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"/* Copyright 2019 Kumao Kobo <kumaokobo@gmail.com>\n *\n * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\n * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by\n * the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or\n * (at your option) any later version.",
"\n *\n * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ",
" See the\n * GNU General Public License for more details.",
"\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License\n * along with this program. ",
" If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.",
"\n */\n\n#pragma once\n\n#include \"config_common.h\"\n\n/* USB Device descriptor parameter */\n#define VENDOR_ID 0xABBA\n#define PRODUCT_ID 0x9691\n#define DEVICE_VER 0x0100\n#define MANUFACTURER Kumao Kobo\n#define PRODUCT The Kudox Keyboard\n#define DESCRIPTION Split column staggered 5x7 custom keyboard\n\n/* key matrix size */\n// Rows are doubled-up\n#define MATRIX_ROWS 10\n#define MATRIX_COLS 7\n\n// wiring of each half\n#define MATRIX_ROW_PINS { D4, D7, E6, B4, B5 }\n#define MATRIX_COL_PINS { F5, F6, F7, B1, B3, B2, B6 }\n// #define MATRIX_COL_PINS { B6, B2, B3, B1, F7, F6, F5} //uncomment this line and comment line above if you need to reverse left-to-right key order\n\n/* COL2ROW or ROW2COL */\n#define DIODE_DIRECTION COL2ROW\n\n/* define if matrix has ghost */\n//#define MATRIX_HAS_GHOST\n\n/* number of backlight levels */\n// #define BACKLIGHT_LEVELS 3\n\n/* Set 0 if debouncing isn't needed */\n#define DEBOUNCE 5\n\n/* serial.c configuration for split keyboard */\n#define SOFT_SERIAL_PIN D0\n\n/* Mechanical locking support. ",
"Use KC_LCAP, KC_LNUM or KC_LSCR instead in keymap */\n#define LOCKING_SUPPORT_ENABLE\n/* Locking resynchronize hack */\n#define LOCKING_RESYNC_ENABLE\n\n/* ws2812 RGB LED */\n#define RGB_DI_PIN D3\n\n#undef RGBLED_NUM\n#define RGBLED_NUM 14 // Number of LEDs\n#define RGBLIGHT_ANIMATIONS\n#define RGBLIGHT_HUE_STEP 8\n#define RGBLIGHT_SAT_STEP 8\n#define RGBLIGHT_VAL_STEP 8\n\n/*\n * Feature disable options\n * These options are also useful to firmware size reduction.",
"\n */\n\n/* disable debug print */\n// #define NO_DEBUG\n\n/* disable print */\n// #define NO_PRINT\n\n/* disable action features */\n//#define NO_ACTION_LAYER\n//#define NO_ACTION_TAPPING\n//#define NO_ACTION_ONESHOT\n//#define NO_ACTION_MACRO\n//#define NO_ACTION_FUNCTION\n\n#define MOUSEKEY_INTERVAL 20\n#define MOUSEKEY_DELAY 0\n#define MOUSEKEY_TIME_TO_MAX 60\n#define MOUSEKEY_MAX_SPEED 7\n#define MOUSEKEY_WHEEL_DELAY 0\n"
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[
"Cesar Meaty Selects Printable Coupon + Walmart Deal\n\nGot a furbaby to feed? ",
"Then checkout this new Buy One Get One Free Cesar Meaty Slects printable coupon available right now. ",
"Click on the banner above to get your own link to this coupon. ",
"You could use this coupon to grab the following deal at Walmart:"
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"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention concerns alpha-3 chain type IV bovine and human polynucleotides and peptides expressed by such polynucleotides which are useful in detecting Goodpasture antibodies and treating Goodpasture syndrome.",
"\n2. ",
"Background Information\nThe major structural component of mammalian basement membranes, type IV collagen, is composed of a number of distinct polypeptide chains (Timpl et al. ",
"1981; Martin et at 1988; Timpl 1989). ",
"The most abundant species, .alpha.1(IV) and .alpha.2(IV) have been extensively characterized in man and mouse and an .alpha. ",
"type chain from Drosophila also been identified (Soinimen et al. ",
"1987; Blumberg et al. ",
"1988; Hostikka and Tryggvason 1988; Saus et al. ",
"1989; Muthukumaran et al. ",
"1989). ",
"Characteristics of these collagens include a highly conserved carboxy-terminal noncollagenous (NC1) domain of .about.229 residues, a shorter amino-terminal globular domain (7S domain) and a triple helical collagenous domain, in which interruptions occur in the Gly-Xaa-Xaa-Yaa repeat motif, giving a degree of flexibility to the triple helix. ",
"Within the membrane matrix the individual collagen chains exist as heterotrimer, which form a supra-molecular structure via interactions between the 7S domains of 4 molecules and the NCI domains of 2 heterotrimers (Timpl et at 1981).",
"\nBacterial collagenase digestion releases the NCI domains from the other components of basement membrane as hexamers, comprised of the 3 NC1 domains from each of 2 interacting collagen heterotrimers. ",
"The NCI domains can be further separated on the basis of molecular weight by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. ",
"This results in a number of separate monomeric and dimeric subunits (Mr=24,500-28,300 and 40,000-50,7000 respectively), including several which are distinct from the .alpha.1(IV) and .alpha.2(IV) chains (Butkowski et al. ",
"1985; Wieslander et al. ",
"1985). ",
"The monomeric subunits that result from collagenase digestion of human glomerular basement membrane (GBM) have been termed M24, M26, M28+++ and M28+, while the equivalent subunits of bovine basement membranes have been termed Mla, Mlb, M2, and M3 (Kleppel et al. ",
"1986; Butkowski et al. ",
"1987). ",
"M24 (or M1a) and M26 (or M1b) are the NC1 domains of the .alpha.1(IV) and .alpha. ",
"2(IV) chains. ",
"M28+++ (or M2*) and M28+ (or M3) are the NCI domains of 2 novel collagen chains termed .alpha.3(V) and .alpha.4(V). ",
"Short segments of the junction between the collagenous and NCI domains of human and bovine .alpha.3(IV) and .alpha.4(IV) peptides have been sequenced, confirming that they have a type IV collagen structure (Saus et at 1988; Butkowski et al. ",
"1990).",
"\nThe .alpha.3(IV) chain and the .alpha.4(IV) chain are of particular interest as such chains have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Goodpasture syndrome and Alport-type familial nephritis, clinical syndromes that affect GBM and cause functional kidney impairment (Hudson et al. ",
"1989). ",
"Goodpasture syndrome is an autoimmune disorder characterized by glomerulonephritis, lung hemorrhage and anti-GBM antibody formation (Glassock et al. ",
"1986). ",
"The nephritis and lung damage are mediated by these anti-GBM antibodies which are primarily targeted at the NCl domain (M28+++) of .alpha.3(IV) (Butkowski et al 1985; Wieslander et al. ",
"1985; Kleppel al.1986). ",
"Alport syndrome is an inheritable disorder characterized by glomerulonephritis, sensorineural hearing loss and various abnormalities of the lens of the eye (Grunfeld, 1985). ",
"Ultrastructural GBM abnormalities frequently observed in the syndrome include thinning, diffuse splitting and multilamination of the lamina dense (Hinglais et al. ",
"1972; Yoshikawa et al. ",
"1981). ",
"Several investigators have reported that the GBM of some individuals with Alport syndrome does not react in vitro with Goodpasture antibodies nor with a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a Goodpasture epitope, suggesting that there is an abnormality of the .alpha.3(IV) chain in these patients (Olsen et at 1980; Jenis et al. ",
"1981; Jeraj et al. ",
"1983; Kashtan et al. ",
"1986; Savage et at 1986; Kleppel et al. ",
"1987).",
"\nRecently a gene encoding another novel human type IV collagen chain, COL4A5, was cloned, on the basis of homology with the .alpha.1(IV) and .alpha.2(IV) chains (Hostikka et al. ",
"1990; Myers et al. ",
"1990). ",
"The existence of such a chain had not been expected from biochemical or immunological studies of GBM (glomerular basement molecular), and yet antibodies raised to a peptide fragment synthesized from the predicted amino acid sequence of .alpha.5(IV) localized this chain to the GBM (Hostikka et at 1990). ",
"COL4A5 maps to Xq22, a region known from genetic linkage studies to contain a locus for Alport Syndrome (Atkin et al. ",
"1988; Brunner et al. ",
"1988; Flinter al. ",
"1988). ",
"Further, COL4A5 has been shown to be mutated in 3 of 18 large kindreds with the disease (Barker et al. ",
"1990)."
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[
"e z(a). ",
"What is the second biggest value in -0.5, 2, b?",
"\nb\nLet l = -11 - -13. ",
"What is the second smallest value in -2, l, -3?",
"\n-2\nLet w = -0.5 + -0.1. ",
"Let c = 0.7 + w. What is the third smallest value in 0, c, -5?",
"\nc\nLet w(r) = -r**3 - 2*r**2 - r. Let h be w(-1). ",
"Suppose -3*j + 5 + 1 = h. Which is the smallest value? ",
" (a) j (b) 5 (c) -1/6\nc\nLet n = -2.93 + 3.8. ",
"Let o = -0.17 + n. Let g = o - 0.4. ",
"Which is the smallest value? ",
" (a) g (b) 3 (c) -5/2\nc\nSuppose -w + 4*j = -5*w + 8, 2*j + 6 = 3*w. ",
"What is the second biggest value in w, -0.2, 5, 4?",
"\n4\nLet w = -25.3 - -25. ",
"What is the biggest value in 2/13, 0.1, w?",
"\n2/13\nLet s = -1456/9 - -162. ",
"Suppose 2*v + 8 + 2 = -2*q, -2*q = -2*v - 2. ",
"What is the second biggest value in s, v, -0.1?",
"\n-0.1\nLet p be -3 + -3 + (-26)/(-4). ",
"Which is the second smallest value? ",
" (a) p (b) 3 (c) 4\nb\nLet k = -16/3 + 5. ",
"What is the biggest value in -0.1, k, 2/7, 0?",
"\n2/7\nSuppose -4*r + 3*m = m - 6, 4*r = -3*m + 31. ",
"Let s = r + -1. ",
"Suppose -s = -w + 2*w. ",
"Which is the second biggest value? ",
" (a) -4 (b) w (c) -1\nb\nLet u = -0.35 + 0.05. ",
"Let r be 20/15*3/7. ",
"What is the second smallest value in u, r, -0.1?",
"\n-0.1\nLet n = -9 - -9. ",
"Let z = 4 - 4.4. ",
"Let t = z + -0.1. ",
"Which is the third biggest value? ",
" (a) t (b) -2 (c) n\nb\nLet u = -11 + 8. ",
"Let r be 0/(8/(-60) - (-39)/(-45)). ",
"Which is the second smallest value? ",
" (a) r (b) u (c) -1/6\nc\nLet i = 2.2 + -0.2. ",
"What is the second biggest value in -11, -2/17, i?",
"\n-2/17\nLet m = 35.7 - 36. ",
"Let f = -0.8 - -1. ",
"Which is the third biggest value? ",
" (a) f (b) -4 (c) m\nb\nLet y = 4 + -1. ",
"Suppose -7 = 4*r - 2*r + 5*a, r - 3*a = -20. ",
"What is the second biggest value in 0, y, r?",
"\n0\nLet h = -0.21 + 0.71. ",
"Which is the second smallest value? ",
" (a) 0.3 (b) 2/7 (c) h\na\nSuppose -4*z - 2*g + 26 = 0, -z = -3*g + 4*g - 8. ",
"Which is the third biggest value? ",
" (a) -0.1 (b) 1/4 (c) z\na\nLet z = 4 + -1. ",
"Which is the fourth smallest value? ",
" (a) -0.4 (b) z (c) 6 (d) 2\nc\nSuppose g - 2 - 1 = 0. ",
"Let y = g + -10/3. ",
"Which is the third biggest value? ",
" (a) y (b) 5 (c) -2/13\na\nLet w = 13 + -7. ",
"Let l = -10 + w. What is the third smallest value in l, -1/3, 3/5?",
"\n3/5\nLet f = -7.47 - -9.17. ",
"Suppose -x + 10 = x. What is the second smallest value in 0.2, f, x?",
"\nf\nLet m = 3.5 + -3. ",
"Let d = -6/25 + 49/100. ",
"What is the third biggest value in m, 3, d?",
"\nd\nSuppose 2*u - 28 = -4*x - 12, 5*u = -5*x + 15. ",
"Which is the smallest value? ",
" (a) u (b) -0.24 (c) 3\na\nLet r = -179/4 + 45. ",
"What is the second biggest value in r, -1/10, 0?",
"\n0\nLet m = 17 - 13. ",
"Let p be 8/(-126) - 4/18. ",
"What is the smallest value in 1, p, m?",
"\np\nLet f be (-187)/34 - (-3 + 0). ",
"Let t = 0.9 - 0.5. ",
"Which is the smallest value? ",
" (a) f (b) t (c) -3/7\na\nLet v be (-5 + (-76)/(-16))/(2/(-20)). ",
"What is the second smallest value in v, -2/3, 2/25?",
"\n2/25\nLet w be -2 + ((-4)/(-5) - -1). ",
"Let k = 21 + -20. ",
"Let c = 3 + 2. ",
"What is the biggest value in w, c, k?",
"\nc\nLet q = 0 + -2/3. ",
"Which is the third smallest value? ",
" (a) -5 (b) q (c) 3\nc\nLet n = 3 - 2. ",
"Let q = -0.7 + n. Which is the second biggest value? ",
" (a) -1/10 (b) -4 (c) q\na\nLet f = 2.151 + -0.151. ",
"What is the third biggest value in f, -0.3, 3.6, -1?",
"\n-0.3\nLet i = 93.1 - 93. ",
"What is the second biggest value in 0.5, 25, i?",
"\n0.5\nLet o = -403/266 + 2/133. ",
"Let j = 1.12 + -0.72. ",
"What is the second smallest value in 5, o, j?",
"\nj\nSuppose -5*c = -2*c + 12. ",
"Let z = c + 9. ",
"What is the smallest value in z, 2, 4?",
"\n2\nLet n = -0.67 + 3.67. ",
"Which is the smallest value? ",
" (a) n (b) 2 (c) -0.4 (d) 0.2\nc\nLet f = 7.6 - 7. ",
"Let x = f - 0.5. ",
"What is the biggest value in -2, -0.3, x?",
"\nx\nLet y = 9/86 + -1287/1204. ",
"Let h = 3/28 + y. What is the second smallest value in -4, 0.4, h?",
"\nh\nLet i = 0 + 0.3. ",
"Let v = i - 0.7. ",
"Let z = -8 - -5. ",
"Which is the second smallest value? ",
" (a) 2 (b) v (c) z\nb\nLet v = -0.1 - 0. ",
"Let n = -6/365 - 3416/14235. ",
"Let w = n + -1/13. ",
"Which is the biggest value? ",
" (a) 0.4 (b) v (c) w\na\nLet d = 1.08 - -0.02. ",
"Let g = 2.1 - d. Which is the second biggest value? ",
" (a) 0 (b) g (c) -0.2\na\nSuppose -324 = 4*g - 332. ",
"What is the smallest value in g, -5, -2?",
"\n-5\nLet q = -3 + 3.04. ",
"Let d = 0.104 - 1.104. ",
"What is the third biggest value in d, 4, q?",
"\nd\nLet i be (-2)/4 + 8/12. ",
"Let q = 3821/267 + 2/89. ",
"Let t = q + -15. ",
"Which is the second biggest value? ",
" (a) i (b) 2/5 (c) t\na\nLet w = -2 + 1.5. ",
"Let p = 4 + -3.8. ",
"Let m = p - 0.5. ",
"Which is the second smallest value? ",
" (a) w (b) 4 (c) m\nc\nLet k = -51 - -55. ",
"What is the third smallest value in 0.5, k, 0?",
"\nk\nLet a = 474/11 - 43. ",
"Suppose 0*m + 5*m = 15. ",
"Let p be ((-22)/33)/((-1)/m). ",
"What is the second smallest value in p, -2/13, a?",
"\na\nLet y = -1786/9 + 198. ",
"What is the third biggest value in 0.04, y, -0.1?",
"\ny\nLet s = 18 - 52/3. ",
"Which is the second biggest value? ",
" (a) s (b) -0.3 (c) -17 (d) 1\na\nLet v = 19.16 + -0.16. ",
"Let h = 23 - v. What is the second smallest value in -0.3, h, 0.1?",
"\n0.1\nSuppose 2*p - 342 = -4*a - p, a + 5*p = 94. ",
"Let h be (7/a)/(6/16). ",
"What is the second biggest value in 0, -0.3, h?",
"\n0\nLet j(i) = -114*i**2. ",
"Let v be j(1). ",
"Let q = v - -800/7. ",
"Which is the second biggest value? ",
" (a) q (b) -0.3 (c) 0.01\nc\nLet g = 0.2 - 0.5. ",
"Let j = 18 - -1. ",
"Let u = -18 + j. What is the smallest value in g, u, -0.1?",
"\ng\nLet n = 577/35 + -81/5. ",
"Suppose -3 = d - l, 0*d + 4*d + 4 = -4*l. ",
"Let u be d/6*54/99. ",
"What is the third biggest value in -2/13, n, u?",
"\nu\nLet z be (-6)/(-4)*16/6. ",
"Which is the second biggest value? ",
" (a) 0.4 (b) 5 (c) z\nc\nLet p = 17.5 + -14. ",
"Let j = p + -1.4. ",
"Let y = 2 - j. What is the smallest value in y, -3/2, 0.3?",
"\n-3/2\nLet o = -47 - -46.7. ",
"Which is the fourth biggest value? ",
" (a) o (b) -3/8 (c) -1 (d) -3\nd\nLet z = -97.9 + 98. ",
"Let d = 6 + 6. ",
"Suppose -2*v - d = v. What is the third smallest value in -0.4, v, z?",
"\nz\nLet l = 15 - 14. ",
"Let t be 4 - (35/11 + l). ",
"Which is the smallest value? ",
" (a) 4 (b) -0.08 (c) t\nc\nSuppose 7 + 17 = 6*k. ",
"Which is the biggest value? ",
" (a) k (b) -4 (c) 1/2\na\nLet a = -0.61 - -0.81. ",
"Let l = 0.2 + -0.18. ",
"Let t = l + -4.02. ",
"What is the third biggest value in 0.1, t, a?",
"\nt\nLet x = 1.7 + 2.6. ",
"Let t = x - 7. ",
"Let q = -0.7 - t. Which is the smallest value? ",
" (a) 1/4 (b) -2/5 (c) q\nb\nLet o(s) = -3*s - 44. ",
"Let x be o(-15). ",
"What is the fourth biggest value in -2/19, x, -0.3, -3?",
"\n-3\nLet v = 44 - 56. ",
"Which is the fourth smallest value? ",
" (a) 2/17 (b) v (c) -2/5 (d) 1/4\nd\nLet l = 2.7 - 0.7. ",
"Which is the third biggest value? ",
" (a) l (b) 0.2 (c) 2/9\nb\nLet n = 27 + -30. ",
"What is the third smallest value in 4/5, n, 5?",
"\n5\nLet x be (1/(-26))/((-2)/36*-6). ",
"What is the second smallest value in -4, x, 3/2?",
"\nx\nLet c = -16/3367 + -1740659/16835. ",
"Let p = -103 - c. What is the smallest value in 1, 0.2, p?",
"\n0.2\nLet o = -0.2 + 3.2. ",
"Which is the second biggest value? ",
" (a) o (b) -2/3 (c) -9\nb\nLet i(c) = -c**2 + 14*c - 2. ",
"Let j be i(14). ",
"What is the third smallest value in -1, j, -2/15?",
"\n-2/15\nLet o = -5.12 + 0.12. ",
"Let v = 3.954 + 0.046. ",
"Which is the second biggest value? ",
" (a) -1/4 (b) v (c) o\na\nLet k = -1 + -1. ",
"Let f = 1.94 - -0.06. ",
"Let i = -1.8 + f. What is the third smallest value in 0.4, i, k?",
"\n0.4\nLet w be 2405/(-6)*(-1)/5. ",
"Suppose -4*n + 248 = 3*h, 3*n + n = 8. ",
"Let g = h - w. What is the third smallest value in g, -2/3, -2?",
"\ng\nLet w = -28 + 26. ",
"Let s = 2.41 - 2.3. ",
"Let r = s - -3.89. ",
"Which is the third smallest value? ",
" (a) r (b) w (c) 5\nc\nLet j = 55.6 + -56. ",
"Which is the third biggest value? ",
" (a) 1/9 (b) -2/3 (c) 3 (d) j\nd\nLet f = -5 - -8. ",
"Let l = -2 + f. Suppose -3*n + 5 = -2*t - 6, t + 4*n - 11 = 0. ",
"Which is the smallest value? ",
" (a) l (b) 0.3 (c) t\nc\nLet v = 51 - 257/5. ",
"Which is the second smallest value? ",
" (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) v\na\nLet n = 3/38 - 103/342. ",
"What is the second biggest value in n, 0.8, -2?",
"\nn\nLet r = 32.2 - 6.2. ",
"Let u = -29 + r. Which is the second biggest value? ",
" (a) 0.4 (b) u (c) -3/4\nc\nLet d = 0.1 + 0.4. ",
"Let n = 4 - 1. ",
"Suppose -13 = -2*r + n*r + 5*z, -2*z - 7 = r. Which is the second smallest value? ",
" (a) r (b) -0.1 (c) d\nb\nLet p = -0.04 - 0.36. ",
"Let i = 0.1 - p. Let q = -28 - -28.4. ",
"Which is the second biggest value? ",
" (a) -0.2 (b) q (c) i\nb\nLet w = -12 + 12.8. ",
"Let q = 2.2 + w. Which is the third smallest value? ",
" (a) q (b) 5 (c) 0.4\nb\nSuppose -5*f - 21 = -31. ",
"Suppose 4*m = -8 - 16. ",
"What is the biggest value in m, f, -2?",
"\nf\nLet p = 5.4 + -6. ",
"Let q = p + 1. ",
"Which is the s"
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[
"Introduction\n============\n\nAntiretroviral therapy (ART) for the treatment of HIV-1 infection has evolved significantly since the beginning of the epidemic. ",
"In the USA, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) first approved zidovudine (ZDV), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), in 1987 for the treatment of HIV-1-infected individuals.[@b1-dddt-12-3731] Although NRTIs have remained the mainstay of ART for the past 30 years, many lessons were learned from the initial use of ZDV as monotherapy. ",
"These lessons included the fact that the high level of viral replication and error-prone reverse transcriptase enzyme results in the rapid development of drug-resistant virus.[@b2-dddt-12-3731],[@b3-dddt-12-3731] In addition, ZDV and other early NRTIs induced mitochondrial dysfunction, which led to observed toxicities, such as hematological derangements, liver injury, lactic acidosis, myopathy, and lipodystrophy.[@b4-dddt-12-3731]--[@b6-dddt-12-3731]\n\nIn the decade that followed the FDA approval of ZDV, other NRTIs became available and were utilized either as monotherapy or in combination with each other.[@b7-dddt-12-3731] Unfortunately, didanosine (1991), zalcitabine (1992), and stavudine (1994), either alone or in combination, were associated with substantial toxicity or did not lead to complete viral suppression, consistently allowing for the emergence of broad NRTI resistance. ",
"In 1996, presentations at the 11th International AIDS Conference highlighted the effectiveness of combination ART, with triple-drug therapy. ",
"These data supported the recommendation of using two NRTIs, forming the \"NRTI backbone,\" along with a third agent, such as a protease inhibitor (PI) or a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), as preferred first-line treatment options.[@b8-dddt-12-3731] Since that time, new ARV classes, such as integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), have been developed and approved as components of first-line therapy. ",
"These include raltegravir (RAL) approved in 2007, elvitegravir (EVG) as part of a fixed dose combination in 2012, dolutegravir (DTG) in 2013, and bictegravir (BIC) in 2018, all of which are recommended for first-line therapy along with two NRTIs.[@b9-dddt-12-3731],[@b10-dddt-12-3731]\n\nAlthough newer NRTIs, such as abacavir (ABC), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), are better tolerated than earlier generations, they continue to have tolerability and toxicity issues, such as hypersensitivity reactions, renal and bone impairment, and possible association with cardiovascular events.[@b11-dddt-12-3731] In order to further minimize toxicity and simplify regimens, several studies have attempted to deviate from the use of the two-NRTI backbone plus a third drug for initial and maintenance therapy. ",
"This review will focus on two-drug therapy for HIV-1-infected people. ",
"Key trials from each of the following sections, ie, large, randomized, or pivotal proof-of-concept trials, are highlighted in [Tables 1](#t1-dddt-12-3731){ref-type=\"table\"}[](#t2-dddt-12-3731){ref-type=\"table\"}[](#t3-dddt-12-3731){ref-type=\"table\"}--[4](#t4-dddt-12-3731){ref-type=\"table\"}.",
"\n\nTreatment-naïve two-drug regimens\n=================================\n\nWhile the use of an NRTI backbone currently remains part of all recommended first-line regimens, an NRTI-sparing regimen or a regimen that does not include two NRTIs may be preferred in select cases.[@b12-dddt-12-3731] Before considering studies that deviate from the two-NRTI plus a third drug paradigm, it is important to review lessons learned from early studies attempting induction with standard ART and then switching to a fewer than three-drug regimen. ",
"The Trilège[@b13-dddt-12-3731] study enrolled 378 participants who were ART naïve and given 3 months of ZDV, lamivudine (3TC), and indinavir (IDV). ",
"Participants who attained a viral load of less than 500 copies/mL were then randomized into one of three maintenance groups consisting of either continued ZDV, 3TC + IDV, or ZDV + 3TC, or ZDV + IDV. ",
"Median duration of follow-up was 6 months owing to premature termination of the study by the safety monitoring board when it became clear that relapse rates where significantly higher in both two-drug therapy groups. ",
"Similar findings were seen in the ACTG 343,[@b14-dddt-12-3731] where, after a 3-month induction with ZDV, 3TC + IDV, 316 participants were randomized to either continue triple therapy, or IDV alone, or ZDV + 3TC, with greater rates of viral rebound in participants not receiving three drugs. ",
"From these studies, we learned that regimens with two NRTIs alone or those with one NRTI plus a non-pharmacologically boosted PI, such as IDV, would not be sufficient to consistently maintain viral suppression.",
"\n\nNRTI-sparing two-drug regimens\n------------------------------\n\nRenewed interest in two-drug regimens occurred with the realization that pharmacologically boosted PIs had much higher barriers to resistance than other agents. ",
"The desire to pursue two-drug regimens was further fueled by increasing recognition of the long-term adverse events associated with select NRTIs. ",
"As a result, most subsequent studies of two-drug therapy focused on NRTI-sparing options. ",
"Key studies in this group are summarized in [Table 1](#t1-dddt-12-3731){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"ACTG 5142 compared three regimens for initial therapy in 757 treatment-naïve participants with HIV-1 infection; efavirenz (EFV) + two NRTIs, ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) + two NRTIs, or LPV/r + EFV.[@b15-dddt-12-3731] At week 96, virologic efficacy was similar in the EFV + two NRTIs and LPV/r + EFV arms (89% vs 83%). ",
"However, in cases of virologic failure, resistance occurred more frequently and there was increased toxicity in those using the NRTI-sparing regimen.",
"\n\nLPV/r was further studied in combination with RAL in two studies. ",
"The PROGRESS study compared this regimen to LPV/r + two NRTIs,[@b16-dddt-12-3731] and CCTG 589 study compared it to EFV + TDF + emtricitabine (FTC).[@b17-dddt-12-3731] Week 96 data from PROGRESS (n=206) showed similar proportions of responders and reported greater reductions in estimated glomerular filtration rate and bone mineral density in the two-NRTI group. ",
"A limitation of this study was that it was relatively small and had few enrolled with high baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA levels. ",
"CCTG 589 also reported no difference in viral suppression between the two arms (N=52), although there was significantly faster viral decay during the first 2 weeks in the LPV/r + RAL study group.",
"\n\nRAL was further studied in combination with atazanavir (ATV) as well as with boosted darunavir (DRV/r). ",
"Ninety-four participants were randomized 2:1 to receive an experimental dose of ATV, 300 mg twice daily, with RAL compared to ritonavir-boosted ATV (ATV/r) + two NRTIs.[@b18-dddt-12-3731] While week 24 data showed similar efficacy for viral load suppression in both arms, the study was stopped early owing to high rates of hyperbilirubinemia as well as the development of RAL resistance in the NRTI-sparing regimen. ",
"The NEAT study was a fully powered randomized trial which had promising results when comparing DRV/r + RAL to DRV/r + two NRTIs.[@b19-dddt-12-3731],[@b20-dddt-12-3731] This large European study randomized 805 participants into the two groups, with week 96 data showing treatment failure of 19% in the RAL vs 15% in the two-NRTI group, meeting criteria for non-inferiority. ",
"However, the RAL group was virologically inferior for those with baseline CD4 cell count of less than 200 cells/mm^3^, and more virologic failures and INSTI resistance were observed in those with baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA levels greater than or equal to 100,000 copies/mL. Inferior efficacy was also observed in participants with lower CD4 cell counts and higher HIV viral loads enrolled in the smaller single-arm ACTG 5262 study, where 112 individuals were given DRV/r + RAL.[@b21-dddt-12-3731]\n\nThe CCR5 antagonist maraviroc (MVC) has also been examined in combination with different boosted PIs. ",
"A small study comparing LPV/r + MVC vs LPV/r + two NRTIs enrolled 50 participants; week 48 data showed 100% viral suppression in the MVC and 96% in the two-NRTI arm.[@b22-dddt-12-3731] Another small study (N=98) compared ATV/r + MVC (n=32) vs two NRTIs + one NNRTI or a PI.[@b23-dddt-12-3731] Participants in both groups experienced similar percentages of viral load suppression at week 48. ",
"However, these results did not hold true in larger studies comparing ATV/r + MVC vs ATV/r + two NRTIs (N=121), where similar viral load suppression was achieved at week 48, except in those with baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA greater than 100,000 copies/mL, where the MVC group was virologically inferior.[@b24-dddt-12-3731] In the MODERN trial, the largest trial studying a boosted PI combined with MVC, DRV/r + MVC vs DRV/r + two NRTIs, 797 participants were enrolled, and the study was closed early owing to virologic inferiority in the MVC group (viral load suppression of 77.3% for MVC vs 86.8% for the two-NRTI group).[@b25-dddt-12-3731]\n\nSingle-NRTI two-drug regimens\n-----------------------------\n\nWhile the studies in the previous subsection focused on NRTI-sparing regimens, two-drug regimens using a single NRTI, such as TDF or 3TC, along with a second drug of a different class have also been studied in treatment-naïve individuals. ",
"Key studies in this group are summarized in [Table 2](#t2-dddt-12-3731){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"The KALEAD study evaluated TDF + LPV/r, both given once daily.[@b26-dddt-12-3731] The study enrolled 152 participants randomized to either LPV/r + TDF or LPV/r + two NRTIs. ",
"Of note, the two-NRTI group did not contain TDF since it was not yet recommended in the Italian treatment guidelines at the time of the study. ",
"Discontinuation rates were high in both groups (41.7% and 43.8%, respectively), and at 72 weeks, the proportion of those achieving viral load suppression was 51.4% in the TDF and 52.5% in the two-NRTI arm. ",
"The investigators concluded that while results in both treatment groups were comparable, the TDF arm was not statistically non-inferior, and they ultimately acknowledged that the study was underpowered and had unexpectedly high discontinuation rates.",
"\n\nBecause 3TC is an NRTI without major side effects, the GARDEL study compared LPV/r (400/100 mg twice daily) + 3TC (150 mg twice daily) to LPV/r (400/100 mg twice daily) + two NRTIs. ",
"The study randomized 426 participants, with 48-week data demonstrating viral suppression rates of 88.3% in the 3TC and 83.7% in the two-NRTI arm, including those with baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA greater than or equal to 100,000 copies/mL.[@b27-dddt-12-3731] It was noted that toxicity-and tolerability-related discontinuations were more common in the two-NRTI group. ",
"While this was an encouraging result, pill burden and twice-daily dosing used in this study remained a challenge. ",
"In addition, the expected gastrointestinal and metabolic disturbances with LPV/r were problematic. ",
"The first Phase of the ANDES study evaluated the better tolerated boosted PI, DRV/r + 3TC (n=75) compared to DRV/r + TDF/FTC (n=70), and demonstrated viral suppression at 48 weeks in 93% and 94%, respectively, with similar tolerability.[@b28-dddt-12-3731] The plan was to assess the results of the first Phase and, if promising, to expand the sample size to generate a fully powered clinical trial of this novel two-drug regimen.",
"\n\nDTG has emerged as an INSTI with a high barrier to resistance, minimal drug--drug interactions, good tolerability, and ease of administration, given once daily with or without food.[@b29-dddt-12-3731] As noted, all promising two-drug regimens following Trilège and ACTG 343 have included a boosted PI as the sole high-barrier-to-resistance drug. ",
"DTG may now offer another high-barrier-to-resistance option. ",
"The PADDLE study was a first attempt to assess whether DTG could be used as part of a two-drug regimen.[@b30-dddt-12-3731] This proof-of-concept study evaluated the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of DTG + 3TC given once daily to 20 treatment-naïve individuals with plasma HIV-1 RNA of less than or equal to 100,000 copies/mL and CD4 cell counts greater than 200 cells/mm^3^. All participants were suppressed by week 8, and week 48 data showed that 90% (18/20) maintained viral suppression. ",
"Of the two individuals not suppressed at week 48, one died by suicide, an event not thought to be study-drug related, and the other had low-level viremia that resuppressed without change in therapy. ",
"No major tolerability or toxicity issues were observed. ",
"This study was followed by ACTG 5353, which enrolled 120 treatment-naïve participants with baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA less than 500,000 copies/mL into a single-arm study of DTG + 3TC given once daily.[@b31-dddt-12-3731] This study demonstrated high levels of virologic suppression, with similar outcomes in those with baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA levels less or equal to and greater than 100,000 copies/mL. However, there was a single individual who selected for integrase resistance and NRTI resistance mutations, which had not previously been seen in any treatment-naïve trial of DTG + two NRTIs.",
"\n\nAs follow-up to PADDLE and ACTG 5353, two identical Phase III trials, GEMINI-1 and GEMINI-2 (NCT-02831673 and NCT-02831764), are ongoing at the time of writing this review, evaluating DTG + 3TC vs DTG + TDF/FTC for treatment-naïve individuals with plasma HIV-1 RNA levels of 1,000--500,000 copies/mL. Week 48 primary outcome data were presented at the 22nd International AIDS Conference: 1,433 participants were randomized 1:1 into the above groups, with approximately 20% having viral loads above 100,000 copies/mL and median CD4 cell counts of approximately 400 cells/mm^3^.[@b32-dddt-12-3731] Pooled snapshot outcomes at week 48 showed 91% viral load suppression in the DTG + 3TC and 93% in the DTG + two-NRTI arm, meeting criteria for non-inferiority, with similar results seen in those with baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA levels greater than 100,000 copies/mL. Of the six participants on the two-drug and four on the three-drug regimen who met criteria for protocol-defined virologic failure, none developed INSTI or NRTI resistance mutations. ",
"It is important to note that for pooled outcomes at week 48 for the subgroup with baseline CD4 cell counts less than 200 cells/mm^3^, snapshot analysis showed virologic suppression of 79% in the DTG + 3TC vs 93% in the DTG + two-NRTI group. ",
"This difference disappeared in the treatment-related discontinuation = failure analysis. ",
"The investigators noted that the difference was not driven by increased rates of virologic failure. ",
"In fact, of the 13 participants who were considered snapshot non-response in the DTG + 3TC arm, two resuppressed on the same regimen, two discontinued owing to adverse events (tuberculosis and Chagas disease), two had protocol violations, two were lost to follow-up, one withdrew consent, one withdrew to start hepatitis C therapy, and one changed ART as a result of incarceration. ",
"In addition, safety and tolerability profiles were comparable between the two groups.",
"\n\nMaintenance therapy in virologically suppressed individuals\n===========================================================\n\nGiven the disappointing results of earlier induction-- maintenance strategies for the treatment of HIV-1-infected people, such as in Trilège and ACTG 343, studies of dual ART strategies were abandoned for nearly a decade. ",
"A resurgence of studies assessing the safety and efficacy of two-drug regimens for maintenance therapy in virologically suppressed individuals has occurred to enhance convenience and tolerability, and potentially reduce costs. ",
"The following subsections will review studies of NRTI-sparing two-drug regimens ([Table 3](#t3-dddt-12-3731){ref-type=\"table\"}) and single-NRTI-containing two-drug regimens ([Table 4](#t4-dddt-12-3731){ref-type=\"table\"}) for maintenance of viral suppression.",
"\n\nNRTI-sparing two-drug regimens\n------------------------------\n\nSimilarly to the interest in using boosted PIs + INSTIs in HIV treatment-naïve individuals, several small studies have evaluated this combination as maintenance therapy, as summarized in [Table 3](#t3-dddt-12-3731){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"The KITE Study randomized (2:1) 60 individuals without a history of virologic failure and on a stably suppressive regimen for at least 6 months to receive LPV/r + RAL or to continue on their current three-drug regimen.[@b33-dddt-12-3731] Week 48 data showed maintenance of viral load suppression in 92% of those in the RAL vs 88% in the three-drug study arm.",
"\n\nIn contrast, ATV studies did not yield the same results as the LPV/r-based regimens. ",
"A retrospective study of the Dat'AIDS cohort followed patients who switched to ATV + RAL or ATV/r + RAL between 2008 and 2014 for up to 96 weeks.[@b34-dddt-12-3731] The cohort (N=283) was not an optimal study population, with 45% having a history of virologic failure, 20% having detectable viral load at the time of starting two-drug therapy, and 47% switching to two-drug therapy owing to ART-related adverse effects. ",
"While no difference was found between the boosted and unboosted ATV groups, cumulative percentages of participants remaining free of therapeutic failure at week 48 (65.4%) and week 96 (53.4%) were low. ",
"Another retrospective trial with unboosted ATV + RAL showed similarly concerning results (N=102, 18.6% failure at 123 weeks).[@b35-dddt-12-3731] Both of these trials reported frequent selection for RAL resistance. ",
"HARNESS was a prospective trial comparing ATV/r + RAL vs ATV/r + two NRTIs for maintenance therapy in individuals who did not have a history of virologic failure or exposure to ATV or RAL.[@b36-dddt-12-3731] Results at 48 weeks supported conclusions of the retrospective trials, with 69.4% in the RAL group maintaining virologic suppression vs 86.5% of those in the two-NRTI group. ",
"In a more promising small Japanese study of boosted DRV,[@b37-dddt-12-3731] 28 stably suppressed individuals without a history of virologic failure switched from LPV/r + two NRTIs to DRV/r + RAL, with 100% maintaining virologic suppression at week 48.",
"\n\nThe novel combination of RAL and an NNRTI has been evaluated for maintenance therapy in small studies. ",
"RAL + etravirine (ETR) was examined in a small retrospective (N=18),[@b38-dddt-12-3731] an observational (N=25),[@b39-dddt-12-3731] and a prospective trial (N=38).[@b40-dddt-12-3731] These studies showed rates of viral suppression at week 48 to often be higher than 80%; however, they were small and not randomized, and when virologic failure was seen, resistance was often documented to RAL and/or ETR.",
"\n\nAs in the ART-naïve trials with dual therapy, MVC did not perform well in two-drug maintenance regimens. ",
"The MARCH study took individuals who were virologically suppressed on a boosted PI + two NRTIs and placed them into one of three study arms: continue current therapy, replace the boosted PI with MVC, or replace the two-NRTI with MVC (MVC + boosted PI).[@b41-dddt-12-3731] Results at 48 weeks showed ongoing virologic suppression of 97.6%, 93.6%, and 84.1%, respectively, demonstrating inferiority of the NRTI-sparing regimen. ",
"Similarly, high rates of virologic failure in the MVC + DRV/r arm of the GUSTA trial led to early study termination.[@b42-dddt-12-3731]\n\nPerhaps the most promising NRTI-sparing maintenance studies utilized rilpivirine (RPV) with a boosted PI or INSTI. ",
"In a proof-of-concept study, 60 participants with no previous resistance to study drugs who were stably suppressed on ART were continued on a boosted PI + two NRTIs or switched to DRV/r + RPV.[@b43-dddt-12-3731] At 48 weeks, 93.4% and 96.7% of participants continued to be virologically suppressed, respectively. ",
"In addition, there has been much enthusiasm about the results of newer INSTI medications combined with RPV. ",
"Cabotegravir (CAB) is a new INSTI that is a structural analog of DTG, having a half-life of 40 hours with oral dosing and minimal drug interactions.[@b44-dddt-12-3731] It has been studied in oral form in combination with oral RPV in the LATTE study and in a long-acting (LA) injectable form along with injectable LA RPV in LATTE-2.[@b45-dddt-12-3731],[@b46-dddt-12-3731] In LATTE, 243 participants were assigned 1:1:1:1 to receive oral CAB (10 mg, 30 mg, 60 mg) or EFV 600 mg along with two NRTIs for the first 24-week induction period. ",
"Those virologically suppressed at week 24 continued to the maintenance Phase (86% CAB group, 74% EFV group), with those on CAB having NRTIs switched to oral RPV 25 mg, with the others remaining on EFV + two NRTIs for 72 weeks. ",
"Week 48 data demonstrated that 82% in the CAB group and 71% in the EFV group were virologically suppressed, and at week 96, 76% and 63% had undetectable levels of plasma HIV-1 RNA, respectively. ",
"Combined efficacy and safety results showed that a CAB dose of 30 mg was optimal. ",
"In LATTE-2, treatment-naïve individuals were given a 20-week induction with oral CAB 30 mg + ABC/3TC, and once virologically suppressed, randomized to intramuscular LA CAB + LA RPV at 4-week (400 and 600 mg, respectively) or 8-week (600 and 800 mg, respectively) intervals, or to continue oral therapy. ",
"Of the 286 participants followed during the maintenance period, viral suppression was observed at 32 weeks in 91%, 94%, and 95%, respectively. ",
"Week 96 data demonstrated viral suppression of 84%, 87%, and 94%, respectively. ",
"Injectable formulations were found to be well accepted and tolerated. ",
"Fully powered Phase III registrational maintenance trials are fully enrolled and in follow-up and will compare two NRTIs with INSTI given once daily to dosing every 4 weeks with LA CAB + LA RPV (ATLAS, NCT02951052 and FLAIR, NCT02938520) and dosing every 4 weeks vs every 8 weeks with the LA preparations (ATLAS-2M, NCT03299049).",
"\n\nPromising findings were also seen with the use of DTG + RPV as maintenance therapy. ",
"An Italian observational cohort study followed 132 patients who were switched by their providers for clinical reasons to DTG + RPV.[@b47-dddt-12-3731] Forty-three percent had at least one failure with previous ART, 45% had reverse transcriptase mutations, including to RPV, and one had INSTI resistance. ",
"Despite this, viral suppression was maintained in 81% at week 24 and in 90.9% at week 48, with similar findings seen at week 96.[@b48-dddt-12-3731] SWORD-1 and SWORD-2 are recently published Phase III studies.[@b49-dddt-12-3731] These identical studies randomized 1,024 individuals, who were on their first or second ART regimen without history of virologic failure, to switch to DTG + RPV or continue their current regimen. ",
"At week 52, those who had continued on their current regimen were also switched to DTG + RPV. ",
"At the time of enrollment, study subjects had been on a stable regimen for an average of over 4 years, with approximately 70% receiving TDF and FTC as their NRTI backbone. ",
"Week 48 data showed that 95% of SWORD-1 and 94% of SWORD-2 participants on DTG + RPV had viral loads less than 50 copies/mL compared to 96% of SWORD-1 and 94% of SWORD-2 subjects who remained on their original ART. ",
"In pooled analysis of the intention-to-treat population, 95% maintained viral loads less than 50 copies/mL in both treatment groups, meeting non-inferiority criteria. ",
"In 2017, the FDA approved the combination DTG + RPV as a single-pill form.[@b1-dddt-12-3731]\n\nSingle-NRTI two-drug regimens\n-----------------------------\n\nSeveral studies have assessed the safety and efficacy of a single NRTI plus a second drug for maintenance of viral suppression. ",
"Key studies in this group are summarized in [Table 4](#t4-dddt-12-3731){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"The COOL study enrolled 143 participants who were suppressed on EFV, 3TC + TDF for at least 6 months and randomized them to receive EFV + TDF or remain on triple therapy.[@b50-dddt-12-3731] Viral suppression at 48 weeks was maintained in 81.7% and 97.2%, respectively, with the two-drug regimen not meeting prespecified non-inferiority criteria. ",
"In addition, three individuals from the two-drug regimen group developed EFV resistance. ",
"Once again, the COOL study appears to confirm that a two-drug regimen needs at least one active agent with a high barrier to resistance.",
"\n\nSeveral studies evaluated a boosted PI + 3TC for maintenance. ",
"In a non-inferiority trial, 250 virologically suppressed individuals on LPV/r + either 3TC or FTC + a second NRTI for at least 6 months and no history of virologic failure were randomized to continue triple therapy or switch to LPV/r + 3TC.[@b51-dddt-12-3731] At 48 weeks, 86.6% and 87.8% maintained viral suppression, respectively, meeting non-inferiority criteria. ",
"One person in the two-drug arm with virologic failure developed 3TC resistance. ",
"ATLAS-M[@b52-dddt-12-3731] and SALT[@b53-dddt-12-3731],[@b54-dddt-12-3731] were large non-inferiority trials studying ATV/r + 3TC for maintenance. ",
"In ALTAS-M, 266 participants were on ATV/r + two NRTIs with undetectable viral loads and no history of virologic failure and were randomized to either continue their current regimen or switch to ATV/r + 3TC. ",
"Non-inferiority was met when 79.7% and 89.5% of participants, respectively, remained virologically suppressed. ",
"In fact, the two-drug arm was found to be superior. ",
"The SALT trial enrolled 286 individuals with no history of drug resistance or treatment failure and an undetectable viral load for at least 6 months to receive ATV/r + two NRTIs or ATV/r + 3TC. ",
"Sixty-five percent of individuals had already been on a PI-based regimen, 33% were on an NNRTI-based regimen, and 82% had experience with TDF. ",
"At 48 weeks, virologic suppression was maintained in 78% in the two-NRTI arm and 84% in the 3TC arm, meeting non-inferiority, which was upheld at 96 weeks with virologic suppression in 73.9% and 74.4% of participants, respectively. ",
"Of note, neither ATLAS-M nor SALT demonstrated selection of drug resistance in those randomized to the two-drug study arm.",
"\n\nDRV/r has also been studied in combination with 3TC in the DUAL GESIDA, a non-inferiority trial in Spain where 249 participants were on DRV/r + two NRTIs (either TDF/FTC or ABC/3TC) with no history of resistance and an undetectable viral load for at least 6 months. ",
"They were randomized to continue the current regimen or switch to DRV/r + 3TC.[@b55-dddt-12-3731] After 48 weeks of study, the viral load in 92.7% and 88.9% of participants remained undetectable, respectively, meeting non-inferiority, and as in the prior trials, no 3TC resistance was selected for in those experiencing virologic failure.",
"\n\nDTG + 3TC has also been explored for maintenance therapy in several studies. ",
"The ASPIRE study randomized in an open-label fashion those virologically suppressed with no history of treatment failure to either continue a standard three-drug regimen (n=45) or to receive DTG + 3TC (n=45).[@b56-dddt-12-3731] At 48 weeks, virologic suppression was maintained in 91% of those assigned to the two-drug and 89% of those assigned to the three-drug regimen. ",
"Two small studies compared remaining on a three-drug regimen to switching to DTG + 3TC or DTG monotherapy, both of which provided promising results from the two-drug regimen but high failure rates in the monotherapy study arms.[@b57-dddt-12-3731],[@b58-dddt-12-3731] A fully powered Phase III trial of maintenance therapy with single-tablet DTG/3TC is fully enrolled and in follow-up at the time of writing (TANGO, NCT03446573).",
"\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThis review of two-drug therapies for initial and maintenance treatment of HIV-1-infected people has covered trials from the late 1990s to the present. ",
"There are many reasons to study a regimen that contains fewer than three drugs, including the potential for improved tolerability, less toxicity, simpler regimens, and, while not the focus of this review, cost savings, which can be substantial.[@b59-dddt-12-3731] A major lesson learned from the earlier trials was that for both initial and maintenance therapy at least one of the components of the two-drug regimen must have a relatively high barrier to resistance. ",
"When this was not the case, virologic failure was more common and often associated with the emergence of drug-resistance mutations. ",
"While there were mixed results from many studies of two-drug regimens for both initial and maintenance strategies, it was frequently found that the use of MVC was often associated with poor virologic responses, even when used with a boosted PI.[@b24-dddt-12-3731],[@b25-dddt-12-3731],[@b41-dddt-12-3731],[@b42-dddt-12-3731]\n\nIn general, trials of maintenance strategies with two-drug regimens have been more successful than studies initiating treatment-naïve patients on such therapy. ",
"The strongest data supporting the use of two-drug regimens for maintenance therapy include a boosted PI + 3TC, the very large SWORD-1 and -2 studies demonstrating high rates of suppression with DTG + RPV,[@b49-dddt-12-3731] and the very promising early results with LA CAB + LA RPV.[@b46-dddt-12-3731] Clinicians must remember that most of these studies enrolled stably suppressed subjects without hepatitis B infection since these regimens do not include two active drugs against this virus, and those having no history of treatment failure.",
"\n\nFor treatment-naïve patients, the strongest data for two-drug therapy come from the recent results with DTG + 3TC. ",
"While longer follow-up for this novel regimen will be important, the data from ACTG 5353,[@b31-dddt-12-3731] PADDLE,[@b30-dddt-12-3731] and the GEMINI-1 and -2 trials[@b32-dddt-12-3731] make a strong case for this combination in the setting where resistance data are available, plasma HIV-1 RNA is up to 500,000 copies/mL, and there is no evidence of chronic hepatitis B infection. ",
"There are also strong and emerging data on the use of a boosted PI with 3TC,[@b27-dddt-12-3731],[@b28-dddt-12-3731] with limited and somewhat weaker data on boosted PIs plus INSTIs.[@b16-dddt-12-3731],[@b19-dddt-12-3731],[@b20-dddt-12-3731]\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nA review of the most significant studies including two-drug regiments for the initial treatment of HIV-1 or to maintain virologic suppression has demonstrated that, after more than two decades of three-drug regimens, a paradigm shift may be on the near horizon. ",
"For certain populations where drug toxicity needs to be minimized, where there is intolerance of medications, or if a simpler regimen is desired, using two-drug therapy may be considered a safe and cost-effective alternative.",
"\n\n**Disclosure**\n\nKC Corado has received research support from Gilead Sciences. ",
"MR Caplan has received research support from Gilead Sciences. ",
"ES Daar has received research support from Gilead Sciences, Merck & Co., and ViiV Healthcare. ",
"He has also acted as a consultant for Gilead Sciences, Merck & Co., ViiV Healthcare, and Theratechnologies. ",
"The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.",
"\n\n###### \n\nTwo-drug regimens for treatment-naïve individuals: key NRTI-sparing trials\n\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Trial (reference) N Regimens compared Outcome\n --------------------------------------------- ----- ------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n ACTG 5142[@b15-dddt-12-3731] 757 EFV + 2 NRTIs\\ Similar virologic efficacy in EFV + 2 NRTIs and LPV/r + EFV, but more cases of resistance in NRTI-sparing regimen\n LPV/r + 2 NRTIs\\ \n LPV/r + EFV \n\n PROGRESS[@b16-dddt-12-3731] 206 LPV/r + 2 NRTIs\\ Similar virologic efficacy; less reduction in GFR and BMD in the NRTI-sparing group\n LPV/r + RAL \n\n NEAT[@b19-dddt-12-3731],[@b20-dddt-12-3731] 805 DRV/r + 2 NRTIs\\ Two-drug regimen non-inferior, except in cases of CD4 count \\<200 cells/mm^3^. When HIV-1 RNA ≥100,000 copies/mL, more INSTI resistance observed with virologic failure\n DRV/r + RAL \n\n MODERN[@b25-dddt-12-3731] 797 DRV/r + 2 NRTIs\\ Study closed early on basis of virologic inferiority of the MVC arm\n DRV/r + MVC \n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n**Abbreviations:** BMD, bone mineral density; DRV/r, ritonavir-boosted darunavir; EFV, efavirenz; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; INSTI, integrase strand transfer inhibitor; LPV/r, ritonavir-boosted lopinavir; MVC, maraviroc; NRTI, nucleotide/side reverse transcriptase inhibitor; RAL, raltegravir.",
"\n\n###### \n\nTwo-drug regimens for treatment-naïve individuals: key single-NRTI trials\n\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Trial (reference) N Regimens compared Outcome\n ------------------------------------ ------- ------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n KALEAD[@b26-dddt-12-3731] 152 LPV/r + 2 NRTIs\\ Underpowered study with high discontinuation rates in both groups, \\>40%, and viral load suppression just above 50% in both groups\n LPV/r + TDF \n\n GARDEL[@b27-dddt-12-3731] 426 LPV/r + 2 NRTIs\\ Viral suppression similar in both arms; less toxicity and improved tolerability in the 3TC-only arm\n LPV/r + 3TC \n\n ANDES[@b28-dddt-12-3731] 145 DRV/r + TDF/FTC\\ Similar virologic efficacy and tolerability\n DRV/r + 3TC \n\n PADDLE[@b30-dddt-12-3731] 20 DTG + 3TC Proof-of-concept study; 90% viral suppression at week 48; no resistance\n\n ACTG 5353[@b31-dddt-12-3731] 120 DTG + 3TC Week 24 viral suppression was 90%. ",
"Enrolled participants with HIV-1 RNA up to 500,000 copies/mL. One participant developed integrase and NRTI resistance\n\n GEMINI-1 and -2[@b32-dddt-12-3731] 1,433 DTG + TDF/FTC\\ Week 48 data show non-inferiority, including those with HIV-1 RNA \\>100,000 copies/mL. No resistance\n DTG + 3TC \n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n**Abbreviations:** 3TC, lamivudine; DRV/r, ritonavir-boosted darunavir, FTC, emtricitabine; DTG, dolutegravir; LPV/r, ritonavir-boosted lopinavir; NRTI, nucleotide/side reverse transcriptase inhibitor; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.",
"\n\n###### \n\nTwo-drug regimens for maintenance: key NRTI-sparing trials\n\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Trial (reference) N Regimens compared Outcome\n ----------------------------------- ------- -------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n KITE[@b33-dddt-12-3731] 60 Current three-drug regimen\\ Maintenance of viral load suppression of 92% at week 48 in NRTI-sparing arm\n LPV/r + RAL \n\n HARNESS[@b36-dddt-12-3731] 109 ATV/r + TDF/FTC\\ Lower virologic suppression in NRTI-sparing arm\n ATV/r + RAL \n\n MARCH[@b41-dddt-12-3731] 395 Current three-drug regimen\\ NRTI-sparing arm was inferior\n MVC + 2 NRTIs\\ \n MVC + PI/r \n\n PROBE[@b43-dddt-12-3731] 60 PI/r + 2 NRTIs\\ Proof-of-concept study. ",
"At week 48, 96.7% in RPV arm still suppressed\n DRV/r + RPV \n\n LATTE[@b45-dddt-12-3731] 243 CAB 10 mg + RPV\\ Week 48 data showed 82% suppression in CAB group and 71% in EFV group. ",
"CAB 30 mg was shown to be optimal\n CAB 30 mg + RPV\\ \n CAB 60 mg + RPV\\ \n EFV + 2 NRTIs \n\n LATTE-2[@b46-dddt-12-3731] 286 CAB 30 mg + 2 NRTIs\\ Similar continued virologic suppression at week 32 and week 96. ",
"Injectables found to be well tolerated\n LA CAB + LA RPV every 4 weeks\\ \n LA CAB + LA RPV every 8 weeks \n\n SWORD-1 and -2[@b49-dddt-12-3731] 1,024 Current three-drug regimen\\ In pooled analysis, 95% DTG + RPV maintained viral suppression. ",
"Met non-inferiority\n DTG + RPV \n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n**Abbreviations:** ATV/r, ritonavir-boosted atazanavir; CAB, cabotegravir; DRV/r, ritonavir-boosted darunavir; EFV, efavirenz; LA, long-acting; LPV/r, ritonavir-boosted lopinavir; MVC, maraviroc; NRTI, nucleotide/side reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI/r, ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor; RAL, raltegravir; RPV, rilpivirine; TDF/FTC, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine; DTG, dolutegravir.",
"\n\n###### \n\nTwo-drug regimens for maintenance: key single-NRTI trials\n\n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Trial (reference) N Regimens compared Outcome\n --------------------------------------------- ----- ----------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------\n OLE[@b51-dddt-12-3731] 250 LPV/r + 2 NRTIs\\ Virologic suppression \\>86% in both arms, meeting non-inferiority\n LPV/r + 3TC \n\n ATLAS-M[@b52-dddt-12-3731] 266 ATV/r + 2 NRTIs\\ Non-inferiority met; no resistance seen\n ATV/r + 3TC \n\n SALT[@b53-dddt-12-3731],[@b54-dddt-12-3731] 286 ATV/r + 2 NRTIs\\ Non-inferiority met; no resistance seen\n ATV/r + 3TC \n\n DUAL GESIDA[@b55-dddt-12-3731] 249 DRV/r + 2 NRTIs\\ Non-inferiority met; no resistance seen\n DRV/r + 3TC \n\n ASPIRE[@b56-dddt-12-3731] 90 Current three-drug regimen\\ Virologic suppression of 91% in the two-drug arm at week 48\n DTG + 3TC \n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n**Abbreviations:** 3TC, lamivudine; ATV/r, ritonavir-boosted atazanavir; DRV/r, ritonavir-boosted darunavir; DTG, dolutegravir; LPV/r, ritonavir-boosted lopinavir; NRTI, nucleotide/side reverse transcriptase inhibitor.",
"\n"
] | {
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"Many electronic devices have common components, making dual use devices potentially a way of saving costs. ",
"Differing physical requirements, however, often make obtaining these potential savings impractical. ",
"For instance, cellular phones and personal computers (PCs) both have display screens, programmable general purpose processors and memory for storage. ",
"It would seem desirable to have an electronic device that could function both as a cellular phone and a PC by using a common display screen, a common processor and a common memory, thereby saving on hardware costs. ",
"The problem is keyboard input of text. ",
"In a PC, text input is typically facilitated by a full size key board, i.e., one the size of a typewriter keyboard, with individual keys that are sufficiently large, and spaced apart, that an average adult, skilled in the art of typing, may touch type on such a keyboard using all ten of their distal phalanges, i.e., all their fingers and thumbs."
] | {
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"The viral theory of connective tissue diseases: a review.",
"\nFor many years evidence for a viral aetiology of connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis has been sought by a variety of methods, including attempts at direct isolation, the study of rheumatoid synovial cells, ultrastructural examination of pathological material and assays of anti-viral antibody. ",
"No convincing proof has yet been obtained. ",
"However, a better understanding of the mechanisms of viral persistence, and the ways in which host defences can be subverted by viral infections has prompted other ways of approaching this problem. ",
"A viral aetiology for this group of diseases remains an attractive but unsubstantiated hypothesis."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"The present invention relates to a Ti-base material for eyeglass-frames, and a method for producing same and more particularly relates to a Ti-base laminated, clad material advantageously usable for eyeglass-frame parts thanks to its high brazing strength, and a practical method for producing same.",
"\nTitanium has received much recognition as a material well suited for eyeglass-frame parts because of its high resistance against erosion, easy workability, excellent fitness to plating and relatively low specific gravity. ",
"Despite such excellent properties, use of the material in practice has been shelved long due to its relatively low brazing strength.",
"\nIn order to cover this demerit, it has been proposed to produce a Ti-base material for eyeglass-frames by cladding a Cu alloy sheath, which has relatively high brazing strength, to a Ti core. ",
"After brazing is complete, the Cu alloy sheath is removed by, for example, etching in order to obtain a material for eyeglass-frame parts.",
"\nIn accordance with this conventional proposal, however, very fragile intermetallic compounds are formed during heating for brazing at the border between the Ti core and the Cu alloy sheath. ",
"Usually, such compounds take the form of a Ti-Cu diffusion layer or phase. ",
"Presence of such intermetallic compounds naturally lowers the brazing strength of the resultant Ti-base material for eyeglass-frames."
