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[ "Effect of low intensity low-frequency stimuli on long-term depression in the rat hippocampus area CA1 in vivo.", "\nNormally long-term depression (LTD) is difficult to be induced in naïve adult rats in vivo, but it can be induced in the juvenile females and acute-stressed adult males. ", "Using these rats as LTD models, we find in our previous study that LTD induction by the classical low-frequency stimuli (LFS) may be associated with sleep. ", "During sleep, endogenous field potential oscillations presented in the neocortical and hippocampal circuits play important roles in synaptic downscaling as well as memory consolidations. ", "Generally, LTD can be considered as a special synaptic downscaling and the classical LFS is very similar to such endogenous oscillations. ", "Thus, we speculate whether we can design a new LFS which is more similar to such oscillations and whether LTD can be induced by it in naïve adult rats? ", "In this study, we found that in the naïve adult rats anesthetized in sleep stage, the classical LFS could not induce LTD, however, a low-intensity LFS, an endogenous oscillation-like one, could induce LTD. ", "Furthermore, in the rats anesthetized in wakefulness stage, neither the classical nor the low-intensity LFS could induce LTD. ", "Our study showed that in the naïve adult rats, LTD could be induced by the oscillation-like LFS in the sleep stage anesthesia, suggesting that LTD may physiologically occur during sleep and be inhibited in wakefulness stage. ", "Our study suggested that in the hippocampus LTD may be a potential long-term synaptic plasticity underlying sleep-dependent memory consolidations." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "1991 KFK competitions (Ukraine)\n\nThe 1991 KFK competitions in Ukraine were part of the 1991 Soviet KFK competitions that were conducted in the Soviet Union. ", "It was 27th season of the KFK in Ukraine since its introduction in 1964 and the last season of the Soviet KFK competitions. ", "The top three teams eventually qualified to the 1992 Ukrainian First League, the other top performers from each group qualified for the 1992 Ukrainian Transfer League.", "\n\nThe information on the competition is incomplete.", "\n\nGroup 1\n\nGroup 2\n\nGroup 3\n\nNotes\n Temp Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi withdrew and its results were annulled.", "\n\nGroup 4\n\nGroup 5\n\nGroup 6\n\nFinal\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:Ukrainian Football Amateur League seasons\nAmateur" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nConsiderable attention and research dollars have focused on the cytokine interleukin-17 (IL-17 or IL-17A) and the pathology associated with aberrant IL-17 signaling. ", "In many cases, an excess of IL-17 is associated with abnormal inflammation, implicated in rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmune encephalomyelo-pathy (reviewed in \\[[@B1]\\]). ", "Not surprisingly, IL-17 and related cytokines have become a prime target for pharmaceutical management of these diseases (reviewed in \\[[@B2]\\]). ", "Targeted biologics are an appealing method to combat pathologic inflammation while avoiding non-specific immunosuppression. ", "There are currently Food and Drug Administration-approved monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of rheumatologic and autoimmune diseases targeting various cytokines and immune factors, including TNF-α, IL-1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), B cells (CD20), IL-6, IL-12/23p40, and so on. ", "Although not originally designed with that intent, many if not all of these drugs target the IL-17 pathway. ", "Drugs are currently in development that target the T-helper cell 17 (Th17) pathway, including IL-17 and its receptor, IL-23p19 and IL-22, among others \\[[@B3]-[@B9]\\]. ", "Rigorous clinical trials and post-marketing studies are essential to reveal possible unexpected consequences of targeted immune blockade. ", "In addition, attention to \\'experiments of nature\\' in which mutations lead to alterations in cytokine pathways are a useful adjunct to predict adverse effects of the new biologic agents. ", "This review will focus on the IL-17/Th17 pathway and mucocutaneous candidiasis, an opportunistic infection associated with immunodeficiency, with reference to the known or potential impact of cytokine blockade.", "\n\nIL-17 is secreted by the Th17 subset of CD4+ lymphocytes, as well as CD8 T cells and innate cells, including natural killer T cells, lymphoid tissue inducer cells, innate lymphoid cells and γδ-T cells \\[[@B10]\\]. ", "Th17 cells are highly protective against extracellular pathogens and can participate in immunity to intracellular bacteria and perhaps certain viruses, especially at mucosal surfaces (reviewed in \\[[@B11]\\]). ", "A notable extracellular pathogen at the oral mucosa is *C. albicans*, a commensal yeast that frequently colonizes the mouth, colon or vagina in healthy individuals \\[[@B12]\\]. ", "Asymptomatic colonization generally only progresses to disease in the face of an additional risk factor, such as immunosuppression, disruption of normal barriers, surgery or broad spectrum antibiotics \\[[@B13]-[@B15]\\]. ", "We recently demonstrated in mice that the IL-23/IL-17 axis of immunity is critical for immunity to *Candida*in the oropharynx using mice lacking IL-23 or either IL-17 receptor subunit (IL-17RA and IL-17RC) \\[[@B16],[@B17]\\]. ", "Similarly, immunity to dermal and disseminated candidiasis in mice is regulated by the IL-17 pathway \\[[@B18],[@B19]\\]. ", "In humans, the majority of *Candida*-specific memory T cells express IL-17 and CCR6 (a Th17 marker) \\[[@B20]\\], clearly linking the IL-17 pathway to antifungal immunity (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F1}\n\n*Candida*infections of the mucosal, nail or skin surfaces are termed mucocutaneous candidiasis. ", "In patients with an underlying genetic or immune defect leading to susceptibility to these infections, the disease is often persistent and chronic, termed chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC). ", "The direct manifestations of CMC are *Candida*plaques (usually *C. albicans*) on the oral, esophageal or genital mucosa or thickened skin and nails (reviewed in \\[[@B21]\\]). ", "Susceptible individuals may also experience recurrent infections with dermatophytes. ", "Although symptoms can be benign, they often cause significant morbidity due to pain, weight loss or failure to thrive, or more severe secondary complications such as squamous cell carcinoma, debilitating hands, esophageal stricture or cerebral aneurysms \\[[@B22]-[@B25]\\]. ", "Interestingly, mucocutaneous candidiasis is rarely associated with disseminated candidal disease \\[[@B26]\\]. ", "In the past few years, multiple genetic etiologies causing this disease have been described. ", "Strikingly, most relate directly or indirectly to defects in IL-17, supporting the notion that not only is the IL-17 pathway critical for regulating anti-fungal immunity, but defects in IL-17 predispose primarily to infection with *C. albicans*and surprisingly few other microbes.", "\n\nDefects in the IL-17 pathway\n============================\n\nAIRE deficiency\n---------------\n\nAutoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome-I (APS-I), also known as autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (*AIRE*) gene. ", "Mutations in *AIRE*lead to aberrant thymic self-tolerance mechanisms and loss of thymic deletion of autoreactive T cells. ", "The classic triad of this disease is CMC, typically presenting by age 6, hypoparathyroidism and adrenocortical failure \\[[@B27],[@B28]\\]. ", "The prevalence of the disease varies worldwide, but is highest in Iranian Jews (about 1:9,000), Sardinians (1:14,000), and Finnish populations (1:25,000), with men and women equally affected (reviewed in \\[[@B25]\\]). ", "A wide-range of disease manifestations has been described, including, in descending order of prevalence, dental enamel dysplasia, nail dystrophy, alopecia, ovarian failure, vitiligo, diabetes mellitus, testicular failure and hypothyroidism. ", "CMC is nearly universal in APS-I patients \\[[@B27],[@B29]\\], but they are not prone to other infections. ", "The lone infectious susceptibility associated with this disease was initially mysterious, but now is tied to neutralizing autoantibodies against cytokines detected in these patients \\[[@B30]\\]. ", "The most common anti-cytokine autoantibodies are directed against the type I interferons (IFNs) and Th17-related cytokines, notably IFN-ω (100% of patients), IFN-*α*(95%), IL-22 (91%), IL-17F (75%), and IL-17A (41%) \\[[@B27]\\]. ", "Similar high prevalence of antibodies against IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-22 has been found in APS-1 in other studies \\[[@B31]\\]. ", "Plasma from patients with autoantibodies against IL-17 abolishes IL-17 responsiveness (measured by IL-6 production) in fibroblasts, confirming that these antibodies interfere with IL-17 activity \\[[@B31]\\].", "\n\nAlthough APS-1 is not the only human disease resulting from abnormal autoantibodies, it is the only such disease associated strongly with CMC. ", "This is most likely due to the unique spectrum of anti-cytokine autoantibodies produced as a result of AIRE deficiency. ", "For example, a different pattern of anti-cytokine autoantibodies is found in patients with thymoma. ", "Thymoma patients have a high prevalence of antibodies to IFN-ω, IFNα and IL-12, but a low prevalence of antibodies to IL-22, IL-17F or IL-17A \\[[@B27]\\]. ", "CMC is an unusual manifestation of thymoma, but its occurrence correlates with the presence of autoantibodies against both IL-17A and IL-22 \\[[@B30]\\], further supporting the concept that neutralizing Th17-specific cytokines increases susceptibility to candidiasis. ", "Thus, the pathogenesis of APECED with respect to CMC seems to be tightly linked to neutralizing Th17 cytokines, suggesting that IL-17 neutralization applied in other settings increases the risk for CMC.", "\n\nIL-17 receptor mutations\n------------------------\n\nThe most direct evidence for a role in the IL-17 pathway in host resistance to CMC comes from a recent report of a case of homozygous mutation in the IL-17A receptor (*IL17RA*). ", "The mutation was found in a French child of Moroccan descent with autosomal recessive CMC \\[[@B32]\\]. ", "The child presented with *Candida*dermatitis starting in the neonatal period and *Staphylococcus aureus*dermatitis at 5 months of age. ", "Sequencing of multiple genes related to IL-22 or IL-17 signaling (*IL22*, *IL22RA1*, *IL10RB*, *IL17A*, *IL17F*, *IL17RA*, *IL17RC*) revealed a homozygous nonsense mutation in the *IL17RA*gene (c.850C\\>T/c.850C\\>T), which results in a premature stop codon in the extracellular domain of the receptor. ", "The child\\'s parents and siblings were heterozygous for the allele and asymptomatic. ", "A database of healthy controls from 52 ethnic groups, as well as French and Moroccan controls, failed to reveal any other cases of this mutation. ", "The patient\\'s blood and tissue were studied in more detail, which revealed a lack of IL-17RA protein on the surface of fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. ", "IL-17RC, IL-22RA1, IL-17A and IL-22 expression levels were normal. ", "The patient\\'s fibroblasts did not respond to IL-17A or IL-17F in terms of producing prototypical IL-17 target proteins such as IL-6 or growth-regulated oncogene-α (GROα, also known as CXCL1 or KC in mice). ", "Importantly, normal function was restored upon transfection of fibroblasts with wild-type *IL17RA*, verifying that this manifestation was not from another undetected mutation. ", "The phenotype of homozygous *IL17RA*mutation in humans is consistent with findings that IL-17RA- and IL-17RC-deficient mice are more susceptible to oropharyngeal candidiasis, and suggests that data from mouse models are a good predictor of human susceptibility to candidiasis \\[[@B16],[@B17]\\].", "\n\nIL-17A deficiency\n-----------------\n\nA kindred with autosomal dominant CMC who lack the IL-17 family member IL-17A and Th17 cells has been described \\[[@B28]\\]. ", "The exact defect is unknown but it appears to be posttranscriptional since *IL-17*mRNA levels were preserved \\[[@B28]\\]. ", "Additional patients with CMC have been described with decreased production of IL-17A and IL-22 of unknown underlying etiology \\[[@B33]\\]. ", "The emerging evidence of a role for IL-17A in human susceptibility to *Candida*is supported by work in mice. ", "For example, IL-17A-deficient mice have