search to a specific folder or file type.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005405405405405406, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Sergio Camello\n\nSergio Camello Pérez (born 10 February 2001) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a forward for Atlético Madrid B.\n\nClub career\nBorn in Madrid, Camello joined Atlético Madrid's youth setup in 2009, aged eight, from CDS Las Encinas de Boadilla. ", "He made his senior debut with the reserves on 23 September 2018, coming on as a second-half substitute and scoring the equalizer in a 4–2 Segunda División B away win against CDA Navalcarnero.", "\n\nOn 12 May 2019, Camello scored a brace in a 2–0 away defeat of Pontevedra CF. ", "He made his first team – and La Liga – debut six days later; after coming on as a half-time substitute for Thomas Partey, he scored the equalizer in a 2–2 away draw against Levante UD, becoming the first player born in the 21st century to score for Atleti.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:2001 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from Madrid\nCategory:Spanish footballers\nCategory:Madrilenian footballers\nCategory:Association football forwards\nCategory:La Liga players\nCategory:Segunda División B players\nCategory:Atlético Madrid B players\nCategory:Atlético Madrid footballers\nCategory:Spain youth international footballers" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.026923076923076925, 0.010471204188481676, 0, 0.015625, 0.007731958762886598 ]

[ "from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model\nfrom django.core import mail\nfrom django.urls import reverse\n\nfrom ...conf.test import override_dynamic_settings\nfrom ...legal.models import Agreement\nfrom ..models import Ban, Online\nfrom ..test import UserTestCase\n\nUser = get_user_model()\n\n\nclass UserCreateTests(UserTestCase):\n \"\"\"tests for new user registration (POST to /api/users/)\"\"\"\n\n def setUp(self):\n super().setUp()\n\n Agreement.objects.invalidate_cache()\n\n self.api_link = \"/api/users/\"\n\n def tearDown(self):\n Agreement.objects.invalidate_cache()\n\n def test_empty_request(self):\n \"\"\"empty request errors with code 400\"\"\"\n response = self.client.post(self.api_link)\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)\n self.assertEqual(\n response.json(),\n {\n \"username\": [\"This field is required.\"],", "\n \"email\": [\"This field is required.\"],", "\n \"password\": [\"This field is required.\"],", "\n },\n )\n\n def test_invalid_data(self):\n \"\"\"invalid request data errors with code 400\"\"\"\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link, \"false\", content_type=\"application/json\"\n )\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)\n self.assertEqual(\n response.json(),\n {\n \"username\": [\"This field is required.\"],", "\n \"email\": [\"This field is required.\"],", "\n \"password\": [\"This field is required.\"],", "\n },\n )\n\n def test_authenticated_request(self):\n \"\"\"authentiated user request errors with code 403\"\"\"\n self.login_user(self.get_authenticated_user())\n response = self.client.post(self.api_link)\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)\n self.assertEqual(\n response.json(),\n {\"detail\": \"This action is not available to signed in users.\"},", "\n )\n\n @override_dynamic_settings(account_activation=\"closed\")\n def test_registration_off_request(self):\n \"\"\"registrations off request errors with code 403\"\"\"\n response = self.client.post(self.api_link)\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)\n self.assertEqual(\n response.json(), {\"detail\": \"New users registrations are currently closed.\"}", "\n )\n\n def test_registration_validates_ip_ban(self):\n \"\"\"api validates ip ban\"\"\"\n Ban.objects.create(\n check_type=Ban.", "IP,\n banned_value=\"127.*\",", "\n user_message=\"You can't register account like this.\",", "\n )\n\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"totallyNew\",\n \"email\": \"loremipsum@dolor.met\",\n \"password\": \"LoremP4ssword\",\n },\n )\n\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)\n\n def test_registration_validates_ip_registration_ban(self):\n \"\"\"api validates ip registration-only ban\"\"\"\n Ban.objects.create(\n check_type=Ban.", "IP,\n banned_value=\"127.*\",", "\n user_message=\"You can't register account like this.\",", "\n registration_only=True,\n )\n\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"totallyNew\",\n \"email\": \"loremipsum@dolor.met\",\n \"password\": \"LoremP4ssword\",\n },\n )\n\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)\n self.assertEqual(\n response.json(), {\"__all__\": [\"You can't register account like this.\"]}", "\n )\n\n def test_registration_validates_username(self):\n \"\"\"api validates usernames\"\"\"\n user = self.get_authenticated_user()\n\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": user.username,\n \"email\": \"loremipsum@dolor.met\",\n \"password\": \"LoremP4ssword\",\n },\n )\n\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)\n self.assertEqual(\n response.json(), {\"username\": [\"This username is not available.\"]}", "\n )\n\n def test_registration_validates_username_ban(self):\n \"\"\"api validates username ban\"\"\"\n Ban.objects.create(\n banned_value=\"totally*\",\n user_message=\"You can't register account like this.\",", "\n )\n\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"totallyNew\",\n \"email\": \"loremipsum@dolor.met\",\n \"password\": \"LoremP4ssword\",\n },\n )\n\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)\n self.assertEqual(\n response.json(), {\"username\": [\"You can't register account like this.\"]}", "\n )\n\n def test_registration_validates_username_registration_ban(self):\n \"\"\"api validates username registration-only ban\"\"\"\n Ban.objects.create(\n banned_value=\"totally*\",\n user_message=\"You can't register account like this.\",", "\n registration_only=True,\n )\n\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"totallyNew\",\n \"email\": \"loremipsum@dolor.met\",\n \"password\": \"LoremP4ssword\",\n },\n )\n\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)\n self.assertEqual(\n response.json(), {\"username\": [\"You can't register account like this.\"]}", "\n )\n\n def test_registration_validates_email(self):\n \"\"\"api validates usernames\"\"\"\n user = self.get_authenticated_user()\n\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"totallyNew\",\n \"email\": user.email,\n \"password\": \"LoremP4ssword\",\n },\n )\n\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)\n self.assertEqual(\n response.json(), {\"email\": [\"This e-mail address is not available.\"]}", "\n )\n\n def test_registration_validates_email_ban(self):\n \"\"\"api validates email ban\"\"\"\n Ban.objects.create(\n check_type=Ban.", "EMAIL,\n banned_value=\"lorem*\",\n user_message=\"You can't register account like this.\",", "\n )\n\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"totallyNew\",\n \"email\": \"loremipsum@dolor.met\",\n \"password\": \"LoremP4ssword\",\n },\n )\n\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)\n self.assertEqual(\n response.json(), {\"email\": [\"You can't register account like this.\"]}", "\n )\n\n def test_registration_validates_email_registration_ban(self):\n \"\"\"api validates email registration-only ban\"\"\"\n Ban.objects.create(\n check_type=Ban.", "EMAIL,\n banned_value=\"lorem*\",\n user_message=\"You can't register account like this.\",", "\n registration_only=True,\n )\n\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"totallyNew\",\n \"email\": \"loremipsum@dolor.met\",\n \"password\": \"LoremP4ssword\",\n },\n )\n\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)\n self.assertEqual(\n response.json(), {\"email\": [\"You can't register account like this.\"]}", "\n )\n\n def test_registration_requires_password(self):\n \"\"\"api uses django's validate_password to validate registrations\"\"\"\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\"username\": \"User\", \"email\": \"loremipsum@dolor.met\", \"password\": \"\"},\n )\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)\n self.assertEqual(response.json(), {\"password\": [\"This field is required.\"]})", "\n\n def test_registration_validates_password(self):\n \"\"\"api uses django's validate_password to validate registrations\"\"\"\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"User\",\n \"email\": \"l.o.r.e.m.i.p.s.u.m@gmail.com\",\n \"password\": \"123\",\n },\n )\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)\n self.assertEqual(\n response.json(),\n {\n \"email\": [\"This email is not allowed.\"],", "\n \"password\": [\n (\n \"This password is too short. \"", "\n \"It must contain at least 7 characters.\"", "\n ),\n \"This password is entirely numeric.\",", "\n ],\n },\n )\n\n def test_registration_validates_password_similiarity(self):\n \"\"\"api uses validate_password to validate registrations\"\"\"\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"BobBoberson\",\n \"email\": \"l.o.r.e.m.i.p.s.u.m@gmail.com\",\n \"password\": \"BobBoberson\",\n },\n )\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)\n self.assertEqual(\n response.json(),\n {\n \"email\": [\"This email is not allowed.\"],", "\n \"password\": [\"The password is too similar to the username.\"],", "\n },\n )\n\n @override_dynamic_settings(\n captcha_type=\"qa\", qa_question=\"Test\", qa_answers=\"Lorem\\nIpsum\"\n )\n def test_registration_validates_captcha(self):\n \"\"\"api validates captcha\"\"\"\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"totallyNew\",\n \"email\": \"loremipsum@dolor.met\",\n \"password\": \"LoremP4ssword\",\n \"captcha\": \"dolor\",\n },\n )\n\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)\n self.assertEqual(response.json(), {\"captcha\": [\"Entered answer is incorrect.\"]})", "\n\n # valid captcha\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"totallyNew\",\n \"email\": \"loremipsum@dolor.met\",\n \"password\": \"LoremP4ssword\",\n \"captcha\": \"ipSUM\",\n },\n )\n\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)\n\n @override_dynamic_settings(\n captcha_type=\"qa\", qa_question=\"\", qa_answers=\"Lorem\\n\\nIpsum\"\n )\n def test_qacaptcha_handles_empty_answers(self):\n \"\"\"api validates captcha\"\"\"\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"totallyNew\",\n \"email\": \"loremipsum@dolor.met\",\n \"password\": \"LoremP4ssword\",\n \"captcha\": \"\",\n },\n )\n\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)\n self.assertEqual(response.json(), {\"captcha\": [\"Entered answer is incorrect.\"]})", "\n\n def test_registration_check_agreement(self):\n \"\"\"api checks agreement\"\"\"\n agreement = Agreement.objects.create(\n type=Agreement.", "TYPE_TOS, text=\"Lorem ipsum\", is_active=True\n )\n\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"totallyNew\",\n \"email\": \"loremipsum@dolor.met\",\n \"password\": \"LoremP4ssword\",\n },\n )\n\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)\n self.assertEqual(\n response.json(), {\"terms_of_service\": [\"This agreement is required.\"]}", "\n )\n\n # invalid agreement id\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"totallyNew\",\n \"email\": \"loremipsum@dolor.met\",\n \"password\": \"LoremP4ssword\",\n \"terms_of_service\": agreement.id + 1,\n },\n )\n\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)\n self.assertEqual(\n response.json(), {\"terms_of_service\": [\"This agreement is required.\"]}", "\n )\n\n # valid agreement id\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"totallyNew\",\n \"email\": \"loremipsum@dolor.met\",\n \"password\": \"LoremP4ssword\",\n \"terms_of_service\": agreement.id,\n },\n )\n\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)\n\n user = User.objects.get(email=\"loremipsum@dolor.met\")\n self.assertEqual(user.agreements, [agreement.id])\n self.assertEqual(user.useragreement_set.count(), 1)\n\n def test_registration_ignore_inactive_agreement(self):\n \"\"\"api ignores inactive agreement\"\"\"\n Agreement.objects.create(\n type=Agreement.", "TYPE_TOS, text=\"Lorem ipsum\", is_active=False\n )\n\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"totallyNew\",\n \"email\": \"loremipsum@dolor.met\",\n \"password\": \"LoremP4ssword\",\n \"terms_of_service\": \"\",\n },\n )\n\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)\n\n user = User.objects.get(email=\"loremipsum@dolor.met\")\n self.assertEqual(user.agreements, [])\n self.assertEqual(user.useragreement_set.count(), 0)\n\n def test_registration_calls_validate_new_registration(self):\n \"\"\"api uses validate_new_registration to validate registrations\"\"\"\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"User\",\n \"email\": \"l.o.r.e.m.i.p.s.u.m@gmail.com\",\n \"password\": \"pas123\",\n },\n )\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)\n self.assertEqual(\n response.json(),\n {\n \"email\": [\"This email is not allowed.\"],", "\n \"password\": [\n \"This password is too short. ", "It must contain at least 7 characters.\"", "\n ],\n },\n )\n\n @override_dynamic_settings(enable_sso=True)\n def test_registration_fails_when_sso_is_enabled(self):\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"User\",\n \"email\": \"user@example.com\",\n \"password\": self.", "USER_PASSWORD,\n },\n )\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)\n\n @override_dynamic_settings(account_activation=\"none\")\n def test_registration_creates_active_user(self):\n \"\"\"api creates active and signed in user on POST\"\"\"\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"User\",\n \"email\": \"user@example.com\",\n \"password\": self.", "USER_PASSWORD,\n },\n )\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)\n self.assertEqual(\n response.json(),\n {\"activation\": \"active\", \"username\": \"User\", \"email\": \"user@example.com\"},\n )\n\n User.objects.get_by_username(\"User\")\n\n test_user = User.objects.get_by_email(\"user@example.com\")\n self.assertEqual(Online.objects.filter(user=test_user).count(), 1)\n\n self.assertTrue(test_user.check_password(self.", "USER_PASSWORD))\n\n auth_json = self.client.get(reverse(\"misago:api:auth\")).json()\n self.assertTrue(auth_json[\"is_authenticated\"])\n self.assertEqual(auth_json[\"username\"], \"User\")\n\n self.assertIn(\"Welcome\", mail.outbox[0].subject)\n\n self.assertEqual(test_user.audittrail_set.count(), 1)\n\n @override_dynamic_settings(account_activation=\"user\")\n def test_registration_creates_inactive_user(self):\n \"\"\"api creates inactive user on POST\"\"\"\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"User\",\n \"email\": \"user@example.com\",\n \"password\": self.", "USER_PASSWORD,\n },\n )\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)\n self.assertEqual(\n response.json(),\n {\"activation\": \"user\", \"username\": \"User\", \"email\": \"user@example.com\"},\n )\n\n auth_json = self.client.get(reverse(\"misago:api:auth\")).json()\n self.assertFalse(auth_json[\"is_authenticated\"])\n\n User.objects.get_by_username(\"User\")\n User.objects.get_by_email(\"user@example.com\")\n\n self.assertIn(\"Welcome\", mail.outbox[0].subject)\n\n @override_dynamic_settings(account_activation=\"admin\")\n def test_registration_creates_admin_activated_user(self):\n \"\"\"api creates admin activated user on POST\"\"\"\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"User\",\n \"email\": \"user@example.com\",\n \"password\": self.", "USER_PASSWORD,\n },\n )\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)\n self.assertEqual(\n response.json(),\n {\"activation\": \"admin\", \"username\": \"User\", \"email\": \"user@example.com\"},\n )\n\n auth_json = self.client.get(reverse(\"misago:api:auth\")).json()\n self.assertFalse(auth_json[\"is_authenticated\"])\n\n User.objects.get_by_username(\"User\")\n User.objects.get_by_email(\"user@example.com\")\n\n self.assertIn(\"Welcome\", mail.outbox[0].subject)\n\n @override_dynamic_settings(account_activation=\"none\")\n def test_registration_creates_user_with_whitespace_password(self):\n \"\"\"api creates user with spaces around password\"\"\"\n password = \" %s \" % self.", "USER_PASSWORD\n response = self.client.post(\n self.api_link,\n data={\n \"username\": \"User\",\n \"email\": \"user@example.com\",\n \"password\": password,\n },\n )\n self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)\n self.assertEqual(\n response.json(),\n {\"activation\": \"active\", \"username\": \"User\", \"email\": \"user@example.com\"},\n )\n\n User.objects.get_by_username(\"User\")\n\n test_user = User.objects.get_by_email(\"user@example.com\")\n self.assertEqual(Online.objects.filter(user=test_user).count(), 1)\n self.assertTrue(test_user.check_password(password))\n\n self.assertIn(\"Welcome\", mail.outbox[0].subject)\n\n\n@override_dynamic_settings(account_activation=\"none\")\ndef test_new_registrations_validators_hook_is_used_by_registration_api(\n db, client, mocker\n):\n def validator(request, cleaned_data, add_error):\n add_error(\"username\", \"ERROR FROM PLUGIN\")\n\n mocker.patch(\n \"misago.users.validators.hooks.new_registrations_validators\", [validator]\n )\n\n response = client.post(\n \"/api/users/\",\n {\"username\": \"User\", \"email\": \"user@example.com\", \"password\": \"PASSW0RD123\"},\n )\n\n assert response.status_code == 400\n assert response.json() == {\"username\": [\"ERROR FROM PLUGIN\"]}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Antigenicity of low concentrated HDCS vaccine with and without adjuvant as compared to the standard fluid formulation.", "\nIt can be shown that 0.1% aluminum hydroxide is able to compensate a 90% difference in antigen content of a human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine in man. ", "This conclusion, however, is drawn only from the formation of neutralizing antibodies (kinetics and antibody concentration). ", "Further experiments should be performed to compare also the protective capacity of HDCS vaccines varying in antigen content and adjuvant. ", "A sole reduction of viral antigen is reflected by a corresponding reduction in antibody formation provided the different doses fall within the logarithmic part of the dose-response curve." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "“We’re working with refugees,” Mr. Hughes said. “", "Many of the victims of atrocities are women, and they’ve had enough of men with guns and uniforms.”", "\n\nHe said that among the most critical tasks for a global police force were combating illegal arms and drug trafficking. ", "His own officers in West Africa have watched the growth of cocaine smuggling by Colombian and Venezuelan drug cartels through weakened countries like Sierra Leone and Liberia to the lucrative consumer markets in Europe.", "\n\nThe United States remains the biggest market for cocaine, according to the U.N.’s annual report on drugs and crime. ", "But in the past three years, South American cartels have moved more drugs to Europe using transit points like Guinea Bissau, where the president and the head of the military were killed in sophisticated bombing attacks in March. ", "Each year, at least 50 tons of cocaine from Andean countries passes through West Africa to the streets of Europe, where the drugs are worth almost $2 billion, according to the U.N. report.", "\n\n“Organized crime is a business that looks for opportunity to expand their market enterprise,” Mr. Hughes said. “", "When you have a breakdown in police and courts and corrections, organized crime is ripe. ", "We also see the toxic effect of corruption, because they are able to corrupt officials, which makes it difficult to build a functioning society.”", "\n\nIn Afghanistan, where heroin and hashish trafficking is also a thorny issue, NATO announced plans this month to start training the local police — a move it has avoided in the past to concentrate on military responsibilities.", "\n\nBut Mr. Noble of Interpol says he takes a dim view of transforming warriors into beat cops, because the mind-sets are so different.", "\n\n“We caution on making the delegation of civil police development tasks to military structures,” Mr. Noble said, citing the example of an attack that freed hundreds of Taliban from a prison in Kandahar, Afghanistan, last year. ", "Although Interpol immediately asked for information about the missing prisoners, he said, “we were really shocked and dismayed to learn there were no fingerprints and photographs despite billions spent to train police there.”", "\n\nWith the meeting of justice ministers on Monday, which coincides with a general assembly of Interpol police members, the group is expected to debate the global police issue and to craft a declaration that would lead to an action plan for international police peacekeeping within 12 months." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCounting the permuted forms of a list with repeated members under a permutation group\n\nDeleteDuplicates[Permute[{g, g, g, g, g, e, r}, AlternatingGroup[7]]]\n\nHow to count number of lists automatically?", "\n\nA:\n\nLet's define your function and my proposal:\nf1[l_, gr_] := Length@DeleteDuplicates@Permute[l, gr@Length@l]\nf2[l_, gr_] := GroupOrder@gr@Length@l /\n GroupOrder@GroupSetwiseStabilizer[gr@Length@l, {l}, Permute]\n\nf2 isn't always faster than f1,but can calculate things where f1 fails due to memory constraints. ", "For example:\nTiming@f1[{a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, b, b, c, c}, AlternatingGroup]\n\nPermute::nomem: The current computation was aborted because there was insufficient memory available to complete the computation.", "\n\nWhile:\nTiming@f2[{a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, b, b, c, c}, AlternatingGroup]\n(*\n {2.265625, 2970}\n*)\n\n" ]

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[ "Dangal (दंगल)\n\nDirector: Nitesh Tiwari\n\nWritten by: Nitesh Tiwari, Piyush Gupta, Shreyas Jain, Nikhil Meharotra\n\nCountry: India\n\nYear: 2016\n\nStarring: Aamir Khan, Fatima Sana Sheikh/Zaira Wasim, Sanya Malhotra/Suhani Bhatnagar\n\nAfter he is forced by financial circumstances to give up his own wrestling career, Mahavir Singh Phogat plans to train his future son(s) so that they will win a gold medal for India on the international stage. ", "When he ends up having four daughters, he thinks his dream is lost – but then he has the radical idea that girls can be wrestlers, too. ", "After many years of intense training, he manages to bring two of his daughters, Geeta and Babita, to the international level. ", "But will his old-fashioned, village methods work against athletes from around the world?", "\n\nThis movie tells the true story of Geeta Phogat, the first Indian woman wrestler to win a gold medal at the Commonwealth games (in 2010), her sister Babita Kumari, also a gold medalist, and their father who coached them to greatness.", "\n\nThe Cultural Context\n\nThis film does a good job of showing the cultural context and why, exactly, this family is so remarkable. ", "Mahavir and his family live in a village in rural Haryana, India – a state known for its poor treatment of girls, and high rates of female infanticide. ", "Haryana has one of the worst sex ratios of any Indian state: 861 women for every 1000 men in the whole population, and 835 girls for every 1000 boys aged 0-6 years. ", "Patriarchy, especially the wish for male children to carry on one’s legacy, is particularly strong. ", "The movie demonstrates this cultural pressure for male heirs through a humorous sequence, in which Mahavir receives innumerable bits of advice on how to conceive a male child. ", "In the end, it seems to be a catastrophe for the entire village when all of these efforts fail and Mahavir’s wife continues to have girls.", "\n\nWomen in Haryana are often married off at a young age; the movie, in fact, shows the marriage of Geeta and Babita’s friend at the age of 14. ", "Girls are usually taught to do housework and cook; schooling is optional, and other careers are considered unnecessary. ", "In this patriarchal context, Mahavir’s decision to train his daughters in the male-dominated sport of wrestling is met with both scorn and pity. ", "Geeta and Babita are teased at school and by people in the neighbourhood, especially when they are made to run and practice in shorts (showing one’s legs is considered to be immodest for women in India). ", "They are refused entry to the community wrestling ring in the name of protecting their modesty, and the same argument is made to prevent them from competing in rural wrestling tournaments. ", "Rather than caring about whether his daughters will be marriageable or not, Mahavir does something completely radical: he forces the tournament organizers to let his daughters compete.", "\n\nThe importance of his attitude and actions cannot be understated. ", "Both in the film and in real life, Mahavir helped to change the culture of Haryana and India in general by demonstrating that girls have every right and ability to pursue a career in traditionally male fields. ", "In the context of Haryana, this is a very radical – and some would say feminist – action.", "\n\nPoverty\n\nMahavir’s perseverance in the face of financial difficulties was striking. ", "This family is not wealthy: for example, he negotiates with a vendor to buy chicken for the girls, which would normally be far too expensive. ", "It is lucky that they have some land, since Mahavir ends up quitting his reliable office job and taking up farming so he can focus on the girls’ training. ", "It is truly remarkable that he managed to impart such excellent training in these circumstances.", "\n\nWhen the girls move to the national level, his training and abilities are called into question by the coach of the National Team. ", "Despite his obvious accomplishments, he is dismissed as a country bumpkin with old-fashioned methods that will not work at the international level. ", "This is an example of classism, which is rampant in Indian society. ", "By confronting this attitude, the film argues against this idea that you have to be from a particular strata of society if you want to do anything worthwhile.", "\n\nA feminist film? ", "Sports and abuse\n\nMany people have stated that this is a feminist film; in fact, the government even exempted it from taxes in several states to encourage people to imbibe the pro-women’s education and anti-female infanticide lessons. ", "While it does make a lot of points about women’s rights and ability to do things that are traditionally “male,” there is one crucial aspect of feminism that is missing: Consent.", "\n\nAt no point does Mahavir actually ask Geeta or Babita if they want to take up wrestling! ", "In fact, they believe it is a punishment for beating up some boys. ", "While Mahavir does discuss the idea with his wife, she doesn’t have much say in whether the girls will be subjected to the training. ", "Her husband’s persistence means that she finally has to agree despite her misgivings.", "\n\nThis is particularly problematic when the training crosses over into child abuse. ", "Mahavir makes the girls: swim in freezing water; give up fried and sweet foods; get up at 5 AM to train before school; drink large glasses of milk; run instead of watching television; and so on. ", "The worst and most abusive part is when he decides to cut off their hair despite their protests, which even the barber is hesitant to do. ", "Having long hair is particularly important for women in India, so by cutting their hair he essentially removes their femininity.", "\n\nBecause of this absence of consent, I would be hesitant to call this film “feminist.” ", "However, it does provide a good character study of a father who is so insistent that his children fulfill his own dream that he goes beyond the bounds of what is right.", "\n\nAs a film\n\nI highly recommend this movie, which I believe is one of Aamir Khan’s best films. ", "The film is full of unique physical effects: not only did Aamir Khan drastically change his physical appearance (he went from 37% to 9% body fat!), ", "but all of the actors intensively trained in wrestling with one of the National Team coaches. ", "This training shows, as the actors all do their own stunts and no stunt doubles were used.", "\n\nSomething that was left out of this film is that Mahavir trained his two younger daughters and two nieces as well as Geeta and Babita, all of whom have gone on to win national or international medals. ", "This is an excellent sports movie/biopic – which is high praise coming from me, since I don’t usually like sports films." ]

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[ "My heart, like so many others, was shattered this morning when I learned that Green Turtle Cay’s Eric Sawyer, passed away unexpectedly last night.", "\n\nEric was the most joyful soul I have ever known. ", "He was kind and funny and gregarious, and had more friends than any of us could count.", "\n\nHe kept careful track of birthdays and hand-made cards for family and friends. ", "With his funny Facebook photos and comments, and updates about his favourite TV show, “Girl meets World”, he made us laugh.", "\n\nEric was a long-time Special Olympian who trained and competed in both bocce and track and field. ", "He loved to travel, and just this past week returned from his annual Buddy Cruise.", "\n\nAfter graduating from Every Child Counts in 2013, Eric went to work at the school’s Starfish Enterprises vocational program. ", "When I visited ECC in 2015, Eric and his best friend, Myron Sawyer, gave me the grand tour of their soap-making workshop. ", "With obvious pride, they showed me how they made, molded and packaged the soaps, which are sold in the ECC gift shop.", "\n\nEric also worked at Abaco Ceramics in Treasure Cay, and his colourful mugs and other creations were constantly in high demand.", "\n\nTwo of the greatest gifts in Eric’s life were his parents, Brian and Caroline Sawyer. ", "They advocated tirelessly for him, supported his every adventure and fostered his independence.", "\n\nAnd I can’t imagine a more ideal home for Eric than Green Turtle Cay, where he was safe, free and adored by an entire community whose members high-fived him as he cycled through town, and asked about his day when he got off the ferry in the afternoons.", "\n\nOn social media today, someone described Eric as the most loved person on Green Turtle Cay and I have no doubt that’s true.", "\n\nMy favourite memory of Eric is the summer evening I met him swimming on the little beach beside Sundowners. ", "He splashed about in the shallow water, which sparkled gold in the sunset. ", "He sang happily, loudly and without inhibition. ", "It was a scene as pure and sweet as he was.", "\n\nTo Brian and Caroline, Eric’s sister Michelle and her family, brother Ronel and his family, extended family and countless friends, words are simply inadequate to convey how deeply sorry Tom and I are for your loss.", "\n\nThere’s a passage by Kahlil Gibran that has brought me comfort in times of loss. ", "I share it here hoping it may do the same for the many broken hearts mourning Eric tonight.", "\n\nFor what is it to die but to stand naked in the wind and to melt into the sun?", "\n\nAnd what is it to cease breathing, but to free the breath from its restless tides,\n\nthat it may rise and expand and seek God unencumbered?", "\n\nOnly when you drink from the river of silence shall you indeed sing.", "\n\nAnd when you have reached the mountain top, then you shall begin to climb.", "\n\nAnd when the earth shall claim your limbs, then shall you truly dance.", "\n\nEric’s life was much too short. ", "But in his 27 years, he laughed more, hugged more, danced more and touched more hearts than most of us ever will.", "\n\nGreen Turtle Cay won’t be the same without his shining light and loving spirit.", "\n\nSave\n\nSave\n\nSave\n\nSave\n\nSave\n\nSave\n\nSave\n\nSave\n\nSave\n\nSave\n\nSave\n\nShare this: Email\n\nPrint\n\nFacebook\n\nTwitter\n\nReddit\n\nLinkedIn\n\nPinterest\n\nWhatsApp\n\nTumblr\n\n" ]

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[ "isRuntimeServicesEnabledDefault()\nINTERNAL:\nisRuntimeServicesEnabledDefault(): Answer true if the JMX/MBean providing runtime services for\nthe receiver's DatabaseSession will be deployed at runtime.", "\n\nvoid\n\nprepareServerSpecificServicesMBean()\nINTERNAL:\nprepareServerSpecificServicesMBean(): Server specific implementation of the\ncreation and deployment of the JMX MBean to provide runtime services for the\ndatabaseSession.", "\n\nvoid\n\nserverSpecificRegisterMBean()\nINTERNAL:\nserverSpecificRegisterMBean(): Server specific implementation of the\ncreation and deployment of the JMX MBean to provide runtime services for my\ndatabaseSession.", "\n\nisRuntimeServicesEnabledDefault\n\nINTERNAL:\nisRuntimeServicesEnabledDefault(): Answer true if the JMX/MBean providing runtime services for\nthe receiver's DatabaseSession will be deployed at runtime.", "\nProvide the default value for ServerPlatformBase.isRuntimeServicesEnabled() for a\nServerPlatform. ", "By default this is false but some platforms\ncan choose to have MBeans deployed by default.", "\n\nprepareServerSpecificServicesMBean\n\npublic void prepareServerSpecificServicesMBean()\n\nINTERNAL:\nprepareServerSpecificServicesMBean(): Server specific implementation of the\ncreation and deployment of the JMX MBean to provide runtime services for the\ndatabaseSession.", "\nDefault is to do nothing.", "\nImplementing platform classes must override this function and supply\nthe server specific MBean instance for later registration by calling it in the constructor.", "\n\ngetMBeanServer\n\npublic javax.management.", "MBeanServer getMBeanServer()\n\nINTERNAL:\nReturn the MBeanServer to be used for MBean registration and deregistration.", "\nThis MBeanServer reference is lazy loaded and cached on the platform.", "\nThere are multiple ways of getting the MBeanServer\n\n1) MBeanServerFactory static function - working for 3 of 4 servers WebSphere, JBoss and Glassfish in a generic way\n- JBoss returns 2 MBeanServers in the List - but one of them has a null domain - we don't use that one\n- WebLogic may return 2 MBeanServers - in that case we want to register with the one containing the \"com.bea\" tree\n2) ManagementFactory static function - what is the difference in using this one over the one returning a List of servers\n3) JNDI lookup\n4) Direct server specific native API" ]