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[
"//===--- DeclSpec.cpp - Declaration Specifier Semantic Analysis -----------===//\n//\n// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.",
"\n// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.",
"\n// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception\n//\n//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//\n//\n// This file implements semantic analysis for declaration specifiers.",
"\n//\n//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//\n\n#include \"clang/Sema/DeclSpec.h\"\n#include \"clang/AST/ASTContext.h\"\n#include \"clang/AST/DeclCXX.h\"\n#include \"clang/AST/Expr.h\"\n#include \"clang/AST/LocInfoType.h\"\n#include \"clang/AST/TypeLoc.h\"\n#include \"clang/Basic/LangOptions.h\"\n#include \"clang/Basic/TargetInfo.h\"\n#include \"clang/Sema/ParsedTemplate.h\"\n#include \"clang/Sema/Sema.h\"\n#include \"clang/Sema/SemaDiagnostic.h\"\n#include \"llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h\"\n#include \"llvm/ADT/SmallString.h\"\n#include <cstring>\nusing namespace clang;\n\n\nvoid UnqualifiedId::setTemplateId(TemplateIdAnnotation *TemplateId) {\n assert(TemplateId && \"NULL template-id annotation?\");",
"\n Kind = UnqualifiedIdKind::IK_TemplateId;\n this->TemplateId = TemplateId;\n StartLocation = TemplateId->TemplateNameLoc;\n EndLocation = TemplateId->RAngleLoc;\n}\n\nvoid UnqualifiedId::setConstructorTemplateId(TemplateIdAnnotation *TemplateId) {\n assert(TemplateId && \"NULL template-id annotation?\");",
"\n Kind = UnqualifiedIdKind::IK_ConstructorTemplateId;\n this->TemplateId = TemplateId;\n StartLocation = TemplateId->TemplateNameLoc;\n EndLocation = TemplateId->RAngleLoc;\n}\n\nvoid CXXScopeSpec::Extend(ASTContext &Context, SourceLocation TemplateKWLoc,\n TypeLoc TL, SourceLocation ColonColonLoc) {\n Builder.",
"Extend(Context, TemplateKWLoc, TL, ColonColonLoc);\n if (Range.getBegin().isInvalid())\n Range.setBegin(TL.getBeginLoc());\n Range.setEnd(ColonColonLoc);\n\n assert(Range == Builder.getSourceRange() &&\n \"NestedNameSpecifierLoc range computation incorrect\");\n}\n\nvoid CXXScopeSpec::Extend(ASTContext &Context, IdentifierInfo *Identifier,\n SourceLocation IdentifierLoc,\n SourceLocation ColonColonLoc) {\n Builder.",
"Extend(Context, Identifier, IdentifierLoc, ColonColonLoc);\n\n if (Range.getBegin().isInvalid())\n Range.setBegin(IdentifierLoc);\n Range.setEnd(ColonColonLoc);\n\n assert(Range == Builder.getSourceRange() &&\n \"NestedNameSpecifierLoc range computation incorrect\");\n}\n\nvoid CXXScopeSpec::Extend(ASTContext &Context, NamespaceDecl *Namespace,\n SourceLocation NamespaceLoc,\n SourceLocation ColonColonLoc) {\n Builder.",
"Extend(Context, Namespace, NamespaceLoc, ColonColonLoc);\n\n if (Range.getBegin().isInvalid())\n Range.setBegin(NamespaceLoc);\n Range.setEnd(ColonColonLoc);\n\n assert(Range == Builder.getSourceRange() &&\n \"NestedNameSpecifierLoc range computation incorrect\");\n}\n\nvoid CXXScopeSpec::Extend(ASTContext &Context, NamespaceAliasDecl *Alias,\n SourceLocation AliasLoc,\n SourceLocation ColonColonLoc) {\n Builder.",
"Extend(Context, Alias, AliasLoc, ColonColonLoc);\n\n if (Range.getBegin().isInvalid())\n Range.setBegin(AliasLoc);\n Range.setEnd(ColonColonLoc);\n\n assert(Range == Builder.getSourceRange() &&\n \"NestedNameSpecifierLoc range computation incorrect\");\n}\n\nvoid CXXScopeSpec::MakeGlobal(ASTContext &Context,\n SourceLocation ColonColonLoc) {\n Builder.",
"MakeGlobal(Context, ColonColonLoc);\n\n Range = SourceRange(ColonColonLoc);\n\n assert(Range == Builder.getSourceRange() &&\n \"NestedNameSpecifierLoc range computation incorrect\");\n}\n\nvoid CXXScopeSpec::MakeSuper(ASTContext &Context, CXXRecordDecl *RD,\n SourceLocation SuperLoc,\n SourceLocation ColonColonLoc) {\n Builder.",
"MakeSuper(Context, RD, SuperLoc, ColonColonLoc);\n\n Range.setBegin(SuperLoc);\n Range.setEnd(ColonColonLoc);\n\n assert(Range == Builder.getSourceRange() &&\n \"NestedNameSpecifierLoc range computation incorrect\");\n}\n\nvoid CXXScopeSpec::MakeTrivial(ASTContext &Context,\n NestedNameSpecifier *Qualifier, SourceRange R) {\n Builder.",
"MakeTrivial(Context, Qualifier, R);\n Range = R;\n}\n\nvoid CXXScopeSpec::Adopt(NestedNameSpecifierLoc Other) {\n if (!",
"Other) {\n Range = SourceRange();\n Builder.",
"Clear();\n return;\n }\n\n Range = Other.getSourceRange();\n Builder.",
"Adopt(Other);\n}\n\nSourceLocation CXXScopeSpec::getLastQualifierNameLoc() const {\n if (!",
"Builder.getRepresentation())\n return SourceLocation();\n return Builder.getTemporary().getLocalBeginLoc();\n}\n\nNestedNameSpecifierLoc\nCXXScopeSpec::getWithLocInContext(ASTContext &Context) const {\n if (!",
"Builder.getRepresentation())\n return NestedNameSpecifierLoc();\n\n return Builder.getWithLocInContext(Context);\n}\n\n/// DeclaratorChunk::getFunction - Return a DeclaratorChunk for a function.",
"\n/// \"TheDeclarator\" is the declarator that this will be added to.",
"\nDeclaratorChunk DeclaratorChunk::getFunction(bool hasProto,\n bool isAmbiguous,\n SourceLocation LParenLoc,\n ParamInfo *Params,\n unsigned NumParams,\n SourceLocation EllipsisLoc,\n SourceLocation RParenLoc,\n bool RefQualifierIsLvalueRef,\n SourceLocation RefQualifierLoc,\n SourceLocation MutableLoc,\n ExceptionSpecificationType\n ESpecType,\n SourceRange ESpecRange,\n ParsedType *Exceptions,\n SourceRange *ExceptionRanges,\n unsigned NumExceptions,\n Expr *NoexceptExpr,\n CachedTokens *ExceptionSpecTokens,\n ArrayRef<NamedDecl*>\n DeclsInPrototype,\n SourceLocation LocalRangeBegin,\n SourceLocation LocalRangeEnd,\n Declarator &TheDeclarator,\n TypeResult TrailingReturnType,\n DeclSpec *MethodQualifiers) {\n assert(!(MethodQualifiers && MethodQualifiers->getTypeQualifiers() & DeclSpec::TQ_atomic) &&\n \"function cannot have _Atomic qualifier\");\n\n DeclaratorChunk I;\n I.Kind = Function;\n I.Loc = LocalRangeBegin;\n I.EndLoc = LocalRangeEnd;\n I.Fun.hasPrototype = hasProto;\n I.Fun.isVariadic = EllipsisLoc.isValid();\n I.Fun.isAmbiguous = isAmbiguous;\n I.Fun.",
"LParenLoc = LParenLoc.getRawEncoding();\n I.Fun.",
"EllipsisLoc = EllipsisLoc.getRawEncoding();\n I.Fun.",
"RParenLoc = RParenLoc.getRawEncoding();\n I.Fun.",
"DeleteParams = false;\n I.Fun.",
"NumParams = NumParams;\n I.Fun.",
"Params = nullptr;\n I.Fun.",
"RefQualifierIsLValueRef = RefQualifierIsLvalueRef;\n I.Fun.",
"RefQualifierLoc = RefQualifierLoc.getRawEncoding();\n I.Fun.",
"MutableLoc = MutableLoc.getRawEncoding();\n I.Fun.",
"ExceptionSpecType = ESpecType;\n I.Fun.",
"ExceptionSpecLocBeg = ESpecRange.getBegin().getRawEncoding();\n I.Fun.",
"ExceptionSpecLocEnd = ESpecRange.getEnd().getRawEncoding();\n I.Fun.",
"NumExceptionsOrDecls = 0;\n I.Fun.",
"Exceptions = nullptr;\n I.Fun.",
"NoexceptExpr = nullptr;\n I.Fun.",
"HasTrailingReturnType = TrailingReturnType.isUsable() ||\n TrailingReturnType.isInvalid();\n I.Fun.",
"TrailingReturnType = TrailingReturnType.get();\n I.Fun.",
"MethodQualifiers = nullptr;\n I.Fun.",
"QualAttrFactory = nullptr;\n\n if (MethodQualifiers && (MethodQualifiers->getTypeQualifiers() ||\n MethodQualifiers->getAttributes().size())) {\n auto &attrs = MethodQualifiers->getAttributes();\n I.Fun.",
"MethodQualifiers = new DeclSpec(attrs.getPool().getFactory());\n MethodQualifiers->forEachCVRUQualifier(\n [&](DeclSpec::TQ TypeQual, StringRef PrintName, SourceLocation SL) {\n I.Fun.",
"MethodQualifiers->SetTypeQual(TypeQual, SL);\n });\n I.Fun.",
"MethodQualifiers->getAttributes().takeAllFrom(attrs);\n I.Fun.",
"MethodQualifiers->getAttributePool().takeAllFrom(attrs.getPool());\n }\n\n assert(I.Fun.",
"ExceptionSpecType == ESpecType && \"bitfield overflow\");\n\n // new[] a parameter array if needed.",
"\n if (NumParams) {\n // If the 'InlineParams' in Declarator is unused and big enough, put our\n // parameter list there (in an effort to avoid new/delete traffic). ",
" If it\n // is already used (consider a function returning a function pointer) or too\n // small (function with too many parameters), go to the heap.",
"\n if (!",
"TheDeclarator.",
"InlineStorageUsed &&\n NumParams <= llvm::array_lengthof(TheDeclarator.",
"InlineParams)) {\n I.Fun.",
"Params = TheDeclarator.",
"InlineParams;\n new (I.Fun.",
"Params) ParamInfo[NumParams];\n I.Fun.",
"DeleteParams = false;\n TheDeclarator.",
"InlineStorageUsed = true;\n } else {\n I.Fun.",
"Params = new DeclaratorChunk::ParamInfo[NumParams];\n I.Fun.",
"DeleteParams = true;\n }\n for (unsigned i = 0; i < NumParams; i++)\n I.Fun.",
"Params[i] = std::move(Params[i]);\n }\n\n // Check what exception specification information we should actually store.",
"\n switch (ESpecType) {\n default: break; // By default, save nothing.",
"\n case EST_Dynamic:\n // new[] an exception array if needed\n if (NumExceptions) {\n I.Fun.",
"NumExceptionsOrDecls = NumExceptions;\n I.Fun.",
"Exceptions = new DeclaratorChunk::TypeAndRange[NumExceptions];\n for (unsigned i = 0; i !",
"= NumExceptions; ++i) {\n I.Fun.",
"Exceptions[i].Ty = Exceptions[i];\n I.Fun.",
"Exceptions[i].Range = ExceptionRanges[i];\n }\n }\n break;\n\n case EST_DependentNoexcept:\n case EST_NoexceptFalse:\n case EST_NoexceptTrue:\n I.Fun.",
"NoexceptExpr = NoexceptExpr;\n break;\n\n case EST_Unparsed:\n I.Fun.",
"ExceptionSpecTokens = ExceptionSpecTokens;\n break;\n }\n\n if (!",
"DeclsInPrototype.empty()) {\n assert(ESpecType == EST_None && NumExceptions == 0 &&\n \"cannot have exception specifiers and decls in prototype\");\n I.Fun.",
"NumExceptionsOrDecls = DeclsInPrototype.size();\n // Copy the array of decls into stable heap storage.",
"\n I.Fun.",
"DeclsInPrototype = new NamedDecl *[DeclsInPrototype.size()];\n for (size_t J = 0; J < DeclsInPrototype.size(); ++J)\n I.Fun.",
"DeclsInPrototype[J] = DeclsInPrototype[J];\n }\n\n return I;\n}\n\nvoid Declarator::setDecompositionBindings(\n SourceLocation LSquareLoc,\n ArrayRef<DecompositionDeclarator::Binding> Bindings,\n SourceLocation RSquareLoc) {\n assert(!hasName() && \"declarator given multiple names!\");",
"\n\n BindingGroup.",
"LSquareLoc = LSquareLoc;\n BindingGroup.",
"RSquareLoc = RSquareLoc;\n BindingGroup.",
"NumBindings = Bindings.size();\n Range.setEnd(RSquareLoc);\n\n // We're now past the identifier.",
"\n SetIdentifier(nullptr, LSquareLoc);\n Name.",
"EndLocation = RSquareLoc;\n\n // Allocate storage for bindings and stash them away.",
"\n if (Bindings.size()) {\n if (!",
"InlineStorageUsed &&\n Bindings.size() <= llvm::array_lengthof(InlineBindings)) {\n BindingGroup.",
"Bindings = InlineBindings;\n BindingGroup.",
"DeleteBindings = false;\n InlineStorageUsed = true;\n } else {\n BindingGroup.",
"Bindings =\n new DecompositionDeclarator::Binding[Bindings.size()];\n BindingGroup.",
"DeleteBindings = true;\n }\n std::uninitialized_copy(Bindings.begin(), Bindings.end(),\n BindingGroup.",
"Bindings);\n }\n}\n\nbool Declarator::isDeclarationOfFunction() const {\n for (unsigned i = 0, i_end = DeclTypeInfo.size(); i < i_end; ++i) {\n switch (DeclTypeInfo[i].Kind) {\n case DeclaratorChunk::Function:\n return true;\n case DeclaratorChunk::Paren:\n continue;\n case DeclaratorChunk::Pointer:\n case DeclaratorChunk::Reference:\n case DeclaratorChunk::Array:\n case DeclaratorChunk::BlockPointer:\n case DeclaratorChunk::MemberPointer:\n case DeclaratorChunk::Pipe:\n return false;\n }\n llvm_unreachable(\"Invalid type chunk\");\n }\n\n switch (DS.getTypeSpecType()) {\n case TST_atomic:\n case TST_auto:\n case TST_auto_type:\n case TST_bool:\n case TST_char:\n case TST_char8:\n case TST_char16:\n case TST_char32:\n case TST_class:\n case TST_decimal128:\n case TST_decimal32:\n case TST_decimal64:\n case TST_double:\n case TST_Accum:\n case TST_Fract:\n case TST_Float16:\n case TST_float128:\n case TST_enum:\n case TST_error:\n case TST_float:\n case TST_half:\n case TST_int:\n case TST_int128:\n case TST_struct:\n case TST_interface:\n case TST_union:\n case TST_unknown_anytype:\n case TST_unspecified:\n case TST_void:\n case TST_wchar:\n#define GENERIC_IMAGE_TYPE(ImgType, Id) case TST_##ImgType##_t:\n#include \"clang/Basic/OpenCLImageTypes.def\"\n return false;\n\n case TST_decltype_auto:\n // This must have an initializer, so can't be a function declaration,\n // even if the initializer has function type.",
"\n return false;\n\n case TST_decltype:\n case TST_typeofExpr:\n if (Expr *E = DS.getRepAsExpr())\n return E->getType()->isFunctionType();\n return false;\n\n case TST_underlyingType:\n case TST_typename:\n case TST_typeofType: {\n QualType QT = DS.getRepAsType().get();\n if (QT.isNull())\n return false;\n\n if (const LocInfoType *LIT = dyn_cast<LocInfoType>(QT))\n QT = LIT->getType();\n\n if (QT.isNull())\n return false;\n\n return QT->isFunctionType();\n }\n }\n\n llvm_unreachable(\"Invalid TypeSpecType!\");",
"\n}\n\nbool Declarator::isStaticMember() {\n assert(getContext() == DeclaratorContext::MemberContext);\n return getDeclSpec().getStorageClassSpec() == DeclSpec::SCS_static ||\n (getName().Kind == UnqualifiedIdKind::IK_OperatorFunctionId &&\n CXXMethodDecl::isStaticOverloadedOperator(\n getName().OperatorFunctionId.",
"Operator));\n}\n\nbool Declarator::isCtorOrDtor() {\n return (getName().getKind() == UnqualifiedIdKind::IK_ConstructorName) ||\n (getName().getKind() == UnqualifiedIdKind::IK_DestructorName);\n}\n\nvoid DeclSpec::forEachCVRUQualifier(\n llvm::function_ref<void(TQ, StringRef, SourceLocation)> Handle) {\n if (TypeQualifiers & TQ_const)\n Handle(TQ_const, \"const\", TQ_constLoc);\n if (TypeQualifiers & TQ_volatile)\n Handle(TQ_volatile, \"volatile\", TQ_volatileLoc);\n if (TypeQualifiers & TQ_restrict)\n Handle(TQ_restrict, \"restrict\", TQ_restrictLoc);\n if (TypeQualifiers & TQ_unaligned)\n Handle(TQ_unaligned, \"unaligned\", TQ_unalignedLoc);\n}\n\nvoid DeclSpec::forEachQualifier(\n llvm::function_ref<void(TQ, StringRef, SourceLocation)> Handle) {\n forEachCVRUQualifier(Handle);\n // FIXME: Add code below to iterate through the attributes and call Handle.",
"\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::hasTagDefinition() const {\n if (!",
"TypeSpecOwned)\n return false;\n return cast<TagDecl>(getRepAsDecl())->isCompleteDefinition();\n}\n\n/// getParsedSpecifiers - Return a bitmask of which flavors of specifiers this\n/// declaration specifier includes.",
"\n///\nunsigned DeclSpec::getParsedSpecifiers() const {\n unsigned Res = 0;\n if (StorageClassSpec !",
"= SCS_unspecified ||\n ThreadStorageClassSpec !",
"= TSCS_unspecified)\n Res |= PQ_StorageClassSpecifier;\n\n if (TypeQualifiers !",
"= TQ_unspecified)\n Res |= PQ_TypeQualifier;\n\n if (hasTypeSpecifier())\n Res |= PQ_TypeSpecifier;\n\n if (FS_inline_specified || FS_virtual_specified || FS_explicit_specified ||\n FS_noreturn_specified || FS_forceinline_specified)\n Res |= PQ_FunctionSpecifier;\n return Res;\n}\n\ntemplate <class T> static bool BadSpecifier(T TNew, T TPrev,\n const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID,\n bool IsExtension = true) {\n PrevSpec = DeclSpec::getSpecifierName(TPrev);\n if (TNew !",
"= TPrev)\n DiagID = diag::err_invalid_decl_spec_combination;\n else\n DiagID = IsExtension ? ",
"diag::ext_warn_duplicate_declspec :\n diag::warn_duplicate_declspec;\n return true;\n}\n\nconst char *DeclSpec::getSpecifierName(DeclSpec::SCS S) {\n switch (S) {\n case DeclSpec::SCS_unspecified: return \"unspecified\";\n case DeclSpec::SCS_typedef: return \"typedef\";\n case DeclSpec::SCS_extern: return \"extern\";\n case DeclSpec::SCS_static: return \"static\";\n case DeclSpec::SCS_auto: return \"auto\";\n case DeclSpec::SCS_register: return \"register\";\n case DeclSpec::SCS_private_extern: return \"__private_extern__\";\n case DeclSpec::SCS_mutable: return \"mutable\";\n }\n llvm_unreachable(\"Unknown typespec!\");",
"\n}\n\nconst char *DeclSpec::getSpecifierName(DeclSpec::TSCS S) {\n switch (S) {\n case DeclSpec::TSCS_unspecified: return \"unspecified\";\n case DeclSpec::TSCS___thread: return \"__thread\";\n case DeclSpec::TSCS_thread_local: return \"thread_local\";\n case DeclSpec::TSCS__Thread_local: return \"_Thread_local\";\n }\n llvm_unreachable(\"Unknown typespec!\");",
"\n}\n\nconst char *DeclSpec::getSpecifierName(TSW W) {\n switch (W) {\n case TSW_unspecified: return \"unspecified\";\n case TSW_short: return \"short\";\n case TSW_long: return \"long\";\n case TSW_longlong: return \"long long\";\n }\n llvm_unreachable(\"Unknown typespec!\");",
"\n}\n\nconst char *DeclSpec::getSpecifierName(TSC C) {\n switch (C) {\n case TSC_unspecified: return \"unspecified\";\n case TSC_imaginary: return \"imaginary\";\n case TSC_complex: return \"complex\";\n }\n llvm_unreachable(\"Unknown typespec!\");",
"\n}\n\n\nconst char *DeclSpec::getSpecifierName(TSS S) {\n switch (S) {\n case TSS_unspecified: return \"unspecified\";\n case TSS_signed: return \"signed\";\n case TSS_unsigned: return \"unsigned\";\n }\n llvm_unreachable(\"Unknown typespec!\");",
"\n}\n\nconst char *DeclSpec::getSpecifierName(DeclSpec::TST T,\n const PrintingPolicy &Policy) {\n switch (T) {\n case DeclSpec::TST_unspecified: return \"unspecified\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_void: return \"void\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_char: return \"char\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_wchar: return Policy.",
"MSWChar ? \"__",
"wchar_t\" : \"wchar_t\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_char8: return \"char8_t\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_char16: return \"char16_t\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_char32: return \"char32_t\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_int: return \"int\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_int128: return \"__int128\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_half: return \"half\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_float: return \"float\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_double: return \"double\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_accum: return \"_Accum\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_fract: return \"_Fract\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_float16: return \"_Float16\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_float128: return \"__float128\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_bool: return Policy.",
"Bool ? \"",
"bool\" : \"_Bool\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_decimal32: return \"_Decimal32\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_decimal64: return \"_Decimal64\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_decimal128: return \"_Decimal128\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_enum: return \"enum\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_class: return \"class\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_union: return \"union\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_struct: return \"struct\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_interface: return \"__interface\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_typename: return \"type-name\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_typeofType:\n case DeclSpec::TST_typeofExpr: return \"typeof\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_auto: return \"auto\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_auto_type: return \"__auto_type\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_decltype: return \"(decltype)\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_decltype_auto: return \"decltype(auto)\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_underlyingType: return \"__underlying_type\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_unknown_anytype: return \"__unknown_anytype\";\n case DeclSpec::TST_atomic: return \"_Atomic\";\n#define GENERIC_IMAGE_TYPE(ImgType, Id) \\\n case DeclSpec::TST_##ImgType##_t: \\\n return #ImgType \"_t\";\n#include \"clang/Basic/OpenCLImageTypes.def\"\n case DeclSpec::TST_error: return \"(error)\";\n }\n llvm_unreachable(\"Unknown typespec!\");",
"\n}\n\nconst char *DeclSpec::getSpecifierName(TQ T) {\n switch (T) {\n case DeclSpec::TQ_unspecified: return \"unspecified\";\n case DeclSpec::TQ_const: return \"const\";\n case DeclSpec::TQ_restrict: return \"restrict\";\n case DeclSpec::TQ_volatile: return \"volatile\";\n case DeclSpec::TQ_atomic: return \"_Atomic\";\n case DeclSpec::TQ_unaligned: return \"__unaligned\";\n }\n llvm_unreachable(\"Unknown typespec!\");",
"\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::SetStorageClassSpec(Sema &S, SCS SC, SourceLocation Loc,\n const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID,\n const PrintingPolicy &Policy) {\n // OpenCL v1.1 s6.8g: \"The extern, static, auto and register storage-class\n // specifiers are not supported.",
"\n // It seems sensible to prohibit private_extern too\n // The cl_clang_storage_class_specifiers extension enables support for\n // these storage-class specifiers.",
"\n // OpenCL v1.2 s6.8 changes this to \"The auto and register storage-class\n // specifiers are not supported.\"",
"\n // OpenCL C++ v1.0 s2.9 restricts register.",
"\n if (S.getLangOpts().OpenCL &&\n !",
"S.getOpenCLOptions().isEnabled(\"cl_clang_storage_class_specifiers\")) {\n switch (SC) {\n case SCS_extern:\n case SCS_private_extern:\n case SCS_static:\n if (S.getLangOpts().OpenCLVersion < 120 &&\n !",
"S.getLangOpts().OpenCLCPlusPlus) {\n DiagID = diag::err_opencl_unknown_type_specifier;\n PrevSpec = getSpecifierName(SC);\n return true;\n }\n break;\n case SCS_auto:\n case SCS_register:\n DiagID = diag::err_opencl_unknown_type_specifier;\n PrevSpec = getSpecifierName(SC);\n return true;\n default:\n break;\n }\n }\n\n if (StorageClassSpec !",
"= SCS_unspecified) {\n // Maybe this is an attempt to use C++11 'auto' outside of C++11 mode.",
"\n bool isInvalid = true;\n if (TypeSpecType == TST_unspecified && S.getLangOpts().CPlusPlus) {\n if (SC == SCS_auto)\n return SetTypeSpecType(TST_auto, Loc, PrevSpec, DiagID, Policy);\n if (StorageClassSpec == SCS_auto) {\n isInvalid = SetTypeSpecType(TST_auto, StorageClassSpecLoc,\n PrevSpec, DiagID, Policy);\n assert(!isInvalid && \"auto SCS -> TST recovery failed\");\n }\n }\n\n // Changing storage class is allowed only if the previous one\n // was the 'extern' that is part of a linkage specification and\n // the new storage class is 'typedef'.",
"\n if (isInvalid &&\n !(",
"SCS_extern_in_linkage_spec &&\n StorageClassSpec == SCS_extern &&\n SC == SCS_typedef))\n return BadSpecifier(SC, (SCS)StorageClassSpec, PrevSpec, DiagID);\n }\n StorageClassSpec = SC;\n StorageClassSpecLoc = Loc;\n assert((unsigned)SC == StorageClassSpec && \"SCS constants overflow bitfield\");\n return false;\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::SetStorageClassSpecThread(TSCS TSC, SourceLocation Loc,\n const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID) {\n if (ThreadStorageClassSpec !",
"= TSCS_unspecified)\n return BadSpecifier(TSC, (TSCS)ThreadStorageClassSpec, PrevSpec, DiagID);\n\n ThreadStorageClassSpec = TSC;\n ThreadStorageClassSpecLoc = Loc;\n return false;\n}\n\n/// These methods set the specified attribute of the DeclSpec, but return true\n/// and ignore the request if invalid (e.g. \"extern\" then \"auto\" is\n/// specified).",
"\nbool DeclSpec::SetTypeSpecWidth(TSW W, SourceLocation Loc,\n const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID,\n const PrintingPolicy &Policy) {\n // Overwrite TSWRange.",
"Begin only if TypeSpecWidth was unspecified, so that\n // for 'long long' we will keep the source location of the first 'long'.",
"\n if (TypeSpecWidth == TSW_unspecified)\n TSWRange.setBegin(Loc);\n // Allow turning long -> long long.",
"\n else if (W !",
"= TSW_longlong || TypeSpecWidth !",
"= TSW_long)\n return BadSpecifier(W, (TSW)TypeSpecWidth, PrevSpec, DiagID);\n TypeSpecWidth = W;\n // Remember location of the last 'long'\n TSWRange.setEnd(Loc);\n return false;\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::SetTypeSpecComplex(TSC C, SourceLocation Loc,\n const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID) {\n if (TypeSpecComplex !",
"= TSC_unspecified)\n return BadSpecifier(C, (TSC)TypeSpecComplex, PrevSpec, DiagID);\n TypeSpecComplex = C;\n TSCLoc = Loc;\n return false;\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::SetTypeSpecSign(TSS S, SourceLocation Loc,\n const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID) {\n if (TypeSpecSign !",
"= TSS_unspecified)\n return BadSpecifier(S, (TSS)TypeSpecSign, PrevSpec, DiagID);\n TypeSpecSign = S;\n TSSLoc = Loc;\n return false;\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::SetTypeSpecType(TST T, SourceLocation Loc,\n const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID,\n ParsedType Rep,\n const PrintingPolicy &Policy) {\n return SetTypeSpecType(T, Loc, Loc, PrevSpec, DiagID, Rep, Policy);\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::SetTypeSpecType(TST T, SourceLocation TagKwLoc,\n SourceLocation TagNameLoc,\n const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID,\n ParsedType Rep,\n const PrintingPolicy &Policy) {\n assert(isTypeRep(T) && \"T does not store a type\");\n assert(Rep && \"no type provided!\");",
"\n if (TypeSpecType !",
"= TST_unspecified) {\n PrevSpec = DeclSpec::getSpecifierName((TST) TypeSpecType, Policy);\n DiagID = diag::err_invalid_decl_spec_combination;\n return true;\n }\n TypeSpecType = T;\n TypeRep = Rep;\n TSTLoc = TagKwLoc;\n TSTNameLoc = TagNameLoc;\n TypeSpecOwned = false;\n return false;\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::SetTypeSpecType(TST T, SourceLocation Loc,\n const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID,\n Expr *Rep,\n const PrintingPolicy &Policy) {\n assert(isExprRep(T) && \"T does not store an expr\");\n assert(Rep && \"no expression provided!\");",
"\n if (TypeSpecType !",
"= TST_unspecified) {\n PrevSpec = DeclSpec::getSpecifierName((TST) TypeSpecType, Policy);\n DiagID = diag::err_invalid_decl_spec_combination;\n return true;\n }\n TypeSpecType = T;\n ExprRep = Rep;\n TSTLoc = Loc;\n TSTNameLoc = Loc;\n TypeSpecOwned = false;\n return false;\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::SetTypeSpecType(TST T, SourceLocation Loc,\n const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID,\n Decl *Rep, bool Owned,\n const PrintingPolicy &Policy) {\n return SetTypeSpecType(T, Loc, Loc, PrevSpec, DiagID, Rep, Owned, Policy);\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::SetTypeSpecType(TST T, SourceLocation TagKwLoc,\n SourceLocation TagNameLoc,\n const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID,\n Decl *Rep, bool Owned,\n const PrintingPolicy &Policy) {\n assert(isDeclRep(T) && \"T does not store a decl\");\n // Unlike the other cases, we don't assert that we actually get a decl.",
"\n\n if (TypeSpecType !",
"= TST_unspecified) {\n PrevSpec = DeclSpec::getSpecifierName((TST) TypeSpecType, Policy);\n DiagID = diag::err_invalid_decl_spec_combination;\n return true;\n }\n TypeSpecType = T;\n DeclRep = Rep;\n TSTLoc = TagKwLoc;\n TSTNameLoc = TagNameLoc;\n TypeSpecOwned = Owned && Rep !",
"= nullptr;\n return false;\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::SetTypeSpecType(TST T, SourceLocation Loc,\n const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID,\n const PrintingPolicy &Policy) {\n assert(!isDeclRep(T) && !",
"isTypeRep(T) && !",
"isExprRep(T) &&\n \"rep required for these type-spec kinds!\");",
"\n if (TypeSpecType !",
"= TST_unspecified) {\n PrevSpec = DeclSpec::getSpecifierName((TST) TypeSpecType, Policy);\n DiagID = diag::err_invalid_decl_spec_combination;\n return true;\n }\n TSTLoc = Loc;\n TSTNameLoc = Loc;\n if (TypeAltiVecVector && (T == TST_bool) && !",
"TypeAltiVecBool) {\n TypeAltiVecBool = true;\n return false;\n }\n TypeSpecType = T;\n TypeSpecOwned = false;\n return false;\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::SetTypeSpecSat(SourceLocation Loc, const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID) {\n // Cannot set twice\n if (TypeSpecSat) {\n DiagID = diag::warn_duplicate_declspec;\n PrevSpec = \"_Sat\";\n return true;\n }\n TypeSpecSat = true;\n TSSatLoc = Loc;\n return false;\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::SetTypeAltiVecVector(bool isAltiVecVector, SourceLocation Loc,\n const char *&PrevSpec, unsigned &DiagID,\n const PrintingPolicy &Policy) {\n if (TypeSpecType !",
"= TST_unspecified) {\n PrevSpec = DeclSpec::getSpecifierName((TST) TypeSpecType, Policy);\n DiagID = diag::err_invalid_vector_decl_spec_combination;\n return true;\n }\n TypeAltiVecVector = isAltiVecVector;\n AltiVecLoc = Loc;\n return false;\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::SetTypePipe(bool isPipe, SourceLocation Loc,\n const char *&PrevSpec, unsigned &DiagID,\n const PrintingPolicy &Policy) {\n\n if (TypeSpecType !",
"= TST_unspecified) {\n PrevSpec = DeclSpec::getSpecifierName((TST)TypeSpecType, Policy);\n DiagID = diag::err_invalid_decl_spec_combination;\n return true;\n }\n\n if (isPipe) {\n TypeSpecPipe = TSP_pipe;\n }\n return false;\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::SetTypeAltiVecPixel(bool isAltiVecPixel, SourceLocation Loc,\n const char *&PrevSpec, unsigned &DiagID,\n const PrintingPolicy &Policy) {\n if (!",
"TypeAltiVecVector || TypeAltiVecPixel ||\n (TypeSpecType !",
"= TST_unspecified)) {\n PrevSpec = DeclSpec::getSpecifierName((TST) TypeSpecType, Policy);\n DiagID = diag::err_invalid_pixel_decl_spec_combination;\n return true;\n }\n TypeAltiVecPixel = isAltiVecPixel;\n TSTLoc = Loc;\n TSTNameLoc = Loc;\n return false;\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::SetTypeAltiVecBool(bool isAltiVecBool, SourceLocation Loc,\n const char *&PrevSpec, unsigned &DiagID,\n const PrintingPolicy &Policy) {\n if (!",
"TypeAltiVecVector || TypeAltiVecBool ||\n (TypeSpecType !",
"= TST_unspecified)) {\n PrevSpec = DeclSpec::getSpecifierName((TST) TypeSpecType, Policy);\n DiagID = diag::err_invalid_vector_bool_decl_spec;\n return true;\n }\n TypeAltiVecBool = isAltiVecBool;\n TSTLoc = Loc;\n TSTNameLoc = Loc;\n return false;\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::SetTypeSpecError() {\n TypeSpecType = TST_error;\n TypeSpecOwned = false;\n TSTLoc = SourceLocation();\n TSTNameLoc = SourceLocation();\n return false;\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::SetTypeQual(TQ T, SourceLocation Loc, const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID, const LangOptions &Lang) {\n // Duplicates are permitted in C99 onwards, but are not permitted in C89 or\n // C++. ",
" However, since this is likely not what the user intended, we will\n // always warn. ",
" We do not need to set the qualifier's location since we\n // already have it.",
"\n if (TypeQualifiers & T) {\n bool IsExtension = true;\n if (Lang.",
"C99)\n IsExtension = false;\n return BadSpecifier(T, T, PrevSpec, DiagID, IsExtension);\n }\n\n return SetTypeQual(T, Loc);\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::SetTypeQual(TQ T, SourceLocation Loc) {\n TypeQualifiers |= T;\n\n switch (T) {\n case TQ_unspecified: break;\n case TQ_const: TQ_constLoc = Loc; return false;\n case TQ_restrict: TQ_restrictLoc = Loc; return false;\n case TQ_volatile: TQ_volatileLoc = Loc; return false;\n case TQ_unaligned: TQ_unalignedLoc = Loc; return false;\n case TQ_atomic: TQ_atomicLoc = Loc; return false;\n }\n\n llvm_unreachable(\"Unknown type qualifier!\");",
"\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::setFunctionSpecInline(SourceLocation Loc, const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID) {\n // 'inline inline' is ok. ",
" However, since this is likely not what the user\n // intended, we will always warn, similar to duplicates of type qualifiers.",
"\n if (FS_inline_specified) {\n DiagID = diag::warn_duplicate_declspec;\n PrevSpec = \"inline\";\n return true;\n }\n FS_inline_specified = true;\n FS_inlineLoc = Loc;\n return false;\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::setFunctionSpecForceInline(SourceLocation Loc, const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID) {\n if (FS_forceinline_specified) {\n DiagID = diag::warn_duplicate_declspec;\n PrevSpec = \"__forceinline\";\n return true;\n }\n FS_forceinline_specified = true;\n FS_forceinlineLoc = Loc;\n return false;\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::setFunctionSpecVirtual(SourceLocation Loc,\n const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID) {\n // 'virtual virtual' is ok, but warn as this is likely not what the user\n // intended.",
"\n if (FS_virtual_specified) {\n DiagID = diag::warn_duplicate_declspec;\n PrevSpec = \"virtual\";\n return true;\n }\n FS_virtual_specified = true;\n FS_virtualLoc = Loc;\n return false;\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::setFunctionSpecExplicit(SourceLocation Loc,\n const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID) {\n // 'explicit explicit' is ok, but warn as this is likely not what the user\n // intended.",
"\n if (FS_explicit_specified) {\n DiagID = diag::warn_duplicate_declspec;\n PrevSpec = \"explicit\";\n return true;\n }\n FS_explicit_specified = true;\n FS_explicitLoc = Loc;\n return false;\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::setFunctionSpecNoreturn(SourceLocation Loc,\n const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID) {\n // '_Noreturn _Noreturn' is ok, but warn as this is likely not what the user\n // intended.",
"\n if (FS_noreturn_specified) {\n DiagID = diag::warn_duplicate_declspec;\n PrevSpec = \"_Noreturn\";\n return true;\n }\n FS_noreturn_specified = true;\n FS_noreturnLoc = Loc;\n return false;\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::SetFriendSpec(SourceLocation Loc, const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID) {\n if (Friend_specified) {\n PrevSpec = \"friend\";\n // Keep the later location, so that we can later diagnose ill-formed\n // declarations like 'friend class X friend;'. ",
"Per [class.friend]p3,\n // 'friend' must be the first token in a friend declaration that is\n // not a function declaration.",
"\n FriendLoc = Loc;\n DiagID = diag::warn_duplicate_declspec;\n return true;\n }\n\n Friend_specified = true;\n FriendLoc = Loc;\n return false;\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::setModulePrivateSpec(SourceLocation Loc, const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID) {\n if (isModulePrivateSpecified()) {\n PrevSpec = \"__module_private__\";\n DiagID = diag::ext_warn_duplicate_declspec;\n return true;\n }\n\n ModulePrivateLoc = Loc;\n return false;\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::SetConstexprSpec(SourceLocation Loc, const char *&PrevSpec,\n unsigned &DiagID) {\n // 'constexpr constexpr' is ok, but warn as this is likely not what the user\n // intended.",
"\n if (Constexpr_specified) {\n DiagID = diag::warn_duplicate_declspec;\n PrevSpec = \"constexpr\";\n return true;\n }\n Constexpr_specified = true;\n ConstexprLoc = Loc;\n return false;\n}\n\nvoid DeclSpec::SaveWrittenBuiltinSpecs() {\n writtenBS.Sign = getTypeSpecSign();\n writtenBS.Width = getTypeSpecWidth();\n writtenBS.Type = getTypeSpecType();\n // Search the list of attributes for the presence of a mode attribute.",
"\n writtenBS.ModeAttr = getAttributes().hasAttribute(ParsedAttr::AT_Mode);\n}\n\n/// Finish - This does final analysis of the declspec, rejecting things like\n/// \"_Imaginary\" (lacking an FP type). ",
" This returns a diagnostic to issue or\n/// diag::NUM_DIAGNOSTICS if there is no error. ",
" After calling this method,\n/// DeclSpec is guaranteed self-consistent, even if an error occurred.",
"\nvoid DeclSpec::Finish(Sema &S, const PrintingPolicy &Policy) {\n // Before possibly changing their values, save specs as written.",
"\n SaveWrittenBuiltinSpecs();\n\n // Check the type specifier components first.",
"\n\n // If decltype(auto) is used, no other type specifiers are permitted.",
"\n if (TypeSpecType == TST_decltype_auto &&\n (TypeSpecWidth !",
"= TSW_unspecified ||\n TypeSpecComplex !",
"= TSC_unspecified ||\n TypeSpecSign !",
"= TSS_unspecified ||\n TypeAltiVecVector || TypeAltiVecPixel || TypeAltiVecBool ||\n TypeQualifiers)) {\n const unsigned NumLocs = 9;\n SourceLocation ExtraLocs[NumLocs] = {\n TSWRange.getBegin(), TSCLoc, TSSLoc,\n AltiVecLoc, TQ_constLoc, TQ_restrictLoc,\n TQ_volatileLoc, TQ_atomicLoc, TQ_unalignedLoc};\n FixItHint Hints[NumLocs];\n SourceLocation FirstLoc;\n for (unsigned I = 0; I !",
"= NumLocs; ++I) {\n if (ExtraLocs[I].isValid()) {\n if (FirstLoc.isInvalid() ||\n S.getSourceManager().isBeforeInTranslationUnit(ExtraLocs[I],\n FirstLoc))\n FirstLoc = ExtraLocs[I];\n Hints[I] = FixItHint::CreateRemoval(ExtraLocs[I]);\n }\n }\n TypeSpecWidth = TSW_unspecified;\n TypeSpecComplex = TSC_unspecified;\n TypeSpecSign = TSS_unspecified;\n TypeAltiVecVector = TypeAltiVecPixel = TypeAltiVecBool = false;\n TypeQualifiers = 0;\n S.Diag(TSTLoc, diag::err_decltype_auto_cannot_be_combined)\n << Hints[0] << Hints[1] << Hints[2] << Hints[3]\n << Hints[4] << Hints[5] << Hints[6] << Hints[7];\n }\n\n // Validate and finalize AltiVec vector declspec.",
"\n if (TypeAltiVecVector) {\n if (TypeAltiVecBool) {\n // Sign specifiers are not allowed with vector bool. (",
"PIM 2.1)\n if (TypeSpecSign !",
"= TSS_unspecified) {\n S.Diag(TSSLoc, diag::err_invalid_vector_bool_decl_spec)\n << getSpecifierName((TSS)TypeSpecSign);\n }\n\n // Only char/int are valid with vector bool. (",
"PIM 2.1)\n if (((TypeSpecType !",
"= TST_unspecified) && (TypeSpecType !",
"= TST_char) &&\n (TypeSpecType !",
"= TST_int)) || TypeAltiVecPixel) {\n S.Diag(TSTLoc, diag::err_invalid_vector_bool_decl_spec)\n << (TypeAltiVecPixel ? \"__",
"pixel\" :\n getSpecifierName((TST)TypeSpecType, Policy));\n }\n\n // Only 'short' and 'long long' are valid with vector bool. (",
"PIM 2.1)\n if ((TypeSpecWidth !",
"= TSW_unspecified) && (TypeSpecWidth !",
"= TSW_short) &&\n (TypeSpecWidth !",
"= TSW_longlong))\n S.Diag(TSWRange.getBegin(), diag::err_invalid_vector_bool_decl_spec)\n << getSpecifierName((TSW)TypeSpecWidth);\n\n // vector bool long long requires VSX support or ZVector.",
"\n if ((TypeSpecWidth == TSW_longlong) &&\n (!",
"S.Context.getTargetInfo().hasFeature(\"vsx\")) &&\n (!",
"S.Context.getTargetInfo().hasFeature(\"power8-vector\")) &&\n !",
"S.getLangOpts().ZVector)\n S.Diag(TSTLoc, diag::err_invalid_vector_long_long_decl_spec);\n\n // Elements of vector bool are interpreted as unsigned. (",
"PIM 2.1)\n if ((TypeSpecType == TST_char) || (TypeSpecType == TST_int) ||\n (TypeSpecWidth !",
"= TSW_unspecified))\n TypeSpecSign = TSS_unsigned;\n } else if (TypeSpecType == TST_double) {\n // vector long double and vector long long double are never allowed.",
"\n // vector double is OK for Power7 and later, and ZVector.",
"\n if (TypeSpecWidth == TSW_long || TypeSpecWidth == TSW_longlong)\n S.Diag(TSWRange.getBegin(),\n diag::err_invalid_vector_long_double_decl_spec);\n else if (!",
"S.Context.getTargetInfo().hasFeature(\"vsx\") &&\n !",
"S.getLangOpts().ZVector)\n S.Diag(TSTLoc, diag::err_invalid_vector_double_decl_spec);\n } else if (TypeSpecType == TST_float) {\n // vector float is unsupported for ZVector unless we have the\n // vector-enhancements facility 1 (ISA revision 12).",
"\n if (S.getLangOpts().ZVector &&\n !",
"S.Context.getTargetInfo().hasFeature(\"arch12\"))\n S.Diag(TSTLoc, diag::err_invalid_vector_float_decl_spec);\n } else if (TypeSpecWidth == TSW_long) {\n // vector long is unsupported for ZVector and deprecated for AltiVec.",
"\n if (S.getLangOpts().ZVector)\n S.Diag(TSWRange.getBegin(), diag::err_invalid_vector_long_decl_spec);\n else\n S.Diag(TSWRange.getBegin(),\n diag::warn_vector_long_decl_spec_combination)\n << getSpecifierName((TST)TypeSpecType, Policy);\n }\n\n if (TypeAltiVecPixel) {\n //TODO: perform validation\n TypeSpecType = TST_int;\n TypeSpecSign = TSS_unsigned;\n TypeSpecWidth = TSW_short;\n TypeSpecOwned = false;\n }\n }\n\n bool IsFixedPointType =\n TypeSpecType == TST_accum || TypeSpecType == TST_fract;\n\n // signed/unsigned are only valid with int/char/wchar_t/_Accum.",
"\n if (TypeSpecSign !",
"= TSS_unspecified) {\n if (TypeSpecType == TST_unspecified)\n TypeSpecType = TST_int; // unsigned -> unsigned int, signed -> signed int.",
"\n else if (TypeSpecType !",
"= TST_int && TypeSpecType !",
"= TST_int128 &&\n TypeSpecType !",
"= TST_char && TypeSpecType !",
"= TST_wchar &&\n !",
"IsFixedPointType) {\n S.Diag(TSSLoc, diag::err_invalid_sign_spec)\n << getSpecifierName((TST)TypeSpecType, Policy);\n // signed double -> double.",
"\n TypeSpecSign = TSS_unspecified;\n }\n }\n\n // Validate the width of the type.",
"\n switch (TypeSpecWidth) {\n case TSW_unspecified: break;\n case TSW_short: // short int\n case TSW_longlong: // long long int\n if (TypeSpecType == TST_unspecified)\n TypeSpecType = TST_int; // short -> short int, long long -> long long int.",
"\n else if (!(",
"TypeSpecType == TST_int ||\n (IsFixedPointType && TypeSpecWidth !",
"= TSW_longlong))) {\n S.Diag(TSWRange.getBegin(), diag::err_invalid_width_spec)\n << (int)TypeSpecWidth << getSpecifierName((TST)TypeSpecType, Policy);\n TypeSpecType = TST_int;\n TypeSpecSat = false;\n TypeSpecOwned = false;\n }\n break;\n case TSW_long: // long double, long int\n if (TypeSpecType == TST_unspecified)\n TypeSpecType = TST_int; // long -> long int.",
"\n else if (TypeSpecType !",
"= TST_int && TypeSpecType !",
"= TST_double &&\n !",
"IsFixedPointType) {\n S.Diag(TSWRange.getBegin(), diag::err_invalid_width_spec)\n << (int)TypeSpecWidth << getSpecifierName((TST)TypeSpecType, Policy);\n TypeSpecType = TST_int;\n TypeSpecSat = false;\n TypeSpecOwned = false;\n }\n break;\n }\n\n // TODO: if the implementation does not implement _Complex or _Imaginary,\n // disallow their use. ",
" Need information about the backend.",
"\n if (TypeSpecComplex !",
"= TSC_unspecified) {\n if (TypeSpecType == TST_unspecified) {\n S.Diag(TSCLoc, diag::ext_plain_complex)\n << FixItHint::CreateInsertion(\n S.getLocForEndOfToken(getTypeSpecComplexLoc()),\n \" double\");\n TypeSpecType = TST_double; // _Complex -> _Complex double.",
"\n } else if (TypeSpecType == TST_int || TypeSpecType == TST_char) {\n // Note that this intentionally doesn't include _Complex _Bool.",
"\n if (!",
"S.getLangOpts().CPlusPlus)\n S.Diag(TSTLoc, diag::ext_integer_complex);\n } else if (TypeSpecType !",
"= TST_float && TypeSpecType !",
"= TST_double) {\n S.Diag(TSCLoc, diag::err_invalid_complex_spec)\n << getSpecifierName((TST)TypeSpecType, Policy);\n TypeSpecComplex = TSC_unspecified;\n }\n }\n\n // C11 6.7.1/3, C++11 [dcl.stc]p1, GNU TLS: __thread, thread_local and\n // _Thread_local can only appear with the 'static' and 'extern' storage class\n // specifiers. ",
"We also allow __private_extern__ as an extension.",
"\n if (ThreadStorageClassSpec !",
"= TSCS_unspecified) {\n switch (StorageClassSpec) {\n case SCS_unspecified:\n case SCS_extern:\n case SCS_private_extern:\n case SCS_static:\n break;\n default:\n if (S.getSourceManager().isBeforeInTranslationUnit(\n getThreadStorageClassSpecLoc(), getStorageClassSpecLoc()))\n S.Diag(getStorageClassSpecLoc(),\n diag::err_invalid_decl_spec_combination)\n << DeclSpec::getSpecifierName(getThreadStorageClassSpec())\n << SourceRange(getThreadStorageClassSpecLoc());\n else\n S.Diag(getThreadStorageClassSpecLoc(),\n diag::err_invalid_decl_spec_combination)\n << DeclSpec::getSpecifierName(getStorageClassSpec())\n << SourceRange(getStorageClassSpecLoc());\n // Discard the thread storage class specifier to recover.",
"\n ThreadStorageClassSpec = TSCS_unspecified;\n ThreadStorageClassSpecLoc = SourceLocation();\n }\n }\n\n // If no type specifier was provided and we're parsing a language where\n // the type specifier is not optional, but we got 'auto' as a storage\n // class specifier, then assume this is an attempt to use C++0x's 'auto'\n // type specifier.",
"\n if (S.getLangOpts().CPlusPlus &&\n TypeSpecType == TST_unspecified && StorageClassSpec == SCS_auto) {\n TypeSpecType = TST_auto;\n StorageClassSpec = SCS_unspecified;\n TSTLoc = TSTNameLoc = StorageClassSpecLoc;\n StorageClassSpecLoc = SourceLocation();\n }\n // Diagnose if we've recovered from an ill-formed 'auto' storage class\n // specifier in a pre-C++11 dialect of C++.",
"\n if (!",
"S.getLangOpts().CPlusPlus11 && TypeSpecType == TST_auto)\n S.Diag(TSTLoc, diag::ext_auto_type_specifier);\n if (S.getLangOpts().CPlusPlus && !",
"S.getLangOpts().CPlusPlus11 &&\n StorageClassSpec == SCS_auto)\n S.Diag(StorageClassSpecLoc, diag::warn_auto_storage_class)\n << FixItHint::CreateRemoval(StorageClassSpecLoc);\n if (TypeSpecType == TST_char8)\n S.Diag(TSTLoc, diag::warn_cxx17_compat_unicode_type);\n else if (TypeSpecType == TST_char16 || TypeSpecType == TST_char32)\n S.Diag(TSTLoc, diag::warn_cxx98_compat_unicode_type)\n << (TypeSpecType == TST_char16 ? \"",
"char16_t\" : \"char32_t\");\n if (Constexpr_specified)\n S.Diag(ConstexprLoc, diag::warn_cxx98_compat_constexpr);\n\n // C++ [class.friend]p6:\n // No storage-class-specifier shall appear in the decl-specifier-seq\n // of a friend declaration.",
"\n if (isFriendSpecified() &&\n (getStorageClassSpec() || getThreadStorageClassSpec())) {\n SmallString<32> SpecName;\n SourceLocation SCLoc;\n FixItHint StorageHint, ThreadHint;\n\n if (DeclSpec::SCS SC = getStorageClassSpec()) {\n SpecName = getSpecifierName(SC);\n SCLoc = getStorageClassSpecLoc();\n StorageHint = FixItHint::CreateRemoval(SCLoc);\n }\n\n if (DeclSpec::TSCS TSC = getThreadStorageClassSpec()) {\n if (!",
"SpecName.empty()) SpecName += \" \";\n SpecName += getSpecifierName(TSC);\n SCLoc = getThreadStorageClassSpecLoc();\n ThreadHint = FixItHint::CreateRemoval(SCLoc);\n }\n\n S.Diag(SCLoc, diag::err_friend_decl_spec)\n << SpecName << StorageHint << ThreadHint;\n\n ClearStorageClassSpecs();\n }\n\n // C++11 [dcl.fct.spec]p5:\n // The virtual specifier shall be used only in the initial\n // declaration of a non-static class member function;\n // C++11 [dcl.fct.spec]p6:\n // The explicit specifier shall be used only in the declaration of\n // a constructor or conversion function within its class\n // definition;\n if (isFriendSpecified() && (isVirtualSpecified() || isExplicitSpecified())) {\n StringRef Keyword;\n SourceLocation SCLoc;\n\n if (isVirtualSpecified()) {\n Keyword = \"virtual\";\n SCLoc = getVirtualSpecLoc();\n } else {\n Keyword = \"explicit\";\n SCLoc = getExplicitSpecLoc();\n }\n\n FixItHint Hint = FixItHint::CreateRemoval(SCLoc);\n S.Diag(SCLoc, diag::err_friend_decl_spec)\n << Keyword << Hint;\n\n FS_virtual_specified = FS_explicit_specified = false;\n FS_virtualLoc = FS_explicitLoc = SourceLocation();\n }\n\n assert(!TypeSpecOwned || isDeclRep((TST) TypeSpecType));\n\n // Okay, now we can infer the real type.",
"\n\n // TODO: return \"auto function\" and other bad things based on the real type.",
"\n\n // 'data definition has no type or storage class'?",
"\n}\n\nbool DeclSpec::isMissingDeclaratorOk() {\n TST tst = getTypeSpecType();\n return isDeclRep(tst) && getRepAsDecl() !",
"= nullptr &&\n StorageClassSpec !",
"= DeclSpec::SCS_typedef;\n}\n\nvoid UnqualifiedId::setOperatorFunctionId(SourceLocation OperatorLoc,\n OverloadedOperatorKind Op,\n SourceLocation SymbolLocations[3]) {\n Kind = UnqualifiedIdKind::IK_OperatorFunctionId;\n StartLocation = OperatorLoc;\n EndLocation = OperatorLoc;\n OperatorFunctionId.",
"Operator = Op;\n for (unsigned I = 0; I !",
"= 3; ++I) {\n OperatorFunctionId.",
"SymbolLocations[I] = SymbolLocations[I].getRawEncoding();\n\n if (SymbolLocations[I].isValid())\n EndLocation = SymbolLocations[I];\n }\n}\n\nbool VirtSpecifiers::SetSpecifier(Specifier VS, SourceLocation Loc,\n const char *&PrevSpec) {\n if (!",
"FirstLocation.isValid())\n FirstLocation = Loc;\n LastLocation = Loc;\n LastSpecifier = VS;\n\n if (Specifiers & VS) {\n PrevSpec = getSpecifierName(VS);\n return true;\n }\n\n Specifiers |= VS;\n\n switch (VS) {\n default: llvm_unreachable(\"Unknown specifier!\");",
"\n case VS_Override: VS_overrideLoc = Loc; break;\n case VS_GNU_Final:\n case VS_Sealed:\n case VS_Final: VS_finalLoc = Loc; break;\n }\n\n return false;\n}\n\nconst char *VirtSpecifiers::getSpecifierName(Specifier VS) {\n switch (VS) {\n default: llvm_unreachable(\"Unknown specifier\");\n case VS_Override: return \"override\";\n case VS_Final: return \"final\";\n case VS_GNU_Final: return \"__final\";\n case VS_Sealed: return \"sealed\";\n }\n}\n"
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[
"IBN Instant Bird Nest is one of Asian Pacific leading Swallow Bird Nest brand. ",
"Awarded for being a leader in the industry and a pioneer for the Instant Bird Nest industry since 1998 in Hong Kong. ",
"The Instant Bird Nest is made with selected swallow bird best and condensed for easy consumption. ",
"All products are vacuum packed for easy storage.",
"\n\nWhat Is Bird Nest?",
"\n\nBird’s Nest is the saliva produced by a special species of swallow called the swiftlet while building the nest. ",
"The saliva glues with other impurities (such as feathers) to form. ",
"the nest. ",
"Among the different species of switlets, golden switlet’s saliva has the purest protein content and the highest nutrient value.",
"\n\nAbout Bird Nest:\n\nBird’s nests are mainly produced in Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia, Burma and Hainan Province in Southern China. ",
"The texture and taste of birds nest vary with the swiftlet’s habitat. ",
"Compared with Cave Nest, House Nest is cleaner, softer and smoother in texture. ",
"So, the soaking/stewing time can be shortened. ",
"Cave Nest is mainly found in Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia, whereas House Nest is mostly produced in Indonesia.",
"\n\nThere are three harvesting periods of bird’s nest in a year -- the first phase’ (first harvesting period) bird’s nest is the most nutritious birds nest and contains much more proteins and minerals.",
"\n\nFirst phase’ birds nest is harvested from November to January every year – springtime of Indonesia. ",
"In this season of abundance and thriving, the swiftlet grows up strong and healthy and is able to secrete plentiful saliva. ",
"Under such favourable environment, birds nest harvested during this period is purer and gets bigger expansion after soaking. ",
"The body of bird’s nest is obviously larger in size and thicker in texture.",
"\n\nThe second and third phase birds nest is not as good comparing with the first phase’ birds nest in terms of quality and quantity. ",
"During these seasons, the swiftlet is weak due to unfavourable weather and lean food supply. ",
"Saliva secretion is slow and lots of feathers fall off, thus increase impurities. ",
"The bird’s nest is usually smaller in size and has lesser expandability.",
"\n\nIBNI has its own birds nest farmhouses and processing plants in Indonesia. ",
"Some time before every Chinese Lunar New Year, IBNI ships fresh ‘first phase’ bird’s nests to Hong Kong through air cargo. ",
"This guarantees sufficient supply of ‘first phase’ bird’s nests in the market all the year round.",
"\n\nChinese have the culture of consuming bird’s nests traced back to Tang Dynasty, 1,400 years ago. ",
"It was told that Empress Wu Zetian used to rely on taking bird’s nest to resist ageing. ",
"Since then, bird’s nest had been frequently found on the upper class diet. ",
"During Ming Dynasty, it was officially included in the imperial menu. ",
"In those days, premium grade bird’s nest was among the articles of tribute presented by adjacent Southeast Asian countries to the emperor of China. ",
"It was commonly known as “Imperial Bird’s Nest”.",
"\n\nFeaturing the hottest Instant Bird Nest products in the market. ",
"Imperial Bird Nest, an iconic brand in Hong Kong, in the bird nest category. ",
"An excellent source of protein suitable for both men and women. ",
"Exclusively available at our stores in Canada"
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"IBM, Agilent to bring optical components to chips\n\nThe US Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) will fund a four-year program to develop optical interconnect technology for chip-to-chip communications, headed by researchers at IBM and Agilent Technologies, IBM announced on Thursday.",
"\n\nAs processing speeds increase and server vendors pack more processors in their systems, the current copper interconnect technologies that link chips in a server will become a huge bottleneck, said Marc Taubenblatt, senior manager of optical communications at IBM Research. ",
"Optical technology could help solve that problem, he said.",
"\n\nOptical technology is mostly used in communications networks and server-to-server connections to speed data transmission. ",
"Instead of transmitting electrical signals down wires made of copper, optical technology sends light waves over fibre-optic cables at faster speeds and with less power consumption than copper technology, Taubenblatt said.",
"\n\nThe DARPA program will bring IBM and Agilent together to devise ways to miniaturise that optical interconnect technology so it can be used to connect chips within a server, such as in the connections between the central processing unit (CPU) and the system's memory, Taubenblatt said. ",
"Some optical technology is already used in I/O buses for connecting to storage devices or LANs, he said.",
"\n\nServers benefit from optical interconnects once data transmission speeds reach 10Gbps per channel or greater, Taubenblatt said. ",
"The team hopes to enable bandwidth of 40Tbps between processors in a server by the time the project is complete, he said.",
"\n\nIBM and Agilent plan to demonstrate the technology within three years, and spend the fourth year of the project demonstrating the results within a working system, Taubenblatt said.",
"\n\nDARPA gave the two companies $30 million to conduct their research, IBM said in a press release.",
"\n\nPCW Evaluation Team\n\nI would recommend this device for families and small businesses who want one safe place to store all their important digital content and a way to easily share it with friends, family, business partners, or customers.",
"\n\nReproduction in whole or in part in any form or medium without express written permission of IDG Communications is prohibited. ",
"Copyright 2013 IDG Communications.",
"\nABN 14 001 592 650. ",
"All rights reserved.",
"\n\nContact Us\n\nWith over 25 years of brand awareness and credibility, Good Gear Guide (formerly PC World Australia), consistently delivers editorial excellence through award-winning content and trusted product reviews."