impaired clearance of *C. albicans*infection from the skin \\[[@B19]\\].", "\n\nThe role of IL-22 is less clear, as *IL22*-/- mice are not susceptible to either dermal or oral candidiasis \\[[@B17],[@B19]\\]. ", "In a gastric model of candidiasis in mice, IL-22 does appear to be protective \\[[@B34]\\], perhaps due to its well known role in promoting epithelial repair in the mucosa \\[[@B35]\\]. ", "More work is needed to determine its precise contribution to antifungal immunity.", "\n\nIL17F mutation\n--------------\n\nA form of autosomal dominant CMC with incomplete penetrance results from mutation in the IL-17 family member *IL17F*\\[[@B32]\\]. ", "This mutation was first described in four members of a family from Argentina with autosomal dominant inheritance of CMC. ", "A thorough analysis of genes related to IL-17 signaling revealed a heterozygous missense mutation in the *IL17F*gene of the index case. ", "The mutation (c.284C\\>T) resulted in the replacement of a conserved serine with leucine. ", "This mutation was not found in the control patient database. ", "Based on computational analysis, the missense mutation is predicted to interfere with cytokine to receptor binding. ", "All tested members of the kindred with CMC were heterozygous for this mutation. ", "Two apparently healthy family members also had the allele, suggesting incomplete penetrance. ", "By flow cytometry, IL-17F-expressing T cells were absent in affected family members. *", "In vitro*studies of the mutant protein revealed defective binding to IL-17RA on fibroblasts, with weaker IL-6 and GRO-α induction. ", "Peripheral blood mononuclear cells also had impaired induction of cytokines when stimulated with the mutant protein.", "\n\nThis finding was somewhat surprising, as IL-17F is not a strong agonist of the IL-17 receptor compared to IL-17A, and *IL17F-/-*mice were not highly susceptible to disseminated candidiasis \\[[@B36]\\]. ", "However, IL-17A and IL-17F form both homodimers and heterodimers \\[[@B37]\\], and the mutant IL-17F identified in this patient cohort blocks signaling from the IL-17A:F form of the cytokine \\[[@B32]\\]. ", "Thus, blockade of either IL-17A or IL-17F may predispose to mucosal candidiasis.", "\n\nHyper-IgE syndrome\n------------------\n\nThe hyper-IgE syndromes (HIESs, Job\\'s syndrome) comprise a group of primary immunodeficiencies characterized by elevated serum IgE, dermatitis and recurrent infections primarily of the skin and lungs. ", "The infectious predilections in autosomal-dominant HIES include CMC and bacterial infections with *S. aureus*, *Streptococcus pneumonaie*and *Haemophilus influenzae*. ", "Most cases of HIES are sporadic, resulting from a dominant negative mutation in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (*STAT3*) \\[[@B38],[@B39]\\]. ", "The mutations are primarily in the DNA-binding domain or Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of *STAT3*and lead to the impaired generation of Th17 cells \\[[@B40]\\]. ", "Since STAT3 is downstream of IL-22, cellular responses to this Th17-derived cytokine are also impaired. ", "In fact, IL-17 production by T cells is absent in cells from HIES individuals after stimulation with *Staphylococcus*enterotoxin B or *C. albicans*\\[[@B41]\\]. ", "The mutations in *STAT3*result in decreased expression of regulator retinoid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt), a transcription factor required for IL-17 expression, and decreased differentiation into Th17 cells by naïve CD4+ T cells \\[[@B42]\\]. ", "The specific infectious susceptibility of HIES patients to skin and pulmonary infections appears do be due to a site-specific requirement of Th17 cytokines to produce antimicrobial factors, found both in skin and salivary gland tissue \\[[@B43],[@B44]\\].", "\n\nAutosomal recessive HIES is a related, but distinct disorder. ", "Most patients affected by this disease are deficient in dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8), leading to impaired T-cell activation and maintenance of memory. ", "As in autosomal-dominant HIES, these patients have elevated IgE levels, eczema, recurrent bacterial infections and CMC \\[[@B45],[@B46]\\]. ", "The unique disease manifestations include susceptibility to recurrent viral infections (most commonly herpes viruses, molluscum contagiosum virus and human papillomaviruses), asthma, severe food allergies, malignancy at young age and unusual auto-immune diseases. ", "Some DOCK8-deficient patients have decreased numbers of Th17 cells (reviewed in \\[[@B47]\\]). ", "One additional case of autosomal recessive HIES associated with a tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2) deficiency has been described \\[[@B48]\\]; however, a case of Tyk2 deficiency resulting in a phenotype without eczema, candidiasis or hyper-IgE has also been reported \\[[@B49]\\]. ", "Tyk2 is a member of the Janus kinase (JAK) family that signals downstream of IL-23 and hence is needed for efficient Th17 maintenance *in vivo*. ", "Accordingly, HIES can be caused by various genetic lesions, but the common thread appears to be regulation of the IL-17/Th17 pathway.", "\n\n*STAT1*mutation\n---------------\n\nUsing a genome-wide approach based on whole-exome sequencing, gain-of-function *STAT1*mutations were recently associated with isolated CMC \\[[@B50]\\]. ", "Twelve missense mutations were found in 47 patients from 20 kindreds of CMC without other clinical features. ", "These mutations were in the coiled-coil domain of STAT1, in a pocket near residues essential for STAT1 dephosphorylation. ", "Mutations at this site result in gain-of-function STAT1 phosphorylation leading to enhanced transcription of STAT-1-dependent genes in response to various cytokines. ", "The *STAT1*mutant products enhance cellular response to cytokines IFNα/β, IFNγ and IL-27, which are all known inhibitors of the Th17 pathway. ", "These patients had disease involving a range of cutaneous and mucosal sites, including nails, oral cavity, oropharynx, genital mucosa, skin and esophagus. ", "Some patients had thyroid autoimmunity (8 of 47) and one had systemic lupus erythematosus. ", "Squamous cell carcinoma was the cause of death in four patients, and cerebral aneurysm in two.", "\n\n*STAT1*mutations were also demonstrated in 14 auto-somal dominant cases of CMC from five families \\[[@B51]\\]. ", "In addition to CMC, members of one family suffered from various autoimmune diseases (autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune hemolysis, pernicious anemia and antiphos-pholipid antibodies) as well as symptomatic cytomegalo-virus infection and *Pneumocystis carinii*pneumonia. ", "Three families suffered from hypothyroidism while the fifth family did not have associated autoimmune disease. ", "Three families had histories of oral squamous-cell carcinoma or esophageal cancer. ", "Analysis revealed heterozygous mutations in *STAT1*in only the affected family members. ", "These mutations were located in the coiled-coil domain of *STAT1*, and led to defective Th1 and Th17 responses with reduced production of INF-γ, IL-17 and IL-22 in response to *Candida*stimulation \\[[@B50]\\]. ", "Therefore, *STAT1*gain-of-function mutations result in CMC through a similar final pathway as other IL-17 signaling defects.", "\n\nIL-12Rβ1 or IL-12p40 deficiency\n-------------------------------\n\nPatients with inborn errors of the IL-12/IL-23 or IFNγ signaling axis, also known as Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD), are susceptible to mycobacteria. ", "Infectious susceptibility includes weakly virulent species of mycobacteria such as the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine and severe disease caused by *Salmonella*serotypes \\[[@B52]\\]. ", "A recent review of 132 patients with the most common form of this disease, IL-12Rβ1 deficiency, found that 24% have mucocutaneous disease caused by *Candida albicans*, usually manifesting as recurrent oral thrush \\[[@B53]\\]. ", "The two mutated genes associated with MSMD are *IL12B*and *IL12RB1*. ", "Patients with *IL12B*null mutations lack the IL-12p40 subunit, a shared component of both IL-12 and IL-23 \\[[@B54]\\]. ", "Similarly, the *IL12RB1*gene encodes the shared chain of the IL-12 and IL-23 receptors (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The susceptibility to mycobacterial disease is almost certainly rooted in the deficiency in IL-12 signaling and Th1 cells, which are central to clearance of intracellular pathogens. ", "In contrast, defective IL-23 signaling impairs the expansion and maintenance of Th17 cells and IL-17 signaling. ", "Patients with mutations in *IL12RB1*and *IL12B*have low proportions of IL-17A-producing T cells in circulation, which likely explains the susceptibility to CMC \\[[@B40]\\].", "\n\nC-type lectin receptor pathway defects\n======================================\n\nDectin-1 defects\n----------------\n\nDectin-1 is a fungal pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that recognizes β-glucans, carbohydrates located in the cell wall of the yeast form of *Candida*(Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) such as Dectin-1 are emerging as important mediators of innate anti-fungal immunity, although there are still many unanswered questions about their specific roles *in vivo*\\[[@B55]\\]. ", "Studies of Dectin-1 knockout mice revealed increased susceptibility to gastrointestinal colonization with *C. albicans*and varying susceptibility to disseminated candidiasis, depending on the strain of *Candida*used (reviewed in \\[[@B56]\\]). ", "In humans, the Dectin-1 polymorphism Y238X leads to a premature stop codon and increased susceptibility to CMC in three described homozygous patients \\[[@B57]\\]. ", "CMC in these patients was characterized by vulvovaginal candidiasis or onychomycosis with *Trichophyton rubrum*. ", "Monocytes and macrophages in these patients had lower fungal-sensing capacity, with decreased production of IL-6 after stimulation with β-glucan, heat-killed *C. albicans*or live *C. albicans*. ", "Consequently, impaired Th17 generation resulted in reduced IL-17 production. ", "Compared to other genetic lesions that promote CMC, however, disease was mild in these patients, suggesting that their susceptibility may be multifactorial. ", "Furthermore, while family members heterozygous for the polymorphism exhibited an intermediate reduction in proinflammatory cytokines, there was only mild transient candidal disease in one person. ", "Follow-up studies revealed that this polymorphism was found on a population-wide search in individuals from Europe and Africa and is associated with increased *Candida*colonization in immunosuppressed hemato-poietic stem cell transplant recipients \\[[@B57],[@B58]\\]. ", "Therefore, Dectin-1 appears to contribute to immune recognition of *Candida*and presents a link between pathogen sensing and IL-17 production.", "\n\nCARD9 defects\n-------------\n\nCaspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9) is a signal transducer downstream of many fungal PRRs, including most of the CLRs. ", "Mice deficient in CARD9 exhibit severely reduced TNF-α and IL-2 production in response to zymosan, a yeast cell wall component principally composed of β-glucans, but not other PRR ligands \\[[@B59]\\]. ", "As discussed above, the primary receptor for β-glucans is Dectin-1, a CLR that transduces signals via spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) activation and PKCδ, ultimately activating the NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways \\[[@B60]-[@B62]\\]. ", "CARD9-deficient mice have an impaired immune response to systemic challenge with *C. albicans*, with accelerated mortality and higher organ fungal burdens compared to heterozygous littermates \\[[@B59]\\]. ", "CARD9 defects in humans were first reported in a large consanguineous Iranian family with CMC and peripheral dermatophytosis \\[[@B63]\\]. ", "CARD9 deficiency results from a homozygous point mutation, Q295X, on chromosome 9q leading to a premature stop codon and loss-of-function. ", "The mutation was not found in healthy family members or 230 healthy unrelated controls. ", "Patients with this defect have low proportions of IL-17A-producing T cells and an almost complete defect in the generation of a Th17 response. ", "The phenotype in CARD9-deficient patients is distinct from that of other genetic causes of CMC in that it also includes susceptibility to invasive candidiasis. ", "Three of eight affected family members died of central nervous system candidiasis. ", "The fact that the phenotype seems to be so severe compared to the Dectin-1-deficient cohort suggests that other CARD9-utilizing