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[ "Reflectance confocal microscopy in the diagnosis of pigmented macules of the face: differential diagnosis and margin definition.", "\nIn vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a noninvasive high-resolution skin imaging tool that has become an important adjunct to clinical exam, dermoscopy and histopathology assessment, in the diagnosis and management of pigmented macules of the face. ", "The diagnosis of early stage lentigo maligna (LM) and lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM) is challenging and RCM improves the diagnostic accuracy in the differential diagnosis of LM with other macules of the face such as solar lentigo (SL), pigmented actinic keratosis (PAK), seborrheic keratosis (SK) and lichen planus-like keratosis (LPLK). ", "Here we review the state-of-the-art of RCM morphologic descriptors, standardized terminology, and diagnostic algorithms for the RCM assessment of pigmented macules of the face including melanocytic, and nonmelanocytic lesions. ", "Clinical applications of RCM are broad and include diagnosis, assessment of large lesions on cosmetically sensitive areas, directing areas to biopsy, delineating margins prior to surgery, detecting response to treatment and assessing recurrence. ", "The present review is intended to summarize the application of RCM for the correct diagnosis of challenging pigmented facial macules and to evaluate its application in LM margin mapping during the pre surgical phase." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'Anomaly detection is a classical but worthwhile problem, and many deep learning-based anomaly detection algorithms have been proposed, which can usually achieve better detection results than traditional methods. ", "In view of reconstruct ability of the model and the calculation of anomaly score, this paper proposes a time series anomaly detection method based on Variational AutoEncoder model(VAE) with re-Encoder and Latent Constraint network(VELC). ", "In order to modify reconstruct ability of the model to prevent it from reconstructing abnormal samples well, we add a constraint network in the latent space of the VAE to force it generate new latent variables that are similar with that of training samples. ", "To be able to calculate anomaly score in two feature spaces, we train a re-encoder to transform the generated data to a new latent space. ", "For better handling the time series, we use the LSTM as the encoder and decoder part of the VAE framework. ", "Experimental results of several benchmarks show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art anomaly detection methods.'", "\nauthor:\n- Chunkai Zhang\n- Shaocong Li\n- Hongye Zhang\n- 'Yingyang Chen\\'\nbibliography:\n- 'mybibliography.bib'\ntitle: 'VELC: A New Variational AutoEncoder Based Model for Time Series Anomaly Detection'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nAnomalies often represent serious situation, unusual events or failures in many fields, such as abnormal information or cyberattack in network [@Onat2017An], credit card fraud in finance[@Pozzolo2018Credit], sensor anomaly in industrial field, optical coherence tomography (OCT) in medical image [@Schlegl2017Unsupervised]. ", "Anomaly detection is to find different patterns in the data which often contain important information, and these patterns are not caused by random deviations.", "\n\nAccording to whether the labels are used in training phase, anomaly detection algorithms can be categorized as supervised and unsupervised. ", "The supervised method is little suitable for real data, because labeling data usually requires expert knowledge and much time cost, furthermore, the abnormal data are usually unbalanced with various kinds, and the characteristics of anomalous data may be unknown [@chalapathy2019deep]. ", "Many scholars have studied the traditional unsupervised anomaly detection methods based on the assumption that anomalies are minority class and different, such as the distance-based, density-based, angle-based methods [@Bayer2015Learning; @pham2012near; @pham2018l1]. ", "However, the accuracy of similarity calculation, the computational complexity and accuracy of division will be greatly deteriorated due to the high-dimensionality and the large amount of data [@chalapathy2019deep]. ", "Although the complexity of calculation can be reduced through simple dimensionality reduction, the detailed information will be ignored [@Sathe2018Subspace; @Kim2018DeepNAP]. ", "Besides, the anomalies may unknown, it means that we don’t know the percentage of anomalies in advance.", "\n\nTo account for this challenge, lots of unsupervised anomaly detection methods based on deep learning model are designed. ", "One kind of method is based on the prediction error between the input samples and the prediction results or other outputs of the model to detect anomalies. [", "@malhotra2015long] used the distribution of the prediction errors of LSTMs to compute anomaly scores. [", "@sabokrou2015real] trained an autoencoder using the normal data and detects anomalies using the output of the model’s hidden layer and the SSIM feature of the test samples. [", "@zhou2017anomaly] proposed RAD which combine robust principal component analysis (rPCA) with autoencoder(AE), and this model regarded the noise matrix in rPCA as an anomalous data matrix. ", "The other kind of method is based on the reconstruction error of the Generative Model to detect anomalies. ", "It commonly trains the Generative Model with the normal data in the training phase, so the model has a small reconstruction error for the normal samples but a large reconstruction error for the abnormal samples in the test phase. [", "@Bayer2015Learning] used the variational inference and RNNs to model time series data and introduced stochastic recurrent networks (STORNs), which were subsequently applied to anomaly detection in robot time series data [@S2016Variational]. [", "@an2015variational] proposed a method based on a VAE and introduced a novel probabilistic anomaly score that calculated the probability of the sample in the distribution corresponding to the model output parameters. [", "@zong2018deep] proposed DAGMM framework which used a deep autoencoder and a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to model the data. ", "The model first used the auto-encoder to reduce the dimension, and then took the compressed data and reconstruction error as a new feature. [", "@Schlegl2017Unsupervised] presented the AnoGAN framework, which trained GAN using normal data. ", "In the test phase, AnoGAN defined a function for each test sample to find the most similar sample that the model can generate, and used the $L2$ distance between the input samples and the generated samples to detect anomalies. [", "@Zenati2018Adversarially] proposed Adversarial Learned Anomaly Detection (ALAD) based on bi-directional GANs, which added an additional discriminator in the latent space and used the adversarial learned features to detect anomalies. ", "This model significantly improved the detection speed of GAN-based anomaly detection methods.", "\n\nCompared to the predictive model, the Generative Model can model the distribution of training data rather than the training data itself, so the strong generalization and modeling ability of the generative model usually generate some data that are similar to but different from the training data [@radford2015unsupervised; @zhu2017unpaired]. ", "Besides, it can compress high dimensional input samples and obtain a low-dimensional representation of the data, in such a low-dimensional representation, we can more easily distinguish the normal data and abnormal data. ", "Although in the case of data augmentation or generation, the strong modeling and generalization capabilities of generative model will not negatively affect the output of the model, in the case of anomaly detection based on reconstruction errors of generative model, the model’s strong generalization ability may make the model not only better reconstruct normal data, but even well with the abnormal data [@gong2019memorizing].", "\n\nIn this paper, we propose a novel time series anomaly detection based on VAE with re-Encoder and Latent Constraint network, named as VELC. ", "This model adds a re-encoder in the architecture of VAE to obtain new latent vectors, and this more complex architecture can optimize the reconstruction error both in the original space and latent space to accurately model the normal samples. ", "Besides, it can compute the anomaly score both in the two feature spaces (original space and the latent space), which has higher accuracy than only in the original space. ", "In addition, in order to prevent the model from reconstructing some untrained abnormal samples well, we add a constraint network in the latent space of the original VAE to force it generate new latent variables that are similar with that of training samples, which can balance the model’s ability to distinguish between normal and abnormal data. ", "During the training phase, the constraint network is trained with original VAE networks simultaneously, trying to extract the characteristics of the latent vectors of the training (normal) data. ", "During the test phase, this network maps a latent vector obtained from the latent distribution of VAE to a new latent vector, making new latent vector similar to the latent vector corresponding to the training data. ", "The original VAE model cannot model time series well [@munir2018deepant] because time series is usually high dimensional and has the complex temporal correlations, so we use the LSTM as the encoder and decoder part of the VAE framework to model the normal time series.", "\n\nThe rest of this paper is organized as follows. ", "Section II reviews the related work. ", "Section III introduces the VELC framework and illustrates the loss function, and how to calculate the anomaly score. ", "Section IV shows the experimental results that our method outperforms other state-of-the-art method on several benchmarks.", "\n\nRelated work\n============\n\nOur popersed method is based on the architecture of the Variational AutoEncoder, and uses LSTM to model the normal time series, so we briefly introduce VAE and LSTM in this part.", "\n\nVAE\n---\n\nVariational AutoEncoder(VAE) [@kingma2013auto], is an unsupervised deep learning Generative Model, which can model the distribution of the training data. ", "It comes from the Bayesian inference, and consists of an encoder, latent distribution, and a decoder. ", "The principle is a simple distribution (such as a Gaussian distribution) with known parameters and superimposable characteristics can theoretically fit any distribution by combining with neural networks.", "\n\n![ ", "The model pipeline of the VAE, E is the encoder, $\\mu$ and $\\sigma$ are the latent distribution parameters and D is the decoder[]{data-label=\"fig_papr\"}](pic/VAE.png){width=\"3in\"}\n\nThe model’s forward propagation process is as follows: the input sample $\\textit{X}$ passes through the encoder to obtain parameters of the latent space distribution. ", "The latent variable $\\textit{z}$ is obtained from sampling in the current distribution, then $\\textit{z}$ is used to generate a reconstructed sample through the decoder. ", "After a series of derivation, simplification and variational inference, the loss function of VAE can be written as:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\nL_{vae}(E,D) = \\left \\| X - X_{recon} \\right \\|_{2} + \\frac{1}{2} \\sum_{i=1}^{z_{dim}}[(\\mu _{i}^{2} + \\sigma_{i}^{2}) - 1 - log(\\sigma _{i}^{2}))]\n\\end{aligned}$$\n\nIn the forward propagation of a VAE, there is a step of sampling from the distribution. ", "Obviously, the “sampling” process is not differentiable, so a method called “re-parameter” is used in VAE. ", "Due to the superposition of the Gaussian distribution, the samples after calculation are equivalent to the sampling from the distribution corresponding to the specific distribution parameters. ", "For the entire model, the sample obtained from the standard normal distribution can be regarded as a constant, and the calculation process for this constant is differentiable, so that the entire model can perform normal back propagation.", "\n\n$$\\varepsilon \\sim N(0, 1) \\quad z = \\mu +\\varepsilon *\\sigma \\quad \\rightarrow \\quad z \\sim N(\\mu , \\sigma )$$\n\nThe main difference between a VAE and an autoencoder is that the VAE is a stochastic generative model that can give calibrated probabilities, while an autoencoder is a deterministic discriminative model that does not have a probabilistic foundation. ", "This is obvious in that VAE models the parameters of a distribution as explained above [@an2015variational].", "\n\nLSTM\n----\n\nLong Short Term Memory networks – usually just called “LSTMs” – are a special kind of recurrent neural network (RNN), capable of learning long-term dependencies in sequence data. ", "LSTMs are explicitly designed to avoid the long-term dependency problem. ", "Remembering information for long periods of time is practically their default behavior, not something they struggle to learn. ", "The structure of LSTM is a chain form of repeating a certain neural network module(cell), which is same as RNN. ", "The difference is that the interior of each cell of the LSTM consists of four parts: forget gate, input gate, state update and output gate. ", "Each gate has its own weight, bias, and activation functions.", "\n\n![", "The framework of the Bi-LSTM, it can be seen as a combination of two simple LSTM networks in different directions.[]{data-label=\"fig_papr\"}](pic/Bi-LSTM.png){width=\"3in\"}\n\nIn actual sequence data, the value of a current datapoint may not only be related to the values of some previous datapoints, but also the values of some later datapoints. ", "So scholars proposed bi-directional LSTM network, which is seen as two LSTM networks stacked on top of each other. ", "For a certain sequence to be trained, one of the sequences is input in the forward direction and the other is in the reverse direction, and then the two results are combined into the following formula, where $O_{t}$ is the final output, $\\overrightarrow{S_{t}^{1}}$and $\\overrightarrow{S_{t}^{2}}$ represent the hidden layer of two simple LSTM.", "\n\n$$o_{t}=softmax\\left(V^{*}\\left[\\overrightarrow{S_{t}^{\\prime}} ; \\overrightarrow{S_{t}^{2}}\\right]\\right)$$\n\n$$\\overrightarrow{S_{t}^{l}}=f\\left(\\overrightarrow{U^{l}} * X_{t}+\\overrightarrow{\\vec{W}^{l}} * S_{t-1}+\\overrightarrow{b^{\\prime}}\\right)$$\n\n$$\\overrightarrow{S_{t}^{2}}=f\\left(U^{2} * X_{t}+\\vec{W}^{2} * S_{t-1}+\\overrightarrow{b^{2}}\\right)$$\n\nProposed Method {#method}\n===============\n\nIn this section, we describe a novel time series anomaly detection method based on VAE with re-Encoder and latent constraint network, named VELC. ", "Firstly, we show the pipeline of model, and then illustrate the loss function, and how to calculate the anomaly score.", "\n\nPipeline of Model\n-----------------\n\nThe aim of our work is to detect the anomalies of a time series based on the reconstruction error of generative model, and the model is trained with normal data, it means that the model will have relatively small reconstruction errors for normal data, but large reconstruction errors for abnormal data. ", "Our model is based on VAE with re-Encoder and latent constraint network.", "\n\n### Architecture of VELC\n\nOur model consists of four parts: an encoder and decoder of original VAE, re-Encoder and the constraint network, and it can obtain better modeling capabilities for normal data. ", "In order to extract the features of a time series, the encoder, decoder, and re-Encoder all use bidirectional LSTM networks. ", "The pipeline of the model is shown in Fig.1.", "\n\n![", "The network structure of VELC. ", "Two orange blocks are the encoder and decoder layer of VAE, the green block is the re-Encoder layer and the blue part is the constraint network.[]{data-label=\"fig_model\"}](model2.png){width=\"5in\"}\n\n### Re-Encoder\n\n The reconstructed sample $\\textit{X'}$ is passed through the re-encoder network to generate new latent space parameters $\\mu$’ and $\\sigma$’, and the new latent variables $\\textit{re\\_z}$ are sampled from the distribution corresponding to the new latent space parameters, and their dimension is same as the latent variables $\\textit{z}$. The main purposes of the re-encoder network are as follows: The VAE with additional a re-encoder network has more parameters and complex model structure, it means that the whole model can extract more features of data, including the features of original and new latent space. ", "Besides, similar to metric learning, it performs the accurately modeling task to normal samples directly in a certain form by optimizing the reconstruction error both in the original and latent space. ", "Some previous model-based anomaly detection methods used the output of the network intermediate layer as feature vectors of the data and obtained better results than using the output of whole network, so the VAE with additional a re-encoder should improve the performance of model-based anomaly detection. ", "In addition, the VAE with additional a re-encoder network can compute the anomaly score both in the two feature spaces (original space and the latent space), which has higher accuracy than only in the original space.", "\n\n### Constraint Network\n\nFor anomaly detection methods based on reconstruction error of the generative model including VAE, there are two reasons that maybe result in the fail of detecting anomalies: a) the model does not reconstruct a normal sample well, which means a large reconstruction error for this normal sample; b) the model reconstructs an abnormal sample very well, which means a relatively small reconstruction error for this abnormal sample. ", "Because the VAE is trained by the normal samples to model the distribution of training data rather than the training data itself and its objective is to reduce the reconstruction error for the normal data during the whole training phase, so it has a strong ability to reconstruct the data. ", "But if VAE is used for anomaly detection, this strong ability may cause the model to reconstruct the untrained abnormal samples well, it means that some anomalies in the input samples are likely not detected for small reconstruction errors of them. ", "Considering the structure of the original VAE network, we added a constraint network after sampling from the latent distribution to limit the model’s ability to reconstruct abnormal data, and the constrained network can be regarded as an additional special network similar to the encoder and decoder network. ", "Though the constrained network is a simple neural network, it is equivalent to make the decoding network more complicated.", "\n\nInspired by the sparse autoencoder and the MemAE framework[@gong2019memorizing], we have some additional rules for the constraint network. ", "The constraint network is set to a matrix $\\mathbf{C}\\in (z\\_dim, N)$, the number of rows of the matrix $z\\_dim$ is equal to the dimension of the latent vector $\\textit{z}$, the number of columns of the matrix $N$ is used as a parameter of the model, and each element of the matrix is regarded as a trained parameter by the entire model. ", "During the training phase, the model is trained by normal samples, so each row of the model can be considered as a “feature vector” or “representative vector” of latent vectors of normal samples.", "\n\nIn the phase of training or detection, for the latent variable $z$ of each sample obtained after sampling, we calculate the cosine similarity between the vector of each row of the matrix $\\mathbf{C}$, which will get several representation coefficients for each $z$, denoted as vector $\\vec{\\mathbf{w}}$.\n\n$$\\mathbf{C} = (\\vec{c_{1}}, \\vec{c_{2}},...,\\vec{c_{N}}) \\quad w_{i} = \\frac{z * c_{i}}{\\left \\| z \\right \\| \\cdot \\left \\|c_{i} \\right \\|}$$\n\n$$\\vec{\\mathbf{w}} = (w_{1}, w_{2},..., w_{3})$$\n\nAfter obtained the vector $\\vec{\\mathbf{w}}$ , we normalize each element in it $\\vec{\\mathbf{w}} = \\mathbf{w}/\\left \\| \\mathbf{w} \\right \\|$. In order to prevent the latent vectors of abnormal samples from being reconstructed by a complex combination of multiple matrices $\\mathbf{C}$, a sparse constraint is added to the normalized $w$. If one element of $w$ is less than a given threshold, it is set to 0, if it is greater than the threshold, it is retained.", "\n\n$$w_{i}^{'} = \\left\\{\\begin{matrix}w_{i} \\quad w_{i}> ths\n\\\\ 0 \\quad w_{i}\\leq ths\n\n\\end{matrix}\\right. ", "\\qquad \\hat{\\mathbf{w}} = (w_{1}^{'}, w_{2}^{'},..., w_{N}^{'})$$\n\nFinally, we use the linear combination of each row in the matrix $\\mathbf{C}$ and $\\hat{\\mathbf{w}}$ as the combination coefficient to calculate a new constrained latent vector $\\hat{z}$.\n\n$$\\hat{z} = \\hat{\\mathbf{w}}\\mathbf{C} = w_{1}^{'}\\vec{c_{1}} + w_{2}^{'}\\vec{c_{2}} + ... + w_{N}^{'}\\vec{c_{N}}$$\n\nLoss Function\n-------------\n\nIn the training process, we train the model with normal samples, and define the loss function consisted of three parts. ", "The first part is the loss function of original VAE as we described in the related work, which is used to reduce the $L2$ distance between the original data and the reconstructed data in the original space, and make the distribution of the model as close as possible to the distribution of the training data. ", "We call these two losses as reconstruction loss and $KL$ loss 1.", "\n\n$$L_{rec\\_x} = \\left \\| X - X^{'} \\right \\|_{2}$$\n\n$$L_{KL\\_1} = \\frac{1}{2} \\sum_{i=1}^{z\\_dim}[(\\mu _{i}^{2} + \\sigma_{i}^{2}) - 1 - log(\\sigma _{i}^{2}))]$$\n\nThe second part is the loss function of the re-encoder. ", "Following the theory of the loss of the original VAE, we designed a Loss function for the re-Encoder network, which is the same as the second term of the loss function of the original VAE.", "\n\n$$L_{KL\\_2} = \\frac{1}{2} \\sum_{i=1}^{z^{'}\\_dim}[({\\mu _{i}^{'}}^{2} + {\\sigma _{i}^{'}}^{2}) - 1 - log({\\sigma _{i}^{'}}^{2})]$$\n\nThe third part is the error of the latent vector. ", "We utilize the re-Encoder to remap the generated data to the new latent space and calculate the $L2$ distance of between the two latent vector.", "\n\n$$L_{lat} = \\left \\| Z - Z^{'} \\right \\|_{2}$$\n\nFor the entire model, the loss function can be described as\n\n$$L_{VELC} = L_{rec\\_x} + L_{KL\\_1} + L_{lat} + L_{KL\\_2}$$\n\nAnomaly Score\n-------------\n\nIn the phase of detection, given the input samples $X=\\left[x_{1}, x_{2}, \\ldots, x_{N}\\right] \\in R^{N}$, our model can generate the new sequence data that are similar to the distribution of the training data. ", "If the model comes across a anomaly sample, it will generate a reconstructed sample $X^{'}$ which is significantly different from the distribution of the original data, and the abnormal sample also has a large discrepancy between the latent vector $z^{'}$ obtained by encoder and the new latent vector $re\\_z^{'}$ obtained by re-encoder.", "\n\nTherefore, we can design new method to calculate the anomaly score for time series. ", "The criterion is that if the reconstruction error and the error between the two latent spaces of an input sample are large, the sample is more likely to be an abnormal sample. ", "The anomaly score $A(x_{i})$ is defined as follows:\n\n$$\\label{anomalyscore}\nA(x_{i}) = \\alpha \\left \\| x - x^{'} \\right \\|_{1} + \\beta \\left \\| z^{'} - re\\_z^{'} \\right \\|_{1}$$\n\nwhere $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ are the parameters to constrain the penalty term, and $\\alpha+ \\beta=1,\\alpha>0,\\beta>0$. Larger anomaly score of the sample means that the generated sample deviates from the input data, in other words, the more abnormal the sample is. ", "In order to ensure the robustness of the algorithm and to find the anomalies in different time series, we need to regularize anomaly score into the range of $[0,1]$ and set the threshold $\\phi$.\n\n$$A(x_i)^{\\prime}=\\frac{A(x_i)-m i n(A(X))}{\\max (A(X))-\\min (A(X))}$$\n\nwhere $A(x_i)^{\\prime}$ is the regularized anomaly score. ", "The more abnormal the data, the larger the abnormal score is and closer to 1.", "\n\nExperimental Results {#experiment}\n====================\n\nIn this section, we first describe experimental benchmark datasets and the baseline methods. ", "Then, we conduct many experiments to show the effectiveness of our method.", "\n\nBenchmark Datasets and Baseline Methods\n---------------------------------------\n\nTo illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed method, we conduct experiments on four types of time series data(Sensor, Motion, Image and Network intrusion), which are got from UCR public dataset [@UCRArchive2018] and UCI public data set[@Dua:2019]. ", "More details can be seen in Table \\[tab\\_dataset\\]. ", "The size of these sequence data sets is relatively large or small, and the dimensions of the data are relatively high or low. ", "KDD99 is the basic benchmark of network intrusion and we choose the 10% subset as the experimental data. ", "Due to the high proportion of outliers, ”normal” data is considered abnormal. ", "Motion data GunPointAgeSpan involves a series action of putting the gun and aiming at a target, which translates into 150 frames per action. ", "We extract the centroid of the hand from each frame and use its x-axis coordinate to form a time series. ", "Image data Herring is the Otholith outlines from two classes: North sea or Thames. ", "We convert the outlines of the image data into sequence data. ", "We choose the minority class as anomaly class and split 20% of the data as test data. ", "The other test data sets are binary classification data sets or anomaly detection data sets. ", "We use the minority class of these data sets as abnormal data, and other classes as normal data. ", "The AR represents for the anomaly ratio in the table.", "\n\n Dataset Data type AR Length Size\n ------------------ ----------- ------ -------- --------\n KDD99 Network 0.15 121 494021\n Arrhythmia Sensor 0.20 274 452\n ItalyPowerDemand Sensor 0.49 24 1096\n TwoLeadECG Sensor 0.49 82 1162\n GunPointAgeSpan Motion 0.49 150 450\n MoteStrain Sensor 0.46 84 1452\n ToeSegmentation2 Motion 0.25 343 166\n Herring Image 0.46 512 128\n Wafer Sensor 0.11 152 7164\n ECGFiveDays Sensor 0.20 136 884\n\n : The details of benchmark datasets.", "\n\n\\[tab\\_dataset\\]\n\nTo validate our method, we consider AnoGAN [@Schlegl2017Unsupervised], ALAD[@Zenati2018Adversarially], MLP-VAE [@an2015variational] and Isolation Forest [@Liu2009Isolation] as the baseline algorithms. ", "Isolation Forest is a state-of-the-art non-model anomaly detection method which based on the idea of using some kinds of rule to recursively divide each dimension of the data randomly. ", "AnoGAN uses GAN architecture to generate data that compares pixel-level differences between raw and generated data. ", "And ALAD is an improved GAN-based anomaly detection model, mainly based on Bi-GAN [@donahue2016adversarial] and the ALICE [@li2017alice] framework. ", "As for MLPVAE, it uses the VAE framework. ", "For each test sample, the model detect the anomaly by sampling the model several times and calculating the probability of the test sample in a certain distribution.", "\n\nPerformance Evaluation\n----------------------\n\nRather than precision or recall, AUC (Area Under the ROC Curve) [@Ling2003AUC] is the common metrics to measure performance in anomaly detection. ", "So we use AUC to evaluate the performance of our method and baseline methods, and perform the experiments on ten datasets.", "\n\nWe set parameter $w$ = 1 in training phase. ", "The parameter of dataset KDD99 are: batch size is 50, learning rate is 1e-5, total iteration batch is 150000, the number of the row of the marix $\\mathbf{C_{1}}$ and $\\mathbf{C_{2}}$ (N) is 50. ", "The parameters of dataset arrythmia are: batch size is 32, learning rate is 0.01, total iteration batch is 10000, the number of the row of the marix $\\mathbf{C_{1}}$ and $\\mathbf{C_{2}}$ (N) is 10. ", "All the other UCI datasets’ parameter are: batch size is 32, learning rate is 0.005, total iteration batch is 5000, the number of the row of the marix $\\mathbf{C_{1}}$ and $\\mathbf{C_{2}}$ (N) is 50. ", "And the sparse regular threshold is 0.025.", "\n\n Name OUR\\* ANOGAN ALAD MLP-VAE IForest\n ------------------ ----------- -------- ------- --------- ---------\n KDD99 **0.958** 0.887 0.950 0.622 0.929\n Arrhythmia **0.789** 0.576 0.648 0.747 0.530\n ItalyPowerDemand **0.807** 0.516 0.538 0.768 0.763\n TwoLeadECG **0.948** 0.554 0.515 0.731 0.760\n GunPointAgeSpan **0.844** 0.515 0.547 0.821 0.612\n MoteStrain **0.801** 0.746 0.504 0.750 0.762\n ToeSegmentation2 **0.835** 0.547 0.544 0.816 0.787\n Herring **0.722** 0.488 0.569 0.627 0.698\n Wafer **0.967** 0.558 0.587 0.790 0.847\n ECGFiveDays **0.988** 0.970 0.694 0.910 0.678\n\n : AUC comparisons between the baseline methods and VELC. ", "The best results are typeset in bold.", "\n\n\\[tab\\_auc\\]\n\nFrom the Table\\[tab\\_auc\\] we can see that our method has been improved on all ten datasets, increased by about 0.8% on KDD datasets. ", "For other data sets, the method in this paper has also improved by about 1% to 5% compared to other methods. ", "It is apparent that our methods outperform the prior works for different types of sequence data. ", "And our model is not weaker than traditional non-model machine learning methods.", "\n\nBecause the anomaly score we design in Equation (\\[anomalyscore\\]) is constrained by parameters $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$, in order to get better results, we choose different value of parameters $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ varying from ($\\alpha$=0.2; $\\beta$=0.8) to ( $\\alpha$=0.8; $\\beta$=0.2). ", "The results can be seen in Fig. ", "\\[para\\_var\\] that when the parameters is ($\\alpha$=0.6; $\\beta$=0.4), the result is better than others in average.", "\n\n![ ", "Overall performance of the model based on varying parameters[]{data-label=\"para_var\"}](para.pdf){width=\"3in\"}\n\nVisualization of Latent representation and Comparison of Generated Data\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn order to verify the different reconstruction capabilities of the model for normal data and abnormal data, after the model training is completed, we randomly select a normal sample and an abnormal sample from the test dataset of KDD99 and ECGFiveDays, and then use the model to generate reconstructed samples, and directly compare the differences between the original and reconstructed samples. ", "It is shown in Fig.\\[fig\\_kdd\\] that the reconstructed normal data is similar to the original data, and the reconstructed normal sequence is generally smoother, while the abnormal sample fluctuations are relatively large, and the generated reconstructed samples are significantly different from the original abnormal samples. ", "It indicates that the model has ability to successfully model the distribution of normal data, and product relatively small reconstruction errors for normal data but relatively large reconstruction errors for abnormal data.", "\n\n{width=\"5in\"}\n\n![", "Comparison of reconstructed and original samples of KDD99 and ECGFiveDays.[]{data-label=\"fig_kdd\"}](pic/rec_sample3.png){width=\"2.6in\"}\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nIn our proposed method, we design an unsupervised deep learning anomaly detection method named VELC. ", "The model uses VAE with re-Encoder and constraint network to model the normal time series. ", "Our results show that the model is able to detect anomalous sequence by using latent vector error and reconstruction error. ", "Through extensive experiments, VELC outperforms state-of-the-art approaches on ten datasets. ", "VELC’s excellent performance on each dataset also demonstrates that it is a robust model and can be applied to various applications.", "\n\nAcknowledgment {#acknowledgment .unnumbered}\n==============\n\nThis work was supported by a grant from the Shenzhen Research Council (Grant No.", "GJHZ20180928155209705).", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "---\nabstract: |\n We present a qualitative (and quantitative, at the level of estimates) analysis of the ordering kinetics in a strongly non-equilibrium state of a weakly interacting Bose gas, trapped with an external potential. ", "At certain conditions, the ordering process is predicted to be even more rich than in the homogeneous case. ", "Like in the homogeneous case, the most characteristic feature of the full-scale non-equilibrium process is the formation of superfluid turbulence.\\\n PACS numbers: 03.75.Fi, 32.80.Pj, 67.40.-w\naddress: ' Russian Research Center “Kurchatov Institute\", 123182 Moscow, Russia'\nauthor:\n- Boris Svistunov\ntitle: '**Strongly Non-Equilibrium Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Trapped Gas**'\n---\n\nKinetics of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in a weakly interacting Bose gas is one of the most fundamental problems of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. ", "The exciting progress in the experiment on BEC in ultracold gases initiated by the pioneer works [@BEC] opens up an opportunity of laboratory study of BEC kinetics. ", "Though an important step in this direction has been already made [@Miesner], most non-trivial regimes of ordering kinetics have not been achieved yet.", "\n\nIn Refs.", "  (see also Ref.", " ) a scenario of BEC in a strongly non-equilibrium self-evolving homogeneous gas was developed. ", "The scenario involves a number of qualitatively different stages. ", "The evolution starts with an explosion-like wave in the wavenumber space, propagating from higher energies towards the lower ones, and resulting in a formation of a specific power-law distribution of particles over the wavenumbers [@Sv]. ", "Immediately after its formation, this distribution starts to relax, the relaxation having the form of a back wave in the wavenumber space [@Sv]. ", "Simultaneously, in the low-energy region the so-called coherent regime sets in that leads to the formation of the quasicondensate state [@KSS]. ", "Basically, the quasicondensate state corresponds to what is known in the theory of superfluidity as the state of superfluid turbulence. ", "It can be viewed as a condensate containing a tangle of vortex lines (plus a sharply non-equilibrium distribution of long-wave phonons) [@KS1]. ", "The formation of the quasicondensate occurs very rapidly (characteristic time is much smaller than the time of the wave formation) [@Sv; @KSS]. ", "In contrast to it, the final stage of long-range ordering, associated with relaxing superfluid turbulence and long-wave phonons, takes a macroscopically large (the size of the system enters the answer) time [@KS1].", "\n\nFrom a common wisdom one may expect that at certain conditions strongly non-equilibrium BEC in a trapped gas should reproduce main qualitative features of the homogeneous scenario. ", "It is not surprising thus that the explosion-like initial kinetic stage [@Sv] is quite relevant to the case of the trapped gas [@Gardiner; @Stoof] and is consistent with the experimental observations of Ref.", " [@Miesner]. ", "Nevertheless, full-scale experimental realization of the scenario [@Sv; @KSS; @KS1] in a trapped gas is not guaranteed yet by just considerable deviation from the equilibrium in the initial state. ", "The point is that the situation with the BEC kinetics in ultracold gases is determined by a competition between large number of particles and very small interaction. ", "The latter circumstance leads to a rather large coherent length associated with the ordering process, which for a trapped gas can turn out to be just larger than the size of the condensate, in which case the character of the condensate formation will be drastically changed: Instead of quasicondensate state there will take place a build-up of a genuine condensate with the initial form pre-determined by the external potential. ", "The theoretical analysis of the BEC kinetics in a trapped gas has been dealing mostly with this physical picture [@Gardiner; @Stoof], ignoring thus the nontrivial regime associated with the superfluid turbulence formation.", "\n\nThe main goal of the present letter is to consider the superfluid-turbulence regime of BEC kinetics in an external potential. ", "We will demonstrate that the necessary and sufficient condition for this regime to occur corresponds to violation of the Knudsen condition at a certain stage of self-evolution within a certain region of coordinate space. ", "While the external potential together with the initial number and energy of particles determines the initial parameters of the quasicondensate: the size $R_*$, the number of quasicondensate particles $\\tilde{N}_0$, and typical initial separation between vortex lines in the vortex tangle, $r_0$, the very process of the quasicondensate formation goes in a quasi-homogeneous [*anti*]{}-Knudsen regime when the external potential becomes [*irrelevant*]{} and, in principle, may be even turned off without any considerable effect on the process of the quasicondensate formation.", "\n\nIn the experiments with trapped ultracold gases normally there takes place the Knudsen regime, when the free path length of a particle with the energy $\\varepsilon$, $l_{\\mathrm{free}}(\\varepsilon, n_{\\varepsilon})$ \\[which depends also on occupation numbers $n_{\\varepsilon}$ because of the stimulated scattering\\], is much larger than the typical radius of the particle’s trajectory, $R_{\\varepsilon}$. For definiteness we consider a parabolic trap with all the three frequencies of the same order $\\omega_0$. So that $R_{\\varepsilon} \\sim \\omega_0 v(\\varepsilon)$ \\[$v(\\varepsilon)$ is the typical velocity corresponding to the energy $\\varepsilon$\\], and the condition $l_{\\mathrm{free}}(\\varepsilon, n_{\\varepsilon}) \\gg R_{\\varepsilon}$ is equivalent to $\\tau_{\\mathrm{coll}}(\\varepsilon, n_{\\varepsilon}) \\omega_0 \\gg 1$, where ($\\hbar=1$) $$\\tau_{\\mathrm{coll}}(\\varepsilon, n_{\\varepsilon}) \n\\sim 1 / m (a \\varepsilon n_{\\varepsilon})^2 \n\\label{tau_coll}$$ is the collisional time. ", "Here $a$ is the scattering length and $m$ is the particle mass.", "\n\nKnudsen regime is a convenient starting point for analyzing kinetics in a potential. ", "Almost in all qualitative aspects it corresponds to an isotropic homogeneous case, since the distribution of particles depends only on the two variables, $\\varepsilon$ and $t$ (ergodic approximation). ", "The scaling of the collision time remains the same, so that the main quantitative difference comes from the difference in the density of states.", "\n\nDuring some initial period of evolution the correlations between different single-particle modes are vanishingly small. ", "Such a regime admits a description in terms of kinetic equation. ", "This stage is thus referred to as kinetic stage. ", "If the deviation from equilibrium is strong enough, the evolution at the kinetic stage results in the formation of a self-similar wave in the wavenumber space propagating in an explosion-like fashion from the high-energy region (where the particles are initially distributed) towards lower energy scales. ", "Corresponding solution of the kinetic equation has the form [@Sv] $$\\begin{aligned}\nn_{\\varepsilon}(t) = A \\varepsilon_0^{-\\alpha}(t) \nf(\\varepsilon/\\varepsilon_0(t)) \\;, \\;\\;\\; t \\leq t_* \\; , \\label{wave_a}\\\\\n\\varepsilon_0(t) = B \\mid t_* -t \\mid^{1/2(\\alpha-1)}\\; . ", "\\label{wave_b}\\end{aligned}$$ Here $A$ and $B$ are dimensional constants depending on the initial condition and related to each other by the formula $B=\\mathrm{const} (m a^2 A^2)^{1/2(\\alpha-1)}$. The dimensionless function $f$ is defined up to an obvious scaling freedom. ", "The explosion character of the evolution guarantees that the wave reaches the point $\\varepsilon=0$ at some finite time moment $t=t_*$ \\[$t=0$ corresponds to the beginning of evolution\\], the value of $t_*$ being on the order of the collisional time at $t=0$. Physically, the explosion-like evolution is supported by the stimulation of the collision rate at the head of the wave, $\\varepsilon \\sim \\varepsilon_0$, by ever growing occupation numbers. ", "A remarkable feature about the solution (\\[wave\\_a\\])-(\\[wave\\_b\\]) is its universality: The coefficient $A$ is the [*only*]{} quantity related to a particular cooling regime or a particular form of the initial condition. ", "Having in mind the most characteristic statement of the problem when the self-evolution starts with an essentially non-equilibrium state of $N$ particles in a parabolic trap of typical frequency $\\omega_0$, with a typical occupation numbers $\\gamma > 1$, we readily estimate $A$ by extrapolating the solution (\\[wave\\_a\\])-(\\[wave\\_b\\]) to $t=0$: $$A \\sim \\gamma^{1-\\alpha /3} \\omega_0^{\\alpha}N^{\\alpha /3} \\; .", "\n\\label{A}$$\n\nGenerally speaking, the index $\\alpha$ in (\\[wave\\_a\\])-(\\[wave\\_b\\]) cannot be established from the scaling properties of the collision term of the kinetic equation, being related thus to the particular form of the latter [@note1]. ", "It is possible, however, to specify lower and upper limits for $\\alpha$ following from the consistency of (\\[wave\\_a\\])-(\\[wave\\_b\\]) with the requirement that these formulae describe an explosion-like singularization of distribution (rather than infinite-time shrinking). ", "To this end we note that from the scale invariance of the collisional term it follows that $f(x)$ should behave at $x \\gg 1$ like some power of $x$. Then, from the fact that at $t=t_*$ the occupation numbers are finite at $\\varepsilon > 0$ one concludes that $$f(x) \\to x^{-\\alpha} \\;\\; \\mathrm{at} \\;\\; x \\to \\infty \\; . ", "\n\\label{f}$$ The requirement that the particle distribution does not shrink as a whole implies that the number-of-particles integral for the distribution (\\[wave\\_a\\]), (\\[f\\]) is divergent at $\\varepsilon \\to \\infty$. The number of particles $N = \\int w(\\varepsilon) n_{\\varepsilon} d \\varepsilon \\,$, where the density of states $w(\\varepsilon)$ is given by $$w(\\varepsilon) = \\left\\{ \n\\begin{array}{ll}\nV m^{3/2} \\varepsilon^{1/2} / \\sqrt{2} \\pi^2 \n\\;\\;\\; \\mbox{(homogeneous)} \\; , \\\\\n2 \\varepsilon^2 / \\omega_x \\omega_y \\omega_z \n\\;\\;\\;\\;\\; \\mbox{(parabolic potential)} \\; .", "\n\\end{array} \\right.", "\n\\label{w}$$ Here $V$ is the volume of a homogeneous system and $\\omega_x$, $\\omega_y$, and $\\omega_z$ are the frequencies of the 3D harmonic oscillator. ", "This immediately yields $\\alpha < 3/2$ for the homogeneous case and $\\alpha < 3$ for the case of parabolic potential. ", "The condition $\\alpha > 1$ is necessary for $\\varepsilon_0(t)$ to approach zero at $t=t_*$. So we have $1 < \\alpha < 3/2$ in the homogeneous case and $1< \\alpha < 3$ in the parabolic potential. ", "The most accurate up-to-date numeric analysis of $\\alpha$ in the homogeneous case was performed in Ref.", " [@ST] with the result $\\alpha \\approx 1.24$. In the case of parabolic potential $\\alpha \\approx 1.6$ [@Gardiner; @Stoof].", "\n\nFormally, at $t=t_*$ the front of the wave $\\varepsilon_0(t)$ reaches the energy $\\varepsilon=0$. However, somewhat earlier the solution (\\[wave\\_a\\])-(\\[wave\\_b\\]) becomes inapplicable in the region of very small energies. ", "In the homogeneous case this occurs due to the change of the evolution regime (in corresponding low-energy region) from weak turbulence to strong turbulence (the so-called coherent regime) [@Sv; @KSS]. ", "In the external potential, however, the scenario is modified. ", "As we demonstrate below, what changes the solution (\\[wave\\_a\\])-(\\[wave\\_b\\]) at a certain stage of evolution of a trapped gas is either (i) discreteness of the levels, or (ii) violation of the Knudsen regime in a certain region of the coordinate space. ", "Apart from a cross-over region, the two circumstances are mutually exclusive: If discreteness of the levels becomes relevant, the Knudsen regime will not be violated, and if the Knudsen regime is violated, the discreteness of levels will not become relevant. ", "Hence, the change of the evolution in a trapped gas from the self-similar wave (\\[wave\\_a\\])-(\\[wave\\_b\\]) is governed by the following two parameters: $$\\xi = \\tau_{\\mathrm{coll}} \\omega_0\n \\;\\;\\; \\mbox{(Knudsen parameter)} \\; , \n\\label{xi}$$ $$d = \\tau_{\\mathrm{coll}} / w(\\varepsilon)\n \\;\\;\\; \\mbox{(discreteness parameter)} \\; . ", "\n\\label{d}$$ Knudsen regime corresponds to $\\xi \\gg 1$; the discreteness of the levels is irrelevant when $d \\ll 1$. Note that $\\tau_{\\mathrm{coll}}$ essentially depends on $\\varepsilon$ and $n_{\\varepsilon}$, which ultimately means that both $\\xi$ and $d$ are the functions of energy and time.", "\n\nFirst, let us consider the case (i), where the condition $d \\sim 1$ occurs when the front of the wave $\\varepsilon_0(t)$ reaches some energy $\\varepsilon_d$. As it follows from (\\[tau\\_coll\\])-(\\[wave\\_b\\]), (\\[w\\]), the parameter $d$ at the front of the wave can be estimated as $$d_{\\varepsilon_0} \\sim \\omega_0^3 \\varepsilon_0^{2(\\alpha-2)} / \nm a^2 A^2 \\; . ", "\n\\label{d_front}$$ From Eq.(\\[d\\_front\\]) we see that $d_{\\varepsilon_0}$ decreases with decreasing $\\varepsilon_0$ only if $\\alpha < 2$, which means that the case (i) is possible only under this condition. ", "\\[In this respect the result $\\alpha \\approx 1.6$ [@Gardiner; @Stoof] is of qualitative importance!\\] Substituting $A$ from (\\[A\\]) into (\\[d\\_front\\]) and setting $d_{\\varepsilon_0} \\sim 1$, we find $$\\varepsilon_d \\sim \\omega_0 p^{-1/2(2-\\alpha)} \\; , \n\\label{e_d}$$ $$p = \\omega_0 m a^2 \\left( N^{\\alpha/3} \\gamma^{1-\\alpha/3} \\right)^2 \\; .", "\n\\label{p}$$ Here $p$ is the main dimensionless parameter which we will encounter several times. ", "By definition, in the case (i) the value of $\\varepsilon_d$ Eq.(\\[e\\_d\\]) should be greater than $\\omega_0$, which implies $p \\ll 1$. Below we will see that $p \\ll 1$ is not only a necessary, but also a sufficient condition for the case (i) to occur: Under this condition the case (ii) is impossible.", "\n\nTo describe what happens after the front $\\varepsilon_0(t)$ reaches the energy scale $\\varepsilon_d$, we need to make an assumption that the discreteness of the levels leads to a [*slowing down*]{} of the evolution cascade at $\\varepsilon < \\varepsilon_d$. Such an assumption [@note2] seems to be quite natural in view of the fact that discrete harmonics of different frequencies are out of resonance, which should suppress the cascade in the wavenumber space. ", "If this is the case, the next stage of evolution at the energies $\\varepsilon < \\varepsilon_d$ will be a fast equilibration \\[with the characteristic time $\\tau_{\\mathrm{coll}}(\\varepsilon = \\varepsilon_d,\nn_{\\varepsilon}=A/\\varepsilon_d^{\\alpha})$; harmonics with energies $\\varepsilon \\ll \\varepsilon_d$ equilibrate due to the interaction with harmonics $\\varepsilon \\sim \\varepsilon_d$, rather than with each other\\]. ", "Further evolution should lead to the destruction of the non-equilibrium distribution $n_{\\varepsilon}=A/\\varepsilon^{\\alpha}$ at $\\varepsilon \\gg \\varepsilon_d$, the process having the form of a self-similar back cascade in the wavenumber space (back wave) [@Sv]: $$n_{\\varepsilon}(t) = A \\varepsilon_0^{-\\alpha}(t) \n\\tilde{f}(\\varepsilon/\\varepsilon_0(t)) \\;, \\;\\;\\; \n\\varepsilon > 0 \\;, \\;\\;\\; t > t_* \n\\label{back}$$ \\[$\\tilde{f}(x) \\to f(x) \\;\\;$ at $\\;\\; x \\to \\infty$\\], where $\\varepsilon_0(t)$ is given by the same formula (\\[wave\\_b\\]). ", "Clearly, Eq.", " (\\[back\\]) is applicable only if $t-t_*$ greater than the above-mentioned time of equilibration of the harmonics $\\varepsilon < \\varepsilon_d$. As follows from an estimate of corresponding terms of collision integral [@Sv], the back wave should create a quasi-equilibrium distribution at $\\varepsilon \\ll \\varepsilon_0(t)$, that is $\\tilde{f}(x) \n\\propto 1/x$ at $x \\ll 1$, with infinite at $t=t_*$ and ever decreasing afterwards temperature $\\propto \\varepsilon_0^{-\\alpha}(t)$.\n\nSince after the formation of the back wave all the harmonics with $\\varepsilon \\ll \\varepsilon_0(t)$, including the lowest one (!), ", "are in a quasi-equilibrium, the process of long-range ordering in the case (i) is somewhat trivial: The state of the harmonics $\\varepsilon \\ll \\varepsilon_0(t)$ is determined by the instant temperature. ", "In particular, the number of condensate particles $N_0(t)$ follows from Eq.", " (\\[back\\]) by conservation of the total number of particles: $$N_0(t) = {2A \\over \\omega_x \\omega_y \\omega_z} \\, \\varepsilon_0^{3-\\alpha}(t)\n\\int_0^{\\infty} d x \\, x^2 [x^{-\\alpha} - \\tilde{f}(x)] \\; .", "\n\\label{N_0}$$ This universal law of the condensate build-up should take place until the back wave cascade reaches the initial energy scale and the further growth of $N_0$ becomes sensitive to the details of preparation of the initial state.", "\n\nWe now turn to the most non-trivial case (ii), where the condition $\\xi \\sim 1$ occurs when the front of the wave $\\varepsilon_0(t)$ reaches some energy $\\varepsilon_{\\xi}$. From (\\[tau\\_coll\\])-(\\[wave\\_b\\]) and (\\[w\\]) we have the following estimate for the parameter $\\xi$ at the front of the wave: $$\\xi_{\\varepsilon_0} \\sim \\omega_0 \\varepsilon_0^{2(\\alpha-1)} /\nm a^2 A^2 \\; . ", "\n\\label{xi_front}$$ Substituting $A$ from (\\[A\\]) into (\\[xi\\_front\\]) and setting $\\xi_{\\varepsilon_0} \\sim 1$, we find $$\\varepsilon_{\\xi} \\sim \\omega_0 p^{1/2(\\alpha-1)} \\; , \n\\label{e_xi}$$ which, in particular, means that the case (ii) can only occur if $p > 1$. From Eqs.", " (\\[e\\_d\\]) and (\\[e\\_xi\\]) we conclude that, apart a cross-over region (corresponding to $p \\sim 1$), the following alternative takes place. ", "Either discreteness of the low-lying levels becomes relevant ($p \\ll 1$), or there takes place a break-down of Knudsen regime ($p \\gg 1$). ", "Geometric size $R_*$ of the area where the break-down of Knudsen regime takes place is obviously related to $\\varepsilon_{\\xi}$ by $ m \\omega_0^2 R_*^2 \\sim \\varepsilon_{\\xi}$, which gives $R_* \\sim l_0 p^{1/4(\\alpha-1)}$, where $l_0=1/\\sqrt{m\\omega_0}$ is the typical size of the single-particle groundstate wavefunction in the trap.", "\n\nA natural question then is: What happens at distances $r < R_*$ from the center of the trap after the Knudsen regime is broken down? ", "A self-consistent scenario of future evolution can be constructed by noticing that further increase of the collisional rate due to the stimulated scattering naturally leads to the [*anti*]{}-Knudsen regime, when the free-path-length of the low-energy particles becomes much smaller than $R_*$. This immediately leads to a quasi-homogeneous picture of evolution: the region $r < R_*$ can be formally thought of as a number of independent homogeneous sells of the size much larger than the free-path-length, but much smaller than $R_*$. Evolution in each sell follows homogeneous scenario, ultimately leading to the formation of the quasicondensate. ", "Indeed, in the anti-Knudsen regime the evolution during the time period on the order of collision time is insensitive to the external potential (the criteria for the Knudsen regime and for the sensitivity to the potential within the collision time coincide). ", "But this time is enough to form the wave (\\[wave\\_a\\])-(\\[wave\\_b\\]) in the wavenumber space (with the exponent $\\alpha$ now corresponding to the homogeneous case) and then to form quasicondensate. ", "During the evolution in the wavenumber space, the free-path length of the particles with $\\varepsilon \\sim \\varepsilon_0(t)$ is getting progressively smaller, which renders the proposed scenario self-consistent.", "\n\nA minor deviation from the pure homogeneous picture is that now the moment $t_*$ depends on the distance from the center of the potential, so that the coherent regime first should start at $r=0$ (the point of maximal initial density) and then gradually occupy all the anti-Knudsen region up to $r \\sim R_*$. Thus, the process of quasicondensation takes on a form of wave propagating in the coordinate space from $r=0$ towards $r \\sim R_*$. When this wave reaches $r \\sim R_*$, the process of formation of the quasicondensate correlation properties is finished, and within the region $r < R_*$ we have a state of superfluid turbulence.", "\n\nNote that the fact that the quasicondensate formation in the anti-Knudsen regime goes independently of the external potential should lead to certain qualitative effects. ", "For example, after the anti-Knudsen regime is well formed, the trapping potential can, in principle, be [*turned off*]{} without any dramatic effect on the (short-range) ordering process. ", "Clearly, experimental realization of such a regime would be interesting and instructive from the fundamental point of view. ", "Another effect, coming from the same reason, is that the quasicondensate, just upon its formation, is out of equilibrium with respect to a global coherent motion in the potential, which means that a breathing mode for the quasicondensate motion should ultimately be excited in a trapped gas.", "\n\nAs far as the evolution in the anti-Knudsen region is of quasi-homogeneous character, all the quantities characterizing this process can be estimated from homogeneous relations of Refs.", " [@Sv; @KSS; @KS1]. ", "As an initial condition to the corresponding homogeneous case one should take an extrapolation of the inhomogeneous solution (\\[wave\\_a\\])-(\\[wave\\_b\\]) to the region of breaking down the Knudsen regime. ", "Hence, the typical initial homogeneous single-particle energy and occupation number are nothing else than $\\varepsilon_{\\xi}$ and $A/\\varepsilon_{\\xi}^{\\alpha}$, respectively. ", "Correspondingly, the number of particles involved in the quasi-homogeneous BEC process can be estimated as $$\\tilde{N} \\sim \\gamma^{1-\\alpha/3} N^{\\alpha/3} p^{(3-\\alpha)/2(\\alpha-1)} \\; .", "\n\\label{N_tilde}$$ An important step of the qusi-homogeneous regime is associated with coming the homogeneous back wave (\\[wave\\_a\\])-(\\[wave\\_b\\]) to the initial energy scale (which in our case corresponds to $\\varepsilon_{\\xi}$). ", "At this stage the number of qussicondensate particles $\\tilde{N}_0$ is on the order of the total number of particles. ", "Eq.(\\[N\\_tilde\\]) thus yields an estimate of the number of quasicondensate particles which will be created in the course of anti-Knudsen self-evolution in the system, even if the trapping potential is turned off upon the formation of the anti-Knudsen regime.", "\n\nThe state of superfluid turbulence, which arises together with the formation of the quasi-condensate local correlation properties, is characterized by the typical separation between the vortex lines. ", "This separation $r_0$ is minimal just upon the quasicondensate formation, when $r_0$ is on the order of the quasicondensate healing length. ", "From the estimate of the quasicondensate density upon its formation [@Sv] we find $r_0$ and come to the following relation: $$R_*/r_0 \\sim p^{\\nu} \\; , \\;\\;\\;\\; \\nu = {4 \\alpha_0 -3 \\over \n4(\\alpha-1)(2\\alpha_0-1)} \\; ,\n\\label{r_0}$$ where $\\alpha_0 \\approx 1.24$ is the exponent $\\alpha$ for the homogeneous case. ", "From (\\[r\\_0\\]) we see once again that the formation of the superfluid turbulence is possible only if $p \\gg 1$.\n\nIn conclusion, we note that in the experiment of Ref.", " [@Miesner] the parameter $p$ is, roughly speaking, of order unity. ", "This means that the full-scale non-equilibrium BEC scenario cannot be seen with these initial conditions. ", "Theoretically, the most direct way of achieving $p \\gg 1$ is to radically increase $\\omega_0$ immediately after the formation of the non-equilibrium initial state, during the time which is much less than the collisional time.", "\n\n[8.]{}", "\n\nM.H. Anderson [*et al.*]{}, ", "Science [**269**]{}, 198 (1995); C.C. Bradley [*et al.*]{}, ", "Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [**", "75**]{}, 1687 (1995); K.B. Davis [*et al.*]{}, ", "Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [**", "75**]{}, 3969 (1995). ", "H.-J. Miesner [*et al.*]{} ", "Science [**279**]{}, 1005 (1998). ", "B.V. Svistunov, J. Moscow Phys. ", "Soc. [**", "1**]{}, 373 (1991). ", "Yu.", " Kagan, B.V. Svistunov, and G.V. Shlyapnikov, Zh. ", "Eksp. ", "Teor. ", "Fiz. [**", "101**]{}, 528 (1992) \\[Sov. ", "Phys. ", "JETP [**75**]{}, 387 (1992)\\]. ", "Yu.", " Kagan and B.V. Svistunov, Zh. ", "Eksp. ", "Theor. ", "Fiz. [**", "105**]{}, 353 (1994) \\[Sov. ", "Phys. ", "JETP [**78**]{}, 187 (1994)\\]. ", "D.V. Semikoz and I.I. Tkachev, Phys. ", "Rev. D [**55**]{}, 489 (1997). ", "C.W. Gardiner [*et al.*]{} ", "Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [**", "81**]{}, 5266 (1998); M.J. Davis, C.W. Gardiner, and R.J. Ballagh, cond-mat/9912439. ", "M.J. Bijlsma, E. Zaremba, and H.T.C. Stoof, cond-mat/0001323. ", "In this connection we cannot but note that the undertaken in Ref.", " [@KSS] attempt of [*a priori*]{} identifying $\\alpha$ with the exponent of Zakharov’s constant-particle-flux steady-state solution of the kinetic equation is inadequate. (", "Which, in particular, was demonstrated by an accurate numeric analysis of Ref.", " [@ST].) ", "An accurate proof of this assumption, as well as a quantitative check of the other our qualitative predictions could, in principle, be done by numerically simulating time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) with corresponding turbulent initial conditions, the applicability of GPE being guaranteed by large occupation numbers \\[see, e.g., Yu.", " Kagan and B.V. Svistunov, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [**", "79**]{}, 3331 (1997)\\].", "\n" ]