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"The Way We Live Now (short story)\n\n\"The Way We Live Now\" is a short story by Susan Sontag which was published to great acclaim on November 24, 1986 in The New Yorker. ",
" The story describes the beginnings of the AIDS crisis in the early 1980s, as the disease began to claim members of the New York cultural elite. ",
" \n\nThe story is told entirely in the form of fragments of conversation, mentioned and whispered by numerous friends of an unnamed man who lies sick in a hospital bed. ",
" Although AIDS was new to many who read the story when it first appeared, \"The Way We Live Now\" remains a signature work in the literature of the epidemic.",
"\n\nSontag borrowed her title from an 1875 novel by British writer Anthony Trollope called The Way We Live Now.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1986 short stories\nCategory:Works originally published in The New Yorker\nCategory:Works by Susan Sontag"
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"Q:\n\ncom: Invalid number of parameters when pDispatch->invoke()\n\nFor some reason I must use a COM control in my code. ",
"I want to invoke a method exported by the COM control. ",
"\nidl file: \nmethods: \n [id(1)] boolean Open(BSTR filepath, BSTR rootname);\n\ncpp file:\nVARIANT pVarResult;\nEXCEPTINFO pExcepInfo;\nunsigned int puArgErr;\nDISPPARAMS pParams;\nmemset(&pParams, 0, sizeof(DISPPARAMS));\n\nVARIANTARG param[2];\nparam[0].vt = VT_BSTR;\nparam[0].bstrVar = filepath.",
"AllocSysString();\nparam[1].vt = VT_BSTR;\nparam[1].bstrVar = rootname.",
"AllocSysString();\n\npParams.rgvars = param;\npParams.cArgs = 2;\nhResult = pDispatch->Invoke(id, IID_NULL, LOCALE_SYSTEM_DEFAULT, \n DISPATCH_METHOD, &pParams, &pVarResult, &pExcepInfo, &puArgErr);\n\nI get a error say \"Invalid number of parameters\". ",
"Where is wrong of my code?",
"\nHow to pass two strings params to a interface defined in a com control? ",
"It seems impossible.",
"\nEDIT 1: add more return info. ",
"It seems useless.",
"\npVarResult = NULL;\npExcepInfo.wcode = 52424;\npuArgErr = 1;\n\nA:\n\nThanks everyone for you time.",
"\nIt's my stupid mistake to cause this problem. ",
"Because I use MFC library to implement the COM control. ",
"And in MFC framework, if you want to export a interface, you must use a macro to declare it. ",
"like this.",
"\nDISP_FUNCTION(MyCtrl, \"Open\", Open, VT_BOOL, VTS_BSTR VTS_BSTR)\n\nWhat I write is:\nDISP_FUNCTION(MyCtrl, \"Open\", Open, VT_BOOL, VTS_BSTR, VTS_BSTR)\n\nThe comma should not be added between two VTS_BSTR.",
"\n\n"
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"Antibacterial Effect of Gallic Acid against Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas sobria Through Damaging Membrane Integrity.",
"\nIn the study, we investigated the antibacterial activity and mechanism of gallic acid against Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas sobria. ",
"Gallic acid showed strong antimicrobial activity against the two bacteria. ",
"Furthermore, the antibacterial mechanism of gallic acid (0, 3, 6, 12 mM) was performed by membrane integrity assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) assay. ",
"The results showed that gallic acid notably increased the released material absorption value at 260, 280 nm and electric conductivity in a dose-dependent manner. ",
"Moreover, the SEM assay showed that gallic acid induced severe shrink of bacterial intima and irregular morphology in a dose-dependent manner. ",
"The SDS-PAGE profiles further confirmed that gallic acid could damage bacterial cells. ",
"These results indicated gallic acid exhibited antibacterial effect by destroying membrane integrity of A. hydrophila and A. sobria. ",
"Hence, gallic acid has great potential as a new natural food preservative in food fresh-keeping and storage."
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"In the ideally intimate setting of the medieval Colour House Theatre at Merton Abbey\nMills, Sunday Evening Music Among Friends, now in its twenty third year, is a monthly\nseries of informal chamber concerts in which both seasoned professionals and gifted\nyoung players perform the music they love for your and their own enjoyment.",
"\n\nEach concert begins at 7.30 and lasts about ninety minutes including the interval,\nwhen you can enjoy a free drink next door in the historic Wheelhouse. ",
"We publish\nthe concert programmes in three seasons - January to March, April to June, and September\nto December. ",
"The series is noted for its friendly informal atmosphere as well as\nthe highest standard of performance of a wide range of repertoire, including not\nonly the major chamber works for wind and string ensembles but also piano recitals,\nbaroque groups, song recitals and mini operas."
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"Last year, rescue workers began using a vessel called Emily to pull stranded refugees from rough waters near the Greek island of Lesbos. ",
"Part buoy and part life raft, Emily helped more than 240 asylum seekers to safety in its first 10 days of use.",
"\n\n“It's essentially a remote-controlled rescue boat that's about four feet long, and it looks like a cylindrical surfboard, but it has the power of almost a jet ski,” says Lauren Silverman, a science and technology reporter at KERA News in Dallas who has covered Emily.",
"\n\nEmily — short for Emergency Integrated Lifesaving Lanyard — was designed by Tony Mulligan, CEO of the maritime robotics company Hydronalix, and can travel at a top speed of 22 mph. ",
"Rescue professionals have been using Emily in places like Los Angeles since 2010, Silverman explains, steering the craft from shore or aboard a boat. ",
"Now, roboticists are trying to make Emily even more effective in large-scale crises like refugee shipwrecks — by making the craft more autonomous.",
"\n\nRead more about Emily, the 'robotic lifeguard'\n\n“The idea is to make it possible for someone to call off the coordinates of a victim far away, and have a computer convert those — send them to GPS, to the robot, so that the robotic raft can arrive and help someone in the water, while the lifeguard can tend to people who need help elsewhere,” Silverman says.",
"\n\nThe effort is being led by Robin Murphy, director of the Center for Robot-Assisted Search and Rescue at Texas A&M University, which helped deploy Emily in Greece last year. “",
"She's put robots in some of the biggest disaster zones in the last decade: in Louisiana after Katrina, above mudslides in Washington State, into rubble at the World Trade Center,” Silverman says.",
"\n\nAnd Murphy and her team aren’t just working on ways to make an autonomous Emily work better for rescue professionals. ",
"They’ve also realized how scary it could be for shipwreck survivors to see a bright buoy motoring across the ocean, straight towards them.",
"\n\n“Emily can come at you at full speed ahead and it can hit you and it won't hurt you — it's designed not to — but you're not going to be happy,” Murphy told Silverman. “",
"And if you're already stressed, this is not going to make it.”",
"\n\nTo that end, Murphy has a few ideas for making the rescue process gentler. ",
"She says thermal cameras can help Emily spot people in the water and slow down before arriving at their location, even turning itself the long way for an easier rescue.",
"\n\nThen, the idea goes, refugees can grab on — and let their strange-looking lifeguard carry them to shore.",
"\n\nThis article is based on an interview that aired on PRI's Science Friday."
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"I have a 98 stang gt and want to 4 link it and tubs, however going down the side of the rear body of the car is the hatchback support that is part of the fenderwell, fearing cutting out existing fenderwells due to not having need support for the hatch.... any ideas\n\nthe car already has bolt ons and it will not hook with ten in wide tires, so only alternative is wider tires and complete aftermarket suspension.",
"\n\nWho's bolt-ons, and what are they?? ",
"What shocks are you using?? ",
"Don't say it can't be done if others are hooking on 10\" tires with no problem.",
"\n\nHow fast, what ET?? ",
"What engine, trans and rear gear??",
"\n\nJust throwing 4-link and tubs at something won't help if you don't understand how the suspension should work, it will just be a band-aid. ",
"Throw out the details and more info of what you have now and you may find there is something you are overlooking.",
"\n\nRegister Now\n\nIn order to be able to post messages on the Hot Rod Forum : Hotrodders Bulletin Board forums, you must first register.",
"\nPlease enter your desired user name (usually not your first and last name), your email address and other required details in the form below.",
"\n\nUser Name:\n\nPassword\n\nPlease enter a password for your user account. ",
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"\n\nEmail Address:\n\nInsurance\n\nPlease select your insurance company (Optional)\n\nLog-in\n\nUser Name\n\nRemember Me?",
"\n\nPassword\n\nHuman Verification\n\nIn order to verify that you are a human and not a spam bot, please enter the answer into the following box below based on the instructions contained in the graphic."
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"A surfer nearly drowned in Huntington Beach early Saturday but was revived on the way to the hospital, police said.",
"\n\nPolice initially said the man had drowned.",
"\n\nBut Huntington Beach Police Lt. ",
"Tim Martin said Saturday afternoon that paramedics were able to revive the man on the way to the hospital and he was in critical condition.",
"\n\nOther surfers found the man floating in the water at about 6:42 a.m. near Lifeguard Tower 8 by 11th Street and Pacific Coast Highway.",
"\n\nLifeguards said the victim appeared to be in his 60s.",
"\n\nContact the writer: kpuente@ocregister.com"
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"Q:\n\nsed split single line file and process resulting lines\n\nI have an XML feed (this) in a single line so to extract the data I need I can do something like this:\nsed -r 's:<([^>]+)>([^<]+)</\\1>:&\\n: g' feed | sed -nr '\n /<item>/, $ s:.*<(title|link|description)>([^<]+)</\\1>.*:\\2: p'\n\nsince I can't find a way to make first sed call to process result as different lines.",
"\nAny advice?",
"\nMy goal is to get all data I need in a single sed call\n\nA:\n\nsed -rn -e 's|>[[:space:]]*<|>\\n<|g\n/^<title>/ { bx }\n/^<description>/ { b x }\n/^<link>/ { bx }\nD\n:x\ns|<([^>]*)>([^\\n]*)</\\1>|\\1=\\2|;\nP\nD' rss.xml\n\nNew answer to new question. ",
" Now with branches and outputing all three chunks of information.",
"\n\n"
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"Hepatocellular carcinoma: agents and concepts for preventing recurrence after curative treatment.",
"\n1. ",
"Adjuvant/neoadjuvant chemotherapy. ",
"2. ",
"Neoadjuvant transarterial chemoembolization. ",
"3. ",
"Kinase inhibitors (eg, sorafenib). ",
"4. ",
"Antiviral treatment. ",
"5.Immunosuppressive treatment after liver transplantation. ",
"6. ",
"Disseminated tumor cells: the basis for innovative treatment options?"
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"\n197 S.W.3d 41 (2004)\n88 Ark. App. ",
"251\nBobby MORRIS, Appellant\nv.\nSTATE of Arkansas, Appellee.",
"\nNo. ",
"CA CR 03-1347.",
"\nCourt of Appeals of Arkansas, Division I.\nNovember 3, 2004.",
"\nJames Law Firm, by: William O. \"Bill\" James, Jr., Little Rock, for appellant.",
"\n*42 Mike Beebe, Att'y Gen., by: Misty Wilson Borkowski, Ass't Att'y Gen., Little Rock, for appellee.",
"\nWENDELL L. GRIFFEN, Judge.",
"\nA jury convicted appellant Bobby Morris of Class B felony nonsupport and sentenced him to serve forty years in the Arkansas Department of Correction. ",
"He argues that the trial court erred in failing to grant his motion to dismiss and his motion for a directed verdict because the statute of limitations for a Class B felony is three years, and he was convicted for arrearages that date back more than three years from the time he was charged with nonsupport. ",
"Because the Arkansas Supreme Court has squarely rejected appellant's arguments, we affirm.",
"\nOn November 5, 2002, appellant was charged with Class B felony nonsupport. ",
"On June 17, 2003, the State filed an amended information, more specifically alleging that appellant owed over $25,000 in child support as a result of not paying support from May 1, 1986, through June 1, 2003. ",
"On the morning of his trial, appellant filed a written motion to dismiss the charge, arguing that calculation of the arrearages exceeded the three-year statute of limitations for prosecution of a Class B felony.",
"\nImmediately before trial, appellant orally raised his motion to dismiss. ",
"He asserted that if arrearages were calculated for the three-year period prior to the filing of the information, he could be charged, at the most, with a Class C felony.[1] The State countered that the offense of nonsupport is an ongoing offense. ",
"The trial court denied the motion. ",
"Appellant later moved for a directed verdict based on the same argument. ",
"The trial court denied appellant's motion and subsequently denied his renewal, which was also based on the same argument. ",
"Appellant was convicted of the Class B felony and was ordered to serve forty years at the Arkansas Department of Correction. ",
"This appeal followed.",
"\nAppellant asserts that the three-year statute of limitations that applies to Class B felonies limits the State to calculating arrearages to those arrearages that occurred no more than three years prior to the date he was charged.[2] He asserts that the legislature has carved out no exceptions to the three-year statute of limitations that governs Class B felonies. ",
"Thus, he maintains that his charges should have been reduced to a Class C felony. ",
"Appellant reasons that classifying nonsupport as a continuing offense allows the State to wait until a person's arrearages reaches the level of the charging class that the State desires, ranging from a misdemeanor to a Class B felony. ",
"He notes that, according to the State's argument, he could have been charged in 1996 with a Class A misdemeanor, in 1997 with a Class C felony, and in 1998, with a Class B felony.",
"\nThe State contends that the legislative intent that nonsupport should be considered a continuing offense is seen in the fact that the legislature chose to elevate *43 the class of offense based upon the total amount of arrearages. ",
"Otherwise, a person could never be guilty of Class B nonsupport unless they failed to pay a one-time payment of $25,000. ",
"Further, the State cites to the Commentary to the Arkansas Code and to dicta in which the Arkansas Supreme Court lists nonsupport as an example of a continuing offense. ",
"See Original Comment to Ark.Code Ann. § ",
"5-1-110 (Repl.1997); see also Hagen v. State, 318 Ark. 139, 883 S.W.2d 832 (1994) (stating in dicta that nonsupport is a continuing offense).",
"\nWhether to grant a motion to dismiss a criminal prosecution lies within the discretion of the trial court. ",
"Biggers v. State, 317 Ark. 414, 878 S.W.2d 717 (1994). ",
"A motion for a directed verdict is a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. ",
"Miles v. State, 350 Ark. 243, 85 S.W.3d 907 (2002). ",
"On appeal from the denial of a motion for a directed verdict, this court reviews the evidence in a light most favorable to the State, and affirms if substantial evidence supports the jury verdict; only evidence supporting the guilty verdict need be considered. ",
"Id.\nArkansas Code Annotated § 5-26-401(a)(2) (Supp.2003) provides that a person commits the offense of nonsupport if he fails to provide support to his legitimate child who is less than eighteen years old. ",
"This statute further provides that nonsupport is a Class B felony if the person owes more than $25,000 in past-due-child support, and is a Class C felony if the person owes between $10,000 and $25,000 in past-due child support. ",
"A prosecution for a Class B or Class C felony must be brought within three years after the felony is committed. ",
"Ark.Code Ann. § ",
"5-1-109(b)(2) (Supp.2003).",
"\nFor statute of limitations purposes, a single, noncontinuing offense is committed when every element of the crime occurs. ",
"Ark.Code. ",
"Ann. § ",
"5-1-109(e)(1). ",
"However, a continuing offense is committed for statute of limitations purposes at the time a course of conduct or the defendant's complicity therein is terminated. ",
"Ark.Code. ",
"Ann. § ",
"5-1-109(e)(1). ",
"A continuing offense is seen in the legislative purpose to prohibit a continuing course of conduct. ",
"Ark.Code. ",
"Ann. § ",
"5-1-109(e)(1). ",
"The test to determine if a situation involves a continuing offense is whether the individual acts are prohibited, or whether the prohibited conduct is the course of action which the individual acts constitute. ",
"McLennan v. State, 337 Ark. 83, 987 S.W.2d 668 (1999). ",
"If it is the former, then each act is a separate offense; if it is the latter, the offense is a continuous offense. ",
"Id.\nThe State asserts that the issue of whether nonsupport is a continuing offense is an issue of first impression. ",
"However, the Arkansas Supreme Court has recently addressed this issue, and in so doing, has squarely held that nonsupport is a continuing offense. ",
"See Hampton v. State, 357 Ark. 473, 183 S.W.3d. ",
"148 (2004). ",
"The Hampton defendant filed a motion in limine, seeking to limit the time period in which the State could charge him with nonsupport and seeking to limit the amount of time used to calculate the amount of child support owed. ",
"Id. The Hampton defendant argued that, because he was charged with Class D felony nonsupport, and because prosecutions for Class D felonies must be brought within three years of the date the offense is committed, he could only be charged with arrearages dating no earlier than three years prior to the date the information was filed. ",
"Id. The State countered that the offense of nonsupport was a continuing offense. ",
"The trial court in Hampton denied the defendant's motion. ",
"The Arkansas Supreme Court affirmed the trial *44 court's ruling, holding that nonsupport is a continuing offense, and that the prosecution was timely because the information was filed within three years after the offense was committed. ",
"Id.[3]\nThe Hampton case compels affirmance in the instant case. ",
"The only difference between the Hampton case and this case is the appellant here was charged with a Class B felony instead of a Class D felony. ",
"However, the same statute provides a three-year statute of limitations for Class B, C, and D felonies. ",
"Ark.Code Ann. § ",
"5-1-109(c). ",
"Here, appellant was originally charged on November 5, 2002. ",
"An amended information was filed on June 17, 2003, alleging that appellant failed to pay support from May 1, 1986, through June 1, 2003. ",
"Therefore, the offense, a continuing offense, was committed as of June 1, 2003, and the charge was filed within three years of the date the offense was committed. ",
"Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying appellant's motion to dismiss or his motion for a directed verdict.",
"\nAffirmed.",
"\nNEAL, J., agrees.",
"\nROAF, J., concurs.",
"\nROAF, J., concurring.",
"\nI concur in affirming this case, in which appellant Bobby Morris was sentenced as an habitual offender to serve forty years in the Arkansas Department of Correction for the offense of nonsupport. ",
"The evidence presented reflected that Morris had accumulated over $40,000 in child-support arrearages dating back to his 1986 divorce, which placed him well within the class B felony category, for which the sentencing range for habitual offenders with four or more convictions is five to forty years. ",
"The unrebutted evidence presented at trial also reflected that Morris had no record of income for over seven years; that he was disabled and without a home; that his prior convictions were drug-related; and, as was suggested by the prosecutor, that his problem stemmed in part from being a drug addict.",
"\nPrior to 1997, the offense of criminal nonsupport, Ark.Code Ann. § ",
"5-26-401 (Repl.1997) was a Class A misdemeanor, except that it became a Class D felony if the person absented himself from Arkansas to avoid the duty to support, or had previously been convicted of nonsupport. ",
"However, the statute was amended in 1997 to provide in pertinent part that the offense be a Class D felony where the amount owed is more than $5,000 and a Class B felony where the amount owed is more than $25,000.[1]\n*45 There are undeniably hundreds of noncustodial parents in the State of Arkansas who fall into Morris's category, and while I cannot question the wisdom of the legislature in Arkansas in enhancing the punishment for nonpayment of support in this fashion, it is hardly a sensible use of our limited prison resources or of taxpayer funds to exact such a level of punishment for the offense in question.",
"\nWhile the greatly enhanced penalty may serve to motivate those capable of securing the funds to liquidate their child support arrearages, the Bobby Morrises of this world will undoubtedly not have that ability, and will in essence face what resembles \"debtors' prison\" if this statute is as aggressively pursued across Arkansas as was the case with Morris.",
"\nNOTES\n[1] Appellant states that the appropriate three-year period is June 1999 through June 2002. ",
"However, appellant was charged in June 2003, not June 2002. ",
"Even if the statute of limitations began when the information was originally charged, in November 2002, the prosecution still began within three years from the date the information was charged, and therefore, was timely.",
"\n[2] At trial, appellant also argued in his motion for a directed verdict that the State failed to show that his failure to pay was willful. ",
"However, he asserts only the statute-of-limitations argument on appeal.",
"\n[3] We note that the Hampton court stated that it held in McLennan v. State, supra, that nonsupport is a continuing offense. ",
"This statement appears to be in error, because the statement in McLennan that nonsupport was a continuing offense was dicta. ",
"The issue in McLennan was whether three instances of performing a terroristic act should be charged as a single, continuing offense. ",
"In stating the law governing continuous offenses, the McLennan court noted that nonsupport under § 5-26-401 was a continuing offense. ",
"Therefore, we do not cite McLennan as direct authority that nonsupport constitutes a continuing offense.",
"\n[1] The offense was further amended in 1999 to provide in pertinent part for the following felony classes according to the amount of past due support:\n\nA Class D felony if:\n(C) The person owes more than two thousand five hundred dollars ($2,500) in past-due child support, pursuant to a court order or by operation of law, and the amount represents at least four (4) months of past-due support.",
"\n(2) Nonsupport is a Class C felony if the person owes more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000) but less than twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000) in past-due support, pursuant to a court order or by operation of law.",
"\n(3) Nonsupport is a Class B felony if the person owes more than twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000) in past-due child support, pursuant to a court order or by operation of law.",
"\n"
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"Some 24 million voter registrations in the United States contain significant errors, including about 1.8 million dead people still on the rolls and many more approved to vote in multiple states, according to a report released Tuesday.",
"\n\nEven though the inaccuracies impact one in eight registrations, researchers at the Pew Center on the States said they don't see it as an indicator of widespread fraud. ",
"Rather, they believe outdated systems are failing to keep pace with the most basic changes in people's lives, feeding perceptions that U.S. elections are not as airtight as they could be.",
"\n\nIn conjunction with Pew's report, eight states said they are working this year on a centralized data system to help identify people whose registrations may be out of date.",
"\n\n\"A lot of people probably assume we do this already,\" said Sam Reed, who oversees elections as Washington's secretary of state. \"",
"I think it's going to bring more trust and confidence in the election system.\"",
"\n\nAbout 2.7 million people have active registrations in multiple states, including about 2,000 people registered in four or more states, according to the Pew report. ",
"Elections officials said it is difficult to track when someone has moved to another state without canceling their previous registration.",
"\n\nSome 1.8 million deceased people are still listed as active voters, according to the study, which is based on a computer analysis of a proprietary voter database used by Democrats. ",
"Researchers believe 12.7 million records do not reflect the current addresses of active voters while 12 million contain address inaccuracies, including those that make it unlikely that mail could reach them.",
"\n\nSome of the files contain multiple problems, with Pew estimating that a total of 24 million have problems.",
"\n\nThe numbers are at least partially supported by anecdotal evidence. ",
"For example, Washington state and Alaska -- one of the nation's least populous states -- compared each other's voter registration systems last year and found an estimated 4,500 duplicates.",
"\n\nThe eight states involved in the centralization project are Colorado, Delaware, Maryland, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Virginia and Washington.",
"\n\nPew believes the centralized system and online voter registrations will help save money by eliminating the need to print millions of forms, enter data by hand or send mail to outdated or incorrect addresses.",
"\n\n\"That's a tremendous cost to the taxpayers,\" said David Becker, director of Election Initiatives at the Pew Center on the States. ",
"The centralized system has not settled on participation fees yet but is expected to be in the tens of thousands of dollars per state per year.",
"\n\nThe Brennan Center for Justice, which has been working on voter registration issues, is also pushing for a modernization of the system but cautions that states need to take particular care to not rush to eliminate voters from their rolls. ",
"Lawrence Norden, an attorney at the center, said there have been a number of cases in recent years where people have been improperly removed from the system based on an incomplete match -- for example, two people who have the same name and birthdate.",
"\n\n\"This is something that has to be done very carefully,\" he said.",
"\n\nSome states have adopted laws in the last couple years to require photo IDs to vote -- hoping it would prevent fraud even though examples of such cheating are rare. ",
"That tactic was one the Brennan Center is directly opposing.",
"\n\nLinda Lamone, the administrator of elections in Maryland, said the Pew work has already pushed the state toward online voter registration, which will also allow voters to update their information electronically. ",
"Maryland has also changed its system so that voters who choose to register while getting a driver's license must complete the process there. ",
"Previously, voters had to separately file paperwork and the state ended up having conflicting information about registrants.",
"\n\nLamone said dead people who are registered in the state but end up dying in another state that does not actively share death information can leave deceased voters on the rolls. ",
"She said the centralized system will help ease those administrative challenges.",
"\n\n\"We're going to get better information on voters,\" she said. \"",
"Overall, it's going to result in much more accurate voter registration lists.\""
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"Arynga: Leader & Innovator in Vehicle Software Management Solutions\n\nArynga delivers innovative vehicle software management solutions to the automotive industry. ",
"Our flagship product CarSync™, is the most reliable, efficient, and intelligent platform for remotely updating and maintaining vehicle software and firmware. ",
"CarSync ensures the integrity of embedded systems for the lifetime of the vehicle, reducing recall rates caused by software glitches, and in effect, saves vehicle Original Equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and Tier One suppliers time and money, while improving customer satisfaction.",
"\n\nVehicle OEMs spend millions on warranty and recall costs each year, with over 50% of recalls attributed to software glitches and electronics defects.",
"\n\nWith increased vehicle software complexity, Arynga is the solution for efficient and cost effective software/firmware updates to vehicle ECUs, eliminating recall and warranty costs due to software malfunctions.",
"\n\nCarSync is the intelligent vehicle software management system, providing a complete end‐to‐end solution for maintaining and distributing firmware/software updates to vehicle ECUs. ",
"Starting from an OEM or Tier One data center, and traversing across the Internet through the CarSync Management System (CMS) and into the CarSync In-vehicle Gateway (CIVG), CarSync maintains, verifies, and subsequently distributes updates into the vehicle’s ECUs."
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"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma presenting with uveitis occurring after blunt trauma.",
"\nWe report here an unusual patient suffering from visual loss with refractory uveitis which was occured after a blunt trauma to her left eye. ",
"While in the hospital cervical lymph node and anterior chamber aspiration cytology with immunohistochemical staining were performed. ",
"The histopathologic diagnosis was highly malignant B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. ",
"After the inflammation of the eye was regressed with chemotherapy, pars plana vitrectomy-lensectomy was performed. ",
"She was free of inflammation and the best corrected visual acuity was increased. ",
"However, she had a refractory inflammatory episode with clumps of cells in the anterior chamber 10 months after the operation. ",
"Local radiotherapy to the left eye was applied. ",
"Radiotherapy provided local control and preservation of the vision. ",
"The present case is presented in order to emphasize the importance of systemic evaluation in uveitis and possible role of trauma leading migration of atypical cells into the eye."
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"Thyroidectomy in patients who have undergone gastric bypass surgery.",
"\nMorbid obesity is a chronic condition that may be challenging to treat. ",
"Gastric bypass surgery is used to treat morbid obesity and its complications. ",
"Hypocalcemia, a known complication after thyroidectomy, is usually transient and treatable. ",
"There is a growing body of literature indicating that patients with previous gastric bypass surgery are at an increased risk for recalcitrant, symptomatic hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy. ",
"The management of hypocalcemia in patients with prior gastric bypass surgery may be exceedingly difficult. ",
"Relevant articles published between 2008 and January 2017 were reviewed by topic. ",
"The review of literature was conducted using a systematic search of database resources, such as PubMed and EMBASE. ",
"Prior gastric bypass surgery may be an independent risk factor for developing profound hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery. ",
"Refractory hypocalcemia in patients who have undergone gastric bypass surgery is underreported. ",
"Careful consideration should be given to performing staged thyroidectomy and, in some cases, reversal of the bariatric surgery."
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"Q:\n\nHow to transpose a table from columns to rows in Oracle sql\n\nI have a table in sql which has a number of columns with the same type of data each column. ",
"I would like to transpose the table's columns into rows so that all of the data appears in 1 column. ",
"An example of the type of table I am talking about:\nID DATE TEST_1 TEST_2 TEST_3\n----------------------------------------\n1 1jan12 98 66 77\n2 2jan12 75 89 72\n\nInto:\nID DATE TEST SCORE\n-----------------------------------\n1 1jan12 TEST_1 98\n1 1jan12 TEST_2 66\n1 1jan12 TEST_3 77\n2 2jan12 TEST_1 75\n2 2jan12 TEST_2 89\n2 2jan12 TEST_3 72\n\nThanks in advance for any suggestions or directions!",
"\n\nA:\n\nOne option would be to use 'Union All':\nSELECT ID, DATE, 'TEST_1' AS TEST, TEST_1 AS SCORE\nFROM TABLE\nUNION ALL\nSELECT ID, DATE, 'TEST_2' AS TEST, TEST_2 AS SCORE\nFROM TABLE\nUNION ALL\nSELECT ID, DATE, 'TEST_3' AS TEST, TEST_3 AS SCORE\nFROM TABLE\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nRxJava (+Room): Why Flowable> returns List>?",
"\n\nMy Room query(from MyObjectDao) with Flowable<List<MyObject>> is returning List<List<MyObject>> when running tests. ",
"Here is the query:\n@Query(\"SELECT * FROM myobjects\")\nFlowable<List<MyObject>> getAllMyObjects();\n\nHere is how I am extracting the first MyObject from the query:\nMyObject toDelete = myObjectDao.getAllMyObjects().test().values().get(0).get(0);\n\nAs you can see, I am getting a List<List<MyObject>> from the query? ",
"Why is that? ",
"Why is it getting wrapped inside another List? ",
"\n\nA:\n\nvalues() returns all the emissions acquired over the lifetime of your Flowable. ",
"As each emission from your Flowable is a List, values() will return a list of all y our emissions of lists. ",
"\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nHow should I develop an unusual user interface?",
"\n\nSay I have an idea for a desktop application with unusual interface requirements. ",
"I need:\n\nPixel-level control over the look and feel.",
"\nFinely specified custom controls.",
"\nPlatform-independence.",
"\n\nMy typical solution in this scenario would be to use SDL (or SDL+OpenGL) as a graphics framework upon which to build the interface from scratch.",
"\n\nIs it a good idea to work this way, or should I use an existing toolkit?",
"\nIf the latter, which toolkit with bindings for either C or C++ offers the cleanest and most versatile facilities for extension (creating new controls) and customisation (styling existing controls)?",
"\n\nA:\n\nWhen should you work from scratch, and when should you use an existing toolkit?",
"\n\nNever work from scratch.",
"\nAlways use an existing toolkit.",
"\n\nWhat toolkit offers the simplest, cleanest facility for extension and customisation?",
"\n\nYou're already using OpenGL. ",
" What's wrong with that? ",
" Many, many things are built in it.",
"\nAnd all toolkits contain lower and lower levels of componentry that you can extend or modify. ",
" You have the source.",
"\nhttp://www.atai.org/guitool/\n\nA:\n\nIf you actually have the graphics and design skills/resources, and the ambition, by all means do it yourself. ",
" Thats the only way you can, as my friends in the corporate would would say, 'realize your vision'. ",
" Or better, make your own re-usable GUI framework that you can use in other applications. ",
" Dont be dissuaded by mantras about re-use if you really want to do it yourself.",
"\nOn the other hand, if you dont have those resources, either use a 3rd party toolkit, or re-consider the need for an 'outside of the box' interface. ",
" You'd be doing your users a favor. ",
" The only thing worse than a bad interface is a bad, ugly, home-grown interface.",
"\nI dont know what kind of apps you are making. ",
" But if we are talking normal windows/desktop apps, evaluate whether or not your 'outside of the box' interface is something thats actually good for the user. ",
" I've seen many apps with atrocious interfaces over the years because their developers didnt want or couldnt care to create an application that more or less followed interface norms. ",
" That creates a lot of unnecessary overhead on the user as they try to learn your product. ",
" And the thing is, their developers dont realize their interfaces are that bad. ",
" So unless you are working on the type of app that calls for something 'slick' (like a media player or game), if you dont have the resources do your users a favor and use a 3rd party or standard (for the particular platform) interface.",
"\n\n"
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"Democrats ceded back the Senate floor early Tuesday morning, ending a more than 5-hour protest of GOP efforts to repeal ObamaCare.",
"\n\nDemocrats painted the late-night talkathon as the first test against a Republican-led government as the majority party works to nix the healthcare law without a replacement plan.",
"\n\n\"This is our first big fight against the Republican majority and the Trump majority,\" Senate Democratic Leader Charles Schumer Chuck SchumerDemocrats scramble on COVID-19 relief amid division, Trump surprise Pelosi, Schumer 'encouraged' by Trump call for bigger coronavirus relief package Schumer, Sanders call for Senate panel to address election security MORE (N.Y.) told supporters on a late Monday conference call with MoveOn and the Progressive Change Campaign Committee (PCCC). \"",
"We're having big success.\"",
"\n\nSenate Democrats took over the Senate floor around 6:45 p.m. with Sen. Dick Durbin Richard (Dick) Joseph DurbinSenate Republicans signal openness to working with Biden Top GOP senator calls for Biden to release list of possible Supreme Court picks GOP ramps up attacks on Democrats over talk of nixing filibuster MORE (D-Ill.) accusing Republicans of hating ObamaCare \"almost as much as the devil hates holy water\" as he kicked off the protest on the floor.",
"\n\nBy the end of the night 24 Democratic senators — including Chris Murphy Christopher (Chris) Scott MurphyGOP chairman to release interim report on Biden probe 'in about a week' This week: House returns for pre-election sprint Battle over timing complicates Democratic shutdown strategy MORE (Conn.) and Patty Murray Patricia (Patty) Lynn MurrayTrump health officials grilled over reports of politics in COVID-19 response CDC director pushes back on Caputo claim of 'resistance unit' at agency The Hill's Morning Report - Sponsored by The Air Line Pilots Association - Pence lauds Harris as 'experienced debater'; Trump, Biden diverge over debate prep MORE (Wash.) — had spoken from the Senate floor, approximately half the Democratic conference.",
"\n\n\"Why we're here tonight is pretty simple,\" Murphy — who led a 15-hour filibuster last year — said just before midnight. \"",
"The repeal of the Affordable Care Act with no replacement, with no plan for what comes next, will hurt million of real people in very real ways.\"",
"\n\nDemocrats boiled down their message to Republicans using the so-called Pottery Barn rule: You break it, you buy it.",
"\n\nSenators repeatedly characterized the current GOP effort as \"repeal and run.\"",
"\n\n\"Get real, [Republicans] don't have a clue what to do next,\" Sen. Elizabeth Warren Elizabeth WarrenNo new taxes for the ultra rich — fix bad tax policy instead Democrats back away from quick reversal of Trump tax cuts It's time for newspapers to stop endorsing presidential candidates MORE (D-Mass.) said from the Senate floor. \"",
"Repeal and run. ",
"That's the Republican plan.\"",
"\n\nThe Senate is expected to pass a shell budget resolution along a party-line vote this week that includes guidelines for repealing ObamaCare.",
"\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nDemocrats face an uphill battle to block the rules or the separate standalone repeal bill. ",
"Both need only 50 votes to clear the upper chamber and Republicans have a 52-seat majority.",
"\n\nBut Democrats and outside groups appeared to take heart Monday over new signs of division among congressional Republicans.",
"\n\nMembers of the conservative House Freedom Caucus said after a meeting at Tortilla Coast that they want more repeal details on repeal and replacement before voting on the guidelines for rolling back the law.",
"\n\nAnd another group of Senate Republicans is separately trying to kick the deadline for lawmakers to turn over their repeal proposals into early March, pushing the original Jan. 27 deadline by more than a month.",
"\n\nIn addition to giving lawmakers more time to work on a repeal, they argue it would help lock down more details on a replacement and allow them to work with Rep. Tom Price (R-Ga.), who has been nominated to lead Trump’s Department of Health and Human Services.",
"\n\nThe GOP senators could force a vote on their proposal on Wednesday, when the Senate is expected to hold a marathon session known as “vote-a-rama.”",
"\n\nSchumer told supporters on Monday night that Republicans are already getting “cold feet,” stressing that Democrats will have momentum coming off of the talkathon.",
"\n\n\"We are winning on both sides,” he said. “",
"They're flummoxed. ",
"We're united.”",
"\n\nDemocrats pledged to keep up their fight against an ObamaCare repeal in the coming days, with Warren encouraging supporters to call Majority Leader Mitch McConnell Addison (Mitch) Mitchell McConnellSenate Republicans signal openness to working with Biden Hillicon Valley: DOJ indicts Chinese, Malaysian hackers accused of targeting over 100 organizations | GOP senators raise concerns over Oracle-TikTok deal | QAnon awareness jumps in new poll The Hill's Campaign Report: Biden asks if public can trust vaccine from Trump ahead of Election Day | Oklahoma health officials raised red flags before Trump rally MORE’s (R-Ky.) office.",
"\n\n\"We have to make it clear every senator and every representative that votes to destroy healthcare in America will be responsible for disaster and consequences that come next,\" Warren said on the PCCC call.",
"\n\nDemocrats warn that the floor protest and calls with outside groups are the first shot in what is shaping up to be a yearslong fight over repealing and eventually replacing the Affordable Care Act.",
"\n\n“We will fight this repeal with every fiber in our being,” Schumer added from the floor. “",
"We will not go gently into that good night.”",
"\n\nSchumer, Sen. Bernie Sanders Bernie SandersSenate Republicans signal openness to working with Biden Hillicon Valley: DOJ indicts Chinese, Malaysian hackers accused of targeting over 100 organizations | GOP senators raise concerns over Oracle-TikTok deal | QAnon awareness jumps in new poll Schumer, Sanders call for Senate panel to address election security MORE (I-Vt.) ",
"and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) have called for “Day of Action” rallies across the country on Sunday.",
"\n\nSanders's office noted earlier this week that more than a dozen rallies in support of ObamaCare have been scheduled across the country.",
"\n\nDemocrats are also using social media, including Facebook Live and Snapchat, to try to build support among voters beyond the Beltway, trying to recapture the strategy that won them headlines last year on a pair of gun control protests.",
"\n\nThe Democratic push hit a small speed bump earlier Monday, when Schumer kicked off the protest on social media by accidentally tweeting \"Don't #MakeAmericaGreatAgain.\"",
"\n\nHe quickly deleted the tweet and replaced it with Democratic slogan \"don't #MakeAmericaSickAgain.\"",
"\n\nSen. Cory Booker (D-N.J.) — who like Warren is getting early 2020 speculation — noted that social media can help blast Democrats’ fight against Republicans to voters across the country.",
"\n\n\"This is exciting for me because ... maybe 10 years ago in the Senate they were often fighting with just normal things, which is you know on the Senate floor,\" he said on a Facebook Live video. \"",
"But we have the capacity to know to connect to people in greater ways.\"",
"\n\nAs of 11 p.m. two Facebook Live videos posted by Democrats had been viewed nearly 550,000 times."
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"The first 4000 Adult tickets purchased in PreSale will get a FREE Slideapalooza Beach towel valued at $20 (pick up at event).",
"\n\nThe first 4000 Kids tickets purchased on PreSale will get a FREE Slideapalooza Slide Ring valued at $10 (pick up at event).",
"\n\nTo be any chance at scoring the freebies though, you will need to be on our VIP list for the event.",
"\nSlide VIP's get the rego link emailed to them 2 hours before the general public and tickets will sell FAST!!",
"\n\nBelow are a bunch of links for more info while we set up PreSale for y'all. ",
"This page is a great resource for all things slide so make sure all your slide buddies are on it."
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"Visual symbol and manual sign learning by children with phonologic programming deficit syndrome.",
"\nA study was done of eight children with phonologic programming deficit syndrome (PPDS) and of eight normally developing children, to evaluate learning and recall of Blissymbols and of Signed English manual signs. ",
"The results support the view that children with this syndrome not only have motor speech deficits, but also deficits in symbolic processing. ",
"Decisions about intervention for nonverbal children should take account of their probable deficits in symbol learning."
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"Hemodynamic analysis of coronary circulation in angulated coronary stenosis following stenting.",
"\nThe present study in angulated coronary stenosis used human in vivo hemodynamic parameters and computed simulation, both qualitatively and qualitatively, to evaluate the influence of flow velocity and wall shear stress (WSS) on coronary atherosclerosis, the changes of hemodynamic indices following coronary stenting, and their effect on evolving in-stent restenosis. ",
"Initial and follow-up coronary angiographies in patients with angulated coronary stenosis were performed (n=60). ",
"The optimal degree of coronary stenting for angulated coronary stenosis had two models, the less than 50% angle changed group (model 1, n=33) and the more than 50% angle changed group (model 2, n=27). ",
"This angle change was based on the percentage change of vascular angle between pre- and post-intracoronary stenting. ",
"The flow-velocity wave obtained from in vivo intracoronary Doppler study data was used for in vitro numerical simulation. ",
"Spatial and temporal patterns of the flow-velocity vector and recirculation area were drawn throughout the selected segment of coronary models. ",
"WSS of pre- and post-intracoronary stenting was calculated from three-dimensional computer simulation. ",
"As results, follow-up coronary angiogram demonstrated significant difference in the percentage of diameter stenosis between the two groups (group 1: 40.3 +/- 30.2 vs. group 2: 25.5 +/- 22.5%, p < 0.05). ",
"Negative shear area on 3D simulation, which is consistent with the re-circulation area of flow vector, was noted on the inner wall of the post-stenotic area before stenting. ",
"The negative WSS disappeared after stenting. ",
"High spatial and temporal WSS before stenting fell within the range of physiologic WSS after stenting. ",
"This finding was more prominent in model 2 (p < 0.01). ",
"The present study suggests that hemodynamic forces exerted by pulsatile coronary circulation, termed WSS, might affect the evolution of atherosclerosis within the angulated vascular curvature. ",
"Moreover, geometric characteristics, such as the angular difference between pre- and post- intracoronary stenting might define optimal rheologic properties for vascular repair after stenting."
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"Oculus Rift co-founder Palmer Luckey has responded to recent criticism aimed at Oculus exclusivity deals. ",
"It’s a valid concern, as how many people can really afford to buy a VR-capable PC, as well as each of the big headsets, just to play all the games they’re interested in?",
"\n\nWhy not feast your eyes on our list of the best VR games so far.",
"\n\nThe problem with putting exclusive games on VR headsets is pretty simple: virtual reality goggles aren’t a gaming platform. ",
"Imagine if you could only buy certain games with certain monitors. ",
"It’s insane.",
"\n\nLuckey says this isn’t the case, however. ",
"Somehow this business tactic is good for the industry, he claims.",
"\n\n“You see Sony investing in their content the same way,” explained Luckey, via Tech Crunch. “",
"They want to make things that take advantage of their features that they have in the best way possible. ",
"Over time, that’s how the VR industry is going to move forward. ",
"In the short‑term and the long‑term, it’s good.",
"\n\n“The short‑term pain that some people feel, and I totally understand, is I want to play this game and I’m not able to right now. ",
"The reality is, I can see where that’s painful for some people, but that doesn’t mean that it’s bad for the VR industry, or that it’s fragmenting it, or in the long run, it’s not the right way for the ecosystem to work.”",
"\n\nHe didn’t explain why this wasn’t the case, unfortunately, moving on to talk about the company’s first-party stuff. “",
"The Oculus Studio stuff is going to remain exclusive to the Oculus store and platform,” Luckey said. “",
"That’s not to say that you’ll never be able to play it on other hardware, but it very much is exclusive to the Oculus platform.”",
"\n\nAs for third-party stuff, Oculus will be opting for the timed exclusives model, it seems. “",
"When you’re looking at some of these other things, where sometimes you have devs come to us and say, ‘Hey, we need help finishing our game,’ or ‘we want to make this game bigger and better,’ we ask if those guys launched on Oculus first if we’re going to help them fund that,” Luckey explained.",
"\n\n“We don’t ask them to stop developing for other platforms. ",
"We don’t tell them they can’t launch on other platforms. ",
"In those cases, they are going to be coming out on other platforms aside from Oculus in the future.”",
"\n\nThis statement follows Gabe Newell delivering another perspective on VR exclusives recently, saying “we don’t think exclusives are a good idea for customers or developers”."
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"\"Be a scientist, don't be a negro anymore....be a scientist.\"",
"\n-Minister Louis Farrakhan\n\nThursday, June 18, 2009\n\nThe Inauguration of Black America\n\nMy first day of work since my trip to Barack Obamas' Inauguration in Washington D.C. and I'm already expecting the exitable questions.",
"\n\nOne in particular was from my friend of over 10 years. ",
"As I sat at a computer he immediately turned to me and started talking,\n\n\"Didn't it feel wonderful to be in the midst of Washington D.C. as history was being made with....\" I cut him off fast. \"",
"It wasn't good, nor bad, it just was. ",
"I went to the Inauguration not to celebrate for I knew Barack would be elected and I knew there could be a Black president of the U.S. decades ago. ",
"None of this had an effect on me. ",
"I went to Washington D.C to do the people's business, I went there to conduct MY business.\"",
"\n\nI thought maybe that was rude espcially when I said it without even looking at my brother. ",
"When I finally did glance at him the look on his face was something I had better get used to, it was a look of being stunned. ",
"Mouth open, eyes vacant, hands frozen in the upright praise position. ",
"Just frozen in place in reaction to the fact that there was a Black person who did not have the same overly emotional celebratory reaction to Barack Obama's presidency as he and everyone else did.",
"\n\nI am NOT an Obamamaniac.",
"\n\nMy more favorable thoughts on Barack Obama not-with-standing, my desire for the advancement of Afrikan people is first and foremost in my mind. ",
"This is the politics that I stand on when witnessing the historic election and inauguration of Barack Obama, through asking the question: \"What does this mean for Afrika and Afrikans in the Diaspora?\". ",
"This is definately not to say that I do not love Barack, I do, I love him and his entire family. ",
"And this is not to say that I do not have the greatest desire for sucess for Barack, for his health and well being because I do. ",
"But I am clear on the political situation that we as Afrikan people in the diaspora are now facing, the reality of imperialism, exploitation and repression. ",
"This is reality that Black people and other people of color face. ",
"My question is, what does Barack Obama's presidency mean to the Afrikan diaspora? ",
"I have my ideas.",
"\n\nThe bus I rode into D.C. on was late so I got to the hotel just as Barack Obama took the stage for his swearing in. ",
"I broke out the video camera and started recording right when the crowd of African Americans in the City View Hotel erupted in cheers as Supreme Court Judge John Roberts told Barack \"Congratulations\". ",
"People hugged, clapped and raised their arms as if Barack kicked a winning field goal. ",
"I have to admit, the sight caught me mesmerized for a few seconds as the energy released into the atmosphere went through me. ",
"Barack Obama is the President of the United States of America. ",
"Then I caught myself and returned to my senses. ",
"I put my bookbag and other bag down in plain sight in a chair in the viewing room. ",
"Packed my gloves, hat and my new video camera. ",
"I also packed a special item, an American flag done up in Red Black Green colors instead of the usual red white and blue. ",
"The American RBG flag, for me is a symbol of the Afrikan presence in America.... So to carry this flag of MINE into the heart of Washington D.C. was definetely audacity in and of itself.",
"\n\nThe last time I was in Washington D.C. was 13 years ago during the Million Man March. ",
"I kept the significance of that in mind as I walked the streets waving the flag while figuring out the streets to the historic mall.",
"\n\nThe looks that turned my way were ones of confusion, blank stares, the occasional secretive admirable smirk and those of anger. ",
"The most surprising response was from a tall, older caucasian gentleman in glasses. ",
"I was helping an elder sister who became disoriented while walking and as he passed by he stated \"I like that flag, it's more honest than the other one.\" ",
"The \"other one\" meaning the red, white and blue Ameican flag we are used to seeing. ",
"As he stated that he walked away, the back of his jacket revealing his membership in a union. ",
"A conclusion I made was that this dude is one of very few honest caucasians with the type of political and social consciousness that looks upon this day with both hope and suspicion. ",
"I can respect that.",
"\n\nAfter being reassured that the Elder sister will be ok by her family I ventured onward to the mass of people in the distance. ",
"Once I immersed myself into the mix of the moving crowd I started my video interviews. ",
"This footage shot will be made available for viewing on Youtube and Chicago television.",
"\n\nAs I finished up my video work I witnessed the procession of armed forces dressed in uniforms from America's colonial times. ",
"The rich history of this country is showcased in almost every word, every exposition every feeling. ",
"The overall meaning that undergirds the entire ceremony is one of violence and conquest.",
"\n\nEverything from the parade of colonial forces bearing arms to Barack's oath are inundated with history of violence and war. ",
"It is here that the core of the mesmerizing Obamamania is evident and rather disturbing. ",
"The adulation, the frozen smiles, the crying, the hugs, the celebratory atmosphere sobers me. ",
"It shakes me to my core to see the emotion that people and Black people in particular are throwing to Barack almost seemingly absent any rational thinking, as if we have collectively forgotten the deeper context of the moment.",
"\n\nMaybe they never truly understood the moment. ",
"This is especially evident during Barack's speech where he states to people in foreign lands, \"....we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist.\", ",
"a comment that for some reason I found troubling. ",
"One sister stated that the comment was \"humane\" and \"very 'Black' of him\" to say that. ",
"However I can't help but wonder if this is merely a \"Black\" version of stating what the foreign policy of the U.S. has always been. ",
"Whether it is the first Bush administration telling the Taliban \"we will give you a carpet of gold or a carpet of bombs...\" or Barack's unclinched fist statement the sentiment is the same. ",
"Arrogant hubris is the same whether it's expressed by an Afrikan or a Texan.",
"\n\nMaybe it's the people's belief that Barack will actually give his hand to foreign political leaders. ",
"I for one wonder if those leaders will include embattled leaders like Zimbabwe President Robert Mugabe or Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. ",
"We only have to wait and see. ",
"Such is the case with every aspect of a Barack Obama presidency. ",
"But something tells me that Barack will get a pass on many negatives in his future administration.",
"\n\nAppointing a non-educator like Arne Duncan as education secretary, signing off on the bombing of Pakistan and killing civilians just a few days after his inauguration are rather disturbing actions already a week into his presidency. ",
"My question to the masses of people and mostly to African Americans is how will we hold Barack Obama accountable to the needs of the people? ",
"We cannot merely assume Barack Obama will automatically keep the people's will at heart in an office such as the presidency, especially the particular situations that face Black people. ",
"If we constantly give Barack a smile, glowing admiration and no criticism then not only would we waste our opportunity to improve our communities but we would have a hand in burying Barack Obama's legacy in the mire of mediocrity. ",
"Granted, based on George W. Bush, Obama only has to be mediocre to seem great, but that's not enough, and as Afrikan people we cannot do that to ourselves nor Barack.",
"\n\nIt is imcumbant upon us African Americans to snap out of the cult of personality that is Barack Obama and connect with Barack Obama as our brother as one who is in a very sensitive position. ",
"The position to actually help the people or to be continually co-opted by those individuals and organizations that have marched the world into the throes of the new world order.",
"\n\nThis is the challenge African Americans face, a challenge that must be faced with rational thought, critical analysis and diligent work minus the teary eyed assimilationist fantasies."
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[
"Archives\n\nRT @koliwemajama: \"Internet access provision in Africa is no longer just business it is political.\" - ",
"Read my new piece, The bigger picture… 11 hours ago\n\nCategories\n\nCategories\n\nCurrent words of inspiration\n\n'Irrevocable commitment to any religion is not only intellectual suicide; it is positive unfaith because it closes the mind to any new vision of the world. ",
"Faith is, above all, openness - an act of trust in the unknown.' - ",
"Alan Watts\n\nUncategorized\n\nLast week the Independent carried a story about how Zimbabwean students were inundating the South African embassy, seeking visas to go and study in that country. ",
"Most of the students interviewed said something to the effect that they were running away from the country’s rotting education system, and ‘outdated’ degrees. ",
"Not so long ago, the opposite was true; South African students and many others in the region were the ones seeking Zimbabwe’s coveted education. ",
"However when you critically assess the situation, it isn’t just degrees that are outdated, but attitudes and value systems prevailing in that sector.",
"\n\nWhen I did doing my undergrad in Media and Studies at a local state university a few years ago, I recall that the class ahead of us went ahead to do their work-related learning, popularly known as attachment, mainly in newsrooms, without having ever operated a computer. ",
"The school of journalism did not have cameras, computers and other paraphernalia necessary then for learning the profession. ",
"We never at any point learned anything to do with social media and emerging trends in new media. ",
"If any of the lecturers had ever heard about Facebook, Twitter or blogging, they either didn’t care or didn’t think it was relevant to follow or talk about in their New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO) lectures.",
"\n\nI had a friend in the African Languages class and the ‘African languages’ they studied were Shona and Ndebele only. ",
"I was sure that those languages were only spoken in Zimbabwe, a factor that did not broaden the scope of the degree’s potential.",
"\n\nI also recall how accommodation woes were a nightmare at that university. ",
"You seriously needed to be highly favored by God, or know someone in the administration or perhaps sleep with someone in order to get campus accommodation. ",
"The University had vast tracts of land allocated to it, where more hostels could be built, but the issue of funds, or lack thereof, stood in the way. ",
"The administration did not seem too concerned about the plight of the majority of students who lived off campus, forking out inflated public transport fees to and from the university and paying exorbitant rentals to greedy landlords in surrounding suburbs. ",
"Just yesterday I listened to a South African news broadcast about a University of Free State (UFS) Rector, Jonathan Jansen, who has taken issue over a racist newspaper advertisement looking for ‘non-affirmative action’ female students seeking private accommodation near the university. ",
"Jansen intends to send a complaint to that country’s Human Rights Commission, after having conducted an investigation, which revealed that this accommodation was only open to white students and not their black counterparts. ",
"As I listened to that report in disbelief, I thought: nobody spiritedly fights student battles here, except the students themselves.",
"\n\nIn 2012 I completed my Master’s degree at another local state institution, which, despite its prestigious sounding name includes the words ‘Science and Technology’, has little to show for it. ",
"Each semester, Harare-based students had to make a plan to submit typed assignments at the university’s poorly located little office on hectic intersection of Leopold Takawira and Samora Machel Avenues. ",
"Each time I needed to go there, I had to brace long and hard for parking nightmares. ",
"Add to that, we had to submit assignments to a bad tempered clerk who very often went on extended tea breaks and was generally unavailable during lunch hour; the only time that most of us working professionals could get to do this sort of thing. ",
"Her excuse was, well, your lunch hour is also my lunch hour. ",
"When you did find her in the office, she would first look down her nose at you while slowly sipping from her mug, before shifting laboredly to serve you. ",
"This was not even the worst part. ",
"Each time our results for the semester were out, we all jostled to take a peep at pieces of broadsheets pinned on the wall, displaying results alongside student number. ",
"We had a respected army Colonel coming along to jostle with us for results pinned on the wall of that little office on Samora and Leopold. ",
"While we were forking out a little over a thousand bucks per semester, we were treated like nothing but inconvenient nuisances, and the university did nothing to improve systems. ",
"It was as if the university, and its endless tea-break takers were doing us one big favor. ",
"The university of ‘science and tech’ did not at the time have e-learning facilities – something that was introduced eons ago back in ’04 at my little celebrated alma mater in Gweru. ",
"For two straight years we complained about a lot of these things, even got audience with the University Vice Chancellor at some point. ",
"After holding a public meeting with all Harare based students, we never heard from him and nothing changed. ",
"Perhaps things are different now.",
"\n\nGraduation was something else. ",
"Many of us had never been to the university’s official campus. ",
"When we got there on the eve of the graduation day to make graduation attire purchases and do all other necessary processes, there was no signage, direction signs or people to assist you with information on where to go, what to do. ",
"There were long and chaotic queues everywhere. ",
"The queue for paying university graduation fees was so torturous, I nearly gave up on attending the ceremony altogether. ",
"The only thing that stopped me from driving back was the concern that in all that chaos, my certificate and transcript would probably just vanish and never make it to that little corner office on Samora and Leopold.",
"\n\nOne of my friends later remarked at a graduation photo of me with a half finished building in the background. ",
"She was genuinely shocked that the building was still unfinished after so long. ",
"Apparently it had been like that since she started her undergrad studies at that university. ",
"I was sure the university faced the usual challenges of limited funds. ",
"Or the issue may have just been easily a lack of seriousness, considering the many state of the art vehicles and furniture littering the campus.",
"\n\nApart from outdated degrees that students are fleeing from, there really are many other things wrong with our educational system. ",
"There seems to be a general and very pervasive ‘don’t care’ attitude going around. ",
"Many lecturers do not themselves care to stay on top of contemporary new developments in their fields of study, so that they in turn tailor their curriculum appropriately. ",
"The world over, medical doctors are now under pressure to stay up to date in their knowledge following new requirements for ‘maintenance of certification’ where they are regularly assessed for competence in a fast changing medical world. ",
"The education sector is changing just as fast too and stakeholders in the sector should get with the programme.",
"\n\nMost university students in Zimbabwe are currently unable to afford the $1000 plus tuition fees per semester, in a context where the government is no longer offering student grants. ",
"It is estimated that 1 million poor Zimbabwean students will drop out of school this year alone due to the unavailability of social grants. ",
"Moreover, the Parliamentary Portfolio Committee on Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development chairman, Peter Mataruse, said recently that the failure by government to build new state universities and colleges means that the difference of 13 500 students absorbed by current institutions from 40 550 ‘A’ Level students each year will have nothing to do.",
"\n\nIn short, our current system is no longer able to absorb all the kids due for tertiary education anyway, so those who can will leave.",
"\n\nIn the midst of all these challenges, Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Joey Bimha was recently heard lamenting the fact that his ministry might fail to pay school fees for the pampered children of foreign diplomats due to insufficient funding by the Finance Minister.",
"\n\nThat gut wrenching moment when you are in the supermarket, and an announcement is made that there is a car on fire outside in the parking lot. ",
"All motorists drop shopping baskets and gush out. ",
"The relief of finding that its not your car mingles with pity and empathy for the shocked owner of the vehicle thats burning. ",
"Some motorists quickly move their vehicles away from the ticking time bomb. ",
"You stand there transfixed, at the same time in awe of selfless human beings that risk limb and life itself, trying to put out a fire that threatens to engulf the vehicle of a total stranger. ",
"Subconsciously, you find yourself harking back at the time when government made it compulsory for all motorists to carry fire extinguishers in their vehicles, and most of us cursed like hell. ",
"To think that that one small fire extinguisher may actually not be enough when it comes to it…\n\nYesterday I witnessed the staff at Montagu Spar in Harare battle to put out fire from a vehicle parked in their lot. ",
"They brought out all the supermarket’s fire extinguishers. ",
"They did all they could to help the distraught motorist who momentarily could only just stare and breathe. ",
"Although he possibly only managed to salvage the body, because the entire engine got fried indefinitely, worse things could have happened, had people chosen to stand aside and look. ",
"It was extremely dangerous, and there was no way of measuring the level of risk these men took being so close to the bonnet, the source of the fire, which was progressively making its way to the petrol tank.",
"\n\nMay this spirit of ubuntu persevere. ",
"It may well be the only thing that will take us through.",
"\n\nShare this:\n\nLike this:\n\nI do not usually deliberately listen to the so-called ‘urban grooves’ music by the young Zimbabwean artists, mainly because most of it lacks originality. ",
"Recently though, I just happened to watch dance hall artist Winky D’s video for his song ‘Vashakabvu’ (the late) and I must say, I developed a new respect for urban-groovers and musical artists in general. ",
"As we head towards the elections this month end, the role played by musicians in giving social commentary through sociopolitical satire is almost comparable to the fourth estate role of the media.",
"\n\nIn ‘Vashakabvu’, Winky D ‘writes’ a two paragraph letter to the dearly departed of this country, those that never made it into the 90s’, informing them of the happenings and changes that have since taken place in this country over the past decade. ",
"He says ‘zvinhu zvachinja rough’ (things have changed drastically) since they died. ",
"Among other things, he alludes to how the Chinese are opening up factories willy-nilly in Zimbabwe, how new and latest technologies coupled with piracy have cheapened and made music so easily available that artists’ families no longer enjoy benefits from royalties. ",
"He also makes reference to the ‘born-Facebook’ young people of this country, who have lost the moral compass and get away with skimpy dressing and immoral behavior by simply telling you ‘hausi kuziva zvirikuitika’ (you don’t know what’s happening).",
"\n\nWinky D\n\nBut apart from these witty and very hard-hitting words, the subsequent verses are more poignant and speak satirically of some of the most noteworthy developments and governance issues in this country. ",
"Winky says:\n\n(The currency being used now is American, nobody even remembers the Zimbabwean dollar).",
"\n\nThis verse speaks of the time when dollarization happened and how much Zimbabweans never want to hear of the Zim dollar again following the traumatic crisis years of food shortages. ",
"So much for sovereignty.",
"\n\nHakuchina macallbox, kwaane macellular.",
"\n\n(There are no longer any telephone booths, people now use mobile phones).",
"\n\n(We now have two governments because even though we went to the polls to vote and choose, nobody lost.)",
"\n\nDepending on which version of the song you get, the last verse is replaced by the politically correct alternative words: ‘Kwava ne Unity Government ndinovimba makaudzwa, mapato enyika obatana nyika tosimudza’. ",
"I like to call this the ZBC version. ",
"Loosely translated, it says that we now have a government of national unity that has led to the unification and up-liftment of the country.",
"\n\nGovernment of National Unity\n\nThe long and short of it, with the GNU, we perfected a new system in which in a race, nobody actually loses. ",
"Next week as we go again to the polls, it is my sincere hope and that of many a Zimbabwean, that in this election, results will be announced in far less than a month and not everyone will win. ",
"It will not only be fair, but frankly we are tired of this charade of a bloated-for-nothing government.",
"\n\nLike this:\n\n‘July 31: Who then has the last laugh’ reads Sunday Mail Assistant Editor, Munyaradzi Huni’s most recent offering in that paper. ",
"If you did not read it yourself, the article is nothing but a hate speech littered piece of writing full of cringe worthy labels and insulting epithets attached to different individuals, both real and imagined enemies of Zanu PF. ",
"Well, it’s hardly surprising, because many times Huni opens his mouth, or rather, puts pen to paper, his guts spill out. ",
"As an editor, we can be forgiven for expecting him to strive to uphold the ethics of objective criticism without resorting to insults. ",
"From the summary below, it’s hard to believe that at least two thirds of Huni’s article was dedicated to name-calling and denigration.",
"\n\nWhatever you make of this, some of my colleagues feel that a lot of the descriptions above though hard-hitting, are very apt. ",
"I just think that dedicating all that real estate to insults is something that ought to boggle minds. ",
"Less than a month ago, Media Monitoring Project of Zimbabwe (MMPZ) Director Andy Moyse had a serious talk with journos about this and the slow effects of losing readers in the process. ",
"Huni is not alone. ",
"I have read some really shocking things from many newspaper columnists like him, and the things politicians have said about each other. ",
"The First Lady herself recently took to the podium at a Zanu PF rally in Chiweshe, and dedicated half of her rant to describing the Prime Minister’s ugliness.",
"\n\nWe can only but expect more of such vitriol this silly season, when professionalism goes straight out the window. ",
"But if we can leave hate speech to the politicians, as media practitioners we may be able to show a little respect to our loyal readers who expect some level of objectivity from the people they also expect to play the critical role of fourth estate. ",
"And there we are ironically clamoring for media reforms while in the meantime allowing the profession to go to the dogs. ",
"Some uncalled for insults only make some people sound like blithering idiots.",
"\n\nI have been wondering about the ‘sorrow’ and ‘disappointment’ being felt in certain quarters over the recent Constitutional Court’s ruling to uphold the July 31st election date. ",
"Leaders of the different MDC formations had filed an application seeking an extension of the poll date only last month, following the Maputo SADC summit. ",
"Among other things, the MDCs argued that Justice Minister, Patrick Chinamasa had presented a ‘weak’ argument at the Concourt. ",
"But what did the MDCs expect, and whose side exactly do they reckon Chinamasa is on? ",
"Of course, he was instructed by SADC to undertake a process he personally did not subscribe to, so enough with the whining already. ",
"It is time to face the facts and re-strategize.",
"\n\nAt the same time, it has been interesting to try and make sense of what the ‘urgent’ court application to extend the poll date would have accomplished. ",
"Picture this; had the Concourt allowed for polls to take place on either August 12 or August 25: what exactly were the MDC formations hoping to achieve in those two or so weeks? ",
"Certainly not to facilitate implementation of all outstanding reforms set out in the Global Political Agreement! ",
"All the parties had what, how many years, and more than sufficient time to ensure the implementation of necessary reforms. ",
"Why scurry now? ",
"In any case, the recent official dissolve of Parliament would have made it next to impossible to implement any reforms no? ",
"Or perhaps it was a case of them just not being ready and trying to buy time, like being caught unawares kunge varoyi vaedzerwa, my grandfather would say. ",
"Even the Concourt rightly questioned why the parties failed to approach the court immediately after its May 29 ruling. ",
"Some people have perfected and normalized the culture of doing things last minute in this country.",
"\n\nMore than anything, the argument against the early election date should probably have been less selfish and considered issues like the limited and frustrating voter registration process, which unfortunately terminated quite prematurely yesterday. ",
"The long queues that could still be seen snaking out of different registration centers yesterday were indicative of how the early poll date only grossly disenfranchises the electorate.",
"\n\nThe women’s movement recently took to the RG’s office with a raft of sensible demands that included among other things, a more gender sensitive voter registration exercise that would take into account the need for more time and shorter walking distances, separate queues for men and women, special attention to the elderly, the disabled, pregnant women and women with children. ",
"Add to this, requisite nationwide voter education – which has been made clear to be the preserve of ZEC – has hardly started. ",
"A lot of people will go to the polls, without actually understanding what they have to do. ",
"Perhaps the Concourt would have been more sympathetic had the parties put the interests of people first rather than demonstrate a desperate desire to hold on a little longer onto their political careers.",
"\n\nToday’s papers claim that the political parties are questioning ZEC over the ‘sudden, suspicious ballooning’ of police officers in the election period. ",
"If there is any truth in this, it must be said now that these people must stop being preoccupied with the little things and concentrate on their game plan. ",
"We have three weeks for crying out loud. ",
"Heavy police and army presence are never a shock in Zimbabwe, particularly during silly season.",
"\n\nWhile many people are desperate for change, the behaviors of these parties do nothing to elicit confidence. ",
"We need serious people, who have their eyes on the ball and are willing to sacrifice, even for a little bit, their political interests and put the people first."