CLRs, such as Dectin-2 and/or Mincle, are equally or more important for anti-*Candida*immunity.", "\n\nOther causes of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis\n=================================================\n\nThere are additional causes of human CMC with defects in known pathways, many of which can be readily linked to Th17. ", "Inborn errors of NF-κB activation, known as IκBα deficiency, can cause this disease. ", "IL-17 activates NF-κB directly \\[[@B64],[@B65]\\], as do the CLRs that bind fungal cell wall components and promote Th17 development. ", "Deficiency in NF-κB activity leads to severe impairment in T-cell receptor signaling and susceptibility to CMC \\[[@B65]\\]. ", "Consistently, non-specific inherited defects in T-cell immunity, including DiGeorge syndrome and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), are associated with susceptibility to CMC \\[[@B14]\\]. ", "HIV/AIDS patients are extremely susceptible to oral candidiasis, which is linked to reduced CD4+ T-cell counts. ", "Recent data indicate that Th17 cells are lost preferentially during HIV infection, perhaps explaining the specific array of opportunistic infections associated with AIDS \\[[@B66]\\]. ", "Non-specific immunosuppression secondary to cancer chemotherapy or immunosuppressive agents also increases susceptibility to CMC \\[[@B15]\\].", "\n\nSome secondary conditions not directly related to T cells or IL-17 also predispose to CMC, such as hyper-glycemia or long-term use of broad-spectrum antibiotics \\[[@B67],[@B68]\\]. ", "Moreover, the salivary gland plays a critical role in oral mucosal immunity. ", "CMC is prevalent in individuals with dentures, with salivary defects such as Sjögren\\'s syndrome, following head or neck radiation therapy or with drugs causing xerostomia \\[[@B67]\\]. ", "We recently showed that HIES patients have defective salivary killing activity towards *C. albicans*, associated with reduced levels of antimicrobial peptides such as defensins and salivary histatins \\[[@B44]\\]. ", "Although IL-17 can signal directly on salivary gland acinar cells \\[[@B44]\\], these defects may also be independent of the IL-17 pathway.", "\n\nBiologic therapies and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis\n========================================================\n\nThe increased understanding of the Th17-IL17 axis in the pathogenesis of autoimmune conditions has given rise to new classes of biologics. ", "In addition to currently available agents that broadly target inflammatory cytokines or T-cell activation, newer drugs with specificity for Th17 effector cytokines (IL-17, IL-21, IL-22) and inhibitors of signaling molecules important for Th17 cell activation are currently in early clinical trials \\[[@B69]\\]. ", "The rise of these agents brings to the forefront the important question of susceptibility to CMC in patients receiving more targeted biologic therapies. ", "Currently approved agents have thus far not been associated with susceptibility to CMC \\[[@B70],[@B71]\\]. ", "Cumulative data demonstrate that the primary susceptibilities are to *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*, (presumed) bacterial sino-pulmonary infections, *Histo-plasma capsulatum*and JC virus (all associated with TNFα-inhibitors) \\[[@B72],[@B73]\\]. ", "Surprisingly, IL-1 receptor antagonists, IL-6 receptor antagonists and CTLA4 agonists are not associated with increased infectious risk compared with placebo (although there is trend toward susceptibility) \\[[@B71],[@B74]\\]. ", "Additionally, antibodies against the shared IL-12/23p40 subunit are associated with a slightly increased risk for (presumed bacterial) sino-pulmonary infections, but not for CMC \\[[@B75]-[@B78]\\]. ", "Similarly, newer agents, which inhibit the JAKs and Syk, are associated with increased risk of (presumed bacterial) sino-pulmonary infections, but not CMC \\[[@B79],[@B80]\\]. ", "This is perhaps somewhat surprising, since the JAKs, STATs and Syk are all important for induction of Th17 cells downstream of multiple cytokines and/or PRRs. ", "Although the cumulative clinical trial evidence suggests that biologics do not confer susceptibility to CMC, it is important to bear in mind that with their increased use, biologics may be found to increase susceptibility to CMC in patients with otherwise subclinical mucosal *Candida*colonization. ", "This may especially be true when biologics are coupled with other predisposing factors (for example, corticosteroid use). ", "The results of on-going large scale phase 4 studies may identify a subset of patients with a propensity to develop CMC that would benefit from prophylaxis with anti-fungal agents.", "\n\nPerspectives\n============\n\nIn the past several years, many causes of isolated CMC and CMC associated with other abnormalities have been elucidated. ", "Combined with the recent work on IL-17 and Th17 cells in mice, this has led to an expanded understanding of the mechanism of host defense from *C. albicans*at mucosal surfaces and the role of IL-17 in immunity from infection. ", "IL-17 is essential for normal resistance to *Candida*infection in the oral mucosa, vagina mucosa, skin and nails. ", "The normal functioning of the immune defense requires intact PRRs, including Dectin-1, and signal transduction, including CARD9. ", "Th17 cells are generated and maintained, which requires normal IL-23 signaling (that is, normal *IL12B*and *IL12RB1*gene products). ", "Signal transduction requires normal STAT1 (no gain-of-function) and normal STAT3 (no loss-of-function) activity. ", "Finally, IL-17 and IL-17R are functional without the presence of blocking antibodies (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nUse of biologic therapy to treat autoimmune diseases and diseases of abnormal inflammation has been on the rise. ", "Some adverse effects of these medications are known based on vigorous clinical trials, but others can be extrapolated from an expanded understanding of the complex mechanisms of the immune system. ", "In the case of therapy targeting the IL-17 pathway, increased susceptibility to CMC should be anticipated. ", "Prompt recognition and treatment of symptoms of mucocutaneous candidiasis are likely to increase the tolerability and safety of these medications. ", "Some patients with recurrent issues may further benefit from antifungal prophylaxis. ", "Prophylaxis could likely be targeted at mucosal surfaces, since disseminated or invasive candidiasis is rarely seen in patients with isolated defects in IL-17 signaling or CD4 deficiency. ", "However, increased risk of candidiasis, potentially even disseminated disease, may occur in patients on combination immunosuppressive therapy. ", "For example, IL-17 blockade could increase the rate of asymptomatic colonization without signs of overt disease. ", "With the addition of therapeutic agents targeting other segments of the immune system, asymptomatic colonization predisposes patients to invasive disease. ", "Consequently, careful consideration of the cumulative risk for fungal infections is warranted.", "\n\nNote\n====\n\nThis article is part of the series on *Adult immunodeficiency*, edited by Hans-Hartmut Peter. ", "Other articles in this series can be found at <http://arthritis-research.com/series/immunodeficiency>\n\nAbbreviations\n=============\n\nAPECED: autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy; APS: autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome; CARD: caspase recruitment domain-containing protein; CLR: C-type lectin receptor; CMC: chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis; CTLA: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen; DOCK: deficient in dedicator of cytokinesis; GRO: growth-regulated oncogene; HIES: hyper-IgE syndrome; IFN: interferon; IL: interleukin; IL-17R: IL-17 receptor; JAK: Janus kinase; MSMD: Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases; NF: nuclear factor; PRR: pattern recognition receptor; STAT: signal transducer and activator of transcription; Syk: spleen tyrosine kinase; Th: T helper; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.", "\n\nCompeting interests\n===================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n\nAcknowledgements\n================\n\nSLG was supported by the NIH (AR054389, DE022550). ", "SB was supported by NIH training grant T32 DK063922. ", "ARH was supported in part by Children\\'s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the UPMC Health System, and by a Pediatric Infectious Disease Society Award, funded by the Stanley A Plotkin Sanofi Pasteur Fellowship Award.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "# Table of Contents\n\n 1. ", "Title Page\n 2. ", "Table of Contents\n 3. ", "Copyright\n 4. ", "Dedication\n 5. ", "Special Delivery\n 6. ", "Sheriff Joe\n 7. ", "Is There a Sidekick in the House?", "\n 8. ", "The Mad Scientist's Lair\n 9. ", "Meanwhile, Back at the Jacuzzi\n 10. ", "Jo Schmo Has an Idea\n 11. ", "Dr. Dastardly's Evil Plan\n 12. ", "The Schmomobile\n 13. ", "Simon and Ralph\n 14. ", "The Abandoned Warehouse District\n 15. ", "Every Superhero Needs a Hideout\n 16. ", "Dr. Dastardly\n 17. ", "Knuckle Sandwich . . . ", "on Rye\n 18. ", "Mwah-ha-ha!", "\n 19. ", "The Re-animator Laminator\n 20. ", "ZAP!", "\n 21. ", "Volkswagens, Chevys, and Fords, Oh My!", "\n 22. ", "Halt Because I Said So!", "\n 23. ", "Put Me Down!", "\n 24. ", "Jo and Raymond to the Rescue\n 25. ", "Lofty Thoughts\n 26. ", "Sample Chapter from PINKBEARD'S REVENGE\n 27. ", "Buy the Book\n 28. ", "The Jo Schmo Series\n 29. ", "About the Author and Illustrator\n\n" ]

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[ "13-4158-cr\nUnited States v. Horace Stewart\n\n UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT\n\n SUMMARY ORDER\nRulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. ", "Citation to a summary order\nfiled on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate\nProcedure 32.1 and this Court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. ", "When citing a summary order in a\ndocument filed with this Court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an\nelectronic database (with the notation “summary order”). ", "A party citing a summary order\nmust serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel.", "\n\n At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at\nthe Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York,\non the 16th day of December, two thousand fourteen.", "\n\nPRESENT: JOSÉ A. CABRANES,\n RICHARD C. WESLEY,\n PETER W. HALL,\n Circuit Judges.", "\n\n\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA,\n\n Appellee,\n\n v. No. ", "13-4158-cr\n\nHORACE STEWART,\n\n Defendant-Appellant.", "\n\n\nFOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: Lucas E. Andino, New York, NY.", "\n\nFOR APPELLEE: Amy Busa, Michael P. Robotti, Assistant\n United States Attorneys, for Loretta E. Lynch,\n United States Attorney for the Eastern\n District of New York, Brooklyn, NY.", "\n\n Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New\nYork (Sterling Johnson, Jr., Judge).", "\n\f UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,\nAND DECREED that the order of the District Court is AFFIRMED.", "\n\n Defendant-appellant Horace Stewart appeals from the District Court’s October 23, 2013\norder denying his motion, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), for a sentence reduction, based on an\namendment to the United States Sentencing Guidelines that lowered the base offense levels\napplicable to certain cocaine base (“crack”) offenses. ", "We assume the parties’ familiarity with the\nunderlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.", "\n\n On October 11, 2001, Stewart pleaded guilty, pursuant to a plea agreement with the\nGovernment, to a superseding information charging him with one count of conspiracy to distribute\nand possess with intent to distribute cocaine and cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846,\n841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(C). ", "Stewart’s Guidelines’ range at the time was 168 to 210 months’\nimprisonment. ", "The Government moved for an upward departure—to the statutory maximum\nsentence of 240 months—based on its argument that Stewart was a career drug dealer and supplier\nto a violent drug crew who, after being deported to Jamaica following two convictions for drug\ndealing, re-entered the United States illegally and resumed his criminal activity. ", "Stewart opposed the\nGovernment’s motion and moved for a downward departure. ", "The District Court rejected both\nmotions and sentenced Stewart to a term of imprisonment of 210 months—i.e., the top of the\napplicable Guidelines range—to be followed by six years’ supervised release.", "\n\n In February 2008, Stewart filed his first motion for a reduction of his sentence under 18\nU.S.C. § 3582, based on Amendment 706 to the United States Sentencing Guidelines, which reduced\nthe base offense level for certain crack cocaine offenses, including Stewart’s. ", "See U.S.S.G. App. ", "C.