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[ "Vietnam plans to pour $600 million into building Southeast Asia's most advanced space center, according to state media.", "\n\nVietnam's communist party announced that, with Japan's help, they'll have a Hanoi-based center up and running by 2018.", "\n\nThe center \"will form a hub for research and installation of small satellites to meet demands for weather forecasting, research and disaster management,\" said the party in a statement.", "\n\nChina is, of course, the emerging Asian space power with spacecraft that can dock and plans to walk on the moon by 2020, according to the New York Times.", "\n\nBy that time, Vietnam hopes to be producing small satellites, reports China Daily." ]

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[ "Q:\n\npartial http auth on multidomain multi store setup\n\ni've got two domains leading to the same filebase (shop) on a multi-store setup. ", "let's say i've got those URLs:\nwww.first-shop.xyz\nwww.second-shop.xyz\nnow i need to password-protect second-shop.xyz without affecting the other one. ", "is there a possibility to set conditional auth in htaccess?", "\n\nA:\n\nThere is no way to manage this in .htaccess-File.", "\nBut it can be done with PHP-HTTP-Auth . ", "\nSo it is possible to check the $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'] against the desired domain and then return header 401 if $_SERVER['PHP_AUTH_USER'] and $_SERVER['PHP_AUTH_PW'] not match the credentials. ", "\nIf those two auth vars stay empty after filling out the prompt you will need a .htaccess rewrite rule:\nRewriteRule .* - [", "E=HTTP_AUTHORIZATION:%{HTTP:Authori\nzation}]\n\nto get the auth vars in environment variables and assign them to the above vars like that:\nlist($_SERVER['PHP_AUTH_USER'], $_SERVER['PHP_AUTH_PW']) = explode(':' , base64_decode(substr($_SERVER['HTTP_AUTHORIZATION'], 6)));\n\n" ]

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[ "Jesus Christ's claim of divinity is the most serious claim anyone ever made. ", "Everything about Christianity hinges on His carnation, crucifixion, and resurrection. ", "That's what Christmas, Good Friday, and Easter are all about." ]