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[
"Brotherman\n\nBrotherman is a studio album recorded by The Final Solution in the 1970s, for an incomplete and unreleased blaxploitation film of the same name. ",
"The album was not released until 2008, when it appeared on the Numero Group label.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2008 albums\nCategory:Soul soundtracks\nCategory:Film soundtracks\nCategory:The Numero Group albums"
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[
"Although it is improvement at the present condition, it uses the vinyl curtain, it uses it like it overlaps with the Velcro tape, but even if it joins between magnets, it does not overlap with Velcro, it is inconvenient."
] | {
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[
"---\nabstract: 'We present our study of the evolution of brightest cluster galaxies based on data from the Las Campanas Distant Cluster Survey (Gonzalez[*et al.*]{} ",
"2001) and HST optical and IR imaging. ",
"We briefly discuss the technique that enabled us to use short ($\\sim 3$ min) exposures and a small (1m) telescope to efficiently survey $\\sim$ 130 sq. ",
"deg. ",
"of sky for high-z galaxy clusters. ",
"Follow-up imaging is used to construct a sample of several tens of BCGs at $0.3 \\le z \\le 0.9$ with which to explore their evolution. ",
"In particular, we examine the luminosity and color evolution of these galaxies. ",
"We confirm the previous results that 1) BCGs in different environments evolve differently (eg. ",
"Burke, Collins, & Mann 2000), 2) BCGs, particularly those in low-mass clusters, must be accreting significantly since $z \\sim 1$ (Aragon-Salamanca [*et al.*]{} ",
"1998). ",
"From measurments of the colors vs. redshift, we conclude that this accretion must consist of old stellar populations. ",
"Using HST NICMOS and WFPC2 images, we find preliminary evidence for evolution in the sizes of BCGs that is consistent with the accretion model presented in standard hierarchical models (Aragon-Salamanca [*et al.*]{} ",
"1998), but puzzling differences between NICMOS and WFPC2 scale lengths precludes a definitive conclusion.'",
"\nauthor:\n- Dennis Zaritsky\n- 'Amy E. Nelson'\n- Luc Simard\n- 'Anthony H. Gonzalez'\n- 'Julianne J. Dalcanton'\ntitle: Brightest Cluster Galaxies and the Las Campanas Distant Cluster Survey\n---\n\n\\#1[to 0pt[\\#1]{}]{}\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nWhile definition dictates that every galaxy cluster must have a brightest galaxy, these galaxies are not simply the bright tail of the luminosity function (Oemler 1976; Tremaine & Richstone 1977)). ",
"Locally, these galaxies are excellent standard candles (Hoessel 1980) and they appear to remain so to $z \\sim 1$ (Aragon-Salamanca et al. ",
"1993; Collins, Burke, and Mann 2000). ",
"They appear to be intricately tied to their host cluster because at least some have semimajor axes that extend well beyond 500 kpc (cf. ",
"Gonzalez et al. ",
"2000). ",
"The evolution of these galaxies is therefore part galaxy evolution, part cluster evolution. ",
"The Las Campanas Distant Cluster Survey (LCDCS) provides a new, large sample of clusters with which to construct significant samples of BCGs at $z > 0.5$.\n\nThe Survey\n==========\n\nThe basic premise of our cluster detection technique is that we utilize the light from unresolved cluster galaxies. ",
"Therefore, we do not need to obtain deep images of the sky to detect a statistically significant number of cluster galaxies, rather we need an image that contains a statistically significant number of cluster photons. ",
"The method is described by Dalcanton (1996), Zaritsky [*et al.*]{} (",
"1997), and Gonzalez [*et al.*]{} (",
"2001).",
"\n\nOur current survey is based on drift scan observations obtained with the Las Campanas 1m Swope telescope and the Great Circle Camera (Zaritsky, Bredthauer, & Shectman 1996). ",
"We obtained two scans through each region of the survey area, each with an effective exposure time of $\\sim$ 90 s. The power of the technique is evident in the detection of clusters out to $z \\sim 1.1$ with a 1m telescope and 3 min exposures. ",
"Briefly, the technique involves several flat-fielding passes, masking of bright stars, removal of resolved galaxies and faint stars, and smoothing with a kernel that corresponds roughly to the size of cluster cores at $z \\sim 0.6$. We refer the interested reader to Gonzalez [*et al.*]{} (",
"2001) for a description of the data reduction techniques and a complete listing of all the candidate clusters.",
"\n\nFollow-Up Observations\n======================\n\nThe most telescope-intensive part of the project has been the follow-up observations aimed at testing our cluster candidates and calibrating methods to estimate the cluster redshift and mass (see below). ",
"From imaging in $V, I$, and $K^\\prime$, we construct a sample of BCGs drawn from photometry of 63 confirmed galaxy clusters (not all are imaged in each filter).",
"\n\nWith surveys that produce thousands of candidate galaxy cluster identifications, it becomes impractical to obtain redshift and mass measures via spectroscopy for a significant fraction of the candidates. ",
"Ideally, these quantities can be estimated from the survey data themselves. ",
"In doing so, we will necessarily sacrifice precision on a cluster-by-cluster basis, but as long as the uncertainties are well understood, the sheer number of clusters allows high precision measures of the statistical properties of the sample. ",
"There really is no choice in this matter - to obtain a sufficient number of galaxy spectroscopic redshifts for mass measurements of a sample of ONLY 20 clusters requires $\\sim$ 35 nights on an 8 to 10m class telescope.",
"\n\nWe use cluster spectroscopic redshifts when available, or photometric redshifts based on the color of the red sequence of early-type galaxies in the cluster (Nelson [*et al.*]{} ",
"2001a). ",
"The calibration of the mass indicator is much more speculative primarily because of the dearth of mass estimates for high redshift clusters. ",
"Only one previously known X-ray cluster at $z > 0.35$ lies within our survey area. ",
"To augment this, we did small drift scans around 17 other clusters with X-ray luminosity and/or temperature measurements. ",
"Unfortunately, the relationships between $\\Sigma$ and other mass indicators ($L_x, T_x,$ or velocity dispersion) are somewhat poorly defined (Figure 1). ",
"Two aspects are particularly vexing: 1) we need to determine not only the relation between these quantities but we also need to quantify the scatter to successfully apply this method, and 2) most of the data are for clusters at the low end of the redshift range. ",
"Extracting the full potential of this, or any other survey, is predicated on developing a reliable mass estimator and understanding its uncertainties. ",
"Nevertheless, these correlations enable us to split the sample into likely low-L$_X$ and high-L$_X$ subsamples to investigate the role of environment on BCG properties.",
"\n\nSelecting the BCG is often non-trivial because of contamination and the definition of a selection radius. ",
"Due to space limitations we do not discuss this issue further here (a full discussion is presented by Nelson [*et al.*]{} ",
"2001a).",
"\n\nLuminosity and Color Evolution and the Nature of the Accretion\n==============================================================\n\nWe show the I-band BCG Hubble diagram in Fig 2. ",
"In the lower panel we bin the data along redshift to reveal the mean trends. ",
"At $z <0.6$ the average BCG appears to follow the no-evolution prediction, while at high redshifts they appear to begin to edge toward the passive evolution model. ",
"We find that this peculiar behavior is due to the inclusion of BCGs from a wide range of clusters. ",
"In particular, as we discuss next, we find that the BCGs in clusters with $L_X > 2\\times 10^{44}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ lie along the passive evolution models, while the BCGs in fainter clusters lie along the no-evolution models. ",
"The different relative fraction of the two types of BCGs at different redshifts leads to the initially perplexing Hubble diagram.",
"\n\nFollowing the suggestion by Burke, Collins, & Mann (BCM) that $2 \\times 10^{44}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ may be an appropriate division of cluster types at these redshifts, we have divided our sample at the corresponding value of the central surface brightness. ",
"Because at $z > 0.6$ our clusters fall primarily in the high $L_X$ sample, the high $L_X$ sample is consistent with passive evolution models. ",
"The low L$_X$ sample, which is primarily our lower redshift sample, is consistent with no-evolution models.",
"\n\nAragon-Salamanca, Baugh and Kauffmann (1998) interpreted consistency with no-evolution models to indicate the presence of accretion (because no-evolution is non-physical). ",
"They inferred that these galaxies accreted 2 to 4 times their mass since a redshift of one. ",
"BCM found that these results were derived primarily from a sample of BCGs in low-L$_X$ clusters and concluded that much lower (by a factor of 2) rates were upper limits on the accretion for BCGs in the more massive environments. ",
"Qualitatively, we confirm both results (accretion is necessary in BCGs in low-L$_X$ environments and less (or no) accretion is necessary in BCGs in high-L$_X$ environments).",
"\n\nOur data in $V, I$, and $K^\\prime$ allow us to investigate the color evolution of BCGs. ",
"In contrast to the situation for luminosity evolution, the color evolution is consistent with passive evolution for both the low and high L$_X$ samples (Figure 3). ",
"In all cases the stellar populations of these galaxies appear to be rather old, passively evolving. ",
"Therefore, whatever accretion is occurring, it consists of old stellar populations, not the accretion of gas (i.e. a cooling flow) or of gas-rich galaxies, which would presumably lead to a starburst. ",
"Interestingly, this result fits in well with the recent discovery of red mergers at high redshift (van Dokkum [*et al.*]{} ",
"2000 in MS1054-03).",
"\n\nThe Search for Direct Evidence of Accretion\n===========================================\n\nIf significant accretion is occurring, can we see the structural properties of BCGs change with redshift? ",
"If BCGs have velocity dispersions that are nearly independent of mass (as seen locally Malumuth & Kirshner 1981, 1985; Oegerle & Hoessel 1991), then changes in their masses must be reflected by changes in their sizes. ",
"If BCG surface brightness profiles can be characterized by deVaucouleurs profiles (see Graham [*et al.*]{} ",
"1996; Gonzalez [*et al.*]{} ",
"2000 for a variety), then a measure of their effective radii will provide a measure of their size. ",
"The nature of the profiles at large radius is still a subject of debate (cf. ",
"Schombert 1986; Graham [*et al.*]{} ",
"1996; Gonzalez [*et al.*]{} ",
"2000), so it is possible that BCGs could change size and yet retain a constant scale length at smaller radii (therefore, a null result with regard to scale length changes as a function of redshift may not rule out accretion).",
"\n\nUsing NICMOS snapshots of 16 BCGs in a heterogeneous sample of literature clusters at a mean redshift of $\\sim 0.5$, to which we have fitted de Vaucouleurs profiles using the Gim2D software (Simard 1998), we measure the distribution of scale lengths and compare to that measured from a local sample by Graham [*et al.*]{} ",
"For all but one of the galaxies the r$^{1/4}$-law profiles fit well (Figure 4). ",
"Comparison to similar measurements on archival WFPC2 images of the BCGs for which some images are available, suggests that non-uniform sky variations in the IR may lead us to underestimate the scale length by as much as 30% systematically. ",
"Although the high-redshift sample has a mean scale length that is smaller than that of the local sample by somewhere between 20 and 50% (Figure 5), this result is preliminary because of the nagging systematic problems in resolving differences in scale lengths obtained from NICMOS and WFPC2 data (possibly due in part to physical effects like color gradients). ",
"Neither the WFPC2 nor NICMOS images match the rest wavelength of the local sample, and the differences we find between WFPC2 and NICMOS suggest that scale length depends sensitively on color. ",
"The magnitude of the accretion necessary to account for the luminosity evolution is within reach of size measurements of BCGs, once the color-dependence of the scale-lengths is understood.",
"\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nUsing a completely independent sample of high-redshift BCGs we have confirmed the results of previous investigators: 1) BCG properties vary as a function of environment, 2) BCGs in low-L$_X$ clusters require significant accretion (a factor of 2 or more since $z \\sim 1$) to produce the observed Hubble diagram, and 3) BCGs in high-L$_X$ clusters require much less (or possibly no) accretion to produce the observed Hubble diagram. ",
"Additionally, we find that the accretion must consist of old stellar populations (because the colors of both BCG populations are consistent with passive evolution models) and that the sizes of high-redshift BCGs appear to be smaller than that of the local counterparts by a factor that is consistent with the accretion model. ",
"Further study of BCGs may provide the first truly direct observations of the hierarchical growth of a galaxy population.",
"\n\nDZ acknowledges financial support from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the Sloan Foundation, and the NSF CAREER program (AST 97-33111).",
"\n\nAragon-Salamanca, A., Baugh, C.M., & Kauffmann, G. 1998, MNRAS, 297, 427 Aragon-Salamanca, A., Ellis, R.S., Couch, W.J., & Carter, D. 1993, MNRAS, 262, 764 Burke, D.J., Collins, C.A., & Mann, R.G. 2000, ApJ, 532L, 105 Dalcanton, J.J., 1996, ApJ, 466, 92 Gonzalez, A.H., Zabludoff, A.I., Zaritsky, D., & Dalcanton, J.J. 2000, ApJ, 536, 561 Gonzalez, A.H., Zaritsky, D., Dalcanton, J.J., & Nelson, A.E. 2001, ApJS, in press Graham, A., Lauer, T.R., Colless, M., & Postman, M. 1996, ApJ, 465, 534 Hoessel, J.G., 1980, ApJ, 241, 493 Malumuth, E.M., & Kirshner, R.P. 1981, ApJ, 251, 508 Malumuth, E.M., & Kirshner, R.P. 1985, ApJ, 291, 8 Nelson, A.E., Gonzalez, A.H., Zaritsky, D., & Dalcanton, J.J., 2001a, ApJ., submitted Nelson, A.E., Gonzalez, A.H., Zaritsky, D., & Dalcanton, J.J., 2001b, ApJ., submitted Nelson, A.E., Simard, L., Zaritsky, D., Dalcanton, J.J., & Gonzalez, A.H. 2001c, ApJ., submitted Oegerle, W.R., & Hoessel, J.G. 1991, ApJ, 375, 15 Oemler, A. 1976, 209, 693 Schombert, J.M. 1986, ApJS, 60, 603 Simard, L. 1998, in ‘Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems VII’, ASP Conference Series, 145 (R. Albrecht, R. N. Hook and H. A. Bushouse, eds) Tremaine, S.D., & Richstone, D. 1977, ApJ, 212, 311 Zaritsky, D., Nelson, A.E., Dalcanton, J.J., & Gonzalez, A.H., 1997, ApJL, 480, L91 Zaritsky, D., Shectman, S.A., & Bredthauer, G. 1996, PASP, 108, 104\n"
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[
"\"THE TIME MASTERS\" \"Why are you going so fast?\" \"",
"It's just for fun.\" \"",
"Jaffar.\" \"",
"Calling Jaffar.\" \"",
"Claude here.\" \"",
"Answer!\" \"",
"Come in!\" \" ",
"Who are you talking to?\" \" ",
"Jaffar, this is Claude.\" \"",
"Where are you?\" \"",
"Answer me!\" \"",
"This is on tape.\" \"",
"Jaffar, this is Claude.\" \"",
"I'm calling from the planet Perdide.\" \"",
"Northern hemisphere, 73rd quadrant, 16 hours 50, universal time.\" \"",
"Jaffar, they attacked us by surprise.\" \"",
"It was horrible.\" \"",
"Eilene's dead.\" \"",
"I'm heading for the zone of the Dolongs.\" \"",
"I've crashed.\" \"",
"I'm trapped.\" \"",
"I'm sending Piel into the Dolongs with a microphone.\" \"",
"For God's sake, come get him!\" \"",
"Hurry!\" \"",
"I beg you!\" \"",
"Thank you, Jaffar... and good-bye.\" \"",
"Claude.\" \"",
"Take this, Piel.\" \" ",
"Catch it.\" \" ",
"What is it?\" \"",
"It's a microphone.\" \"",
"I don't understand.\" \"",
"Call it Mike.\" \"",
"Mike is a friend of yours.\" \"",
"When Mike talks to you, you must do exactly what he says.\" \"",
"Now run as fast as you can through the Dolongs... and stay there until the machine...\" \"until Mike... talks to you.\" \"",
"I can't run.\" \"",
"My knee hurts.\" \"",
"Anyway, I don't want to go into the Dolongs.\" \"",
"I want to go home.\" \"",
"Your mother doesn't want us to come home right now.\" \"",
"Do as I say!\" \"",
"Run through the Dolongs.\" \"",
"Run, I tell you!\" \"",
"Run!\" \"",
"Well, very nice.\" \"",
"What's the matter?\" \" ",
"You idiot.\" \" ",
"What's got into you?\" \"",
"What are you doing?\" \"",
"Look what's happening.\" \"",
"We almost collided with that meteor while you were taking a nap.\" \"",
"I don't understand.\" \"",
"I thought the collision-swerve control was automatic.\" \"",
"Yes, but only for matches that weigh less than 10,000 tons.\" \"",
"Well, I didn't know that.\" \"",
"You don't know very much.\" \"",
"Hello.\" \"",
"I have refreshments for the navigators.\" \"",
"Is anything wrong?\" \" ",
"No, nothing's wrong.\" \" ",
"Holy stardust!\" \"",
"How long has this signal been on?\" \"",
"How should I know?\" \"",
"I don't understand anything about this tub of yours.\" \"",
"Jaffar, this is Claude.\" \"",
"I'm calling from the planet Perdide.\" \"",
"Northern hemisphere... 73rd quadrant, 16 hours 50, universal time.\" \"",
"Jaffar, they attacked us by surprise!\" \"",
"It was horrible.\" \"",
"Eilene's dead.\" \"",
"I'm heading for the zone of the Dolongs.\" \"",
"I've crashed.\" \"",
"I'm trapped.\" \"",
"I'm sending Piel into the Dolongs with a microphone.\" \"",
"For God's sake, come get him!\" \"",
"Hurry!\" \"",
"I beg you!\" \"",
"Thank you,Jaffar, and good-bye.\" \"",
"Piel!\" \"",
"Can you hear me?\" \"",
"Answer if you hear me.\" \"",
"I'm calling you.\" \"",
"Listen to me.\" \"",
"I don't like you.\" \"",
"And I don't like your lights, either.\" \"",
"I don't like you either.\" \"",
"What?\" \"",
"I didn't know you could hear me, Mike.\" \"",
"Piel, is that you?\" \"",
"Of course it's me.\" \"",
"Where are you?\" \"",
"Right here, in front of you.\" \"",
"I'm speaking to you from far, far away.\" \"",
"Really, Jaffar, he doesn't understand.\" \" ",
"Perhaps you should...\" \" Why do you have two voices?\" \"",
"Answer, Mike.\" \"",
"I know your name is Mike.\" \"",
"Why do you have two voices?\" \"",
"You're right, Piel.\" \"",
"My name is Mike.\" \"",
"And I have two voices because I have practically nothing else.\" \"",
"I don't have eyes to see with, nor legs to walk with... nor arms to hold things with.\" \"",
"So instead, I have two voices... and I can even have more than two.\" \"",
"Do you understand?\" \"",
"I think so.\" \" ",
"You're in a forest now, aren't you?\" \" ",
"Yes.\" \"",
"With glowing red and yellow fruit?\" \"",
"Yes, that's right.\" \"",
"Good.",
"Just wait there.\" \"",
"Just one second.\" \"",
"Are you saying that we are no longer going to Aldebaran?\" \"",
"That's exactly what I'm saying.\" \"",
"But Captain, we are paying you a fortune to take us to Aldebaran.\" \"",
"You can't break your word.\" \"",
"I didn't promise you anything, Prince Matton.\" \"",
"It so happened I was on my way to Aldebaran.\" \"",
"It was your idea to join the ship... and with half the public treasury in your possession.\" \"",
"Only that which is mine.\" \"",
"Don't make me laugh.\" \"",
"The entire police force of the Interplanetary Reform Alliance... is on your heels.\" \"",
"Your destination makes no difference to you.\" \"",
"It can be Aldebaran, or anywhere else... just as long as you get away.\" \"",
"Yes, I've changed our destination.\" \"",
"It's no longer Aldebaran.\" \"",
"It's Perdide.\" \"",
"Consider yourself lucky, Prince, to be going anywhere at all... and that I've taken pity on you.\" \"",
"And don't smoke on board ship!\" \"",
"Oxygen is precious.\" \"",
"Go down to your cabin and buckle in.\" \"",
"In order to reach Perdide, we'll fiirst have to land on Devil's Ball... and then arc over to Gamma Ten.\" \"",
"On Gamma Ten, we'll have to wait until the passage of the Blue Comet.\" \"",
"By keeping within the magnetic fileid of the comet... we can hope to approach Perdide in one month, real time.\" \"",
"Mike, why have you been so quiet?\" \"",
"Piel, I'm busy right now.\" \"",
"I'll talk to you later.\" \"",
"Oh, they're lovely.\" \"",
"Silbad calls them his shroos.\" \"",
"Jaffar, you rascal, you!\" \"",
"Why didn't you warn me?\" \"",
"It wouldn't be so bad, Perdide, if it weren't for the Frelons.\" \"",
"You know about the Frelons of Perdide, Princess?\" \"",
"Here.\" \"",
"Look at this.\" \"",
"The Frelons of Perdide did it to me years ago.\" \"",
"They like to eat the brain of a man... just as if it were a soft-boiled egg.\" \"",
"Mr. Silbad, if you don't mind...\" \"Sorry, Prince.\" \"",
"As you were saying, Jaffar.\" \"",
"Your friend Claude?\" \"",
"Claude has a son called Piel.\" \"",
"A son!\" \"",
"It's bad enough being loaded down with a wife, but a kid too...\" \"I tell you, Jaffar, your friend is doomed.\" \"",
"He's dead.\" \"",
"Those Frelons again.\" \"",
"His wife too, and the boy?\" \"",
"The boy's taken refuge in the Dolongs.\" \"",
"As long as he stays in the Dolong forest, he's safe.\" \"",
"The pollen from the trees keeps off the Frelons.\" \"",
"No other settlers around?\" \"",
"Piel is totally alone in Perdide.\" \"",
"How old is he?\" \"",
"He must be somewhere between fiive and ten Earth years.\" \"",
"The only link you have with him is through that mike?\" \"",
"A little marvel, that microphone.\" \"",
"Instant communication anywhere in Space Five.\" \"",
"Yes.\" \"",
"Claude gave it to me.\" \"",
"He thought I might need help one day.\" \"",
"As it turned out, he was the one who needed it.\" \"",
"Let me think.\" \"",
"They've been singing for three days.\" \"",
"It won't be long before they metamorphose.\" \"",
"If someone...\" \"someone who knows Perdide very well... were to remain in constant contact with the boy... and keep telling him just what to do, he can get out.\" \"",
"He can make it.\" \"",
"How long will it take you to get there?\" \"",
"Hello, Piel.\" \"",
"Are you there?\" \"",
"How would you like to hear a song?\" \"",
"Listen to this.\" \"",
"What about \"The Song of the Lamprey Guzzlers\"?\" \"",
"Do you know that one?\" \"",
"Sing it to me, Mike.\" \"",
"Well I'd like to introduce myself\" \"If you can spare the time\" \"To listen to this song and help my story to unwind\" \"I'm the Astro Guzzler the Interstellar Fool\" \"Riding on my Lamprey and everything is beautiful\" \"I can see a million eyes\" \"Smile at me as I go by\" \"I'm another Peter Pan\" \"I'm another Superman\" \"Rollin'along the stars with nothin' much to do\" \"I'm another Robin Hood\" \"Who's in the neighborhood\" \"But I couldn't hurt nobody if I wanted to\" \"And I couldn't give a care\" \"'Cause I'm a millionaire\" \"When people say I'm \"starey-eyed\" no I don't care\" \"I'm another Peter Pan\" \"I'm another Superman\" \"I never cry Why should I\" \"When I don't feel blue\" \"You ought to be ashamed of yourself... singing those kind of songs to a child.\" \"",
"Why did you stop, Mike?\" \"",
"Keep singing.\" \"",
"I'll sing the rest later on.\" \"",
"Right now, little one...\" \"I want you to eat one of those pretty red fruits.\" \"",
"I'm tired of them.\" \"",
"Isn't there anything else?\" \"",
"Do you want me to get angry?\" \"",
"Okay, okay.\" \"",
"What's a lamprey?\" \"",
"Ah, my boy, that was a proud space vessel... the last of an illustrious fleet.\" \"",
"What's a guzzler?\" \"",
"Well, now, that's, uh...\" \"Guzzle...\" \"that means sort of to drink.\" \"",
"So guzzlers are people who like to drink... just a tiny little bit.\" \"",
"You know, Mike, that's just what I'd like to do... drink.\" \" ",
"I'm thirsty.\" \" ",
"I've already told you.\" \"",
"You can drink the juice that comes from the red fruits.\" \"",
"I don't like that taste.\" \"",
"Couldn't I have some water?\" \"",
"Listen, son.\" \"",
"I know something that's much better than water.\" \"",
"Is there a strawberry near where you are?\" \"",
"A huge, enormous strawberry?\" \"",
"I can't see any.\" \"",
"Look around a little.\" \"",
"They grow on the trunks of trees.\" \"",
"There must be some around.\" \"",
"There's one, over there.\" \"",
"Right.\" \"",
"I'm standing in front of your big, fat strawberry.\" \" ",
"What shall I do now?\" \" ",
"You see those soft, round spots on it?\" \" ",
"Yes.\" \" ",
"Burst them open with your fiinger... and something will flow out that's much better than water.\" \"",
"That's good!\" \"",
"Now what are you up to?\" \"",
"First you sing him drinking songs... and now it sounds as if you're trying to get him drunk.\" \"",
"Under the circumstances, my friend, we can't be choosy.\" \"",
"The juice of the legol contains a harmless alkaloid... but it'll help him sleep.\" \"",
"The more the boy sleeps, the better.\" \"",
"It'll keep him out of trouble.\" \"",
"Are you sure it won't intoxicate him?\" \"",
"If he soaks up the stuff for a month straight... then maybe yes, a little.\" \"",
"But he'll get over it very quickly.\" \"",
"Believe me.\" \"",
"I know from experience.\" \"",
"I think I'll go for a swim.\" \"",
"I really like your friend.\" \"",
"I'm glad.\" \"",
"He's quite a character, isn't he?\" \"",
"He certainly is.\" \" ",
"You know...\" \" Yes?\" \"",
"I don't know, but somehow I get the impression he's hiding a deep sorrow.\" \"",
"Maybe I'm just imagining things.\" \"",
"Not completely.\" \"",
"The fact is, Silbad does suffer.\" \" ",
"His head?\" \" ",
"His heart.\" \"",
"Silbad has been hopelessly in love for 20 years.\" \"",
"In love?\" \"",
"With whom?\" \"",
"With this planet.\" \"",
"You're going to witness something very rare.\" \"",
"Close your minds!\" \"",
"They're arriving!\" \"",
"Oh!\" \"",
"What's that?\" \"",
"The metamorphosis of the shroos.\" \"",
"But be careful.\" \"",
"Those little scamps are telepathic.\" \"",
"Close your minds!\" \"",
"They're arriving!\" \"",
"Close your minds.\" \"",
"They're arriving.\" \" ",
"Careful.\" \" ",
"Leave us in peace.\" \"",
"Go on, be off with you.\" \"",
"Close your mind, human.\" \"",
"I hear everything.\" \"",
"Look!\" \"",
"Two of them seem to be stuck.\" \"",
"Yes.\" \"",
"And the petals are closing again.\" \"",
"Stay here.\" \"",
"I'll go.\" \"",
"Hello, Piel?\" \"",
"Little Piel, do you hear me?\" \"",
"Would you go and fetch the prince, please?\" \"",
"If we want to enter the Blue Comet's magnetic fileid... we have to go on board ship in less than an hour.\" \"",
"I bet you'd be mighty happy to abandon the prince here.\" \"",
"Certainly not.\" \"",
"You and your code of honor.\" \"",
"Hello.\" \"",
"Who are you?\" \"",
"Come on, now.\" \"",
"Don't be afraid of me.\" \"",
"Am I afraid of you?\" \"'",
"Course not.\" \"",
"Just a minute.\" \"",
"You're not the one who took my Mike, are you?\" \"",
"Listen, you old pirate, do you think anything's wrong?\" \"",
"It's been a long time since we've heard from the boy.\" \"",
"That's true.\" \"",
"He should have been awake for some time now.\" \"",
"I think I hear something.\" \"",
"As if Piel were a long way from the microphone.\" \"",
"Can you hear me?\" \"",
"Well, I can't shout any louder... but we have to make a sound that will catch the boy's attention.\" \"",
"Do you know the war cry of the fiighting monks of Guama Seti Five?\" \"",
"Then you'd better cover your ears.\" \"",
"No comments, please.\" \"",
"Just wait.\" \"",
"Mike, was it you who shouted like that?\" \"",
"Are you all right?\" \"",
"It sounded like you were very far away from me.\" \"",
"That's because there was a big animal sitting on you.\" \"",
"I'm glad I found you again.\" \"",
"Me too, little one.\" \"",
"What happened?\" \"",
"I heard a terrifying noise.\" \"",
"It was nothing, my dear lady.\" \"",
"I was just clearing my throat.\" \"",
"I drew it from memory.\" \"",
"Here's the Desert of the Sooks.\" \"",
"The Dolongs are here.\" \"",
"Claude was driving there from the west.\" \"",
"The little fellow, therefore, had to cross through here.\" \"",
"Good.\" \"",
"There are only a few grottoes there.\" \"",
"But couldn't the boy use a grotto for shelter?\" \"",
"My dear lady, the grottoes of Perdide are full of Sourpleas.\" \" ",
"Full of what?\" \" ",
"Sourpleas... another scourge on Perdide.\" \"",
"They're a sort of maggot that burrows into the skin.\" \"",
"Oh, how awful.\" \" ",
"You don't think Piel could be...\" \" No.\" \"",
"I've questioned him thoroughly.\" \"",
"He hasn't got near the grottoes.\" \"",
"What worries me more is the lake.\" \"",
"The lake?\" \"",
"What's the danger there?\" \"",
"Nothing, really.\" \"",
"It's just a body of water fiilled with friendly little fiish.\" \"",
"However, there's nothing to stop a kid from drowning... even in a harmless lake.\" \"",
"By now, Piel must be very close to it.\" \"",
"There's something odd going on behind that screen.\" \"",
"Something that doesn't...\" \"Aha!\" \"",
"Stowaways!\" \"",
"The others preferred to remain on Devil's Ball.\" \"",
"To await the next transformation.\" \"",
"Something smells here.\" \"",
"Mind your language in front of a lady.\" \"",
"Oh, dear.\" \"",
"Perhaps it's my perfume.\" \"",
"No, madam, not at all.\" \"",
"Your perfume is exquisite.\" \"",
"You must excuse my chum.\" \"",
"He says anything that pops into his head.\" \"",
"A bad telepathic odor?\" \"",
"That's it!\" \"",
"There's a thought here that stinks.\" \"",
"Now, enough of that.\" \"",
"I'm ashamed of you.\" \"",
"Don't you know how to behave yourself in polite company?\" \"",
"Anyway, it's gone now.\" \"",
"Piel, are you there?\" \"",
"Yes, I'm here... and I'm getting fed up with being here too.\" \"",
"Yes, I understand, dear Piel.\" \"",
"So for a change, why don't we take a little walk?\" \"",
"I don't want to take a walk.\" \"",
"I want to be somewhere else.\" \"",
"Of course, but to be somewhere else, you have to walk.\" \"",
"I want you to visit a lake.\" \"",
"You'll be able to wash yourself there.\" \"",
"Why?\" \"",
"I'm not dirty.\" \"",
"All right, you don't have to wash.\" \"",
"But it's pretty there, and you'll enjoy it.\" \"",
"Well, if I don't have to wash, okay.\" \"",
"How do I get there?\" \"",
"First, you have to turn your back to the moon.\" \"",
"Why have you changed your voice again?\" \"",
"I like the other ones better.\" \"",
"The others have to rest.\" \"",
"How much farther is your lake?\" \"",
"We'll be there in just a few minutes.\" \"",
"I'm going to see what the prince is up to.\" \"",
"Ah.\" \"",
"Here you are.\" \"",
"I was wondering where you'd gone.\" \"",
"Well, I just wanted to be useful.\" \"",
"Since no one was looking after the child, I thought I would.\" \"",
"Any new developments?\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"He's asleep.\" \"",
"Look!\" \"",
"Like this, they're beautiful.\" \"",
"What's the point of owning sparkling things... if all you do is lock them in a bin like trash?\" \"",
"You know how it is, space mate.\" \"",
"Human beings...\" \"or at least, some of them... don't care about the beauty of things.\" \"",
"It's only their value that interests them.\" \"\"",
"Value\"?\" \"",
"What is \"value\"?\" \"",
"A concept.\" \"",
"I read it in their thoughts.\" \"",
"And what's the concept?\" \"",
"To tell the truth, I don't know for sure.\" \"",
"It's something that drives men crazy... at least some of them.\" \"",
"Prince Matton, for one.\" \"",
"Now there I agree with you.\" \"",
"His thoughts smell terrible.\" \"",
"Perhaps we should warn the others.\" \"",
"They're humans, space mate.\" \"",
"We are gnomes.\" \"",
"It's best that we each mind our own business.\" \" \"",
"Business\"?\" \"",
"What's \"business\"?\" \" ",
"None of your business.\" \"",
"Humans have their own way of doing things... and we have our way.\" \"",
"I suppose you're right.\" \"",
"But Prince Matton's thoughts still stink.\" \"",
"There we are.\" \"",
"From this point, we can rely on the computer.\" \"",
"It'll put us in orbit around Gamma Ten... and keep us there until the Blue Comet passes.\" \"",
"Then it will send us into the comet's gravitational fileid.\" \"",
"Since we'll be orbiting Gamma Ten... would we have enough time to land there?\" \"",
"We could if we wanted to.\" \"",
"All right, I'll relieve you now.\" \"",
"Oh, but I prefer to stay here and look after the child.\" \"",
"You see, Jaffar... when I said a little while ago that I wanted to be useful...\" \"I truly meant it.\" \"",
"The thoughts of that human keep smelling worse and worse.\" \"",
"Well, close your mind, space mate.\" \"",
"Those are human affairs, not ours.\" \" ",
"Piel?\" \" ",
"Well, it's about time!\" \"",
"What happened to you?\" \"",
"Did you fall asleep?\" \"",
"Never mind.",
"Just tell me... are you still walking?\" \"",
"Don't forget, you have to reach the lake.\" \"",
"But I'm already there.\" \"",
"Oh, good.\" \"",
"And what have you been doing?\" \" ",
"I saw a big fiish.\" \" ",
"Is that all?\" \"",
"Did you wash yourself?\" \"",
"You said I didn't have to.\" \"",
"I've changed my mind.\" \"",
"You have to take a bath.\" \"",
"Walk into the water and head towards the middle of the lake.\" \"",
"But I'll drown!\" \"",
"Of course you won't, you little fool.\" \"",
"If you carry me with you, I'll support you.\" \"",
"I'll make you float on the water.\" \"",
"You'll see.\" \"",
"Are you in the lake yet?\" \"",
"Yes.\" \"",
"It's cold.\" \"",
"Walk to the middle of the lake.\" \"",
"Keep walking.\" \"",
"Forward!\" \"",
"Obey me!\" \"",
"Oh, Mike, this is getting deep.\" \" ",
"No, Piel!\" \"",
"Stop!\" \" ",
"Belle!\" \" ",
"Don't move.\" \" ",
"You wouldn't dare.\" \"",
"Mike!\" \"",
"What did you say, Mike?\" \"",
"What do you want me to do now?\" \"",
"I'm cold, and the water's getting deeper.\" \"",
"Piel, turn around and head back to shore.\" \"",
"Get out of the lake at once.\" \"",
"Belle, listen.\" \"",
"I can explain.\" \"",
"It's perfectly clear.\" \"",
"But if we continue on to Perdide, we're fiinished.\" \"",
"They'll take my treasure.\" \"",
"We'll be nothing but miserable tramps, wandering from planet to planet.\" \"",
"Jaffar, please come here immediately.\" \"",
"Right.\" \"",
"I'm coming.\" \"",
"Go to the Dolongs and dry yourself, Piel... and wait there until I speak to you again.\" \"",
"I have to think for a moment.\" \"",
"Belle, have pity on me.\" \"",
"Try to understand.\" \"",
"If you tellJaffar I tried to kill the child... he'll throw me out into space.\" \"",
"Belle, please, I beg you!\" \"",
"What happened?\" \"",
"Mike, I did what you told me to do.\" \"",
"I've come out of the lake, and I'm drying myself with some leaves.\" \"",
"Now what should I do?\" \"",
"Just wait there.\" \"",
"I see.\" \" ",
"May I make a suggestion?\" \" ",
"Go ahead.\" \"",
"Oh, no!\" \"",
"There go all our decorations.\" \"",
"All that work for nothing.\" \"",
"I'm beginning to think that the human race is crazy!\" \"",
"Let me out!\" \"",
"I'll kill you!\" \"",
"I swear, I'll kill you!\" \"",
"Good grief!\" \"",
"We've got to do something.\" \"",
"I can't take anymore of that human's thoughts.\" \"",
"I'll simply die if he continues.\" \"",
"Yes.\" \"",
"He's giving me a splitting headache.\" \"",
"Look.\" \"",
"He wants to get out of here, right?\" \"",
"Perhaps if we were to...\" \"Don't talk nonsense, space mate.\" \"",
"That type is a cosmic danger.\" \"",
"Jad, I'm getting sick.\" \"",
"Let's help him escape.\" \"",
"All he wants is to take the shuttle craft and land on Gamma Ten.\" \"",
"That's not all, Yula.\" \"",
"He also wants to recover his treasury... and recruit mercenaries and massacre everybody.\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"We can't let him get away.\" \"",
"But he'll never come back from Gamma Ten.\" \"",
"What do you mean?\" \"",
"Can't you hear that planet?\" \"",
"Hear it?\" \"",
"It's bursting my eardrums.\" \"",
"Mine too, space mate.\" \"",
"That's a world I don't want to have anything to do with.\" \"",
"He'll never leave it.\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"Not a chance.\" \"",
"Well, then, shall we liberate that monster?\" \"",
"You're sleepy\" \"Lay easy tonight\" \"You're sleepy\" \"You're high on a flight of magic\" \"You can when you dream\" \"But remember\" \"You're only a child\" \"Remember\" \"Alone in the wild\" \"Remember\" \"This life can be mean\" \"Everything's fine now, Mike.\" \"",
"I'm warm and I'm sleepy... and I like it so much when you speak in a voice like my mum's.\" \"",
"Go to sleep now, little Piel.\" \"",
"I love you, Mike.\" \"",
"And I love you too, little Piel.\" \"",
"What's going on?\" \"",
"Someone's ejected in the shuttle craft!\" \"",
"It's the prince!\" \"",
"Prepare the emergency capsule.\" \"",
"What kind of planet is this?\" \"",
"What was all that?\" \"",
"I don't know, space mate... but just a little more of it and I think my brain would have melted.\" \"",
"I think mine is turning to stone.\" \"",
"We have to do something.\" \"",
"First of all, let's not lose Jaffar.\" \"",
"Jad, I'm afraid.\" \"",
"I'm afraid of what's under that dome.\" \"",
"Me too, space mate.\" \"",
"I'm scared stiff.\" \"",
"We're the ones who got Jaffar into this mess.\" \"",
"Now we'll have to get him out of it.\" \"",
"We must contact the others in the spaceship.\" \"",
"We can try.\" \"",
"That thing's liable to swallow our brains if we're not careful.\" \"",
"Now, my dear lady, there's nothing we can do except wait... and hope that Jaffar will be able to return here... before the passage of the Blue Comet... which only gives him fiive hours.\" \"",
"At last!\" \"",
"Where were you?\" \"",
"Don't think this is easy for us, what with that thinking thing.\" \"",
"It's no use.\" \"",
"It's too much for you.\" \"",
"But take off my helmet.\" \"",
"Listen.\" \"",
"You're going to have to pilot the shuttle craft.\" \"",
"Tune in on my thoughts, and I'll show you how to fly it.\" \"",
"Take it back up to the spaceship.\" \"",
"Tell Silbad to catch the Blue Comet, and go and save the boy.\" \"",
"And desert you?\" \"",
"Out of the question.\" \"",
"I'm not so sure it's out of the question.\" \"",
"Why don't we get out of here?\" \"",
"We can always return later to save Jaffar.\" \"",
"That's it.\" \"",
"Yula is right.\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"Yula is wrong, and he knows it.\" \"",
"Yula, I'm ashamed of you.\" \"",
"You're a coward, a scaredy-cat, a crybaby and a milksop.\" \"",
"And what's more, a spineless, chickenhearted jellyfiish.\" \"",
"You know very well what will happen to Jaffar... in just a few hours if we leave him here.\" \"",
"I can take care of myself.\" \"",
"Not against that, Jaffar.\" \"",
"Not against that thing.\" \" ",
"What thing?\" \" ",
"It doesn't have a name.\" \"",
"It's-It's pure thought.\" \"",
"Don't worry.\" \"",
"I can handle pure thought.\" \"",
"I'm afraid it's beyond even your strength.\" \"",
"The thought will absorb you as it has all the others.\" \" ",
"What others?\" \" ",
"All those who've set foot on Gamma Ten.\" \"",
"Once they were normal people.\" \"",
"Now they're puppets...\" \"puppets of that thing.\" \"",
"Brothers, it is time.\" \"",
"Once again... difference has intruded... on Gamma Ten.\" \"",
"Once again, the ceremony must take place.\" \"",
"Once again, difference must be abolished... and unity restored.\" \"",
"Here they come!\" \"",
"I smell their thoughts.\" \"",
"Relax.\" \"",
"We still have a moment.\" \"",
"Pull, Jaffar!\" \"",
"They're coming!\" \"",
"They're coming!\" \"",
"Jad, is there anything I can do?\" \"",
"Matched against the thing, your thought is powerless... a feather against a mountain.\" \"",
"That is, unless...\" \"Unless what?\" \"",
"Unless you can turn your thought against itself... and against any other thought.\" \"",
"If you can become pure denial, pure hate, pure insane fury...\" \"Then there's a chance...\" \"a slim chance... that you can annihilate the thing.\" \"",
"But you will annihilate yourself at the same time.\" \" ",
"I prefer to be destroyed than enslaved.\" \" ",
"They're here!\" \"",
"Hurry to the shuttle, and do exactly as I told you.\" \"",
"Obey me!\" \"",
"Good-bye, Jaffar.\" \"",
"Hurry!\" \"",
"Jaffar, do you think I'm a coward and a crybaby... and all those other things Jad called me?\" \"",
"Of course not.\" \"",
"You're a sweet little gnome, Yula.\" \"",
"That's what you are.\" \"",
"Now good-bye.\" \"",
"Thank you, Jaffar.\" \"",
"Here is the second individual.\" \"",
"Carry him to the glory of the sameness.\" \"",
"Happiness.\" \"",
"Happiness upon them!\" \"",
"Happiness upon us!\" \"",
"Happiness!\" \"",
"Unity!\" \"",
"Are they going to turn us into fodder for that blob?\" \"",
"It's more complicated than that... but that's the general idea.\" \"",
"I propose that we flight and die together.\" \"",
"That won't do any good, Matt.\" \"",
"Don't you understand?\" \"",
"I propose that we flight.\" \"",
"We can wipe out a few dozen of them before they crush us.\" \"",
"The enemy is there, Matt.\" \"",
"All those poor creatures are nothing but puppets.\" \"",
"Then let's attack the blob itself.\" \" ",
"There must be something we can do!\" \" ",
"Yes, there is one thing.\" \"",
"When we're absorbed into it... when it tries to turn us into contented puppets... we must hate ourselves... and deny ourselves with all the force in our minds.\" \"",
"We must become madmen in order to drive it mad.\" \"",
"But even if we succeed... we'll leave our skins here as well as our souls.\" \"",
"That suits me fline.\" \"",
"My skin isn't worth much, and my soul is worth nothing.\" \"",
"The ceremony... is begun!\" \"",
"In a few moments... the unhappy ones... will lose their individuality.\" \"",
"They will be one with us.\" \"",
"We will be one with them!\" \"",
"You know something, space mate?\" \"",
"Your thoughts have an odd smell.\" \"",
"Your intention's a funny color.\" \"",
"That's because I don't appreciate your thinking I'm a coward.\" \"",
"Come on.\" \"",
"We have very little time before the Blue Comet passes.\" \"",
"Right.\" \"",
"Hold tight!\" \"",
"Good-bye, Matt!\" \"",
"Here goes!\" \"",
"No, Jaffar, I'll go!\" \"",
"If you ever get out of this, take care of Belle.\" \"",
"Monstrous vibration!\" \"",
"Difference is opposing unity!\" \"",
"One individual is hurling himself into totality!\" \"",
"The ceremony... is destroyed!\" \"",
"The individual denies with all his strength!\" \"",
"He denies totality!\" \"",
"Difference denies unity!\" \"",
"Hatred denies happiness!\" \"",
"Fury denies peace!\" \"",
"Galloping galaxies!\" \"",
"What are they doing down there?\" \"",
"I swear, they've started a planetary war.\" \"",
"You sound worried, Mike.\" \"",
"Is anything the matter?\" \"",
"No, Piel, I'm not worried.\" \"",
"Look, Belle!\" \"",
"He did it!\" \"",
"He's returning!\" \"",
"Prepare for takeoff.\" \" ",
"Jaffar, do you hear me?\" \" ",
"Roger.\" \"",
"May I be struck by a wayward asteroid!\" \"",
"What in the devil's name is all that?\" \"",
"Sorry.\" \"",
"I was a little too busy to forewarn you, Silbad.\" \"",
"We have guests for dinner.\" \"",
"You're a funny kind of wah-wah, aren't you?\" \"",
"Have you lost your pals?\" \"",
"Let's go and look for them together.\" \"",
"Are you quite sure he's gentle?\" \"",
"Oh, yes, Mike.\" \"",
"I told you, he's my pal.\" \"",
"Piel's working with something that goes, \"wah-wah.\"\" \"",
"There's nothing to fear.\" \"",
"It's merely a hyperniteryx.\" \"",
"Gentle as a lamb and strictly vegetarian.\" \"",
"How are you feeling, Yula?\" \"",
"You know very well.\" \"",
"Oh, my poor space mate.\" \"",
"The worst time is when they're asleep.\" \"",
"That's when their thoughts smell the strongest.\" \"",
"What I don't understand is why humans immediately begin... to stuff themselves with food and drink as soon as they meet.\" \"",
"Not only humans.\" \"",
"Did you see how much that Centaurian packed away last night?\" \"",
"I can understand, but...\" \"I beg your pardon?\" \"",
"Excuse me.\" \"",
"I'm tuned into hiccups... that big man with the mustache... who drank three quarts of moonshine last night.\" \"",
"He can't control his hiccups... and neither can I.\" \"Try to close your mind.\" \"",
"I can't.\" \"",
"I have the hangovers of thirty... two people, all at the same... time.\" \" ",
"Is everything all right?\" \" ",
"Yes.\" \"",
"Belle, I haven't yet told you how Matton died.\" \"",
"It's not necessary.\" \"",
"I'm sure he died as I wish he would have lived... with generosity and courage.\" \" ",
"Silbad?\" \" ",
"Trouble?\" \"",
"Yes.\" \"",
"We are being pursued by a warship of the Reform.\" \" ",
"Great!\" \"",
"Let's attack!\" \" ",
"It's not that easy.\" \"",
"All right, everyone.\" \"",
"Meeting in the conference room at once.\" \"",
"This is the space cruiser Silver Demon, of the Reform Patrol Fleet.\" \"",
"Unidentifiied ship, maintain your speed.\" \"",
"We are going to board you.\" \"",
"This is spaceship Double Triangle 22, receiving you.\" \"",
"We await your visit with humble respect.\" \"",
"Captain Jaffar.\" \"",
"If you hadn't saved my life...\" \"I'd cut your throat for your cowardice.\" \"",
"Do you want to surrender to them?\" \"",
"I want them to board us.\" \"",
"You and your comrades need your own ship, right?\" \"",
"Well, you can get theirs... but only by letting them board ours fiirst.\" \"",
"Comrade is right.\" \"",
"We're stalking big game.\" \"",
"We must proceed with caution.\" \"",
"If you have any ideas...\" \"I believe I have.\" \"",
"Allow me to present my good friend, Onyx the Deegwid of Gnaz.\" \"",
"What's he supposed to do, make them die laughing?\" \"",
"My friend has the natural ability to mimic anything.\" \"",
"Go ahead, Onyx, give us a little demonstration.\" \"",
"Amazing!\" \"",
"It even has the smell.\" \"",
"Onyx fully controls his molecular structure... and can change it in an infiinite number of ways.\" \"",
"Hey, Onyx, change yourself into a secret weapon... something dreadful.\" \"",
"By the rings of Saturn!\" \"",
"It's amazing what they can do nowadays.\" \"",
"As you can see, the illusion is perfect.\" \"",
"I must admit, that opens up a lot of possibilities.\" \"",
"What do you think, Silbad?\" \"",
"I think the Reformists are in for a bad time.\" \"",
"A ship's approaching that's full of foul-smelling thoughts.\" \"",
"Attention, everyone.\" \"",
"As soon as the link tube is sealed... silence.\" \"",
"Jad and Yula, if anything goes wrong... warn me by telepathy.\" \"",
"Honored representatives of the Reform...\" \"I welcome you on board my humble ship.\" \"",
"Your humble ship is giving refuge... to the traitor Matton, former prince of Atoll.\" \"",
"And the treasure chest that was stolen by the traitor.\" \"",
"Silence.\" \"",
"Indeed, it was while defending some mysterious guest that Matt... that the prince... was murdered by the pirates of Gamma Ten.\" \"",
"Matton is dead?\" \"",
"And where is that chest now?\" \"",
"In the hold, with the pirates we took prisoner.\" \"",
"Let's go and see that famous treasure chest.\" \"",
"Halt!\" \"",
"Leave that here.\" \"",
"But it's not a weapon.\" \"",
"I said leave it!\" \"",
"Mike, me and Wah-wah, we found a house.\" \"",
"We'll be safe here until his friends come.\" \"",
"Go on, Wah-wah.\" \"",
"Go on in.\" \"",
"Somebody do something.\" \"",
"What a marvel.\" \"",
"Our prisoners...\" \"the pirates of Gamma Ten.\" \"",
"May I suggest that Your Excellencies... have these miserable creatures reeducated?\" \"",
"Perhaps.\" \"",
"We'll see.\" \"",
"Everything's going fline, Jaffar.\" \"",
"They don't see the trap.\" \"",
"They don't see anything.\" \"",
"They're all blind.\" \"",
"Captain, I see that you mean well.\" \"",
"Guard, prepare for immediate transshipment.\" \"",
"Tell me, Silbad, how long do you think... it'll take them to become masters of the vessel?\" \"",
"Those buccaneers, with their secret weapon... two hours.\" \"",
"They might prefer to stretch out the pleasure.\" \"",
"The microphone's no longer working.\" \"",
"Answer me, little one!\" \"",
"We've lost him!\" \"",
"I'm afraid we'll never hear from him again!\" \"",
"Come on, Belle.\" \"",
"Don't worry.\" \"",
"Silbad'll flix it.\" \"",
"There's nothing wrong with it.\" \"",
"The problem is, there's no one at the other end.\" \"",
"Do you know something?\" \"",
"You're not very pretty.\" \"",
"In fact, you're ugly...\" \"all of you.\" \"",
"Go away!\" \"",
"Do you hear me?\" \"",
"Go away!\" \"",
"Get out of here!\" \"",
"I've given her a sedative.\" \"",
"She's convinced it's her fault.\" \"",
"Nonsense.\" \"",
"Something must have happened on Perdide.\" \"",
"Fortunately, we're getting nearer.\" \"",
"Soon the computer will release us from the Blue Comet's gravitational fileid.\" \"",
"Hello, Piel?\" \"",
"Can you hear me?\" \"",
"The stars... they're fading out in this sector of Perdide.\" \"",
"What was that?\" \"",
"A magnetic storm?\" \"",
"The detector dials are going crazy!\" \"",
"We are...\" \"What's happening?\" \"",
"According to these insane instruments... all the radiations in the Perdide sector, including its light rays... are going backwards!\" \"",
"Buckle in, fast!\" \"",
"Attention.\" \"",
"Attention.\" \"",
"Attention.\" \"",
"This is Robot Patrol ship number five... of the Federation of the Masters of Time.\" \"",
"This is a warning.\" \"",
"You are approaching the forbidden zone of Perdide.\" \"",
"Identify yourselves and decelerate to a stop.\" \"",
"I repeat... you are entering a forbidden zone.\" \"",
"Identify yourselves and stop.\" \"",
"Calling advisor Pixa.\" \"",
"Foreign vessel is entering the forbidden zone.\" \"",
"Its course is irregular.\" \"",
"Shall we destroy it?\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"I wish to investigate.\" \"",
"Board the vessel and conduct it to the base.\" \" ",
"And Silbad?\" \" ",
"Yes.\" \"",
"But in truth, the old man is dying.\" \"",
"It's just a question of hours.\" \"",
"You and your ship were just at the outer fringe of the concussion area... when the operation took place.\" \" ",
"What operation?\" \" ",
"Do you know where we are?\" \"",
"Well, I can see we're in a hospital somewhere in space.\" \"",
"Not just somewhere in space, Princess.\" \"",
"We are in a particular zone now being colonized by the Masters of Time.\" \"",
"Have you ever heard of the Masters of Time... and their method of accelerated colonization?\" \" ",
"No, never.\" \" ",
"It's a strange race, Princess... a race that can manipulate time itself.\" \"",
"When they decide to colonize a planet, they project it into the past... literally send it backwards through time.\" \"",
"In this instance, 60 years backwards.\" \"",
"So for those on a distant ship... it would seem as if light rays were speeding in reverse... and all of space were going mad.\" \"",
"Exactly.\" \"",
"But to those on the planet being colonized... everything would seem to be perfectly normal... except that their present time would be that of 60 years ago.\" \"",
"And that's what happened to Perdide.\" \"",
"My God.\" \"",
"Piel.\" \"",
"Mike.\" \"",
"Mike.\" \"",
"Jaffar, how old is Silbad?\" \"",
"No one knows.\" \"",
"No one's ever known anything about his childhood.\" \"",
"Be still.\" \"",
"The old man's past is rising from the depths.\" \" ",
"Shut your eyes, humans.\" \" ",
"And open your minds.\" \"",
"For what is hidden in the folds of time can now be revealed.\" \"",
"Now long-lost memories... the unknown past of a small child... can be projected on your mental screens.\" \"",
"Shut your eyes, humans, and open your minds.\" \"",
"Mike!\" \"",
"Mike!\" \" ",
"It's Piel's voice!\" \" ",
"Silence, humans.\" \"",
"Mike!\" \"",
"Where are you, Mike?\" \"",
"It's Piel... just as he was when we were approaching Perdide.\" \"",
"It's Piel as he was 60 years ago, Belle.\" \"",
"It's Piel hurled into the past, along with the entire planet... by the Masters of Time.\" \"",
"Lowry!\" \"",
"Cover me!\" \"",
"Get away!\" \"",
"Get away from him!\" \"",
"I hope those fiilthy beasts didn't hurt you too much, son.\" \"",
"I've done everything I could.\" \"",
"The doctors on my planet will do the rest.\" \"",
"And now the best thing you can do is sleep.\" \"",
"Where are we now, Lowry?\" \"",
"What time is it?\" \"",
"Those monsters!\" \"",
"Speak up, Lowry!\" \"",
"Didn't you hear me?\" \"",
"I'm sorry.\" \"",
"I was thinking.\" \" ",
"You're getting old, Lowry.\" \" ",
"Alas, Igor, aren't we all?\" \"",
"I'll have none of your insolence!\" \"",
"Now, then, be good enough to explain to me... why we suddenly found ourselves on the surface of a planet... when just a moment before we were in empty space?\" \" ",
"Weren't you paying attention?\" \" ",
"I had nothing to do with it, Igor.\" \"",
"It was the planet's fault.\" \" ",
"What planet?\" \" ",
"The planet Perdide.\" \"",
"It suddenly appeared before us without warning.\" \"",
"Come now, talk sense!\" \"",
"Where did it come from?\" \" ",
"From the future.\" \" ",
"Lowry...\" \"I think you're becoming feebleminded.\" \"",
"I am not becoming feebleminded.\" \"",
"The planet Perdide surged out of the future and almost smashed into us.\" \"",
"But the child, Lowry, the child.\" \"",
"Did he also, as you say, surge out of the future?\" \"",
"Exactly, Igor, with the planet.\" \"",
"It's stopped.\" \"",
"What happened was, the child recovered.\" \"",
"He became a cabin boy, then a space sailor... a pilot, a mercenary... a hundred other things that fiilled 60 years of his life.\" \"",
"Piel.\" \"",
"Silbad.\" \"",
"The orphan of Perdide is dead, humans.\" \"",
"He has left our time to enter into eternity.\" \"",
"It's strange.\" \"",
"There are only a dozen, but I sense the emotions of a thousand.\" \" ",
"I know.\" \"",
"Me too.\" \" ",
"Where's it all coming from?\" \"",
"From here.\" \"",
"From my heart, Yula.\" \"",
"I believe we loved that old man very, very much.\" \"",
"Look up there!\" \"",
"A Master of Time.\""
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[
"High rate of mortality in Spanish community-dwelling population aged 85 with atrial fibrillation after three years of follow-up: The Octabaix study.",
"\nTo assess the possible association between three-year global mortality and atrial fibrillation (AF) in 328 community-dwelling participants aged 85 at baseline. ",
"Sociodemographic data, comorbidity and geriatric assessment tools, thromboembolic risk, and AF therapy were assessed. ",
"We compared the patients who survived with those who died. ",
"At baseline, 41 (12.5%) of participants had permanent AF, and 13 of them died (31.7%) after the three-year follow-up period compared with 44 (15.3%) of the rest of cohort (P = 0.01). ",
"Cox regression analysis identified two significant clinical variables as independent predictors of three-year risk of global mortality: Lawton Index (hazard ratio 0.82, 95% confidence interval 0.75-0.91) and AF (hazard ratio 1.90, 95% confidence interval 1.01-3.56). ",
"None of the other of variables evaluated showed predictive value of global mortality in the AF patients. ",
"In oldest old community-dwelling participants, AF is an independent risk factor for global mortality after a three-year follow-up period."