\nAmend. ", "706 (effective Nov. 1, 2007). ", "On January 30, 2009, the District Court denied Stewart’s\nmotion. ", "We affirmed the District Court’s denial in an unpublished summary order. ", "See United States\nv. Stewart, 367 F. App’x 201 (2d Cir. ", "2010).", "\n\n On April 13, 2012, Stewart submitted a second motion for a reduction of his sentence under\n18 U.S.C. § 3582, this time based on Amendment 750 to the Sentencing Guidelines, which further\nreduced the offense level applicable to crack cocaine offenses. ", "See U.S.S.G., 2010 Supp. ", "to App. ", "C,\nAmend. ", "750 (effective Nov. 1, 2010). ", "Applying the reduced offense level to Stewart’s guidelines\ncalculation would have yielded a range of 108 to 135 months—the District Court, however,\nincorrectly stated in its order that the amended range was 108 to 168 months. ", "On October 23, 2013,\nthe District Court denied the motion on the basis that Stewart had “not submitted sufficient\njustification for upsetting the Court’s previous balancing of the factors outlined in 18 U.S.C.\n§ 3553(a).” ", "J.A. 91.", "\n\n On appeal, Stewart claims that the District Court abused its discretion in deciding not to\nreduce his sentence by failing to consider his good conduct in prison since 2007. ", "Stewart also\nasserts that the District Court committed prejudicial procedural error by miscalculating his amended\n\n 2\n\fGuidelines’ sentencing range and by failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors as they pertained to his\npost-2007 conduct.", "\n\n Under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), a District Court “may reduce the term of imprisonment” of a\ndefendant whose sentence was “based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by\nthe Sentencing Commission,” after “considering the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the extent\nthat they are applicable.” ", "Following the enactment of the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 (“FSA”), the\nSentencing Commission made retroactive the provisions of Amendment 750, which implements the\nFSA. ", "Accordingly, under Amendment 750, an eligible defendant may receive a reduction in his\nsentence if the District Court determines—after considering the factors set forth in § 3553(a)—that\nsuch a reduction is justified. ", "See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 cmt. ", "N. 1(B) (2012); Dillon v. United States, 560\nU.S. 817, 828 (2010).", "\n\n Here, the District Court’s decision to deny Stewart’s request for a sentence reduction is\nreviewed for “abuse of discretion.” ", "United States v. Borden, 564 F.3d 100, 104 (2d Cir. ", "2009) (a\nretroactive amendment using “may” merely authorizes a reduction in sentence, it does not require\none). ", "Based upon our review of the record, we find no error in the District Court’s order, much less\nan “abuse of discretion.” ", "See generally In re Sims, 534 F.3d 117, 132 (2d Cir. ", "2008) (explaining the\nterm of art “abuse of discretion”); Joseph T. Sneed, Trial-Court Discretion: Its Exercise by Trial Courts\nand Its Review by Appellate Courts, 13 J. App. ", "Prac. & ", "Process 201, 207–08 (2012) (commentary by the\nlate Judge Sneed, a former Dean of the Duke Law School, on the several possible meanings of\n“abuse of discretion”).", "\n\n First, we reject Stewart’s claim that the District Court failed to appropriately consider the\n§ 3553(a) factors. ", "In denying Stewart’s motion, the District Court expressly stated that “[t]he\nimposed sentence of 210 months is not greater than necessary to achieve the objectives of\npunishment set forth in § 3553(a)(2)(A)–(D).” ", "J.A. 91. ", "There is no obligation that the District\nCourt specifically enumerate or discuss each of the § 3553(a) factors, especially given the District\nCourt’s familiarity with Stewart’s case. ", "Moreover, there is a “strong presumption” that the\nsentencing court considered all arguments properly presented to it, see United States v. Negron, 524\nF.3d 358, 361 (2d Cir. ", "2008), and Stewart has provided no evidence to the contrary.", "\n\n Second, the District Court’s error in calculating the amended Guidelines range was harmless.", "\nThe Government concedes that the District Court procedurally erred when it adopted the\nGovernment’s incorrect statement that the amended Guidelines range was 108 to 168 months when,\nin reality, it was 108 to 135 months. ", "But “[a]ny error, defect, irregularity, or variance that does not\naffect substantial rights must be disregarded.” ", "Fed. ", "R. Crim. ", "P. 52(a). ", "The Supreme Court has\nstated that where “the district court misapplied the Guidelines, a remand is appropriate unless the\nreviewing court concludes, on the record as a whole, that the error was harmless, i.e., that the error\ndid not affect the district court’s selection of the sentence imposed.” ", "Williams v. United States, 503\nU.S. 193, 203 (1992) (emphasis added).", "\n\n 3\n\f Here, it is clear from the record that the miscalculation of the Guidelines range was not a\nfactor in the District Court’s decision to deny Stewart’s motion. ", "As noted, the District Court based\nits decision solely on the fact that the “imposed sentence of 210 months is not greater than\nnecessary to achieve the objectives of punishment set forth in § 3553(a)(2)(A)–(D),” and that\nStewart had “failed to raise any significant factors not previously considered at sentencing and at the\nhearing on his first motion for resentence.” ", "J.A. 91. ", "There is no basis for concluding that the\nDistrict Court relied in any way on the incorrectly calculated Guidelines range in its denial on\nOctober 23, 2013 of Stewart’s second motion for resentencing. ", "Rather, as we recognized in\naffirming the District Court’s denial of Stewart’s first motion for resentencing, Stewart’s extensive\ncriminal history, his institutional conduct, and his recidivism amply justify his 210-month sentence.", "\n\n We have considered all of the arguments raised by Stewart on appeal and find them to be\nwithout merit. ", "For the reasons stated above, the October 23, 2013 order of the District Court is\nAFFIRMED.", "\n\n\n\n FOR THE COURT,\n Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court\n\n\n\n\n 4\n\f" ]

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[ "The Next Big Mobile Magazine\n\nOn April 1st, like many Companies like Google, SwiftKey also decided to prank it’s fans with the “so-called” feature addition to their Famous Android Keyboard app, called as the SwiftKey Tilt! ", "SwiftKey Tilt claims to give you a Full Body typing experience. ", "It was an almost convincing feature by SwiftKey. ", "The company didn’t only release an official statement along with a video to advertise it’s “new” feature they also left an Easter egg in it’s latest update." ]

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[ "There have been many problems associated with the underground storage of gasoline, diesel fuel and other liquid materials. ", "In the past efforts have failed in the area of making the storage tanks or secondary containment systems of non-contaminating material which would prevent leakage of the contained gasoline, diesel fuel, toxic and other liquid materials, etc., ", "into the surrounding soil and aquifer, viz., ", "the water-bearing strata of the earth. ", "Characteristically such large liquid storage tanks contain from six thousand to twelve thousand gallons of liquid.", "\nActually, two main problems were encountered by the characteristic steel or fiberglass liquid storage tanks designed for use underground, viz., ", "one being the outward leakage of the gas or diesel fuel from the underground storage tank, thereby contaminating the earth and possibly also the aquifer, and the other problem being the deterioration of the storage tank material, itself, over an extended period of time by exposure to any water or corrosive materials which may be present in the soil surrounding said liquid storage tank.", "\nRecently there have been environmental protection regulations enacted which require a secondary containment system for all hazardous chemical storage tanks and the like. ", "Moreover, some state and local regulations require, or may be expected to be changed to require, secondary containment for petroleum product storage within the reasonably immediate future. ", "In these cases the major objective is to protect the supply of ground water from any leakage from within the liquid petroleum product and fuel storage tanks.", "\nAnother major problem caused by leakage from within the underground storage tanks of fuel and corrosive liquid chemicals is that a considerable amount of environmental contamination and damage can be done to the soil, and sometimes the underground water supply bearing strata, as well, when undetected slow leaks occur. ", "On the other hand, sudden large leaks can produce damage as well with little or no way to ascertain that the damage has occurred until a substantial amount of liquid has leaked from the underground storage tank. ", "In any event the legislative trend is to require stricter regulations and laws to prevent contamination of the environmental soil and underground water supplies.", "\nVarious attempts have been made to control the problem of liquid leakage from underground petroleum product and chemical storage tanks.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,696,186 issued to Sharp is directed to a storage tank having secondary containment means which comprises a rigid inner tank encased by a flexible outer jacket with a leak detecting material located therebetween and a leak detecting means associated with the closed space between the inner tank and the outer jacket. ", "Located between the inner tank and the outer jacket is a gas pervious, continuous, foraminous or porous matting material which maintains a space between the inner tank and the jacket. ", "The outer jacket 11 may be a synthetic plastic material.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,708,015 issued to Sharp is directed to a storage tank with a secondary containment means and a non-visual leak detection means. ", "In this Sharp patent, there is a rigid inner tank encased by a flexible outer jacket to form a closed space containing detecting liquid material, e.g., water or water containing anti-freeze, therein and a non-visual leak detection means associated with the closed space. ", "The detecting liquid shell at least partially fills the space between the rigid inner tank 10 and the flexible outer jacket 11. ", "See FIG. ", "1 of Sharp. ", "In this Sharp patent, the liquid detecting means 13 is located within the access tube 21 as is shown in FIGS. ", "1, 3 and 4. ", "As will be noted, this access tube 21 is located at the upper portion of the flexible jacket and is exterior to the rigid inner tank 10.", "\nNeither of these Sharp patents offers visual inspection of the installed system in combination with an electrical or mechanical alarm system. ", "It is doubtful that these Sharp systems offer positive containment of a leaking tank contents and both of Sharp's systems pose an additional contamination risk in the event of rupture or damage to the flexible outer jacket during retrieval of the tank system.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,995,472 issued to Murray is directed to a system to detect leaks, monitor levels and activate alarms in which a specific material in the system dissolves or disintegrates on contact with a liquid, gas or vapor which is to be monitored. ", "In the Murray system, hose 12 (FIG. ", "1) is made of a material which will react with the stored material present in the underground storage tank 10. ", "Hose 12 is positioned outside of and beneath the bottom of the storage tank and a plastic wrap 16 surrounds the outer surface of the storage tank and the outer surface of the hose 12 as well. ", "Thus a lower trough in effect is formed which the patentee states will require any leaked material to react with hose 12 which is then at the bottom of the trough. ", "This reaction causes deterioration of the outer material of hose causing a pressure decrease to occur which is sensed by detectors in junction boxes 14 and 15, respectively. ", "Murray U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,995,472 does not provide visual inspection as well as pressure and/or electrical alarm systems. ", "It does not offer containment in the event of a tank and plastic wrap leak or rupture inasmuch as there is no secondary containment provided.