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nOne of the most important challenges in modern medicine is the elucidation of the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\\'s disease (AD), Parkinson\\'s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS), each of which has remained obscure. ", "PD is a progressive and debilitating disease that induces motor disorders, rigidity and dyskinesia through the functional loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra [@B1]. ", "PD affects over 6 million people worldwide [@B2]-[@B4], with the vast majority of patients diagnosed in their sixth decade of life. ", "In addition to movement disorders, many patients show other clinical symptoms, including psycho emotional and cognitive deficits, dementia, sleep disturbances and olfactory and bladder dysfunction, among others [@B5]-[@B9]. ", "Some of these symptoms can present years before diagnosis, prior to when motor signs are apparent. ", "Progressive cognitive decline has been associated with gray matter atrophy, cortical thinning and considerable alterations to both gray and white matter [@B10]. ", "Moreover, global brain atrophy and modifications in several CNS regions are present in addition to the destruction of the substantia nigra, including the amygdala, thalamus and right caudate hippocampus and nucleus accumbens [@B11], [@B12]. ", "In fact, PD represents a very heterogeneous disease and each patient differs regarding their symptoms and clinical progression and, accordingly, several subtypes of PD have been proposed [@B13]. ", "It has been suggested that the initiation of neurodegeneration in PD occurs in the olfactory bulb, which in some instances reduces its volume by about 50% [@B14]-[@B16]. ", "Thus far, treatments for PD are directed to alleviate clinical symptoms, for example, by maintaining the levels of dopamine in the striatum [@B17], [@B18]. ", "There are no treatments to stop or reverse the course of the disease.", "\n\nAn important neuropathological hallmark of PD is the abnormal deposits of synuclein in some neurons of several brain regions [@B4], [@B14]. ", "These aggregates were described as Lewy bodies over a century ago, and initially appear in cholinergic and monoaminergic brainstem neurons in the olfactory system, but are also found in limbic and neocortical brain regions as the disease progresses [@B19]. ", "Other cellular functions are also affected, such as mitochondrial activity, oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis and axonal transport. ", "Another important pathological feature of PD is systemic inflammation [@B20]-[@B22]. ", "Neuroinflammation is likely an essential contributor to PD pathogenesis of the CNS, and the elevation in the levels of a number of cytokines and interleukins in peripheral blood of patients point to the stimulation of the immune system [@B23]. ", "The presence of inflammation has prompted the suggestion that PD is caused by viral or bacterial infection. ", "Thus, it has been speculated that influenza virus or *Actinobacteria* may be involved in the etiology of PD [@B24]-[@B27]. ", "It has been suggested that molecular mimicry between HSV1 and α-synuclein could foster the progression of PD [@B28], [@B29]. ", "Also, the possibility that some toxins or fungi can provoke PD has been suggested [@B30]-[@B34]. ", "More recently, the possibility that Malassezia might be contributing to PD has been hypothesized [@B35]. ", "However, the direct demonstration that these pathogens are present in brain tissue of PD patients was not provided. ", "A possible link between the gut microbiota and neurodegeneration has also been developed in recent years [@B36]-[@B38]. ", "Thus, the gut microbiota can influence CNS functioning, microglia activation and, in some instances, may lead to the synthesis of metabolites that provoke the pathological communication of gut microbes with microglia in the CNS and induce degeneration by the synthesis of toxic molecules. ", "In the context of PD, the gut microbiota differs from control individuals and can influence α-synuclein aggregation [@B37], [@B39], [@B40]. ", "Accordingly, the gut microbiota in each PD patient may contribute to disease pathogenesis [@B36], [@B41]. ", "With respect to fungal infection, a connection between the mycobiota and neurodegeneration has been recently reviewed [@B41].", "\n\nSimilarities between PD and other neurodegenerative diseases have been noted both in clinical symptoms and in cytoplasmic protein aggregates [@B42]-[@B44]. ", "Specifically, PD and AD share cognitive decline, the formation of amyloid plaques and phosphorylated tau and α-synuclein aggregates in the cytoplasm of neurons [@B45], [@B46]. ", "Hence, it is possible that both diseases may share a similar pathological agent that affects different CNS regions. ", "For some years, we have advanced the concept that these diseases might be caused by polymicrobial infections [@B47]-[@B52], involving a variety of fungal and bacterial species that can progressively colonize the central nervous system (CNS) [@B47], [@B51], [@B53], [@B54]. ", "Some of these microbial cells can be found inside neurons and are located intranuclearly. ", "In addition, *corpora amylacea* (CA) from both AD or PD patients contain fungal components, supporting the concept that this infection is located at the CNS, and that these bodies have formed during months or even years, trapping microbial antigens in the brain [@B55]. ", "Against this background, the aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of both fungi and bacteria in brain tissue from patients with PD. ", "Our results provide direct evidence of the existence of both fungi and bacteria with different morphologies in neural tissue from several CNS regions. ", "The precise fungal and bacterial species found in each PD patient was determined using nested PCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS). ", "Collectively, our present findings provide the first direct evidence of fungal and bacterial infection of PD brains.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods\n=====================\n\nCNS samples from PD patients\n----------------------------\n\nWe obtained CNS sections and frozen tissue from six patients diagnosed with PD, in addition to samples from four CNS regions of four control subjects. ", "The age and gender of each patient and control subject are listed in [Table S1](#SM0){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ", "The *Banco de Tejidos CIEN*, Madrid, supplied the samples, which were analyzed anonymously. ", "Sample transfer was carried out according to national regulations concerning research on human biological samples and written informed consent was obtained in all cases. ", "This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. ", "To avoid contamination, frozen tissue was handled with sterile instruments in a laminar flow hood.", "\n\nAntibodies employed\n-------------------\n\nA number of rabbit polyclonal antibodies used in this study have been previously described (Pisa et al., ", "2015; Pisa et al., ", "2016a). ", "These antibodies were raised against *Candida albicans* (used at 1:100 dilution), *C. glabrata* (used at 1:500 dilution), *Syncephalastrum racemosum* (used at 1:100 dilution) and *Phoma betae* (used at 1:100 dilution). ", "A rabbit polyclonal antibody against fungal chitin was generously provided by Dr. M.N. Horst (Mercer University, Georgia), used at 1:50 dilution. ", "Rabbit polyclonal antibodies against purified fungal enolase and β-tubulin were produced in our laboratory and have been described [@B56]; both were used at 1:50 dilution. ", "Also, a rat polyclonal antibody against *Trichoderma viride* was obtained in our laboratory [@B47], and was used at 1:20 dilution. ", "The remaining antibodies were purchased from several commercial vendors: mouse monoclonal antibody against human α-tubulin (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MI), mouse monoclonal antibody against anti-human neurofilament protein, clone 2F11 (Dako, Carpenteria, CA), both used at 1:50 dilution; mouse monoclonal antibody against bacterial peptidoglycan (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) and rabbit polyclonal antibody against *Chlamydophila pneumoniae*, which immunoreacts with the major outer porin (Biorbyt, Cambridge, UK), both used at 1:20 dilution.", "\n\nImmunohistochemistry\n--------------------\n\nStandard techniques were used for paraffin embedding and sectioning of CNS tissue. ", "Briefly, paraffin was removed and tissues were rehydrated and pretreated with different buffer solutions. ", "Subsequently, tissue sections were incubated with a primary antibody in PBS-BSA and further incubated with the corresponding secondary antibody conjugated to Alexa 488 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). ", "Sections were then incubated with a third antibody in PBS and further incubated with the corresponding secondary antibody conjugated to Alexa 555 (Invitrogen). ", "The tissue sections were stained with DAPI and then with autofluorescence eliminator reagent (Merck Millipore). ", "Protocols for immunohistochemical analysis have been described [@B56]. ", "Most of the images were obtained with a Zeiss LSM710 confocal laser scanning microscope equipped with the upright AxioImager.", "M2 stand (Zeiss), running ZEN 2010 software, or a Zeiss LSM800 confocal laser-scanning microscope equipped with an inverted microscope Axio Observer (Zeiss) and running Zen Blue 2.3 software. ", "Images were deconvoluted using Huygens software (4.2.2 p0) and visualized with ImageJ (NIH).", "\n\nDNA extraction from CNS tissue\n------------------------------\n\nDNA was extracted using the QIAmp (Qiagen) genomic DNA isolation kit from frozen CNS tissue of six patients and four control subjects. ", "The CNS regions examined corresponded to: motor cortex (MC), medulla (MD), mesencephalon (MS), hypothalamus (HT), pons (PN), callosal body (CB), caudate and lenticular nuclei (CLN), lateral frontal cortex (LFC), entorhinal (ERH) and spinal cord (SC). ", "Samples were treated with different buffer solutions and incubated at 56ºC and at 70ºC for 2 hours and 10 min, respectively (Alonso et al 2017a). ", "Subsequently, samples were applied to the QIamp Mini spin column and centrifuged. ", "Finally, each sample was collected in distilled water.", "\n\nNested PCR\n----------\n\nTo prevent PCR contamination, we used separate rooms and specific glassware supplies for PCR set-up and products, aliquoted reagents, positive-displacement pipettes, aerosol-resistant tips and several negative controls. ", "Different sets of primers were used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) regions of fungal ribosomal DNA. ", "Primer design for PCR amplification has been previously described in detail [@B57]. ", "First, we amplified the ITS1-region: the first PCR was carried out using 2 μl of DNA incubated at 95°C for 10 min, followed by 30 cycles of 45 s at 94°C, 1 min at 57.3°C and 45 s at 72°C. ", "Primers used in the first PCR were forward and reverse ITS-1 (External 1). ", "The second PCR was performed using 2 μl of the product obtained in the first PCR, using forward and reverse ITS-1 (Internal 1) primers for 35 cycles of 45 s at 94°C, 1 min at 55°C and 45 s at 72°C. ", "A separate PCR assay was designed to amplify the ITS-2 region: the first PCR assay was carried out with 2 μl of DNA incubated at 95°C for 10 min, followed by 30 cycles of 45 s at 94°C, 1 min at 52°C and 45 s at 72°C. ", "Oligonucleotides used in the first PCR were forward and reverse ITS-2 (External 2). ", "The second PCR was carried out with 2 μl of the product obtained in the first PCR and forward and reverse ITS-2 (Internal 2) primers, for 30 cycles of 45 s at 94ºC, 1 min at 55ºC, and 45 s at 72ºC.\n\nTo assay for bacterial DNA, we amplified the intergenic spacer (IGS) region between rRNA genes of the prokaryotic genome using the primers 1406(F) / 559(R) and 1492(F) / 242(R) in the first and second round PCR, respectively: the first PCR was carried out with 4 μl of DNA denatured at 95°C for 5 min, followed by 45 cycles of 1 min at 94°C, 1 min at 55°C and 3 min at 72°C. ", "The second PCR was performed using 2 μl of the product obtained in the first PCR, for 35 cycles of 1 min at 94°C, 1 min at 57°C and 3 min at 72°C. ", "Some PCR products were sequenced by Macrogen Inc. (Seoul, Korea). ", "All sequences have been deposited into the European Nucleotide Archive with the access numbers PRJEB32342 and PRJEB32365\n\nNext-generation sequencing\n--------------------------\n\nNGS was used to characterize the ITS-region of fungi and the 16Sr DNA gene of bacteria. ", "NGS was undertaken at the Genomics Unit of the Scientific Park of Madrid. ", "Quality analyses were performed over reads using FastQC software (<http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/>). ", "All sequences have been submitted to European Genome-phenome Archive with the accession number EGAS00001003643 and EGAS00001003644.", "\n\nFungi\n-----\n\nThe region between the Internal 1 primers was amplified with specific primers joined to linker sequences in a first round of PCR (specific product of \\~300 nt). ", "A second PCR was performed on this product using fusion primers containing Illumina and linker sequences. ", "In the case of bacteria, primers were designed to amplify the region between the variable V3-V4 region of the 16S rDNA gene. ", "These primers were joined to linker sequences in a first round of PCR (specific product of \\~400 nt). ", "A second PCR was performed on this product using fusion primers containing Illumina and linker sequences**.** ", "PCR products were sequenced on a MiSeq sequencing platform (Illumina).", "\n\nComputational analysis\n----------------------\n\nMetagenomics results were analyzed using QUIIME [@B58], an open-source bioinformatics pipeline that is designed to take users from raw sequencing data generated on the Illumina or other platforms to publication-quality graphics and statistics, including quality filtering, operational taxonomic unit (OTU) picking, taxonomic assignment and phylogenetic reconstruction, and diversity analyses and visualizations. ", "The adapters from the sequences were deleted using Cutadapt and all sequences with a length shorter than 35 bp were discarded. ", "Once the sequence set-up was ready, we performed a metagenomic-type analysis that consisted of several steps (<http://nbviewer.ipython.org/github/biocore/qiime/blob/1.9.1/examples/ipynb/Fungal-ITS-analysis.ipynb>).", "\n\n### Sequence clustering\n\nThe sequences of all samples were grouped to define the OTUs using the pick_open_reference_otus.py workflow (<http://qiime.org/>) with a percentage identity of 97% and 94% in fungi and bacteria, respectively.", "\n\n### Identification of OTU hots from uncultured fungi\n\nAccording to the taxonomical classification (species level), we found that on average 42% of the matches corresponded to \"Uncultured fungus Blast\" hit. ", "For this reason an additional standard Blast search analysis was performed.", "\n\nPrincipal Component Analysis\n----------------------------\n\nWe used β-diversity parameter tests for assessing diversity between samples. ", "The core diversity analyses previously performed calculated this parameter as well using a Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) with Bray-Curtis distances. ", "The three-dimensional plot model of the principal component analysis (PCA) was done with the scatterplot3d package in R.\n\nStatistical analysis\n--------------------\n\nStatistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test (also known as the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon (MWW), Wilcoxon rank-sum test, or Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test), which is a nonparametric test of the null hypothesis that it is equally likely that a randomly selected value from one sample will be less than or greater than a randomly selected value from a second sample. ", "The test was used to determine whether two independent samples were selected from populations having the same distribution.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nDirect visualization of fungal structures in the CNS of PD patients\n-------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPrevious studies from our laboratory employed a battery of rabbit polyclonal antibodies to examine for fungal structures in human brain sections [@B47]-[@B49], [@B52]. ", "As these antibodies are polyclonal, they cross-react with a variety of fungal species, including the one used to raise the antibody. ", "Accordingly, we can obtain direct support for the existence of mycotic structures (yeast-like and hypha) in the CNS, but we cannot make conclusions about the specific fungal species using this technique. ", "As a first attempt to explore the presence of fungi in PD CNS, we examined sections from various brain regions, as described in Materials and Methods. ", "CNS sections were analyzed by double immunofluorescence using one of the following antifungal antibodies: anti-*C. albicans*, anti-*C. glabrata*, anti-*S. racemosum*, and anti-*P. betae* and a second antibody against the human protein α-tubulin. ", "In neurodegenerative diseases and in aged subjects, α-tubulin can be found not only in the cytoplasm, but also in some nuclei of brain cells [@B59]. ", "Notably, a variety of morphologies were revealed in the CNS of patient PD1 by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Several fungal structures (green) were clearly evident, such as yeast-like cells (see panels MD *S. racemosum* and PN *C. glabrata*), hyphal structures (panels MS *P. betae*, CB *C. glabrata* and CLN *S. racemosum*) and other rounded small bodies (panels MD *C. glabrata*, PN *S. racemosum* and CB *C. glabrata*). ", "DAPI staining (blue) revealed the presence of nuclei in some of these fungal structures. ", "Accordingly, the evidence for fungal infection is based on both the typical mycotic morphologies and their reactivity with anti-fungal antibodies.", "\n\nTo further assess the presence of fungi in these sections, we used two specific rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against purified fungal enolase and β-tubulin, which do not cross-react with human tissue [@B56]. ", "The anti-enolase antibody (green) was combined with a mouse monoclonal anti-human α-tubulin antibody (red), whereas the anti-fungal β-tubulin antibody (green) was combined with a mouse monoclonal anti-human neurofilament antibody (red). ", "Once again, typical mycotic morphologies could be revealed using these two monospecific antibodies ([Figure S1](#SM0){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nTo extend this analysis to other patients, three CNS sections (MC, MD and MS) from five PD patients (PD2-PD6) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. ", "Initially, these samples were immunostained with a rabbit polyclonal antibody for *C. albicans* (green) and a mouse monoclonal antibody for human α-tubulin (red). ", "In all cases, there was clear evidence for the presence of fungi in the three CNS regions (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Of interest, some forms that immunoreact with the anti-*C. albicans* antibodies appeared to be intracellular (see panels PD3 MS and PD4 MC). ", "We then used an anti-*P. betae* antibody to examine these samples ([Figure S2](#SM0){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), finding morphologies similar to those observed with patient PD1 with the other antifungal antibodies, which is consistent with the occurrence of fungal infection in the CNS of PD patients. ", "Comparison of these findings with fungi observed in control elderly persons using the same antibodies indicated that the burden of fungal infection was greater in PD as compared with controls [@B51].", "\n\nIntracellular localization of fungi in neural cells\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nAs mentioned, some of the fungal structures observed presented an intracellular location, and in some instances, appeared to be intranuclear. ", "To further examine this possibility, we analyzed orthogonal projections of these specific cells. ", "As shown in Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, some yeast cells could be viewed inside the nucleus or close to it, and hyphal structures could also be detected surrounding the nuclei. ", "Both yeast and hyphae could be stained with DAPI (blue), indicating that they contain nuclei, which was well differentiated from the neural cell nucleus (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Finally, video images provided compelling evidence for the intracellular location of the fungal cells ([Movie S1](#SM0){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, S2, S3, S4 and S5, available online). ", "Of note, the intracellular colonization of human cells by yeast requires that the cell is metabolically active [@B60]-[@B64]. ", "Therefore, our observations lend support to the concept that human neural cells were alive during the progression of fungal infection.", "\n\nDetection of chitin in PD CNS\n-----------------------------\n\nThe polysaccharide chitin is a typical component of the fungal cell wall and can be detected by means of specific antibodies [@B65], [@B66]. ", "Because the presence of chitin in human tissues provides persuasive evidence for mycotic cells, we examined for the existence of chitin in CNS sections from six PD patients (PD1-PD6) using a rabbit polyclonal anti-chitin antibody (green), and counterstained with a mouse monoclonal anti-human α-tubulin antibody (red). ", "Strikingly, a number of hyphae could be revealed using the anti-chitin antibody (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Consistent with the previous results, some hyphae seemed to be intracellular, whereas others were detected in intercellular spaces and, in some instances, DAPI staining (blue) of the nuclei of these hyphae was evident. ", "In addition to these typical mycotic structures, other morphologies and diffuse material were observed with the anti-chitin antibody ([Figure S3](#SM0){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Importantly, some rounded fungal cells were found both intranuclearly and outside of the nucleus ([Figure S3](#SM0){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, panels PD1 MS, PD3 MC and MS). ", "In conclusion, the evidence for cells containing chitin in the CNS of PD patients supports the existence of fungal infection. ", "The various sizes and morphologies observed likely reflect the existence of different fungal species.", "\n\nAs a control for this analysis we used CNS sections from four elderly controls. ", "As shown in [Figure S4](#SM0){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, there was no sign of chitin immunopositivity in these sections, demonstrating that fungal colonization is not detectable in these subjects with the anti-chitin antibody.", "\n\nIdentification of fungal species by nested PCR\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThe precise identification of the fungal species present in neural tissue can be achieved by DNA sequencing. ", "To this end, total DNA was extracted from frozen CNS tissue samples and nested PCR was used to amplify specific fungal DNA sequences. ", "This sensitive technique was necessary because the bulk of DNA obtained is human in origin and the amount of microbial DNA should be very low. ", "A robust method to examine for different fungal species potentially present in these samples is amplification of the intergenic sequences (ITS1 and ITS2) that exist between the rRNA genes (see scheme [Figure S5](#SM0){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, panel A). ", "We have previously established primer pairs that amplify fungal ITS1 and ITS2 [@B49], [@B53]. ", "In our experience, some fungal species are preferentially amplified by this technique depending on the primers employed, and therefore the use of different primer pairs can be complementary to detect different species.", "\n\nUsing extracted DNA from several regions of the six PD patients (PD1-PD6), nested PCR was performed to amplify both the ITS1 and the ITS2 regions ([Figure S5](#SM0){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, panel B). ", "Amplified DNA fragments were separated in agarose gels, and the corresponding bands were extracted and sequenced to identify the fungal species. ", "Importantly, no DNA fragments were amplified in controls of the PCR assay, with no DNA, and in a control for DNA extraction. ", "Also, in some instances no amplification was observed in some of the samples tested, suggesting that the amount of fungal DNA in these samples was below the threshold level for the reaction. ", "Sequencing of the different DNA fragments revealed a variety of fungal species (Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Some species were found only after amplification of ITS1, whereas others were identified with primers for ITS2. ", "Also, several genera including *Cladosporium*, *Malassezia* or *Penicillium* were occasionally detected with both PCR assays. ", "Nevertheless, the detection of a given species by this assay demonstrates its presence in a given sample. ", "The conclusion from these data is that a variety of fungal species can be detected in each PD patient. ", "These species can differ depending on the CNS region examined and also they can vary from patient to patient.", "\n\nNext-generation sequencing of fungal DNA extracted from PD CNS\n--------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe most sensitive technique to gain further insight into the mycobiome in the CNS of PD patients is NGS. ", "Accordingly, we used the Illumina platform to sequence DNA samples using the primers described in Materials and Methods. ", "The number of sequences carried out in each sample varied from 614,956 to 905,022. ", "The fungal species detected by this sensitive technique are listed in [Table S2](#SM0){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ", "Only the species above 1% were included. ", "The distribution of fungal families and species in the six patients, considering the three CNS regions MC, MS and MD, are shown in Figure [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Importantly, several genera such as *Botrytis*, *Candida, Fusarium and Malassezia* were found in several patients and, in some instances, their percentages were rather high, in some instances these percentages were about 10-30% (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}, panel B) Some of these genera are common to AD, whereas other genera such as *Fusarium, Rhodotorula* and *Trichoderma* have been detected in PD but not in AD [@B51], [@B53]. ", "For instance, the genus *Alternaria* was prominent in some AD patients, but it was not found in PD.", "\n\nPCA of the data provided a number of interesting results. ", "For example, when only the different CNS regions from PD patients were analyzed, the fungi appeared to be preferentially segregated in distinct regions (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}, panel A). ", "This finding suggests that the mycobiota in each region can be differentiated by this analysis. ", "Furthermore, statistical analysis showed significant differences between the three regions (MC, MD and MS): the p-value between MC and MD was 0.000034, the p-value between MC and MS was 0.00000006, and the p-value between MD and MS was 0.0032. ", "In addition, when the mycobiome from PD and control subjects were compared, the results obtained were also very significant, since the fungi present in PD and controls appeared clearly separated (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}, panel B). ", "These observations further support the concept that the mycobiota from different CNS regions and controls is not due to post-mortem contamination. ", "Most likely, these fungi are present before death because they are different in several CNS regions from PD and controls.", "\n\nBacterial peptidoglycan in brain tissue from PD patients\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo our knowledge, there are no data showing direct visualization of bacteria in the CNS of PD patients, despite the suggestion by several groups that some bacteria could be involved in the pathology of this disease [@B24], [@B25], [@B30], [@B32]. ", "Moreover, it is known that lipopolysaccharide injection can induce symptoms similar to Parkinsonism [@B67], [@B68]. ", "Given this, we considered it interesting to examine for the existence of bacteria in the CNS of PD patients using immunohistochemistry. ", "We first employed a mouse monoclonal antibody against peptidoglycan, which is an abundant component of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. ", "We used this in combination with the rabbit polyclonal antibody against *C. albicans*. ", "A number of prokaryotic cells were apparent in the CNS sections of the six PD patients tested (Figure [7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Curiously, also some mycelial morphologies stained positive with the anti-peptidoglycan antibody (Figure [7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}, panel PD5 MC, shown in green). ", "Indeed, this type of morphology is found in a number of bacterial species including some actinomycetes. ", "Notably, some prokaryotic cells were also found intracellularly and some of these cells seemed to display an intranuclear location (Figure [7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}, panels PD1 MS, PD2 MD, PD3 MC and PD6 MC). ", "We then used a second anti-bacterial antibody, a rabbit polyclonal antibody against *Chlamydophila pneumoniae* (green), that recognizes the major outer porin ([Figure S6](#SM0){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), but also cross-react with other bacteria [@B47]. ", "This antibody was combined with a rat polyclonal antibody against *Trichoderma viride* (red). ", "Consistent with the above findings, a number of punctate bodies were revealed using this bacterial antibody. ", "Thus, we conclude that a variety of prokaryotic structures can be observed in the CNS of PD patients. ", "These findings suggest that polymicrobial infections likely exist in the neural tissue of PD.", "\n\nIdentification of bacterial species in the CNS of PD patients\n-------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe above findings pointed to the possibility that different bacteria are present in the CNS of PD patients. ", "To confirm this, we used nested PCR analyses as before with primer pairs to amplify the IGS region between the rRNA genes (see scheme [Figure S7](#SM0){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, panel A). ", "As expected, a variety of DNA fragments was found after separation in agarose gels ([Figure S7](#SM0){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, panel B). ", "Each DNA fragment was extracted and sequenced, revealing a number of bacterial species (Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Some of these bacterial species have also been previously found in our studies of the microbiota in the CNS of AD patients [@B47], for example the finding of *Cutibacterium acnes*.", "\n\nNGS of bacterial DNA extracted from PD CNS\n------------------------------------------\n\nTo gain further insight into the microbiome in the CNS of PD patients, we used NGS as before. ", "Previous studies from several laboratories, including ours, have described a great variety of bacterial species in the CNS of patients with neurodegenerative diseases [@B47], [@B51], [@B69]-[@B71]. ", "Consistent with these findings, our present study also detected a broad range of bacteria in the different CNS regions of PD patients ([Table S3](#SM0){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Notably, significant differences were found between the bacteria in PD and those previously identified in AD or ALS patients [@B50], [@B51], and some bacteria seem to be more representative of PD patients. ", "For instance, the genera *Streptococcus* mainly appeared in the MC, and *Pseudomonas* was identified in the MD of some patients, whereas *Acinetobacter* was found in all three CNS regions of PD5 (MC, MD and MS). ", "Curiously, the family *Methylobacteriaceae* was not identified in PD, although it was prominent in patients with AD or ALS (Alonso et al., ", "2017a, Alonso et al., ", "2018b). ", "The phyla and classes of bacteria from the three CNS regions from the six PD patients are shown in Figure [8](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Of interest, the phylum *Actinobacteria* was mainly found in MC and MS, whereas *Proteobacteria* was more abundant in MD.", "\n\nPCA indicated that the segregation of bacteria between the three CNS regions from PD was significantly different in MD and MS (Figure [9](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}, panel A). ", "Furthermore, when the comparison was done between PD patients and nine control subjects [@B51], the findings were also very significant. ", "Indeed, PCA of bacteria present in PD and controls showed that they were clearly separated, with the exception of C9 (Figure [9](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}, panel B). ", "These observations clearly indicate that the bacteria that form part of the CNS microbiome can be differentiated from control subjects.", "\n\nEvidence for fungal and bacterial antigens in *corpora amylacea*\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nCorpora amylacea (CA) are glycoproteinaceous rounded bodies of 10-50 μm in diameter that appear in aged subjects, and are much more abundant in some neurological diseases including PD [@B55]. ", "CA mostly contain polyglucans (about 85%) with a minor proteic component (4%) and different calcium salts, principally calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate [@B72], [@B73]. ", "We recently established that purified CA from AD brains contain fungal and bacterial proteins, as detected by proteomic analysis [@B74]. ", "In addition, fungal antigens could be detected in CA of CNS samples from several neurodegenerative diseases [@B55]. ", "Given this, we next questioned whether fungal and bacterial antigens were present in CA from PD patients. ", "Double immunofluorescence staining was performed with an anti-fungal antibody (anti-*C. albicans*, anti-*P. betae*, anti-*S. racemosum* or anti-chitin) (green) and a monoclonal antibody against human α-tubulin (red). ", "Results showed that antigens were clearly trapped in CA and they were mostly located in the envelope of these structures (Figure [10](#F10){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Some punctate fungal material was also observed in the inner part of CA. ", "These observations are consistent with the concept that during the formation of CA, fungal and cellular proteins that are secreted to the medium are trapped. ", "Also, production of cell debris from microbial destruction or neural death can be recruited by CA.", "\n\nWe repeated this analysis for bacterial peptidoglycan ([Figure S8](#SM0){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "In this case, the mouse monoclonal antibody against peptidoglycan (green) was combined with the rat polyclonal antibody against *T. viride* (red). ", "The presence of peptidoglycan in CA was evident, and was mostly found in the envelope of CA. ", "Interestingly, some CA were immunostained with the anti-*T. viride* antibody, revealing that CA are heterogeneous bodies in which the protein composition of each CA can vary [@B55]. ", "This may be due to the infection of each PD patient by different microbes or to specific locations in the CNS of each particular microbial species due to their tropism. ", "Collectively, these findings demonstrate that CA from PD contain fungal and bacterial antigens. ", "Moreover, since CA are established over long periods of time, most probably years, the fungal and bacterial antigens were likely trapped during CA formation. ", "Therefore, these mixed fungal and bacterial infections existed in the CNS of PD patients some time before their death.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nOne of the most salient features of PD pathology is neuroinflammation [@B20], [@B22]. ", "Indeed, microglia and astrocyte activation, in addition to lymphocyte infiltration and cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-*α*, and IFN-*γ*), have been documented in PD [@B20], [@B75]-[@B77] Some researchers interpret the inflammation as a result of neural death and the appearance of cell debris that should be cleared from the brain in PD patients. ", "However, an alternative and plausible possibility for neuroinflammation is the existence of chronic and progressive polymicrobial infection, as illustrated by our present findings. ", "This would also explain the signs of systemic inflammation that appear even years before motor symptoms. ", "Thus, it is possible that these polymicrobial infections colonize different tissues and organs of the human body including the CNS, eliciting an immune response that could be reflected in the blood serum. ", "For instance, elevated levels of C reactive protein have been associated with the risk of death and predicted prognosis of patients with PD [@B78], [@B79].", "\n\nThe concept that fungal or bacterial infections might trigger inflammation in PD has been advanced by several groups [@B24], [@B25], [@B27], [@B30], [@B32], although evidence to support these infections was not provided. ", "In the present study work, we report the first direct evidence of fungi and bacteria in PD neural tissue, as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies, which also revealed that some of these microbial cells are inside neurons, supporting the concept that patients were alive during the infection. ", "Moreover, the comprehensive identification of fungal and bacterial species by NGS provides a detailed picture of the heterogeneity of these polymicrobial infections in each PD patient. ", "This compelling evidence is consistent with the idea that fungal and bacterial infections take place during disease progression. ", "We believe that these findings will open new horizons on the role of these polymicrobial infections in the inflammation and clinical symptoms observed in the CNS of PD patients. ", "The heterogeneity of the symptoms found in each patient might be a consequence of the variety of microbes affecting the CNS. ", "Moreover, it could be possible that these infections may target other organs or tissues in some patients, leading to systemic inflammation. ", "Indeed, a variety of clinical symptoms and pathologies beyond the CNS, such as dermatitis, have been associated with PD [@B80]. ", "In conclusion, the great variety of fungi and bacteria, their combinations, and the potential production of toxic substances may constitute the basis to understand the various pathological features of PD patients.", "\n\nAs regards to the pathway followed by polymicrobial invasion, several possibilities can be envisaged, which are not mutually exclusive. ", "It should be possible that the initial infection by a microbial species facilitates further colonization by other oportunistic microbes. ", "These fungi and bacteria could spread to different brain regions depending on their tropism. ", "Therefore, a complex picture arises in which each individual patient with the corresponding microbiota is progressively infected by a variety of microbial species. ", "The most external part of the CNS is represented by bipolar sensory neurons that connect the olfactory mucosa with the brain. ", "Thus, the dendrites of these neurons are in the mucosa and project the axon into the olfactory bulb. ", "One of the earliest symptoms in the vast majority of PD patients is the loss of smell, which is followed by a degeneration of the olfactory bulb [@B10], [@B81]. ", "Since this mucosa is exposed to environmental microorganisms, it is possible that their portal of entry into the CNS is *via* the olfactory neurons. ", "Another possibility for the entry of microbes is by infection of the enteric nervous system, which could propagate to the CNS through the vagus nerve [@B82]. ", "In support of this idea, PD patients present with gastrointestinal inflammation and other anomalies, such as constipation, which usually precedes (for many years) the motor symptoms typical of PD [@B83], [@B84]. ", "Also, the fact that the gut microbiota can influence microglia activation and some PD symptoms agrees with the concept that the intestinal mucosa may be the site of entry of the different microbes, identified in this work.", "\n\nSimilarities have been observed between PD and other neurological diseases, particularly AD [@B42]-[@B44]. ", "For instance, cognitive decline, sleep alterations, depression and dementia, among others are shared by a significant percentage of AD and PD patients. ", "Moreover, amyloid deposits and intracellular phosphorylated tau and α-synuclein have been described both in AD and PD [@B45], [@B85], [@B86]. ", "Increasing evidence points to the idea that AD can be caused by microbial infections [@B47], [@B51], [@B87] and we have provided detailed identification of fungi and bacteria in AD brains [@B51], [@B53], [@B55]-[@B57]. ", "This burden of microbial infections in AD was higher as compared to control individuals [@B51]. ", "Interestingly, our present findings lend support to the concept that AD and PD patients also share polymicrobial infections in the CNS. ", "These infections may affect different brain regions and, therefore, can account for the differences in motor symptoms found in PD. ", "Other differences between AD and PD are the specific microbial infections that exist in each patient, which could reflect differences in their microbiota. ", "For instance, significant percentages of the genus *Alternaria* was detected in AD, but not in PD, whereas the genera *Fusarium*, *Xylaria* and *Trichoderma* were more prominent in PD, as compared with AD. ", "Also, high levels of the bacteria *Streptococcus* and *Pseudomonas* have been detected in PD, but not in AD or ALS patients. ", "Curiously, the genus *Burkholderia* identified in AD was not found in PD. ", "On the other hand, the family *Methylobacteriaceae* was very prominent in AD and ALS patients, but not in PD patients. ", "Clearly, the genetic background of each patient can contribute to the susceptibility and tropism of fungal and bacterial species, leading to differences in the neuropathology.", "\n\nThe consequences of our observations are very promising for the future treatment of these neurodegenerative illnesses. ", "Since there are a number of potential biomarkers and prodromal symptoms, these patients could be treated before motor problems or dementia are evident. ", "In this regard, these diseases could be treated/prevented by administration of safe antifungal and antibacterial compounds years before the alterations or destruction of brain regions, which would make it more difficult to reverse the clinical symptoms. ", "Therefore, with our present knowledge it should be possible to predict the appearance of these diseases with time and to combat them with efficient therapies that have already been approved for clinical use.", "\n\nSupplementary Material {#SM0}\n======================\n\n###### \n\nSupplementary figures and tables.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### \n\nSupplementary movie 1.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### \n\nSupplementary movie 2.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### \n\nSupplementary movie 3.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### \n\nSupplementary movie 4.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### \n\nSupplementary movie 5.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nThe financial support of Pharma Mar S.A. and Fundación ONCE are acknowledged. ", "We also acknowledge an institutional grant to Centro de Biología Molecular \"Severo Ochoa\" from the Fundación Ramón Areces and Banco de Santander. ", "Dr. Alberto Rábano and Fundación CIEN are acknowledged for the donation of the brain samples analyzed in the present study. ", "We are especially indebted to the Genomics and next-generation sequencing service of the Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa and, in particular, to the computational analysis team.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\n{#F2}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Orthogonal projections (panels A-C) and different stacks from a 3D image (panels D-H) (see also [Movies S1](#SM0){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}-S5) from different sections and PD patients. ", "Panels A and D-F: PD1 and panels B, C and G,H: PD4. ", "Panels A, D-F: CLN region; panels B,C and G: MC region and panel H: MD region. ", "Panels A and D-F: samples were immunostained with an anti-*P. betae* antibody (green) and panels B,C and G,H: samples were immunostained with an anti-*C. albicans* antibody (green). ", "Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). ", "All scale bars: 5 µm.](ijbsv16p1135g003){#F3}\n\n{#F4}\n\n{#F5}\n\n{#F6}\n\n{#F7}\n\n{#F8}\n\n{#F9}\n\n{#F10}\n\n###### \n\nFungal species detected by nested PCR\n\n REGION ITS1 REGION ITS2 \n --------------------------- ------------------------------------ ------------- ------------------------------- -----------------------------------------\n *Alternaria alternata* PD2(MC) *Aspergillus vitricola* PD1(PN)\n *Cladosporium sp* PD1(MS);PD2(MD,MS);PD4(MC);PD5(MC) *Aureobasidium pullulans* PD5(MD)\n *Cryptococcus curvatus* PD1(MD,PN,MS) *Candida albicans* PD3(MS)\n *Fusicolla aqueductum* PD4(MS);PD6(MD) *Candida sp* PD5(MS)\n *Malassezia globosa* PD6(MC) *Cladosporium cladosporoides* PD1(CB);PD2(MD);PD3(MD);PD4(MC);PD6(MC)\n *Microdochium nivale* PD1(MD) *Cladosporium puyae* PD2(MS)\n *Penicillium chrysogenum* PD3(MC); PD4(MD) *Malassezia globosa* PD1(MD);PD5(MD,MS);PD6(MD)\n *Penicillium digitatum* PD6(MS) *Malassezia restricta* PD2(MC,MS); PD4(MS)PD6(MS)\n *Phoma sp* PD3(MS) *Penicillium chrysogenum* PD5(MC)\n *Trichosporon mucoides* PD5(MD) *Penicillium sp* PD1(MS)\n *Uncultured fungus* PD1(HT,CLN) *Uncultured malassezia* PD1(PN,MS,HT);PD2(MD)\n\nMC: Motor cortex; MD: Medulla; MS: Mesencephalon; HT: Hipothalamus; PN: Pons; CB: Callosal body; CLN: Candate and lenticular nuclei\n\n###### \n\nBacterial species detected by nested PCR\n\n Species Patients\n ------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------\n *Cutibacterium acnes* PD1(MD,MS,PN,HT,CLN,CB)PD3(MC);PD5(MC, MD,MS); PD6 (MC,MD)\n *Niastella Koreensis* PD4 (MS)\n *Rhotia dentocariosa* PD4(MC)\n *Sthapylococcus espidermidis* PD1( CLN)\n *Streptococcus oralis* PD1(MC)\n *Streptococcus pneumonie* PD1(HT)\n\n[^1]: \\*DP and RA contributed equally to this work.", "\n\n[^2]: Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.", "\n" ]

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[ "Smoked salmon rolls – Vino Volo\n\nThis were such a disappointment. ", "The crostini were so small, dry, and crumbly that they had to chance to stand against any toppings. ", "Also, the mixed crab spread was mush and disgusting as was the old smoked salmon." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat code cost more at performance level\n\nEvery body knows that today technology is low cost and many of us don't really care about it. ", "So, take a look to this codes:\nApproach #1\n$Obj = new Obj();\n\nif (!", "empty($val1)) {\n $Obj->setVal1($val1);\n}\n\nif (!", "empty($val2)) {\n $Obj->setVal2($val2);\n}\n\nif (!", "empty($val3)) {\n $Obj->setVal3($val3);\n}\n\nif (!", "empty($valN)) {\n $Obj->setValN($valN);\n}\n\nApproach #2\nif (!", "empty($var1) && !", "empty($var2) && !", "empty($var3) && !", "empty($varN)) {\n $Obj = new Obj();\n\n if (!", "empty($val1)) {\n $Obj->setVal1($val1);\n }\n\n if (!", "empty($val2)) {\n $Obj->setVal2($val2);\n }\n\n if (!", "empty($val3)) {\n $Obj->setVal3($val3);\n }\n\n if (!", "empty($valN)) {\n $Obj->setValN($valN);\n }\n}\n\nIn the first example we're creating and object and leave around if none of the values exists, in the second one we are checking first if the values exists and aren't empty and then create the object and set the values. ", "From your perspective which one would be the best solution in performance levels? ", "Which one would you write on your codes?", "\nNote: N is not infinite\n\nA:\n\nthat is depend on what you want,\nthe first code will set value if it's not empty even tho' another value might be empty,\nbut the second code would check all of the value first, so if one of the value is empty, it will never create the Obj.", "\nthat is a clear choice,\nif you think all value is important and necessary, then go with the second code, if it's fine to leave another value empty and want to update any value that is not empty there's no point on using the second code\n\n" ]

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[ "Nerve growth factor (NGF) was the first neurotrophin to be identified, and its role in the development and survival of both peripheral and central neurons has been well characterized. ", "NGF has been shown to be a critical survival and maintenance factor in the development of peripheral sympathetic and embryonic sensory neurons and of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (Smeyne, et al., ", "Nature 368:246-249 (1994); Crowley, et al., ", "Cell 76:1001-1011 (1994)). ", "NGF upregulates expression of neuropeptides in sensory neurons (Lindsay, et al., ", "Nature 337:362-364 (1989)), and its activity is mediated through two different membrane-bound receptors, the TrkA tyrosine kinase receptor and the p75 receptor which is structurally related to other members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family (Chao, et al., ", "Science 232:518-521 (1986)).", "\nIn addition to its effects in the nervous system, NGF has been increasingly implicated in processes outside of the nervous system. ", "For example, NGF has been shown to enhance vascular permeability (Otten, et al., ", "Eur J. Pharmacol. ", "106:199-201 (1984)), enhance T- and B-cell immune responses (Otten, et al., ", "Proc. ", "Natl. ", "Acad. ", "Sci. ", "USA 86:10059-10063 (1989)), induce lymphocyte differentiation and mast cell proliferation and cause the release of soluble biological signals from mast cells (Matsuda, et al., ", "Proc. ", "Natl. ", "Acad. ", "Sci. ", "USA 85:6508-6512 (1988); Pearce, et al., ", "J. Physiol. ", "372:379-393 (1986); Bischoff, et al., ", "Blood 79:2662-2669 (1992); Horigome, et al., ", "J. Biol. ", "Chem. ", "268:14881-14887 (1993)). ", "Although exogenously added NGF has been shown to be capable of having all of these effects, it is important to note that it has only rarely been shown that endogenous NGF is important in any of these processes in vivo (Torcia, et al., ", "Cell. ", "85(3):345-56 (1996)). ", "Therefore, it is not clear what the effect might be, if any, of inhibiting the bioactivity of endogenous NGF.", "\nNGF is produced by a number of cell types including mast cells (Leon, et al., ", "Proc. ", "Natl. ", "Acad. ", "Sci. ", "USA 91:3739-3743 (1994)), B-lymphocytes (Torcia, et al., ", "Cell 85:345-356 (1996), keratinocytes (Di Marco, et al., ", "J. Biol. ", "Chem. ", "268:22838-22846)), smooth muscle cells (Ueyama, et al., ", "J. Hypertens. ", "11: 1061-1065 (1993)), fibroblasts (Lindholm, et al., ", "Eur. ", "J. Neurosci. ", "2:795-801 (1990)), bronchial epithelial cells (Kassel, et al., ", "Clin, Exp. ", "Allergy 31:1432-40 (2001)), renal mesangial cells (Steiner, et al., ", "Am. ", "J. Physiol. ", "261:F792-798 (1991)) and skeletal muscle myotubes (Schwartz, et al., ", "J Photochem, Photobiol. ", "B 66:195-200 (2002)). ", "NGF receptors have been found on a variety of cell types outside of the nervous system. ", "For example, TrkA has been found on human monocytes, T- and B-lymphocytes and mast cells.", "\nAn association between increased NGF levels and a variety of inflammatory conditions has been observed in human patients as well as in several animal models. ", "These include systemic lupus erythematosus (Bracci-Laudiero, et al., ", "Neuroreport 4:563-565 (1993)), multiple sclerosis (Bracci-Laudiero, et al., ", "Neurosci. ", "Lett. ", "147:9-12 (1992)), psoriasis (Raychaudhuri, et al., ", "Acta Derm. ", "l'enereol. ", "78:84-86 (1998)), arthritis (Falcimi, et al., ", "Ann. ", "Rheum. ", "Dis. ", "55:745-748 (1996)), interstitial cystitis (Okragly, et al., ", "J. Urology 161:438-441 (1991)) and asthma (Braun, et al., ", "Eur. ", "J Immunol. ", "28:3240-3251 (1998)).", "\nConsistently, an elevated level of NGF in peripheral tissues is associated with inflammation and has been observed in a number of forms of arthritis. ", "The synovium of patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis expresses high levels of NGF while in non-inflamed synovium NGF has been reported to be undetectable (Aloe, et al., ", "Arch. ", "Rheum. ", "35:351-355 (1992)). ", "Similar results were seen in rats with experimentally induced rheumatoid arthritis (Aloe, et al., ", "Clin. ", "Exp. ", "Rheumatol. ", "10:203-204 (1992)). ", "Elevated levels of NGF have been reported in transgenic arthritic mice along with an increase in the number of mast cells. (", "Aloe, et al., ", "Int. ", "J. Tissue Reactions—Exp. ", "Clin. ", "Aspects 15:139-143 (1993)).", "\nTreatment with exogenous NGF leads to an increase in pain and pain sensitivity. ", "This is illustrated by the fact that injection of NGF leads to a significant increase in pain and pain sensitivity in both animal models (Amann, et al., ", "Pain 64, 323-329 (1996); Andreev, et al., ", "Pain 63, 109-115 (1995)) and human (Dyck, et al., ", "Neurology 48, 501-505 (1997); Petty, et al., ", "Annals Neurol. ", "36, 244-246 (1994)). ", "NGF appears to act by multiple mechanisms including inducing the neurotrophin BDNF (Apfel, et al., ", "Mol. ", "Cell. ", "Neurosci. ", "7(2), 134-142 (1996); Michael, et al., ", "J Neurosci 17, 8476-8490 (1997)) which in turn changes pain signal processing in the spinal cord (Hains, et al., ", "Neurosci Lett. ", "320(3), 125-8 (2002); Miletic, et al., ", "Neurosci Lett. ", "319(3), 137-40 (2002); Thompson, et al., ", "Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(14), 7714-8 (1999)), inducing changes in the peripheral and central connections of the sensory neurons and other pain-transmitting neurons in the spinal cord (Lewin, et al., ", "European Journal of Neuroscience 6, 1903-1912 (1994); Thompson, et al., ", "Pain 62, 219-231 (1995)), inducing changes in axonal growth (Lindsay, R M, J Neurosci. ", "8(7), 2394-405 (1988)) inducing bradykinin receptor expression (Peterson et al., ", "Neuroscience 83:161-168 (1998)), inducing changes in expression of genes responsible for nerve activation and conduction such as ion channels (Boettger, et al., ", "Brain 125(Pt 2), 252-63 (2002); Kerr, et al., ", "Neuroreport 12(14), 3077-8 (2001); Gould, et al., ", "Brain Res 854(1-2), 19-29 (2000)), potentiating the pain related receptor VR1 (Chuang, et al., ", "Nature 411 (6840), 957-62 (2001); and causing pathological changes in muscles (Foster, et al., ", "J Pathol 197(2), 245-55 (2002)). ", "Many of these changes take place directly on the pain transmitting sensory neurons and apparently are not dependent on concomitant inflammation. ", "In addition, there are at least two other cell types known to respond to NGF and that may be involved in changes of pain sensation or sensitivity. ", "The first of these, the mast cell, has been reported to respond to NGF with degranulation (Yan, et al., ", "Clin. ", "Sci. (", "Lond) 80:565-569 (1991)) or, in other studies, to cause or increase mediator production or release in collaboration with other agents (Pearce and Thompson, J. Physiol. ", "372:379-393 (1986), Kawamoto, et al., ", "J. Immunol. ", "168:6412-6419 (2002)). ", "It has clearly been shown in the rat that NGF mediated pain responses are at least somewhat mediated by mast cells (Lewin, et al., ", "Eur. ", "J. Neurosci. ", "6:1903-1912 (1994), Woolf, et al., ", "J. Neurosci. ", "16:2716-2723 (1996) although the potential relevance of this remains to be shown in humans. ", "Primary sympathetic neurons are also known to respond to NGF and to also be involved in pain signaling (Aley, et al., ", "Neuroscience 71:1083-1090 (1996)). ", "It is clear that removing sympathetic innervation modifies the hyperalgesia normally seen in response to treatment with NGF (Woolf, et al., ", "J. Neurosci. ", "16:2716-2723 (1996)).", "\nTwenty-three million patients have surgical procedures each year. ", "Pain is usually localized within the vicinity of the surgical site. ", "Post-surgical pain can have two clinically important aspects, namely resting pain, or pain that occurs when the patient is not moving and mechanical pain which is exacerbated by movement (coughing/sneezing, getting out of bed, physiotherapy, etc.). ", "The major problem with post-surgical pain management for major surgery is that the drugs currently used have a variety of prominent side effects that delay recovery, prolong hospitalization and subject certain vulnerable patient groups to the risk of serious complications. ", "Post-surgical pain, or pain that occurs after surgery or traumatic injury is a serious and often intractable medical problem.", "\nThere are two general categories of medication for the treatment of pain, both of which have disadvantages. ", "The first category includes the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which are used to treat mild or moderate pain, but whose therapeutic use is limited by undesirable gastrointestinal effects such as gastric erosion, the formation of peptic ulcer or the inflammation of the duodenum and of the colon. ", "NSAIDs also can cause renal toxicity with prolonged use, and further, as described below, are not very effective for treating pain associated with or arising from certain conditions, including post-surgical pain. ", "The second category includes morphine and related opioids which are used to treat moderate to severe pain but whose therapeutic use is limited because of undesirable effects such as sedation, confusion, constipation, respiratory depression, renal colic, tolerance to prolonged use and the risk of addiction. ", "Compounds useful for treating pain with fewer or no side effects are therefore needed.", "\nPain is often categorized as “inflammatory”, “neuropathic” or “visceral”, but these traditional general labels have inherent problems. ", "They imply mechanistic similarity or identity among all sources of pain within one of these very general categories. ", "In fact, there are many different types of inflammatory pain and sources of pain that are neither inflammatory nor neuropathic. ", "Further, types of pain that have an inflammatory component, and/or are traditionally termed “inflammatory”, does not mean that other physiological aspects do not contribute to the pain state. ", "For example, both osteoarthritis and interstitial cystitis would be defined by their names as sterile inflammatory conditions of respectively joints or the urinary bladder, but it is clear that the pains associated with these two conditions are mechanistically quite different from each other. ", "This is indicated by the varying effects of a given type of anti-pain medication with respect to these types of pain. ", "The majority of patients with osteoarthritis receive good pain relief (at least initially) with NSAIDs. ", "However, NSAIDs treatment is completely ineffective with interstitial cystitis.", "\nPost-surgical pain (interchangeably termed, post-incisional pain) is often considered a variety of inflammatory pain. ", "While there may be an “inflammatory” component to post-surgical pain, clearly additional mechanisms are involved. ", "For example, during surgery or other injury, both vasculature and nerves are cut or torn. ", "This does not happen in a tissue undergoing only inflammation. ", "It is clear that cutting a nerve can induce ongoing activity, which is perceived as painful. ", "In addition, severing blood vessels lead to a tissue that is relatively ischemic, also a painful stimulus that is not present during inflammation alone.", "\nThe different mechanisms involved in surgical or injury-induced pain as compared to inflammation is exemplified by the varying pharmacology and underlying anatomical substrates of pain relief in the two conditions. ", "Yamamoto, et al., (", "Brian Res. ", "909(1-2):138-144 (2001)) have shown that inhibition of spinal N-acetyl-alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase) causes a marked attenuation of mechanical pain which accompanies the inflammatory stimulus of carrageenan injection. ", "However, in parallel experiments where NAALADase was inhibited in an identical fashion after an incision, there was no attenuation of mechanical pain. ", "These observations demonstrate that the biochemistry or pharmacology underlying post-surgical pain is distinct from those underlying inflammatory pain. ", "The anatomical structures important in modulating pain sensation have also been examined in post-surgical and other pain states (Pogatzki, et al., ", "Anesthesiology, 96(5):1153-1160 (May 2002)). ", "Descending influences for the brainstem, more specifically the rostral medial medulla, are important modulators of secondary hyperalgesia in general inflammatory, neuropathic and visceral pain states. ", "When the brain stem area was lesioned, no change in any pain response measured after incision was observed. ", "These results indicate that primary and secondary hyperalgesia after an incision are not modulated by descending influence from the RMM. ", "The lack of contribution of descending facilitatory influences from the RMM to secondary hyperalgesia after gastrocnemius incision supports the notion that incision-induced pain involved dissimilar mechanisms compared with inflammatory and neuropathic pain. ", "In addition to the obvious differences in post-surgical or injury-induced pain from inflammatory, visceral or neuropathic pain, these results demonstrate that the mechanisms involved in post-surgical pain (or injury-induced pain) are clearly different from other pains. ", "Further, the utility of a particular pharmacological (or other) intervention in treating post-surgical pain is not predictable by testing that pharmacological agent or intervention in inflammatory, visceral or neuropathic pain models.", "\nDisappearance of pain at rest and persistence of pain with activities and in response to mechanical stimuli at the wound site is also present in patients after surgery. (", "Moiniche, et al., ", "Acta Anaesthesiol. ", "Scand. ", "41:785-9 (1997)). ", "Studies suggest that pain at rest and evoked pain caused by incisions are likely transmitted by different afferent fiber populations and/or different receptors. ", "Other than using local anesthetics to inhibit these evoked responses, few drugs that markedly reduce pain with coughing and movement after surgery are available.", "\nPretreatment with a local anesthetic to block the pain during the experimental incision has been shown to initially prevent ongoing pain and the primary mechanical hyperalgesia. ", "Pain from the incisions also disappears when lidocaine is injected after the injury. ", "However, as the local anesthetic effect abates, the primary hyperalgesia returns. ", "In patients, local anesthetic injections made before surgery are roughly equivalent for reducing pain to injections made after surgery. (", "Moiniche, et al., ", "Anesthesiology 96:725-41 (2002))\nClinical studies experiments in human volunteers, and a preclinical incision model agree that administration of local anesthetic before or after the incision are roughly equivalent. ", "The activation of central pain transmitting neurons during incision and sensitization are not necessary for pain behaviors several days later. ", "Rather, for incisions, enhanced responsiveness of central neurons and pain require ongoing afferent input from the incision. ", "After any preincision analgesic treatment abates, the surgical wound appears capable of reinitiating sensitization and regenerating the pain responses. (", "Pogatzki, et al., ", "J Neurophysiol 87:721 (2002))\nThe area of hyperalgesia (including the uninjured zone) caused by incisions has also been mapped. ", "Secondary hyperalgesia (hyperalgesia outside the injured area) is one measure of enhanced responsiveness of the central nervous system, i.e. central sensitization. ", "It has been noted that the area of flare or redness (possibly a result of axon reflexes) caused by incision was distinct from the area of hyperalgesia. ", "As opposed to pain at rest and primary mechanical hyperalgesia, the large area of hyperalgesia never developed when local anesthetic injection was made before the incision. ", "Moreover, it could not be reversed by local anesthetic injection after incision. ", "In patients after surgery, in some cases, certain treatments greatly reduce the area of hyperalgesia but do not greatly modify clinical measures of post-surgical pain (pain scores and opioid consumption). ", "It has been shown that reducing the area of hyperalgesia after colectomy did not greatly reduce acute pain but was associated with a decrease in the number of patients that developed residual pain even as late as 6 months after colectomy. (", "De Kock, et al., ", "Pain 92:373-80 (2001)).", "\nThe use of anti-NGF antibody to treat chronic visceral pain has been described. ", "See PCT Publication No. ", "WO 01/78698. ", "Brennan et al. ", "report administration of TrkA immunoadhesin in a rat model of post-surgical pain. ", "See Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 24(1-2) 880 (1998).", "\nAll references cited herein, including patent applications and publications, are incorporated by reference in their entirety." ]