] | {
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[
" UNPUBLISHED\n\n UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT\n\n\n No. ",
"02-7355\n\n\n\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA,\n\n Plaintiff - Appellee,\n\n versus\n\n\nCOURTNEY HUGH WALKER, a/k/a Gary Walker,\n\n Defendant - Appellant.",
"\n\n\n\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the Middle\nDistrict of North Carolina, at Greensboro. ",
"Frank W. Bullock, Jr.,\nDistrict Judge. (",
"CR-94-18)\n\n\nSubmitted: November 21, 2002 Decided: December 3, 2002\n\n\nBefore NIEMEYER, WILLIAMS, and TRAXLER, Circuit Judges.",
"\n\n\nAffirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.",
"\n\n\nCourtney Hugh Walker, Appellant Pro Se. ",
"Benjamin H. White, Jr.,\nOFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Greensboro, North Carolina,\nfor Appellee.",
"\n\n\nUnpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.",
"\nSee Local Rule 36(c).",
"\n\fPER CURIAM:\n\n Courtney H. Walker appeals the district court’s order denying\n\nhis motion to amend his criminal judgment. ",
" We have reviewed the\n\nrecord and find no reversible error. ",
"Accordingly, we affirm on the\n\nreasoning of the district court. ",
" See United States v. Walker, No.",
"\n\nCR-94-18 (M.D.N.C. July 29, 2002). ",
" We dispense with oral argument\n\nbecause the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in\n\nthe materials before the court and argument would not aid the\n\ndecisional process.",
"\n\n\n\n\n AFFIRMED\n\n\n\n\n 2\n\f"
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"Differential protein expression and oncogenic gene network link tyrosine kinase ephrin B4 receptor to aggressive gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancers.",
"\nTransmembrane tyrosine-kinase Ephrin receptors promote tumor progression and/or metastasis of several malignancies including leukemia, follicular lymphoma, glioma, malignant pleural mesothelioma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, sarcomas and ovarian, breast, bladder and non-small cell lung cancers. ",
"They also drive intestinal stem cell proliferation and positioning, control intestinal tissue boundaries and are involved in liver, pancreatic and colorectal cancers, indicating involvement in additional digestive system malignancies. ",
"We investigated the role of Ephrin-B4 receptor (EPHB4), and its ligand EFNB2, in gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancers in patient cohorts through computational, mathematical, molecular and immunohistochemical analyses. ",
"We show that EPHB4 is upregulated in preneoplastic gastroesophageal lesions and its expression further increased in gastroesophageal cancers in several independent cohorts. ",
"The closely related EPHB6 receptor, which also binds EFNB2, was downregulated in all tested cohorts, consistent with its tumor-suppressive properties in other cancers. ",
"EFNB2 expression is induced in esophageal cells by acidity, suggesting that gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may constitute an early triggering event in activating EFNB2-EPHB4 signaling. ",
"Association of EPHB4 to both Barrett's esophagus and to advanced tumor stages, and its overexpression at the tumor invasion front and vascular endothelial cells intimate the notion that EPHB4 may be associated with multiple steps of gastroesophageal tumorigenesis. ",
"Analysis of oncogenomic signatures uncovered the first EPHB4-associated gene network (false discovery rate: 7 × 10(-90) ) composed of a five-transcription factor interconnected gene network that drives proliferation, angiogenesis and invasiveness. ",
"The EPHB4 oncogenomic network provides a molecular basis for its role in tumor progression and points to EPHB4 as a potential tumor aggressiveness biomarker and drug target in gastroesophageal cancers."
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"This place is definitely NOT celiac safe. ",
"Items that are listed as gluten free on their menu suffer from cross contact. ",
"Examples include roasted veggies and shrimp that are \"quickly dipped\" in the shared fryer. ",
"The rice noodles are prepared in the same boil as wheat ramen. ",
"I was very disappointed and this is the first negative review I've ever left on this site, but I feel it is important to let folks know that this place is not for celiacs.",
"\n\nMy mom is highly gluten sensitive and we order this to go all the time. ",
"Never once has she been sick. ",
"She gets the rice bowl with all different types of vegetables and the peanut sauce. ",
"We love this place!"
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[
"Beach volleyball at the 2019 Pan American Games – Women's tournament\n\nThe women's tournament competition of the beach volleyball events at the 2019 Pan American Games will take place between 24-30 of July at the Estadio de Volley de Playa a temporary venue in the San Miguel cluster. ",
"The defending Pan American Games champions are Ana Gallay and Georgina Klug of Argentina.",
"\nGeorgina \nEach of the 16 pairs in the tournament will be placed in one of four groups of four teams apiece, and play a round-robin within that pool. ",
"The top two teams in each pool advance to the quarterfinals. ",
"The third along with the fourth-placed teams in each group, will be eliminated.",
"\n\nThe 8 teams that advanced to the elimination rounds will play a single-elimination tournament with a bronze medal match between the semifinal losers.",
"\n\nSchedule\n\nResults \nAll times are local, PET (UTC−5).",
"\n\nPreliminary round\n\nGroup A\n\nGroup B\n\nGroup C\n\nGroup D\n\nPlacement 13th–16th\n\n13th–16th semifinals\n\n15th–16th place match\n\n13th–14th place match\n\nPlacement 9th–12th\n\n9th–12th semifinals\n\n11th–12th place match\n\n9th–10th place match\n\nPeruvian team was injured and withdrew.",
"\n\nPlacement 5th–8th\n\n5th–8th semifinals\n\n7th–8th place match\n\n5th–6th place match\n\nPlacement 1st–4th\n\nQuarterfinals qualifying\nLosers of Quarterfinals qualifying are transferred to Placement 9th–12th.",
"\n\nQuarterfinals\nLosers of Quarterfinals are transferred to Placement 5th–8th.",
"\n\nSemifinals\n\nBronze medal match\n\nGold medal match\n\nFinal standings\n\nReferences \n\nWomen"
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"\n120 Ariz. 82 (1978)\n584 P.2d 63\nIn the Matter of the APPEAL IN MARICOPA COUNTY, JUVENILE ACTION NOS. ",
"A-23498 AND JS-2201 (consolidated).",
"\nNo. ",
"1 CA-JUV 59.",
"\nCourt of Appeals of Arizona, Division 1, Department B.\nJuly 11, 1978.",
"\nReview Denied September 7, 1978.",
"\n*83 Frondorf & Thayer by Shirley H. Frondorf, Phoenix, for appellants.",
"\nSolomon, Relihan, Blake & Richter by Joseph C. Richter, Tempe, for appellees.",
"\nOPINION\nJACOBSON, Judge.",
"\nThis appeal from a decision of the Juvenile Court of Maricopa County arising from a petition to sever parental rights asks us to determine what weight must be given to the interests of the child in such a proceedings.",
"\nAppellants, James A. Adams and Kathleen L. Adams, filed a petition for temporary custody of Don Heckrote, a minor, and a petition to terminate the parent-child relationship existing between the minor and his natural parents, Patricia McGinnis and John Heckrote. ",
"The matters were consolidated for hearing and the juvenile court subsequently denied the petition to sever parental rights and dismissed the petition for temporary custody. ",
"The Adams have appealed.",
"\nThe facts are not in material dispute. ",
"The minor child involved was born on April 12, 1968 to Patricia McGinnis Heckrote and her then husband, John Heckrote. ",
"In March, 1969, the Heckrotes were divorced and although legal custody of the child was granted Mr. Heckrote, physical custody of the child was taken by Patricia. ",
"In 1971, Patricia married appellant James Adams and a child was born to this marriage on January 15, 1972. ",
"On March 7, 1974, Patricia and James Adams were divorced, Patricia obtaining the legal custody of their child.",
"\nOn June 24, 1974, Patricia executed a document giving to Mr. Adams full care, custody and control of their child and also transferred physical custody of Don Heckrote to Mr. Adams. ",
"Since that time and until the juvenile court's order on November 25, 1977, Mr. Adams has had the physical custody and care of Don, along with his natural son. ",
"Mr. Adams subsequently remarried, and the present Mrs. Adams has joined in the petition for temporary custody of Don.",
"\nSometime in 1977, Patricia again met her former husband, John Heckrote while in Florida. ",
"As a result of this meeting, Patricia and John have reconciled their prior differences and intend to remarry. ",
"At the time of the hearing in this matter, Patricia was still married to the second of the two husbands she married following her divorce from Mr. Adams. ",
"Patricia testified that as soon as she could establish legal residency in Florida, she intended to commence divorce proceedings so as to enable her to remarry John Heckrote.",
"\nFollowing the re-establishment of the relationship between Patricia and John, Patricia contacted Mr. Adams, seeking custody of Don. ",
"When this was refused, Patricia and John came to Arizona and attempted to obtain physical custody of their child. ",
"This was thwarted by Mr. Adams obtaining a temporary restraining order and the filing of the petitions which form the basis of this appeal.",
"\nAt the time of the hearing in this matter and to facilitate the consolidation of the two petitions, sufficient time was not available to prepare a social study required by A.R.S. § 8-536. ",
"This procedure was acquiesced in by the Adams through their then counsel.",
"\nFollowing the presentation of evidence, the court made the following findings of fact which are material to this appeal:\n\n*84 \"(3) James Adams has had custody of the child since the June, 1974, divorce from Patricia.",
"\n\"(4) Pat has had frequent contact with Don by phone, and letter and in person since the June, '74 divorce.",
"\n\"(5) John Heckrote has had no contact with Don between 1968 and November 9, 1977, except inferentially when contact was made by Pat after October 4, 1977.",
"\n\"(6) The John Adams' home is apparently a fit and proper home.",
"\n\"(7) There has been no evidence to indicate that the John Heckrote-Patricia McGinnis home is unfit or improper.\"",
"\nBased upon these findings, the court concluded:\n\"(2) Patricia McGinnis has not abandoned Don.",
"\n\"(3) John Heckrote has abandoned Don but it would be unjust under the facts of this case to grant a decree thereon.",
"\n\"(4) Petitioners have failed to carry their burden of proof.\"",
"\nBased upon these conclusions, the court dismissed both petitions.",
"\nOn appeal, the Adams contend that (1) the juvenile court did not give proper consideration to the best interests of the minor child, (2) the juvenile court could not forego the social study required by A.R.S. § 8-536, and (3) in any event the court should have severed the parental rights of John Heckrote.",
"\nBefore addressing these contentions, it should be pointed out that appellants do not seriously contend that the juvenile court's finding that Patricia had not abandoned the child is not supported by the evidence. ",
"Rather, they argue that either the best interests of the child require severance of parental rights or that the trial court's failure to consider the best interests of the child requires continuation of custody in Mr. Adams.",
"\nTurning to the first argument that the best interests of the minor child required, or at least should be considered in terminating parental rights, this issue is controlled by A.R.S. § 8-533. ",
"This statute sets forth the grounds for terminating the parent-child relationship:\n\"1. ",
"That the parent has abandoned the child or that the parent made no effort to maintain a parental relationship with the child ...\n\"2. ",
"That the parent has neglected or wilfully abused the child.",
"\n\"3. ",
"That the parent is unable to discharge the parental responsibilities because of mental illness .. .",
"\n\"4. ",
"That the parent is deprived of his civil liberties due to the conviction of a felony ...\n\"5. ",
"That the parents have relinquished their rights to a child to an agency or have consented to the adoption.\"",
"\nNowhere does the statute authorize the parent-child relationship to be terminated merely because such a termination may be \"in the best interests\" of the child. ",
"It is true that the state in its capacity as parens patriae may intrude into the parent-child relationship based upon the state's interest in the future well-being of minor children residing in this state and thus may properly legislate in the area and establish burdens of proof to allow termination, Hernandez v. State ex rel. ",
"Arizona Department of Economic Security, 23 Ariz. App. ",
"32, 530 P.2d 389 (1975) or proceed with termination based upon in rem jurisdiction of a parent alone. ",
"In re Appeal in Maricopa County, Juvenile Action No. ",
"JS 734, 25 Ariz. App. ",
"333, 543 P.2d 454 (1975). ",
"However, the power to intrude into this natural relationship based upon the best interests of the minor child is to be contrasted sharply with the basis upon which that power is to be exercised. ",
"As to the latter, the legislature has spoken that the power to terminate the parent-child relationship will only be exercised upon five specific grounds no more or no less. ",
"Since the legislature has not deemed that the \"best interests\" of the child is a ground for terminating parental right, we cannot do so by judicial fiat.",
"\nAlso to be contrasted is the power to sever parental rights and the power to place custody in parties other than the natural parents. ",
"The Arizona statutes make it *85 clear that even though the grounds for terminating the parent-child relationship may not exist, custody to the natural parents does not automatically follow such a finding.",
"\nA.R.S. § 8-538(D) provides:\n\"Where the court does not order termination of the parent-child relationship, it shall dismiss the petition, provided that where the court finds that the best interests of the child require substitution or supplementation of parental care and supervision, the court shall make such orders as it deems necessary.\" (",
"emphasis added)\nThus, if the court determines that the best interests of the child shall require, it may order \"substitution ... of parental care,\" even though the court does not order severance of parental rights.",
"\nIn Adams' second argument, it is the failure of the juvenile court to consider this alternative that is argued. ",
"We disagree. ",
"A.R.S. § 8-538(D) was specifically pointed out to the trial court and the argument was presented that Don's best interests required his continued custody in the Adams under the statute. ",
"We would have to ignore the record in this case if we were to hold that the juvenile court did not know its responsibilities or the alternatives that were available to it.",
"\nHaving reached this conclusion, we must determine whether the evidence supports the trial court's implied finding that the best interests of the child did not require substitution of parental care.[1] While Patricia's past life cannot be said to be a model of stability, the Adams' past marital history is not the Rock of Gibraltar either. ",
"Moreover, there is evidence that the child sincerely loved his natural mother, and was upset when she left him. ",
"Apparently the juvenile court believed Patricia and John had settled down and were prepared to make a happy and stable home for the child. ",
"John's past history in providing a home for an adoptive daughter lends credence to that belief. ",
"Considering the alternatives facing the court when it reached a determination that at least Patricia's parental rights could not be legally severed and the future legal uncertainty created for the child by placing custody in the Adams without being able to sever parental rights, we cannot say the court abused its discretion in placing custody of the child with his natural parents.",
"\nThe Adams next argue that the failure of the trial court to order the social study required by A.R.S. § 8-536[2] requires reversal.",
"\nThe facts surrounding this contention are that originally, when the petition to sever was filed, the court ordered the social study required by A.R.S. § 8-536. ",
"The hearing on the petition to sever was set for January 31, 1978. ",
"The matter first came on for hearing on November 7, 1977, on Adams' petition for temporary custody. ",
"At that time, with the approval of Adams' then counsel, it was agreed that the temporary custody issue could not be heard without touching on the issues presented by the severance petition. ",
"The counsel then agreed to vacate the January 31, 1978 hearing on the petition to sever and heard both matters a few days later in November, 1977.",
"\nAll parties were aware that the social study could not be completed within the new time set for the hearing or the severance petition. ",
"No objection was raised by the Adams to hearing the matter without the social study. ",
"The ability of the trial court to proceed with the severance hearing without a social study was likewise not raised.",
"\n*86 Since A.R.S. § 8-536(B) provides that the social study may be waived by the court, obviously such a social study is not jurisdictional to the juvenile court hearing the merits of the petition to sever. ",
"Under these circumstances, the failure of the Adams to present this issue to the trial court precludes this court from considering that non-presented issue on appeal. ",
"Milam v. Milam, 101 Ariz. 323, 419 P.2d 502 (1966).",
"\nFinally, Adams contend that at least John Heckrote's rights as a parent should have been severed. ",
"Considering that the natural mother's parental rights remained intact; that she was living with and intended to remarry the natural father, and that the child would be living in the natural father's home, we cannot say the juvenile court abused its discretion in failing to sever the natural father's parental rights.",
"\nThe judgment and orders of the juvenile court are affirmed.",
"\nEUBANK, P.J., and WREN, J., concur.",
"\nNOTES\n[1] We do not determine, since it has not been argued to us, whether before a \"substitution of parental care\" can occur under A.R.S. § 8-538(D), the court must make a determination that the child in question is at least \"dependent\" under A.R.S. § 8-201(10), although such an argument may have merit.",
"\n[2] A.R.S. § 8-536 provides in part:\n\n\"A. Upon the filing of a petition, the court shall order that ... an agency ... selected by the court conduct or cause to be conducted a complete social study and that a report in writing of such study be submitted to the court prior to hearing....\"\n"
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"Q:\n\nRStudio's .Rhistory file size in gigabytes?",
"\n\nIn RStudio there's an Always save history option in Preferences. ",
"Is there any danger of the .Rhistory file growing huge (gigabytes) if it saves every command I type and copy/paste?",
"\n\nA:\n\nAt my PC the total amount of .Rhistory files (~500 files) is ~ 3 Mb. ",
"And I'm using R for 2 years.",
"\nI do not think it is worth to delete history files to preserve disk space.",
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"LilianMoraru: LilianMoraru: I’ve played in the past with this(when I saw this video of live code patching in Erlang) but I dropped this idea because I came to the conclusion that I cannot make it in a simple way, safe…How do you handle situations like having a pointer into a structure that comes from a shared library and then the structure is modified in the shared library? ",
"What happens when you access that data?",
"\n\nTL;DR. ",
"I don’t. ",
"It is up to the application to handle that.",
"\n\nLong version:\n\nThe way it will works is that before the shared library is about to get reloaded the application will get a callback telling it a library is about to get reloaded. ",
"It’s up to the application to decide what to do. ",
"In my case in ProDBG I will call a function in the library which will serialize it’s state (using an API provided by the application) and then after reload I will call it again with the serialized data so it can restore the state.",
"\n\nAlso in the ProDBG case plugins are very self contained. ",
"They only talk to the outside by using a messages and the host application only holds one opaque pointer to the instance of each plugin. ",
"This pointer is never used by the application itself but only sent in when the instance needs an update.",
"\n\nSo this will require that applications using this will need to think about how data is being accessed. ",
"Regarding safety shared libraries in Rust are right now always considered unsafe as they call into unknown code.",
"\n\nDespite these issue having ‘live’ change of code this way is nice. ",
"This way will never reach something like Common Lisp quality but Common Lisp works very differently from Rust (or C/C++) but still this is much better than nothing."
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"\f cc: Hon. ",
"Carolyn Ellsworth, District Judge\n Rayford Carlos Willis\n Attorney General/Carson City\n Clark County District Attorney\n Eighth District Court Clerk\n\n\n\n\nSUPREME COURT\n OF\n NEVADA\n\n\n(0) 1947A e 2\n\f"
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"A need has existed for a long time in the electronic packaging industry for a relatively simple, reliable and economical process for forming conductive patterns on non-planar and/or irregular surfaces. ",
"It has been desired to be able to form conductive patterns on both interior and exterior surfaces of non-planar and/or irregular bases. ",
"Screen printing has been suggested for applying conductive patterns to a non-planar but regular surface, such as the outer surface of a cylinder. ",
"A screen stencil was held up against the outer surface of the cylinder while the cylinder was rotated. ",
"Images then were formed on a part of the outer surface of the cylinder as it was rotated. ",
"A conductive pattern was formed from these images. ",
"However, screen printing techniques are difficult to apply to non-planar and/or irregular surfaces because it is difficult to keep the screen in contact with the non-planar and/or irregular surface.",
"\nFlexible printed circuits have been used in a limited number of applications to form conductive patterns on non-planar surfaces. ",
"These flexible printed circuits have limited flexibility. ",
"Also, the flexible printed circuit does not become as rigid as is needed in many applications.",
"\nPrinted circuits have been formed on planar surfaces of materials such as nylon cloth, reinforced epoxy resins, which can be deformed into a limited number of shapes by the application of heat and pressure to the material. ",
"This deformation tends to cause the conductive patterns to rupture on the deformed outer surfaces and to wrinkle and delaminate from the base material on the inside of the deformed surfaces.",
"\nToday's printed circuit boards are essentially planar with conductive patterns on one or more parallel planes, the patterns being formed by the use of a glass or mylar type planar mask. ",
"Interconnection between the parallel planes is achieved via plated through holes. ",
"The planar surface of the board typically first is coated with a photosensitive material and then the planar mask, which contains the conductor pattern, is placed over and in contact with the board. ",
"The mask then is exposed to light or other radiation. ",
"This causes selected exposed portions of the photosensitive material to be altered in a variety of different known ways. ",
"The mask then is removed and the non-exposed portions of the photosensitive material are removed using a variety of different, known chemical etch processes. ",
"This leaves only the exposed portions of the photosensitive material that define the desired conductor pattern. ",
"Conductors are formed in the exposed or non-exposed portions of the surface of the board to form a conductor pattern. ",
"However, a planar mask cannot be effectively used to form conductive patterns on a non-planar and/or irregular surface of a printed circuit. ",
"The use of a planar mask on a non-planar surface results in some conductors which have greater or less than the desired widths and loss of control over the delineation of the desired conductive pattern.",
"\nIt is desirable in many applications to be able to simultaneously form a plurality of conductors on an article having non-planar and/or irregular surfaces as well as planar surfaces."
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"Introduction {#sec1_1}\n============\n\nPosterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), also known as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome, is a distinct clinic-radiological entity that was initially described by Hinchey et al. ",
"\\[[@B1]\\] in 1996. ",
"It describes a neurological syndrome with presenting symptoms ranging from headache, altered mental state, seizures, and visual loss to loss of consciousness, coma or even death \\[[@B2]\\].",
"\n\nThe term describes a potentially reversible imaging appearance and symptomatology that is shared by a diverse array of causes. ",
"The mechanism is not exactly understood, but it is thought to be related to a hyperperfusion state with a blood-brain barrier breakdown. ",
"This leads to the extravasation of fluid, potentially containing blood or macromolecules, resulting in cortical or subcortical edema. ",
"Alternatively, vasospasms may precipitate the reversible edema, leading to cytotoxic edema if left untreated. ",
"It may also cause focal reversible vasogenic edema involving predominantly the parietal and occipital lobes \\[[@B3]\\].",
"\n\nThe typical imaging findings of PRES are most apparent as hyperintensity on fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images in the parieto-occipital and posterior frontal cortical and subcortical white matter. ",
"Less commonly, the brainstem, basal ganglia and cerebellum are involved \\[[@B3]\\].",
"\n\nPRES has been described in association with severe hypertension, preeclampsia, transplantation, and less frequently, following the administration of immunosuppressive agents and cytotoxic drugs. ",
"The pathophysiology of PRES implicates endothelial dysfunctions especially in cases associated with preeclampsia or cytotoxic therapies, which may have a direct toxicity on vascular endothelium leading to capillary leakage, the disruption of the blood-brain barrier as well as axonal swelling, which may then trigger a vasogenic edema \\[[@B4], [@B5], [@B6]\\]. ",
"PRES has also been reported in association with the antivascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody bevacizumab (BEV). ",
"BEV is believed to decrease tumor perfusion, vascular density and interstitial fluid pressure \\[[@B7], [@B8]\\].",
"\n\nWe herein present a case of PRES secondary to BEV therapy and discuss salient aspects in its diagnosis and management.",
"\n\nCase Report {#sec1_2}\n===========\n\nA 45-year-old female was diagnosed with high-grade serous ovarian cancer stage IIIC with omental involvement and malignant ascites. ",
"She was known to have mild hypertension controlled with medication. ",
"She received 3 cycles of paclitaxel and carboplatin as a neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by debulking total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. ",
"She was then given 3 more cycles of the same protocol as adjuvant chemotherapy.",
"\n\nAfter 2 months, the patient presented with a disease recurrence in the form of an increase in her CA125 tumor marker as well as evident intra-abdominal lymph nodes and malignant ascites. ",
"She was started on the single non-carboplatin chemotherapeutic agent named gemcitabine with a dose of 700 mg/m^2^ on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks (plus BEV 15 mg/kg every 3 weeks given for 2 cycles). ",
"On day 4 after her last cycle, she started to develop generalized fatigue, increasing nausea, vomiting and drowsiness. ",
"Two days later, she experienced seizures at home and was brought to urgent care. ",
"She was found to have a systolic blood pressure in the range of 150--180 mm Hg and a diastolic blood pressure in the range of 120--125 mm Hg. ",
"Her level of consciousness was decreased. ",
"This progressed to non-compulsive seizures necessitating a prompt intravenous anticonvulsive medication, intubation and admission to the ICU. ",
"A CT of the brain showed a hypodense area in the temporal occipital lobes, therefore raising the possibility of ischemia. ",
"An MRI was recommended and this showed classic MRI signals for PRES (fig. [",
"1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"During her stay in the ICU, the patient was thoroughly examined for other clinical possibilities such as septicemia, encephalitis, metabolic seizures as well as cerebrovascular insults. ",
"These were all excluded.",
"\n\nThe patient was kept intubated for 2 weeks in the ICU with blood pressure control and supportive measures. ",
"No more chemotherapy was administered. ",
"After extubation, the patient remained obtunded with a Glasgow coma scale of 11--12. ",
"Repeated MRI images after 2 weeks showed a decrease in all white matter abnormal T2 signals. ",
"After 4 weeks, another MRI showed an almost complete resolution of the previously seen white matter T2-hyperintense patches with few residual foci of microhemorrhages in the cerebellum (fig. [",
"2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"A few days later, the patient developed aspiration pneumonia and respiratory failure and could not be resuscitated.",
"\n\nDiscussion {#sec1_3}\n==========\n\nBEV has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as well as the European Society of Medical Oncology for the therapy for various solid tumor malignancies because it has shown to improve survival and the rate of tumor regression in colorectal cancer \\[[@B9]\\], non-small cell lung cancer \\[[@B10]\\], renal cell carcinoma \\[[@B11]\\], recurrent glioblastoma multiforme, and most recently, epithelial ovarian cancer \\[[@B12]\\].",
"\n\nOur patient had epithelial ovarian cancer. ",
"According to the Vancouver Consensus of 2010, she is considered to have carboplatin-resistant recurrences since this occurred within 6 months of the initial chemotherapy completion. ",
"She was started on gemcitabine according to the guidelines of the European Society of Medical Oncology and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). ",
"BEV was added in hope of a better survival according to the recent Aurelia trial. ",
"Although generally well tolerated, the use of BEV-based combination chemotherapy is associated with a risk of grade 3 hypertension in up to 16%percnt; of patients. ",
"This is possibly secondary to vasospasms, which may lead to endothelial dysfunction. ",
"The disrupted blood-brain barrier caused a vasogenic edema of the posterior cerebral white matter and PRES in 1%percnt; of patients \\[[@B13]\\]. ",
"It is postulated that BEV could induce vasospasms leading to PRES without causing significant hypertension \\[[@B14]\\]. ",
"We believe this was the case in our patient. ",
"It is important to differentiate this syndrome from acute cerebral ischemia or thrombotic phenomena which are also associated with BEV \\[[@B14]\\].",
"\n\nGemcitabine is a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent for a variety of tumors. ",
"Although this nucleoside analog antineoplastic agent is similar in structure to cytarabine, central nervous system toxicities have rarely been attributed to it \\[[@B15]\\]. ",
"There are a few reports in the literature associating gemcitabine with PRES. ",
"However, we have used gemcitabine in a large number of patients over many years without such a case, and we therefore tend to believe that BEV was probably the more likely cause of PRES in our case. ",
"Nonetheless, it remains possible that BEV alone might not cause PRES, but does so when combined with other chemotherapeutic agents.",
"\n\nConclusion {#sec1_4}\n==========\n\nBEV is widely used for many indications in today\\'s oncology practice. ",
"A high level of suspicion for PRES is advisable in patients who develop headache, confusion, visual disturbance or seizure during its use, either as a monotherapy or in combination.",
"\n\nPRES is a potentially reversible condition. ",
"However, failure to recognize the syndrome and a withdrawal of the offending agent may result in catastrophic CNS injury or death. ",
"The increase in reported cases of PRES warrants further investigations into its risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms as well as further education of oncology health care providers.",
"\n\nStatement of Ethics {#sec1_5}\n===================\n\nConsent to publish this case report was obtained from the patient\\'s husband.",
"\n\nDisclosure Statement {#sec1_6}\n====================\n\nNone of the authors has any conflicts of interest regarding this case report. ",
"No sponsorship or funding arrangement regarding this case report was received.",
"\n\n{#F1}\n\n{#F2}\n"
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[
"Q:\n\nOracle comma separated parameter to row and join with other tables\n\nI am using Oracle 10g.\nMy Scenario:\nI am getting some more than 4000 records in a comma separated string('ord0000,ord0001,ord0002,......') as a parameter. ",
"I need to compare these values against a table1 and find out the matching recordset.",
"\nFor that purpose I created a function as below:\nfunction get_split_values (\n\ncsv_string varchar2\n) return split_table pipelined\nas\nDelimit_String varchar2(32767) := csv_string;\nDelimit_index integer;\nbegin\nloop\nDelimit_index := instr(delimit_string,',');\nif Delimit_index > 0 then\npipe row(substr(delimit_string,1,delimit_index-1));\ndelimit_string := substr(delimit_string,delimit_index+1);\nelse\npipe row(delimit_string);\nexit;\nend if;\nend loop;\nreturn;\nend get_split_values;\n\nNow when I used this function to join with my table1 in a procedure as below:\ncreate procedure abc (parameter_csv varchar2,...)\nas\nbegin\nopen cursor for\nselect t.col1 from table1 t join table(get_split_values(parameter_csv)) x\non x.column_value = t.col1;\n...\nend abc;\n\nIt works fine when the parameter_csv have some around 300 or 400 IDs like('ord0000,ord0001,ord0002,......') but when it contains more that records I got the error\n\"ORA 01460 : unimplemented or unreasonable conversion requested.\"",
"\nI don't understand what raise this error. ",
"Any ideas?",
"\nOR is there any best way to accomplish this task.",
"\n\nA:\n\nInitially I thought you were overflowing your varchar2(32767) but a quick look at your sample IDs indicates that you shouldn't be maxing out that early(400 ids).",
"\nA quick google of the error led me to this forum in OTN: http://forums.oracle.com/forums/thread.jspa?threadID=507725&start=15&tstart=0\nAnd to this blog post: http://oraclequirks.blogspot.com/2008/10/ora-01460-unimplemented-or-unreasonable.html\nwhich indicates that this might be an oracle bug\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nWhat is the best way in VB.Net to launch bat scripts one after the other?",
"\n\nI've got a VB.Net program that calls a bat script, waits for it to succeed or timeout, do some actions, calls another bat script, waits for it to succeed or timeout and so on.",
"\nWhat I have done is declaring the following elements :\nDim mainProcessHandler As New ProcessStartInfo()\nDim mainProcess As Process\n\nAnd use them all along the program like that :\nmainProcessHandler.",
"FileName = \"something_01out18.bat\"\nmainProcessHandler.",
"Arguments = \"-d\"\nmainProcessHandler.",
"WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.",
"Hidden\nmainProcess = Process.",
"Start(mainProcessHandler)\n\nThen further :\nmainProcessHandler.",
"FileName = \"something_02out18.bat\"\nmainProcessHandler.",
"Arguments = \"-s\"\nmainProcessHandler.",
"WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.",
"Normal\nmainProcess = Process.",
"Start(mainProcessHandler)\n\nAnd a third, a fourth, etcetera: I've got multiple calls such as described above and can't convince myself that's the way to do it.",
"\nWhat is the correct way in VB.Net to handle this issue?",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe answer to this question is that the submitted code is suitable to launch bat scripts one after the other. ",
"Any reflexion about which other way to do it could be better may lead to an opinion-based discussion which is improper on stackoverflow.",
"\n\n"
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"Alick-Maud Pledge\n\nAlick-Maud Pledge (1893–1949) was an English folk dance and gymnastics teacher. ",
"She came to France in 1926, following the call of Jaques-Dalcroze but became soon independent. ",
"In the New Education movement, she created the French associations Education and Movement and Friends of the Popular Dance. ",
"She influenced Marcelle Albert, Marinette Aristow-Journoud and Jean-Michel Guilcher who carried on with teaching folk dances in France.",
"\n\nArticles \n « Mouvement, gymnastique et équilibre nerveux », in La Nouvelle Éducation, 1932, 3 articles pp.",
" 9, 18 et 39.",
"\n « La danse populaire », in La Nouvelle Éducation, 1935.",
"\n\nPublications \n Jean-Philippe Saint-Martin. ",
"Les origines oubliées de la Gymnastique Volontaire entre les deux guerres mondiales. ",
"In SPORT ET GENRE (VOLUME 3) Apprentissage du genre et institutions éducatives. ",
"Lharmattan, 2006, 55-69.",
"\n\nExternal links \n Miss Pledge (1893-1949) by Yves Guilcher\n Education et mouvement\n\nCategory:English educational theorists\nCategory:English emigrants to France\nCategory:1893 births\nCategory:1949 deaths"
] | {
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[
"Stanley J. Seeger\n\nStanley Joseph Seeger Jr. (28 May 1930 – 24 June 2011) was an American-born art collector. ",
"Seeger lived in Great Britain for the last three decades of his life.",
"\n\nLife\nBorn into a wealthy family in Milwaukee, Seeger's father was a doctor and book collector, and his mother collected antiques. ",
"Seeger's maternal grandfather was from Scotland and created the family's fortune from interests in wood and oil.",
"\n\nSeeger studied architecture at Princeton University, later changing his discipline to music. ",
"In Italy, he studied under composer Luigi Dallapiccola and later established the Center for Hellenic Studies at Princeton. ",
"Moving from America to Europe, Seeger initially lived in Greece in the 1960s, and became a keen sailor. ",
"Later, he moved to the Canary Islands, before permanently settling in England. ",
"Seeger was introduced to Christopher Cone, who was 24 years his junior, in 1979. ",
"They remained partners for over 30 years until Seeger's death.",
"\n\nSeeger was also an amateur composer, but none of his music was ever performed. ",
"His obituary in The Telegraph described his music as \"inhabiting an arcane territory where music met mathematics\". ",
"Seeger was survived by Cone; they had lived in North Yorkshire for the last years of Seeger's life.",
"\n\nSutton Place\nSeeger bought the Grade I listed Tudor manor house Sutton Place, the former home of the American oil magnate Paul Getty, near Guildford in Surrey, for £8 million in 1980 (). ",
"At the time, this was the highest price ever paid for a British property. ",
"The Sutton Place Heritage Trust was established by Seeger and Cone to open the house for concerts and exhibitions. ",
"Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe was commissioned to create a major new garden, which included a serpentine lake and a number of themed spaces: at the time, it was the largest post-War landscaping commission for a private client. ",
"Seeger and Cone had underestimated the media attention that the purchase of Sutton Place would garner, and Seeger sold the property six years later. ",
"Cone later said that \"I don't think Stanley ever anticipated that it would shine such a strong spotlight on himself. ",
"It didn't suit him, and it didn't suit me. ",
"The meter was running from the day that we moved in. ",
"We felt very lonely there, very exposed: two men living together in this great big country house. ",
"It was a statement too far.\"",
"\n\nCollecting\nIn 1993 Seeger sold his entire collection of 88 artworks by the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso at Sotheby's in New York, raising over $32m. Cone would later describe the Picasso sale as \"hairy-scary\". ",
"Seeger had told him that he no longer wanted the collection, feeling that once they had acquired a painting from Picasso's Rose Period it would be complete. ",
"Attending a viewing of his Picasso collection, Seeger, known for his privacy, overheard two people saying that they believed that Seeger didn't exist, which amused him. ",
"Seeger once said that his reason for purchasing a particular Picasso painting was that \"It was so bad it needed to be taken out of circulation.\"",
"\n\nSeeger bought Francis Bacon's Triptych – Studies of the Human Body (1979), one of 28 large triptychs by the artist, and controversially hung it in the Tudor Great Hall at Sutton Place. ",
"Bacon himself visited Sutton Place to see his painting there, and Cone said that Bacon appreciated its location there. ",
"Seeger sold the painting in 2001 for $8.6 million, then the highest price for a painting by Bacon.",
"\n\nThe final sale of Seeger's collection took place at Sotheby's in March 2014, entitled \"One Thousand Ways of Seeing\". ",
"Curiosities in the sale included Orson Welles' personal shooting script for his 1941 film Citizen Kane, an armchair belonging to Winston Churchill, Rudolf Nureyev's coat-rack and copper bath, and a teapot belonging to Lord Nelson.",
"\n\nThe architect and designer Sir Hugh Casson said of Seeger that he regarded \"the chic as a badge of insecurity and the conventional as a signal of surrender\".",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1930 births\nCategory:2011 deaths\nCategory:LGBT people from Wisconsin\nCategory:American art collectors\nCategory:American book and manuscript collectors\nCategory:American expatriates in the United Kingdom\nCategory:People from Milwaukee\nCategory:Princeton University alumni"
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"==================================\n ``celery.concurrency``\n==================================\n\n.. contents::\n :local:\n.. currentmodule:: celery.concurrency\n\n.. automodule:: celery.concurrency\n :members:\n :undoc-members:\n"
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"why didnt 'the thinker' just do this instead of awkwardly resting his right elbow on his left knee\n\n130 shares"
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"// Copyright 2019 The Go Authors. ",
"All rights reserved.",
"\n// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style\n// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.",
"\n\npackage filedesc\n\nimport (\n\t\"google.golang.org/protobuf/internal/descopts\"\n\t\"google.golang.org/protobuf/internal/pragma\"\n\tpref \"google.golang.org/protobuf/reflect/protoreflect\"\n)\n\nvar (\n\temptyNames = new(Names)\n\temptyEnumRanges = new(EnumRanges)\n\temptyFieldRanges = new(FieldRanges)\n\temptyFieldNumbers = new(FieldNumbers)\n\temptySourceLocations = new(SourceLocations)\n\n\temptyFiles = new(FileImports)\n\temptyMessages = new(Messages)\n\temptyFields = new(Fields)\n\temptyOneofs = new(Oneofs)\n\temptyEnums = new(Enums)\n\temptyEnumValues = new(EnumValues)\n\temptyExtensions = new(Extensions)\n\temptyServices = new(Services)\n)\n\n// PlaceholderFile is a placeholder, representing only the file path.",
"\ntype PlaceholderFile string\n\nfunc (f PlaceholderFile) ParentFile() pref.",
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"Is the particle current a relevant feature in driven lattice gases?",
"\nBy performing extensive Monte Carlo simulations we show that the infinitely fast driven lattice gas (IDLG) shares its critical properties with the randomly driven lattice gas (RDLG). ",
"All the measured exponents, scaling functions, and amplitudes are the same in both cases. ",
"This strongly supports the idea that the main relevant nonequilibrium effect in driven lattice gases is the anisotropy (present in both IDLG and RDLG) and not the particle current (present only in the IDLG). ",
"This result, at odds with the predictions from the standard theory for the IDLG, supports a recently proposed alternative theory. ",
"The case of finite driving fields is also briefly discussed."
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"Double-bundle transtibial posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a tendon-patellar bone-semitendinosus tendon autograft: clinical results with a minimum of 2 years' follow-up.",
"\nThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and subjective outcomes after arthroscopic-assisted double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction. ",
"A series of 15 patients with grade III isolated chronic PCL tears underwent double-bundle PCL reconstruction. ",
"Of these patients, 8 (53%) had simultaneous fractures. ",
"The mean time from accident to surgery was 10.8 months (range, 8 to 15 months). ",
"The mean age at the time of surgery was 28.2 years (range, 17 to 43 years). ",
"All of the patients reported knee insecurity during activities of daily living or light sporting activities, with associated anterior knee pain in 5 patients. ",
"Preoperatively, posterolateral or posteromedial corner injuries were ruled out through accurate clinical examination. ",
"The knees were assessed before surgery and at a mean follow-up of 3.2 years (range, 2 to 5 years) with a physical examination, 4 different rating scales, and stress radiographs obtained with a Telos device (Telos, Marburg, Germany). ",
"Postoperative physical examination revealed a reduction of the posterior drawer and tibial step-off in all cases, although the posterior laxity was not completely normalized. ",
"Nevertheless, the patients were subjectively better after surgery. ",
"The subjective International Knee Documentation Committee score was significantly ameliorated. ",
"With regard to the objective International Knee Documentation Committee score, 6 knees (40%) were graded as abnormal because of posterior displacement of 6 mm or greater on follow-up stress radiographs with the Telos device. ",
"On the Lysholm knee scoring scale, the score was excellent in 13% of patients and good in 87%. ",
"The mean score on the Hospital for Special Surgery knee ligament rating scale was 85.8. ",
"The Tegner activity score showed an amelioration after surgery, but no patient resumed his or her preinjury level of activities. ",
"The postoperative stress radiographs revealed an improvement in posterior instability of 50% or more in all but 3 knees (20%). ",
"Our technique of double-bundle PCL reconstruction produced a significant reduction in knee symptoms and allowed the patients to return to moderate or strenuous activity, although the posterior tibial translation was not completely normalized and our results appear to be no better than the results of single-bundle PCL reconstruction. ",
"Level IV, therapeutic case series."
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"LA's Contemporary Carver Apartments by Michael Maltzan Architecture\n\nMichael Maltzan Architecture has designed a modern, circular construct called 'Carver Apartments' next to the I-1 freeway in Los Angeles. ",
"Carver Apartments is a 97-unit public housing complex for formerly homeless elderly and disabled residents.",
"\n\nCarver Apartments represents a new optimism for public spaces and housing in LA. ",
"The complex boasts communal spaces such as kitchens, dining and gathering areas as well as gardens. ",
"There are also medical and social service support facilities allowing occupants to integrate into and feel connected to the community."
] | {
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[
"Q:\n\nError while computing maximum likelihood\n\nI have a density given by $f_X(x / \\theta) = \\begin{cases} \n2\\theta/x^3 & x\\geq \\theta \\\\\n0 & x<\\theta\n\\end{cases}$\nwith $\\theta>0$.\nI'm asked to compute the maximum likelihood of $\\theta$. I have the likelihood function given by $L (\\theta) = \\displaystyle\\prod_{i=1}^n f_{X_i}(x_i)= \\displaystyle\\prod_{i=1}^n f_{X}(x_i) = \\displaystyle\\prod_{i=1}^n 2\\displaystyle\\frac{\\theta^2}{x_i^3} = 2^n\\theta^{2n}\\displaystyle\\prod_{i=1}^n\\displaystyle\\frac{1}{x_i^3}$.\nTaking logaritms\n$\\ln L(\\theta) = \\ln \\left(2^n\\theta^{2n} \\displaystyle\\prod_{i=1}^n\\displaystyle\\frac{1}{x_i^3} \\right) = \\ln(2^n \\theta^{2n})+\\displaystyle\\sum_{i=1}^n \\ln( x_i^{-3} )$\nThen\n$\\displaystyle\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial \\theta} \\ln (L(\\theta)) = \\displaystyle\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial \\theta} \\ln(2^n \\theta^{2n}) = 2n^2\\displaystyle\\frac{2^{n-1} \\theta^{2n-1}}{2^n \\theta^{2n}} = \\displaystyle\\frac{n^2}{\\theta}.$\nI can't maximize $\\theta$ because no boundaries were given. ",
"I wanted to have $\\displaystyle\\frac{\\partial L}{\\partial \\theta} = 0$ but this is not possible with the given function.",
"\n\nA:\n\nThere are some (possibly typing) mistakes in the provided derivation. ",
"First, $$f(x|\\theta) = \\frac{\\color{red}{2\\theta^2}}{x^3},$$ when $x \\ge \\theta$. Second, $$L(\\theta) = \\color{red}{2^n \\theta^{2n}}\\prod_{i=1}^{n} x_i^{-3} \\quad \\color{red}{\\text{for $\\theta \\le x_i$}},$$ and $\\color{red}{L(\\theta)=0}$ when $\\theta > \\min\\{x_i\\}$, where $i=1,2,\\cdots, n$. Consequently,\n$$\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial \\theta} \\ln(L(\\theta)) = \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial\\theta}(2n\\ln(\\theta)+\\text{other terms})=\\frac{\\color{red}{2n}}{\\theta} > 0, \\quad \\color{red}{\\text{for $\\theta \\le \\min\\{x_i\\}$ }},$$ and is zero otherwise.",
"\nNow use spaceisdarkgreen answer to establish $$\\hat{\\theta}_{\\mathrm{MLE}} = \\min\\{x_i\\}.$$\n\n"
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"The present invention relates to a replaceable ear wax guard to be arranged in an opening of an acoustic outlet passage or in a vent in a housing designed for placement in the ear canal of an in-the-ear hearing aid.",
"\nIn in-the-ear hearing aids where the hearing aid housing is placed within the user\"\"s ear canal with the acoustic outlet port facing the inner ear and connected to the telephone unit of the hearing aid, it is a well-known problem that the acoustic outlet passage is exposed to contamination with cerumen or ear wax which may lead to clogging of the acoustic outlet passage with consequently reduced sound reproduction. ",
"At worst, there may be a risk for the ear wax to enter the hearing apparatus housing and result in damage to the electrical components of the hearing aid.",
"\nIn order to avoid this problem, it is known from U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"4,972,488 to arrange a replaceable ear wax barrier, which can at the same time provide a dampening of the acoustic response, in the acoustic outlet passage in the apparatus housing. ",
"In this known design, the ear wax barrier is formed as a screw plug the arrangement of which presupposes a thread being provided in the acoustic outlet passage, and the ear wax barrier is in the end facing outward at the insertion by screwing, designed with incisions for providing a slot for a screw driver. ",
"The barrier effect for retaining of ear wax is obtained by providing inward projections in a through-going cavity in the screw plug.",
"\nAs a consequence of the very small dimensions where the acoustic outlet passage has typically a diameter of about 1 mm, the screw plug form entails that insertion and removal of the ear wax guard is a rather difficult operation, especially for weak-sighted hearing aid users, and the inward projections forming a kind of maze in the through-going cavity do not provide full security against migration of ear wax. ",
"Furthermore, the screw plug design cannot be used in in-the-ear hearing aids of the conventional type where the acoustic outlet passage is formed by a short hose or tube member connecting the telephone unit with an acoustic output port in the wall of the hearing aid housing.",
"\nFurthermore, the international patent application WO 84/04016 discloses an ear wax guard in the form of an outwardly closed plug with a disc-shaped head which at the placement of the plug covers the acoustic outlet port of the aid housing. ",
"In the plug under the disc-shaped head, there are provided radial acoustic passageways in connection with a longitudinal acoustic passageway opening in the plug end introduced in the aid housing. ",
"To secure a sufficient acoustic passage, the plug is designed such that the disc-shaped head is kept at a distance from the outside of the aid housing which entails a risk, albeit reduced, of migration of ear wax under the plug and in the narrow radial acoustic passageways. ",
"As a consequence of the smooth disc-shaped head, the insertion and removal of the plug is also in this case a difficult operation.",
"\nIn a hearing aid known from U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"4,553,627, an essentially mushroom-shaped ear wax guard with a crossing acoustic passage is mounted with snap engagement in metal ring inserted in the acoustic outlet port of the hearing aid housing.",
"\nOn the background of this prior art, it is the object of the invention to provide a replaceable ear wax guard of the stated type with a simple and low-cost design suited for all kinds of in-the-ear hearing aids and which can be mounted in and removed from the aid housing in a simple way.",
"\nFor this purpose, the ear wax guard according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises an essentially tubular element adapted to the mouth diameter of the acoustic outlet passage or the vent and having a through-going cavity which in one end is partially closed by an ear wax retaining guard whereas the element in the opposite end is connected to a surrounding abutment collar for sealing abutment against the hearing aid housing around the acoustic outlet port or vent, said element being made by an elastical yielding material and said through-going cavity at its mouth in the abutment collar being adapted for introduction of a means to be used when the ear wax guard is inserted in and removed from the acoustic outlet port or the vent.",
"\nAs a consequence of the simple design as a short tubular element with a surrounding abutment collar in the end facing inward at the insertion, the ear wax guard according to the invention is inexpensive to manufacture in a large number by moulding of the elastical yielding material, which can typically be silicone rubber or a thermoplastic elastomer. ",
"A further contribution to this is the positioning of the ear wax retaining barrier in one end of the tubular element which when introduced is led into the acoustic outlet canal. ",
"The merely partial opening of this end of the tubular element can be obtained by designing the guard as a kind of screen and thus can assure a good sound transmission.",
"\nAdvantageous features and embodiments of the ear wax guard are indicated in the dependent claims 2-5. ",
"In a particularly advantageous embodiment, in particular for use in connection with CIC hearing aids, the abutment collar is provided with a convex outside and a concave or faintly conical underside so that its periphery edge forms a sealing lip against the aid housing. ",
"Thus, the user comfort is improved as the ear wax guard essentially follows the outer contour of the aid housing.",
"\nAs a consequence of the sealing abutment of the abutment collar of the ear wax barrier against the hearing aid housing, the abutment collar, which can preferably be provided with a relatively thin and soft edge, fitting snugly to the surrounding outside of the housing with a very even transition, it is avoided that when inserting or removing the hearing aid, the abutment collar causes any inconvenience or damage to the ear canal.",
"\nAs the removal of the wax barrier in a conventional way by seizing the edge of the abutment collar as known from said US publications is thus made more difficult, the invention further concerns a means to be used for insertion of an ear wax guard, characterized in that it comprises an essentially rod-shaped applicator which in one end is provided with a smooth pin fitting the mouth of the through-going cavity of the ear wax guard for use at insertion of the ear wax guard whereas in the opposite end it is provided with a catch member for use at removal of the ear wax guard and engaging the wall inner side of the through-going cavity when pressed into its mouth.",
"\nBy this applicator design, the insertion of the ear wax guard in the acoustic outlet port and the removal herefrom in connection with the replacement of the ear wax guard can be made in a simple way and with a high degree of security even by weak-sighted users, the different design of the two ends of the applicator for insertion and removal, respectively, contributing to the easy operation.",
"\nAdvantageous embodiments of the means are indicated in the dependent claims 7-13. ",
"Thus, according to a preferred embodiment, the essentially cylindrical and wedge-shaped portion of the applicator is separated by an intermediate piece with a cross section larger than said portion, and the means comprises further a enlargement lens with a bore provided for attachment on said cylindrical or said wedge-shaped applicator portion in abutment against said intermediate piece.",
"\nThus, a further improvement of the operating security is obtained, especially for weak-sighted hearing aid users.",
"\nAs from consideration of the visibility of the through-going cavity of the ear wax guard and the risk of pressing ear wax accumulated in the ear wax guard out through the ear wax retaining barrier at insertion of the applicator in the ear wax guard in connection with the removal hereof, the catch member may not cover a too large area, the use of the applicator, especially in ITE hearing aids where the acoustic outlet canal is designed as a hose or tube member guided from the output transducer of the aid all the way through to the acoustic outlet port in the wall of the housing, will entail a certain risk that such a hose or tube member and perhaps the ear wax guard itself at the pressing-in of the catch member is pressed into the hearing aid housing.",
"\nTo encounter this risk, the invention concerns in addition a particularly designed in-the-ear hearing aid for arrangement of the ear wax guard and with a housing provided for positioning in the ear canal and having an essentially shell-shaped wall, in which an acoustic outlet port and perhaps a vent are provided in an end part meant for placement in the ear canal, where the acoustic outlet port is in connection with one end of hose or tube member serving as acoustic outlet port, the other end of which is connected to an outlet port from an outlet transducer situated in the housing.",
"\nTo obtain an improved security against the hose or tube member serving as acoustic outlet canal at the mounting or replacement of the ear wax guard being detached from its connection with the acoustic outlet port in the end part of the housing wall and pressed into the housing, the hearing aid according to the invention is characterized in that the hose or tube member with a view to positioning an ear wax guard as stated above is connected to an annular abutment collar in abutment with the outside of said wall end part.",
"\nAppropriate embodiments for such a hearing aid are stated in the dependent claims 15-22.",
"\nSince the housing for in-the-ear hearing aids of the stated kind is usually designed with an individually adapted form according to the actual user\"\"s ear canal, the invention further relates to a method for manufacture of a hearing aid of the stated type which permits a production of the abutment collar for mounting of the ear wax guard in a standard design independent of the individual user adaptation of the form of the housing.",
"\nAccording to the invention, this method is characterized in that an abutment collar is used with over-dimensioning in relation to said end part of the housing wall, and that the abutment collar by preparation of its periphery edge is formed to a flush transition with the outside of said end part."
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"Q:\n\nShould Exception Messages be Globalized\n\nI'm working on a project and I'm just starting to do all the work necessary to globalize the application. ",
"One thing that comes up quite often is whether to globalize the exception messages, but ensuring that string.",
"Format uses CultureInfo.",
"CurrentCulture instead of CultureInfo.",
"InvariantCulture. ",
"Additionally this would mean that exception messages would be stored in resource files that can be marked as culture-specific.",
"\nSo the question is, should exception messages be globalized or should be be left in either the InvariantCulture or the author's country; in my case en-US.",
"\n\nA:\n\nException messages should rarely be displayed directly to the user. ",
"You need to think of the consumer for each string. ",
"Obviously pieces of text in the user interface need internationalizing, but if an exception message is only going to be seen by support (or is going to be visible to the user and then emailed to support when they click a button) then where's the benefit of translating it?",
"\nIf you go too far, you could not only waste time and effort (and i18n can take a lot of effort) but you'll also make your support life harder as well. ",
"You really don't want to have to read log files written in a foreign language and translate them back to your native tongue.",
"\nIt makes sense for Microsoft to internationalize their exception messages, because they will be read by developers from all over the world - but unless you're multinational with developers in multiple countries who don't share a common language, I wouldn't translate message which are really meant for dev/support.",
"\n\nA:\n\ntypically, I don't.",
"\nGlobalize strings that may be seen by a user, and you don't let your exception messages percolate up to the UI, right?",
"\nRight? ",
" :)\n\n"
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"KPCC VP explains more about Patt Morrison's future\n\nRuss Stanton, the former Los Angeles Times editor in chief who is \"Vice President, Content\" for KPCC these days, has taken to the comments section of the station's website to further explain this morning's announcement that KPCC would drop the Patt Morrison show. ",
"The afternoon slot will now be used for BBC news and \"The World,\" and to accommodate the expanded Madeleine Brand-A Martinez morning show. ",
"Stanton's remarks this morning were light on detail, and with the move getting strong, mixed reaction from website commenters, he adds a bit more.",
"\n\nHello KPCC fans,\nThank you for taking the time out of your busy days to comment on the programming changes we announced this morning. ",
"We appreciate hearing from you, and we greatly enjoy the passion you bring to the discussion about our programming.",
"\nI’d like to answer a couple of questions some of you have asked.",
"\n\nFirst, Patt Morrison isn’t leaving. ",
"Beginning the week of Sept. 10, you’ll continue to hear her signature reports – and some new ones – in her same engaging voice and in her unique style. ",
"These segments will be spread out over more hours in our programming day and in many cases in front of larger audiences.",
"\n\nPatt also will continue to host the wildly popular Comedy Congress live-event series and will be a visible (and audible) part of KPCC.",
"\n\nSecond, there have been some questions about Marketplace — it will stay where it is in the morning and evening lineups.",
"\n\nGiven our track record of providing high-quality programming over the past 12 years, I hope that you’ll give the expanded Brand & Martinez show and the BBC Newshour a listen, and that you’ll enjoy Patt far beyond the hours of 1 p.m. to 3 p.m. weekdays.",
"\n\nIn the meantime, this space is yours and we’ll leave you to continue the discussion about something you feel strongly about. ",
"We will continue to monitor, and value, your feedback."