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,644,354 issued to Kidd is directed to a system for detecting fluid pollutants which system includes probes for sensing the presence of a polar liquid, a non-polar liquid, and a dry condition signal, and for producing a polar liquid signal, a non-polar liquid signal and a dry condition signal. ", "A reference circuit is included which includes a tunable element, such as a variable resistor, which is used to set the probe output signals to a predetermined voltage value, e.g., a 1-volt value indicating a polar liquid, a 2-volt value indicating a non-polar liquid, a 3-volt value indicating a dry state, and a 5-volt value indicating that the circuit is on and operating. ", "The output signals are multiplexed and output on a signal output line. ", "The patentee states that the definitive signal levels and the serial output mode permit an inexpensive single channel recorder to be used to provide a permanent and complete record of the probe status.", "\nAlthough the Kidd patent is stated to be a fluid detector, it is readily observed that no provision is apparently made by the Kidd patent to prevent the leakage of the offending liquid from the storage tank 15, which can contain gasoline. ", "Also no direct visual inspection is provided.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,561,292 issued to Pugnale, et al is directed to a double-wall underground container for storing liquids having a leak detecting means associated with it. ", "The Pugnale et al system contains an above ground reservoir connected to a space between the inner and outer tanks of an underground double-wall storage liquid container. ", "Leak detecting liquid fills the space between these tanks and extends to a surface level in the reservoir. ", "Sensing means detects a drop in the level of the liquid in the reservoir and activates a signal when a leak develops in either of the inner and outer tanks. ", "Pugnale et al's system lacks the capability of containing leaked material from its outershell and no provision is made for visual inspection.", "\nAn article entitled L.U.S.T. (Leaking Underground Storage Tanks Provide An Opportunity And A Challenge For The Construction Industry) published in the November, 1988 issue of CONSTRUCTOR calls attention to the environmental problems giving rise to the federal and state and local environmental regulations and states that secondary containment systems include double-walled tanks, pit liners and vaults. ", "However, no further detailed information is given by this article concerning any types of vaults or walled structures.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,848,765 issued to Herman Durkop is directed to a double-walled tank having an inner tank 3 for storage of fuel oil and other liquids in combination with a cylindrical outer tank 2 made of a combination of asbestos and cement, preferably with continuously wound asbestos fibers, which have been determined to be carcinogenic and can contaminate the earth and water. ", "The outer tank has what amounts to three lids, end lids 8 and 8' top plate 10. ", "The inner tank is provided with a fill pipe 6 and a control tube 7. ", "The control tube may be connected to a pressure alarm actuator for operating a visual or audible alarm in the event that pressure rises within the space between the inner and outer tanks. ", "Triple bend pipe 12 has connected in its line a pump 11 to remove a certain amount of air from the spaces between the two tanks, thereby maintaining it under negative pressure. ", "Tube 13 passes through the top plate 10 and has connected to it a gauge or indicator 14 which indicates the pressure existing in the space between the two tanks. ", "Note column 3, lines 65-68 through column 4, lines 1-4 of Durkop. ", "Due to the presence of one or more substantially ninety degree bends, pipes 13 and 12 of Durkop do not provide for visual leak inspection. ", "Due to the close tolerances between the dimensions of the inner and outer tanks in Durkop and the placement and bends in the Durkop piping system coupled with the structural configuration of his tanks; inspection, removal or replacement of Durkop's inner tank 3 can not be performed without cost prohibitive removal and replacement of his entire system.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,602,250 issued to Edward R. Peace is directed to an above ground leak detection system for an open top, acid-containing steel plating tank 10. ", "The leak detection system is mechanically triggered by a float value having a switch electrically connected to an electrical alarm system. ", "Float means 26 is located in a tubular projection, 24 extending upwardly along the side of the main tank 10, which contains a small reservoir 18 located on the bottom of tank 10. ", "This reservoir extends laterally beyond one side of tank 10 and is in fluid communication with the space between the outer steel wall of tank 10 and the liner membrane 14.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,638,920 issued to George S. Goodhues, Jr., teaches a liquid storage tank 11 supported within a closed vault 12. ", "Inspection pipes 25 are located within the exterior vault 12. ", "There are a plurality of these. ", "These pipes 25, when not in use for periodic inspections, are capped with suitable threaded caps, not shown. ", "It is quite clear, for example, from an inspection of FIG. ", "5 of Goodhues, Jr. that the threaded cap (not shown) must be removed in order for an individual to check for leakage by inserting a measuring rod or stick into one or more of vertical pipe(s) 25. ", "Thus, the Goodhues, Jr. patent does not have the liquid detection and removal means incorporated within pipe 25. ", "Furthermore, in the absence of occasional spotchecks, each involving removal of these end caps (not shown) and insertion of a rod or stick into the pipe(s) 25 as shown in FIG. ", "5, there is and can be no detection of the presence of any liquid leaking from the inner tank into the lower most end of the Goodhues, Jr. vault. ", "See column 4, lines 5-10 of Goodhues, Jr. Although at column 4, lines 11-15, Goodhues, Jr. states that any detection or alarm means (such as a whistle) may be provided, the patentee fails to indicate what type of system should be used, where it is to be placed, and how it is to function in detection of a leak. ", "Installation of the Goodhues, Jr. underground storage facility for liquids would be very costly since it would require precision in order to operate properly in as much as the inner tank 11 would have to be level in order for it to function properly in pumping gasoline in and out thereof. ", "It is apparent that the Goodhues, Jr. structure may require costly maintenance to compensate for shifting soil such as occurs during soil settling after installation. ", "Also the sturcture of Goodhues, Jr. would be restrictive since it would require vertical support plates 16 and 20 of different heights in order to maintain inner tank 11 level in the presence of sloping wall 13 of the Goodhues, Jr. vault. ", "Such a structure is very vulnerable to earthquakes because it has numerous supports 16/20 of different lengths on a markedly sloping floor 14, which promotes instability. ", "Note column 4, lines 15-28, of Goodhues, Jr., wherein it is clearly stated that it is necessary to remove several feet of earth 22 to expose a removable manhole cover 33 mounted on the top wall 13 of vault 12. ", "Removal of the manhole cover, then, enables a service person to determine the cause of the leakage problem and make on site repairs to the Goodhues, Jr. tank 11.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,537,328 issued to Kenneth M. Keesee et al, discloses a double walled tank with an outer tank 32 having an inner primary tank 20 made of steel with a plastic coating. ", "The outer tank is formed of sheet material composed of glass fibers and plastic resin and has a coating of glass fibers and resin applied to the exterior thereof. ", "As shown in FIGS. ", "5 and 6 of Keesee et al, probe member 34 is positioned between each end wall of primary tank 20 and the adjacent end wall of outer tank 32. ", "The lower end portion 34b of each probe member 34 is perforated to provide a series of holes 34c through which fluid is permitted to flow into such probe member for testing of the fluid level between the primary and outer tanks. ", "Each of the probes 34 extends above the level of the uppermost portions of the storage tank 10 to enable suitable testing devices to be inserted into the probe members. ", "Thus there is no leak detection and pumpout pipe providing for visual leak inspection employed by Keesee et al and such as would permit detection of a leak and signalling same automatically without insertion of a special suitable (unspecified) testing device into the probe members 34.", "\nSharp U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,825,687 is directed to a cylindrical storage tank having an inner tank shell of fibrous reinforcing material and resin formed within a rigid outer tank to which a gas pervious material has first been applied to the inner surface thereof. ", "Thus a closed space filled with gas pervious Material 11 is present between rigid outer tanks 10 and fibrous reinforced resin inner tank 12. ", "Leak detection means (not specifically shown) could be some (unspecified) kind of pressure change sensor 23 capable of detecting pressure change in Alternatively sensor 23 could be some unspecified analyzer capable of detecting selected liquids in the gas pervious material 11 closed space. ", "Instead of that, a float switch (not shown) could be installed at some unspecified place in the Sharp storage tank to automatically set off an alarm when some unspecified pre-set condition is met." ]

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[ "Ramón de Quintana\n\nRamón de Quintana Dalmau (born 6 February 1972) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a central defender.", "\n\nClub career\nBorn in Girona, Catalonia, de Quintana started his senior career with UE Figueres in his native region, playing in two Segunda División seasons. ", "In his second year, he suffered the first of a national record eight relegations; in the 1993–94 campaign he made his La Liga debut with CA Osasuna, but appeared rarely as the Navarrese also dropped down a division.", "\n\nSubsequently, de Quintana moved to Madrid's Rayo Vallecano in the second level, earning promotion in his first season but being relegated in his third. ", "With his following club, CP Mérida, he would suffer two relegations in three years, although the last one was due to financial irregularities as the Extremadura team had finished in sixth position in division two.", "\n\nDe Quintana returned to Rayo in summer 2000, helping the side reach the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup in his debut season – after they had been granted a spot in the European competition via the Fair Play ranking – but was again relegated in 2002–03, after which he left at the age of 31.", "\n\nDe Quintana's last club was Cádiz CF, where he played for five years, winning the second tier in 2005 but being immediately relegated back. ", "After only appearing in nine league games in the 2007–08 campaign, with the Andalusians dropping to Segunda División B, he retired from football at the age of 36, amassing totals of 458 matches and 14 goals in 17 professional seasons (204/6 in the top flight alone).", "\n\nInternational career\nDe Quintana represented Spain at the 1991 FIFA World Youth Championship in Portugal, playing all the matches and minutes in an eventual quarter-final exit.