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[ "This copy is for your personal non-commercial use only. ", "To order presentation-ready copies of Toronto Star content for distribution to colleagues, clients or customers, or inquire about permissions/licensing, please go to: www.TorontoStarReprints.com\n\nREGINA—The 42nd Juno Awards dialled in on Carly Rae Jepsen, celebrating the cheerful singer/songwriter and her roller-coaster summer smash “Call Me Maybe” with three trophies that all came at the expense of the teen superstar who helped discover her: Justin Bieber.", "\n\nJepsen had the biggest haul of the weekend with marquee wins for single, album and pop album of the year — all categories in which the absent 19-year-old pop pin-up/tabloid spectacle from Stratford, Ont., ", "was also nominated — at a briskly paced Prairies party at the Brandt Centre.", "\n\nThe Mission, B.C., native seemed particularly stunned that her gold-selling DayGlo valentine to ‘80s pop Kiss triumphed in the biggest category of the evening, album of the year, over those multi-platinum efforts from Bieber and Céline Dion.", "\n\n“Wow. ", "I don’t even know what to say. ", "There are so many people who deserve this, and what an honour,” she said, her voice repeatedly cracking. “", "I want to thank all of you here tonight. ", "Everyone! ", "This is truly a dream come true for me. ", "If I could only explain how I feel.", "\n\n“I’m sorta speechless,” she added, having thanked Bieber himself in a previous speech. “", "This is amazing. ", "Thank you so much.”", "\n\nArticle Continued Below\n\nMeanwhile, a confident Michael Bublé gave the show its biggest dose of star power and was introduced to a boisterous response from the audience. ", "He opened the show with a self-deprecating pretaped bit in which a series of celebrities — including Kelly Ripa, Gerard Butler, Dr. Phil and former host Russell Peters — doubted his ability to competently steer the program.", "\n\n“You may not have the career of William Shatner. ", "You don’t have the street cred of a Drake, I’ll admit that. ", "You don’t have the musical talent of a Justin Bieber — but you can do this,” said Dr. Phil, with Buble reclined on his couch. “", "Man up man. ", "You can do this. ", "Get out there and do it.", "\n\nIn a brief monologue, Buble was earnest in discussing how honoured he was to take the lead on the broadcast, stressing how much the Junos have meant to him over the years. ", "He made the obligatory reference to the hometown Saskatchewan Roughriders and gently poked fun at the host city — “I have a tip for all my musician friends out here: I just want you guys to know that potash is not what you think it is.”", "\n\nThe most barbed remark among his pithy speech began with an innocent comment about his impending fatherhood.", "\n\n“I have heard the horror stories about no sleep and the late-night feeds and the little poopy diapers and the puking,” he said. “", "Truth is, I figure it’s just like being on tour with Justin Bieber.”", "\n\nWhen some of the kinder souls in the crowd hooted their disapproval, he added: “I’m one minute into my monologue and you guys are either booing me or going ‘Buuu-ble!’”", "\n\nHe did make an ongoing joke out of the apparent inevitability of his failure and his insecurity over appearing onstage. ", "Chatting via satellite with of-the-moment British teen heartthrobs One Direction, he pretended to steel his nerves with an awkward self-pep talk before butchering the interview.", "\n\n“Do you guys like um, stuff?” ", "he asked.", "\n\nWhen they answered in the affirmative, he grinned with relief.", "\n\n“Me too. ", "Stuff’s awesome. ", "So cool.”", "\n\nSeventy-eight year old Montreal troubadour Leonard Cohen also had a good weekend in the Saskatchewan capital, wresting his second Juno of the year — fifth of his career — for songwriter of the year after releasing his platinum-certified Old Ideas, a pitch-black rumination on mortality, aging and faith that topped the charts in Canada. ", "The award was accepted by his son, singer Adam Cohen, who said his father considered Canada “the beating heart of his career.”", "\n\n“I’d like to say I haven’t had much contact with my dad recently because he’s been on tour in Canada,” Cohen said of his father, who also won artist of the year. “", "He only called the other day to say, ‘What’s the user name and password at the house?’ ", "But I know that he has deep, deep fondness for the love that Canada has always expressed to him.”", "\n\nBut other than Cohen, the evening really belonged to the kids.", "\n\nWhile Bieber might have been licking his wounds after another so-so night of Juno returns, he could be comforted with his fourth career Juno win, this time for the fan choice award. ", "Surely, if the Junos’ voting bloc doesn’t consider the recently troubled teen worthy of celebration, his droves of devotees still do — it’s the third time they’ve carried him to that particular honour.", "\n\nAnd Marianas Trench, the dramatic Vancouver pop outfit, won group of the year despite missing out on other nominations for their platinum concept record “Ever After,” while 27-year-old frontman Josh Ramsay also shared in the elation at Jepsen’s single of the year win given his co-write of her Skittles-sweet smash.", "\n\nIt doesn’t stop there. ", "Retro-minded Hamilton classic rockers Monster Truck — as obviously rooted in the ‘70s as a well-worn shag carpet — claimed a win in the competitive breakthrough group of the year category over buzzy YouTube sensations Walk Off the Earth even though their debut full-length isn’t due until next month.", "\n\n“Wow, wow,” frontman Jeremy Widerman said after reading comments from his phone. “", "Breakthrough group of the year when you’re 30 years old is nothing to scoff at.”", "\n\nBackstage, he admitted he wasn’t optimistic going into the show: “I thought there was no way, to be honest.”", "\n\nWith the gala’s youthful bent, Serena Ryder actually seemed a grizzled veteran next to some of her newbie peers. ", "She won adult alternative album of the year — her fourth career Juno — for her gold-certified Harmony and the husky-voiced singer/songwriter with the astonishing vocal range put in a roof-rattling performance of her propulsive recent hit “Stompa.”", "\n\n“This is absolutely amazing,” she said in accepting her award. “", "I almost started crying before I left my seat and that’s not cool.”", "\n\nIn other performances, Toronto new-wave act put in a sleek, stylish take on the propulsive Synthetica, Marianas Trench performed a mashup of “Fallout” and “Stutter” with help from a blue-robed church choir and Jepsen’s medley of “Call Me Maybe” and her new single “Tonight I’m Getting Over You” found her shedding her modest duds and trotting across the stage in an atypically revealing getup before blowing kisses at the crowd, which provoked a leering comment from Bublé.", "\n\n“She was so hot — did you see those little shorts? ", "They looked good on her but they’d look better crumpled up on my bedroom floor if you know what I mean,” he said, as the camera panned to catch his wife, Luisana Lopilato.", "\n\n“Oooh. ", "It’s my pregnant wife. ", "Hiii baby,” he added, as she gave him the cut off sign.", "\n\nOf course, there was also the incomparable k.d. ", "lang, the native of Consort, Alta., ", "who has already delivered her share of devastating Junos moments in the past. ", "She didn’t disappoint on this night, singing her gently swaying “Sing It Loud” and delivering the evening’s high-point with an eloquent speech after being inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame by Anne Murray.", "\n\n“The first time I saw k.d. ", "lang, she was stomping around the stage in a cowgirl outfit and I thought: ‘What the heck?’” ", "Murray said. “", "But she made me smile. ", "And she could sing. ", "The second time I saw her, she was accepting a Juno Award in a wedding gown and I found myself smiling again. ", "I loved her sense of fun, her spunk, her gumption. ", "And she could sing.", "\n\n“She went on to prove that a great voice can sing just about anything it wants. ", "She defied labelling, and I cheered her on.”", "\n\nAs lang took the stage, she and Murray locked in a long embrace.", "\n\n“I had the biggest crush on her. ", "I still do,” lang said.", "\n\n“I think the fact that I’m standing here receiving this award actually says more about Canada than it does about me. ", "Because only in Canada could there be such a freak as k.d. ", "lang receiving this award. ", "Only in Canada could there be people like Stompin’ Tom Connors and Rita MacNeil.", "\n\n“So I am here to tell you my friends and my countrymen that it is OK to be you. ", "It is OK to let your freak flags fly and embrace the quirkmeister that’s inside of all of us. ", "And I’m not even just talking artists, I’m talking every single person in this nation has the right to be themselves, live life ... I love you Canada, thank you so much.”", "\n\nThe Toronto Star and thestar.com, each property of Toronto Star Newspapers Limited, One Yonge Street, 4th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5E 1E6. ", "You can unsubscribe at any time. ", "Please contact us or see our privacy policy for more information.", "\n\nMore from the Toronto Star & Partners\n\nLOADING\n\nCopyright owned or licensed by Toronto Star Newspapers Limited. ", "All rights reserved. ", "Republication or distribution of this content is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Toronto Star Newspapers Limited and/or its licensors. ", "To order copies of Toronto Star articles, please go to: www.TorontoStarReprints.com" ]

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[ "A federal appeals court has rejected an Obama administration regulation that aimed to clear the way for cities to build their own broadband networks. ", "The ruling means that it will be a lot harder for cities in certain states to offer a \"public option\" for broadband service in competition with private cable and telephone companies.", "\n\nThe court decision is doubtless being celebrated by big telecommunications companies, who would prefer not to face competition from the public sector. ", "But the fight isn’t over. ", "The ruling wasn’t about the merits of city-owned broadband services. ", "It simply held that Congress never gave the Federal Communications Commission the authority to second-guess states that wanted to regulate what their own municipalities did in the broadband market. ", "If Congress wanted to, it could change the laws to facilitate municipal broadband.", "\n\nThis means that what happens next depends on who wins the elections in November. ", "If Hillary Clinton is elected president, we can expect her to continue President Barack Obama’s efforts to promote municipal broadband. ", "But if Republicans maintain control of Congress, there may not be much she can do on the issue, as Wednesday’s court ruling strictly limited the FCC’s power to act unilaterally.", "\n\nSupporters of city-owned internet access vowed to carry on the fight after the ruling. ", "The state laws at issue in the case were \"written by telecom industry lobbyists to protect incumbents like AT&T and Comcast from competition,\" says Joshua Stager, a municipal broadband advocate at the New America Foundation. \"", "Similar laws exist in other states, and they all need to go.\"", "\n\nDemocrats and Republicans have been feuding over this issue for years\n\nWhen Americans want to sign up for residential internet access, their options are often limited to a cable company like Comcast or Time Warner or a phone company like Verizon or AT&T. But a few cities across America have sought to provide their residents with a third option: broadband networks provided by the city government itself.", "\n\nAdvocates say that this model can lead to better service at lower prices. ", "They often point to Chattanooga, Tennessee, whose publicly owned broadband service was one of the first in the country to offer 1 Gbps service, which is still more than 10 times faster than the average home internet service today.", "\n\nIn the last few years, the Obama administration has been fighting with state governments and big telecommunications companies over the future of these municipal broadband services. ", "Many states have placed restrictions on city-provided broadband services. ", "The Obama administration responded by preempting those laws and guaranteeing cities the right to build their own broadband networks if they want to.", "\n\nHouse Republicans weren’t happy about this, though. ", "When Federal Communications Commission chair Tom Wheeler announced that he was working on the proposal, the House passed legislation by Rep. Marsha Blackburn (R-TN) blocking Wheeler’s regulations and preserving states’ authority over municipal broadband efforts. ", "However, that legislation never became law.", "\n\nBut while Congress wasn’t able to stop Wheeler's proposal, the courts are a different story. ", "When the FCC announced its new regulations, the states of Tennessee and North Carolina sued to stop their enforcement. ", "Now a federal appeals court has sided with the states, ruling that the FCC exceeded its authority.", "\n\nThe courts said preemption trampled on state authority\n\nThe FCC faced an uphill battle because the courts have long been skeptical of federal efforts to regulate the relationship between states and local governments. ", "Constitutionally speaking, counties, cities, and other municipal governments are considered mere political subdivisions of the states in which they’re located. ", "States generally have unfettered powers to regulate how they’re run and what they can do, and the courts have been reluctant to second-guess state rules about municipal decision-making.", "\n\nEven more ominous for the Obama FCC, the Supreme Court ruled against the FCC on a very similar issue in 2004. ", "Congress had given the FCC the power to preempt laws that restrict the development of broadband networks in 1996, and the FCC used that power to preempt a Missouri law banning cities from building broadband networks.", "\n\nThe Supreme Court ruled against the FCC on a very similar issue in 2004\n\nBut the Supreme Court ruled that this law exceeded the FCC’s authority. ", "The high court said that Congress had only allowed the FCC to preempt restrictions on the development of private broadband networks. ", "Missouri cities are creatures of the state government, the high court reasoned in its 2004 ruling, and so consequently the Missouri government has broad authority to decide which functions to delegate to municipal governments.", "\n\nOn Wednesday, the Sixth Circuit Appeals Court had little difficulty applying this same logic to the Obama FCC’s regulations. \"", "The political subdivisions of a state are nothing more than that state’s 'convenient agencies,'\" a two-judge majority wrote. \"", "The state generally retains the power to make discretionary decisions for its subdivisions, just as a board of directors generally retains the power to make discretionary decisions for a company.\"", "\n\n\"What the FCC seeks to accomplish through preemption is to decide who—the state or its political subdivisions—gets to make these choices\" about whether and how to build broadband networks, the court wrote. ", "Because this is such a potential can of worms, the court ruled, Congress must be super-clear that this is what it had in mind. ", "And the law the FCC relied on doesn't specifically authorize this kind of preemption. ", "Instead, it simply empowers the FCC to take \"measures that promote competition in the local telecommunications market, or other regulating methods that remove barriers to infrastructure investment.\"", "\n\nThe next step depends on what happens in November\n\nThis issue has become increasingly partisan in recent years, with Republicans — both at the state level and in Congress — generally being more skeptical of municipal broadband projects than Democrats.", "\n\nAnd that means that right now, the FCC is stuck. ", "It could appeal the ruling to the Supreme Court, but the Court might not take it, and in any event there’s little reason to think that any of the Supreme Court’s four conservative justices would reach a different conclusion than the Sixth Circuit did.", "\n\nThe other option is to ask Congress to revise the law and give it clear authority to preempt state laws that restrict municipal broadband networks. ", "But congressional Republicans have made it clear they’re not going to go along with this kind of proposal. ", "So as long as Speaker Paul Ryan runs the House or Sen. Mitch McConnell runs the Senate, further legislative action on this front is unlikely.", "\n\nSo the one thing that would allow the FCC to push forward with its proposal would be a sweeping Democratic victory in the November election. ", "If Hillary Clinton won the White House and Democrats captured Congress in the process, then it’s possible to imagine a Democratic majority writing new, stronger legislation empowering municipalities to offer internet service.", "\n\nThe final option for municipal broadband advocates is to win more elections at the state level. ", "The municipal broadband debate is less partisan at the state level than it is in Congress. ", "In Tennessee, for example, a proposal to allow more municipal broadband was championed by a Republican from Chattanooga.", "\n\nOn the other hand, incumbent telecommunications companies have a lot of influence with state legislatures, and they’ve managed to convince some Democrats as well as Republicans to oppose municipal broadband projects. ", "So in many states, the future doesn’t look that bright for city-owned internet service.", "\n\nWatch how the internet gets across the ocean" ]

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[ "The IEA monthly report expects the extra oil from Iran to add 300 million barrels to the already swelling oil inventories.", "\n\nThe latest price of the Indian basket for crude oil was at $35.72 per barrel. ", "It has fallen by 16 percent over the last one month and by 33 percent since end December 2014.", "\n\nYesterday, the Brent crude oil was selling at $37-38 per barrel. ", "Lower quality oil is selling at even below $30 per barrel. ", "As Amrbose Evans-Prtichard writes in The Telegraph: \"Basra heavy crude from Iraq is quoted at $26 in Asia, and poor grades from Western Canada fetch as little as $22. ", "Iran’s high-sulphur Foroozan is selling at $31.\"", "\n\nWhat has led such low levels of oil price? ", "Over the last one year, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries(Opec), an oil cartel of some of the biggest oil producing countries in the world, has been flooding the market with oil in order to make the shale oil being pumped in the United States, unviable. ", "Pumping shale oil is an expensive process and is not viable at lower oil price levels.", "\n\nIn fact, the oil ministers of the Opec countries met in early December and they pretty much decided to continue doing things the way they have been up until now, over the last one year. ", "In the past, any likely slowdown in oil prices was met with oil production cuts within the Opec. ", "That hasn’t happened over the last one year and isn’t happening now either.", "\n\nAs the International Energy Agency(IEA) points out in its monthly oil report for December 2015: \"Opec's decision to scrap its official production ceiling and keep the taps open is a de facto acknowledgment of current oil market reality. ", "The exporter group has effectively been pumping at will since Saudi Arabia convinced fellow members a year ago to refrain from supply cuts and defend market share against a relentless rise in non-Opec supply.\"", "\n\nThe rise in the supply of non-Opec oil has primarily happened on account shale oil being pumped in the United States and to some extent in Canada, over the last few years. ", "In order to make companies pumping shale oil unviable, Opec has been relentlessly pumping oil. ", "As the IEA monthly report points out: “OPEC supply since June has been running at an average 31.7 million barrels per day, with Saudi Arabia and Iraq - the group's largest producers - pumping at or near record rates. ", "Riyadh has held supply above 10 million barrels per day since March to satisfy demand at home and abroad while Iraq, including the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), is doing its level best to keep production above the 4 million barrels per day mark first breached in June.\"", "\n\nAlso, as oil prices have fallen, Opec and non-Opec oil producing countries have had to pump more and more oil, in order to ensure that their governments have some money going around to spend. ", "As the Russian Finance Minister Anton Siluanov told Ambrose. “", "There is no defined policy by the OPEC countries: it is everyone for himself, all trying to recapture markets, and it leads to the dumping that is going on.”", "\n\nFurther, sanctions against Iran are likely to be lifted early next year and more oil will then hit the international oil market. ", "The Financial Times quotes an oil trader as saying: “It seems the Iranians are fulfilling the requirements for the lifting of sanctions faster than expected.\"", "\n\nThe IEA monthly report expects the extra oil from Iran to add 300 million barrels to the already swelling oil inventories. ", "In fact, the November 2015 oil report of the IEA had put the total global stockpiles of oil at 3 billion barrels.", "\n\nSo how long will this last? ", "Given the number of factors that impact the price of oil, predicting which way it will head, has always been tricky business. ", "As Philip Tetlock and Dan Gardner write in Superforecasting—The Art and Science of Prediction: “Take the price of oil, long a graveyard topic for forecasting reputations. ", "The number of factors that can drive the price up or down is huge—from frackers in the United States to jihadists in Libya to battery designers in Silicon Valley—and the number of factors that can influence those factors is even bigger.”", "\n\nNevertheless, it seems that one year down the line the Saudi strategy of driving down the price of oil, in order to drive down non-Opec oil production seems to be working. ", "As the IEA oil report points out: “There is evidence the Saudi-led strategy is starting to work. ", "Lower prices are clearly taking a toll on non-OPEC supply, with annual growth shrinking below 0.3 million barrels per day in November from 2.2 million barrels per day at the start of the year. ", "A 0.6 million barrels per day decline is expected in 2016, as US light tight oil - the driver of non-OPEC growth - shifts into contraction.”", "\n\nAlso, it is worth pointing out here that oil exporting countries are having a tough time balancing their budgets. ", "The fiscal deficit of Saudi Arabia has touched 20 percent of its gross domestic product (GDP). ", "Fiscal deficit is the difference between what a government spends and what it earns. ", "As Evans-Pritchard puts it: “Opec revenues have collapsed from $1.2 trillion a year in 2012 to nearer $400 billion next year.”", "\n\nHence, it is safe to say that the Opec strategy of driving down the price of oil is hurting the member countries. ", "Given this, the price of oil cannot be at such low levels for much long. ", "But at least in the short run, the oil price will continue to stay low.", "\n\n(Vivek Kaul is the author of the Easy Money trilogy. ", "He tweets @kaul_vivek)" ]

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[ "oh, you're upset with a repost? ", "wait till you find out what broadcasting companies do for money\n\n164 shares" ]