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"In gas-assisted injection molding, a pressurized gas is injected into a molten thermoplastic stream. ",
"One of the problems associated with such a system is back flow of the molten thermoplastic into the pressurized gas supply lines. ",
"The thermoplastic can harden in the pressurized gas supply lines thereby restricting gas flow and, ultimately, blocking gas flow. ",
"Several methods or approaches have been advanced to overcome this problem.",
"\nFor example, in U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"4,905,901, a complicated baffle design was incorporated into the gas flow path to retard the flow of plastic into the gas flow path. ",
"The baffle was intended to provide a small diameter, tortuous passage through which the gas could easily flow but through which the viscous molten thermoplastic could flow only with great difficulty. ",
"And in U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"4,855,094, an attempt was made to solve this same problem by providing gas passages of sufficiently small diameter to resist entry of the molten thermoplastic. ",
"Gas passages of 0.005 to 0.040 inches were said to be effective to preventing entry of the molten thermoplastic material. ",
"Both of these approaches have been less successful than desired. ",
"Although such approaches may, in fact, restrict the entry of the thermoplastic into the gas passageways, they do not prevent such entry. ",
"Over time, the gas passages still become restricted and, ultimately, blocked. ",
"In some instances, it is necessary to clean out the gas passages every few hours.",
"\nCheck valves with ball-shaped valve members have also been used in gas-assisted injection molding applications. ",
"For example, in U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"4,942,006, a ball check valve is provided in an injection nozzle. ",
"The actual valve is located within the gas passageway. ",
"When the valve is in the closed position, molten plastic entering the gas passageway can contact and coat at least a portion of the ball member. ",
"As the ball valve repeatedly moves from its open to closed positions, the ball may rotate. ",
"Portions of the ball which have contacted plastic material in earlier cycles may, in later cycles, act as the sealing surface. ",
"In such cases, plastic material on the sealing surfaces will prevent the valve from sealing. ",
"This failure to seal will allow even more plastic material to enter the gas passageway and contact the ball in later injection cycles, thus accelerating the problem. ",
"Ball valves of the type used in the prior art have, therefore, a limited useful lifetime and require frequent cleaning. ",
"In some instances, it may be necessary to clean such check valves every few operational hours. ",
"Such cleaning requires dismantling of the nozzle itself, which, depending on the nozzle design, can be very involved and time consuming.",
"\nIt is, therefore, desirable to provide a method by which plastic material can be prevented, or at least minimized, from entering gas passageways in gas-assisted injection molding. ",
"The check valves of the present invention provide significantly improved performance over the methods currently in use to prevent plastic material from entering and clogging gas passageways in a gas-assisted injection molding apparatus. ",
"This improvement is accomplished by providing a check valve wherein the sealing surfaces are not in direct contact with the plastic material. ",
"When cleaning is necessary, the check valves of the present invention can be disassembled and cleaned quite easily. ",
"These check valves can also be used in other applications and environments."
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"Characteristics of telephone calls in a psychiatric outpatient practice.",
"\nThe goal of this study was to document the volume and characteristics of telephone calls from patients in an outpatient psychiatric clinic. ",
"Telephone calls from a psychiatric resident's patients were logged over a 6-month period. ",
"Information collected included sex of the caller, reason for the call, deemed importance of the call, primary psychiatric diagnosis, and insurance type. ",
"A total of 291 calls occurred during the 6-month period, with an average of 2.4 calls per work day. ",
"The physician deemed 1.5% of calls to be an emergency and 15% to be urgent. ",
"Of the resident's total case load of 115 patients over the 6 month period, 29% (n = 33) of patients never made physician-patient telephone contact. ",
"Female patients were significantly more likely to call than males. ",
"Requests for medication refills were the most frequent type of call (38%). ",
"The mean number of calls per patient in the caseload was significantly different across diagnostic groups, with patients with personality disorders and anxiety spectrum disorders making more calls than other groups. ",
"There was no significant difference in the volume of telephone calls between patients with private health insurance and those without. ",
"This study may be of particular interest to physicians and managed care systems who are interested in reimbursement for telephone psychiatry. ",
"This study confirms and extends the previously reported association between certain psychiatric disorders (personality disorders, anxiety spectrum disorders) and relative frequency of telephone calls to the physician. ",
"In addition, the high volume of calls for prescription refills is an important issue in telephone management."
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"/*\r\n File: QD3DWinViewer.h\r\n \r\n Contains: Win32 Viewer Controller Interface File.",
"\r\n \r\n Version: Technology: Quickdraw 3D 1.6\r\n Release: QuickTime 6.0.2\r\n \r\n Copyright: (c) 1995-2001 by Apple Computer, Inc., all rights reserved.",
"\r\n \r\n Bugs?: ",
" For bug reports, consult the following page on\r\n the World Wide Web:\r\n \r\n http://developer.apple.com/bugreporter/\r\n \r\n*/\r\n#ifndef __QD3DWINVIEWER__\r\n#define __QD3DWINVIEWER__\r\n\r\n#ifndef __QD3D__\r\n#include \"QD3D.h\"\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#ifndef __QD3DGROUP__\r\n#include \"QD3DGroup.h\"\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n#if TARGET_OS_WIN32\r\n#include \"windows.h\"\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n#if PRAGMA_ONCE\r\n#pragma once\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#ifdef __cplusplus\r\nextern \"C\" {\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#if PRAGMA_IMPORT\r\n#pragma import on\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#if PRAGMA_STRUCT_ALIGN\r\n #pragma options align=power\r\n#elif PRAGMA_STRUCT_PACKPUSH\r\n #pragma pack(push, 2)\r\n#elif PRAGMA_STRUCT_PACK\r\n #pragma pack(2)\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#if PRAGMA_ENUM_ALWAYSINT\r\n #if defined(__fourbyteints__) && !__",
"fourbyteints__ \r\n #define __QD3DWINVIEWER__RESTORE_TWOBYTEINTS\r\n #pragma fourbyteints on\r\n #endif\r\n #pragma enumsalwaysint on\r\n#elif PRAGMA_ENUM_OPTIONS\r\n #pragma option enum=int\r\n#elif PRAGMA_ENUM_PACK\r\n #if __option(pack_enums)\r\n #define __QD3DWINVIEWER__RESTORE_PACKED_ENUMS\r\n #pragma options(!pack_enums)\r\n #endif\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#if TARGET_OS_WIN32\r\ntypedef void * TQ3ViewerObject;\r\ntypedef CALLBACK_API_C( TQ3Status , TQ3ViewerDrawingCallbackMethod )(TQ3ViewerObject theViewer, const void *data);\r\ntypedef CALLBACK_API_C( TQ3Status , TQ3ViewerWindowResizeCallbackMethod )(TQ3ViewerObject theViewer, const void *data);\r\ntypedef CALLBACK_API_C( TQ3Status , TQ3ViewerPaneResizeNotifyCallbackMethod )(TQ3ViewerObject theViewer, const void *data);\r\nenum {\r\n kQ3ViewerShowBadge = 1 << 0,\r\n kQ3ViewerActive = 1 << 1,\r\n kQ3ViewerControllerVisible = 1 << 2,\r\n kQ3ViewerButtonCamera = 1 << 3,\r\n kQ3ViewerButtonTruck = 1 << 4,\r\n kQ3ViewerButtonOrbit = 1 << 5,\r\n kQ3ViewerButtonZoom = 1 << 6,\r\n kQ3ViewerButtonDolly = 1 << 7,\r\n kQ3ViewerButtonReset = 1 << 8,\r\n kQ3ViewerButtonNone = 1 << 9,\r\n kQ3ViewerOutputTextMode = 1 << 10,\r\n kQ3ViewerDraggingInOff = 1 << 11,\r\n kQ3ViewerButtonOptions = 1 << 12,\r\n kQ3ViewerPaneGrowBox = 1 << 13,\r\n kQ3ViewerDefault = 1 << 15\r\n};\r\n\r\n\r\nenum {\r\n kQ3ViewerEmpty = 0,\r\n kQ3ViewerHasModel = 1 << 0,\r\n kQ3ViewerHasUndo = 1 << 1\r\n};\r\n\r\n\r\nenum TQ3ViewerCameraView {\r\n kQ3ViewerCameraRestore = 0,\r\n kQ3ViewerCameraFit = 1,\r\n kQ3ViewerCameraFront = 2,\r\n kQ3ViewerCameraBack = 3,\r\n kQ3ViewerCameraLeft = 4,\r\n kQ3ViewerCameraRight = 5,\r\n kQ3ViewerCameraTop = 6,\r\n kQ3ViewerCameraBottom = 7\r\n};\r\ntypedef enum TQ3ViewerCameraView TQ3ViewerCameraView;\r\n\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** WM_NOTIFY structures **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\n\r\nstruct TQ3ViewerDropFiles {\r\n NMHDR nmhdr;\r\n HANDLE hDrop;\r\n};\r\ntypedef struct TQ3ViewerDropFiles TQ3ViewerDropFiles;\r\n\r\nstruct TQ3ViewerSetView {\r\n NMHDR nmhdr;\r\n TQ3ViewerCameraView view;\r\n};\r\ntypedef struct TQ3ViewerSetView TQ3ViewerSetView;\r\n\r\nstruct TQ3ViewerSetViewNumber {\r\n NMHDR nmhdr;\r\n unsigned long number;\r\n};\r\ntypedef struct TQ3ViewerSetViewNumber TQ3ViewerSetViewNumber;\r\n\r\nstruct TQ3ViewerButtonSet {\r\n NMHDR nmhdr;\r\n unsigned long button;\r\n};\r\ntypedef struct TQ3ViewerButtonSet TQ3ViewerButtonSet;\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** WM_NOTIFY defines **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\n\r\n#define Q3VNM_DROPFILES 0x5000\r\n#define Q3VNM_CANUNDO 0x5001\r\n#define Q3VNM_DRAWCOMPLETE 0x5002\r\n#define Q3VNM_SETVIEW 0x5003\r\n#define Q3VNM_SETVIEWNUMBER 0x5004\r\n#define Q3VNM_BUTTONSET 0x5005\r\n#define Q3VNM_BADGEHIT 0x5006\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** Win32 Window Class Name **\r\n ** Can be passed as a parameter to CreateWindow or CreateWindowEx **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\n#define kQ3ViewerClassName \"QD3DViewerWindow\"\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** Win32 Clipboard type **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\n#define kQ3ViewerClipboardFormat \"QuickDraw 3D Metafile\"\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** Return viewer version number **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\n#if CALL_NOT_IN_CARBON\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerGetVersion (unsigned long * majorRevision,\r\n unsigned long * minorRevision);\r\n\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** Return viewer release version number **\r\n ** (in 'vers' format - e.g. 0x01518000 ==> 1.5.1 release) **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerGetReleaseVersion (unsigned long * releaseRevision);\r\n\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** Creation and destruction **\r\n ** Note that this is not a QuickDraw 3D object **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3ViewerObject )\r\nQ3WinViewerNew (HWND window,\r\n const RECT * rect,\r\n unsigned long flags);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerDispose (TQ3ViewerObject viewer);\r\n\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** Functions to attach data to a WinViewer **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerUseFile (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n HANDLE fileHandle);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerUseData (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n void * data,\r\n unsigned long size);\r\n\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** Functions to write data out from the WinViewer **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerWriteFile (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n HANDLE fileHandle);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerWriteData (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n void * data,\r\n unsigned long dataSize,\r\n unsigned long * actualDataSize);\r\n\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** Use this function to force the WinViewer to re-draw **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerDraw (TQ3ViewerObject viewer);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerDrawContent (TQ3ViewerObject viewer);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerDrawControlStrip (TQ3ViewerObject viewer);\r\n\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** Function used by the WinViewer to filter and handle events **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\nEXTERN_API_C( BOOL )\r\nQ3WinViewerMouseDown (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n long x,\r\n long y);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( BOOL )\r\nQ3WinViewerContinueTracking (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n long x,\r\n long y);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( BOOL )\r\nQ3WinViewerMouseUp (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n long x,\r\n long y);\r\n\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** This function returns a Bitmap of the contents of the **\r\n ** WinViewer's window. ",
" The application should dispose the Bitmap. ",
" **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\nEXTERN_API_C( HBITMAP )\r\nQ3WinViewerGetBitmap (TQ3ViewerObject viewer);\r\n\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** Calls for dealing with Buttons **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerGetButtonRect (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n unsigned long button,\r\n RECT * rectangle);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( unsigned long )\r\nQ3WinViewerGetCurrentButton (TQ3ViewerObject viewer);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerSetCurrentButton (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n unsigned long button);\r\n\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** Functions to set/get the group to be displayed by the WinViewer. ",
" **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerUseGroup (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n TQ3GroupObject group);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3GroupObject )\r\nQ3WinViewerGetGroup (TQ3ViewerObject viewer);\r\n\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** Functions to set/get the color used to clear the window **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerSetBackgroundColor (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n TQ3ColorARGB * color);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerGetBackgroundColor (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n TQ3ColorARGB * color);\r\n\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** Getting/Setting a WinViewer's View object. ",
" **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3ViewObject )\r\nQ3WinViewerGetView (TQ3ViewerObject viewer);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerRestoreView (TQ3ViewerObject viewer);\r\n\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** Calls for setting/getting WinViewer flags **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerSetFlags (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n unsigned long flags);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( unsigned long )\r\nQ3WinViewerGetFlags (TQ3ViewerObject viewer);\r\n\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** Calls related to bounds/dimensions. ",
" Bounds is the size of **\r\n ** the window. ",
" Dimensions can either be the Rect from the ViewHints **\r\n ** or the current dimensions of the window (if you do a Set). ",
" **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerSetBounds (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n RECT * bounds);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerGetBounds (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n RECT * bounds);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerSetDimension (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n unsigned long width,\r\n unsigned long height);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerGetDimension (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n unsigned long * width,\r\n unsigned long * height);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerGetMinimumDimension (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n unsigned long * width,\r\n unsigned long * height);\r\n\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** Window related calls **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerSetWindow (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n HWND window);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( HWND )\r\nQ3WinViewerGetWindow (TQ3ViewerObject viewer);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3ViewerObject )\r\nQ3WinViewerGetViewer (HWND theWindow);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( HWND )\r\nQ3WinViewerGetControlStrip (TQ3ViewerObject viewer);\r\n\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** Adjust Cursor provided for compatibility with Mac Viewer **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Boolean )\r\nQ3WinViewerAdjustCursor (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n long x,\r\n long y);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerCursorChanged (TQ3ViewerObject viewer);\r\n\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** Returns the state of the WinViewer. ",
" See the constant defined at the **\r\n ** top of this file. ",
" **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\nEXTERN_API_C( unsigned long )\r\nQ3WinViewerGetState (TQ3ViewerObject viewer);\r\n\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** Clipboard utilities **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerClear (TQ3ViewerObject viewer);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerCut (TQ3ViewerObject viewer);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerCopy (TQ3ViewerObject viewer);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerPaste (TQ3ViewerObject viewer);\r\n\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** Undo **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerUndo (TQ3ViewerObject viewer);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Boolean )\r\nQ3WinViewerGetUndoString (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n char * theString,\r\n unsigned long stringSize,\r\n unsigned long * actualSize);\r\n\r\n\r\n/******************************************************************************\r\n ** **\r\n ** New Camera Stuff **\r\n ** **\r\n *****************************************************************************/\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerGetCameraCount (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n unsigned long * count);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerSetCameraNumber (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n unsigned long cameraNo);\r\n\r\nEXTERN_API_C( TQ3Status )\r\nQ3WinViewerSetCameraView (TQ3ViewerObject viewer,\r\n TQ3ViewerCameraView viewType);\r\n\r\n#endif /* CALL_NOT_IN_CARBON */\r\n\r\n#endif /* TARGET_OS_WIN32 */\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n#if PRAGMA_ENUM_ALWAYSINT\r\n #pragma enumsalwaysint reset\r\n #ifdef __QD3DWINVIEWER__RESTORE_TWOBYTEINTS\r\n #pragma fourbyteints off\r\n #endif\r\n#elif PRAGMA_ENUM_OPTIONS\r\n #pragma option enum=reset\r\n#elif defined(__QD3DWINVIEWER__RESTORE_PACKED_ENUMS)\r\n #pragma options(pack_enums)\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#if PRAGMA_STRUCT_ALIGN\r\n #pragma options align=reset\r\n#elif PRAGMA_STRUCT_PACKPUSH\r\n #pragma pack(pop)\r\n#elif PRAGMA_STRUCT_PACK\r\n #pragma pack()\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#ifdef PRAGMA_IMPORT_OFF\r\n#pragma import off\r\n#elif PRAGMA_IMPORT\r\n#pragma import reset\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#ifdef __cplusplus\r\n}\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#endif /* __QD3DWINVIEWER__ */\r\n\r\n"
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"Q:\n\nSymfony2 Twig Inject additional blocks\n\nIs there a way with Symfony2 and Twig to always make files available which just contain blocks.",
"\nFor example, if I wanted to make a block named 'cookie' always available in any template in my system, without having to always include or extend it in the template I'm using.",
"\nAny ideas?",
"\n\nClarification\nSay I have a generic block which can do something, like:\n{% block myBlock %}\n ABC Examples\n{% endblock %}\n\nI have a class which knows it wants to be rendered with this block. ",
"My template itself doesn't necessarily know this though.",
"\n {{ block(myObj.blockName) }}\n\nI would then like to have it so my controller/services/etc. ",
"could register the file which contains that block, without my template actually needing to know about it directly (so I could have multiple files like that, each working with some common interface).",
"\nSimilar to registering custom Twig functions with a TwigExtension. ",
"My template doesn't need to explicitly know it's there, it just has to be available at run-time.",
"\nDoes that make sense?",
"\n\nTo clarify a bit further, I'm essentially looking to do something just like how there are default Twig blocks for rendering Forms in Symfony2. ",
"I don't have to include the default form file every time, just when I want to change something.",
"\n\nA:\n\nI went digging around in the Symfony source code to try and find my answer. ",
"It looks like there isn't some fancy, neat way to embed it from a configuration file or controller directly, which is a bit disappointing, but not a huge deal.",
"\nSo, to solve my situation, I'll be using the \"use\" keyword to include my block file in my base template, so it will then be available to everything else.",
"\n{# widget_blocks.html.twig #}\n{# Widgets #}\n{% block my_widget %}\n ABC Cookies\n{% endblock %}\n\n{# base.html.twig #}\n{% use widget_blocks.html.twig %}\n{{ block(my_widget.block) }}\n\nNot exactly what I wanted, but sufficiently close.",
"\n\n"
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"DETROIT, MI - DECEMBER 27: Joique Bell #35 of the Detroit Lions celebrates a second quarter touchdown against the San Francisco 49ers during an NFL game at Ford Field on December 27, 2015 in Detroit, Michigan. (",
"Photo by Dave Reginek/Getty Images)\n\nAllen Park, Mich. –The Detroit Lions announced today that they have signed RB Joique Bell and CB Asa Jackson to the team’s 53-man active roster. ",
"The team also placed DE Armonty Bryant (knee) and CB Quandre Diggs (pectoral) on Reserve/Injured. ",
"In addition, TE Brandon Pettigrew was placed on Reserve/Non-Football Injury (from Reserve/Physically Unable to Perform).",
"\n\nDetroit acquired Jackson off of Baltimore’s practice squad.",
"\n\nBell (5-11, 231) re-joins the Lions after spending four seasons with the team (2012-15), where he appeared in 60 games (15 starts) and totaled 561 carries for 2,235 yards (4.0 avg) and 22 touchdowns, in addition to 161 receptions for 1,640 yards (10.2 avg) and one touchdown during his time in Detroit. ",
"He most recently appeared in four games for the Chicago Bears this season before being released on October 24.",
"\n\nAn undrafted rookie free agent in 2010 with the Philadelphia Eagles out of Detroit’s own Wayne State, Bell first joined the Lions in 2011 after previous stints with the Indianapolis Colts (2010) and New Orleans Saints (2011). ",
"His career totals include 72 games (15 starts), 564 carries, 2,241 rushing yards and 22 touchdowns, as well as 161 receptions, 1,640 receiving yards and one touchdown.",
"\n\nJackson (5-10, 183) comes to Detroit after beginning his NFL career with the Baltimore Ravens (2012-16) as the team’s fifth-round (169 overall) draft selection in 2012 out of Cal Poly. ",
"He most recently spent time as a member of the Ravens practice squad this season.",
"\n\nIn 18 career games (six starts) with the Ravens, Jackson has totaled 27 total tackles (22 solo), one tackle for loss and three pass defenses. ",
"In 2012, he appeared in the team’s AFC Divisional round game vs. Denver (1/12/13)."
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"xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?",
">\n<tei xmlns=\"http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n\t<teiHeader>\n\t\t<fileDesc>\n\t\t\t<sourceDesc>\n\t\t\t\t<biblStruct>\n\t\t\t\t\t<analytic>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<author>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<persName>\nq\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<forename>Arnar</forename>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<surname>Geirsson</surname>,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<lb/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<marker>a</marker>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</persName>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<persName>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<forename>Raymond</forename>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<middlename>J</middlename> .",
"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<surname>Lynch</surname> ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<lb/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<marker>a</marker>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</persName>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<persName>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<forename>Indu</forename>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<surname>Paliwal</surname> ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<lb/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<marker>a</marker>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</persName>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<persName>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<forename>Alfred</forename>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<middlename>L</middlename>.",
"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<middlename>M</middlename> .",
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"# Day 6 : ハイブリッド並列\n\n<!--- ",
"abstract --->\nこれまで、並列化の手段としてMPIを使った「プロセス並列」を行ってきた。",
"\n最初に述べたように、並列化には他にも「スレッド並列」という手段がある。",
"\nプロセス並列が分散メモリ型、スレッド並列が共有メモリ型であり、\nスレッド並列だけではノードをまたぐことができないので、普通「スパコンを使う」\nというとプロセス並列が必須になる。",
"\nさて、MPIを使ったプロセス並列「だけ」による並列化を「flat-MPI」と呼ぶ。",
"\n一方、プロセス並列とスレッド並列を併用する並列化を「ハイブリッド並列」と呼ぶ。",
"\n当然のことながら、ハイブリッド並列は、プロセス並列単体、スレッド並列単体よりも\n面倒になるので、できることならやりたくない。しかし、アプリケーションや\nサイズによっては、ハイブリッド並列を選択せざるを得ない場合もあるだろう。",
"\nここでは、スレッド並列を行うときの注意点や、ハイブリッド並列の実例について見てみよう。",
"\n<!--- ",
"end --->\n\n## 仮想メモリとTLB\n\nプロセス並列ではあまり気にしなくてよかったが、スレッド並列を行う時には\n気にしなければいけないものとして「NUMA」というものがある。",
"\n「NUMA」を気にするためには、仮想メモリについて知らないといけない。",
"\nというわけで、仮想メモリについて見てみよう。",
"\n\nOSは実に様々なことをやっているが、特に重要な仕事に「メモリ管理」がある。",
"\n物理的には「メモリ」はマザーボードに刺さったDRAMを指すが、\nOSの管理下で動くプロセスから見える「メモリ」は、それを仮想化したものである。",
"\nプロセスにとっては連続に見えるメモリも、実はDRAM上にバラバラに割り付けられて\nいるかもしれない。OSは、「プロセスから見えるアドレス」と「物理的にDRAMに割り当てられたアドレス」を\nうまいこと変換して、プロセスが物理メモリを意識しないで済むようにしている。",
"\nこのような仕組みを「仮想メモリ (virtual memory)」と呼ぶ。",
"\n仮想メモリを扱う利点としては、\n\n* OSがメモリを管理してくれるので複数のプロセスがお互いのメモリを気にしなくて良くなる(セキュリティ上も好ましい)\n* 物理的には不連続であっても、プロセスから見ると連続アドレスに見えるようにできる\n* メモリが足りない時にハードディスクなどにスワップすることで、物理メモリより大きな論理メモリ空間がとれる\n\nなどが挙げられる。なお、Windowsでは「ハードディスクにスワップする領域の上限」のことを「仮想メモリ」と呼んでいるようなので注意。",
"\n\n実際に、プロセスごとに固有の仮想メモリが与えられているのを見てみよう。こんなコード(`vmem.cpp`)を書いてみる。",
"\n\n```cpp\n#include <cstdio>\n#include <mpi.h>\n\nint rank;\n\nint main(int argc, char **argv) {\n MPI_Init(&argc, &argv);\n MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &rank);\n printf(\"rank = %d, address = %x\\n\", rank, &rank);\n MPI_Finalize();\n}\n```\n\nこれは、`int`型の変数`rank`の値とアドレスを表示するコードである。",
"\n関数の中に入れるとスタック内のアドレスになってしまうので(まぁそれでもいいんだけど)、\nグローバル変数として宣言してある。これを **Linux** で実行するとこんな感じになる。",
"\n\n```sh\n$ mpic++ vmem.cpp \n$ mpirun -np 4 ./a.out\nrank = 0, address = 611e64\nrank = 1, address = 611e64\nrank = 3, address = 611e64\nrank = 2, address = 611e64\n```\n\nすべて同じアドレスであるにもかかわらず、値が異なるのがわかるだろう。",
"\nこれは、4プロセス立ち上がったそれぞれから「見える」アドレス空間が、物理的には異なる\nアドレスに割り当てられているからである。",
"\n\nなお、上記のコードをMacで実行するとこうなる。",
"\n\n```sh\n$ mpirun -np 4 --oversubscribe ./a.out\nrank = 1, address = cae26d8\nrank = 2, address = fe426d8\nrank = 3, address = ff4c6d8\nrank = 0, address = 40c36d8\n```\n\n論理的には同じ場所にあるはずの`rank`が、てんでバラバラのアドレスにあることがわかる。",
"\nこれは、Mac OSXが「アドレス空間ランダム化(Address Space Layout Randomization, ASLR)」と呼ばれる\nセキュリティ技術を採用しているからである。ディストリビューションによってはLinuxでもこれをやっているかもしれない。",
"\nまぁそれはさておき。",
"\n\n話の本筋からはやや外れるのだが、せっかく仮想メモリの話が出たので、合わせてTLBの話もしておこう。",
"\nOSは、プロセスから見える「論理アドレス」と、実際にDRAMに割り当てる「物理アドレス」は、「ページ」と\n呼ばれる単位で管理している。メモリをある程度のまとまりごとにわけ、それを「ページ」と呼ぶ。",
"\n論理アドレスと物理アドレスの対応は「ページテーブルエントリ (PTE)」と呼ばれ、それをまとめたデータを「ページテーブル」と呼ぶ。",
"\nプロセスからメモリのアクセス要求があったら、ページテーブルを見てプロセスの論理アドレスから物理アドレスに変換してやる必要がある。",
"\nページサイズを調べるには`getconf`を使う。",
"\n\n```sh\n$ getconf PAGESIZE\n4096\n```\n\n一般に、ページサイズは4096 Byteに取ることが多い。すると、[1GBのメモリは26万2144個のPTEで管理される](http://ascii.jp/elem/000/000/567/567889/)ことになる。これだけの数をキャッシュに乗せるのは不可能であるため、基本的にはページテーブルはメモリ上に置かれる。すると、メモリにアクセスする際にキャッシュミスをすると、まず論理アドレスを物理アドレスに変換するためにメモリにアクセスし、物理アドレスがわかったらそのアドレスにアクセス、とメモリアクセスが二回発生してしまう。これを防ぐために、一度アクセスしたPTEを記憶する、特別なキャッシュが用意されている。これがTLB (Translation Lookaside Buffer)である。これもキャッシュの一種であるため、キャッシュのようにL1、L2のような階層構造を持っている。キャッシュの大きさはバイト数で指定されるが、TLBはエントリ数で指定される。TLBの情報を見るには`x86info`が便利だ。",
"\nCentOSなら、\n\n```sh\nsudo yum install x86info\n```\n\nで入る。他のパッケージにもだいたい入っていると思う。キャッシュの情報を見るには`-c`を指定する。",
"\n以下は Intel Xeon Gold 6130 (Skylake)上で実行した結果である。",
"\n\n```txt\nx86info v1.31pre\nFound 32 identical CPUs\nExtended Family: 0 Extended Model: 5 Family: 6 Model: 85 Stepping: 4\nType: 0 (Original OEM)\nCPU Model (x86info's best guess): Core i7 (Skylake-X)\nProcessor name string (BIOS programmed): Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6130 CPU @ 2.10GHz\n\nCache info\n L1 Data Cache: 32KB, 8-way associative, 64 byte line size\n L1 Instruction Cache: 32KB, 8-way associative, 64 byte line size\n L2 Unified Cache: 1024KB, 16-way associative, 64 byte line size\n L3 Unified Cache: 22528KB, 11-way associative, 64 byte line size\nTLB info\n Instruction TLB: 2M/4M pages, fully associative, 8 entries\n Instruction TLB: 4K pages, 8-way associative, 128 entries\n Data TLB: 1GB pages, 4-way set associative, 4 entries\n Data TLB: 4KB pages, 4-way associative, 64 entries\n Shared L2 TLB: 4KB/2MB pages, 6-way associative, 1536 entries\n 64 byte prefetching.",
"\nTotal processor threads: 32\nThis system has 2 eight-core processors with hyper-threading (2 threads per core) running at an estimated 2.10GHz\n```\n\nキャッシュの構造について知っている人なら、命令用TLBとデータ用TLBが分けられていたり、L1、L2の区別があり、L2は命令用とデータ用が共通になっているなど、キャッシュと同じような構造をしていることがわかるだろう。さて、一番大きなTLBでも、エントリ数は1536しかない。デフォルトでは1ページが4KBなので、これをフルに活用しても、6MBちょっとのメモリ空間しか管理できない。したがってそれより大きなデータを扱う場合にはTLBミスが起きることになる。",
"\nしかし、先程の表示で`Shared L2 TLB: 4KB/2MB pages`と書いてあったように、このTLBは2MBのページを管理することもできる。1ページを2MBにすれば、1536エントリで3GBのメモリ空間をカバーすることができる。このように、通常より大きなサイズのページを使うことを**ラージページ (Large Page)**、もしくは **ヒュージページ (Huge Page)** と呼ぶ。ラージページのサイズは`meminfo`で確認できる。",
"\n\n```sh\n$ cat /proc/meminfo |grep Hugepagesize\nHugepagesize: 2048 kB\n```\n\n確かに2MBになっていることがわかる。ラージページを使うことで、TLBミスの低減が期待できるが、メモリの最小管理サイズが大きくなるため、メモリの利用に無駄が多くなり、実質的にメモリ使用量が増える。また、**ラージページはスワップアウトされない**ということも覚えておくと良い。仮想メモリでは、メモリが足りなくなるとページ単位でディスクにメモリを逃がすスワッピングを行うが、ラージページはスワップされない。もしラージページをスワップアウト(ディスクへの書き出し)した場合、あとで必要になってスワップイン(メモリへの読み戻し)する時に、ラージページのサイズだけ**連続した物理メモリ**を用意してやる必要があるが、断片化などによりそれが保証できないためである。",
"\n\n## 余談：TLBミスについて\n\n\n\nTLBもキャッシュの一種であるから、通常のキャッシュと同様にキャッシュミスを起こす。最近はメモリ空間が大きくなったため、ページテーブルは多段階で管理されている。現在の一般的なマシンは64 bitなので、理論的には16 エクサバイトのメモリ空間を表現できる(正確にはEiB、つまりエクスビバイトだがそれはさておく)。しかし、現実にはそんなに大きなメモリ空間は(まだ)実現できないため、48 bitで256 テラバイトを表現する。現在のx86は、この48ビットの論理アドレスを5つの部分にわける。最下位の12ビットが、ページ内のどの場所にあるかを表すオフセットである。12ビット、すなわち4096バイトがページサイズとなる。その上位の9ビットを4セットが、ページの「住所」を表す。例えばそれぞれ「東京都」「千代田区」「一丁目」「一番地」といった具合である。イメージとしては、最初の4つで建物を指定し、最後のオフセットが部屋番号だと思えば良い。いま、「住所(論理アドレス)」が与えられた時、その住所が示す地球上での座標(物理アドレス)を探すことを考える。まず、都道府県の対応表(ページテーブル)を見て「東京」がどこにあるかを調べ、次に都内で「千代田区」がどこにあるかを調べ・・・と、4段階の検索を行って、ようやく論理アドレスと物理アドレスが対応付けられる。こうして、ページテーブルをたどっていって物理アドレスを解決することを **ページウォーク** と呼ぶ。また、ラージページを扱う場合には、最後の9ビットもオフセットとして用いる。するとページサイズを表すビット数が12+9=21ビットとなり、ページサイズが2**21=2097152、つまり2MiBとなることがわかる。住所の階層を一段階「粗く」して、その分最後の家を超高層ビルにしたようなイメージである。",
"\n\n\n\nいずれにせよ、ページウォークは時間がかかる作業であるため、一度調べたページテーブルエントリをキャッシュしたくなる。これがTLBであった。CPUはキャッシュと同様にハードウェアとしてTLBを持っている。一般にTLBミスはページウォークを伴うためにコストが高い。しかし、TLBミスが頻繁に起きるということは、TLBエントリ数に比べてずっと多い数のページをプログラムが触っている、ということである。これは使用メモリの局所性が低いことを意味するから、一緒にキャッシュミスも起きている可能性が高い。頻繁にキャッシュミスを起こしていれば性能は全くでないため、通常はそっちの方が問題になることが多く、それを解決すればTLBミスも一緒に減ることが多い(気がする)。しかし、現実にはキャッシュはあまり問題を起こしていないのに、TLBミスが深刻な影響を与えることがたまにある。",
"\n\nかなりアドバンストな話題となるが、キャッシュは、ハッシュのような仕組みでデータを保存している。大雑把にいえば論理アドレスからハッシュ値を作り、そのハッシュ値によってキャッシュのどこにそのメモリを置くかを決める。したがって、メモリの別々の場所にあるにもかかわらず、ハッシュ値がぶつかるためにキャッシュ上の場所が同じになってしまうことがある。そして、運悪くそのデータを交互にアクセスするようなプログラムになっていると、キャッシュのサイズには余裕があるにもかかわらず、同じデータをキャッシュインしてはキャッシュアウトすることを繰り返し、性能が極端に劣化してしまう。これを **キャッシュスラッシング** と呼ぶ。",
"\n多次元配列なんかを扱っていて、その次元を変えたとき、あるサイズだけ極端に性能が劣化したりした場合は、このキャッシュスラッシングが起きている可能性が高い。",
"\n\nさて、TLBもキャッシュであるから、全く同様な原理でスラッシングが起きる。これをTLBスラッシングと呼ぶ。個人的な経験だが、とあるサイトで自分のコードがflat-MPIでは全く問題なく高並列で性能がでるのに、ハイブリッドにすると全く等価な計算をしているにもかかわらず高並列実行時に性能ブレが発生し、結果としてかなり性能が劣化してしまう、ということが起きた。その原因究明のために不要なルーチンを削って「犯人探し」をしていると、最終的に**全く呼ばれていない関数を含むオブジェクトファイルをリンクすると性能が劣化、リンクしないと劣化しない**という状況になった。繰り返すが、「使っていない関数を含むオブジェクトファイルをリンクするかどうか」で、性能が20%近くもぶれてしまうのである。flat-MPIの場合にはこれは起きず、ハイブリッド並列の時だけ起きた。",
"\n結局、これはTLBスラッシングが起きていたためとわかり、ページサイズを変えることで性能劣化が抑えられたのだが、今でも「なぜハイブリッドだとTLBスラッシングが起きたのか」はよくわかってない。あのGotoBLASで有名な後藤さんも、いくつかの論文で行列積におけるTLBの影響が大きいことを指摘している。",
"\n\n* [On Reducing TLB Misses in Matrix Multiplication (2002) by Kazushige Goto and Robert van de Geijn](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.12.4905)\n* [Anatomy of high-performance matrix multiplication](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1356052.1356053)\n\n他にもハイブリッド実行時に性能ブレが発生し、結果として並列性能が劣化するのだが、その原因としてTLBミスが疑わしい場合が結構あるらしい。そのあたり、TLBの扱いをハードウェアでどう扱っているか、またマルチスレッドのとき、マルチプロセスのときにどうしてるかなど、実装に強く依存しているっぽいので、「どうなってるかよくわからない」というのが筆者の正直な気持ちである。",
"\n\nなお、余談の余談となるが、論理アドレスは8バイトアラインされているため、アドレスを2進数表記すると下位3ビットは必ず0となる。glibcのmallocは、これを利用してメモリ(チャンク)の状態を記録する。詳細はkosakiさんによる[malloc動画](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-vWT-t0UHg)、もしくは[mallocの旅(glibc)編](https://www.slideshare.net/kosaki55tea/glibc-malloc)を参照してほしい。",
"\n\n## NUMA\n\nさて、計算ノードは「メモリ」と「CPU」でできているのだが、最近はCPUもマルチコアになったり、\nマルチソケットになったりして、ノード内はかなり複雑になっている。",
"\n\n\n\n上図では、CPUが4つ搭載されており、それぞれにメモリがつながっている。CPU同士もバスで接続されており、例えば左下のCPUから\n右上のメモリにアクセスすることも可能であるが、自分の近くに接続されているメモリにアクセスするよりは\n時間がかかってしまう。このように、CPUから見て「近いメモリ」「遠いメモリ」が存在する構成のことを\n「非対称メモリアクセス(Non-uniform Memory Access, NUMA)」と呼ぶ。",
"\n「NUMA」をなんと呼ぶのが一般的なのかよく知らないのだが、筆者は「ぬ〜ま」と呼んでいる。",
"\n他にも「ぬま」や「にゅーま」と発音している人もいる。なぜNUMAが必要となるかはここでは深入りしないので、\n気になる人は各自調べて欲しい。",
"\n\nさて、論理メモリは、宣言しただけではまだ物理メモリは割り当てられない。",
"\n例えば、以下のような配列宣言があったとする。",
"\n\n```cpp\ndouble a[4096];\n```\n\n倍精度実数は一つ8バイトであるため、ページサイズが4096バイトならば、この配列全体で8枚のページを割り当てる必要がある。",
"\nしかし、宣言した瞬間には物理メモリは割り当てられない。物理メモリが割り当てられるのは、この配列に始めてアクセスした時である。",
"\nはじめて配列に触ったとき、対応するページを物理メモリに割り当てるのだが、その物理メモリは\n「触ったスレッドが走っていたコアに一番近いメモリ」が選ばれる。",
"\nこれを「ファーストタッチの原則」と呼ぶ。一度物理メモリが割り当てられたら、開放されるまでずっとそのままである。",
"\nしたがって、そこから遠いコアで走るスレッドが触りにいったら時間がかかることになる。",
"\n\nflat-MPIをやっている場合は、各プロセスごとに独立な論理メモリを持っているため、原則として、あるプロセス(のメインスレッド)が\n触ったページを、他のスレッドが触りにくる可能性はない(ここではプロセスマイグレーションなどは考えていない)。",
"\nしかし、スレッド並列をしている場合には「最初に触ったスレッドと、計算をするスレッドが異なる可能性」がある。",
"\n\n\n\nこれが問題となるのは「初期化処理は軽いから」と、大きな配列の初期化をメインスレッドでやって、\n全てのページがメインスレッドの近くに割り当てられてしまい、いざ重い処理をしようとしたら\nすべてのスレッドから「メインスレッドが走るCPU」にデータの要求が来て遅くなる、というパターンである。",
"\nこれを防ぐには、予め「あとで処理をするスレッド」が「始めてそのページを触るように」してやらないといけない。",
"\n\n## OpenMPの例\n\nさて、いよいよOpenMPによるスレッド並列を行うが、その前にシリアルコードのプロファイルを取ろう。",
"\nプロファイルとは、実行コードの性能分析のことで、最も簡単には関数ごとにどこがどれだけ時間を使っているか調べる。",
"\n性能分析には`perf`を使うのが良い。残念ながらMacには`perf`相当のツールがなく、同様な目的に使われる`gprof`も正常に動作しないため、\n以下では`perf`が使えるLinuxを想定する。実行環境は以下の通り。",
"\n\n* Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2680 v3 @ 2.50GHz 12コア x 2ソケット\n\nまず、シリアルコードとしてDay 4で使ったGray Scottモデルの計算を使おう。純粋に計算のみをカウントするため、途中のファイル出力を削除し、また実行時間を測定するようにしたものが`gs.cpp`である。",
"\n\n[https://github.com/kaityo256/sevendayshpc/blob/master/day6/gs.cpp](https://github.com/kaityo256/sevendayshpc/blob/master/day6/gs.cpp)\n\nただし、デバッグのために最終結果だけファイルに出力している。コンパイルして`perf`でプロファイルをとってみよう。まず、`perf record`で記録を取る。",
"\n\n```sh\n$ g++ -O3 -mavx2 -std=c++11 -fopenmp gs.cpp -o gs.out\n$ perf record ./gs.out\n2527 [ms]\nconf000.dat\n[ perf record: Woken up 1 times to write data ]\n[ perf record: Captured and wrote 0.113 MB perf.data (~4953 samples) ]\n```\n\n実行時間が2527 msで、`conf000.dat`を出力したことがわかる。後のためにこれを`conf000.org`か何かにリネームしておこう。",
"\n`perf`によって記録されたプロファイルデータは、`perf.data`として保存されている。これは`perf report`で中身を見ることができる。",
"\n\n```sh\nperf report\n```\n\n環境によるが、こんな画面が出てくる。",
"\n\n\n\nいろいろ出てきているが、とりあえずメインの計算ルーチン`calc`が計算時間の99.36%を占めるのを確認すれば良い。",
"\nこのように一番「重い」関数のことを **ホットスポット(hotspot)** と呼ぶ。ホットスポットが90%以上を占めるような計算コードはチューニングがやりやすい。",
"\n\nさて、一番重い関数はこんな感じになっている。",
"\n\n```cpp\nvoid calc(vd &u, vd &v, vd &u2, vd &v2) {\n// 外側ループ\n for (int iy = 1; iy < L - 1; iy++) {\n // 内側ループ\n for (int ix = 1; ix < L - 1; ix++) {\n double du = 0;\n double dv = 0;\n const int i = ix + iy * L;\n du = Du * laplacian(ix, iy, u);\n dv = Dv * laplacian(ix, iy, v);\n du += calcU(u[i], v[i]);\n dv += calcV(u[i], v[i]);\n u2[i] = u[i] + du * dt;\n v2[i] = v[i] + dv * dt;\n }\n }\n}\n```\n\n二重ループになっている。OpenMPは、並列実行したいループの直前にディレクティブを入れて、「このループを並列化してください」と指示することで並列化する。スレッド並列する時には、ループインデックス間に依存性がないか確認しなければならないのだが、今回はたまたまループインデックス間に全く依存関係がないので、好きなように並列化してよい(たまたまというか、そうなるように題材を選んだわけだが)。",
"\n\nまずは内側のループにディレクティブを入れてみよう。`#pragma omp parallel for`というディレクティブを対象ループの直前に入れるだけでよい。",
"\n\n[https://github.com/kaityo256/sevendayshpc/blob/master/day6/gs_omp1.cpp](https://github.com/kaityo256/sevendayshpc/blob/master/day6/gs_omp1.cpp)\n\n```cpp\nvoid calc(vd &u, vd &v, vd &u2, vd &v2) {\n for (int iy = 1; iy < L - 1; iy++) {\n#pragma omp parallel for\n for (int ix = 1; ix < L - 1; ix++) {\n double du = 0;\n double dv = 0;\n const int i = ix + iy * L;\n du = Du * laplacian(ix, iy, u);\n dv = Dv * laplacian(ix, iy, v);\n du += calcU(u[i], v[i]);\n dv += calcV(u[i], v[i]);\n u2[i] = u[i] + du * dt;\n v2[i] = v[i] + dv * dt;\n }\n }\n}\n```\n\n実行してみよう。スレッド数は環境変数`OMP_NUM_THREADS`で指定する。12コア2ソケットマシンなので、全体で24コアあるから、24スレッドで走らせてみよう。ついでにtimeコマンドをかましてCPUがどれだけ使われているかも見てみる。",
"\n\n```sh\n$ time OMP_NUM_THREADS=24 ./gs_omp1.out\n24 threads 24078 [ms]\nconf000.dat\nOMP_NUM_THREADS=24 ./gs_omp1.out 573.12s user 1.72s system 2384% cpu 24.103 total\n```\n\n2384%、つまり24コア使われているのは間違いなさそうだが、シリアルコードで2527msだったのが、24078ms、つまり**並列化により10倍遅くなった**ことになる。ついでに結果が正しいことも確認しておこう(**基本！**)。",
"\n\n```sh\ndiff conf000.org conf000.dat\n\n```\n\n問題なさそうですね。",
"\n\n次に、外側を並列化してみよう。",
"\n\n[https://github.com/kaityo256/sevendayshpc/blob/master/day6/gs_omp2.cpp](https://github.com/kaityo256/sevendayshpc/blob/master/day6/gs_omp2.cpp)\n\n```cpp\nvoid calc(vd &u, vd &v, vd &u2, vd &v2) {\n#pragma omp parallel for\n for (int iy = 1; iy < L - 1; iy++) {\n for (int ix = 1; ix < L - 1; ix++) {\n double du = 0;\n double dv = 0;\n const int i = ix + iy * L;\n du = Du * laplacian(ix, iy, u);\n dv = Dv * laplacian(ix, iy, v);\n du += calcU(u[i], v[i]);\n dv += calcV(u[i], v[i]);\n u2[i] = u[i] + du * dt;\n v2[i] = v[i] + dv * dt;\n }\n }\n}\n```\n\n同じような計算をしてみよう。",
"\n\n```sh\n$ time OMP_NUM_THREADS=24 ./gs_omp2.out\n24 threads 411 [ms]\nconf000.dat\nOMP_NUM_THREADS=24 ./gs_omp2.out 9.16s user 0.02s system 2194% cpu 0.418 total\n\n$ diff conf000.org conf000.dat\n\n```\n\n今度は早くなった。結果も正しいようだ。しかし、24コアを使っているのに、実行速度が6.4倍にしかなっていない。並列化効率にして27%程度である。",
"\nちなみに、12スレッド実行にしても、実行時間がたいして変わらない。",
"\n\n```sh\n$ time OMP_NUM_THREADS=12 ./gs_omp2.out\n12 threads 410 [ms]\nconf000.dat\nOMP_NUM_THREADS=12 ./gs_omp2.out 4.91s user 0.01s system 1185% cpu 0.415 total\n```\n\n並列数が半分になって、実行時間がたいしてかわらないので、並列化効率も51%にまで改善した。このように、\n\n* 二重ループの内側と外側、どちらを並列化するかで性能が全く変わる。むしろ並列化により遅くなる場合もある。",
"\n* スレッドを増やせば増やすほど性能が良くなるわけではない。あるところからスレッドを増やすとむしろ性能が劣化する場合もある。",
"\n\nということがわかる。",
"\n\nさて、なんで並列化して遅くなったのか見てみよう。まずは内側にディレクティブを入れた場合のコードを、1スレッド実行した場合のプロファイルである。",
"\n見やすくするために、`perf report`の結果を`cat`にパイプしよう。`perf report`はデフォルトで結果をTUIインタフェースにより表示する(`--tui`)が、\nパイプをつないだ場合には標準出力に結果を流す(`--stdio`)。`--sort`は、ソートするキーを指定する。デフォルトでは関数ごとに表示されるが、`dso`を指定すると、シェアードライブラリごとにまとめてくれる。",
"\n\n```sh\n$ OMP_NUM_THREADS=1 perf record ./gs_omp1.out\n1 threads 3690 [ms]\nconf000.dat\n[ perf record: Woken up 1 times to write data ]\n[ perf record: Captured and wrote 0.157 MB perf.data (~6859 samples) ]\n\n$ perf report --sort dso | cat\n(snip)\n# Overhead Shared Object\n# ........ .................\n#\n 68.91% gs_omp1.out\n 22.04% [kernel.kallsyms]\n 6.51% libgomp.so.1.0.0\n 2.52% libc-2.11.3.so\n 0.03% [obdclass]\n```\n\n「Overhead」が、全体の時間に占める割合だが、自分のプログラムである`gs_omp1.out`が68%しか占めていないことがわかる。",
"\n`libgomp.so.1.0.0`はOpenMPの実装である。",
"\n同じことをスレッド並列していないコード`gs.out`でやるとこうなる。",
"\n\n```sh\n$ perf record ./gs.out\n2422 [ms]\nconf000.dat\n[ perf record: Woken up 1 times to write data ]\n[ perf record: Captured and wrote 0.109 MB perf.data (~4758 samples) ]\n\n$ perf report --sort dso | cat\n# Overhead Shared Object\n# ........ .................\n#\n 99.77% gs.out\n 0.21% [kernel.kallsyms]\n 0.02% [obdclass]\n```\n\nつまり、ここで増えた`kernel.kallsyms`とか`libgomp.so.1.0.0`が、スレッド並列化によるオーバーヘッドであることがわかる。",
"\n実際、3690 msの68.91%は2542msであり、シリアルコードの実行時間とほぼ同じであることがわかる。",
"\n\n同様なことを外側にディレクティブを入れた場合でやってみると、変なオーバーヘッドがないことがわかる。",
"\n\n```sh\n$ OMP_NUM_THREADS=1 perf record ./gs_omp2.out\n2342 [ms]\nconf000.dat\n[ perf record: Woken up 1 times to write data ]\n[ perf record: Captured and wrote 0.106 MB perf.data (~4615 samples) ]\n\n$ perf report --sort dso | cat\n(snip)\n# Overhead Shared Object\n# ........ .................\n#\n 99.21% gs_omp2.out\n 0.39% [kernel.kallsyms]\n 0.30% libgomp.so.1.0.0\n 0.13% libc-2.11.3.so\n```\n\n内側と外側、それぞれにディレクティブを入れた場合について、スレッド数を増やして行った場合、計算にかかったコストと、それ以外のオーバーヘッドをグラフにした。",
"\n\n内側に入れた場合。",
"\n\n\n\n青が実際に計算しているところで、赤がオーバーヘッドである。計算時間は順調に減っているのだが、実行時間のほとんどをオーバーヘッドが占めるという、かなり悲惨なことになっている。",
"\n\n次に、外側にディレクティブを入れた場合。",
"\n\n\n\n先程と同様に青が実際に計算しているところで、赤がオーバーヘッドである。スレッド数を増やすほど計算時間は減るが、それに伴ってオーバーヘッドが増えてしまい、12スレッドのところで最も性能が良くなることがわかる。ちなみに先程は12スレッドと24スレッドはほぼ同じ時間だったが、perfをとった時には24スレッドの方が遅くなった。もともとこれだけ計算が軽い場合のスレッド並列は実行時間がかなり揺らぐので、このくらいは誤差の範囲である。",
"\n\n## 性能評価\n\nさて、外側にディレクティブを入れて並列化した場合はそこそこうまくいったが、それでも24スレッド実行時の並列化効率は27%と低い値であった。効率だけ見るとかなり改善の余地がありそうなので、いろいろチューニングをしたくなる。しかし、チューニングを検討する前に、そもそもこの数字が良いのか悪いのか、悪いのなら理想に比べてどれだけ悪いのか考えて見よう。",
"\n\nそもそも、この計算は全部で20000ステップの計算をしているのであった。シリアルの計算が2422 msなので、1ループあたり120 nsくらいで回っていることになる。",
"\nこれを24スレッドで理想的に並列化したとすると、ループあたり5 nsしかない。24スレッドが同期するのに平均5nsとしても並列化効率50%である。実際には、24スレッド実行時に計算が平均7ns、同期コストが20ns程度かかっている。12スレッド実行の時には、9.7 ns、同期コストが5.7nsである。計算したのは12コア2ソケットのマシンなので、CPU内12コアの同期に6ns弱、2CPU24コアすべてが同期するのに20nsというのは、まぁ妥当な気がする。ということは、この計算はそもそも同期コストに比べて計算が軽すぎるのが問題なのであって、今後ループ結合やループ分割といった最適化を頑張ったとしても劇的に性能が向上したりする余地はなさそうだな、ということがわかるであろう。",
"\n\nちなみに、内側を並列化した場合は、さらに外側のループの回転数だけ同期コストが増える。いま`L=128`で、ループの回転数が`L-2`なので、外側を並列化する場合に比べて同期回数が126倍かかる。これはかなりしんどそうだな、ということが想像できる。",
"\n\nん？並列化効率がものたりない？ **",
"だからそういう時はサイズを増やせ！**",
"\n\nというわけで、サイズを一辺二倍にしてみよう。",
"\n\n```sh\n$ ./gs.out\n10032 [ms]\nconf000.dat\n\n$ OMP_NUM_THREADS=12 ./gs_omp2.out\n12 threads 1104 [ms]\nconf000.dat\n\n$ OMP_NUM_THREADS=24 ./gs_omp2.out\n24 threads 1023 [ms]\nconf000.dat\n```\n\n二次元系なので、計算が単純に4倍重くなった。",
"\n同期コストはほぼ変わらないため、相対的に並列化効率は良くなる。この場合は、12スレッドで並列化効率76%、24スレッドで41%である。",
"\nサイズを増やせば増やすほど効率が高くなることが想像できよう。",
"\n\n一般論として、スレッド並列において同期コストが見えてしまった時、そのコストをなんとかしようと努力するのは、苦労のわりに実入りが少ない。なので、そういう時には計算するモデルを見直し、同期コストが見えないほど重い計算をすれば良い。繰り返しになるが**並列化効率で困ったらウィースケーリングに逃げてサイズで殴れ！**。せっかく「並列化」という武器を手に入れたのだから、その武器を手に入れる前の敵とばかり戦うのではなく、その武器が最大限輝く敵を探す方が有益である。",
"\n\n本当はOpenMPについてもう少し真面目に、たとえばNUMA最適化やLoop Fusion/Fission/Collapseなども扱おうかと思ったのだが、正直面倒くさくなった。個人的な感想で申し訳ないのだが、ディレクティブベースの最適化はコンパイラが何をやっているかが分かりづらく、隔靴掻痒の感があってどうしても好きになれない。",
"\n\nOpenMPには様々な構文があり、実にいろいろなことができる。OpenMPについてはネットに良い文献が多数落ちているが、例えばIntelによる以下の文献がわかりやすかったので参照されたい。",
"\n\n[インテルコンパイラーOpenMP入門](http://jp.xlsoft.com/documents/intel/compiler/525J-001.pdf)\n\nまた、名大の片桐先生による講義資料も詳しいので一読されたい。",
"\n\n[計算科学技術特論 第三回 OpenMPの基礎](http://www.r-ccs.riken.jp/r-ccssite/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/tokuronA_17_3_katagiri_r1.pdf)\n\n## 余談：ロックの話\n\nスレッド数が増えた時に、スレッドの同期コストが問題になると書いた。同期とは「待ち合わせ」のことである。修学旅行などで自由行動があったりするが、次の場所に移動する際には一度集合場所に集まって、全員がそろっているか確認しなければならない。この時、先に集合場所についた人は、後から来る人を待つことになる。この待ち時間が同期コストである。そう思うと、同期待ちの時にはCPUは遊んでいそうな気がするが、実際にほとんど同期待ちでCPUが「遊んでいる」はずのコードをtimeコマンドで実行してみると、\n\n```sh\n$ time OMP_NUM_THREADS=24 ./gs_omp1.out\n24 threads 24078 [ms]\nconf000.dat\nOMP_NUM_THREADS=24 ./gs_omp1.out 573.12s user 1.72s system 2384% cpu 24.103 total\n```\n\nと、24コアのCPUを2384%使っており、「ほぼ全てのCPUコアが忙しく動いていた」ことがわかる。これが何をやっているのか見てみよう。",
"\n`perf report`コマンドは、そのまま実行するとTUIモードになる。「内側」をスレッド並列化し、非常に非効率的になったコードを`perf record`で記録してみよう。",
"\n\n```sh\nOMP_NUM_THREADS=24 record ./gs_omp1.out\n```\n\n実行が終了したら、`perf report`してみる。こんな画面になるだろう。",
"\n\n\n\n`gomp_barrier_wait_end`とか`gomp_team_barrier_wait_end`みたいな、いかにも同期待ち向けの関数が並んでいることがわかる。",
"\n`perf`は、関数の内部を見ることができる。まずは`gomp_barrier_wait`を見てみよう。",
"\nカーソルキーの上下で目的の関数を選び、エンターを押すと「Annotate gomp_barrier_wait」という項目があるので、それを選ぶ。こんな画面になるはずだ。",
"\n\n\n\n非常に単純なコードだが、気になる命令がある。`lock`だ。実は`lock`は命令ではなく、命令のプリフィックスである。「後に続く命令をアトミックにしてください」という修飾語のようなものだ。",
"\n`lock`の後には、`inc`や`xchg`、そしてここで出てくる`subl'など、いわゆる「read-modify-write」命令が入る。",
"\n「read-modify-write」とは、「メモリから何かを読み出し、修正して、書き戻す」という一連の動作である。普通はこの動作はアトミックにならない。",
"\nアトミックとは「不可分である、分けられない」という意味である。アトミックでない場合、この一連の動作の合間に他のスレッドの動作が割り込んでくる可能性がある。",
"\nマルチスレッドでこういうことが起きるといろいろ困ることがある。よく言われるのが銀行のATMの例だ。今、100万円の貯金がある口座から、2つのATMからほぼ同時に1万円を\n引き出すことを考える。ATMがするべき動作は「銀行残高を読み出し(read)、1万円を引いて(modify)、残額を書き戻す(99万円)」の三つである。",
"\nところが、ATM1とATM2で同時に「銀行残高を読み出し(read)」たとする。ATM1もATM2も残高は100万円だと思っている。そしてそれぞれが「1万円を引いて(modify)、残額を書き戻す(99万円)」という残りの動作を行うと、\n合計2万円を引き出したにもかかわらず、残高が99万円になってしまう。こういったことを防ぐために、マルチスレッドをサポートするCPUは\n「read-modify-write」の一連の動作をアトミックに行う命令をハードウェアで持っている。この目的でよく使われるのが「compare-and-swap」、いわゆるCAS命令であるが、ここでは深入りしないことにしよう。",
"\nちなみに、例えば[ピーターソンのアルゴリズム](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0)など、ハードウェアサポートがなくても安全なロックを取る方法も知られているのだが、一般的に遅いので、マルチスレッドの実装にはハードウェアサポートがほぼ必須だと思われる。",
"\n\nさて、さっきの`gomp_barrier_wait`のアセンブリを見てみよう。`libgomp.so`を`objdump`すれば良い。シェアードライブラリの場所は`LD_LIBRARY_PATH`にあるだろうから探してみよう。",
"\n\n```asm\n000000000000a430 <gomp_barrier_wait>:\n a430: 8b 47 04 mov 0x4(%rdi),%eax\n a433: 31 f6 xor %esi,%esi\n a435: 83 e0 fc and $0xfffffffc,%eax\n a438: f0 83 6f 40 01 lock subl $0x1,0x40(%rdi)\n a43d: 40 0f 94 c6 sete %sil\n a441: 01 c6 add %eax,%esi\n a443: e9 08 ff ff ff jmpq a350 <gomp_barrier_wait_end>\n a448: 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 nopl 0x0(%rax,%rax,1)\n a44f: 00\n```\n\nロックを取って、あるメモリの指す値を1減らしたら、`gomp_barrier_wait_end`に飛んでいることがわかる。そこも見てみよう。",
"\n`perf`で調べると、「重かった」のはこのループのようだ。",
"\n\n```asm\n a390: 44 8b 07 mov (%rdi),%r8d\n a393: 41 39 d0 cmp %edx,%r8d\n a396: 75 20 jne a3b8 <gomp_barrier_wait_end+0x68>\n a398: 48 83 c1 01 add $0x1,%rcx\n a39c: 48 39 f1 cmp %rsi,%rcx\n a39f: f3 90 pause \n a3a1: 75 ed jne a390 <gomp_barrier_wait_end+0x40>\n```\n\n見るとわかると思うが、あるメモリの指す場所を監視して、条件を満たしたらアドレス`a3b8`に飛べ、そうでなければアドレス`a390`(抜き出した場所の先頭)に戻れ、というループである。",
"\nつまり、スレッドは同期待ちの間遊んでいるのではなく、条件が満たされるまでひたすらこのこのループを繰り返しているのである。",
"\n例えるなら、赤信号で待っているあいだもずっとエンジンをふかしている状態である。",
"\nこれが「同期待ちで暇そうなのに、なぜかCPUコアが忙しかった理由」である。ここでは「待ち合わせ」でぐるぐる回っていたが、ロックを獲得するのにぐるぐるループでまわる方式を[スピンロック](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF)と言う。アトミックな「read-modify-write」命令があればスピンロックの実装は簡単である。",
"\n詳細は先のWikipediaの記事を参照されたい。",
"\nちなみに、京コンピュータで採用されているCPUはSPARC VIIIfxだが、このCPUにはハードウェアバリアが実装されている。",
"\nどんな実装になっているか詳しくは知らないのだが、スピンロックなどのソフトウェア実装に比べて[10倍以上高速](http://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/JP/archive/imgjp/jmag/vol63-3/paper04.pdf)とのことである。",
"\n先程見たように、「計算が軽い」ループでは、同期コストが見えてきてしまう。ハードウェアバリアにより同期コストが減ると、その分だけ計算が軽くてもスケールしやすくなるため、プログラマとしてはありがたい。",
"\n\n## ハイブリッド並列の実例\n\nというわけで、ハイブリッド並列コードを作ってみよう。といっても、既にDay 5でMPI並列版を作っているので、その計算ルーチンに`#pragma omp parallel for`を一行入れるだけである。",
"\n先程の知見から、二重ループの外側にディレクティブを入れよう。手元にある環境が、1ノードに2ソケット、1ソケットが12コアの環境で、18ノードまでの計算がすぐに走るものだったので、\n系のサイズをそれにあわせて324くらいにしておく。",
"\n\n```cpp\nconst int L = 9 * 36;\n```\n\nこうすると、12や18の素因数である2や3をたくさん含んでいるので都合がよろしい。",
"\nついでに、時間を計測して、プロセス数、スレッド数、計算にかかった時間を表示するようにしておこう。",
"\n実行スレッド数は`omp_get_max_threads`で取れる。",
"\n\n```cpp\nint num_threads = omp_get_max_threads();\n```\n\n時間計測はなんでも良いが、ここでは`std::chrono::system_clock::now`で計測しよう。",
"\n\n```cpp\nconst auto s = std::chrono::system_clock::now();\n// なにか時間を計測したい処理\nconst auto e = std::chrono::system_clock::now();\nconst auto elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(e - s).count();\n```\n\nこれで`elapsed`にミリ秒単位の値が入る。このようにして作ったハイブリッド版の反応拡散方程式ソルバが`gs_hybrid.cpp`である。",
"\n\n[https://github.com/kaityo256/sevendayshpc/blob/master/day6/gs_hybrid.cpp](https://github.com/kaityo256/sevendayshpc/blob/master/day6/gs_hybrid.cpp)\n\n筆者の環境ではMPIにパスが通してあるので、以下のようなオプションでコンパイルできる。",
"\n\n```sh\ng++ -fopenmp -O3 -mavx2 gs_hybrid.cpp -lmpi -lmpi_cxx\n```\n\n手元のMacで2プロセス x 2スレッドで実行すると以下のような結果を吐く。",
"\n\n```sh\n$ OMP_NUM_THREADS=2 mpiexec -np 2 ./a.out\n# Sytem Size = 324\n# 2 Process x 2 Threads\n# Domain = 2 x 1\n2 2 4635 [ms]\n```\n\nこれを、手元のスパコンでベンチマークを取ってみよう。石はIntel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2680 v3 @ 2.50GHz、12コアが2ソケットで1ノードである。",
"\nまずは1ノードで、1プロセス1スレッドの計算から、スレッド数だけ2,3,4,6...と増やした場合と、プロセス数だけ2,3,4,6...と増やした場合の結果である。",
"\n\n\n\n左が実行時間で両対数、右が並列化効率で片対数グラフになっている。プロセス数を増やした場合、つまりflat-MPIの方が実行効率が良いことがわかる。",
"\n24プロセス計算で、シリアル計算に比べて16.6倍、つまり並列化効率にして70%程度出ている。一方、全てスレッド並列で実行した場合も、さほど悪くはないが、\n24スレッド計算で、シリアル計算に比べて11.6倍、並列化効率にして48%と、50%を切ってしまう。MPIはバッファを作ったりコピーしたりという手間が発生する分、\nマルチスレッドより遅くなりそうだが、今回のケースではflat-MPIの方が早かった。",
"\n\n今度はノードをまたいでみよう。18ノードで計算してみる。各ノードには2ソケットx12コア、合計24コアあるから、全体で18x24=432個のCPUコアがある。",
"\nこれを、プログラム全体を432スレッドのまま、プロセス数を変えてみよう。例えば、flat-MPIなら1プロセスに1スレッドなので、432プロセスが最大プロセス数、\n1ノードにフルにスレッドを立てると24スレッドなので、18プロセス24スレッドの計算が最小プロセス数である。",
"\n横軸にプロセス数、縦軸に実行時間をとった結果が以下の通り。",
"\n\n\n\n横軸は対数スケールになっている。全て432スレッドの計算で、違いは「1プロセスが何スレッドを束ねているか」だけなのだが、ここでは432プロセス計算、\nすなわち1プロセスが1スレッドだけを持っているflat-MPI計算が最も早かった。",
"\n\n一般論として、プロセスとスレッドには最適な割合が存在し、どれが一番早いかはやってみないとわからない。",
"\nしかし、筆者の経験としては、非常に単純な計算で、かつそこそこ計算量がある場合はflat-MPIが一番早いことが多い。",
"\nただし、筆者はスレッド並列化にあまり慣れていないため、上記のコードもOpenMPに慣れた人がチューニングしたら、もっとハイブリッド版が早くなるのかもしれない。そのあたりはいろいろ試して見てほしい。「こうすればもっと早くなった」「ここが問題だった」といったプルリクを歓迎する。",
"\n"
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[
"Introduction\n============\n\nModulation of inflammatory mediators with specific or selective adsorbents may represent a promising supportive therapy for septic patients. ",
"The aims of this study were to compare the influence of specific or selective polymeric adsorbents on endothelial cell activation and to test various adsorbents for binding of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a late mediator in sepsis.",
"\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nHuman umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were activated with a conditioned medium that was obtained by stimulation of monocytic THP-1 cells with 10 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide from *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*\\[[@B1]\\]. ",
"Mediator modulation was performed with either a specific adsorbent for TNFα, which is based on sepharose particles functionalized with anti-TNFα antibodies, or a selective albumin-coated polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer (PS-DVB). ",
"Endothelial cell activation was monitored for up to 15 hours by measuring secretion of IL-6 and IL-8, as well as surface expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and E-selectin. ",
"In addition, PS-DVB beads and cellulose sulphate beads were screened for the binding of HMGB1.",
"\n\nResults\n=======\n\nAdsorption of inflammatory mediators from the conditioned medium either with the specific TNFα adsorbent or with the selective PS-DVB beads resulted in decreased endothelial cell activation, as shown by statistically significant reduction of IL-6 and IL-8 secretion from HUVEC, as well as statistically significant reduction of surface expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and E-selectin. ",
"In the screening experiments, both PS-DVB beads and cellulose sulphate exhibited strong adsorption of HMGB1. ",
"Studies to test the effect of HMGB1 removal on endothelial activation in the cell culture model are underway.",
"\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nInflammatory mediator modulation with specific or selective adsorbents reduces endothelial cell activation and thus may support the development of new therapies for sepsis. ",
"Hydrophobic PS-DVB resins as well as cellulose sulphate exhibit strong adsorption of HMGB1, a late mediator of sepsis.",
"\n"
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"Q:\n\nInheritance issue in symfony2 and doctrine2\n\nI have many ads entities (MotorAds, RealestateAds, ElectronicsAds, ...) that share some attributes like title and description. ",
"In order to avoid redefining these attributes for each Ads entity, one can use the mapped superclass methods as follows:\n<?",
"php\n/** @MappedSuperclass */\nclass MappedSuperclassAds{\n /**\n * @var string\n *\n * @ORM\\Column(name=\"title\", type=\"string\", length=255, nullable=false)\n */\n private $title;\n\n /**\n * @var string\n *\n * @ORM\\Column(name=\"description\", type=\"text\", nullable=false)\n */\n private $description;\n}\n\nThen, the inheritance will do the job.",
"\nNow, what is the problem? ",
"The problem is that each Ads entity is related to its entity that defines the list of users that added the ads to their favorites. ",
"To do that (the MotorsAds entity for example), \n1.linking the MotorsAds entity to its MotorsFavorite entity through that code:\n/**\n* @ORM\\OneToMany(targetEntity=\"Minn\\AdsBundle\\Entity\\MotorsFavorite\",\n* mappedBy=\"motors\",cascade={\"persist\", \"remove\"})\n* @ORM\\JoinColumn(nullable=true)\n*/\nprivate $favorites;\n\n2.Defining the MotorsFavorite entity as fellows:\n<?",
"php\n\nnamespace Minn\\AdsBundle\\Entity;\n\nuse Doctrine\\ORM\\Mapping as ORM;\nuse Symfony\\Component\\Validator\\Constraints as Assert;\n\n/**\n * MotorsFavorite\n *\n * @ORM\\Table(\n * uniqueConstraints={@ORM\\UniqueConstraint(name=\"unique_fav_motors\",\n * columns={\"user_id\", \"motors_id\"})})\n * @ORM\\Entity(repositoryClass=\"Minn\\AdsBundle\\Entity\\MotorsFavoriteRepository\")\n * @ORM\\HasLifecycleCallbacks()\n */\nclass MotorsFavorite {\n\n /**\n * @var integer\n *\n * @ORM\\Column(name=\"id\", type=\"integer\")\n * @ORM\\Id\n * @ORM\\GeneratedValue(strategy=\"AUTO\")\n */\n private $id;\n\n /**\n * @ORM\\ManyToOne(targetEntity=\"Minn\\UserBundle\\Entity\\User\")\n * @ORM\\JoinColumn(nullable=false)\n */\n private $user;\n\n /**\n * @ORM\\ManyToOne(targetEntity=\"Minn\\AdsBundle\\Entity\\MotorsAds\", inversedBy=\"favorites\")\n * @ORM\\JoinColumn(nullable=false, onDelete=\"CASCADE\")\n */\n private $motors;\n//...\n}\n\nAs you can see, the linkage between the MotorAds and MotorFavorite is a hard linkage, which means that I have to create a Favorite entity for each Ads entity I create (FavoriteMotors, FavoriteRealestate, FavoriteElectronics, ...). ",
"This is a long and repetitive work.",
"\n\nSo my question is: \n1.Creating a super mapped class called SuperMappedFavorite which will only include the $id and $user attributes will reduce the repetitive work. ",
"But what about the the attribute $motors? ",
"$motors is hardly linked to the entity MotorsAds as you see here:@ORM\\ManyToOne(targetEntity=\"Minn\\AdsBundle\\Entity\\MotorsAds\", inversedBy=\"favorites\"). ",
"All the burden of the work is in the setters and getters of $motors.",
"\n2.Is it possible to make the target entity an interface like this:\n<?",
"php\n// SuperMappedFavorite.php\n// ...\n@ORM\\ManyToOne(targetEntity=\"Minn\\AdsBundle\\Favorite\\FavoriteAwareInterface\", inversedBy=\"favorites\")\nprivate $object;\n// ...\n\nand the MotorsAds entity will be implementing in this the FavoriteAwareInterface\nIf anyone has a good link/article regarding this kind of issue, I will be happy to have it.",
"\nThanks.",
"\n\nA:\n\nYes, you can set an interface as target entity, as described in the Symfony documentation.",
"\nThe process is basically:\n\ndefining the interface (your Minn\\AdsBundle\\Favorite\\FavoriteAwareInterface),\nsetting the interface in the parent entity (as you already did),\nimplementing the interface in a different entity (would be class MotorsFavorite implements FavoriteAwareInterface) – and yes, it can also be derived from a mapped superclass,\nand then telling Doctrine to use your implementation through the doctrine.orm.resolve_target_entities config parameter.",
"\n\nSee the documentation for details and a code example.",
"\n\n"
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"Multicenter Investigation of the Effective Dose for Whole-body CT Scanning.",
"\nTo study whether the actual radiation exposure is different between computed tomography (CT) scanners and medical centers when the same patient is scanned, we investigated the actual effective doses for a whole body (Chest-Pelvis) CT scan in a multicenter study. ",
"Data from subjects were collected using 12 CT scanners at six medical centers in Yamagata city. ",
"Effective-dose data were acquired by scanning the same phantom (ATOM Dosimetry Phantoms Model702-B) using 120 kV tube voltage. ",
"Effective doses were calculated using corrected data from a radiophotoluminescent glass dosimeter (GD-302M). ",
"GD-302M had energy- dependent issues, which needed to be corrected. ",
"Also, differences in sensitivity based on arrangement within the phantom were insignificant. ",
"The mean effective energy was 48.6 keV (range, 42.5-55.4 keV), and the mean effective dose was 16.3 mSv (range, 8.9-26.0 mSv). ",
"The mean effective dose with a hybrid type iterative reconstruction was 10.7 mSv (range, 8.9-16.4 mSv), but the mean effective dose without any iterative reconstruction was 20.3 mSv (range, 16.2-26.0 mSv). ",
"We found an approximate linear correlation between dose length product (DLP) on operation consoles and the effective dose. ",
"We suggest that the actual radiation exposure was different at each medical center when the same patient is scanned."