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nStats and bio at Cadistas1910 \n\nCategory:1972 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Girona\nCategory:Spanish footballers\nCategory:Catalan footballers\nCategory:Association football defenders\nCategory:La Liga players\nCategory:Segunda División players\nCategory:CF Damm players\nCategory:UE Figueres footballers\nCategory:CA Osasuna players\nCategory:Rayo Vallecano players\nCategory:CP Mérida footballers\nCategory:Cádiz CF players\nCategory:Spain youth international footballers\nCategory:Spain under-21 international footballers\nCategory:Catalonia international footballers" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDifferential Equations µ substitution\n\nMy professor has removed the lecture notes which were our only resource (no textbook) for the class, so I do not have much to go on except for a class I took years ago. ", "He never named it in class, but I remember calling the solution technique µ sub. ", "I can't find any tutorials that I recognize as being this kind of problem or using the equation he provides.", "\nSolve:\n$v'=5-0.1v$\nwith $v(0)=44$\nThe hint provided is to use the equation:\n$y(x)=e^{-µ(x)}\\int{e^{-µ(x)}q(x)dx}$\n\nA:\n\n$$v'=5-0.1v$$\nFor a DE of this kind ( first order linear DE), the integrating factor $\\mu (x) $ is given by:\n$$v'+p(x)v=q(x) \\implies \\mu (x) = \\exp \\int(p(x))dx$$\nHere is a step by step solution:\n$$v'+0.1v=5$$\nMultiply by integrating factor $\\mu (x)= \\exp \\int(0.1)dx=e^{0.1x}$\n$$v'(e^{0.1x})+v(0.1e^{0.1x})=5e^{0.1x}$$\nNote that:\n$$f'g+fg'=(fg)'$$\n$$\\implies v'(e^{0.1x})+v(0.1e^{0.1x})=(ve^{0.1x})'$$\nSo that we have:\n$$(ve^{0.1x})'=5e^{0.1x}$$\nNow integrate both side\n$$ve^{0.1x}=5\\int e^{0.1x}dx$$\n$$ve^{0.1x}=5\\frac 1 {0.1} e^{0.1x}+C$$\n$$ve^{0.1x}=50 e^{0.1x}+C$$\nFinally multiply both sides by $e^{-0.1x}$:\n$$v(x)=e^{-0.1x}50 e^{0.1x}+Ce^{-0.1x}$$\n$$ \\implies v(x)=50+Ce^{-0.1x}$$\n\nFor the formula you are given it's the same as what we did:\n$$y'+p(x)y=q(x)$$\nMultiply both side by $IF (x) =\\exp \\int p(x) dx$\nYour teacher seems to have taken:\n$$\\mu = \\int p(x)dx \\implies IF(x)=e^{\\mu (x)}$$\n$$y'e^{\\mu (x)}+y(x)p(x)e^{\\mu (x)}=q(x)e^{\\mu (x)}$$\nRemember that\n$$f'g+fg'=(fg)'$$\n$$(ye^{\\mu (x)})'=q(x)e^{\\mu (x)}$$\nIntegrate both side:\n$$ye^{\\mu (x)}= \\int q(x)e^{\\mu (x)}dx$$\nMultiply both side by $e^{-\\mu (x)}$\n$$y(x)=e^{-\\mu (x)} \\left ( \\int q(x) e^{\\mu (x)}dx \\right )$$\n\n$$y'+p(x)y=q(x)$$\n$$v'+0.1v=5$$\nNow apply the given formula but note that $p(x)=0.1$ and $q(x)=5$. Evaluate $\\mu (x) = \\int p(x)=\\int 0.1dx=0.1x$\n$$\n\\begin{align}\ny(x)=&e^{-\\mu (x)} \\left ( \\int q(x) e^{\\mu (x)}dx \\right ) \\\\\ny(x)=&e^{-0.1x} \\left ( \\int 5 e^{0.1x}dx \\right ) \\\\\ny(x)=&e^{-0.1x} \\left ( \\frac 5 {0.1} e^{0.1x}+C \\right ) \\\\\ny(x)=&50+Ce^{-0.1x} \\\\\n\\end{align}\n$$\n\n" ]

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[ "YouTube Gun Channels\n\nYouTube Gun Channels – A Fun and Educational Source for All Things Guns…\n\nYouTube isn’t just for watching bloopers anymore…\n\nThere’s an incredible wealth of firearms related knowledge at your fingertips on YouTube. ", "Take a break from Honey Boo Boo and check out some of these channels. ", "You’ll find many of these channels both educational and entertaining. ", "All of these individuals advocate for your Second Amendment rights. ", "This is not a complete list of all the great gun channels on YouTube, but it’s a great way to start to navigate the YouTube gun community.", "\n\nWhether your a seasoned old timer, or a clueless noob, you’ll definately learn something from watching these gun channels. ", "And unless you’re Jim Carrey, Dianne Feinstein or Piers Morgan, you’ll find these channels to be as entertaining as they are educational. ", "Enjoy." ]

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[ "Victim of Love (1991 film)\n\nVictim of Love is a 1991 psychological thriller television film directed by Jerry London and starring Pierce Brosnan, JoBeth Williams and Virginia Madsen. ", " The film was originally produced for CBS Network but due to its popularity, steamy scenes were expanded and the film was given a PG-13 rating and re-released on DVD as Raw Heat by Lion's Gate/Artisan Home Video in September 2003. ", " The movie was shot on location in Malibu, California.", "\n\nPlot\n\nTherapist Tess Parker (JoBeth Williams) meets Paul Tomlinson (Pierce Brosnan), an English professor she's wacky over, and he's also a guy that is too good to be true. ", "\n \nHer patient Carla (Virginia Madsen), comes to Tess to tell her about her former lover who wanted to marry her but needed some time after his wife's death, even though they started going out when he was still married. ", "But after a year he left and never came back, only to tell her that he was with someone else. ", "Tess tries to comfort Carla after she thought Carla was going to jump off the edge of a building. ", "The descriptions Carla gives Tess of her former lover seem somewhat familiar, but not until the time Carla shows Tess book written by her former lover, that Tess realizes Carla is talking about Paul.", "\n\nTess eventually confronts Paul about this and he says that he knew her as a librarian, and the time Tess saw him hug her was to thank her for getting a 'hard to find' book for him. ", "He says he had no relationship with her at all except sending her flowers to thank her for all her help with the book, and that he was not sleeping with her. ", "Tess, believes him and they have a lovely, little snog. ", "Carla shouts at Tess and drives away. ", "Paul tells Carla to let her go.", "\n\nThe next day, Tess goes to Carla's apartment, finding the door open and Carla gone. ", "Tess searches Carla's apartment finding an explicit love letter to Carla signed by Paul, which she takes. ", "In the morning she is confronted at home by Carla who warns Tess that Paul killed his wife, and that he'd kill again.", "\n\nTess asks Paul about the letter and he says it is a missing letter he wrote to his wife. ", "Tess asks Paul how his wife died, and Paul says she died in a hiking accident in the mountains. ", "They had just had an argument and he went back to the cabin, so he wasn't there. ", "The rangers said it looked like she slipped. ", "Tess tell Paul that Carla said he killed his wife. ", "He said they weren't the perfect couple by any means, but he loved her.", "\n\nThey go to Carla's place and find it in disarray, with blood in the kitchen. ", "Paul send Tess away, while he calls the police.", "\n\nAt Paul's place, while he is showering, Tess is locked in a room with a burning chair. ", "After Paul rescues Tess, the police find and question Carla, but lacking evidence they release her.", "\n\nTess and Paul go to Paul's mountain cabin where it is snowing there. ", "Paul puts a ring on her finger. ", "It is the same ring as Carla said Paul had made especially for her. ", "This was enough to start Tess believing that it is Paul who is lying, and that it is Carla all along who spoke the truth. ", "While Paul is in another room, Tess sneaks out of the cabin, running into Carla who says she came to save Tess, and that they would have escape on foot because the roads were covered with ice. ", "When Paul realises Tess is gone, he goes in search of her, following the footprints in the snow. ", "When Paul catches up to Tess and Carla there is a confrontation, in which it is revealed the ring Carla has from Paul is actually the ring worn by Paul's deceased wife. ", "The only way for Carla to have it, is for Carla to have taken it from her when Carla killed her. ", "There is a fight in which Carla falls to her death.", "\n\nThe next day Paul and Tess are leaving the mountain cabin. ", "Tess gets into the car first, and looking for a map, she finds two identical rings, the same as she had been given from Paul and the same as his wife had been given from him. ", "We see her shocked. ", "The film ends with the camera zooming out on Paul getting into the car.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nCategory:1991 television films\nCategory:1990s mystery thriller films\nCategory:1990s psychological thriller films\nCategory:American mystery thriller films\nCategory:American films\nCategory:American psychological thriller films\nCategory:American television films\nCategory:English-language films\nCategory:Films directed by Jerry London\nCategory:Films shot in California" ]

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[ "Introduction {#s1}\n============\n\nNervous system functions depend upon precisely organized neuronal connections. ", "Many axons establish an ordered arrangement in their target in such way that neighbouring cells project to neighbouring parts in the target forming a topographic map [@pone.0038566-Scicolone1]. ", "The main model to study the development of topographic maps is the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projection to the optic tectum or superior colliculus, which is organized in two orthogonally oriented axes. ", "Nasal RGCs project to the caudal tectum and temporal RGCs project to the rostral tectum, whereas dorsal RGCs project to the ventral tectum and ventral RGCs project to the dorsal tectum [@pone.0038566-Scicolone1], [@pone.0038566-Feldheim1]. ", "RGC axons invade the chicken tectum from the rostral pole and follow its developmental gradient axis toward the caudal pole [@pone.0038566-Scicolone1], [@pone.0038566-Rapacioli1], [@pone.0038566-Scicolone2], [@pone.0038566-Scicolone3]. ", "These axons overshoot their future target areas along the rostro-caudal axis but form branches around the position of their future termination zones, which are formed by the arborization of the appropriately located branches and the pruning of the overshooting axonal leading tips [@pone.0038566-Feldheim1], [@pone.0038566-Yates1]. ", "The branches invade deeper retino-recipient layers, where they establish synaptic connections [@pone.0038566-Feldheim1], [@pone.0038566-Rapacioli1], [@pone.0038566-Scicolone2], [@pone.0038566-Scicolone3].", "\n\nThe molecular mechanisms involved in topographic mapping agree with Sperry\\'s theory of chemoaffinity. ", "Sperry predicted that RGC axons find their targets throughout interactions involving recognition molecules that are differentially expressed on their growth cones and on tectal cells. ", "Furthermore, he proposed that each location in the tectum has a unique molecular address determined by the graded distribution of the topographic recognition molecules. ", "Each RGC has a unique profile of receptors for those molecules, resulting in a position-dependent, differential response [@pone.0038566-Scicolone1], [@pone.0038566-Sperry1]. ", "It has been later proposed that activity-independent [@pone.0038566-Gebhardt1], [@pone.0038566-Bevins1], [@pone.0038566-Reber1] and -dependent interaxonal competition [@pone.0038566-Pfeiffenberger1], [@pone.0038566-Simpson1], [@pone.0038566-Tsigankov1] refines this topographic map.", "\n\nEph receptors and their ephrin ligands are expressed in gradients in both the retina and the tectum/colliculus, and several groups have shown that they represent the main molecular system controlling the mapping of retinal projections onto the tectum/colliculus [@pone.0038566-Scicolone1], [@pone.0038566-Feldheim1], [@pone.0038566-Flanagan1], [@pone.0038566-McLaughlin1]. ", "The Eph receptors are a family of widely expressed receptor tyrosine kinases comprising ten EphA and six EphB members. ", "EphA and EphB receptors promiscuously bind the six glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked ephrin-A ligands and the three transmembrane ephrin-B ligands respectively. ", "The fact that the ephrins are membrane-bound proteins allows the Eph-ephrin interaction to produce bidirectional signaling with morphologic consequences in both interacting cells [@pone.0038566-Pasquale1], [@pone.0038566-Vearing1]. ", "EphA receptors and ephrin-As define the topographic retinotectal/collicular connections along the rostro-caudal axis, whereas EphB receptors and ephrin-Bs have been found to be involved in guidance along the dorso-ventral axis [@pone.0038566-Scicolone1], [@pone.0038566-Feldheim1], [@pone.0038566-Flanagan1], [@pone.0038566-McLaughlin1]. ", "This is achieved through opposing gradients of Ephs and ephrins in both the retina and the tectum [@pone.0038566-Scicolone1], [@pone.0038566-Feldheim1], [@pone.0038566-Flanagan1], [@pone.0038566-Connor1], [@pone.0038566-Menzel1]. ", "Thus, EphA3, A5 and A6 are expressed in an increasing naso-temporal gradient [@pone.0038566-Connor1], [@pone.0038566-Brown1], [@pone.0038566-Carreres1], whereas EphA4 presents an even distribution along the retina, with a decreasing naso-dorsal to temporo-ventral gradient of phosphorylation [@pone.0038566-Connor1]. ", "EphA3, A4, A7 and A8 are expressed in a decreasing rostro-caudal gradient in the tectum/colliculus [@pone.0038566-Connor1], [@pone.0038566-Park1], [@pone.0038566-Marin1], [@pone.0038566-Rashid1] while ephrin-A2, -A5 and --A6 are expressed in a decreasing naso-temporal retinal gradient [@pone.0038566-Connor1], [@pone.0038566-Menzel1], [@pone.0038566-Hornberger1] and in an increasing rostro-caudal tectal gradient [@pone.0038566-Menzel1], [@pone.0038566-Marin1], [@pone.0038566-Monschau1].", "\n\nEphrin-A2 and ephrin-A5 expressed in