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input[type=\"checkbox\"].teal-700.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #00796b !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.teal-800, input[type=\"checkbox\"].teal-800.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #00695c !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.teal-900, input[type=\"checkbox\"].teal-900.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #004d40 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.green, input[type=\"checkbox\"].green.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #4caf50 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.green-100,\r\n.green-200,\r\n.green-300,\r\n.green-400,\r\n.green-50,\r\n.green-500 {\r\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .8)\r\n}\r\n\r\n.green-50, input[type=\"checkbox\"].green-50.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #e8f5e9 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.green-100, input[type=\"checkbox\"].green-100.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #c8e6c9 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.green-200, input[type=\"checkbox\"].green-200.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #a5d6a7 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.green-300, input[type=\"checkbox\"].green-300.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #81c784 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.green-400, input[type=\"checkbox\"].green-400.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #66bb6a !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.green-500, input[type=\"checkbox\"].green-500.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #4caf50 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.green-600,\r\n.green-700,\r\n.green-800,\r\n.green-900,\r\n.light-green {\r\n color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .9)\r\n}\r\n\r\n.green-600, input[type=\"checkbox\"].green-600.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #43a047 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.green-700, input[type=\"checkbox\"].green-700.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #388e3c !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.green-800, input[type=\"checkbox\"].green-800.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #2e7d32 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.green-900, input[type=\"checkbox\"].green-900.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #1b5e20 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.light-green, input[type=\"checkbox\"].light-green.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #8bc34a !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.light-green-100,\r\n.light-green-200,\r\n.light-green-300,\r\n.light-green-400,\r\n.light-green-50,\r\n.light-green-500,\r\n.light-green-600 {\r\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .8)\r\n}\r\n\r\n.light-green-50, input[type=\"checkbox\"].light-green-50.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #f1f8e9 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.light-green-100, input[type=\"checkbox\"].light-green-100.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #dcedc8 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.light-green-200, input[type=\"checkbox\"].light-green-200.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #c5e1a5 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.light-green-300, input[type=\"checkbox\"].light-green-300.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #aed581 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.light-green-400, input[type=\"checkbox\"].light-green-400.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #9ccc65 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.light-green-500, input[type=\"checkbox\"].light-green-500.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #8bc34a !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.light-green-600, input[type=\"checkbox\"].light-green-600.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #7cb342 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.light-green-700,\r\n.light-green-800,\r\n.light-green-900,\r\n.lime {\r\n color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .9)\r\n}\r\n\r\n.light-green-700, input[type=\"checkbox\"].light-green-700.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #689f38 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.light-green-800, input[type=\"checkbox\"].light-green-800.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #558b2f !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.light-green-900, input[type=\"checkbox\"].light-green-900.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #33691e !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.lime, input[type=\"checkbox\"].lime.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #cddc39 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.lime-100,\r\n.lime-200,\r\n.lime-300,\r\n.lime-400,\r\n.lime-50,\r\n.lime-500,\r\n.lime-600,\r\n.lime-700,\r\n.lime-800 {\r\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .8)\r\n}\r\n\r\n.lime-50, input[type=\"checkbox\"].lime-50.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #f9fbe7 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.lime-100, input[type=\"checkbox\"].lime-100.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #f0f4c3 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.lime-200, input[type=\"checkbox\"].lime-200.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #e6ee9c !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.lime-300, input[type=\"checkbox\"].lime-300.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #dce775 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.lime-400, input[type=\"checkbox\"].lime-400.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #d4e157 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.lime-500, input[type=\"checkbox\"].lime-500.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #cddc39 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.lime-600, input[type=\"checkbox\"].lime-600.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #c0ca33 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.lime-700, input[type=\"checkbox\"].lime-700.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #afb42b !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.lime-800, input[type=\"checkbox\"].lime-800.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #9e9d24 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.lime-900,\r\n.yellow {\r\n color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .9)\r\n}\r\n\r\n.lime-900, input[type=\"checkbox\"].lime-900.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #827717 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.yellow, input[type=\"checkbox\"].yellow.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ffeb3b !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.yellow-100,\r\n.yellow-200,\r\n.yellow-300,\r\n.yellow-50,\r\n.yellow-500,\r\n.yellow-600,\r\n.yellow-700,\r\n.yellow-800,\r\n.yellow-900 {\r\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .8)\r\n}\r\n\r\n.yellow-50, input[type=\"checkbox\"].yellow-50.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #fffde7 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.yellow-100, input[type=\"checkbox\"].yellow-100.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #fff9c4 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.yellow-200, input[type=\"checkbox\"].yellow-200.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #fff59d !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.yellow-300, input[type=\"checkbox\"].yellow-300.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #fff176 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.yellow-400 {\r\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .8);\r\n background-color: #ffee58 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.yellow-500, input[type=\"checkbox\"].yellow-500.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ffeb3b !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.yellow-600, input[type=\"checkbox\"].yellow-600.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #fdd835 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.yellow-700, input[type=\"checkbox\"].yellow-700.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #fbc02d !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.yellow-800, input[type=\"checkbox\"].yellow-800.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #f9a825 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.yellow-900, input[type=\"checkbox\"].yellow-900.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #f57f17 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.amber {\r\n color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .9);\r\n background-color: #ffc107 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.amber-100,\r\n.amber-200,\r\n.amber-300,\r\n.amber-50,\r\n.amber-500,\r\n.amber-600,\r\n.amber-700,\r\n.amber-800,\r\n.amber-900 {\r\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .8)\r\n}\r\n\r\n.amber-50, input[type=\"checkbox\"].amber-50.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #fff8e1 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.amber-100, input[type=\"checkbox\"].amber-100.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ffecb3 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.amber-200, input[type=\"checkbox\"].amber-200.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ffe082 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.amber-300, input[type=\"checkbox\"].amber-300.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ffd54f !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.amber-400 {\r\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .8);\r\n background-color: #ffca28 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.amber-500, input[type=\"checkbox\"].amber-500.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ffc107 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.amber-600, input[type=\"checkbox\"].amber-600.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ffb300 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.amber-700, input[type=\"checkbox\"].amber-700.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ffa000 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.amber-800, input[type=\"checkbox\"].amber-800.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ff8f00 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.amber-900, input[type=\"checkbox\"].amber-900.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ff6f00 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.orange {\r\n color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .9);\r\n background-color: #ff9800 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.orange-100,\r\n.orange-200,\r\n.orange-300,\r\n.orange-400,\r\n.orange-50,\r\n.orange-500,\r\n.orange-600,\r\n.orange-700 {\r\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .8)\r\n}\r\n\r\n.orange-50, input[type=\"checkbox\"].orange-50.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #fff3e0 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.orange-100, input[type=\"checkbox\"].orange-100.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ffe0b2 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.orange-200, input[type=\"checkbox\"].orange-200.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ffcc80 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.orange-300, input[type=\"checkbox\"].orange-300.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ffb74d !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.orange-400, input[type=\"checkbox\"].orange-400.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ffa726 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.orange-500, input[type=\"checkbox\"].orange-500.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ff9800 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.orange-600, input[type=\"checkbox\"].orange-600.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #fb8c00 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.orange-700, input[type=\"checkbox\"].orange-700.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #f57c00 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.deep-orange,\r\n.orange-800,\r\n.orange-900 {\r\n color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .9)\r\n}\r\n\r\n.orange-800, input[type=\"checkbox\"].orange-800.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ef6c00 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.orange-900, input[type=\"checkbox\"].orange-900.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #e65100 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.deep-orange, input[type=\"checkbox\"].deep-orange.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ff5722 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.deep-orange-100,\r\n.deep-orange-200,\r\n.deep-orange-300,\r\n.deep-orange-400,\r\n.deep-orange-50 {\r\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .8)\r\n}\r\n\r\n.deep-orange-50, input[type=\"checkbox\"].deep-orange-50.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #fbe9e7 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.deep-orange-100, input[type=\"checkbox\"].deep-orange-100.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ffccbc !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.deep-orange-200, input[type=\"checkbox\"].deep-orange-200.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ffab91 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.deep-orange-300, input[type=\"checkbox\"].deep-orange-300.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ff8a65 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.deep-orange-400, input[type=\"checkbox\"].deep-orange-400.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ff7043 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.brown,\r\n.deep-orange-500,\r\n.deep-orange-600,\r\n.deep-orange-700,\r\n.deep-orange-800,\r\n.deep-orange-900 {\r\n color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .9)\r\n}\r\n\r\n.deep-orange-500, input[type=\"checkbox\"].deep-orange-500.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #ff5722 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.deep-orange-600, input[type=\"checkbox\"].deep-orange-600.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #f4511e !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.deep-orange-700, input[type=\"checkbox\"].deep-orange-700.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #e64a19 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.deep-orange-800, input[type=\"checkbox\"].deep-orange-800.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #d84315 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.deep-orange-900, input[type=\"checkbox\"].deep-orange-900.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #bf360c !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.brown, input[type=\"checkbox\"].brown.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #795548 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.brown-100,\r\n.brown-200,\r\n.brown-50 {\r\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .8)\r\n}\r\n\r\n.brown-50, input[type=\"checkbox\"].brown-50.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #efebe9 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.brown-100, input[type=\"checkbox\"].brown-100.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #d7ccc8 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.brown-200, input[type=\"checkbox\"].brown-200.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #bcaaa4 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.brown-300,\r\n.brown-400,\r\n.brown-500,\r\n.brown-600,\r\n.brown-700,\r\n.brown-800,\r\n.brown-900,\r\n.grey {\r\n color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .9)\r\n}\r\n\r\n.brown-300, input[type=\"checkbox\"].brown-300.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #a1887f !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.brown-400, input[type=\"checkbox\"].brown-400.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #8d6e63 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.brown-500, input[type=\"checkbox\"].brown-500.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #795548 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.brown-600, input[type=\"checkbox\"].brown-600.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #6d4c41 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.brown-700, input[type=\"checkbox\"].brown-700.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #5d4037 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.brown-800, input[type=\"checkbox\"].brown-800.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #4e342e !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.brown-900, input[type=\"checkbox\"].brown-900.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #3e2723 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.grey, input[type=\"checkbox\"].grey.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #9e9e9e !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.grey-100,\r\n.grey-200,\r\n.grey-300,\r\n.grey-400,\r\n.grey-50,\r\n.grey-500 {\r\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .8)\r\n}\r\n\r\n.grey-50, input[type=\"checkbox\"].grey-50.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #fafafa !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.grey-100, input[type=\"checkbox\"].grey-100.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #f5f5f5 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.grey-200, input[type=\"checkbox\"].grey-200.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #eee !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.grey-300, input[type=\"checkbox\"].grey-300.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #e0e0e0 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.grey-400, input[type=\"checkbox\"].grey-400.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #bdbdbd !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.grey-500, input[type=\"checkbox\"].grey-500.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #9e9e9e !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.blue-grey,\r\n.grey-600,\r\n.grey-700,\r\n.grey-800,\r\n.grey-900 {\r\n color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .9)\r\n}\r\n\r\n.grey-600, input[type=\"checkbox\"].grey-600.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #757575 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.grey-700, input[type=\"checkbox\"].grey-700.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #616161 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.grey-800, input[type=\"checkbox\"].grey-800.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #424242 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.grey-900, input[type=\"checkbox\"].grey-900.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #212121 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.blue-grey, input[type=\"checkbox\"].blue-grey.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #607d8b !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.blue-grey-100,\r\n.blue-grey-200,\r\n.blue-grey-300,\r\n.blue-grey-50 {\r\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .8)\r\n}\r\n\r\n.blue-grey-50, input[type=\"checkbox\"].blue-grey-50.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #eceff1 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.blue-grey-100, input[type=\"checkbox\"].blue-grey-100.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #cfd8dc !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.blue-grey-200, input[type=\"checkbox\"].blue-grey-200.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #b0bec5 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.blue-grey-300, input[type=\"checkbox\"].blue-grey-300.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #90a4ae !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.black,\r\n.blue-grey-400,\r\n.blue-grey-500,\r\n.blue-grey-600,\r\n.blue-grey-700,\r\n.blue-grey-800,\r\n.blue-grey-900 {\r\n color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .9)\r\n}\r\n\r\n.blue-grey-400, input[type=\"checkbox\"].blue-grey-400.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #78909c !", "important\r\n}\r\n.transparent {\r\n background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) !", "important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.blue-grey-500, input[type=\"checkbox\"].blue-grey-500.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #607d8b !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.blue-grey-600, input[type=\"checkbox\"].blue-grey-600.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #546e7a !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.blue-grey-700, input[type=\"checkbox\"].blue-grey-700.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #455a64 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.blue-grey-800, input[type=\"checkbox\"].blue-grey-800.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #37474f !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.blue-grey-900, input[type=\"checkbox\"].blue-grey-900.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #263238 !", "important\r\n}\r\n\r\n.black, input[type=\"checkbox\"].black.switch::after {\r\n background-color: #000 !", "important\r\n}\r\n.black-opacity-90 {\r\n background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);\r\n}\r\n.black-opacity-70 {\r\n background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);\r\n}\r\n.black-opacity-50 {\r\n background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);\r\n}\r\n.black-opacity-30 {\r\n background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);\r\n}\r\n.black-opacity-10 {\r\n background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.white {\r\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .8);\r\n background-color: #fff !", "important\r\n}\r\n.white-opacity-90 {\r\n background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);\r\n}\r\n.white-opacity-70 {\r\n background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7);\r\n}\r\n.white-opacity-50 {\r\n background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);\r\n}\r\n.white-opacity-30 {\r\n background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3);\r\n}\r\n.white-opacity-10 {\r\n background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);\r\n}\r\n.text-red , i.red {\r\n color: #f44336;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-red-50 , i.red-50 {\r\n color: #ffebee;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-red-100 , i.red-100 {\r\n color: #ffcdd2;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-red-200 , i.red-200 {\r\n color: #ef9a9a;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-red-300 , i.red-300 {\r\n color: #e57373;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-red-400 , i.red-400 {\r\n color: #ef5350;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-red-500 , i.red-500 {\r\n color: #f44336;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-red-600 , i.red-600 {\r\n color: #e53935;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-red-700 , i.red-700 {\r\n color: #d32f2f;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-red-800 , i.red-800 {\r\n color: #c62828;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-red-900 , i.red-900 {\r\n color: #b71c1c;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-pink , i.pink {\r\n color: #E91E63;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-pink-50 , i.pink-50 {\r\n color: #fce4ec;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-pink-100 , i.pink-100 {\r\n color: #f8bbd0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-pink-200 , i.pink-200 {\r\n color: #f48fb1;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-Pink-300 , i.Pink-300 {\r\n color: #f06292;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-pink-400 , i.pink-400 {\r\n color: #ec407a;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-pink-500 , i.pink-500 {\r\n color: #e91e63;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-pink-600 , i.pink-600 {\r\n color: #d81b60;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-pink-700 , i.pink-700 {\r\n color: #c2185b;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-pink-800 , i.pink-800 {\r\n color: #ad1457;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-pink-900 , i.pink-900 {\r\n color: #880e4f;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-purple , i.purple {\r\n color: #9c27b0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-purple-50 , i.purple-50 {\r\n color: #f3e5f5;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-purple-100 , i.purple-100 {\r\n color: #e1bee7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-purple-200 , i.purple-200 {\r\n color: #ce93d8;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-purple-300 , i.purple-300 {\r\n color: #ba68c8;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-purple-400 , i.purple-400 {\r\n color: #ab47bc;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-purple-500 , i.purple-500 {\r\n color: #9c27b0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-purple-600 , i.purple-600 {\r\n color: #8e24aa;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-purple-700 , i.purple-700 {\r\n color: #7b1fa2;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-purple-800 , i.purple-800 {\r\n color: #6a1b9a;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-purple-900 , i.purple-900 {\r\n color: #4a148c;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-purple , i.deep-purple {\r\n color: #673ab7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-purple-50 , i.deep-purple-50 {\r\n color: #ede7f6;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-purple-100 , i.deep-purple-100 {\r\n color: #d1c4e9;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-purple-200 , i.deep-purple-200 {\r\n color: #b39ddb;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-purple-300 , i.deep-purple-300 {\r\n color: #9575cd;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-purple-400 , i.deep-purple-400 {\r\n color: #7e57c2;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-purple-500 , i.deep-purple-500 {\r\n color: #673ab7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-purple-600 , i.deep-purple-600 {\r\n color: #5e35b1;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-purple-700 , i.deep-purple-700 {\r\n color: #512da8;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-purple-800 , i.deep-purple-800 {\r\n color: #4527a0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-purple-900 , i.deep-purple-900 {\r\n color: #311b92;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-indigo , i.indigo {\r\n color: #3f51b5;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-indigo-50 , i.indigo-50 {\r\n color: #e8eaf6;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-indigo-100 , i.indigo-100 {\r\n color: #c5cae9;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-indigo-200 , i.indigo-200 {\r\n color: #9fa8da;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-indigo-300 , i.indigo-300 {\r\n color: #7986cb;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-indigo-400 , i.indigo-400 {\r\n color: #5c6bc0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-indigo-500 , i.indigo-500 {\r\n color: #3f51b5;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-indigo-600 , i.indigo-600 {\r\n color: #3949ab;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-indigo-700 , i.indigo-700 {\r\n color: #303f9f;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-indigo-800 , i.indigo-800 {\r\n color: #283593;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-indigo-900 , i.indigo-900 {\r\n color: #1a237e;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue , i.blue {\r\n color: #2196F3;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue-50 , i.blue-50 {\r\n color: #e3f2fd;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue-100 , i.blue-100 {\r\n color: #bbdefb;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue-200 , i.blue-200 {\r\n color: #90caf9;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue-300 , i.blue-300 {\r\n color: #64b5f6;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue-400 , i.blue-400 {\r\n color: #42a5f5;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue-500 , i.blue-500 {\r\n color: #2196f3;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue-600 , i.blue-600 {\r\n color: #1e88e5;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue-700 , i.blue-700 {\r\n color: #1976d2;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue-800 , i.blue-800 {\r\n color: #1565c0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue-900 , i.blue-900 {\r\n color: #0d47a1;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-blue , i.light-blue {\r\n color: #03a9f4;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-blue-50 , i.light-blue-50 {\r\n color: #e1f5fe;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-blue-100 , i.light-blue-100 {\r\n color: #b3e5fc;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-blue-200 , i.light-blue-200 {\r\n color: #81d4fa;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-blue-300 , i.light-blue-300 {\r\n color: #4fc3f7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-blue-400 , i.light-blue-400 {\r\n color: #29b6f6;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-blue-500 , i.light-blue-500 {\r\n color: #03a9f4;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-blue-600 , i.light-blue-600 {\r\n color: #039be5;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-blue-700 , i.light-blue-700 {\r\n color: #0288d1;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-blue-800 , i.light-blue-800 {\r\n color: #0277bd;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-blue-900 , i.light-blue-900 {\r\n color: #01579b;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-cyan , i.cyan {\r\n color: #00bcd4;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-cyan-50 , i.cyan-50 {\r\n color: #e0f7fa;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-cyan-100 , i.cyan-100 {\r\n color: #b2ebf2;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-cyan-200 , i.cyan-200 {\r\n color: #80deea;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-cyan-300 , i.cyan-300 {\r\n color: #4dd0e1;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-cyan-400 , i.cyan-400 {\r\n color: #26c6da;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-cyan-500 , i.cyan-500 {\r\n color: #00bcd4;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-cyan-600 , i.cyan-600 {\r\n color: #00acc1;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-cyan-700 , i.cyan-700 {\r\n color: #0097a7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-cyan-800 , i.cyan-800 {\r\n color: #00838f;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-cyan-900 , i.cyan-900 {\r\n color: #006064;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-teal , i.teal {\r\n color: #009688;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-teal-50 , i.teal-50 {\r\n color: #e0f2f1;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-teal-100 , i.teal-100 {\r\n color: #b2dfdb;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-teal-200 , i.teal-200 {\r\n color: #80cbc4;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-teal-300 , i.teal-300 {\r\n color: #4db6ac;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-teal-400 , i.teal-400 {\r\n color: #26a69a;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-teal-500 , i.teal-500 {\r\n color: #009688;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-teal-600 , i.teal-600 {\r\n color: #00897b;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-teal-700 , i.teal-700 {\r\n color: #00796b;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-teal-800 , i.teal-800 {\r\n color: #00695c;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-teal-900 , i.teal-900 {\r\n color: #004d40;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-green , i.green {\r\n color: #4caf50;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-green-50 , i.green-50 {\r\n color: #e8f5e9;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-green-100 , i.green-100 {\r\n color: #c8e6c9;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-green-200 , i.green-200 {\r\n color: #a5d6a7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-green-300 , i.green-300 {\r\n color: #81c784;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-green-400 , i.green-400 {\r\n color: #66bb6a;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-green-500 , i.green-500 {\r\n color: #4caf50;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-green-600 , i.green-600 {\r\n color: #43a047;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-green-700 , i.green-700 {\r\n color: #388e3c;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-green-800 , i.green-800 {\r\n color: #2e7d32;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-green-900 , i.green-900 {\r\n color: #1b5e20;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-green , i.light-green {\r\n color: #8bc34a;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-green-50 , i.light-green-50 {\r\n color: #f1f8e9;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-green-100 , i.light-green-100 {\r\n color: #dcedc8;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-green-200 , i.light-green-200 {\r\n color: #c5e1a5;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-green-300 , i.light-green-300 {\r\n color: #aed581;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-green-400 , i.light-green-400 {\r\n color: #9ccc65;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-green-500 , i.light-green-500 {\r\n color: #8bc34a;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-green-600 , i.light-green-600 {\r\n color: #7cb342;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-green-700 , i.light-green-700 {\r\n color: #689f38;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-green-800 , i.light-green-800 {\r\n color: #558b2f;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-light-green-900 , i.light-green-900 {\r\n color: #33691e;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-lime , i.lime {\r\n color: #cddc39;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-lime-50 , i.lime-50 {\r\n color: #f9fbe7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-lime-100 , i.lime-100 {\r\n color: #f0f4c3;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-lime-200 , i.lime-200 {\r\n color: #e6ee9c;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-lime-300 , i.lime-300 {\r\n color: #dce775;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-lime-400 , i.lime-400 {\r\n color: #d4e157;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-lime-500 , i.lime-500 {\r\n color: #cddc39;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-lime-600 , i.lime-600 {\r\n color: #c0ca33;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-lime-700 , i.lime-700 {\r\n color: #afb42b;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-lime-800 , i.lime-800 {\r\n color: #9e9d24;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-lime-900 , i.lime-900 {\r\n color: #827717;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-yellow , i.yellow {\r\n color: #ffeb3b;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-yellow-50 , i.yellow-50 {\r\n color: #fffde7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-yellow-100 , i.yellow-100 {\r\n color: #fff9c4;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-yellow-200 , i.yellow-200 {\r\n color: #fff59d;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-yellow-300 , i.yellow-300 {\r\n color: #fff176;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-yellow-400 , i.yellow-400 {\r\n color: #ffee58;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-yellow-500 , i.yellow-500 {\r\n color: #ffeb3b;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-yellow-600 , i.yellow-600 {\r\n color: #fdd835;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-yellow-700 , i.yellow-700 {\r\n color: #fbc02d;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-yellow-800 , i.yellow-800 {\r\n color: #f9a825;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-yellow-900 , i.yellow-900 {\r\n color: #f57f17;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-amber , i.amber {\r\n color: #ffc107;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-amber-50 , i.amber-50 {\r\n color: #fff8e1;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-amber-100 , i.amber-100 {\r\n color: #ffecb3;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-amber-200 , i.amber-200 {\r\n color: #ffe082;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-amber-300 , i.amber-300 {\r\n color: #ffd54f;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-amber-400 , i.amber-400 {\r\n color: #ffca28;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-amber-500 , i.amber-500 {\r\n color: #ffc107;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-amber-600 , i.amber-600 {\r\n color: #ffb300;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-amber-700 , i.amber-700 {\r\n color: #ffa000;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-amber-800 , i.amber-800 {\r\n color: #ff8f00;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-amber-900 , i.amber-900 {\r\n color: #ff6f00;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-orange , i.orange {\r\n color: #ff9800;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-orange-50 , i.orange-50 {\r\n color: #fff3e0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-orange-100 , i.orange-100 {\r\n color: #ffe0b2;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-orange-200 , i.orange-200 {\r\n color: #ffcc80;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-orange-300 , i.orange-300 {\r\n color: #ffb74d;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-orange-400 , i.orange-400 {\r\n color: #ffa726;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-orange-500 , i.orange-500 {\r\n color: #ff9800;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-orange-600 , i.orange-600 {\r\n color: #fb8c00;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-orange-700 , i.orange-700 {\r\n color: #f57c00;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-orange-800 , i.orange-800 {\r\n color: #ef6c00;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-orange-900 , i.orange-900 {\r\n color: #e65100;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-orange , i.deep-orange {\r\n color: #ff5722;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-orange-50 , i.deep-orange-50 {\r\n color: #fbe9e7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-orange-100 , i.deep-orange-100 {\r\n color: #ffccbc;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-orange-200 , i.deep-orange-200 {\r\n color: #ffab91;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-orange-300 , i.deep-orange-300 {\r\n color: #ff8a65;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-orange-400 , i.deep-orange-400 {\r\n color: #ff7043;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-orange-500 , i.deep-orange-500 {\r\n color: #ff5722;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-orange-600 , i.deep-orange-600 {\r\n color: #f4511e;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-orange-700 , i.deep-orange-700 {\r\n color: #e64a19;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-orange-800 , i.deep-orange-800 {\r\n color: #d84315;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-deep-orange-900 , i.deep-orange-900 {\r\n color: #bf360c;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-brown , i.brown {\r\n color: #795548;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-brown-50 , i.brown-50 {\r\n color: #efebe9;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-brown-100 , i.brown-100 {\r\n color: #d7ccc8;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-brown-200 , i.brown-200 {\r\n color: #bcaaa4;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-brown-300 , i.brown-300 {\r\n color: #a1887f;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-brown-400 , i.brown-400 {\r\n color: #8d6e63;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-brown-500 , i.brown-500 {\r\n color: #795548;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-brown-600 , i.brown-600 {\r\n color: #6d4c41;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-brown-700 , i.brown-700 {\r\n color: #5d4037;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-brown-800 , i.brown-800 {\r\n color: #4e342e;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-brown-900 , i.brown-900 {\r\n color: #3e2723;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-grey , i.grey {\r\n color: #9e9e9e;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-grey-50 , i.grey-50 {\r\n color: #fafafa;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-grey-100 , i.grey-100 {\r\n color: #f5f5f5;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-grey-200 , i.grey-200 {\r\n color: #eee;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-grey-300 , i.grey-300 {\r\n color: #e0e0e0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-grey-400 , i.grey-400 {\r\n color: #bdbdbd;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-grey-500 , i.grey-500 {\r\n color: #9e9e9e;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-grey-600 , i.grey-600 {\r\n color: #757575;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-grey-700 , i.grey-700 {\r\n color: #616161;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-grey-800 , i.grey-800 {\r\n color: #424242;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-grey-900 , i.grey-900 {\r\n color: #212121;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue-grey , i.blue-grey {\r\n color: #607d8b;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue-grey-50 , i.blue-grey-50 {\r\n color: #eceff1;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue-grey-100 , i.blue-grey-100 {\r\n color: #cfd8dc;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue-grey-200 , i.blue-grey-200 {\r\n color: #b0bec5;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue-grey-300 , i.blue-grey-300 {\r\n color: #90a4ae;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue-grey-400 , i.blue-grey-400 {\r\n color: #78909c;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue-grey-500 , i.blue-grey-500 {\r\n color: #607d8b;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue-grey-600 , i.blue-grey-600 {\r\n color: #546e7a;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue-grey-700 , i.blue-grey-700 {\r\n color: #455a64;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue-grey-800 , i.blue-grey-800 {\r\n color: #37474f;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-blue-grey-900 , i.blue-grey-900 {\r\n color: #263238;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-black , i.black {\r\n color: #000;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.text-white , i.white {\r\n color: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-red {\r\n border: 1px solid #f44336\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-red-50 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ffebee\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-red-100 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ffcdd2\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-red-200 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ef9a9a\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-red-300 {\r\n border: 1px solid #e57373\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-red-400 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ef5350\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-red-500 {\r\n border: 1px solid #f44336\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-red-600 {\r\n border: 1px solid #e53935\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-red-700 {\r\n border: 1px solid #d32f2f\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-red-800 {\r\n border: 1px solid #c62828\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-red-900 {\r\n border: 1px solid #b71c1c\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-pink {\r\n border: 1px solid #E91E63\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-pink-50 {\r\n border: 1px solid #fce4ec\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-pink-100 {\r\n border: 1px solid #f8bbd0\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-pink-200 {\r\n border: 1px solid #f48fb1\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-pink-300 {\r\n border: 1px solid #f06292\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-pink-400 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ec407a\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-pink-500 {\r\n border: 1px solid #e91e63\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-pink-600 {\r\n border: 1px solid #d81b60\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-pink-700 {\r\n border: 1px solid #c2185b\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-pink-800 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ad1457\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-pink-900 {\r\n border: 1px solid #880e4f\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-purple {\r\n border: 1px solid #9c27b0\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-purple-50 {\r\n border: 1px solid #f3e5f5\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-purple-100 {\r\n border: 1px solid #e1bee7\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-purple-200 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ce93d8\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-purple-300 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ba68c8\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-purple-400 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ab47bc\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-purple-500 {\r\n border: 1px solid #9c27b0\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-purple-600 {\r\n border: 1px solid #8e24aa\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-purple-700 {\r\n border: 1px solid #7b1fa2\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-purple-800 {\r\n border: 1px solid #6a1b9a\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-purple-900 {\r\n border: 1px solid #4a148c\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-purple {\r\n border: 1px solid #673ab7\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-purple-50 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ede7f6\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-purple-100 {\r\n border: 1px solid #d1c4e9\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-purple-200 {\r\n border: 1px solid #b39ddb\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-purple-300 {\r\n border: 1px solid #9575cd\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-purple-400 {\r\n border: 1px solid #7e57c2\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-purple-500 {\r\n border: 1px solid #673ab7\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-purple-600 {\r\n border: 1px solid #5e35b1\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-purple-700 {\r\n border: 1px solid #512da8\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-purple-800 {\r\n border: 1px solid #4527a0\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-purple-900 {\r\n border: 1px solid #311b92\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-indigo {\r\n border: 1px solid #3f51b5\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-indigo-50 {\r\n border: 1px solid #e8eaf6\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-indigo-100 {\r\n border: 1px solid #c5cae9\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-indigo-200 {\r\n border: 1px solid #9fa8da\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-indigo-300 {\r\n border: 1px solid #7986cb\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-indigo-400 {\r\n border: 1px solid #5c6bc0\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-indigo-500 {\r\n border: 1px solid #3f51b5\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-indigo-600 {\r\n border: 1px solid #3949ab\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-indigo-700 {\r\n border: 1px solid #303f9f\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-indigo-800 {\r\n border: 1px solid #283593\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-indigo-900 {\r\n border: 1px solid #1a237e\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue {\r\n border: 1px solid #2196F3\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue-50 {\r\n border: 1px solid #e3f2fd\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue-100 {\r\n border: 1px solid #bbdefb\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue-200 {\r\n border: 1px solid #90caf9\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue-300 {\r\n border: 1px solid #64b5f6\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue-400 {\r\n border: 1px solid #42a5f5\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue-500 {\r\n border: 1px solid #2196f3\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue-600 {\r\n border: 1px solid #1e88e5\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue-700 {\r\n border: 1px solid #1976d2\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue-800 {\r\n border: 1px solid #1565c0\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue-900 {\r\n border: 1px solid #0d47a1\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-blue {\r\n border: 1px solid #03a9f4\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-blue-50 {\r\n border: 1px solid #e1f5fe\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-blue-100 {\r\n border: 1px solid #b3e5fc\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-blue-200 {\r\n border: 1px solid #81d4fa\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-blue-300 {\r\n border: 1px solid #4fc3f7\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-blue-400 {\r\n border: 1px solid #29b6f6\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-blue-500 {\r\n border: 1px solid #03a9f4\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-blue-600 {\r\n border: 1px solid #039be5\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-blue-700 {\r\n border: 1px solid #0288d1\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-blue-800 {\r\n border: 1px solid #0277bd\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-blue-900 {\r\n border: 1px solid #01579b\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-cyan {\r\n border: 1px solid #00bcd4\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-cyan-50 {\r\n border: 1px solid #e0f7fa\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-cyan-100 {\r\n border: 1px solid #b2ebf2\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-cyan-200 {\r\n border: 1px solid #80deea\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-cyan-300 {\r\n border: 1px solid #4dd0e1\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-cyan-400 {\r\n border: 1px solid #26c6da\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-cyan-500 {\r\n border: 1px solid #00bcd4\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-cyan-600 {\r\n border: 1px solid #00acc1\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-cyan-700 {\r\n border: 1px solid #0097a7\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-cyan-800 {\r\n border: 1px solid #00838f\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-cyan-900 {\r\n border: 1px solid #006064\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-teal {\r\n border: 1px solid #009688\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-teal-50 {\r\n border: 1px solid #e0f2f1\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-teal-100 {\r\n border: 1px solid #b2dfdb\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-teal-200 {\r\n border: 1px solid #80cbc4\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-teal-300 {\r\n border: 1px solid #4db6ac\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-teal-400 {\r\n border: 1px solid #26a69a\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-teal-500 {\r\n border: 1px solid #009688\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-teal-600 {\r\n border: 1px solid #00897b\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-teal-700 {\r\n border: 1px solid #00796b\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-teal-800 {\r\n border: 1px solid #00695c\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-teal-900 {\r\n border: 1px solid #004d40\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-green {\r\n border: 1px solid #4caf50\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-green-50 {\r\n border: 1px solid #e8f5e9\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-green-100 {\r\n border: 1px solid #c8e6c9\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-green-200 {\r\n border: 1px solid #a5d6a7\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-green-300 {\r\n border: 1px solid #81c784\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-green-400 {\r\n border: 1px solid #66bb6a\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-green-500 {\r\n border: 1px solid #4caf50\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-green-600 {\r\n border: 1px solid #43a047\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-green-700 {\r\n border: 1px solid #388e3c\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-green-800 {\r\n border: 1px solid #2e7d32\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-green-900 {\r\n border: 1px solid #1b5e20\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-green {\r\n border: 1px solid #8bc34a\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-green-50 {\r\n border: 1px solid #f1f8e9\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-green-100 {\r\n border: 1px solid #dcedc8\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-green-200 {\r\n border: 1px solid #c5e1a5\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-green-300 {\r\n border: 1px solid #aed581\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-green-400 {\r\n border: 1px solid #9ccc65\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-green-500 {\r\n border: 1px solid #8bc34a\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-green-600 {\r\n border: 1px solid #7cb342\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-green-700 {\r\n border: 1px solid #689f38\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-green-800 {\r\n border: 1px solid #558b2f\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-light-green-900 {\r\n border: 1px solid #33691e\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-lime {\r\n border: 1px solid #cddc39\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-lime-50 {\r\n border: 1px solid #f9fbe7\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-lime-100 {\r\n border: 1px solid #f0f4c3\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-lime-200 {\r\n border: 1px solid #e6ee9c\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-lime-300 {\r\n border: 1px solid #dce775\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-lime-400 {\r\n border: 1px solid #d4e157\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-lime-500 {\r\n border: 1px solid #cddc39\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-lime-600 {\r\n border: 1px solid #c0ca33\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-lime-700 {\r\n border: 1px solid #afb42b\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-lime-800 {\r\n border: 1px solid #9e9d24\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-lime-900 {\r\n border: 1px solid #827717\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-yellow {\r\n border: 1px solid #ffeb3b\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-yellow-50 {\r\n border: 1px solid #fffde7\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-yellow-100 {\r\n border: 1px solid #fff9c4\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-yellow-200 {\r\n border: 1px solid #fff59d\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-yellow-300 {\r\n border: 1px solid #fff176\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-yellow-400 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ffee58\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-yellow-500 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ffeb3b\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-yellow-600 {\r\n border: 1px solid #fdd835\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-yellow-700 {\r\n border: 1px solid #fbc02d\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-yellow-800 {\r\n border: 1px solid #f9a825\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-yellow-900 {\r\n border: 1px solid #f57f17\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-amber {\r\n border: 1px solid #ffc107\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-amber-50 {\r\n border: 1px solid #fff8e1\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-amber-100 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ffecb3\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-amber-200 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ffe082\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-amber-300 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ffd54f\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-amber-400 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ffca28\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-amber-500 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ffc107\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-amber-600 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ffb300\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-amber-700 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ffa000\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-amber-800 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ff8f00\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-amber-900 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ff6f00\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-orange {\r\n border: 1px solid #ff9800\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-orange-50 {\r\n border: 1px solid #fff3e0\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-orange-100 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ffe0b2\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-orange-200 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ffcc80\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-orange-300 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ffb74d\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-orange-400 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ffa726\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-orange-500 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ff9800\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-orange-600 {\r\n border: 1px solid #fb8c00\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-orange-700 {\r\n border: 1px solid #f57c00\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-orange-800 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ef6c00\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-orange-900 {\r\n border: 1px solid #e65100\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-orange {\r\n border: 1px solid #ff5722\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-orange-50 {\r\n border: 1px solid #fbe9e7\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-orange-100 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ffccbc\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-orange-200 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ffab91\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-orange-300 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ff8a65\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-orange-400 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ff7043\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-orange-500 {\r\n border: 1px solid #ff5722\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-orange-600 {\r\n border: 1px solid #f4511e\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-orange-700 {\r\n border: 1px solid #e64a19\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-orange-800 {\r\n border: 1px solid #d84315\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-deep-orange-900 {\r\n border: 1px solid #bf360c\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-brown {\r\n border: 1px solid #795548\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-brown-50 {\r\n border: 1px solid #efebe9\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-brown-100 {\r\n border: 1px solid #d7ccc8\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-brown-200 {\r\n border: 1px solid #bcaaa4\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-brown-300 {\r\n border: 1px solid #a1887f\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-brown-400 {\r\n border: 1px solid #8d6e63\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-brown-500 {\r\n border: 1px solid #795548\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-brown-600 {\r\n border: 1px solid #6d4c41\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-brown-700 {\r\n border: 1px solid #5d4037\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-brown-800 {\r\n border: 1px solid #4e342e\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-brown-900 {\r\n border: 1px solid #3e2723\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-grey {\r\n border: 1px solid #9e9e9e\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-grey-50 {\r\n border: 1px solid #fafafa\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-grey-100 {\r\n border: 1px solid #f5f5f5\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-grey-200 {\r\n border: 1px solid #eee\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-grey-300 {\r\n border: 1px solid #e0e0e0\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-grey-400 {\r\n border: 1px solid #bdbdbd\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-grey-500 {\r\n border: 1px solid #9e9e9e\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-grey-600 {\r\n border: 1px solid #757575\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-grey-700 {\r\n border: 1px solid #616161\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-grey-800 {\r\n border: 1px solid #424242\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-grey-900 {\r\n border: 1px solid #212121\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue-grey {\r\n border: 1px solid #607d8b\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue-grey-50 {\r\n border: 1px solid #eceff1\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue-grey-100 {\r\n border: 1px solid #cfd8dc\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue-grey-200 {\r\n border: 1px solid #b0bec5\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue-grey-300 {\r\n border: 1px solid #90a4ae\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue-grey-400 {\r\n border: 1px solid #78909c\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue-grey-500 {\r\n border: 1px solid #607d8b\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue-grey-600 {\r\n border: 1px solid #546e7a\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue-grey-700 {\r\n border: 1px solid #455a64\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue-grey-800 {\r\n border: 1px solid #37474f\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-blue-grey-900 {\r\n border: 1px solid #263238\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-black {\r\n border: 1px solid #000\r\n}\r\n\r\n.border-white {\r\n border: 1px solid #fff\r\n}\r\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Nucleic acid amplification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA from archival fine needle aspiration smear scrapings vs. fresh fine needle aspirates of tuberculous lymphadenitis.", "\nTo assess the efficacy of the nucleic acid amplification (NAA) technique for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) complex from archival fine needle aspirate (FNA) smear scrapings of confirmed cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) for a retrospective diagnosis of EPTB as compared to NAA from fresh FNA material from the same cases. ", "Smear scrapings from 51 cases; 33 cases of tuberculous lymphadenitis (from patients who had undergone NAA 1 year before for MTB from fresh FNA material); 13 negative controls from nontuberculous, archival FNA smears; and 5 known acid-fast bacilli (AFB)-positive sputum smears, were subjected to NAA using the IS6110 primer sequence of M tuberculosis. ", "Ziehl-Neelsen staining was done in all the smears. ", "Of the 33 cases of tuberculous lymphadenitis, 15 (45.4%) were AFB positive and 18 (64.5%) AFB negative. ", "MTB NAA was positive in 73.3% (11 of 15 AFB-positive cases) in the freshly aspirated material and was observed in 60% (9 of 15 AFB-positive cases) when done on DNA extracted from the archival smear scrapings of the same cases. ", "Similarly, in the 18 AFB-negative cases, MTB NAA positivity was 72.2% (13 of 18) on fresh material and 44.4% (8 of 18) on archival smear scrapings from the same AFB-negative cases. ", "Overall NAA positivity was 51.5% for archival smear scrapings as compared to 71% for fresh FNA of the same cases. ", "Low NAA sensitivity of MTB DNA in archival material of known tuberculous cases limits the routine use of NAA based retrospective molecular diagnosis of MTB complex." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ " + 1?", "\n-2/11\nWhat is (-6)/(-2)*9/81?", "\n1/3\nCalculate (1 - -4)*244/(-1830).", "\n-2/3\nWhat is the value of ((-24)/(-78))/(8/52)?", "\n2\nWhat is the value of 574/(-123) + 2/(-6)?", "\n-5\nWhat is the value of ((-35)/20)/(-7)*(-1 - 1)?", "\n-1/2\nWhat is the value of 20/35*2*(-3)/24?", "\n-1/7\nEvaluate (-15)/(-4 - (2 - 3)).", "\n5\nEvaluate 5*11/((-3960)/(-16)).", "\n2/9\nWhat is the value of 4/(-16) + (-2 - (-15)/12)?", "\n-1\nCalculate (-4)/((-4)/24*-12).", "\n-2\nCalculate 12/(-108)*(-3)/(-2).", "\n-1/6\nCalculate (-45 - -53) + (2 - 7).", "\n3\nWhat is 0*6*3/36?", "\n0\nWhat is the value of (-8)/12 - (-28)/6?", "\n4\n((-27)/(-10))/9*2*-10\n-6\nCalculate (71 + -76)*2/(-90).", "\n1/9\nEvaluate (1/(-4) - 0)/((-13)/26).", "\n1/2\n50/12 - (12 + -8)\n1/6\nCalculate 277/(-31) + 2 + (-832)/403.", "\n-9\nWhat is (1 + -3)/(3/27*9)?", "\n-2\nCalculate (-9)/(-4)*28/(-210).", "\n-3/10\nEvaluate 0/(-2) - (-6)/(18/15).", "\n5\nWhat is the value of 6/10 + 1/(-10)?", "\n1/2\nEvaluate (0/((-1)/((-1)/(-1))))/(-1).", "\n0\nEvaluate (-20)/(-6)*(-42)/28.", "\n-5\nWhat is the value of ((-8)/(-16))/(4/(-6))?", "\n-3/4\n(-31)/36 - (-6)/8\n-1/9\nEvaluate 26/24 + 11/(165/(-20)).", "\n-1/4\nWhat is 4 - (5 - 5 - -12)?", "\n-8\nWhat is ((-18)/1953)/(5/(-35))?", "\n2/31\n(-7)/(-5) - 10*(-6)/(-60)\n2/5\nEvaluate (-33)/55*(-10)/24.", "\n1/4\nWhat is 174/203*(-2)/4?", "\n-3/7\nEvaluate 8 + -12 - -10 - 6.", "\n0\nWhat is (-2)/1*(2 - -1 - 2)?", "\n-2\nWhat is 65/(-546) + 6/21?", "\n1/6\nWhat is -4*((-88)/(-96))/11?", "\n-1/3\n1*6 - (-19 + 29)\n-4\nWhat is the value of (2/(-12))/(2*(-2)/8)?", "\n1/3\nWhat is 12/(39/26 - 1/6)?", "\n9\nCalculate (-2)/(-5)*17/(-34).", "\n-1/5\nWhat is the value of 9/(-2) + (-60)/(-16)?", "\n-3/4\n(15/(-12))/((-6)/(-24)) - -9\n4\nWhat is the value of ((-8)/(-12) - (-123)/(-36)) + 2?", "\n-3/4\nCalculate 91/28 + -13 - -11.", "\n5/4\nWhat is the value of 1*(1/2)/((-10)/20)?", "\n-1\n(-3)/((-378)/12) + 0\n2/21\nEvaluate (-5)/6 + 1332/1080.", "\n2/5\n0 + 1/(-3) + 34/(-51)\n-1\nEvaluate (-21)/(-4) + (-3)/(-4).", "\n6\nWhat is the value of (-19)/(-9) + (0 - 16/(-72))?", "\n7/3\nWhat is the value of (-40)/(-132)*21/(-35)?", "\n-2/11\n(-2)/(72/(-3))*3/(-1)\n-1/4\nWhat is 714/1904 - (1 + (-2)/8)?", "\n-3/8\n(-4)/((-12)/(-9))*3/9\n-1\nWhat is the value of (12 - (-266)/(-21))*(-3)/7?", "\n2/7\nCalculate 190/114 - (1 - -2).", "\n-4/3\nWhat is -2 - ((-192)/(-120))/((-2)/(-10))?", "\n-10\nWhat is the value of (-4)/12*3/5?", "\n-1/5\nCalculate 2 + 22/(-1)*(-25)/(-250).", "\n-1/5\n(-3 + (-477)/(-165))*5\n-6/11\n8/(-10) - 18/(-60)\n-1/2\nWhat is the value of ((-8)/(-28))/((-8)/(-14))?", "\n1/2\nWhat is the value of (-2)/(-5)*(28/12 - 4)?", "\n-2/3\nWhat is the value of 8/11*7/28?", "\n2/11\nEvaluate 1 - (-3 + 7)*1/6.", "\n1/3\nCalculate 29/58 + (-90)/12.", "\n-7\n((18/(-5))/(-3))/(18/(-60))\n-4\nCalculate (6/(-30))/(2/(-4)).", "\n2/5\nEvaluate ((-2)/3)/(6/9).", "\n-1\nWhat is the value of (((-112)/(-12))/(8/6))/(-1)?", "\n-7\nWhat is 1/2 + (-8 - (-30)/4)?", "\n0\nCalculate -9 - (-2 + -6 + 2).", "\n-3\nEvaluate (-8)/(-20) - 36/(-10).", "\n4\nWhat is the value of 88/(-20) - (2 - (-36)/(-15))?", "\n-4\nWhat is (-4)/8*4 + (-16)/(-7)?", "\n2/7\nWhat is the value of 0 - (-3 + 3/12*0)?", "\n3\nWhat is the value of (252/49)/(-12) - 41/(-63)?", "\n2/9\nEvaluate ((-3)/(20 + 1))/(58/(-203)).", "\n1/2\nWhat is (-33)/44 - (-50)/56?", "\n1/7\nWhat is the value of 0 + (1 - 1) - 2/(-2)?", "\n1\nWhat is the value of (-10)/35 + 26/(-7)?", "\n-4\nWhat is (-110)/(-50) - (8 - 5)?", "\n-4/5\nWhat is 16/28*(-77)/286?", "\n-2/13\nWhat is the value of (11/2 - 3) + (-2)/1?", "\n1/2\nWhat is (10/4)/(2/(-4))?", "\n-5\nEvaluate (-7)/5 + (-1218)/(-770).", "\n2/11\nWhat is ((-100)/16 - -7) + 1/4?", "\n1\nWhat is (42 - 54)*(2 - 9/6)?", "\n-6\nCalculate (-1)/(10/6) - 2/5.", "\n-1\nCalculate (5/(-25)*-5)/(2 - 1).", "\n1\nWhat is 8/(-19)*127/(-508)?", "\n2/19\nEvaluate 72/(-20) - ((-4)/(-10) + 0).", "\n-4\nWhat is 1 + 6/(-8) + (-15)/(-12)?", "\n3/2\nWhat is the value of -4*(-1 + (-35)/(-30))?", "\n-2/3\nWhat is -5 + (-1401)/(-273) + 6/39?", "\n2/7\nWhat is ((-8)/(-30))/(-8 - 336/(-40))?", "\n2/3\nEvaluate 0 + (-25)/(-15)*-3.", "\n-5\n((-660)/(-36) + -18)/((-1)/15)\n-5\nEvaluate (-15)/6 - (-18)/(-12).", "\n-4\nWhat is the value of 6/(-3) - (-4 - 2)?", "\n4\nEvaluate 4/(-110)*45/27*-3.", "\n2/11\nWhat is the value of (2 - 2)/(7/((-7)/(-3)))?", "\n0\nWhat is ((-6)/(-4))/(2/(-1))?", "\n-3/4\nCalculate (-120)/(-18)*(-42)/(-35).", "\n8\n4/5*4/(-16)\n-1/5\nWhat is the value of ((-15)/12)/(-5) + -1?", "\n-3/4\n30/(-4) + 56/16\n-4\nCalculate 6/(-90)*-10*-3.", "\n-2\nWhat is (77/462)/(15/(-126))?", "\n-7/5\n5 + 539/(-105) + (-17)/(-15)\n1\nCalculate 2436/(-1421) - (2 - 12/7).", "\n-2\nWhat is (-3 + 7/4)/((-1)/(-4))?", "\n-5\n1/((-50)/(-20))*-1\n-2/5\nEvaluate -2 + 4/2 + 1 + -5.", "\n-4\n10/(-4) + 3 + 54/60\n7/5\nCalculate 2*(3/3 - 2).", "\n-2\nCalculate (28/12 - -1)/((-6)/(-9)).", "\n5\nWhat is (8/48 + (-4)/(-12))*-4?", "\n-2\nCalculate (-3)/8 - 1785/(-2520).", "\n1/3\nEvaluate 12/90*6/4.", "\n1/5\n((-4)/12)/(((-9)/3)/(-3))\n-1/3\nWhat is the value of (-21)/(-4)*(-80)/280?", "\n-3/2\nCalculate (52/10 + -4)*5/2.", "\n3\nWhat is the value of (-360)/(-48)*1/((-9)/6)?", "\n-5\n-3 + 2/(36/58)\n2/9\n(4/(-42))/((-184)/552)\n2/7\nEvaluate ((-6)/(-24))/(2/4).", "\n1/2\nCalculate 54/(-351) + -1 + 60/65.", "\n-3/13\n(-1)/(-2) - (17 + 231/(-42))\n-11\nEvaluate (2/(-4))/(2/(-20)).", "\n5\nEvaluate 6*((-45)/20)/(-9).", "\n3/2\nEvaluate 3 + -3 - -1 - -2.", "\n3\nEvaluate 14/(-2) + -12*(-4 + 3).", "\n5\nWhat is the value of (-4)/(-3)*(-48)/32?", "\n-2\n(3/1 - (-4040)/(-1320))*-9\n6/11\nWhat is 75/36 + (-6)/(-48)*-6?", "\n4/3\nWhat is ((-4)/(4/(-1)))/(3 - 4)?", "\n-1\nEvaluate (-15)/35*5/3.", "\n-5/7\nCalculate (-1)/(4 + -5) + -3.", "\n-2\nWhat is (16 - 10) + 7/((-105)/99)?", "\n-3/5\n(-6 - -4) + -1 + 1*8\n5\nWhat is ((-372)/(-217))/((-4)/14)?", "\n-6\nEvaluate (-52)/(-44) - 1 - 42/(-11).", "\n4\nWhat is the value of -11 - ((-465)/25 + 8)?", "\n-2/5\nEvaluate 6 + (-6 - -1) + 1.", "\n2\nWhat is (3 + 0)*(-15)/630*7?", "\n-1/2\nCalculate ((280/16)/7)/((-5)/(-16)).", "\n8\nEvaluate ((-10)/3)/(-32 - -30).", "\n5/3\n(24 - 19)/(3/(-3))\n-5\nWhat is the value of (21/9)/(22/(-66))?", "\n-7\nWhat is the value of ((-36)/21 + (-2)/7)/2?", "\n-1\nWhat is (44/16)/(-11) - 3/4?", "\n-1\nCalculate -3*(2 + (-10)/6).", "\n-1\nCalculate (-3)/4*108/(-81).", "\n1\nCalculate (-96)/40*(-45)/(-18).", "\n-6\n(-91)/39 + (-10)/(-12)\n-3/2\nWhat is ((2/(-16))/(-1))/((-4)/8)?", "\n-1/4\n-1 - 8/(120/(-25))\n2/3\nEvaluate (10 + -26)/(-4) + 1 + -5.", "\n0\nEvaluate -15 + (-2 - -11) - -9.", "\n3\nWhat is the value of (-8)/20*(2 - 10/4)?", "\n1/5\nCalculate 4 - (472/56 + 4/(-1)).", "\n-3/7\nCalculate (8/63)/(2/33) - 2.", "\n2/21\nEvaluate 3 + -2 - (28/21)/2.", "\n1/3\nEvaluate (3 - 1) + 2 + (-30)/9.", "\n2/3\nWhat is 400/(-56) + 7 - 150/(-21)?", "\n7\n(-5)/(-3)*18/(-10)\n-3\n(16/(-50))/((-2)/5)\n4/5\nWhat is ((11 + -29)/(-6))/(-3)?", "\n-1\nWhat is (-19)/76 + ((-6)/(-8))/3?", "\n0\nCalculate ((-4 - 0) + 2)*2 - 0.", "\n-4\n7/42*3*-12\n-6\nEvaluate (-6)/((1/1)/((-11)/11)).", "\n6\nWhat is ((-9)/((-126)/(-8)))/(114/21)?", "\n-2/19\nWhat is -3 + 13/4 + 63/(-12)?", "\n-5\nEvaluate ((-6)/(-5))/((-54)/(-10) + -5).", "\n3\nWhat is the value of 16/28 + (-20)/35?", "\n0\nWhat is (-36)/(-27)*-3*(-10)/8?", "\n5\n(0/10)/(3 + -1)\n0\nCalculate ((-3)/4)/(33/(-8)).", "\n2/11\nCalculate (-5 - -4) + (-4)/(-16)*0.", "\n-1\nWhat is the value of 12/72*((-32)/3)/(-8)?", "\n2/9\nWhat is the value of (-17 + 15)*63/(-14)?", "\n9\n(-15)/5 + (5 - 0)\n2\nEvaluate (17/5 - 3)*(-1)/2.", "\n-1/5\n(-30)/28 + 16/28\n-1/2\nCalculate (3 + -2)*4 - (-140)/(-32).", "\n-3/8\nCalculate (0 + -1 + 3)*3/(-21).", "\n-2/7\nWhat is (-60)/18 + 0 + (-6)/(-18)?", "\n-3\nCalculate (-4)/58 + (-5200)/(-20735).", "\n2/11\nEvaluate ((6/(-153))/(-1))/((-9)/27).", "\n-2/17\nEvaluate (-4)/28 - 40/(-280).", "\n0\nCalculate (-2)/(-13) - (7 - (-120)/(-65)).", "\n-5\nEvaluate (-77)/(-22) + 6/(-4).", "\n2\nCalculate (-17)/(-6) - (-18)/108.", "\n3\nWhat is (-6)/2 - -10*(-5)/(-20)?", "\n-1/2\nWhat is ((-30)/16 + (-4)/32)/2?", "\n-1\nWhat is the value of 3/(0 + 1) + 0/(-25)?", "\n3\nWhat is 14/49*14 - (-10)/(-4)?", "\n3/2\nWhat is the value of (80/12 - 6)/(2 + -1)?", "\n2/3\nEvaluate (-61)/(-9) - 2/(-9).", "\n7\n3/(4 + (-66)/12)\n-2\nWhat is (-12)/(-18)*(-45)/(-10)?", "\n3\nCalculate (((-2)/10)/1)/((-6)/24).", "\n4/5\n2/4 - (-35 + 36)\n-1/2\n3*(16/(-48))/((-2)/4)\n2\nEvaluate (-9)/(-42)*1*49/84.", "\n1/8\nWhat is (-144)/96*1*(-4)/(-3)?", "\n-2\n(-4)/32*(-13 - -7)\n3/4\n12/216*2*-1\n-1/9\n-1 - (2 + 1) - -4\n0\nWhat is the value of 155/(-186) + 41/6?", "\n6\nWhat is the value of 4/1*(6 + (-775)/130)?", "\n2/13\nWhat is the value of 1 + 35/(-30) + 19/6?", "\n3\nEvaluate 20/(-8)*(-30)/(-25) - -10.", "\n7\nEvaluate ((-16)/12)/((-25)/15).", "\n4/5\nWhat is the value of ((-12)/15)/(-4*(-6)/20)?", "\n-2/3\nWhat is the value of -2 + ((-180)/21)/(-5)?", "\n-2/7\n(-924)/(-495) + (1 - 13/15)\n2\nWhat is 588/(-168)*2/(-21)?", "\n1/3\nCalculate -2*4/32*(-8)/6.", "\n1/3\nWhat is (-2)/7*(-105)/90?", "\n1/3\nWhat is the value of (-2 + (-5)/(-3))/(45/(-54))?", "\n2/5\nWhat is 296/1036 - 66/(-14)?", "\n5\n(238/77 + -3)*(2 + 0)\n2/11\nWhat is (7/3)/((-7)/(-21)) - 5?", "\n2\nEvaluate (-1 + (-27)/(-21))*-14.", "\n-4\n217/35 + 2 + (-70)/10\n6/5\nEvaluate (2 + -2)/(0 + -1).", "\n0\nEvaluate 1/28 + 6/24.", "\n2/7\nEvaluate ((2/12)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Rangunia Khilmogal Rashik High School\n\nRangunia Khilmogal Rashik High School () is a secondary school in Rangunia, Chittagong, Bangladesh. ", "It is located at No.3 Swanirvar, Rangunia Union, West Shabak Rangunia village.", "\n\nHistory \nIn 1926 the school was established on land donated by Rasik Chandra Chowdhury. ", "The school later acquired land donated by Talukder Abdul Shobana and Virendra Lal Paul.", "\n\nThe school got its first academic recognition from the University of Calcutta in 1944. ", "Haji Azizur Rahman served as headmaster at the school in 1950–56.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Schools in Chittagong District" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Q:\n\nJquery - Run code when a person types so many characters?", "\n\nI have a form field that a person enters a telephone number. ", "When they are done adding the telephone number, limited to 10 characters, I want to fire off some jquery code. ", "Is this possible? ", "If so how would I go about doing this?", "\n\nA:\n\nBased on the user's entering the tenth character:\n$('input[name=\"phone\"]').keyup(function() {\n var t = $(this);\n if (t.val().length > 9) {\n // do something\n }\n});\n\nor based on the user leaving the field after entering something:\n$('input[name=\"phone\"]').change(function() {\n var t = $(this);\n if (t.val().length > 0) {\n // do something\n }\n});\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Flavio Martini\n\nFlavio Martini (born 13 January 1945) is a former Italian road cyclist. ", "As an amateur he won bronze medals in the 100 km team time trial at the 1967 and 1968 world championships and placed 31st in the individual road race at the 1968 Summer Olympics. ", "After the Olympics he turned professional, but with little success.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1945 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Italian male cyclists\nCategory:Olympic cyclists of Italy\nCategory:Cyclists at the 1968 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Sportspeople from Padua" ]