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[
"1971 Alabama Crimson Tide football team\n\nThe 1971 Alabama Crimson Tide football team (variously \"Alabama\", \"UA\" or \"Bama\") represented the University of Alabama in the 1971 NCAA University Division football season. ",
"It was the Crimson Tide's 77th overall and 38th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). ",
"The team was led by head coach Bear Bryant, in his 14th year, and played their home games at Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. ",
"They finished season with eleven wins and one loss (11–1 overall, 7–0 in the SEC), as SEC champions and with a loss to Nebraska in the Orange Bowl.",
"\n\nThe 1971 squad was notable for a pair of firsts in Alabama football history. ",
"This was the first team that African Americans contributed as members of the Alabama varsity squad, with John Mitchell being the first to actually see playing time. ",
"1971 also marked the first season the Crimson Tide utilized the wishbone offense that Alabama became noted for throughout the remainder of Bryant's tenure as head coach at Alabama.",
"\n\nAlabama opened the season with an upset victory at USC. ",
"This was the first game that the wishbone was utilized by the Crimson Tide offense, and their victory was attributed in part to surprising the Trojans with its introduction. ",
"They then won their next four games over , Florida, Ole Miss and Vanderbilt and set up a top 20 match-up against Tennessee. ",
"In their rival game, the Crimson Tide ended a four-game losing streak to the Vols with their 32–15 victory. ",
"After a hard-fought win over and victory over Mississippi State at Jackson, Alabama defeated LSU for their third win over a ranked team on the season.",
"\n\nThe Crimson Tide next defeated Miami on homecoming and set up a match-up between undefeated teams for the first time in the history of the Iron Bowl to close the regular season. ",
"With both teams ranked in the top five, Alabama defeated Auburn 31–7 and captured the outright SEC football championship. ",
"However, they were unable to capture a national championship as they were defeated by No.",
" 1 Nebraska 38–6 to close the season in the Orange Bowl.",
"\n\nIntegration\n\nAlthough several African American students competed during spring practice in 1967, Wilbur Jackson became the first African American awarded a scholarship to play for Alabama, and he competed as a member of the freshman squad in 1970 and played for the varsity team in 1971. ",
"For the 1971 season, John Mitchell became the first African American to play on the varsity squad for the Crimson Tide during the regular season after he transferred from Eastern Arizona College.",
"\n\nWishbone offense\n\nIn 1968, Texas head coach Darrell Royal and his offensive coordinator Emory Bellard introduced what would become known as the wishbone offense. ",
"The wishbone was derived from the Split-T offense run at Oklahoma under Bud Wilkinson. ",
"In the formation, the quarterback lines up with a fullback and two tailbacks behind him, and on any play may keep the ball, hand off to the fullback, or pitch to a tailback. ",
"From the time Bryant arrived at Alabama through the 1970 season, the Crimson Tide ran a pro-style offense. ",
"By 1969, Bryant began to recruit larger linemen and tailbacks, and after a pair of six win seasons in 1969 and 1970, Bryant saw the success of the wishbone for the Longhorns and decided to implement the offense for the 1971 season. ",
"In spring 1971, Alabama assistants Mal Moore and Jimmy Sharpe traveled to Austin where they saw first hand how the wishbone operated during Texas' final week of spring practice.",
"\n\nDuring the second summer session at the University, both Moore and Sharpe began to work with players on the offensive change, and in August Royal and Bellard traveled to Tuscaloosa and led a coaching clinic for the Alabama staff on the wishbone. ",
"In order to keep the change a secret, Bryant closed all of the Crimson Tide's practices closed from the public, screened the practice field from view with a canvas and hired security to keep people away. ",
"The change to the wishbone was kept under such secrecy that when the media would visit practice, Bryant had the team practice the pro-style system that was phased out. ",
"Alabama later opened the season with an upset victory over USC that was credited to the surprise switch to the wishbone that caught the Trojans off-guard.",
"\n\nSchedule\n\nSource: Rolltide.com: 1971 Alabama football schedule\n\nGame summaries\n\nUSC\n\nSources:\n\nAfter the NCAA enacted a rule that allowed its member institutions to schedule an eleventh regular season game, in January 1970 the Crimson Tide agreed to a home-and-home series with the University of Southern California (USC). ",
"At the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Alabama upset the No.",
" 5 Trojans 17–10 on a Friday night to open the 1971 season. ",
"The Crimson Tide took a 10–0 lead in the first quarter behind a 13-yard Johnny Musso touchdown run and a 37-yard Bill Davis field goal. ",
"They extended it further to 17–0 early in the second quarter on an eight-yard Musso touchdown run.",
"\n\nUSC responds with ten unanswered points and made the halftime score 17–10. ",
"They scored first on a seven-yard Charles Young touchdown run and next on a 37-yard Mike Rae field goal. ",
"Neither team scored in the second half as both defenses created several turnovers and Alabama won 17–10. ",
"The victory was also the 200th career win for Alabama head coach Bear Bryant. ",
"The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Southern Cal to 3–1.",
"\n\nSouthern Miss\n\nSources:\n\nAfter their victory over USC, Alabama moved into the No.",
" 9 position in the AP Poll prior to their game against Southern Miss. In their home opener, Alabama played 62 different players and defeated the Golden Eagles 42–6 at Denny Stadium. ",
"Johnny Musso gave the Crimson Tide a 14–0 lead with touchdown runs of one-yard in the first and 16-yards in the second quarter. ",
"Ellis Beck then extended their lead to 21–0 with his one-yard touchdown run prior to halftime.",
"\n\nThe Crimson Tide extended their lead further to 35–0 with third quarter touchdowns scored on a four-yard Joe LaBue run and a 25-yard Benny Rippetoe pass to William Wood. ",
" Southern Miss ended the shutout attempt with a nine-yard Doyle Orange touchdown run in the fourth, and Alabama closed with an 18-yard Steve Bisceglia touchdown run that made the final score 42–6. ",
"The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Southern Miss to 12–2–1.",
"\n\nFlorida\n\nSources:\n\nAfter their victory over Southern Miss, Alabama moved into the No.",
" 8 position in the AP Poll prior to their game against Florida. ",
"Against the Gators, Johnny Musso scored four rushing touchdowns en route to a 38–0 shutout at Florida Field. ",
"After Bill Davis gave the Crimson Tide a 3–0 lead with his first quarter field goal, Musso scored Alabama's next four touchdowns and extended their lead to 31–0. ",
"All four came on the ground with a pair from one-yard out, a three-yard run and a five-yard run. ",
"Alabama then closed the game with an 11-yard Billy Sexton touchdown pass to Dexter Wood that made the final score 38–0.",
"\n\nThe four touchdowns scored by Musso on the ground set a new school record for rushing touchdowns. ",
"Additionally, the shutout was the first for the Crimson Tide defense since their 17–0 victory in 1967 over South Carolina. ",
"The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Florida to 11–5.",
"\n\nOle Miss\n\nSources:\n\nAfter their victory over Florida, Alabama moved into the No.",
" 7 position in the AP Poll prior to their game against Ole Miss. Looking to avenge the 48–23 loss from the previous season, the Crimson Tide defeated the Rebels 40–6 at Legion Field. ",
"After Bill Davis gave the Crimson Tide a 6–0 with field goals of 25 and 42-yards, Ole Miss tied the game 6–6 with what was their only points of the game. ",
"The score came on a 48-yard Kenneth Lyons touchdown pass to Elmer Allen in the second quarter. ",
"Alabama responded with an 11-yard Terry Davis touchdown pass to David Bailey that made the halftime score 13–6.",
"\n\nAlabama extended their lead to 27–6 in the third quarter behind touchdown runs of 29-yards by Joe LaBue and seven-yards by Johnny Musso. ",
"The Crimson Tide then closed the game with touchdown runs of 15-yards by Steve Bisceglia and 14-yards by Butch Hobson that made the final score 40–6. ",
"The 531 rushing yards made by Alabama were the most allowed by the Rebels' defense in school history. ",
"The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Ole Miss to 22–5–2.",
"\n\nVanderbilt\n\nSources:\n\nAfter their victory over Ole Miss, Alabama moved into the No.",
" 6 position in the AP Poll prior to their game against Vanderbilt. ",
"Against the Commodores, the Alabama defense forced their second shutout of the season win this 42–0 victory at Dudley Field. ",
"Johnny Musso gave the Crimson Tide a 7–0 lead with his 17-yard touchdown run in the first quarter. ",
"Their lead was then stretched to 13–0 at halftime behind field goals of 33-yards by Bill Davis and 26-yards by Greg Gantt.",
"\n\nAlabama closed the game with a pair of touchdowns in each of the final two quarters and won 42–0. ",
"Ellis Beck scored on a one-yard run and Terry Davis threw a nine-yard touchdown pass to Jim Simmons in the third quarter. ",
"In the fourth, Bob McKinney scored on a 55-yard punt return and Johnny Sharpless scored on an 11-yard touchdown run. ",
"The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Vanderbilt to 28–17–4.",
"\n\nTennessee\n\nSources:\n\nAfter their victory at Vanderbilt, Alabama moved into the No.",
" 4 position and Tennessee into the No.",
" 14 position in the AP Poll prior to their game at Legion Field. ",
"Against the Volunteers, Alabama ended a four-game losing streak that dated back to their 1967 season with this 32–15 in their annual rivalry game. ",
"After the Crimson Tide took an early 6–0 lead on a 20-yard Terry Davis touchdown pass to David Bailey, the Vols responded with a four-yard Curt Watson touchdown run that made the score 7–6 at the end of the first quarter. ",
"Alabama then took a 15–6 halftime lead after a 27-yard Bill Davis field goal and six-yard Terry Davis touchdown run in the second quarter.",
"\n\nEarly in the third, the Crimson Tide extended their lead to 22–7 behind a 16-yard Terry Davis touchdown pass to Bailey. ",
"Tennessee responded in the fourth with a nine-yard Watson touchdown run that cut the Alabama lead to 22–15. ",
"However, the Crimson Tide closed the game with a 39-yard Bill Davis field goal and five-yard Johnny Musso touchdown run for the 32–15 victory. ",
"The 73,828 in attendance set a new record for largest crowd in the history of Legion Field to date. ",
"The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Tennessee to 24–23–7.",
"\n\nHouston\n\nSources:\n\nWith their over the Vols, Alabama retained their No.",
" 4 position in the AP Poll prior to their game against Houston. ",
"Although the Cougars outgained the Crimson Tide by over 100 total yards, Alabama won 34–20 at Denny Stadium. ",
"Alabama took a 7–0 first quarter lead on a two-yard Johnny Musso touchdown run, but Houston then scored on a three-yard Tom Mozisek touchdown run that tied the game 7–7 early in the second. ",
"The Crimson Tide responded with a pair of Terry Davis touchdown passes to David Bailey from 10 and 25-yards that gave Alabama a 20–7 halftime lead.",
"\n\nBoth teams then traded touchdowns in the second half en route to the 34–20 Crimson Tide victory. ",
"In the third quarter, Musso scored for Alabama first with his nine-yard run and Houston followed with a three-yard Gary Mullins touchdown pass to Riley Odoms; in the fourth Joe LaBue scored for the Crimson tide on a 10-yard run and Mullins threw a second, three-yard pass to Odoms that made the final score 34–20. ",
"In the game, Musso had 132 yards rushing for Alabama and both Robert Newhouse and Tom Mozisek each had over 100 yards rushing for Houston with 182 and 105 respectively. ",
"The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Houston to 7–0.",
"\n\nMississippi State\n\nSources:\n\nAs they entered their game against Mississippi State, Alabama retained their No.",
" 4 position in the AP Poll. ",
"At Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium, the visiting Crimson Tide did not allow an offensive touchdown and defeated the Bulldogs 41–10. ",
"After Alabama took a 3–0 first quarter lead behind a 20-yard Bill Davis field goal, they scored a pair of touchdowns in the second. ",
"The first came on a 31-yard Terry Davis pass to Wayne Wheeler and the second on a 30-yard Steve Higginbotham interception return. ",
"The Bulldogs then made the halftime score 17–3 behind a 41-yard Glenn Ellis field goal at the end of the second.",
"\n\nState cut the Alabama lead to 17–10 on an 88-yard Frank Dowsing punt return in the third. ",
"However, the Crimson Tide closed the game with 24 unanswered points for the 41–10 win. ",
"Fourth quarter points were scored on a 33-yard Bill Davis field goal, touchdowns on runs of one-yard by Johnny Musso and 16-yards by David Knapp and on a one-yard Terry Davis pass to Glenn Woodruff. ",
"The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Mississippi State to 43–10–3.",
"\n\nLSU\n\nSources:\n\nAfter their victory over Mississippi State, Alabama retained their No.",
" 4 position and LSU was in the No.",
" 18 position in the AP Poll prior to their match-up at Baton Rouge. ",
"Playing in a regionally televised game on ABC, Alabama defeated the Tigers 14–7 at Tiger Stadium. ",
"Bill Davis scored all of the first half points with his field goals of 29 and 38-yards that gave Alabama a 6–0 halftime lead. ",
"Scoring concluded in the third quarter behind a 16-yard Terry Davis touchdown run for the Crimson Tide and a seven-yard Paul Lyons touchdown pass to Andy Hamilton that made the final score 14–7. ",
"The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against LSU to 21–10–4.",
"\n\nMiami\n\nSources:\n\nAs they entered their game against Miami, Alabama retained their No.",
" 4 position in the AP Poll for a fifth consecutive week. ",
"On homecoming in Tuscaloosa, Alabama defeated Hurricanes 31–3 at Denny Stadium. ",
"Mike Burke scored the only Miami points with his 42-yard field goal in the first and gave the Hurricanes their only lead at 3–0. ",
"The Crimson Tide responded with a pair of touchdowns later in the first on runs of 22-yards by Terry Davis and 67-yards by Wilbur Jackson. ",
"A 27-yard Bill Davis field goal in the second gave Alabama a 16–3 halftime lead.",
"\n\nThe Crimson Tide closed the game with a six-yard Terry Davis touchdown run in the third and a 10-yard Butch Hobson touchdown run in the fourth for the 31–3 Alabama win. ",
"With their 345 offensive yards in the game, Alabama surpassed the previous SEC season record for total offense of 3,068 yards set by Tennessee in 1951. ",
"The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Miami to 9–2.",
"\n\nAuburn\n\nSources:\n\nAs they entered their annual rivalry game against Auburn, Alabama moved into the No.",
" 3 position and the Tigers were in the No.",
" 5 position in the AP Poll prior to the first top five match-up in the Iron Bowl. ",
"In what was the first Alabama–Auburn game that featured two undefeated teams, the Crimson Tide defeated their rival 31–7 and captured the outright SEC championship for the 1971 season. ",
"Alabama took a 14–0 lead behind first quarter touchdown runs of six and 11-yards by Terry Davis. ",
"Auburn responded with a 31-yard Harry Unger touchdown pass to Terry Beasley in the second quarter that made the halftime score 14–7.",
"\n\nAfter a scoreless third, the Crimson Tide scored 17 unanswered points in the fourth quarter and won 31–7. ",
"After Bill Davis connected on a 41-yard field goal, Johnny Musso scored on touchdown runs of 12 and six-yards in the victory. ",
"The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Auburn to 19–16–1.",
"\n\nNebraska\n\nSource:\n\nIn what was a No.",
" 1 versus No.",
" 2 matchup for the national championship, Alabama was dominated by the Nebraska Cornhuskers 38–6 in the Orange Bowl. ",
"Nebraska stormed out to a 28–0 halftime lead after they scored a pair of touchdowns in the first two quarters. ",
"Jeff Kinney scored on a two-yard run and Johnny Rodgers on a 77-yard punt return in the first; Jerry Tagge scored on a one-yard run and Gary Dixon on a two-yard run in the second quarter.",
"\n\nAlabama then scored their only points on a three-yard Terry Davis touchdown run in the third and made the score 28–6. ",
" However, the Cornhuskers closed the game with a 21-yard Rich Sanger field goal in the third and a one-yard Van Brownson touchdown run in the fourth that made the final score 38–6. ",
"The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against Nebraska to 2–1.",
"\n\nNFL Draft\nSeveral players that were varsity lettermen from the 1971 squad were drafted into the National Football League (NFL) in the 1972, 1973 and 1974 drafts. ",
"These players included:\n\nFreshman squad\nPrior to the 1972 NCAA University Division football season, NCAA rules prohibited freshmen from participating on the varsity team, and as such many schools fielded freshmen teams. ",
"The Alabama freshmen squad was led by coach Clem Gryska for the 1971 season and finished with a record of four wins and one loss (4–1). ",
"The Baby Tide opened the season with a 28–23 victory over Navy at Annapolis. ",
"After Randy Billingsley gave Alabama an early 7–0 lead with his nine-yard touchdown run, Navy responded with a trick play that saw Jim O'Brien throw a 33-yard touchdown pass to John Brodhead. ",
"In the second quarter, Billingsley scored on a one-yard touchdown run, and again the Midshipmen responded with a 20-yard Brodhead touchdown pass to Rhett Bray that made the halftime score 14–13. ",
"The Baby Tide extended their lead to 21–13 after Bob Holmes scored on a three-yard run on the first drive of the third quarter. ",
"However, Navy responded with a 46-yard Brodhead touchdown pass to Ward Hill and next with a safety and took a 23–21 lead. ",
"Ralph Stokes then went on and scored the game-winning touchdown for Alabama in the fourth quarter on a 38-yard run that made the final score 28–23.",
"\n\nIn their only home game of the season, the Baby Tide ran for 359 yards and six touchdowns en route to a 41–7 win over Vanderbilt on a Friday afternoon. ",
"The next week, Alabama rallied from a 15-point deficit and defeated Tulane 23–22 at New Orleans. ",
"After Danny Ridgeway gave the Baby Tide an early 7–0 lead, Tulane responded with the next 22 points and opened a 22–7 lead. ",
"Green Wave points were scored on a 43-yard Steve Foley touchdown pass to Robert Johnson, a one-yard Foley touchdown run, a 50-yard John Washington punt return and on a 31-yard David Falgue field goal. ",
"Alabama then rallied for the 23–22 victory behind a pair of Bob Holmes touchdown runs and a pair of Ralph Stokes two-point conversions in the fourth quarter.",
"\n\nAt Knoxville, a 36–13 loss to the Volunteers ended an eight-game winning streak for the Baby Tide. ",
"Alabama took an early 7–0 lead after Duffy Boles scored on a one-yard run that was set up after the Baby Tide recovered a Tennessee fumble at their one-yard line. ",
"The Vols tied the game 7–7 early in the second quarter on a 35-yard Condredge Holloway touchdown pass to John Yarbrough. ",
"They then took a 10–7 lead later in the second on a 32-yard Ricky Townsend field goal, and then extended their lead to 16–7 at halftime behind a five-yard halfback pass from Neil Clabo to Holloway. ",
"Tennessee further extended their lead to 29–7 with a pair of touchdown runs from John Sapp and one from Kent Fullington in the third quarter. ",
"In the fourth, Jim Turley recovered a Tennessee fumble for a touchdown and Carl Stinson scored on a one-yard run for the Vols and made the final score 36–13.",
"\n\nIn their final game of the season, before 15,000 fans at Cliff Hare Stadium, Alabama defeated Auburn 13–6. ",
"After a scoreless first half, Auburn scored their only points on a 48-yard Mike Fuller touchdown reception in the third quarter. ",
"Bob Holmes tied the game 6–6 late in the third with his one-yard run, and Randy Billingsley followed in the fourth quarter with his game-winning, two-yard touchdown run. ",
"In the game, the Tigers had seven turnovers and both teams missed several scoring opportunities.",
"\n\nRoster\n\nReferences\nGeneral\n\n \n \n\nSpecific\n\nAlabama\nCategory:Alabama Crimson Tide football seasons\nCategory:Southeastern Conference football champion seasons\nCrimson Tide"
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"If there's one thing I love about itch.io, it's how they really do work to help game developers in as many ways as they can and they're now launching a job listing board.",
"\n\nIt's not enough that they: host game jams; have an open source client (that you're not forced to use); allow developers to give back nothing and take the full cut of sales; support Linux, Mac and Windows; allow developers to do a PWYW system instead of a set price; deal with VAT MOSS for you and the list goes on for a while.",
"\n\nHaving a dedicated section for developers to post their developer job advertisements seems like a pretty fitting addition to everything else they do and there's even jobs already available from Failbetter Games.",
"\n\nWhat's interesting, is that this is going to be a little more curated. ",
"It's not a board for every single developer to post every tiny job they have going. ",
"It's for developers offering proper paid work that's either \"paid full time or contractor positions\".",
"\n\nYou can see all current open jobs here and more information about it all here."
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"Jagmeet Singh, the deputy leader of the Ontario NDP, will seek the leadership of the federal New Democrats, CBC News has learned.",
"\n\nMultiple sources close to Singh said he will officially announce his candidacy at an event next Monday evening in Brampton, Ont., ",
"with the promise of a campaign launch unlike any in the NDP leadership race so far.",
"\n\nSingh, a 38-year-old lawyer who speaks French and Punjabi, has represented the riding of Bramalea-Gore-Malton in the provincial legislature since 2011. ",
"He has served as the Ontario NDP's critic for justice and consumer services, and party leader Andrea Horwath named him her deputy in 2015.",
"\n\nHe will become the fifth official candidate in the race to replace Tom Mulcair as federal NDP leader. ",
"MPs Peter Julian of B.C., Charlie Angus from northern Ontario, Guy Caron of Quebec, and Niki Ashton of Manitoba were the first four entrants.",
"\n\nSome observers predict Singh will inject some excitement to the race, but warn that he faces significant challenges in winning a national campaign.",
"\n\n\"He really has that kind of charisma that people enjoy,\" said Kathleen Monk, former director of strategic communications for Jack Layton.",
"\n\n\"He brings a lot of new blood into the race, he will represent a lot of urban, youth-focused issues,\" Monk said in an interview with CBC News. \"",
"I think if I was a Liberal, I wouldn't want to be running against Jagmeet.\"",
"\n\nFor Singh to succeed, he must prove he has support across the country, Monk said.",
"\n\nAs speculation swirled in recent months about whether Singh would seek the leadership, he has been increasing his national profile.",
"\n\n<a href=\"https://twitter.com/theJagmeetSingh\">@theJagmeetSingh</a> joined me and campaign volunteers in Surrey Whalley to get the word out about <a href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/bcndp?src=hash\">#bcndp</a> plan for a <a href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/BetterBC?src=hash\">#BetterBC</a> <a href=\"https://t.co/wVfDzhB3M3\">pic.twitter.com/wVfDzhB3M3</a> —@BruceRalston\n\nProud to have the support of brother <a href=\"https://twitter.com/theJagmeetSingh\">@theJagmeetSingh</a> on my leadership campaign. ",
"Great day charting new directions for New Democrats <a href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/vibes?src=hash\">#vibes</a> <a href=\"https://t.co/7CasiUMYQW\">pic.twitter.com/7CasiUMYQW</a> —@WabKinew\n\nKarl Bélanger, the NDP's former national director, agrees that Singh has charisma and finds it interesting that he's choosing to launch his campaign in his riding.",
"\n\n\"Having a big launch is important. ",
"But if you do it in your own backyard, it doesn't really signal much in terms of growth potential,\" said Bélanger. \"",
"Montreal, Vancouver or even downtown Toronto would send a stronger message.\"",
"\n\n\"I think his main weakness is not being known,\" said Peter Graefe, a political scientist at McMaster University in Hamilton. \"",
"He's known by political watchers in Ontario, but probably not by the greater public. ",
"He's not that well-known in the other provinces.\"",
"\n\n\"One of his strengths is his populist ability to speak to working-class Canadians in a way that NDP leaders have had a hard time doing,\" said Graefe in an interview.",
"\n\nSingh \"will have to address the race issue among some constituencies,\" said Monk.",
"\n\n\"He represents the views of many racialized Canadians. ",
"I think that's really important. ",
"I wouldn't underestimate that value of having him run and what kind of momentum he can build on that,\" she said. \"",
"If elected as leader, he will be the first leader of a major party that is Sikh. ",
"A turban-wearing man is not insignificant for Canada.\"",
"\n\nNext leadership debate: May 28\n\nTwo others, former veterans ombudsman Pat Stogran and Montrealer Ibrahim Bruno El-Khoury, have registered with Elections Canada as NDP leadership contestants, but their candidacies are not yet considered official by the party. ",
"Official candidates must pay a $30,000 fee and submit a list of 500 signatures that meet diversity and regional requirements.",
"\n\nSingh will join the race in time to participate in the NDP's third leadership debate, on May 28 in Sudbury, Ont.",
"\n\nNDP members will commence voting on Sept. 18, with successive ballots to follow weekly throughout October until one candidate gets 50 per cent of the vote.",
"\n\nSingh's first run for politics was in the 2011 federal election. ",
"He came within a few hundred votes of winning Bramalea-Gore-Malton, then five months later won the seat in the provincial election."
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[
"A California appeals court has reinstated a now-retired paralyzed Los Angeles police officer's product liability lawsuit against gun manufacturer Glock.",
"\n\nEnrique Chavez was paralyzed from the waist down when his 3-year-old son accidentally shot him with his service pistol.",
"\n\nThe lawsuit claims the .45-caliber Glock 21 pistol lacks adequate safeguards against accidental discharge.",
"\n\nThe Glock has no grip safety, a device attached to the pistol grip that the shooter must deactivate before firing.",
"\n\nA Los Angeles judge dismissed the suit two years ago, saying a Police Department review of the gun's design found the Glock's advantages outweighed any inherent risks.",
"\n\nThe San Francisco Chronicle reports (http://bit.ly/NRKilg ) the 2nd District Court of Appeals on Tuesday reinstated the suit, saying a jury could conclude that a grip safety strong enough to withstand a child's grasp would minimize the risk of accidental discharge."
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[
"Registration to Practice\nThe following list contains the names of persons who successfully\npassed the registration examination that was held August 27, 1997 and\nhave been given provisional recognition pursuant to 37 CFR 10.9(a) to\nprepare and prosecute patent applications before the Office until their\nregistration certificates are mailed to them. ",
"Final approval for\nregistration is subject to establishing to the satisfaction of the\nDirector of the Office of Enrollment and Discipline that the person\nseeking registration is of good moral character and repute. [",
"37 CFR\n10.7(a)]. ",
"Accordingly, any information tending to affect the eligibility\nof any of the following applicants on moral, ethical, or other grounds\nshould be furnished to the Director, Office of Enrollment and Discipline\non or before December 4, 1998.",
"\nRichardson, Scott C., 2310 Windsor Rd., ",
"Alexandria, Va. 22307\nTurner, Kevin F., 1017 N. Danville St., Arlington, Va. 22201\nSeptember 22, 1998 KAREN L. BOVARD, Director\nOffice of Enrollment and Discipline\nRegistration to Practice\nThe following list contains the names of persons who successfully passed\nthe registration examination that was held August 28, 1996 and have been\ngiven provisional recognition pursuant to 37 CFR 10.9(a) to prepare and\nprosecute patent applications before the Office until their registration\ncertificates are mailed to them. ",
"Final approval for registration is\nsubject to establishing to the satisfaction of the Director of the\nOffice of Enrollment and Discipline that the person seeking registration\nis of good moral character and repute. [",
"37 CFR 10.7(a)]. ",
"Accordingly,\nany information tending to affect the eligibility of any of the\nfollowing applicants on moral, ethical, or other grounds should be\nfurnished to the Director, Office of Enrollment and Discipline on or\nbefore December 4, 1998.",
"\nMachtinger, Marc D., 100 Forest Pl., #",
"306, Oak Park, Ill. 60301\nSeptember 22, 1998 KAREN L. BOVARD, Director\nOffice of Enrollment and Discipline\nRegistration to Practice\nThe following list contains the names of persons who successfully passed\nthe registration examination that was held April 13, 1994 and have been\ngiven provisional recognition pursuant to 37 CFR 10.9(a) to prepare and\nprosecute patent applications before the Office until their registration\ncertificates are mailed to them. ",
"Final approval for registration is\nsubject to establishing to the satisfaction of the Director of the\nOffice of Enrollment and Discipline that the person seeking registration\nis of good moral character and repute. [",
"37 CFR 10.7(a)]. ",
"Accordingly,\nany information tending to affect the eligibility of any of the\nfollowing applicants on moral, ethical, or other grounds should be\nfurnished to the Director, Office of Enrollment and Discipline on or\nbefore December 4, 1998.",
"\nChoi, Kathleen L., 590 Daffodil Dr., Benecia, Calif. 94510\nSeptember 22, 1998 KAREN L. BOVARD, Director\nOffice of Enrollment and Discipline"
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"Association between HLA-A, B, C and DR antigens and clinical manifestations of Schistosoma haematobium in the bladder.",
"\nThis study is a search for the genetic susceptibility of Egyptians to Schistosoma haematobium infestation with its various bladder complications, including cancer. ",
"80 bilharzial patients, 20 with simple bilharzial bladder cystitis, 30 with bilharzial bladder lesions, and 30 with bilharzial bladder cancer, as well as 35 normal Egyptian controls were studied. ",
"All patients were typed for HLA-A, B, C and DR antigens using the microlymphocytotoxicity test. ",
"HLA-A9 and its split Aw24 antigens were found to be negatively associated with the disease. ",
"As for the antigens with positive associations, HLA-B7 was significantly increased in the simple bilharzial cystitis group. ",
"In the bilharzial bladder cancer group, HLA-B16 and Cw2 antigens had positive associations. ",
"These findings might support the genetic control of the disease or the presence of an immune response and/or immune suppression genes which are in linkage disequilibrium with these HLA antigens and they control the susceptibility and pathological sequences of the disease."
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"There is a forgotten war in the south of Thailand. ",
"A conflict between Muslims and Buddhists which has been raging far longer than just the terrorist organizations in the last two decades. ",
"One cannot begin to understand the conflict between the Thai government and the regions of Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat, and Songkhla, without first understanding the historical context in which these separatist conditions have blossomed.",
"\n\nThe Sultanate of Patani:\n\nThe founding of the Patani Kingdom is shrouded in myth and legend. ",
"Some historians have related it to an ancient Hindu kingdom known to the Chinese as Pan Pan, which existed somewhere in the Malay Peninsula between the 3rd and 8th Centuries. ",
"Pan Pan fell to Srivijaya in 775 C.E. As the centuries passed, the name for this land could have evolved to “Pan Tan i”. ",
"This theory is lent some credence from the fact that natives of Patani have a markedly different language and culture than bordering Malay regions.",
"\n\nThere are two main legends among Malay fisherman as to the founding of the birth of Patani. ",
"The first is a tale of a fisherman in the 14th Century, sent by a king from a central region to survey the coast. ",
"His name was Pak Tani, or “father of Tani”. ",
"Soon his little fishing outpost turned into a prosperous trading port—one which still bears his name.",
"\n\nThe second legend—favored more by Muslims in the region of Patani today—tells that in the 13th Century, the Sultan Ismail Shah came to the area. ",
"Upon seeing the region, the Sultan Ismail Shah exclaimed, “Pantai ini!” (",
"pronounced as “patani”, meaning “this beach!” ",
"in the local Malay dialect known as Jawi).",
"\n\nThe Sultan Ismail Shah:\n\nThe Sultan Ismail Shah is seen as a legendary source of legitimacy for the Islamization of the Sultanate of Patani. ",
"In the 14th Century, the Ayutthaya Kingdom—from what is now called Thailand—conquered several countries in the northern region of the Malay Peninsula, uniting them under a common rule. ",
"One of these was the kingdom of Patani.",
"\n\n\n\nAccording to legend, the king of Ayutthaya suffered from a chronic skin condition that no one could cure. ",
"A sheik named Sa’id from Pasai (a small community from the outskirts of Patani) was able to heal this rare skin condition. ",
"The king returned to his land, and soon the skin condition returned. ",
"The sheik said he would never be fully cured of the skin condition until he converted to Islam. ",
"Therefore the king converted, and soon his officials followed suit. ",
"Upon converting, he changed his name to Sultan Ismail Shah.",
"\n\nHistory of Ayutthaya:\n\nHistorically, there is evidence from early Portuguese traders (and traveler reports like that of Ibn Battuta), which state that there was a community of Muslims in Pasai, on the outskirts of Patani, far earlier than when the legend of Sultan Ismail Shah’s conversion was said to have taken place—even as early as the late 12th Century. ",
"However, for the most part, the Kingdom of Ayutthaya practiced Theravada Buddhism, with several regions practicing Mahayana Buddhism, Islam (and even a few enclaves of Roman Catholicism introduced later in 17th Century).",
"\n\nDuring the 15th Century, the kingdom of Ayutthaya conquered parts of what is now Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, and Malaysia, bringing a stability in the region which would open it up to trade with Chinese merchants seeking specialty goods. ",
"Foreign accounts often called the kingdom of Ayutthaya by another name: Siam. ",
"However, many historical accounts say that the people of Ayutthaya called themselves “Tai”.",
"\n\nRelationship between Ayutthaya and Patani:\n\nPatani was one of those conquered vassal states under Ayutthaya rule from the 14th Century forward. ",
"These vassal states retained a large amount of autonomy, yet were required to pay tribute to Ayutthaya and support them in times of war. ",
"This system remained relatively unchanged for hundreds of years.",
"\n\nMeanwhile Patani grew as a vastly important international port. ",
"The first to arrive in the 15th Century to Patani were the Chinese, who were led by the famous explorer and fleet admiral Zheng He. ",
"Then in the 16th Century, Portuguese traders began arriving to Patani to trade with China.",
"\n\nIt was during the 16th Century that another kingdom called Burma rose to power. ",
"This kingdom soon overtook the northern kingdoms of Chiang Mai and Laos. ",
"Within a matter of decades, they set sights on the kingdom of Ayutthaya. ",
"In 1563, a siege was led by King Bayinnaung. ",
"Though the capital Ayutthaya was supplied and supported by three Portuguese warships during the siege, the following year the king of Ayutthaya, named Maha Chakkraphat, was forced to surrender. ",
"He and his whole family were moved to the capital of Burma, and one of King Bayinnaung’s sons was installed as King of Ayutthaya.",
"\n\nThere is some historical evidence which indicates that Patani may have achieved independence during this power vacuum and period of Thai instability. ",
"However, this independence was short lived. ",
"What it does demonstrate however, is that there was a long-standing tradition of political unrest and malcontent in Patani toward their Siamese overlords.",
"\n\nGrowth of Patani as an Independent and International Hub:\n\nThe Portuguese traders were soon followed by Japanese traders at the end of the 16th Century. ",
"At the start of the 17th Century, they were joined by the Dutch East India Company and the English East India Company. ",
"Trading in Patani became a lucrative opportunity, whereby Western European powers could exchange wares with Chinese traders from the north. ",
"In fact, so many Chinese traders flocked to Patani that a Dutch report released in 1603 by Jacob van Neck estimated that there were as many Chinese traders as native Malay.",
"\n\nBetween 1584 and 1688, Patani was ruled by a series of four queens—each known by a color. ",
"First the Green Queen (Ratu Hijau) from 1584 to 1616, then to her sister the Blue Queen (Ratu Biru) who ruled until 1624. ",
"Then the Violet Queen followed, a third sister (Ratu Ungu) ruled until 1634. ",
"Finally, her daughter the Yellow Queen (Ratu Kuning) would take the throne until her death in 1688. ",
"Each of these capable leaders fought the Siamese kingdom to the north with their own measures of successes.",
"\n\nSiamese Control Over Patani:\n\nAfter the death of the Yellow Queen in 1688, Patani fell once again under Ayutthaya rule. ",
"Furthermore, due to a grass-roots insurgency against the Siamese conquerors, and the resulting political instability, the traders which had made Patani an economic powerhouse over the last few centuries gradually left for greener pastures.",
"\n\nThe 18th Century dominion over Patani had a two-decade-long break when the Burmese once again invaded the Siamese kingdom. ",
"When the capital of Ayutthaya was destroyed in 1767, Patani once again declared independence. ",
"However, by 1785 Siam was reunited under new leadership which would come to be called the Chakri Dynasty lead by King Rama I. His younger brother Prince Surasi was soon dispatched to quell any hopes of long-term Patani independence. ",
"Patani never lost hope however. ",
"They continued their insurrection against the state until King Rama II was compelled to divide Patani into seven smaller kingdoms in hopes of causing dissension among the nations: Kelantan, Kedah, Terengganu, Perlis, Penang, Sebarang Perai, and one last state named “Pattani”.",
"\n\nBritish Involvement in Siamese Claim over Patani:\n\nThe story of British involvement in the early 19th Century has more to deal with a long-standing tradition of British imperialism. ",
"However, to put it briefly, the British were engaged in the First Anglo-Burmese War at that time, and as the old adage goes: The enemy of my enemy is my friend.",
"\n\nThus, King Rama III and a representative of the British East India Company (named Henry Burney) signed a treaty in 1826 known as the Burney Treaty. ",
"A Siamese army was raised, though it didn’t see much fighting. ",
"The real importance is that, in this treaty the British recognized the Siamese claim over the 5 northern Malay states of Perlis, Kelantan, Kedah, Terengganu, and Pattani. ",
"These were five of the seven kingdoms originally called the Sultanate of Patani. ",
"The other two kingdoms, Penang and Sebarang Perai, would fall under British rule.",
"\n\nA second treaty, known as the Bowring Treaty was signed in 1855—solidifying this claim by offering no dispute over the territories.",
"\n\nHowever, a third treaty known as the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 enabled the Siamese kingdom to retain its autonomy from British rule. ",
"However, it gave control of all of the Malay states to the British—except for one: the state of Pattani.",
"\n\nThaification and Rebellion in Patani:\n\nThe coming decades were tense though relatively peaceful because southern regions were allowed to govern their land by islamic law. ",
"Then a policy of cultural assimilation called The Natural Culture Act was initiated by the Siamese government in 1934. ",
"This policy sought to foster cultural unification and homogeneity among the Thai nation. ",
"This policy was aimed at folding diverse populations like those in the southern region of Thailand into the same culture. ",
"In 1944, Siam began to enforce Thai Civil Law on the southern states—effectively removing the southern autonomy and ability to instill civil law based on the principles of Islam. ",
"By 1948, the South Thailand Insurgency had begun.",
"\n\n*As an aside, during World War II from 1939 to 1946, the government changed its name officially to Thailand. ",
"From 1946 to 1948, there was a brief return to Siam, and from there it would be known as Thailand until the present day.",
"\n\nThe South Thailand Insurgency:\n\nIn response to the cultural assimilation policies of the early 20th Century, and the loss of civil autonomy, the southern states of Thailand rebelled against the Thai government. ",
"A man named Haji Sulong spearheaded this movement. ",
"Born in 1895 to a family of religious leaders, he followed in his parent’s footsteps by studying religion. ",
"He also earned a formal education from the University of Egypt where he was exposed to the Shafi’ite approach to Islam which sought to modernize Islam for a changing, secular world. ",
"He then lived for a time in Mecca where he was exposed to the more radical and fundamentalist practice of Wahhabism found in the Saudi kingdom. ",
"He felt himself drawn to a more modernist approach.",
"\n\nHaji Sulong formed a coalition of like-minded activists to launch a campaign called the Patani People’s Movement. ",
"They demanded autonomy to formalize their own religious schools, rights to conduct affairs in their own language, and an end to the Thaification policies pushed on the Jawi people during the first half of the century. ",
"They released a seven point document calling for:\n\nThe unification of Pattani to be ruled under a Muslim governor\n\nSchools be taught in Malay for the first seven years\n\nTaxes collected from Malay states be spent in Malay states\n\nThe government be run by 85% Malay individuals\n\nBoth Thai and Malay would be used as official languages in the southern states\n\nThe provincial islamic committees would have authority over the practice of Islam\n\nThe islamic judicial system be separate from the provincial judicial system\n\nHe did gather a certain following, however he also gained scrutiny from those Jawi who believed his views were too radical and would stir up the status quo, thus garnering a response from the Thai government. ",
"They were not wrong in this regard, because by 1955 he had been arrested for inciting rebellion. ",
"Haji Sulong disappeared with his eldest son while on his way to face trial.",
"\n\nPattani Insurgency as It Stands Today:\n\nThe campaign for Thaification disappeared by the 1980s, and the southern states in Thailand have since been granted a modicum of autonomy. ",
"Many civil laws allow for the observance of Islamic law. ",
"However, the struggle for independence—as the Malay see it anyway—continues. ",
"The attacks of September, 11th, 2001 seem to have only furthered the fundamentalist impulses toward terrorist violence. ",
"2004 saw an escalation of violence, and 2005 saw a backlash by the Thai government under former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. ",
"This only lasted until 2006 when the former Prime Minister was overthrown, and since then a policy of inclusiveness and tolerance has been directed toward the people of the southern states of Thailand. ",
"This new approach is aimed at winning over the hearts and minds of the people from the Patani region.",
"\n\nNevertheless the terrorist insurgency has continued, escalating to over 7,000 deaths, and another 12,000 wounded to this day. ",
"These terrorist attacks have been carried out largely by car or motorcycle bombings—not only toward military targets, but also toward civilian targets such as crowded bars, restaurants, and grocery stores. ",
"On May 20th of 2018 for example, during the holy month of Ramadan, a series of bombings took place directed at banks and cash machines, and thankfully only a few people were hurt with no fatalities.",
"\n\nHowever, there has been progress and there is hope. ",
"In 2007, there were 4,000 insurgency-related attacks. ",
"By 2017, this annual figure had lowered to 500. ",
"The Thai government has deployed over 60,000 troops, which can be seen patrolling the area in almost any location.",
"\n\nPerhaps most surprisingly, in the most recent turn of developments, a new Buddhist nationalism is arising to combat the Muslim identity in the southern states of Thailand. ",
"Though the Buddhist population in the southern states has steadily dwindled, those who have stayed have pushed to forge a stronger Buddhist identity complete with community outreach programs. ",
"There have been no indications that this newfound Buddhist identity will lead to an escalation of violence.",
"\n\nSome Closing Thoughts:\n\nOne cannot predict what will happen in the southern region of Thailand. ",
"Violence does seem to be decreasing correlated with the southern states attaining a more cultural homogeneity and autonomy. ",
"However, history has shown us that the road to revolution is often bloody and needless when compared to the ease by which one can attain peace and compromise.",
"\n\nThis article is not meant to condone the violence, merely to outline the historical context in which the violence and its subsequent ideology have arisen. ",
"We hope to illustrate why a peaceful resolution to the events in the south seems to run in such stark contrast to the way the region of Patani has developed culturally over the last five centuries. ",
"In effect, rebellion has become second nature to the people of Southern Thailand.",
"\n\n*For more information on the current standing of the insurgency, click here.",
"\n\n*For a first-hand account of what it is like to see travel through the region, click here.",
"\n\n*For a complete list of events during the South Thailand Insurgency, click here."
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"/*\n * Copyright (c) 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. ",
"All rights reserved.",
"\n * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.",
"\n *\n * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it\n * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as\n * published by the Free Software Foundation. ",
" Oracle designates this\n * particular file as subject to the \"Classpath\" exception as provided\n * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.",
"\n *\n * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT\n * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ",
" See the GNU General Public License\n * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that\n * accompanied this code).",
"\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version\n * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,\n * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.",
"\n *\n * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA\n * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any\n * questions.",
"\n */\n\npackage com.sun.prism.impl;\n\npublic abstract class DisposerManagedResource<T> extends ManagedResource<T> {\n Object referent;\n\n public DisposerManagedResource(T resource, ResourcePool pool,\n Disposer.",
"Record record)\n {\n super(resource, pool);\n this.referent = new Object();\n Disposer.addRecord(referent, record);\n }\n}\n"
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"Considerations and controversies in managing chronic kidney disease: An update.",
"\nCurrent considerations and controversies surrounding the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are reviewed. ",
"Patients diagnosed with CKD require a unique clinical approach to prevent medication toxicities and ensure appropriate management of disease-progressing comorbidities, and they require attention to commonly occurring complications that may affect disease control and impact quality of life, including anemia and CKD-bone-mineral disorder (CKD-BMD). ",
"Many CKD-related comorbidities put patients at increased cardiovascular risk, including diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. ",
"Although there are clinical guidelines to help clinicians manage CKD and its related complications and comorbidities, there are many clinical controversies surrounding optimal treatment. ",
"Recent literature and clinical studies bring into question multiple controversies regarding the optimal management approach to the patient living with CKD, including the appropriateness of iron and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) for the treatment of anemia and vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of CKD-BMD. ",
"While available guidelines can provide clinicians with guidance regarding the appropriate management of the patient with CKD, they often differ dramatically in the optimal approach to the management of comorbidities and complications. ",
"For a patient with CKD, the pharmacist has an important role to ensure optimal outcomes, by appropriately managing comorbid conditions and optimizing drug dosing. ",
"Multiple controversies regarding the optimal management of patients with CKD, including the appropriateness of iron and ESAs for treatment of anemia and vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of CKD-BMD. ",
"Available guidelines differ dramatically in the optimal approach to the management of comorbidities and complications."