the caudal tectum/colliculus are growth cone repellents [@pone.0038566-Monschau1], [@pone.0038566-Cheng1], [@pone.0038566-Drescher1], [@pone.0038566-Feldheim2], [@pone.0038566-Nakamoto1] and interstitial branching inhibitors [@pone.0038566-Yates1], [@pone.0038566-Sakurai1] that preferentially affect temporal RGC axons by activating their EphA receptors [@pone.0038566-Bevins1], [@pone.0038566-Brown1], [@pone.0038566-Carreres1], [@pone.0038566-Feldheim3]. ", "Thus, tectal ephrin-As prevent temporal RGC axons from branching caudally to their appropriate target area. ", "It has been shown that ephrin-As of RGC axons diminish the repulsive response of axonal EphA receptors to tectal ephrin-As, preventing repulsion of nasal RGC axons from the caudal tectum [@pone.0038566-Hornberger1], [@pone.0038566-Carvalho1], [@pone.0038566-Dutting1]. ", "However, these data do not explain why nasal RGC axons grow toward the caudal tectum without branching rostrally to their appropriate target area.", "\n\nThus, one gradient of activity per axis (tectal ephrin-As) is not sufficient to establish retinotopic connections, because a single cue gradient would cause all axons to migrate to and branch at one end of the map [@pone.0038566-Feldheim1]. ", "Instead, counterbalanced forces are thought to be required, with each axon branching where these opposing forces balance out [@pone.0038566-Scicolone1], [@pone.0038566-Gosse1]. ", "Conflicting models have been postulated about the second mapping force [@pone.0038566-Scicolone1], [@pone.0038566-Feldheim1], [@pone.0038566-Gosse1]. ", "The most accepted model proposes that this second force is produced by a decreasing rostro-caudal gradient of EphA7 which repels nasal optic fibers and prevent them from branching in the rostral tectum/colliculus [@pone.0038566-Scicolone1], [@pone.0038566-Rashid1], [@pone.0038566-Lim1], [@pone.0038566-Marler1], [@pone.0038566-Marler2], [@pone.0038566-Poopalasundaram1]. ", "However, as optic fibers invade the tectum/colliculus throughout the highest part of this gradient, this model cannot explain how the axons invade the tectum/colliculus without being repelled by EphA7 [@pone.0038566-Scicolone1]. ", "Moreover, the role of tectal EphAs has not been evaluated in non mammalian vertebrates throughout *in vivo* experiments. ", "Although differences in retinotectal/collicular mapping have been mainly described between fishes and amphibian versus birds and mammals [@pone.0038566-Scicolone1], [@pone.0038566-McLaughlin2], EphA3 and ephrin-A6 are only expressed in birds visual system and recent works suggest that some molecular mechanisms of retinotectal/collicular mapping diverge between birds and mammals [@pone.0038566-Carreres1], [@pone.0038566-Herrera1], [@pone.0038566-Takahashi1], [@pone.0038566-Takahashi2]. ", "Thus, the results obtained with collicular EphAs are not necessarily applicable to tectal EphA3.", "\n\nGiven its decreasing rostro-caudal gradient in the chicken tectum, we hypothesized that EphA3 could account for the second activity necessary for retinotectal mapping along the rostro-caudal axis. ", "Through functional *in vitro* and *in vivo* experiments, we demonstrated that the tectal gradient of EphA3 ectodomain is necessary to map nasal RGC axons on tectal surface by promoting nasal RGC axon growth toward the caudal tectum and inhibiting branching rostrally to their appropriate termination zone. ", "Furthermore, the promotion of axon growth by tectal EphA3 allows us to explain how the optic fibers invade the tectum. ", "Therefore, opposite tectal gradients of EphA3 and ephrin-As counterbalance each other during retinotectal mapping.", "\n\nResults {#s2}\n=======\n\nDevelopmental patterns of expression of tectal EphA3, and retinal ephrin-As and tyrosine phosphorylated-EphA4 {#s2a}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo investigate the function of tectal EphA3 we first analyzed its developmental pattern of expression by performing immunohistochemistry during the embryonic development −4 to 18 days of incubation (E4 to E18)- and the early postnatal period --newly hatched, postnatal days 3 and 7 (P3 and P7)-. ", "The study was achieved on sections coinciding with the rostro-caudal developmental gradient axis of the chicken optic tectum. ", "This allowed us to distinguish between the most developed rostral pole (where the highest level of EphA3 is expressed), and the less developed caudal pole (where the lowest level of EphA3 is expressed) [@pone.0038566-Rapacioli1], [@pone.0038566-Scicolone3], [@pone.0038566-Connor1]. ", "We showed that EphA3 is expressed along the main cellular layers during the embryonic development ([Fig. ", "1A--D](#pone-0038566-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The stratum opticum (SO) formed by the optic fibers is also labeled mainly in the rostral tectum where the EphA3-positive temporal fibers arrive. ", "The levels of expression of EphA3 in the superficial layers -- which include the SO and the retino-recipient layers- produce a decreasing rostro-caudal gradient which extends along the entire tectal axis. ", "This gradient can be appreciated at E5--E6 --when the EphA3-positive temporal RGC axons have not yet invaded the tectum- and presents the highest level of expression around E12 when the retinotectal mapping is taking place. ", "The EphA3 expression decreases postnatally when the retinotectal mapping has finished.", "\n\n![", "Developmental patterns of expression of tectal EphA3 and retinal ephrin-As and Tyr-602 phosphorylated-EphA4.\\\n(A--D) Immunofluorescence of EphA3 was performed in sections which extend along the rostro-caudal axis of tecta obtained from chicken embryos and early postnatal chicks. ", "Photographs of rostral (left), and caudal (right) tectum obtained from the same section are successively shown at 6 (A), 12 (B), 17 days of development (C) (E6, E12, E17) and 3 postnatal days (P3) (D). ", "Immunofluorescence (left) and merge image of immunofluorescence and nuclear labeling with Hoechst (right) of each area are shown. ", "The lamination process is more advanced in rostral (left) than in caudal (right) tectum, so different developmental stages can be appreciated in different areas analyzed in the same age [@pone.0038566-Rapacioli1]. ", "As lamination progresses, EphA3 is expressed along all the radial tectum in both areas, but the expression of superficial layers is higher in rostral than in caudal tectum. ", "This pattern of expression is appreciated at E6 (A) and presents the highest level around E12 (B), decreasing postnatally (D). ", "Ventricular zone (VZ), subventricular zone (SVZ), premigratory zone (PMZ), the transitory cell compartment 1 (TCC1), TCC2, TCC3, TCC4, C \"stratum griseum periventriculare\" (C \"SGP\"), C \"stratum album centrale\" (C \"SAC\"), C \"stratum griseum centrale\" (C \"SGC\"), C \"j\", C \"i\"; C \"h\"; layers a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, and j of the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale (SGFS); stratum opticum (SO) (for nomenclature see [Material and Methods](#s4){ref-type=\"sec\"}, [@pone.0038566-Rapacioli1], [@pone.0038566-Scicolone3]). ", "Scale bars  = 50 µm. (", "E-H). ", "Immunofluorescence of ephrin-A2 (E--H) was performed in sections which extend along the naso-temporal axis of retinas obtained from E6 (E), E12 (F), E17 (G) and P3 (H). ", "Photographs of nasal (left) and temporal (right) retinal areas obtained from the same section are successively shown. ", "Immunofluorescence (left), nuclear labeling with Hoechst (middle) and merge image (right) of each area are shown. ", "Ephrin-A2 is expressed in neuroepithelial cells and RGCs at E6 (E). ", "When development progresses plexiform layers, amacrine cells and lastly external segments of photoreceptors are labeled (F--H). ", "RGCs show ephrin-A2 in the soma, dendrites and the axon (insets). ", "The expression of ephrin-A2 extends along all the retina, presenting a decreasing naso-temporal gradient mainly in the RGCs. ", "This gradient presents the highest level of expression between E12 (F) and E17 (G), but persists postnatally when the expression of the photoreceptors increases (H). (", "I, J) Immunofluorescence of Tyr-602 phosphorylated-EphA4 was performed in sections which extend along the naso-temporal axis of retinas obtained when the gradient of ephrin-A2 is highly expressed (E6 and E12). ", "Photographs of nasal (left) and temporal (right) retinal areas obtained from the same section are successively shown. ", "Immunofluorescence (left), nuclear labeling with Hoechst (middle) and merge image (right) of each area are shown. ", "Tyr-602 phosphorylated-EphA4 mainly expresses in RGCs and extends throughout all the retina, in a decreasing naso-temporal gradient at E6 (I) and E12 (J). ", "Neuroepithelial cells (NEC), retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), optic fibers (arrowhead), photoreceptors (asterisk), external nuclear layer (ENL), inner nuclear layer (INL), inner plexiform layer (IPL). ", "Scale bars  = 50 µm, inset: 10 µm.](pone.0038566.g001){#pone-0038566-g001}\n\nAs axonal ephrin-As are the potential receptors for tectal EphA3, we analyzed the developmental pattern of expression of ephrin-A2 by performing immunocytochemistry on retinal sections coinciding with the naso-temporal axis from E4 to P7. ", "We found that ephrin-A2 is expressed along the main cellular layers during embryonic development. ", "Thus, it is expressed in neuroepithelial cells and RGCs starting from E4. ", "During developmental progression plexiform layers, amacrine cells and lastly external segments of photoreceptors are labeled ([Fig. ", "1E--H](#pone-0038566-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The expression extends along the whole retina, presenting a decreasing naso-temporal gradient mainly in the RGCs. ", "This gradient is particularly evident between E12 and E17 when retinotectal mapping is taking place, but it persists postnatally.", "\n\nAs EphA4 presents an even distribution along the naso-temporal retinal axis and it has been shown that axonal ephrin-As activate axonal EphA4 [@pone.0038566-Connor1], [@pone.0038566-Hornberger1], [@pone.0038566-Muhleisen1], we investigated by immunocytochemistry whether there is a relationship between the degree of EphA4 tyrosine-phosphorylation and ephrin-A expression. ", "We showed that Tyr-602-phosphorylated-EphA4 is mainly expressed in RGCs and extends throughout the whole retina, in a decreasing naso-temporal gradient ([Fig. ", "1I, J](#pone-0038566-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nIn order to confirm that ephrin-As and phosphorylated-EphA4 are expressed in the RGC axons, we performed immunocytochemistry on nasal and temporal retinal explants obtained from E6-E7 (HH29--30) chicken embryos and cultured during 24 hours. ", "These stages of development have been chosen due to the fact that these explants present the best axonal growth *in vitro* [@pone.0038566-Cohen1], [@pone.0038566-Halfter1] and coincide with the period in which RGC axons invade the tectum [@pone.0038566-Scicolone1], [@pone.0038566-Feldheim1].", "\n\nThese studies showed that RGC axons (shafts and growth cones) express ephrin-A2 and --A6 in both nasal and temporal retinal thirds but presenting a decreasing naso-temporal gradient ([Fig. ", "2A, B](#pone-0038566-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "To investigate whether this gradient is due to the number of axons which express ephrin-As or to the level of expression of each axon, we quantified the proportion of axons which express ephrin-A2 and --A6 and the intensity of labeling of each axon ([Fig. ", "2A--E](#pone-0038566-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We showed that not only temporal RGC axons express lower levels of ephrin-As with respect to nasal axons, but also a lower proportion of temporal RGC axons express ephrin-As if compared to nasal axons. ", "The distribution profile appreciated in the histogram of fluorescent intensity ([Fig. ", "2E](#pone-0038566-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}) showed that nasal and temporal axons form two partially overlapping populations, the former presenting higher levels of expression.", "\n\n{#pone-0038566-g002}\n\nRGC axons also present Tyr-602-phosphorylated-EphA4 in both nasal and temporal retinal thirds but showing a decreasing naso-temporal gradient ([Fig. ", "2F, I](#pone-0038566-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, we could not find any axon which do not present Tyr-602-phosphorylated-EphA4. ", "Quantification of the intensity of axon labeling showed that the gradient of Tyr-602-phosphorylated-EphA4 only depends upon the