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[ "1. ", "INTRODUCTION {#sec1}\n===============\n\nTuberculosis (TB) of the vulva and vagina is very rare and it is seen in only 1-2% of genital tract TB. ", "Tuberculosis of cervix accounts for 0.1--0.65% of all cases of TB and 5--24% of genital tract TB \\[[@B1]--[@B8]\\]. ", "Tuberculosis more frequently affects the upper genital tract, namely, the fallopian tubes and endometrium. ", "It usually occurs in women of childbearing age \\[[@B5], [@B6], [@B9]\\].", "\n\n2. ", "CASE REPORT {#sec2}\n==============\n\nA 50-year-old female patient without active sexual life admitted to Department to Surgery with a swelling over the left inguinal area with discharging sinus from labia majora to left inguinal crease. ", "She had history of incision and drainage for an abscess at left labia majora 6 months back. ", "She had no history of cough, fever, or abdominal pain. ", "She had not been in close contact with an index case of pulmonary tuberculosis in past year. ", "Antibody tests for HIV and VDRL infection were negative.", "\n\nChest and abdominal X-rays were normal. ", "Ultrasonography revealed that the uterus was bulky and endometrial line was not visualized and bilateral adnexae were without a mass or cyst. ", "A full blood count showed leucopenia, and ESR at 2 hours was 55.", "\n\nThen patient underwent excision of the sinus tract of labia through suprapubic approach after staining it with methylene blue. ", "A mass of $6 \\times 5$ cm was excised in the retropubic region (see Figures [1(a)](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [1(b)](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, and [2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Histopathology report showed sinus tract lined by chronic inflammatory cells, epitheloid cells, and Langhan's giant cells on microscopic examination suggestive of tuberculous sinus ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Antitubreculous quadruple therapy was initiated. ", "Complete healing of the wound, with rapid relief of symptoms, followed 4-week antituberculosis chemotherapy.", "\n\n3. ", "DISCUSSION {#sec3}\n=============\n\nTuberculosis is one of the oldest diseases known to affect humans \\[[@B15]\\]. ", "Female genital TB is a rare disease in some developing countries, but it is a frequent cause of chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility in other parts of the world \\[[@B16]\\]. ", "Symptomatic genital tract TB usually presents with abnormal vaginal bleeding, menstrual irregularities, abdominal pain, and constitutional symptom \\[[@B5], [@B6], [@B9], [@B10], [@B11]\\]. ", "Pelvic organs are infected from a primary focus, usually the chest, by haematogenous spread \\[[@B2], [@B4], [@B5], [@B10], [@B12]\\]. ", "The cervix is infected as part of this process, by lymphatic spread or by direct extension. ", "The vagina and vulva are rarely involved. ", "The primary lesion is often healed by the time of presentation \\[[@B5]--[@B9], [@B10]--[@B13]\\].", "\n\nChowdhury \\[[@B5]\\] has suggested that sputum, used as a sexual lubricant, may also be a route of transmission. ", "It is uncommon for tuberculosis to involve the vulva and vagina.", "\n\nThe gross appearance may be ulcerative with multiple sinuses, it may be hypertrophic with elephantiasis, or it may be similar to that of carcinoma. ", "There may be hormone dependence of infection \\[[@B2], [@B5]\\] given that 80% of cases occur in the reproductive age.", "\n\nMicroscopically, there are caseating granulomatas. ", "These are not diagnostic. ", "The differential diagnosis for granulomatous disease of the cervix includes amoebiasis, schistosomiasis, brucellosis, tularaemia, sarcoidosis, and foreign body reaction. ", "The diagnosis of the cervical and vulvovaginal TB is usually made by histological examination of cervical and vulvovaginal biopsy specimen \\[[@B3], [@B9], [@B12]\\]. ", "Staining for acid-fast bacilli was not found to be very useful in making the diagnosis \\[[@B14]\\]. ", "The detection of granulomata on cervical cytology specimens \\[[@B9], [@B12]\\] has been documented. ", "Isolation of the mycobacterium is the gold standard for diagnosis. ", "One third of cases are culture negative. ", "Therefore, the presence of typical granulomata is sufficient for diagnosis if other causes of granulomatous cervicitis are excluded or primary focus identified. ", "The lesion should respond to 6 months of standard therapy. ", "A lesion on the cervix, vagina, or vulva provides a marker to assess response to therapy. ", "Histological examination of serial biopsy specimens can similarly confirm a therapeutic response.", "\n\n![](", "IDOG2008-817515.001){#fig1}\n\n![](", "IDOG2008-817515.002){#fig2}\n\n![](", "IDOG2008-817515.003){#fig3}\n\n[^1]: Recommended by Sebastian Faro\n" ]

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[ "The Benefits of Stainless Steel Benchtop in Brisbane\n\nTypically, Stainless Steel Benches are used in commercial kitchens. ", "This is primarily because the hygiene levels have to be maintained at very high levels in these spaces. ", "The benchtops at A1 Custom Stainless & Kitchens are made with high-grade stainless steel and designed to perfection and engineered in an expert manner. ", "Today, customers across Queensland contact us for all their requirements related to benchtops and exhaust canopies, etc. ", "We provide versatile, durable, cost-effective and low maintenance solutions that are ideal for all types of commercial kitchen settings.", "\n\nWhy choose Stainless Steel Benchtops in the Sunshine Coast?", "\n\nStainless steel is a very hygienic, non-porous material that can easily withstand the direct heat of all the heavy pots and pans that are used in most commercial kitchens. ", "It is the perfect material for these settings and most chefs prefer this as a countertop material. ", "Just take a look at why it’s so popular:\n\nDurability- As mentioned earlier, this material has very good durability (like granite) and it’s even more durable than laminate, acrylic or engineered stone. ", "It is corrosion, stain and UV-resistant and doesn’t chip or crack in the manner that concrete or stone does. ", "With constant use and wear and tear, it will develop some scratches, but you can get those polished away every few years.", "\n\nAs mentioned earlier, this material has very good durability (like granite) and it’s even more durable than laminate, acrylic or engineered stone. ", "It is corrosion, stain and UV-resistant and doesn’t chip or crack in the manner that concrete or stone does. ", "With constant use and wear and tear, it will develop some scratches, but you can get those polished away every few years. ", "Easy to Clean– Stainless Steel Benchtops in Brisbane don’t have any joints or gaps and they are non-porous too. ", "This surface can be safely bleached and even the textured surfaces are a breeze to clean, and your staff will find it’s easier to maintain hygiene in the kitchen. ", "We can fabricate countertops in any shape & style, and since there aren’t any holes and cracks in which food can get lodged in, you are able to keep a much cleaner & healthier kitchen.", "\n\nStainless Steel Benchtops in Brisbane don’t have any joints or gaps and they are non-porous too. ", "This surface can be safely bleached and even the textured surfaces are a breeze to clean, and your staff will find it’s easier to maintain hygiene in the kitchen. ", "We can fabricate countertops in any shape & style, and since there aren’t any holes and cracks in which food can get lodged in, you are able to keep a much cleaner & healthier kitchen. ", "Sound Resistant- Some people feel that having a steel countertop will be very noisy, especially if they are tenderizing or chopping meat. ", "However, there is a solution for that too. ", "It can be attached to a wooden substrate, which makes it sound-resistant.", "\n\nSome people feel that having a steel countertop will be very noisy, especially if they are tenderizing or chopping meat. ", "However, there is a solution for that too. ", "It can be attached to a wooden substrate, which makes it sound-resistant. ", "Versatility- These countertops have a very modern look and they look great in kitchens of any style. ", "As a matter of fact, many commercial kitchens that have a traditional look will have stainless steel benchtops on account of the convenience factor. ", "It’s easy to fit stainless steel sinks in this Stainless Steel Benchtops in the Gold Coast and this seamless look adds to the aesthetics of the kitchen.", "\n\nThese countertops have a very modern look and they look great in kitchens of any style. ", "As a matter of fact, many commercial kitchens that have a traditional look will have stainless steel benchtops on account of the convenience factor. ", "It’s easy to fit stainless steel sinks in this Stainless Steel Benchtops in the Gold Coast and this seamless look adds to the aesthetics of the kitchen. ", "Range of Textures and Finishes– There was a time when this material was considered to be “boring” and “industrial”. ", "It’s true that it has a slightly industrial look to it, but there is absolutely nothing boring about it. ", "When we fabricate Stainless Steel Benches in the Sunshine Coast for you, the range of textures and finishes are sure to make your kitchen look stylish and unique and you can create the kind of look you want.", "\n\nSince we customize these Stainless Steel Kitchen Benchtops in the Sunshine Coast as per your specifications, we can work with your designers if required and create the best solutions for even those tricky and odd-shaped spaces. ", "While many establishments prefer the smooth, polished surface finish, many of our customers also opt for the subtle textured finishes.", "\n\nStainless Steel Kitchen Benchtops- The Right Care\n\nIt’s very easy to care for and maintain these benchtops. ", "The surfaces only have to be wiped clean with soapy water & a non-abrasive sponge. ", "When you are cleaning these surfaces, work with & against the grain. ", "You can occasionally apply a thin coating of stainless steel polish and the excess should be immediately removed. ", "You then just use a dry, clean towel to buff the polish into the countertop surface; this will add to its sheen and keep them cleaner too.", "\n\nWhen you take care of these features, they will last you for decades. ", "If you are looking for durable, versatile, convenient and cost-effective solutions for Stainless Steel Benches in the Sunshine Coast, call A1 Custom Stainless & Kitchens at (07) 3888 7534. ", "You can also contact us via this online form." ]

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[ "Wingspan Bank\n\nWingspan Bank (branded as Wingspanbank.com) was a U.S. bank operating solely via the Internet from 1999 to 2001. ", "It was a wholly owned subsidiary of Bank One. ", "The CEO was Jim Stewart, previously of the parent bank's First USA division.", "\n\nThe bank began operations on June 24, 1999, with the marketing slogan \"If your bank could start over, this is what it would be.\" ", "An aggressive online marketing campaign was carried out to promote the bank, which also received wide coverage in mainstream financial press. ", "The venture also benefited from its parent's existing marketing agreements with major web portals such as America Online, MSN, and Excite. ", "A marketing agreement was also entered into with then-major search engine/portal Lycos. ", "An additional incentive was the promise of a $100 reward to the first 10,000 customers. ", "There was also an introductory 10% interest for a short period when opening a new checking account.", "\n\nDespite being owned by Bank One, an existing brick and mortar banking institution based in Chicago, Wingspan was branded wholly separately and with minimal acknowledgment of the relationship. ", "As a result, Wingspan's online-only operation effectively competed with Bank One's own online presence, particularly as the online bank's lack of physical presence allowed it to provide better fees and rates for customers. ", "The bank provided most traditional financial services from interest-bearing checking accounts to credit cards, Individual Retirement Accounts and HELOCs. ", "It also provided bill pay, with on-time payment guarantee, although the payment was physically done via the bank mailing a check to the payee in most cases.", "\n\nThe lack of physical presence was ultimately a negative for the bank. ", "While customers were able to use Bank One ATMs for free, they could not use any physical bank branches. ", "Non-electronic deposits had to be made via postal mail. ", "The bank refunded up to $5 in ATM fees per month for customers not living in Bank One's footprint.", "\n\nBy September 2001, Bank One discontinued the Wingspan brand and rolled the online bank's customers into Bank One's existing online service as regular account holders. ", "The parent company cited the online bank's inability to attract a sufficient number of customers as the reason for its closure. ", "The reintegration of Bank One's online venture followed a similar action by Citibank with its Citi/fi brand, and other online banks such as Telebank merged with or entered into service agreements with physical banks.", "\n\nCEO Jim Stewart left Wingspan in late 1999 to form Juniper Financial.", "\n\nSee also\n Online banking\n Bank One\n NetBank\n\nReferences\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nCategory:Banks based in Delaware\nCategory:Online financial services companies of the United States\nCategory:Banks established in 1999\nCategory:Companies based in Wilmington, Delaware\nCategory:1999 establishments in Delaware" ]

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[ "Q:\n\n\"Infinite Banking\" or \"Be Your Own Bank\" via Whole Life Insurance...where to start?", "\n\nI've been researching the concepts of \"Infinite Banking\", \"Be Your Own Bank\", etc., ", "as they seem to be hot topics right now. ", "At first, I was extremely skeptical about the concept, however, I believe I understand the mechanics of it now, and I understand the benefit. ", "I'm at a loss about how to start such a thing, however, and how to maximize its potential.", "\nAs I understand it, infinite banking requires whole life insurance to be truly successful, due to the nature of how a whole life insurance policy works. ", "Whole life provides both a term policy as well as a dividends-paying investment. ", "If my understanding is correct, when properly capitalized, you can eventually reach a point where the dividends cover the policy premium, and the account becomes fully self sustaining (not entirely sure about this one...seems the dividends payout is not guaranteed, so if someone understands this part better, I'd be grateful for more insight)? ", "Once you have fully capitalized your policy and it does become self sustaining, you are then able to take loans out up to the cash value of the account, and all principal and interest payments go back into the policy, rather than into some random third party bank. ", "I really love that concept, however I'm not really sure where to start.", "\nMy question is, how would I go about actually setting up such an account? ", "For all the individuals and institutions that \"rave\" about this, they do come off as a bit scammish, and I don't want to work with someone who isn't giving me all of the details. ", "Or, if I have to work with such a person, I would rather fully understand what they are trying to sell me, so I can make the decision to bug out if they sound like they are trying to pull a fast one.", "\nIs it possible to do this with any whole life policy, or is it more specialized than that (based on what I've read and heard, it sounds more specialized.) ", "If I am able to start such a policy, how would I go about maximizing its potential? ", "I'm a 30 year old male, currently single, so finding some cash to capitalize with wouldn't be a huge problem. ", "I don't make a ton of money, but more than enough to live comfortably on. ", "\n\nA:\n\nKeep in mind that the only advantage that using a tax favored account gives you is tax-free growth of the cash value of the policy. ", "This \"Infinite Banking\" spin isn't some sort of new revolution in money management, its just a repackaging of techniques that people have been using for years to manage tax liability with some breathless marketing spiel.", "\nBefore you jump in, compute the following:\n\nPull out last years taxes. ", "What is the ratio of gross income to total income and real estate tax liability? ", "The assumption this system makes is that the average person paying 30% of their gross income.", "\nWhat percentage of your gross income is interest payment? ", "The system's assumption is that it's 25-35%. ", "If you own a home, project out your loan amortization for a few years, as you're going to be stuck with this thing for many years.", "\n\nNow comes the hard part:\n\nThe first 3 years (at least) of your payment stream with whole life is paying commissions to the agent. ", "That's a steep price for admission to this scheme.", "\nYou need to figure out how the policy works and discount the sunk cost of commissions and overhead to understand what the true rate of return in on the money that you're going to overcapitalize the policy with. ", "It's not as high as you think it is.", "\nYou need to keep making those insurance payments. ", "Most people stop in 5-7 years, because it's expensive. ", "Compute the cost of providing that cash flow, the impact of non-payment and factor that into your model.", "\nInsurance is heavily regulated by each state. ", "Understand how this fits in with that, especially if there is a possibility that you may move. ", "All of your money will be tied into this.", "\n\nLife insurance is sold, never bought. ", "The guy pushing this does seminars at hotels sponsored by life insurance agents. ", "The purpose of the program is to generate sales of insurance. ", "Be wary.", "\nIf you actually have the significant amounts of money required to capitalize this, there are much better ways to get an income stream from that money -- you need a good financial advisor. ", "And if you have a huge tax liability and a scheme like this somehow makes sense, find someone who does it for a living in your state who isn't a crook.", "\n\nA:\n\nCan't tell you where to go for a good policy, but I can tell you that most brokers make a hefty commission out of your payments for at least a year before you even start funding the tax sheltered investment account that you're trying to buy under the umbrella of life insurance. ", "You'll have to do a lot of homework to hunt down a reputable discount broker or a direct policy purchase from the insurance company.", "\nLife insurance requires insurable need. ", "The description is vague enough, that you can probably still get the account despite being a single male with no apparent heirs to benefit, but it raises the question of why you are buying the insurance. ", "Whole life policies require you to maintain a certain ratio of investment to premium payment and you will likely never be able access all of the money in the account for your own personal usage.", "\nCompare several policies from several brokers and companies. ", "Read all the critical sources you can about the pitfalls and dangers of commissions, fees and taxes eating the benefits of your account. ", "Verify that the insurance company you buy the policy from is financially stable after the market crash. ", "You are paying a commission to pool your money into their investment fund, and if your insurer goes under, you'll have to get a portion of your money (possibly only the principle) back from the state insurance commissioner. ", "Some companies sold pretty generous policies during the bubble and have cut their offerings way down without fixing their marketing literature and rosy promises. ", "\nFinally, let us know what you find. ", "It never hurts to see hard numbers and to run multiple eyes over the legalese in these contracts.", "\n\nA:\n\nWhy would you give them the money and borrow it back? ", " If you didn't give it to them in the first place you wouldn't need to borrow! ", " It makes no sense at all.", "\nIt USED to have a different use--as a tax dodge. ", " You would buy \"life insurance\" for a low amount of coverage and way overfund it. ", " Let the money grow and in your later years you would \"borrow\" against the extra value you had built up in the policy. ", " Since this was a loan rather than a payout it wasn't income. ", " When you died the tax liability went poof.", "\nThus so long as what you had to pay in life insurance + the inefficiency of the insurance company was less than the tax rate it was a good deal.", "\nCongress closed this loophole a long time ago by prohibiting too great overfunding.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to use FullAjaxExceptionHandler with a PrimeFaces actionListener\n\nI am confused about how OmniFaces's FullAjaxExceptionHandler should work with a PrimeFaces <p:commandButton> that is supplied with an actionListener. ", "With a regular <h:commandButton>, the error page shows up correctly, however with a <p:commandButton>, nothing happens and the exception is only logged to console.", "\nMy environment: PrimeFaces 4.0, GlassFish 3.1.2.2, OmniFaces 1.6.3.", "\nView:\n<h:form>\n <p:commandButton actionListener=\"#{errorTester.throwRuntimeException}\"\n value=\"PrimeFaces\" />\n <h:commandButton value=\"JSF\"\n action=\"#{errorTester.throwRuntimeException}\">\n <f:ajax execute=\"@form\" render=\"@form\" />\n </h:commandButton>\n</h:form>\n\nThe bean method:\npublic void throwRuntimeException() {\n throw new RuntimeException(\"peek-a-boo\");\n}\n\nHow do I have configure the <p:commandButton> to get the exception handled by FullAjaxExceptionHandler?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe main mistake is that you're (ab)using an actionListener for business actions while that isn't intented for that. ", "You should use the action for that.", "\n<p:commandButton action=\"#{errorTester.throwRuntimeException}\" \n value=\"PrimeFaces\" />\n\nIf an exception is thrown from an actionListener, then all remaining actionListeners and the action will be skipped and JSF will proceed to render response.", "\nI understand that PrimeFaces showcase is cluttered with abused actionListeners for business actions over all place, but you shouldn't use that as an excuse to also do that yourself.", "\nSee also:\n\nDifferences between action and actionListener\n\n" ]

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[ "This is an interview with channel 8 TV, featuring our 100% solar powered recording studio. ", "Channel 8 has been doing a month long series on the environment, the Earth and Sea Project. ", "Our studio was selected to be a part of this program.", "\n\nHey! ", "These solar panels are really paying off. ", "We’ve not only saved the burning of fossil fuel, adding less CO2 into our atmosphere…But our electric bill has only been the service fee these past two months of $18.29. ", "Thank God for the ability to capture the power from the sun on this beautiful island of Maui.", "\n\nGrace Recording Studio is one of the few studios that are powered 100% by photovoltaic solar energy. ", "This is a Eco friendly solar powered facility. ", "We installed 48 panels with a 7000 kilowatt converter which takes care of all of our electrical needs plus producing some extra. ", "Maui is the perfect place to capture the suns rays with over 340 days of sunshine on the south side of the island.", "\n\nGrace Recording Studio has completed the sound track and narration for the documentary “Voice of the Xingu” which will be opening this month in the Maui Film Festival at the Maui Arts and Cultural Center." ]