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"observations and reflections of everyday life\n\nI Am Perfectly Imperfect\n\nA couple of summers ago, I received an email that may have changed my life. ",
"It was from an artist friend of mine and it started out like this,\n\n“Hi,\n\nDue to a surplus of various kinds of pulp, I am holding a couple of papermaking open studio sessions and papermaking classes at my studio. ",
"I have Japanese pulp, casting pulp, high shrink flax, abaca and pigmented pulp for painting.”",
"\n\nI had no idea what was involved, but the opportunity was clearly too awesome to pass up. ",
"I learned all how to make paper and I fell in love with the process. ",
"Something about it appeals to my tactile senses, which is odd because I normally don’t like doing anything the least bit messy.",
"\n\nIn first stage, the pulp feels wet and sort of mushy but strong. ",
"After suspending it in water, the fibers become soft and feathery. ",
"You use a frame lined with a screen to scoop up the fibers and create the foundation for a piece of paper. ",
"I like to imagine that it’s like panning for gold to pick up the tiny wet fibers and drain off the excess water. ",
"Once the fibers settle, you carefully peel the wet sheet off of the screen and layer it between pieces of a special fabric until the entire stack dries.",
"\n\nWhen all was said and done, none of the edges of my pieces of paper were straight, the thickness varied from sheet to sheet, and many were lined with interesting creases and unintended patterns – but they were all beautiful to me. ",
"I wasn’t sure what I would do with them, but after the assorted sheets of paper dried I sealed them in a gallon sized baggie to protect them from the humidity.",
"\n\nI’ll never be sure what prompted me to pick up a pen and use it to make a mark on one of my pristine pieces of hand-made paper. ",
"I’m very tentative when I draw in pencil, I draw lines so light you can barely see them and I’m fairly certain that in the beginning of each drawing I spend more time erasing than drawing. ",
"There’s something inside of me that “needs” for it to be “perfect.”",
"\n\nInk is permanent and each piece of my handmade paper was one of a kind. ",
"The thought of using ink on them was completely counter – intuitive. ",
"I’m a perfectionist, if there’s a chance that it won’t turn out right; I’m more inclined to not even start than to make a mistake. ",
"So ink, particularly on my handmade paper seemed like an unlikely creative outlet. ",
"In reality, it’s taught me a valuable life lesson.",
"\n\nDrawing on these imperfect pieces of paper was difficult because the texture wasn’t smooth, the creases presented both a challenge and as it turns out an opportunity.",
"\n\nTrees are my default doodle so I guess it’s no wonder that’s where I started. ",
"I took advantage of the texture in the paper to create depth in the trunk and branches.",
"\n\nThe strokes of my pen grew bolder and my designs became more elaborate, detailed, and colorful with each tiny work of art. ",
"The addition of watercolor pencils and brightly colored ink transformed the imperfections in the paper into something beautiful and completely unexpected.",
"\n\nWhen you draw in ink, if the pen slips and goes in an unintended direction there are two choices. ",
"You can crumple up the drawing and give up, or you can find a way to make it work. ",
"More often than not, there’s a way turn the mishap into a part of the drawing; my dear Google+ friend Jennifer Broderick refers to this as“knowing how to resolve the lines.”",
"\n\nI still find it strange, but I no longer dread making mistakes because I know they often-times turn out even better than the original idea after I take a step back and think about how to make the “oops” work in my favor.",
"\n\nIt doesn’t work every time, and that’s ok too, it’s all about recognizing the difference between an opportunity that might be different from what we planned and also knowing when to cut our losses short and move on.",
"\n\n————————-\n\nIf you want to check out the series of drawings, you can see them here"
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"ACR Navigation\n\nYou are here\n\nPOSTPONED: Home Hardening & Defensible Space Workshop\n\nPOSTPONED: Home Hardening & Defensible Space Workshop\n\nFairfield Osborn Preserve, Penngrove\n\nUpdate as of 3/17/20: The Home Hardening class on April 25th at the SSU Fairfield Osborne Preserve has been postponed due to the coronavirus public health emergency. ",
"We do not have a new date at this time. ",
"If you have any questions please contact ACR Prescribed Fire Specialist Jared Childress at jared.childress@egret.org\n\nFire Forward – Building Ecosystem Resilience\nHome Hardening and Defensible Space Workshop This event was originally scheduled for March 29\n\nReceive expert instruction on how to “harden” your home and create defensible space against the next wildland fire. ",
"Fee: $10 / free for Sonoma State students."
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"# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one\n# or more contributor license agreements. ",
" See the NOTICE file\n# distributed with this work for additional information\n# regarding copyright ownership. ",
" The ASF licenses this file\n# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the\n# \"License\"); you may not use this file except in compliance\n# with the License. ",
" You may obtain a copy of the License at\n#\n# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n#\n# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,\n# software distributed under the License is distributed on an\n# \"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY\n# KIND, either express or implied. ",
" See the License for the\n# specific language governing permissions and limitations\n# under the License.",
"\n\nimport unittest\nfrom unittest.mock import Mock, patch\n\nfrom parameterized import parameterized\n\nfrom airflow.providers.salesforce.sensors.tableau_job_status import (\n TableauJobFailedException,\n TableauJobStatusSensor,\n)\n\n\nclass TestTableauJobStatusSensor(unittest.",
"TestCase):\n def setUp(self):\n self.kwargs = {'job_id': 'job_2', 'site_id': 'test_site', 'task_id': 'task', 'dag': None}\n\n @patch('airflow.providers.salesforce.sensors.tableau_job_status.",
"TableauHook')\n def test_poke(self, mock_tableau_hook):\n mock_tableau_hook.return_value.__enter__ = Mock(return_value=mock_tableau_hook)\n mock_get = mock_tableau_hook.server.jobs.get_by_id\n mock_get.return_value.finish_code = '0'\n sensor = TableauJobStatusSensor(**self.kwargs)\n\n job_finished = sensor.poke(context={})\n\n self.assertTrue(job_finished)\n mock_get.assert_called_once_with(sensor.job_id)\n\n @parameterized.expand([('1',), ('2',)])\n @patch('airflow.providers.salesforce.sensors.tableau_job_status.",
"TableauHook')\n def test_poke_failed(self, finish_code, mock_tableau_hook):\n mock_tableau_hook.return_value.__enter__ = Mock(return_value=mock_tableau_hook)\n mock_get = mock_tableau_hook.server.jobs.get_by_id\n mock_get.return_value.finish_code = finish_code\n sensor = TableauJobStatusSensor(**self.kwargs)\n\n self.assertRaises(TableauJobFailedException, sensor.poke, {})\n mock_get.assert_called_once_with(sensor.job_id)\n"
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[
"Adult Rights for Adult Businesses\n\nAn ordinance of the City of Sandy Springs, Georgia, prohibits the sale of sex toys. ",
"Businesses and individuals have challenged this statute as unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause in controlling their consensual, sexual behavior in the privacy of their homes. ",
"The district court and a panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit upheld the ordinance given the Eleventh Circuit precedent of Williams v. Attorney General (2004), which upheld an Alabama sex-toy-sales ban.",
"\n\nCato has now joined the DKT Liberty Project on a brief to the entire (en banc) Eleventh Circuit asking it to overturn Williams, which is inconsistent with more recent Supreme Court precedent in United States v. Windsor (2013) and Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) (the DOMA and same-sex marriage cases, respectively). ",
"Williams had relied on Washington v. Glucksberg (1997), where the Supreme Court declared that for a right to be protected under the Fourteenth Amendment, its specific articulation must be “deeply rooted in our history and traditions” or “fundamental to our concept of constitutionally ordered liberty.”",
"\n\nWilliams upheld the law after finding no history or traditions concerning sex toys, though the Fifth Circuit disagreed in 2008 in striking down a similar Texas restriction. ",
"Windsor and Obergefell then raised the protection of rights concerning private sexual intimacy and Obergefell described this right as “fundamental.” ",
"Obergefell also explicitly rejected the Glucksberg test, at least as applied to sexual intimacy, as “inconsistent with the approach this Court has used in discussing other fundamental rights.”",
"\n\nWilliams also misinterpreted Lawrence v. Texas (2003), which in striking down a ban on homosexual sodomy made clear that it wasn’t merely the right to perform “a particular sexual act” that was in question in these intimacy cases, but the infringement of rights regulating “the most private human conduct, sexual behavior, in the most private of places, the home.” ",
"Lawrence also made clear that state assertion of a “morality” interest isn’t a sufficient justification for limiting the right to adult sexual intimacy. ",
"Lawrence held that, as to “whether the majority may use the power of the State to enforce these [moral] views on the whole society,” the answer is no.",
"\n\nWilliams essentially ignored Lawrence, given that state’s only asserted interest in upholding the law here is also based on morality. ",
"Windsor also clarified the prohibition on morality being a “legitimate state interest” was a holding of Lawrence. ",
"The sexual devices at issue here implicate “the most private human conduct, sexual behavior . . . ",
"in the most private of places, the home.”",
"\n\nAlthough the Sandy Springs ordinance only prohibited the sale of sex toys, and not possession or use, even Williams recognized that “restrictions on the ability to purchase an item are tantamount to restrictions on the use of that item.” ",
"The Supreme Court also recognized in Carey v. Population Services International (1977) that the same test must be used for such burdens on the right as prohibiting its exercise entirely, noting that the burden need not be “as great as that under a total ban on distribution.”",
"\n\nWilliams is simply no longer good law and should be overturned. ",
"Bans on commercial access to sex toys, like restrictions on other forms of sexual intimacy, are unconstitutional. ",
"The Eleventh Circuit will hear Flanigan's Enterprises v. City of Sandy Springs later this spring."
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[
"Mango was the most popular dog ever. ",
"We would walk down the street and everyone would bend down to pet her. ",
"Rarely did people ask, “Is your dog friendly?” ",
"They intuitively knew she was. ",
"Mango’s pure and simple gift was transference. ",
"If you had a care, a woe, tension, obsession, mania, all you had to do was pet Mango. ",
"Whatever energy you did not need she would gladly take off your hands, and promptly forget. ",
"Mango was the “pet and forget” dog. ",
"The kind of dog who makes being human bearable. ",
"I will always love her for that. ",
"I did the petting/forgiving, she did the forgetting and together we moved toward bliss.",
"\n\nNAMES\n\nBefore I say more about Mango I must first list her names and their meanings.",
"\n\nMango – Mango came to us as Margo. ",
"This seemed a little too “human” and serious to me so I called her Mango.",
"\n\nMangopie – Her full name was inspired by a pie baked by Leala and Tyler and their other friends on the Hali Mano Commune on Maui. ",
"The primary ingredients of the pie were fresh mangos from the garden, and a coconut that they harvested and shredded right there in front of me. ",
"I knew at the time I would probably never taste such a wonderful flavor again, and like Mango the dog it was the best food I have ever eaten.",
"\n\nMargo – Jim always called her Margo. ",
"Out of respect I never asked him to call her Mango because they had their own relationship and she loved/responded to him regardless of which name he called her by.",
"\n\nMoo Cow – Mango made a funny noise somewhere between a whimper and a grunt that sounded like a cow mooing at a rather high pitch.",
"\n\nMooi – Partly because she “mooed” but mostly because it means beautiful in Dutch.",
"\n\nCOMPANIONSHIP\n\nMango went everywhere with me, in the car, on planes, on vacations to the office. ",
"However, she was not really “my dog”, Mango was everybody’s dog. ",
"She was a devoted companion to me, along with everyone else in our lives. ",
"She relished days and weeks spent at Kim and Linda’s, nothing like a schedule of pampering and love. ",
"Nights spent in Maggie and Jeff’s walk in closet, oh the soft carpet and girl cave of it all. ",
"Days spent following the sun spot in Amit’s office, perhaps the only dog trusted to sit/sleep in on critical sales calls. ",
"And last but not least, her throne on the sofa at the center of Grandpa and Mattie’s life, always ready to receive visitors in her tummy scratching office.",
"\n\nMango was so relaxed with other people that I sometimes wondered if she was indeed supposed to have been their dog. ",
"One year on our way out of Mono at the end of a camping trip we had to return to the campsite because we forgot Mango. ",
"Mango rarely missed an opportunity to hop in the truck and wait, especially when she saw us packing our camping gear. ",
"We returned to the campsite to find her asleep in the sun at the camp next door. ",
"She had simply taken up with the neighbors and missed our departure entirely. ",
"On her final trip to Mono, Mango spent her free time idly sitting in the dustiest sunniest spot where the campsite road meets the trail to Doris Lake. ",
"There she was perfectly positioned so as not to miss anyone coming or going. ",
"She greeted them all with her tell tale, sitting dust wag and joyous smile – oh here let me bring you this ratty pine cone hull, it looks like you need a “pick me up”.",
"\n\nKids loved Mango, and Mango loved kids. ",
"There was something about Mango’s ear to body proportion and willingness to be insanely silly that attracted the little ones in droves. ",
"From an early age Mango was trained to be a kid dog. ",
"Martina spent many and hour dragging Mango around on a leash, bedecked in dress-ups and “jewels”. ",
"Mango learned how not to snap when squeezed a little too tight, and how to endure 12 pairs of hands “petting” you at the same time. ",
"Her early training was a small price to pay for the lifelong adoration that she received from almost every kid that passed her way. ",
"They doted on her, and she doted on them – an ever giving cycle of the purest happy energy.",
"\n\nSLEEP\n\nMango was a hilarious burrower. ",
"Many a morning I would roll out of bed, brush my teeth, dawn running attire and yell for Mango. ",
"As I grabbed leashes I’d hear her “mooing”. ",
"Inevitably she would be stuck at the bottom of a comforter cover, a gyrating lump of purple flannel trying to nudge free from a well sewn corner.",
"\n\nMango was an excellent co sleeper. ",
"All those years on the sleeping porch I stayed cozy with Mango snuggled next to my tummy and Blue at my feet. ",
"Mango and Seth snuggled from his first moment, primarily due to the fact that he was in my tummy and, well that was where Mango slept. ",
"Mango never relinquished her tummy spot, she served as a fabulous body pillow, snored incessantly and never complained a bit. ",
"A few weeks after Seth was born I realized there was no point in trying to pry Mango from his side, because she felt compelled to guard him whenever I was or was not around. ",
"Maybe if Seth had slept in a crib it would have been different, but we slept on mattresses on the floor. ",
"The minute Seth was left alone to nap she would hop up and settle in next to him. ",
"Guarding, or if all was well (which was usually the case) snoozing. ",
"This went on at night too. ",
"I would shoo Mango to the foot of the bed when I was awake, but every time I slept she would burrow back to Seth’s side. ",
"When Seth hit the 20 lb mark Mango lost interest, I think she figured he could fend for himself seeing as he then weighed as much as she did.",
"\n\nThe introduction of a small child changed Mango profoundly. ",
"She abandoned the bed and made her own sleeping space. ",
"When we moved into the white house she was thrilled. ",
"Here she had her own room! ",
"She loved it, the floor was carpeted, and the door could be locked such that Seth and his barrage of flying toys would not disturb her. ",
"Mango had “arrived” and made no bones about flaunting her good fortune. ",
"I missed her when we slept upstairs, but it was more important for her to be happy, so we let her be.",
"\n\nDUST\n\nMango’s official breed was “Chidaquador” – One half Chiwawa/Daschund, the other half Labrador surprise.",
"\n\nBeing one quarter Chiwawa Mango loved dust. ",
"She was content to sit all day in the hottest, dustiest spot panting, eyes barely open looking very zen and absorbing the world around her. ",
"When we lived in the cabin she dust bathed on the path between the garden and the field. ",
"At the white house she had several dust baths that she cycled through during the day, ambling from one to the other every few hours like clockwork. ",
"At grandpa’s she had it all. ",
"The dust bowl right outside the back porch served as command center of the dog universe. ",
"Mango could lounge all day as people came and went, rousing only to bark at passing dogs or to drink the sweet nectar found in the shallow dishes under potted plants (yuck). ",
"Her final resting place is in the hottest dustiest spot of all. ",
"Seth unknowingly, but happily surrendered his “private digging area” to Mango. ",
"After we returned from the vet I wrapped Mango in her beloved David Lee Roth bed and let her soak up the sun for a good while before we buried her. ",
"It felt right to put her to rest with hot fur and dirt everywhere, just the way she liked it. ",
"She is buried to the left of the stairs under the kitchen windows where she will have lots of company. ",
"Her new job is to grow Seth’s “birth lemon tree” that we planted over her. ",
"I look forward to many a beer with a slice of lemon, courtesy of Mango the party dog.",
"\n\nPARTY\n\nMango was the life of every party. ",
"Upon arrival, she was always the first to hop out of the car, wagging her tail furiously and heading for the door. ",
"She would enter and people would scream “MANGO”. ",
"I loved this, because Mango simply made people happy. ",
"She always had a reason to celebrate with a tail wag that approached levitation, a joyful grin and her ears parted, ready for a good scritch. ",
"If you were not paying her the proper attention she would “moo” and paw your pants leg. ",
"This never seemed to bother even the most stayed adult, and people were thrilled by the interruption, as if Mango were in the right and it was they who had neglected their duty.",
"\n\nMango was famous – it’s true. ",
"I swear everyone in a one mile radius of our office on Polk and Jackson knew Mango’s name. ",
"One day we were walking down Polk Street. ",
"I was talking on the phone and Mango was “checking her email”. ",
"Someone behind us started making really impressive cartoon like dog noises to get Mango’s attention, and she replied vigorously. ",
"I was engrossed in my call, and only stopped to look when the extend-a-leash halted me. ",
"Sure enough Mango was having a conversation with Robin Williams. ",
"He saw me, grinned and froze. ",
"I said, “Look Mango, someone more famous than you.” ",
"Robin laughed and squirmed into the passenger side of a waiting car. ",
"I was never surprised that this happened; a testament to Mango’s true star quality.",
"\n\nMango was a rock star. ",
"I always thought of her as the Madonna of dogs, charismatic yet tough as nails, demure yet ruthless in the pursuit of pleasure. ",
"Mango taught me to be bossy, that’s how things get done! ",
"Demand that people let you love them, and let them love you in return. ",
"She taught me not to worry so much about what people think, but to go out and tell them what I think. ",
"Mango went outside and barked because it felt good! ",
"Mango lived a full life, even with a body and lungs packed with cancer. ",
"It was not until she refused a jog last Friday that anyone really realized something was wrong. ",
"How great that she only spent one week of her life dying and the rest of it living. ",
"I like to think Mango has found her “La Isla Bonita”, but really I know she is somewhere on “La Isla Bonita” partying and wagging her tail to the tune of Mambo Number 5, by Lou Bega!",
"\n\n(Substitute your dog’s name anywhere in this chorus. ",
"Please note that Blue, Farley, Alan, Jessie, Ruby and all of Mango’s other dog friends were simply left out because their names don’t rhyme quite as well, but we don’t love them any less)\n\nChorus:\nA little bit of Millie in my life\nA little bit of Amber by my side\nA little bit of Seti’s all I need\nA little bit of Kima’s what I see\nA little bit of Brandy in the sun\nA little bit of Zoya all night long\nA little bit of Madison here I am\nA little bit of you makes me your dog\n\nI do all to\nfall in love with a dog like Moo\nYou can’t run and you can’t hide\nYou and me gonna touch the sky"
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"£1GBP or more\n\ncredits\n\ntags\n\nlicense\n\nall rights reserved\n\nabout\n\nPath to PrevailDerby, UK\n\nFormed in January 2014 Path To Prevail wasted no time getting their first three tracks recorded and sent out to radio\nstations across the country gaining them the reputation of a band to watch out for. ",
"After a successful First year of gigging across the UK, Path To Prevail have earned their moniker as Derby’s own ‘Metalcore revivalists’....more"
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"package reflect2\n\nimport (\n\t\"reflect\"\n\t\"unsafe\"\n)\n\ntype eface struct {\n\trtype unsafe.",
"Pointer\n\tdata unsafe.",
"Pointer\n}\n\nfunc unpackEFace(obj interface{}) *eface {\n\treturn (*eface)(unsafe.",
"Pointer(&obj))\n}\n\nfunc packEFace(rtype unsafe.",
"Pointer, data unsafe.",
"Pointer) interface{} {\n\tvar i interface{}\n\te := (*eface)(unsafe.",
"Pointer(&i))\n\te.rtype = rtype\n\te.data = data\n\treturn i\n}\n\ntype UnsafeEFaceType struct {\n\tunsafeType\n}\n\nfunc newUnsafeEFaceType(cfg *frozenConfig, type1 reflect.",
"Type) *UnsafeEFaceType {\n\treturn &UnsafeEFaceType{\n\t\tunsafeType: *newUnsafeType(cfg, type1),\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (type2 *UnsafeEFaceType) IsNil(obj interface{}) bool {\n\tif obj == nil {\n\t\treturn true\n\t}\n\tobjEFace := unpackEFace(obj)\n\tassertType(\"Type.",
"IsNil argument 1\", type2.ptrRType, objEFace.rtype)\n\treturn type2.UnsafeIsNil(objEFace.data)\n}\n\nfunc (type2 *UnsafeEFaceType) UnsafeIsNil(ptr unsafe.",
"Pointer) bool {\n\tif ptr == nil {\n\t\treturn true\n\t}\n\treturn unpackEFace(*(*interface{})(ptr)).data == nil\n}\n\nfunc (type2 *UnsafeEFaceType) Indirect(obj interface{}) interface{} {\n\tobjEFace := unpackEFace(obj)\n\tassertType(\"Type.",
"Indirect argument 1\", type2.ptrRType, objEFace.rtype)\n\treturn type2.UnsafeIndirect(objEFace.data)\n}\n\nfunc (type2 *UnsafeEFaceType) UnsafeIndirect(ptr unsafe.",
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"Q:\n\nShould I financially assist my child in paying for college?",
"\n\nIn Short\nI’m wondering if there is any research to support the idea that paying for a child to attend college leads to a more desirable outcome than allowing them to pay their own way (either via working, via scholarships, or via student loans). ",
" This could be shown in terms of mid-career income, unemployment numbers, happiness index, etc. ",
" An answer that compares and contrasts the advantages and disadvantages to each side (as supported by hard evidence) would be even better.",
"\nBackground\nI believe I had an atypical upbringing that I erroneously assumed was normal. ",
" Most of my aunts and uncles, and my parents, worked their own way through school. ",
" I always believed this was the norm, though I’m now questioning that assumption.",
"\nWhen I started my associates degree I choose a community college for cost efficiency, but refused to let my parents pay after the first semester. ",
" I worked 24 hours a week around schooling, then moved up to full time work while attending night school at a local university to earn my BS. ",
" I believe that this experience was immeasurably valuable as I graduated with 5 years of industry experience on my resume, no debt, and a working understanding of how to apply classroom theory to industry practice, leading to good career prospects and high pay. ",
" Further, a 40-hour workweek with nights free after graduation seemed like a vacation to me which reduced my long-term stress levels, and knowing that my parents didn’t need to sacrifice of their retirement did wonders for my happiness (not to mention confidence in myself).",
"\nI have several friends who paid most of their college tuition via scholarships, and this seemed to provide different valuable benefits. ",
" As the scholarship was a results of their own accomplishments it provided a sense of agency in their lives and provided a boost to confidence and pride. ",
" I don’t know anyone who came out with substantial student loan debt, but I would imagine that paying it off could have a similar effect to my working my way through college: a sense of ownership and agency and pride.",
"\nI now have two children and I’ve heard a lot from seemingly everyone about planning for their college, and almost every other parent I’ve met has created college accounts for their children. ",
" This mindset seems both alien and counterproductive to me, and anecdotal evidence from my own past and family history indicates that this may not be optimal to my children’s long-term success. ",
" However, I also seem to be in the extreme minority and I’ve learned that when in that position it makes a lot of sense to question your own position and fully research and understand the other side to make sure you’re not simply biased towards the familiar. ",
" So I would like to know if there is validity in setting up a college fund and helping my children pay for college or if this is just an unsupported fad of our parenting generation.",
"\nI’m not sure if it’s relevant, but my children are currently in their early teens. ",
" I have setup small investment accounts for them that I'm trying to contribute to more and more, but those accounts are currently set to transfer well past college age. ",
" The kids know about them and I always refer to them as retirement accounts, but I’m wondering if there’s value in modifying them to be college accounts instead. ",
" Before considering doing so I’d like very clear evidence that it would make a substantial positive impact, as $50,000 (for example) put into college now takes $1,500,000 (~$400,000 in today’s dollars adjusted for expected inflation) away from their retirement.",
"\nAddressing College Cost\nI'd like to take a moment to address a common theme in the comments and answers that I don't think has been properly fleshed out.",
"\nI think we can all agree that education is extremely expensive. ",
" However, I feel it is tangential to the heart of this question, if we assume that paying for one's own education is at least possible, even if difficult.",
"\nAccording to http://www.topuniversities.com/student-info/student-finance/how-much-does-it-cost-study-us studying at a Community College will run $3,347 per year, plus room and board. ",
" Studying at a state college will run $9,139 per year, plus room and board. ",
" For the purposes of the question we can assume that we're talking about financial assistance with tuition, and that students are welcome to live at home and commute. ",
" Therefore we can place a lower limit on a four year degree at $24,972. ",
" Even with room and board the numbers work out to $59,990.",
"\nWe can reasonably assume a work schedule of 15 hours per week during school semesters (9 months of the year) and 40 hours per week during breaks (3 months of the year) for a total of 1020 hours per year. ",
" If we assume a student attends 12 credit hours per semester all year round and works 30 hours per week, that comes to 1440 hours per year. ",
" I know several people that put in more hours than this, including myself in the past and my nephews in the present, so I believe it to be more than reasonable.",
"\nAssuming a pay rate of $10 / hour, the student will have a annual gross income of $10,200 - $14,400, or $40,800 - $57,600 over the course of the four year degree. ",
" Alternately, setting aside 10% (average tithe suggested by certain major religions, showing that it is possible to do for many) of the US average annual income of $50,000 (those with degrees average much higher) would allow a student to pay off a fully financed degree at a rate of $5,000 per year, or 5-12 years. ",
" Based on these numbers it is clear that with the proper choices the student can come out with no debt load or a manageable debt load, even if they don't stay with parents.",
"\nTo be clear on a few points:\n\nAverage budgets for college students are higher than this, but it doesn't necessarily follow that they must be if there are financial pressures on the student to budget responsibly and control costs.",
"\nI do not mean to imply that this is in any way easy. ",
" It will, in fact, be very difficult. ",
" But it is often the most difficult challenges that allow us to grow and succeed.",
"\nAll points about costs, difficulties, long-term debt, etc are valid concerns, but they are not necessarily salient to the question as they may be offset by positive consequences of equal value (industry experience, practical time/life management, etc). ",
" Which leads me to:\nThe crux of the original question is what hard evidence tells us about whether the long term results of paying for college for our children are overall positive, and if so if they are positive enough to offset a massive loss in retirement savings. ",
" This is regardless of whether life might be difficult during or recently after.",
"\n\nA:\n\nPeople with degrees statistically have a better income than those without degrees.",
"\nIf assisting your child financially is the difference as to whether they can acquire a degree or not then it seems logical that you should consider helping them in whatever way you can.",
"\n\nhttp://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2014/02/11/the-rising-cost-of-not-going-to-college/\nhttps://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/229498/bis-13-899-the-impact-of-university-degrees-on-the-lifecycle-of-earnings-further-analysis.pdf\nhttps://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-10-24/uni-graduates-likely-to-earn-one-million-more-over-lifetime/4330506\n\nA:\n\nMy husband and I helped our son with undergraduate college so that he wouldn't have so much debt from student loans but only because he was committed to his education. ",
"I am all for helping your children with this if you have the resources, but only if they are committed to their education too. ",
"I paid for my own college costs with student loans, but I did see some students at that time that were not very committed to their education because their parents were footing the bill. ",
"I guess that you have to weigh in all factors.",
"\n\n"
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"[Small bowel injuries in blunt abdominal trauma--a diagnostic problem!].",
"\nInjuries of the small bowel following a blunt abdominal trauma are rare (incidence 6%). ",
"The diagnosis is difficult and therefore often missed. ",
"The aim of this paper is to acquire an useful diagnostic sequence of our own results in comparison to the literature. ",
"The diagnostic procedures and the time of the final diagnosis of 13 patients with this rare injury have been retrospectively analysed. ",
"Two of these 13 patients died in the emergency room. ",
"Five of the remaining 11 patients had signs of peritonitis at the first examination. ",
"These were confirmed by findings either in peritoneal lavage (3), ultrasound (1) or X-ray (1). ",
"Patients without signs of peritonitis revealed no pathological signs at the first examination with these diagnostic tools. ",
"Correct diagnosis was achieved on 7/11 patients within 24 hours. ",
"The diagnosis of small bowel injury was confirmed by the rest of the patients (n = 4) after an average of 11 days after trauma. ",
"Initial assessment with diagnostic tools as ultrasound, peritoneal lavage or X-ray is poor. ",
"Therefore repetitive controls (Nowadays by ultrasound) are indicated. ",
"The CT is a valuable tool to detect an organ lesion in hemodynamic stable patients with positive proof of liquid in the ultrasound. ",
"Today the value of the diagnostic laparoscopy is not established. ",
"It should be considered that a local ischemia due to the blunt trauma can cause a delayed perforation."
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"\nky_40 <- ky[sample(1:nrow(ky), nrow(ky)*0.4,replace=FALSE),] \n\nBy this statement I want to make a data set consisting of 60% of the original one excluding \nky_40.",
"\nky_the_others<- ??????? ",
" \n\nHow can I make the last code?",
"\n\nA:\n\nJust move the sampling out of your extraction so you can refer to it again:\nky <- mtcars\n\n## Here, I've moved the sampling out of your extraction\nforty <- sample(1:nrow(ky), nrow(ky)*0.4,replace=FALSE)\n\n## Now you can extract whatever you want\nky[ forty, ] # This will be the 40% of original dataset\nky[-forty, ] # This will be the remaining rows.",
"\n\n"
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[
"1.. Introduction\n================\n\nAn estimated 60,920 new cases of kidney cancer are expected to be diagnosed in the United States in 2011, of which the majority (\\>90%) will be renal cell carcinoma (RCC). ",
"RCC incidence rates have risen by 2--3% over the past 20 years, which is likely due to the increased detection of small primary tumors. ",
"In contrast to symptomatic tumors, incidentally diagnosed RCC primary and metastatic tumors are better candidates for definitive resection \\[[@b1-cancers-03-04010]\\].",
"\n\nSurgical treatment remains the standard of care for localized, non-metastatic RCC, with the first report of radical nephrectomy in 1948 \\[[@b2-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Initial surgical principles included kidney removal with its perirenal fat, regional lymph nodes, and ipsilateral adrenalectomy and open radical nephrectomy as the traditional *de facto* standard of care. ",
"Representative surgical series described long-term survival rates of 60%--90%, 20%--67%, 15%--80%, and 2%--20%, for stages I, II, III, and IV, respectively \\[[@b3-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Surgical management has evolved as a result of emerging understanding of the biologic and clinical behavior of disease \\[[@b4-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Contemporary studies suggest that the rate of adrenal metastases is low with no significant differences in cancer-specific survival rates with or without adrenalectomy. ",
"Similarly, the extent and need of routine lymphadenectomy continues to be debated. ",
"The Phase III EORTC 30881 \\[[@b5-cancers-03-04010]\\], which compared radical nephrectomy with or without lymphadenectomy for stage T1-3N0M0 tumors, failed to detect a progression-free or survival benefit for lymphadenectomy at 5 years. ",
"In addition, indications for partial nephrectomy have expanded; modern long-term outcomes support its use as an effective alternative to radical nephrectomy with respect to cancer-specific survival. ",
"Extension into the inferior vena cava, which represents a significant challenge from a technical perspective, is advocated for patients with organ-confined tumors. ",
"Laparoscopic and more recently robotic resection approaches have emerged as alternatives to open nephrectomy in the management of properly selected patients with localized RCC without renal vein involvement or lymphadenectomy. ",
"Ablative techniques, with varying ranges of clinical experience including cryotherapy, radiofrequency ablation, microwave thermotherapy, and high-intensity focused ultrasound, are also being evaluated. ",
"The role of metastasectomy and/or cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic disease remains controversial, although it is considered for palliation in patients with only partial regression of metastases or in those with prolonged disease regression following systemic therapy. ",
"One possible exception is the use of metastasectomy for solitary metastases, which can provide long-term remission rates of up to 30%, particularly in cases of metachronous pulmonary metastases.",
"\n\nAttempts at incorporating conventionally fractioned radiation into the routine management of RCC date back at least 50 years. ",
"Initial retrospective data described an apparent survival advantage with preoperative radiation *vs.* surgery alone; nevertheless, two subsequent prospective clinical trials failed to confirm such benefit. ",
"In the first, van der Werf-Messing *et al.* ",
"reported a series of 126 evaluable patients testing preoperative radiation to 30 Gy in 15 fractions followed by immediate nephrectomy and revealed no significant survival benefit but noted a possible benefit in patients with T3 lesions conferred by increased complete resection rates \\[[@b6-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"A second study by Juusela *et al.* ",
"utilized preoperative radiation at 2.2 Gy per fraction to 33 Gy with inferior overall survival (OS) for patients treated with preoperative radiotherapy (47% *vs.* 63% at 5 years) \\[[@b7-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Similarly, postoperative radiotherapy failed to show a substantial benefit despite initial encouraging retrospective reports. ",
"A prospective randomized trial of postoperative radiotherapy conducted by the Copenhagen Renal Cancer Study Group compared nephrectomy alone to postoperative radiotherapy consisting of 50 Gy in 20 fractions, again without significant survival benefit (5-year survival 62% for nephrectomy alone *vs.* 38% nephrectomy and adjuvant radiotherapy), and noted significant complications in 44% of radiotherapy (RT) patients \\[[@b8-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Emerging evidence suggests that the suboptimal efficacy of conventionally fractionated RT in the management of RCC stems from its unique biologic characteristics, of which salient findings are summarized in the following section.",
"\n\n2.. Biology of Renal Cell Cancer---A Radiotherapeutic Perspective\n=================================================================\n\nLike breast, prostate, and colon cancers, RCC occurs in familial and sporadic forms \\[[@b3-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Substantial clinical and laboratory investigation of RCC over the past two decades has led to expanded insight into the tumor biology and genetic basis. ",
"Notable gains in the understanding of the genetic basis and underlying biology of RCC branch from the investigation of the hereditary forms of the tumor \\[[@b3-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"RCC is associated with multiple syndromes, including von Hippel Lindau syndrome (VHL), tuberous sclerosis, hereditary papillary RCC, Britt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome, and hereditary renal carcinoma. ",
"Recent advances in the biology of RCC demonstrate VHL-associated molecular features. ",
"For example, Gordan *et al.* ",
"described the effects of VHL tumor suppressor loss in hypoxia inducible factor alpha (HIF-α) stabilization as occurring in 70% of sporadic clear cell RCC \\[[@b9-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"His group analyzed VHL genotype and HIF-α expression in 160 primary tumors, which were segregated into three groups with distinct molecular characteristics. ",
"Tumors with intact VHL and those with VHL-deficiency but expressed HIF-1α and HIF-2α exhibited enhanced Akt/mTOR and ERK/MAP kinase signaling, whereas VHL-deficient RCCs that only expresses HIF-2α displayed elevated C-MYC activity. ",
"Therefore, the end effect of VHL on the HIF transcription factor profile may dictate tumor biology critical to therapeutic response or overall disease behavior.",
"\n\nRecent *in vitro* studies have investigated the relationship between RCC radioresistance and HIF-2α. ",
"Bhatt *et al.* ",
"examined cell lines expressing stable short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) encoding HIF-2α \\[[@b10-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Cell lines were assayed for their response to increasing doses of ionizing radiation. ",
"Results demonstrated that RCC lines with decreased HIF-2α levels showed a significant increase in radiation sensitivity and an increase in G2 cell cycle arrest. ",
"Rapamycin, while effective in decreasing HIF1alpha protein levels, did not affect HIF2alpha levels in either of the RCC cell lines. ",
"The authors concluded that HIF-2α levels were inversely correlated to radiosensitivity, potentially accounting for clinical RCC radioresistance. ",
"In addition, the authors suggested that mTOR inhibitors might be ineffective radiosensitizers given their lack of effect on HIF-2α levels.",
"\n\nIn addition to VHL and HIF, a number of genes have been implicated in the initiation, development, and progression of RCC. ",
"These include the FHIT and RASF1 tumor suppression genes, several forms of the TGF-β receptor, pentaerythritol tetranitrate, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and carbonic anhydrase.",
"\n\nThe recent advances into our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of RCC have translated directly into improved treatment options and oncologic outcomes, particularly for patients with metastatic disease, and exemplified by an ever-expanding array of targeted therapies \\[[@b11-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Among these, VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors and inhibitors of the mTOR signaling pathway have emerged as first-line options in the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) based on improved progression-free and/or OS outcomes. ",
"Notably, as compared with interferon in patients with good or-intermediate risk clear renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC), the tyrokinase inhibitor sunitinib demonstrated an OS benefit (26.4 *vs.* 21.8 months, p = 0.051) even in the setting of crossover. ",
"Additionally, the tyrokinase inhibitors sorafenib and pazopanib have also received Food and Drug Administration approval. ",
"Current research efforts are directed towards understanding and overcoming the resistance mechanisms following initial response to therapy \\[[@b12-cancers-03-04010],[@b13-cancers-03-04010]\\].",
"\n\nBeyond the VEGF pathway, inhibition of the mTOR signaling provides an alternate mechanism for targeted therapy in RCC. ",
"In the front-line setting, the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus is utilized in patients with poor-risk disease given improved OS. ",
"A phase III, placebo-controlled study established a role for second-line treatment with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus by demonstrating a significant progression-free survival (PFS) benefit with a hazard ratio of 0.3, which prompted the approval of the agent following disease progression after VEGF inhibitor therapy \\[[@b14-cancers-03-04010]\\].",
"\n\nCombination strategies, including \"*vertical inhibition*,\" which describes a combination of therapies that target factors working in a linear signaling pathway, and \"*lateral inhibition*\" which implies inhibiting targets from known overlapping pathways, both constitute foci of ongoing research studies with significant potential for integration of stereotactic radiotherapy (e.g., in the treatment oligometastases) as a local targeted therapeutic option.",
"\n\nRenal cell carcinoma has traditionally been considered intrinsically radioresistant although the specific molecular mechanisms responsible for such radioresistance have not been elucidated. ",
"However, radioresistance was verified through laboratory experiments by Deschavanne *et al.* ",
"indicating that RCC is amongst the most radioresistant *in vitro* cell types \\[[@b15-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"A possible explanation may lie in STAT1, a transcription factor downstream of the interferon signaling pathway. ",
"Recent data from Hui *et al.* ",
"demonstrated increased radiosensitivity amongst human CCRCC samples by the inhibition of STAT1 expression by fludarabine and siRNA \\[[@b16-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"The manipulation of this, and potentially additional pathways, may help identify agents allowing for synergistic activity in combination with RT, further expanding local management options.",
"\n\nCurrent radiobiologic modeling of dose response using conventional fraction sizes of 1.8--3 Gy is based on the concept of biologic effective dose (BED) \\[[@b15-cancers-03-04010],[@b17-cancers-03-04010]\\]: $$\\textit{BED} = nd\\left( {1 + \\frac{d}{\\alpha/\\beta}} \\right)$$\n\nTwo retrospective analyses have utilized the linear quadratic (LQ) formalism to investigate the biologic effective dose for appropriate palliative management of RCC. ",
"In the first, using a retrospective dataset of 107 patients and 150 irradiated sites, DiBiase *et al.* ",
"revealed an 86% palliative response rate after RT, including a 49% complete response rate \\[[@b18-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Multivariate analysis identified performance status and a higher BED as significant response predictors. ",
"Nevertheless, the study utilized a presumed α/β value 10, which might be an overestimate based on more recent studies. ",
"A subsequent study by Wilson *et al.* ",
"evaluated 143 palliative treatments amongst 78 patients with MRCC and described a similar response rate of 73% \\[[@b19-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"The LQ formalism was used to calculate biologic effective doses using α/β ratios of 3 and 7. ",
"Response type and duration were not predicted by BED~3~ or BED~7~.\n\nThe efficacy of conventionally fractionated palliative radiotherapy for MRCC was best documented in a well-conducted, prospective phase II trial by Lee *et al.* ",
"which included 31 patients \\[[@b20-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"The authors prescribed 30 Gy in 10 fractions and documented pain, analgesic use, symptoms, and quality of life using validated questionnaire instruments prior to and at multiple times after RT. ",
"Among patients treated for pain, 83% experienced site-specific pain relief after RT, and 48% did not require increased analgesic medication. ",
"Unfortunately, global pain and quality of life scores were limited due to progressive systemic disease. ",
"Interestingly, the aforementioned response rate of 83% was achieved despite a BED~10~ of 39 Gy, which is lower than the threshold of 50 previously suggested by DiBiase *et al.* ",
"\\[[@b18-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"As a result, the authors supported the continued use of 30 Gy in 10 fractions as a palliative schedule for RCC, although their low patient numbers and limited follow-up evaluation may preclude definitive conclusions, particularly in the modern area of protracted survival of MRCC and sequential use of multiple targeted agents.",
"\n\nDespite the inherent controversies in optimizing RT management of MRCC relating to the aforementioned laboratory and clinical evidence supporting dose escalation, technical developments in the fields of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), which was utilized initially for brain tumors and most recently expanded to extracranial sites, have allowed RT treatment intensification with permissible toxicity rates \\[[@b18-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"The pertinent studies relating to cranial and extracranial radiosurgery for RCC will be described in the subsequent sections.",
"\n\n3.. Radiotherapeutic Management of RCC Brain Metastases\n=======================================================\n\nBrain metastases constitute an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with RCC with reported incidence of brain metastases in 10% of patients based on an autopsy series. ",
"Over several decades, whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) has constituted a standard treatment option in the management of brain metastases, in particular for the treatment of lung and breast cancer brain metastases, although it is potentially associated with neurocognitive dysfunction and with suboptimal control rates (especially for larger tumors) \\[[@b21-cancers-03-04010],[@b22-cancers-03-04010]\\].",
"\n\nTraditional outcomes using WBRT for brain metastases in unselected patients are poor. ",
"An analysis from the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) database of prospective trials classified patients into three prognostic groups based on the recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) scheme with a median survival ranging from 2.3 to 7.1 months \\[[@b23-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Outcomes after WBRT appear especially poor for patients with MRCC, a finding classically attributed to radioresistance. ",
"For example, a retrospective study by Wronski *et al.* ",
"revealed a median survival of 4.4 months from diagnosis following WBRT for RCC, with death from neurologic causes in 76% of patients \\[[@b24-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"These unsatisfactory results led to the proposal of more aggressive approaches, including surgical resection and radiosurgery, for RCC brain metastases.",
"\n\nLocal treatment intensification in properly selected patients is sensible in light of published data. ",
"As an example, craniotomy for properly selected patients with solitary lesions is supported by the phase III trial by Patchell *et al.*, ",
"which demonstrated overall local PFS at the treated site as well as OS benefit (median time of 40 weeks in observation *vs.* 15 weeks in the WBRT-only arm) \\[[@b25-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Similarly, technological advancements in the fields of radiotherapy and imaging dating back to the efforts of Leksell at the University of Uppsala in the 1950s have led to the development of intracranial stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) techniques, which have been revised and optimized through several decades of development \\[[@b26-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Originally employing narrow proton beams, practical considerations led investigators to the development of focused gamma- (*i.e.*, Gamma Knife) and X-ray- (*i.e.*, linear accelerator) based SRS technologies. ",
"Given the relative ease of frame-based immobilization, initial efforts focused on intracranial SRS. ",
"Conceptually, the technique describes an ablative use of therapeutic irradiation relying on convergence of multiple beams around a target volume, resulting in a heterogeneous dose distribution with sharp falloff gradients into surrounding normal tissue omitting prophylactic treatment of areas and subclinical risk of disease. ",
"The technique of intracranial SRS has now matured through several decades and is routinely performed in the outpatient basis either with invasive (frame-based), and non-invasive (frameless) methods. ",
"Results from a number of centers indicate excellent local control rates for small MRCC lesions treated with SRS as summarized in [Table 1](#t1-cancers-03-04010){ref-type=\"table\"}.",
"\n\nDespite the noted improvements in tumor control, a number of clinically relevant questions remain in the management of RCC brain metastases, which include the use of adjuvant WBRT, the selection of patients for stereotactic radiosurgery *vs.* SRS, and prognostic factors following stereotactic treatment in RCC patients.",
"\n\nWith respect to the initial selection of radiosurgery *vs.* resection, for medically operable patients, significant factors include tumor size, number of metastases, and presence of symptomatic peritumoral edema. ",
"Surgical resection for brain metastases offers a number of attractive options, including confirmation of pathology, rapid reversal of neurologic symptoms, absence of neurologic symptoms, and durable local control for selected patients, but this comes with potential disadvantages including delays in systemic therapy and operative morbidity and mortality with incidence of up to 13% in a series of 400 craniotomies \\[[@b32-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"RCC-specific craniotomy outcomes have been reported in at least three retrospective series and have favored the inclusion of patients with superficial, easily resectable tumors in patients with higher Karknofsky scores at presentation. ",
"In a review of 50 patients, Wronski *et al.* ",
"described local recurrences in nine patients with overall recurrence of 49% \\[[@b33-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"The authors recommended consideration of craniotomy for effective palliation in selected patients. ",
"In consideration of modern systemic treatments for RCC, surgery is advocated for young (\\<65 years) patients with accessible, superficial solitary lesions, good performance status, and controlled extracranial disease or alternatively for those with symptomatic large lesions in need for rapid symptomatic relief \\[[@b34-cancers-03-04010]\\].",
"\n\nThe RTOG protocol 90-05 established SRS dose-volume prescription criteria for safety based on tumor size with tumor doses of 24, 18, and 15 Gy recommended in a single fraction for lesions up to 2 cm, between 2 and 3 cm, and greater than 3 cm in diameter, respectively \\[[@b35-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Due to volumetric expansion of irradiated volume as a cubic function of lesion radius, single-fraction radiosurgery is limited to lesions ≤4 cm. ",
"In addition, in an analysis of 80 patients by Shuto *et al.*, ",
"patients with RCC brain metastases treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery demonstrated increased edema index for RCC metastases *vs.* comparable patients with breast and lung primary tumors ([Table 1](#t1-cancers-03-04010){ref-type=\"table\"}) \\[[@b30-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"While an overall tumor control rate of 84% was achieved, peritumoral edema was only controlled in 64% of patients compared to 80% for other histologic types. ",
"Twelve patients who underwent craniotomy demonstrated local control rate of 67% with surgery alone with relative ease of resection and control of edema and without significant bleeding. ",
"A marginal dose of 20 Gy was suggested to achieve tumor control, but a dose of 25 Gy or more is needed to control peritumoral edema. ",
"A second analysis by Muacevic *et al.* ",
"of 85 patients with 376 brain metastases prescribed a mean tumor dose of 21.2 ± 3.2 Gy, and local/distant tumor recurrences were treated by additional SRS ([Table 1](#t1-cancers-03-04010){ref-type=\"table\"}) \\[[@b31-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Patients had an overall median survival of 11.1 months, and local tumor control rate after SRS was 94%. ",
"While most (78%) of patients died from systemicx transient radiogenic complications, and three patients (3.5%) died because of intratumoral bleeding. ",
"Long-term reports conclusively document excellent intracranial local tumor control rates with SRS. ",
"Payne *et al.* ",
"described a retrospective series with 21 patients and 37 metastatic lesions treated with Gamma Knife ([Table 1](#t1-cancers-03-04010){ref-type=\"table\"}) \\[[@b27-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"In that early experience, 23 tumors were observed post-treatment, and none had progression. ",
"No radiation-induced changes in follow-up imaging were seen at an average of 21 months post-treatment. ",
"Sheehan *et al.* ",
"provided an update of the University of Pittsburgh series with median doses to the tumor margin of 16 Gy with a median OS of 15 months \\[[@b36-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Radiographic local tumor control was seen in 96% of the patients. ",
"The quoted median survival time greatly exceeded that of the RTOG, RPA class I experience. ",
"Similarly Noel *et al.* ",
"also obtained excellent local control rates of 93% at 12 months using linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery with mean minimal dose of 14.7 Gy ([Table 1](#t1-cancers-03-04010){ref-type=\"table\"}) \\[[@b28-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"More recent studies have attempted to predict radiosurgical outcomes on the basis of early post-treatment imaging characteristics. ",
"Kim *et al.* ",
"defined good response as volumetric reduction of brain metastases to less than 75% of the baseline and noted a doubling of median survival times (18 months *vs.* 9 months, respectively), among good responders \\[[@b37-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"An updated analysis from the University of Pittsburgh revealed long-term local tumor control in 92% of patients treated with SRS with symptomatic adverse radiation effects in 7% ([Table 1](#t1-cancers-03-04010){ref-type=\"table\"}) \\[[@b29-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Seventy percent of patients improved or remained neurologically stable. ",
"Multivariate analysis found that younger age, fewer brain metastases, absence of prior WBRT, and no prior systemic treatment (chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy) were associated with longer survival times. ",
"Salvage therapies utilized upon intracranial progression included repeat stereotactic radiosurgery, craniotomy, and WBRT. ",
"Six of 158 patients developed hemorrhage after SRS, and three required craniotomy. ",
"The topic of whether WBRT should be added to SRS for RCC patients remains controversial, particularly given the inconclusive data from randomized trials for patients with predominantly radiosensitive histologies including those by Patchell, Aoyama, and Kocher \\[[@b25-cancers-03-04010],[@b38-cancers-03-04010],[@b39-cancers-03-04010]\\].",
"\n\nIn aggregate, these studies suggested improved local and distant brain tumor control without demonstrable survival benefit for WBRT. ",
"Specifically for RCC, the retrospective series of 88 patients by Fokas *et al.* ",
"using a combination of SRS and/or WBRT for brain metastases also demonstrated improved intracranial control with WBRT without OS benefit \\[[@b40-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"In light of: (a) high local tumor control rates achievable with SRS for appropriate candidates; (b) ease of radiographic follow-up; and (c) in consideration of the potential for neurocognitive decline associated with WBRT, we recommend initial SRS followed by observation for most patients with limited (1 to 4) RCC brain metastases \\[[@b41-cancers-03-04010]\\].",
"\n\n4.. Extracranial Stereotactic Radiotherapy\n==========================================\n\nWhile conventionally fractionated external beam radiation was investigated in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant and palliative roles, control rates (particularly for brain metastases and primary tumors) have been disappointing and have not produced survival improvement. ",
"Fortunately, cranial SRS has demonstrated excellent response rates for RCC metastases, and this has coincided with technical advances in imaging and immobilization techniques permitting the implementation of extracranial stereotaxy. ",
"The historical development of extracranial SRS/SBRT has been previously summarized \\[[@b42-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Briefly, SBRT was developed in the mid-1990s at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden using a \"stereotactic body frame\" and rigid immobilization, and it was later adopted by Japanese and North American investigators \\[[@b43-cancers-03-04010],[@b44-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"In view of highly promising initial results for lung SBRT at the University of Indiana, the technique has been adopted by the RTOG, and the encouraging local control rates for patients with medically inoperable lung cancer were validated in a recent Phase II trial, which demonstrated primary tumor control rate of 98% at 3 years \\[[@b45-cancers-03-04010]\\].",
"\n\nSimilar to intracranial SRS, SBRT typically delivers high doses per fraction. ",
"Frameless systems that utilize volumetric (kilo-and-megavoltage, planar, and/or CT) image guidance as an integral component of therapy are now available. ",
"Abdominal and retroperitoneal targets are amenable for treatment, with breath-hold and gating techniques employed in case of large breathing-induced tumor displacement \\[[@b46-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"SBRT requires high dose distribution conformality with rapid falloff beyond the prescribed planning target volume (PTV). ",
"Optimized dose-volume conformality parameters have been derived as part of the prospective series of clinical trials from the RTOG, in particular for lung targets \\[[@b47-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Conceptually, these require minimization of both the high and intermediate isodose volumes. ",
"In practice, this is typically accomplished via conformal or intensity-modulated techniques with a large number of beam projections inclusive of non-coplanar fields.",
"\n\nThe clinical application of SBRT for RCC is somewhat limited compared to lung or liver sites; nevertheless, experience in clinical application is now emerging. ",
"A study by Hillman *et al.* ",
"reported on the combination of sunitinib with tumor irradiation and soy isoflavones. ",
"This combination showed dramatic inhibition of tumor growth, disruption of the vasculature, and apoptosis of kidney tumors \\[[@b48-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Beitler *et al.* ",
"reported on nine patients with non-metastatic RCC (including two patients with bilateral disease) treated definitively using conformal techniques to 40 Gy in five fractions \\[[@b49-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Extended survival was noted in four of the nine patients, all of whom had small (\\<3.4 cm), none-negative, organ-confined lesions. ",
"More extensive experience was reported from the Karolinska Institute \\[[@b50-cancers-03-04010]-[@b53-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"The most recent trial described the use of SBRT for lung, kidney, and adrenal sites \\[[@b52-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"The authors employed abdominal compression for reproducibility. ",
"Using a range of PTV prescription doses, local control was achieved in 98% of the treated lesions, although follow-up was limited to less than 6 months in 19% of patients. ",
"Overall survival was 32 months. ",
"Teh *et al.* ",
"demonstrated similar control rates amongst 14 patients with 23 extracranial MRCC lesions and two patients with inoperable, biopsy-proven RCC \\[[@b54-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Using doses ranging from 24 to 48 Gy in 3--6 fractions, a local tumor control rate of 87% was observed. ",
"Preliminary data using carbon ion therapy also suggests promising control rates, albeit with slow clinical response rates, among RCC patients treated with definitive intent. ",
"Specifically, Nomiya *et al.* ",
"described 5-year local control and cause-specific survival rates of 100% and 100% among a cohort of 10 patients \\[[@b55-cancers-03-04010]\\].",
"\n\nFavorable outcomes for SBRT in the treatment of RCC spinal metastases have also been reported. ",
"Gertzen *et al.* ",
"described 48 patients with 60 RCC spine metastases at various levels \\[[@b56-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Treatment delivery utilized the robotic Cyberknife system. ",
"Mean maximum dose was 20 Gy. ",
"The volume of spinal cord exceeding 8 Gy was minimized, with mean of 0.64 cubic centimeters. ",
"Results demonstrated pain improvement in 90% of patients with tumor control in six of seven patients treated for radiographic progression.",
"\n\nIn consideration of the previously reviewed literature on targeted therapy for RCC, the prior reports demonstrate significant oncologic merit in the treatment of oligometastatic disease \\[[@b57-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"In support of this concept, high-dose treatment may stimulate proliferation of quiescent cells, increasing sensitivity to systemic agents. ",
"Alternatively, enhanced radiosensitivity may be achieved through inhibition of radioresistance, potentially achievable through mTOR inhibitors as demonstrated *in vitro* in sarcomas and tumor vasculature \\[[@b58-cancers-03-04010]\\], potentially through suppression of DNA double-stranded break repair \\[[@b59-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Despite the strong scientific rationale in support of combined therapy, clinical experience remains limited to selected case series. ",
"In a recent case report, Kirova *et al.* ",
"described partial remission of a large retroperitoneal RCC recurrence using intensity-modulated helical tomotherapy (45 Gy in 25 fractions) and concurrent everolimus at 10 mg daily dosing \\[[@b60-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"Questions remain regarding the optimal dose and fractionation schemes for SBRT of RCC (in particular, with respect to minimum doses required for control of oligometastases). ",
"A recent analysis by Stinauer *et al.* ",
"evaluated SBRT outcomes in patients with metastatic melanoma (n = 17 patients, 28 lesions) or RCC (n = 13 patients, 25 lesions) \\[[@b61-cancers-03-04010]\\]. ",
"The SBRT dose regimen was converted to the single fraction equivalent dose (SFED) for dose-response analysis. ",
"Various SBRT regimens were employed, ranging from 40--60 Gy in 3--5 fractions. ",
"At a median follow-up of 28 months for living patients, actuarial local control was 88% at 18 months. ",
"Results suggested optimal outcomes for larger fraction sizes and SFED regimens exceeding 45 Gy, with comparable control rates with respect to \"classically radiosensitive\" histologies. ",
"Their findings are in need of further validation.",
"\n\n5.. Conclusions\n===============\n\nAs demonstrated in this review, the role of radiation therapy in RCC is bounded by its intrinsic radiobiologic properties conferring radioresistance to conventionally fractionated radiotherapy in the range of 1.8--3 Gy per fraction with a possible exception of symptomatic pain relief for selected bony metastases. ",
"Nevertheless, the advent of intra- and extra-cranial stereotactic techniques have ushered a promising era with a broadened scope for radiation therapy in primary unresectable renal tumors as well as intra- and extra-cranial metastases. ",
"These developments have fortunately coincided with advances in systemic therapy, which have resulted in improved OS rates for metastatic disease. ",
"Research efforts are underway to explore the optimal sequencing of combined SBRT and systemic therapy for oligometastases.",
"\n\nThe authors would like to thank Mika Stepankiw and Laura Riojas for their editorial assistance.",
"\n\n###### \n\nSelected SRS series in RCC brain metastases.",
"\n\n **Author** **No. ",
"of Lesions Treated** **SRS Type** **Median Marginal Dose (Gy)** **Tumor Control Rate (%)** **Distant Failure Rate (%)** **Median Survival (m)** **Death From Brain Disease (%)**\n ----------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- -------------- ------------------------------- ---------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------- ----------------------------------\n Payne *et al.* ",
"\\[[@b27-cancers-03-04010]\\] 37 GK 20 100 50 8 0\n Noel *et al.* ",
"\\[[@b28-cancers-03-04010]\\] 65 LINAC 17.3 97 N/A 11 29\n Muacevic *et al.* ",
"\\[[@b29-cancers-03-04010]\\] 376 GK 21.2 94 33 11.1 10\n Shuto *et al.* ",
"\\[[@b30-cancers-03-04010]\\] 444 GK 22 84 39 12 17.2\n Kano *et al.* ",
"\\[[@b31-cancers-03-04010]\\] 531 GK 18 92 36 8.2 N/A\n"
] | {
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[
"// Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc. All rights reserved.",
"\n// This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the\n// LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. ",
"An additional grant\n// of patent rights can be found in the PATENTS file in the same directory.",
"\n\n#include \"rocksdb/options.h\"\n#include \"rocksdb/flush_block_policy.h\"\n#include \"rocksdb/slice.h\"\n#include \"table/block_builder.h\"\n\n#include <cassert>\n\nnamespace rocksdb {\n\n// Flush block by size\nclass FlushBlockBySizePolicy : public FlushBlockPolicy {\n public:\n // @params block_size: Approximate size of user data packed per\n // block.",
"\n // @params block_size_deviation: This is used to close a block before it\n // reaches the configured\n FlushBlockBySizePolicy(const uint64_t block_size,\n const uint64_t block_size_deviation,\n const BlockBuilder& data_block_builder)\n : block_size_(block_size),\n block_size_deviation_limit_(\n ((block_size * (100 - block_size_deviation)) + 99) / 100),\n data_block_builder_(data_block_builder) {}\n\n virtual bool Update(const Slice& key,\n const Slice& value) override {\n // it makes no sense to flush when the data block is empty\n if (data_block_builder_.empty()) {\n return false;\n }\n\n auto curr_size = data_block_builder_.CurrentSizeEstimate();\n\n // Do flush if one of the below two conditions is true:\n // 1) if the current estimated size already exceeds the block size,\n // 2) block_size_deviation is set and the estimated size after appending\n // the kv will exceed the block size and the current size is under the\n // the deviation.",
"\n return curr_size >= block_size_ || BlockAlmostFull(key, value);\n }\n\n private:\n bool BlockAlmostFull(const Slice& key, const Slice& value) const {\n if (block_size_deviation_limit_ == 0) {\n return false;\n }\n\n const auto curr_size = data_block_builder_.CurrentSizeEstimate();\n const auto estimated_size_after =\n data_block_builder_.EstimateSizeAfterKV(key, value);\n\n return estimated_size_after > block_size_ &&\n curr_size > block_size_deviation_limit_;\n }\n\n const uint64_t block_size_;\n const uint64_t block_size_deviation_limit_;\n const BlockBuilder& data_block_builder_;\n};\n\nFlushBlockPolicy* FlushBlockBySizePolicyFactory::NewFlushBlockPolicy(\n const BlockBasedTableOptions& table_options,\n const BlockBuilder& data_block_builder) const {\n return new FlushBlockBySizePolicy(\n table_options.block_size, table_options.block_size_deviation,\n data_block_builder);\n}\n\nFlushBlockPolicy* FlushBlockBySizePolicyFactory::NewFlushBlockPolicy(\n const uint64_t size, const int deviation,\n const BlockBuilder& data_block_builder) {\n return new FlushBlockBySizePolicy(size, deviation, data_block_builder);\n}\n\n} // namespace rocksdb\n"
] | {
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[
"QLS connector\n\nThe QLS (Quick Lock Standard) is a quick locking replacement for the threaded interface of the popular SMA connector. ",
"Designed and manufactured jointly by German-based RF and Microwave component suppliers Telegartner and IMS Connector Systems, this new connector emerged in 2006 as an answer to some of the shortcomings of the original QMA: Improvements in this version include: A strong locking mechanism that makes it very difficult to accidentally detach the connector and a longer life-span.",
"\n\nExternal links\n http://www.telegaertner.com/en/info/highlights/quick-lock-standard/\n http://www.imscs.com/index.php/products/quick-lock-connectors/?lang=en \n http://www.imscs.com/wp-content/uploads/Katalog_qls.pdf\n\nSee also\n SMA connector\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Coaxial connectors"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
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