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[ "% A shar archive of data from the book Data Analysis: An\n% Introduction(1992) Prentice Hall bu Jeff Witmer. ", "Submitted by\n% Jeff Witmer (fwitmer@ocvaxa.cc.oberlin.edu) [28/Jun/94] (29\n% kbytes)\n%\n% Note: description taken from this web site:\n% http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/datasets/\n%\n% File: ../data/witmer/DATA_FILES/Brain_weight\n%\n%\n% Information about the dataset\n% CLASSTYPE: numeric\n% CLASSINDEX: none specific\n%\n\n@relation witmer-Brain_weight\n\n@attribute SPECIES {African_elephant,baboon,barracuda,bat,blue_whale,brown_trout,canary,catfish,cheetah,chimpanzee,crow,flamingo,grey_monkey,greyhound,grizzly_bear,horse,human,lion,loon,mackerel,mole,mouse,northern_trout,ostrich,pheasant,pigeon,porpoise,raccoon,rhinoceros,salmon,seal,skunk,squirrel,stork,tiger,tuna,vulture,walrus,wolf}\n@attribute BRAIN_WT REAL\n@attribute BODY_WT REAL\n\n@data\ncanary,0.848,0.0171\ncrow,9.3,0.337\nflamingo,8.05,1.598\nloon,6.12,1.53\nostrich,42.11,123\npheasant,3.289,0.625\npigeon,2.694,0.282\nstork,16.24,3.35\nvulture,19.6,5.27\ncatfish,1.84,2.894\nbarracuda,3.83,5.978\nmackerel,0.64,0.765\nsalmon,1.257,3.93\nbrown_trout,0.57,0.292\ntuna,3.09,5.21\nnorthern_trout,1.233,2.5\ngrizzly_bear,233.9,142.88\ncheetah,2.449,22.2\nlion,106.7,28.79\nraccoon,40,5.175\nskunk,10.3,1.7\ntiger,302,209\nwolf,152,29.94\ngreyhound,105.9,24.49\nseal,442,107.3\nwalrus,1126,667\nporpoise,1735,142.43\nblue_whale,6800,58059\nbat,0.936,0.028\nmole,1.16,0.0396\nbaboon,140,7.9\ngrey_monkey,66.6,4.55\nchimpanzee,440,56.69\nhuman,1377,74\nmouse,0.551,0.0177\nsquirrel,3.97,0.183\nrhinoceros,655,763\nAfrican_elephant,5712,6654\nhorse,618,461.76\n" ]

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[ "The bottom line is that I want to win trophies with Arsenal, not with anybody else. ", "I know you can win trophies in many countries and in many ways, but I want to do that in our way and in an Arsenal shirt.", "\n\n‘I’m sure I could win things at another team in another country, but would it feel like our trophy, my trophy? ", "I’m not sure it would. ", "Anything we win here will come from the heart and that’s what I want. ", "It’s my dream and I see no point in speaking about other teams when I have these dreams. ", "I think other people know that about me; I’m just hungry to win with Arsenal and that’s it – Robin van Persie, February 2011\n\nI use the quote above not simply to highlight that footballers talk a load of old rubbish, but to show how much things have changed since van Persie made that statement on the eve of the Carling Cup final against Birmingham.", "\n\nI don’t doubt he meant it back then. ", "Perhaps it was idealistic, perhaps unrealistic, but in just over 12 months to go from that most worthy of stances to very publicly questioning the manager who stood by him through countless injuries and believed in his talent, the direction of the club he claimed to love, and to then leave for Manchester United, knowing exactly what it would do to his Arsenal legacy, suggests he’s done an about turn and his position has changed completely.", "\n\nIn the Guardian this morning Amy Lawrence touches on the meeting that van Persie and his advisers had with Arsene Wenger and Ivan Gazidis and says that a series of ‘outlandish’ demands from the captain let the club know that a new contract was unlikely to be signed. ", "In a way, whether he knew it or not, he did us a favour. ", "No football club should ever let itself be dictated to by any player, regardless of his talent or importance, and it meant Arsenal knew that a replacement would be required.", "\n\nAs it is we signed two forwards. ", "An out and out central striker in Olivier Giroud and the more versatile Lukas Podolski. ", "Since then we’ve added the outstanding Santi Cazorla to the team as well. ", "Those who suggested the club’s business was being done to appease van Persie and that he had only released his statement to pressurise the Arsenal into improving the team couldn’t have been more wrong. ", "We were ready to offer him a bumper package but such were the nature of his demands that it was never tabled. ", "While you’d expect a manager to at least listen and be open to a player’s constructive suggestions about what the team might need, van Persie went far beyond that leaving Arsenal with no choice but to plan for his departure.", "\n\nIf the meeting wasn’t enough, he released his risible statement in July, trying to curry favour with fans who idolised him, who loved him for the goals he scored and for the fact he seemed to get what it was to be a Gooner. ", "The backlash was almost immediate, nobody was fooled with his chummy ‘you guys’ guff, and the release, just one day later, of a statement by Usmanov always felt suspiciously timed to me. ", "If he and his agent thought burning his bridges at Arsenal would bring about a raft of big money offers from Europe’s biggest clubs then they were disappointed. ", "Only three teams reacted. ", "Man City, who are interested in every player ever simply because they can be; Juventus, with whom it’s suggested van Persie had reached agreement on huge salary package but which left the Italians without enough money to tempt Arsenal to sell; and Manchester United, a team more in need of a midfield than an expensive striker.", "\n\nWhen it came right down to it, and with the season just days away, United was the only option left. ", "And as much as it’s disappointing to see him go there there really wasn’t any choice, not for him, nor for us. ", "You can’t keep a player under circumstances like these, and the best we could do was make as much money as possible from the deal. ", "Reports of a £24m fee (around £2m of which is in add-ons) represents excellent business. ", "But I don’t think when van Persie and his people started this ball rolling they expected to end up at Manchester United. ", "I can’t believe that after all the time he spent with this club that he really, genuinely wanted to go there.", "\n\nThey’ll pay him £200,000+ a week by all accounts, and to my mind that makes this move as much about money as if he’d gone to City. ", "I know United have a far better pedigree than their neighbours and are a team that always challenges for the title, but let’s not be blind to the fact that the money is a big factor in this also. ", "Which brings me back to van Persie’s quotes at the start of this blog. ", "What has changed so fundamentally that his desire to win with Arsenal has seen him denigrate the club, the manager who has done so much for him, the fans who sang his name so proudly and sign for one of most bitter rivals, putting us through another protracted summer saga?", "\n\nI’ve said it before that the perspectives of footballer and fans are very different. ", "Ultimately it’s just a job to them, for us it’s a lifetime commitment, but in February 2011 Arsenal fans and van Persie were singing from the same hymn sheet. ", "He understood, he knew what we felt, he wanted to do things the Arsenal way, yet in just over 12 months his mind has been changed completely and he’s willing to flush all those great moments down the toilet. ", "Anyone who’s heard him speak throughout his career will know he’s an intelligent guy and at the end of the day is responsible for his own actions, but it’s hard not to think he’s been badly advised.", "\n\nWhen people are chipping away at you, in your ear about how you’re not being treated right, not being paid enough, not being looked after, then it must have an affect. ", "Perhaps he’s got an issue with the manager, perhaps he truly wants to win things more than he wants to win things at Arsenal, perhaps he’s disillusioned with the fact Arsenal find it difficult to hang onto their best players, and certainly we can all understand the latter. ", "It’s an issue that the club have to look at. ", "If the circumstances of Cesc’s departure were somewhat unique and not based on financial improvement, too many others have been and our inability to compete in terms of wages has cost us players that the manager, at least, did not want to lose but had no choice but to let go.", "\n\nYet this summer we’ve been proactive. ", "We’ve known van Persie was going to go so we went out and bought Podolski and Giroud to replace him and Cazorla to help supply their ammunition. ", "Even if the sale of van Persie so close to the start of the season is not ideal, we’re not in the same kind of mess we were last summer. ", "I don’t think there was ever much expectation he was going to stay, his statement made that clear and as other players have shown if you want to sign a new deal it can be done and dusted without all this drama.", "\n\nAre the accustations that we’re a selling club accurate? ", "Yes, to a certain extent, but this summer we’re also a buying club and I expect further arrivals, especially as we’re likely to see another high profile departure with Alex Song set for a move to Barcelona. ", "I don’t think it’s any coincidence that if Song goes it means that Darren Dein no longer has any clients left at the club. ", "The bottom line, for me anyway, is that if a player does not want to be at the club then we should get rid of them and the key then is to make sure we do as well from the deals as possible.", "\n\nI have to say, I do hate the revisionism that follows any player leaving, with none of his qualities highlighted and only the negatives dwelt upon, but £24m for a 29 year old with an injury record like van Persie’s is a good deal for Arsenal. ", "It’s important that the money doesn’t just sit in the bank though, there is further room to improve the squad this summer and I hope that’s exactly what we do. ", "The same goes for whatever money we get for Song, and while I understand people will bemoan the loss of two individuals who were very important for us last season, it doesn’t mean we can’t become a better team this season.", "\n\nRobin van Persie could, and should, have been an Arsenal legend. ", "He scored 132 goals for the club and, over the next few seasons could have added dozens more. ", "Even if he’d left the club and gone abroad, like others have, he’d have been welcomed back and the memories his provided would have cherished. ", "Instead, he has tarnished his eight seasons at the club by going to Manchester United. ", "There will be bitterness, anger, recrimination, hatred, and much more from Arsenal fans, and as much as I am disappointed in him for the way he’s behaved and his decision to join a club he knew would taint everything he did in an Arsenal shirt, my overall feeling this morning is that it’s a shame he’s done it and it’s a shame he’s done it in that way.", "\n\nI think he’s been poorly advised and used by people whose overriding interest in him is financial and political. ", "People will say he has a short career and he’s entitled to cash in. ", "I’ve got no real issue with that and clearly the extra £70,000 a week on offer is enough for him not to care about the years he spent at Arsenal. ", "Whether he ends up regretting the move itself remains to be seen but I think he’s a bright enough guy that one day he’ll look back and realise the way he made it happen was far from ideal.", "\n\nOn Match of the Day, just after we’d beaten West Brom 3-2 to secure Champions League football, van Persie was asked about his future. ", "He spouted the usual platitudes and then said, “Whatever happens I’ll always be a Gunner.”", "\n\nSorry Robin, you’re not a Gunner. ", "You don’t do what you did and sign for Man United and remain one of us. ", "The Gunners are the guys who will play for us this season, and that’s where our focus has got to be. ", "I won’t wish you well, I won’t say thanks for everything, you’re just a guy who played for us, scored some great goals, and then chucked it all back in our faces.", "\n\nI guess we’ll see you on November 3rd. ", "If you’re fit." ]

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[ "{\n \"name\": \"分類職位公務人員考績法\",\n \"status\": \"廢止\",\n \"content\": [\n {\n \"num\": 1,\n \"zh\": \"第一條\",\n \"article\": \"分類職位公務人員之考績，依本法行之。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 2,\n \"zh\": \"第二條\",\n \"article\": \"分類職位公務人員之考績，應本綜覈名實、信賞必罰之旨，作準確客觀之考核。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 3,\n \"zh\": \"第三條\",\n \"article\": \"分類職位公務人員考績，分為年終考績及專案考績；年終考績每年年終舉行；專案考績於公務人員平時考核有重大功過時，隨時辦理。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 4,\n \"zh\": \"第四條\",\n \"article\": \"分類職位公務人員任現職至年終滿一年依法實授者，參加年終考績。依法調整歸級、調任或升任人員，前後任同一範圍各職等職務，或高職等改任低職等職務，並繼續任職者，其年資得合併計算。\",", "\n \"reason\": \"一、本條第一項，仍原規定。二、第一項係就原條文後段之規定酌予調整而成，並對升等者之考績增列規定，以期週延。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 5,\n \"zh\": \"第五條\",\n \"article\": \"分類職位公務人員之年終考績，除機關首長應由上級長官考績外，其餘人員應以同一範圍為比較範圍。\",", "\n \"reason\": \"一、對機關首長考績程序之規定，原法尚付闕如，特增列規定，以資適應。二、考績之比較範圍，原規定過小，執行不便，爰改為以同一範圍為比較範圍，以利實施。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 6,\n \"zh\": \"第六條\",\n \"article\": \"年終考績，應以平時考核為依據。平時考核，應設置工作、勤惰及品德生活紀錄。工作考核，應依據工作項目，訂定工作標準，並應注意其學識及才能。勤惰及品德生活考核，應分訂細目或標準，並送銓敘機關備查。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 7,\n \"zh\": \"第七條\",\n \"article\": \"年終考績以一百分為滿分，分甲、乙、丙、丁四等，各等分數如左：甲等：八十分以上。乙等：七十分以上不滿八十分。丙等：六十分以上不滿七十分。丁等：不滿六十分。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 8,\n \"zh\": \"第八條\",\n \"article\": \"年終考績獎懲，依左列規定：甲等：晉本俸一階，並給予一個月俸額之一次獎金；已敘本俸最高階者，晉年功俸一階，並給予一個月俸額之一次獎金；已敘年功俸最高階者，給予二個月俸額之一次獎金。乙等：晉本俸一階，已敘至本俸最高階或已敘年功俸階者，給予一個月俸額之一次獎金。丙等：留原俸階。丁等：免職。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 9,\n \"zh\": \"第九條\",\n \"article\": \"年終考績應晉俸階，在考績年度內已依法晉敘俸階者，考列乙等以上時，不再晉敘。但專案考績不在此限。\",", "\n \"reason\": \"一、為配合俸給法修正第十條之規定，將「提敘」刪除。二、對專案考績之晉階，增列於年終考績晉階時不予扣除之規定，以資激勵。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 10,\n \"zh\": \"第十條\",\n \"article\": \"實授人員任現職至年終考績時，不滿一年而已達六個月者，應另予考績。前項人員考績，列甲等者，給予一個月俸額之一次獎金；列乙等者，給予一個月俸額二分之一之一次獎金；列丙等者不予獎懲；列丁等者免職。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 11,\n \"zh\": \"第十一條\",\n \"article\": \"各機關參加考績人員，任原職等職務，連續二年列甲等，或連續三年中一年列甲等二年列乙等者，除依法須經升等考試及格者外，取得升等任用資格。\",", "\n \"reason\": \"對依法考績升等之條件，酌予調整補充，除原規定考績二次列甲等增訂須「連續」者外，並增列「或連續三年中一年列甲等二年列乙等者」亦可升等之規定，以應事實需要。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 12,\n \"zh\": \"第十二條\",\n \"article\": \"各機關辦理分類職位公務人員平時考核及專案考績，分別依左列規定：一、平時考核：其獎勵分嘉獎、記功、記大功；懲處分申誡、記過、記大過。於年終考績時併計成績增減總分。平時考核獎懲得互相抵銷，其無獎懲抵銷而累積達二大過者，其年終考績應列丁等。二、專案考績：於有重大功過時行之；其獎懲依左列規定：（一）一次記二大功者，晉本俸一階，並給與一個月俸額之獎金；已敘至本俸最高俸階，或已敘年功俸階者，晉年功俸一階，並給與一個月俸額之獎金；已敘至年功俸最高階，依法不再晉敘者，給與二個月俸額之獎金。但在同一年度內再次辦理專案考績記二大功者，不再晉敘俸階，改給二個月俸額之獎金。（二）一次記二大過者免職。前項第二款一次記二大功，一次記二大過之標準，由銓敘機關定之。\",", "\n \"reason\": \"一、將平時考核及專案考績之規定，分款列舉，以期明晰。二、明定平時考核結果，彙至年終考績時，併計成績，增減總分，獎懲抵銷後而累積二大過者，年終考績應列丁等，俾免迴護。三、為配合重獎重懲原則，對專案考績晉一俸階後，於同年內再次記二大功者，規定不再晉階而加給獎金，使增實惠。對一次記二大過者，即予免職，藉肅政風。四、「一次獎金」之「一次」「二字刪除」。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 13,\n \"zh\": \"第十三條\",\n \"article\": \"各機關對於分類職位公務人員之考績，應由主管人員就考績表項目評擬，遞送考績委員會核議，機關長官執行覆核後，依規定程序核定。但長官僅有一級或因特殊情形不設置考績委員會時，得逕由長官考核。考績委員會對於考績案件，認為有疑義時，得調閱有關考核紀錄及案卷，並得向有關人員查詢。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 14,\n \"zh\": \"第十四條\",\n \"article\": \"各機關應設考績委員會，其組織規程由考試院定之。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 15,\n \"zh\": \"第十五條\",\n \"article\": \"分類職位公務人員考績結果，銓敘機關如有疑義，應通知該機關詳敘事實及理由或重加考績，必要時得派員或調卷查核。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 16,\n \"zh\": \"第十六條\",\n \"article\": \"各機關考績案經核定後，應以書面通知受考人。年終考績考列丁等或專案考績受免職處分人員，得於收受通知書次日起三十日內，依左列規定聲請覆審：一、不服本機關核定者，得向其上級機關聲請覆審，其無上級機關者，向本機關聲請。二、不服本機關或上級機關覆審之核定者，得向銓敘機關申請再覆審。三、覆審或再覆審，認為原處分理由不充足時，應由原核定機關或通知原核定機關，撤銷原處分或改予處分，如認為原處分有理由時，應駁回其聲請。四、聲請再覆審以一次為限。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 17,\n \"zh\": \"第十七條\",\n \"article\": \"分類職位公務人員考績，第二職等以下人員，由各機關自行核定執行；第三職等以上人員，由各機關初核，層送銓敘機關核定。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 18,\n \"zh\": \"第十八條\",\n \"article\": \"年終考績結果，應自次年一月起執行，專案考績應自銓敘機關核定之日起執行，但年終考績及專案考績應予免職人員，自確定之日起執行，未確定前得先行停職。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 19,\n \"zh\": \"第十九條\",\n \"article\": \"各機關長官及各級主管長官，對所屬人員考績，如有不公或徇私舞弊情事，銓敘機關得通知其上級長官予以懲處。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 20,\n \"zh\": \"第二十條\",\n \"article\": \"辦理考績人員，對考績事項應嚴守秘密，並不得遺漏舛錯，違者按情節輕重予以懲處。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 21,\n \"zh\": \"第二十一條\",\n \"article\": \"不受任用資格限制人員，及其他不適用本法考績人員之考成，準用本法之規定。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 22,\n \"zh\": \"第二十二條\",\n \"article\": \"教育人員及公營事業機關人員之考績，均另以法律定之。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 23,\n \"zh\": \"第二十三條\",\n \"article\": \"本法施行細則，由考試院定之。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 24,\n \"zh\": \"第二十四條\",\n \"article\": \"本法自公布日施行。\",", "\n \"reason\": \"職位分類已依法實施有年，故修正自公佈日施行。\"", "\n },\n {\n \"num\": 25,\n \"zh\": \"第二十五條\",\n \"article\": \"本法施行日期，以命令定之。\"", "\n }\n ]\n}" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nComo comparar se a div com event click possui uma classe semelhante a outra div selecionada?", "\n\nTenho um conjunto de div's com event click em jQuery. ", "Não estou sabendo como comparar as div's clicadas se possuem a mesma classe de icon.", "\ntenho uma div já selecionada, se o usuário clicar em outra div no mesmo container quero aplicar outro event caso ela tenha ícones semelhantes comparando as classes dos ícones se eles são iguais.", "\nEx: \nDiv1 selecionada tem o <i class=\"fa fa-bicycle\"></i>\nDiv2 ao ser clicada deverar compara com a div1 se ela também possui <i class=\"fa fa-bicycle\"></i> porém não sei como realizar essa comparação em jQuery \n\nA:\n\nPode fazer utilizando hasClass no evento de click de cada tag i, por exemplo;\n\n$('i').on('click', function() {\r\n var icone = $(this);\r\n \r\n if(icone.hasClass('fa-bicycle') == true){\r\n console.log('Tem a classe');\r\n } else {\r\n console.log('Não tem a classe');\r\n }\r\n})\n<link href=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css\" rel=\"stylesheet\"/>\r\n<script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js\"></script>\r\n\r\n<div><i class=\"fa fa-bicycle\"></i></div>\r\n<div><i class=\"fa fa-home\"></i></div>\r\n<div><i class=\"fa fa-bicycle\"></i></div>\n\n" ]

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[ "/*\n * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one\n * or more contributor license agreements. ", " See the NOTICE file\n * distributed with this work for additional information\n * regarding copyright ownership. ", " The ASF licenses this file\n * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the\n * \"License\"); you may not use this file except in compliance\n * with the License. ", " You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n */\npackage org.apache.hadoop.hive.accumulo;\n\nimport org.apache.accumulo.core.client.lexicoder.", "BigIntegerLexicoder;\nimport org.apache.accumulo.core.client.lexicoder.", "DoubleLexicoder;\nimport org.apache.accumulo.core.client.lexicoder.", "IntegerLexicoder;\nimport org.apache.accumulo.core.client.lexicoder.", "LongLexicoder;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde.serdeConstants;\nimport org.junit.", "Assert;\nimport org.junit.", "Test;\n\nimport java.math.", "BigInteger;\nimport java.nio.", "ByteBuffer;\n\nimport static java.nio.charset.", "StandardCharsets.", "UTF_8;\nimport static org.junit.", "Assert.assertArrayEquals;\nimport static org.junit.", "Assert.assertEquals;\n\n/**\n *\n */\npublic class TestAccumuloIndexLexicoder {\n\n @Test\n public void testBooleanString() {\n byte[] value = Boolean.", "TRUE.toString().getBytes(UTF_8);\n assertArrayEquals(AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, serdeConstants.", "BOOLEAN_TYPE_NAME,\n true), value);\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testBooleanBinary() {\n byte[] value = new byte[] { 1 };\n assertArrayEquals(AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, serdeConstants.", "BOOLEAN_TYPE_NAME,\n false), Boolean.", "TRUE.toString().getBytes(UTF_8));\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testIntString() {\n byte[] value = \"10\".getBytes(UTF_8);\n byte[] encoded = new IntegerLexicoder().encode(10);\n\n byte[] lex = AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, serdeConstants.", "INT_TYPE_NAME, true);\n assertArrayEquals(lex, encoded);\n\n lex = AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, serdeConstants.", "SMALLINT_TYPE_NAME, true);\n assertArrayEquals(lex, encoded);\n\n lex = AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, serdeConstants.", "TINYINT_TYPE_NAME, true);\n assertArrayEquals(lex, encoded);\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testIntBinary() {\n byte[] value = ByteBuffer.allocate(4).putInt(10).array();\n byte[] encoded = new IntegerLexicoder().encode(10);\n\n byte[] lex = AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, serdeConstants.", "INT_TYPE_NAME, false);\n assertArrayEquals(lex, encoded);\n\n value = ByteBuffer.allocate(2).putShort((short) 10).array();\n lex = AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, serdeConstants.", "SMALLINT_TYPE_NAME, false);\n assertArrayEquals(lex, encoded);\n\n value = ByteBuffer.allocate(1).put((byte)10).array();\n lex = AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, serdeConstants.", "TINYINT_TYPE_NAME, false);\n assertArrayEquals(lex, encoded);\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testFloatBinary() {\n byte[] value = ByteBuffer.allocate(4).putFloat(10.55f).array();\n byte[] encoded = new DoubleLexicoder().encode((double)10.55f);\n String val = new String(encoded);\n\n byte[] lex = AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, serdeConstants.", "FLOAT_TYPE_NAME, false);\n assertArrayEquals(lex, encoded);\n\n value = ByteBuffer.allocate(8).putDouble(10.55).array();\n encoded = new DoubleLexicoder().encode(10.55);\n lex = AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, serdeConstants.", "DOUBLE_TYPE_NAME, false);\n assertArrayEquals(lex, encoded);\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testFloatString() {\n byte[] value = \"10.55\".getBytes(UTF_8);\n byte[] encoded = new DoubleLexicoder().encode(10.55);\n\n byte[] lex = AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, serdeConstants.", "FLOAT_TYPE_NAME, true);\n assertArrayEquals(lex, encoded);\n\n lex = AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, serdeConstants.", "DOUBLE_TYPE_NAME, true);\n assertArrayEquals(lex, encoded);\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testBigIntBinary() {\n byte[] value = new String(\"1232322323\").getBytes(UTF_8);\n byte[] encoded = new BigIntegerLexicoder().encode(new BigInteger(\"1232322323\", 10));\n\n byte[] lex = AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, serdeConstants.", "BIGINT_TYPE_NAME, true);\n assertArrayEquals(lex, encoded);\n\n value = new BigInteger( \"1232322323\", 10 ).toByteArray();\n encoded = new BigIntegerLexicoder().encode(new BigInteger(\"1232322323\", 10 ));\n lex = AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, serdeConstants.", "BIGINT_TYPE_NAME, false);\n assertArrayEquals(lex, encoded);\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testDecimalString() {\n String strVal = \"12323232233434\";\n byte[] value = strVal.getBytes(UTF_8);\n byte[] encoded = strVal.getBytes(UTF_8);\n\n byte[] lex = AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, serdeConstants.", "DECIMAL_TYPE_NAME, true);\n assertArrayEquals(lex, encoded);\n\n\n lex = AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, \"DECIMAL (10,3)\", true);\n assertArrayEquals(lex, encoded);\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testDecimalBinary() {\n byte[] value = new BigInteger(\"12323232233434\", 10).toString().getBytes(UTF_8);\n byte[] encoded = new String(value).getBytes(UTF_8);\n\n byte[] lex = AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, serdeConstants.", "DECIMAL_TYPE_NAME, false);\n assertArrayEquals(lex, encoded);\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testDateString() {\n String date = \"2016-02-22\";\n byte[] value = date.getBytes(UTF_8);\n assertArrayEquals(AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, serdeConstants.", "DATE_TYPE_NAME,\n true), value);\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testDateTimeString() {\n String timestamp = \"2016-02-22 12:12:06.000000005\";\n byte[] value = timestamp.getBytes(UTF_8);\n assertArrayEquals(AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, serdeConstants.", "TIMESTAMP_TYPE_NAME,\n true), value);\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testString() {\n String strVal = \"The quick brown fox\";\n byte[] value = strVal.getBytes(UTF_8);\n assertArrayEquals(AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, serdeConstants.", "STRING_TYPE_NAME,\n true), value);\n assertArrayEquals(AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, \"varChar(20)\",\n true), value);\n assertArrayEquals(AccumuloIndexLexicoder.encodeValue(value, \"CHAR (20)\",\n true), value);\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat's the best way to do an insert/update in MySQL in one query?", "\n\nI'm looking to optimize a single query to my server (which will be used by tens or hundreds of outside servers) that will allow players (minecraft) stats to be inserted remotely and read without issue.", "\nCurrently, I'm using:\nINSERT DELAYED INTO servers_players (a,b,c) VALUES(1,2,3) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE c=c+3, ...;\nWould this be the best way to optimize the query or is there a better way?", "\nThank you,\nBilly\n\nA:\n\nPlease note that DELAYED won't work, as per http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/insert-on-duplicate.html:\n\nThe DELAYED option is ignored when you use ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE. ", "\n\nAs for how to optimize, it is already pretty optimal compared to separate INSERT/UPDATE combo in general. ", "However, precise usage patterns might affect it (e.g. if the VAST majority of your operations would be UPDATEs (very little newly inserted rows), doing an UPDATE first and then inserting if UPDATE updates zero rows might be more efficient.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "(ns pallet.crate.user\n \"Configure users, authorised for SSH access.\"", "\n (:require\n [clojure.tools.logging :refer [debugf]]\n [pallet.action :refer [with-action-options]]\n [pallet.actions :as actions :refer [directory exec-script*]]\n [pallet.api :as api :refer [plan-fn]]\n [pallet.crate :as crate\n :refer [assoc-settings defplan get-settings update-settings]]\n [pallet.crate.ssh-key :as ssh-key]\n [pallet.script.lib :refer [user-home]]\n [pallet.stevedore :as stevedore :refer [fragment]]\n [pallet.utils :refer [apply-map deep-merge]]\n [schema.core :as schema :refer [either eq optional-key validate]]))\n\n(def facility ::user)\n\n(defn default-settings\n []\n {:users []})\n\n(defn settings\n [settings]\n (assoc-settings facility\n (merge (default-settings) (dissoc settings :instance-id))\n (select-keys settings [:instance-id])))\n\n(defplan authorize-user-key\n \"Authorise a single key, specified as a path or as a byte array.\"", "\n [username path-or-bytes]\n (if (string? ", "path-or-bytes)\n (ssh-key/authorize-key username (slurp path-or-bytes))\n (ssh-key/authorize-key username (String. ", "^bytes path-or-bytes))))\n\n(defn create-user-and-home\n [username create-user create-home user-options]\n (cond\n (= ::unspecified create-user)\n (do\n (apply-map actions/user username (merge\n {:create-home true :shell :bash}\n user-options))\n ;; If the user exists and the home directory does not then\n ;; create it. ", "This is to allow for pam_mkhomedir, and is a hack,\n ;; as it doesn't copy /etc/skel\n (when create-home\n (directory (fragment (user-home ~username)) :owner username)))\n\n create-user (actions/user username\n (merge\n {:create-home true :shell :bash\n ;; coreos defaults to !, ", "which prevents login\n :password \"*\"}\n user-options))\n\n :else (when create-home\n (directory (fragment (user-home ~username))\n {:owner username}))))\n\n(defplan configure\n \"Creates users.\"", "\n [{:keys [instance-id] :as options}]\n (let [{:keys [users]} (get-settings facility options)]\n (debugf \"user configure %s\" users)\n (doseq [{:keys [username public-key-paths public-keys create-user\n create-home user-options] :as user} users]\n (debugf \"user user %s\" user)\n (when-let [group (:group user-options)]\n (actions/group group))\n (create-user-and-home\n username create-user create-home user-options)\n (doseq [kp public-key-paths]\n (authorize-user-key username kp))\n (doseq [k public-keys]\n (authorize-user-key username k)))))\n\n(def UserSettings\n {:username String\n :create-home (either schema/Bool (eq ::unspecified))\n :create-user (either schema/Bool (eq ::unspecified))\n (optional-key :public-key-paths) [String]\n (optional-key :public-keys) [(schema/either String bytes)]\n (optional-key :user-options) {schema/Keyword schema/Any}})\n\n(defn user\n \"Add a user\n\nBuilds a user.", "\n\n`:username`\n: the username to create. ", " Defaults to the current admin user.", "\n\n`:public-key-paths`\n: a sequence of paths to public keys to be authorised on the user\n\n`:create-user`\n: a flag to create the user. ", " Defaults to true if the user doesn't\nexist.", "\n\n`:create-home`\n: a flag to create the user's home directory. ", " Defauts to true. ", " When\nusers are managed by, e.g. LDAP, you may need to set this to false.", "\n\n`:user-options`\n: a map of options to pass to the `user` action when creating the\nuser.", "\n\"\n ([] (user {}))\n ([{:keys [username public-key-paths public-keys create-user\n create-home user-options]\n :as options}]\n (let [user (crate/admin-user)\n defaults {:create-home ::unspecified\n :create-user ::unspecified\n :username (:username user)\n :public-key-paths (if (not public-keys)\n [(:public-key-path user)])}\n user-settings (merge defaults options)]\n (validate UserSettings user-settings)\n (debugf \"user %s\" user)\n (update-settings\n facility {} update-in [:users]\n (fn [c s]\n (if-let [u (first (filter #(= (:username %) (:username s)) c))]\n (vec (conj (remove #(= u %) c) (deep-merge u s)))\n (vec (conj c s))))\n user-settings))))\n\n(defn server-spec\n \"Convenience server spec to add users.\"", "\n [settings]\n (api/server-spec\n :phases {:settings (plan-fn\n (pallet.crate.user/settings settings))\n :bootstrap (plan-fn\n (configure (select-keys settings [:instance-id])))\n :reconfigure (plan-fn\n (configure (select-keys settings [:instance-id])))}))\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Postoperative management of patients with pheochromocytoma.", "\nThe optimal preoperative and postoperative management of patients with pheochromocytoma demands a multidisciplinary approach. ", "We report on 5 recent patients to illustrate the large volumes of fluid needed in the early postoperative period. ", "This large fluid requirement is owing to a combination of a change in vascular compliance after excision of a pheochromocytoma, the residual effects of specific preoperative medications (phenoxybenzamine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine) and the loss of fluid into the retroperitoneal compartment (third space) produced by extensive dissection. ", "It takes 3 half-lives (36 hours) to dissipate the effects of phenoxybenzamine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, which corresponds to the time in which these patients require large volumes of intravenous fluids." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to stop AnythingSlider on the final slide?", "\n\nHow can I make the slider stop playing once it reaches the final slide? ", "It's this slider here.", "\n\nA:\n\nBrian's answer was almost spot on. ", "The only change needed was to base.$items.length()-1\nThe correct code, for anyone who might want to use it, is:\nbase.goForward = function(autoplay){\n if(autoplay !", "== true) autoplay = false;\n if(autoplay && base.currentPage == base.pages) {\n base.startStop(false); // stops auto play\n return;\n }\n base.gotoPage(base.currentPage + 1, autoplay);\n};\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to an improvement in crawler or endless tracks of track-laying vehicles that are used on snow and ice, and in particular, to a track cleat and ice calk structure having special utility where the snow is firm or icy and it is desired to minimize disturbance to the snow and to prevent sliding sideways while providing satisfactory traction.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nMany different forms of traction cleat elements for use on crawler or endless tracks for over-snow work vehicles have been proposed in the prior art. ", "Typical forms of such traction cleat elements that have long been used commercially are shown in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,165,364, granted on Jan. 12, 1965. ", "The track cleat elements there disclosed have provided a smooth-riding self-cleaning endless track that has been further characterized by the inclusion of provisions for concentrating wear on a central replaceable wear plate during operation on hard road and ground surfaces, and for the attachment of an extended traction device for use in deep snow.", "\nA problem with the prior art track cleat elements, particularly when the track-laying vehicle is used on firm or icy snow, is their tendency upon egress from the imprint made in the snow, to chunking and flinging of sections of snow thereby undesirably disturbing the snow, and their further tendency to sideways slipping on ice." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Will Arnett's 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' character revealed\n\nThe Arrested Development star will play April O'Neil's (Megan Fox) cameraman Vernon Fenwick in the Michael Bay-produced Turtles update.", "\n\nNext\nMegan Fox on the set of the 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'\nCopyright: Startraks Photo/Rex Features\n1 of 5\n\nFenwick appeared in the animated Turtles TV series in the '80s as a conniving Channel 6 employee who tried to take April's place as on-camera reporter.", "\n\nArnett and Fox have been shooting the film in New York over the past few days.", "\n\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles will star Alan Ritchson as Raphael, Noel Fisher as Michelangelo, Jeremy Howard as Donatello, Pete Ploszek as Leonardo and Danny Woodburn as Splinter. ", "The film will be released on May 16, 2014." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "THE VIEW CONDOS – HIGH END 2 BED/2 BATH W/PANORAMIC CITY VIEWS\n\nGreat opportunity to live at the sought after View Condos nestled along the shoreline with the best panoramic views of Manhattan including the Empire State Building, Chrysler Building, United Nations and the iconic Pepsi Cola Sign. ", "This spacious high quality unit features Viking and Subzero appliances, vented washer/dryer in the unit, great closet space, 24/7 concierge, live in Super, and gym in building. ", "Minutes from Grand Central via the nearby 7 train, LIC offers restaurants, cafes, gourmet supermarkets, daycares for both children and pets. ", "Renting this unit also gives you access to amenities that include swimming pool, media room, amazing gym, roof deck w/bbqs and cabanas, lounge areas… pets case by case. ", "Move in February 2018." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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