different levels of tyrosine-phosphorylation in each RGC axon ([Fig. ", "2H](#pone-0038566-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The profile observed in the corresponding histogram showed that nasal and temporal axons form two partially overlapping populations where the former presents the higher levels of expression ([Fig. ", "2I](#pone-0038566-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This pattern of distribution mimics that of the ephrin-A2, suggesting that ephrin-As could be related to EphA4-tyrosine-phosphorylation.", "\n\nTo confirm these distribution patterns, crude membrane fractions obtained from E8 nasal and temporal retinas were studied by Western blot to detect ephrin-A2, Tyr-602-phosphorylated-EphA4 and EphA4. ", "These experiments confirmed that the levels of ephrin-A2 and Tyr-602-phosphorylated-EphA4 are significantly higher in nasal than in temporal retina ([Fig 2J--L](#pone-0038566-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nExplants from nasal and temporal retina were double immunolabelled for ephrin-A2 and EphA4 and analyzed with confocal microscopy. ", "This showed the existence of big axonal segments in which only ephrin-A2 or EphA4 were expressed, but also significant areas of coexpression ([Fig. ", "2M, N](#pone-0038566-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Nasal RGC axons presented higher levels of colocalization than temporal RGC axons (Pearson\\'s correlation coefficient: nasal: 0.62+/−0.011 versus temporal: 0.55+/−0.008, p: 0.045; Manders overlap coefficient: nasal: 0.82+/−0.002 versus temporal: 0.75+/−0.001, p: 9.56^\\*^10^−6^).", "\n\nThese results show that nasal RGC axons present higher levels of ephrin-As, colocalization of ephrin-A2 and EphA4, and tyrosine-phosphorylated EphA4 than temporal RGC axons. ", "Thus, the high level of colocalization of ephrin-As and phosphorylated-EphA4 in nasal axons suggests that axonal ephrin-As might activate axonal EphA4 by phosphorylation. ", "Furthermore, the differential distribution of ephrin-As and activated EphA4 between nasal and temporal RGC axons could explain the different behavior that nasal and temporal RGC axons present during retinotectal mapping ([Figs. ", "1](#pone-0038566-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"},[2](#pone-0038566-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nEphA3 ectodomain stimulates nasal RGC axon growth in vitro {#s2b}\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo evaluate our hypothesis that EphA3 ectodomain might stimulate nasal RGC axon growth, we compared RGC axon growth from nasal and temporal RGCs exposed to EphA3 ectodomain fused to Fc versus Fc as control *in vitro*.", "\n\nAll cultures employed in this work were prepared from retinas obtained from E7 (HH30--31) chicken embryos. ", "Similar results were obtained with E6 (HH28--29) embryos (data not shown). ", "We cultured both retinal explants and dissociated retinal neurons.", "\n\nRetinal explants were plated on clustered EphA3-Fc or Fc (control). ", "The substrates were produced by coating coverslips with an anti-human Fc polyclonal antibody, laminin and EphA3-Fc or Fc successively [@pone.0038566-Wang1]. ", "As optic fibers grow over a gradient of EphA3 on the tectal surface, clustered EphA3-Fc was assayed at different concentrations in order to evaluate whether its effect is concentration-dependent.", "\n\nEphA3-Fc induced a concentration-dependent response on axon growth which was specific for nasal and temporal RGCs ([Fig. ", "3A--D](#pone-0038566-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Overall, nasal RGCs presented shorter axons than temporal RGCs in control conditions. ", "The former were 18.95 %+/−4.8 % shorter than temporal axons, (compare first bar of [Fig. ", "3C](#pone-0038566-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"} with first bar of [Fig. ", "3D](#pone-0038566-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "EphA3-Fc significantly increased nasal RGC axon growth between 1 nM and 4 nM ([Fig. ", "3C](#pone-0038566-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}), presenting the maximal effect at 2 nM (this concentration increased axon length in 128.14 %+/−12.17 % with respect to control). ", "These concentrations of EphA3-Fc did not produce any significant effect on temporal RGC axon growth ([Fig. ", "3D](#pone-0038566-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, higher concentrations of EphA3-Fc (8 nM) did not present any significant effect on nasal RGC axon growth ([Fig. ", "3C](#pone-0038566-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}) whereas decreased temporal RGC axon growth ([Fig. ", "3D](#pone-0038566-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#pone-0038566-g003}\n\nIn order to exclude that EphA3-Fc-stimulated axon growth could be only the consequence of adhesive effects produced by the studied molecule, we exposed nasal and temporal explants -grown on poly-L-lysine and laminin- to soluble clustered EphA3-Fc at 2 nM (concentration which produced the maximal effect on nasal RGC axon growth) or soluble clustered Fc ([Fig. ", "3E](#pone-0038566-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We showed that temporal RGCs grew longer axons than nasal ones in control conditions and that soluble clustered EphA3-Fc significantly stimulated nasal RGC axon growth without producing any significant effect on temporal RGCs. ", "This means that adhesive interactions between axonal ephrin-As and EphA3 ectodomain are not completely necessary to explain the effect of EphA3 ectodomain on axon growth.", "\n\nTo evaluate the effect of EphA3 ectodomain on individual RGCs which do not present interaxonal contacts, nasal and temporal dissociated retinal neurons were cultured on anti-human Fc polyclonal antibody, laminin and Fc or EphA3-Fc at 2 nM ([Fig. ", "3F, G](#pone-0038566-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Neurons were recognized throughout their morphology and by immunolabeling against neuron specific βIII tubulin. ", "Only the longest neurite of each neuron exceeding twice the cell body diameter was considered as a RGC axon and taken into account for quantification. ", "Nasal retinal neurons presented longer axons on EphA3-Fc than on Fc whereas temporal ones did not present any significant difference in the two conditions ([Fig. ", "3H, I](#pone-0038566-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results cannot exclude a role of interaxonal contacts in the effect of EphA3 ectodomain on RGC axon growth but this suggests that axonal interaction is not completely necessary for this effect.", "\n\nTo investigate the dynamics of axon growth in retinal explants, we performed time-lapse experiments. ", "These assays revealed that nasal RGC axons started to grow after 9 hours of exposure to both the soluble clustered EphA3-Fc or Fc control, but axons grew faster when exposed to EphA3-Fc than to Fc ([Fig. ", "4A, B](#pone-0038566-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Hence, EphA3-Fc enhances nasal axon growth without modifying the time point of initial axon formation.", "\n\n{ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, [S2](#pone.0038566.s003){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, [S3](#pone.0038566.s004){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). (", "F) Proportions of positive events (elongation or adhesion) produced by growth cones making contact with EphA3ΔC-EGFP-transfected-HEK293 cells versus EGFP-F transfected-HEK293 cells. ", "Positive events significantly increase with EphA3 expressing-cells (Fisher\\'s exact test; n: 79 nasal growth cones, 39 temporal growth cones; 3 nasal and 3 temporal explants for condition). (", "G) Discrimination of positive events between elongation and adhesion produced by growth cones making contact with EphA3ΔC-EGFP-transfected-HEK293 cells. ", "Nasal axons present a significantly higher proportion of elongation than temporal ones (Fisher\\'s exact test; n: 58 growth cones; 3 nasal and 3 temporal explants). ", "Nasal (N), temporal (T).](pone.0038566.g004){#pone-0038566-g004}\n\nRGC axons choose growing on EphA3 ectodomain-expressing cells {#s2c}\n-------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo determine whether RGC axons choose growing on EphA3 ectodomain expressed on cell surfaces, such as the case in the rostral optic tectum, we performed time-lapse experiments. ", "We made cocultures of nasal or temporal retinal explants and HEK293 cells stably-transfected with the extracellular domain of EphA3 (EphA3ΔC--EGFP) or the membrane-targeted farnesylated EGFP-F. We examined the behavior of growth cones making contact with the transfected HEK293 cells. ", "Positive responses included adhesion to and elongation over the target cells, whereas negative responses included collapse and withdraw from the cells. ", "These experiments showed that both nasal and temporal growth cones did not present any significant difference between positive and negative events when they made contact with EGFP-F-expressing cells. ", "However, both nasal and temporal growth cones showed a significantly higher proportion of positive responses when they made contact with EphA3-expressing cells ([Fig. ", "4C--F](#pone-0038566-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}; see [Videos S1](#pone.0038566.s002){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, [S2](#pone.0038566.s003){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, [S3](#pone.0038566.s004){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "The majority of nasal axons elongated over EphA3-expressing HEK293 cells, whereas the majority of temporal axons adhered but only few extended over them ([Fig. ", "4G](#pone-0038566-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results are consistent with the *in vivo* phenomenology, where nasal axons extend over the EphA3-expressing cells toward the caudal tectum and temporal axons navigate for a shorter distance before establishing their connections with the EphA3-expressing cells. ", "Furthermore, these results agree with the previous *in vitro* experiments in which EphA3-Fc increased nasal RGC axon growth but did not modify or decreased temporal RGC axon growth depending on its concentration ([Fig. ", "3C, D](#pone-0038566-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nTaken together, time-lapse experiments suggest that the EphA3 ectodomain behaves as a guidance cue, which is chosen to grow on by the RGC axons and may stimulate nasal RGC axon growth toward the caudal tectum.", "\n\nEphA3 ectodomain decreases the density of axonal filopodia in vitro {#s2d}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAs the topographic-specific formation of interstitial branches is considered a critical event in chicken and mice retinotopic mapping [@pone.0038566-Feldheim1], [@pone.0038566-Yates1], we investigated whether the EphA3 ectodomain regulates the density of axonal interstitial filopodia -the precursors of axonal branches [@pone.0038566-Davenport1], [@pone.0038566-Dent1]- by performing an *in vitro* assay [@pone.0038566-Marler1], [@pone.0038566-Poopalasundaram1], [@pone.0038566-Dent1]. ", "We exposed axons of nasal and temporal retinal explants to soluble clustered Fc or EphA3-Fc (2 nM) for 2 hours and quantified the axonal filopodia observed in phase-contrast or stained with Alexa 488-conjugated phalloidin after fixation. ", "Axons with a similar low degree of interaxonal contacts were selected. ", "We showed that nasal axons presented 17.49 %+/−6.58 % higher density of interstitial filopodia than the temporal ones and that EphA3-Fc significantly decreased the density of interstitial filopodia by 43.2%+/−5.6% in nasal RGC axons ([Fig. ", "5A--E](#pone-0038566-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This demonstrates that EphA3 ectodomain also reduces the density of axonal filopodia of the nasal RGCs *in vitro*.", "\n\n{#pone-0038566-g005}\n\nMisexpression of EphA3 ectodomain in the optic tectum disrupts retinotectal mapping by increasing axon growth and inhibiting axon branching of nasal RGCs {#s2e}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nOur *in vitro* results suggest that EphA3 expressed in a decreasing rostro-caudal gradient along the chicken optic tectum might stimulate the growth of nasal RGC axons toward the caudal tectum and inhibit branching rostrally to the appropriate termination zone. ", "To corroborate this hypothesis, we employed an RCAS retroviral vector to overexpress in the tectum the EphA3 ectodomain fused to EGFP replacing the cytoplasmic domain (EphA3ΔC-EGFP) or to express the membrane-targeted farnesylated EGFP-F as control. ", "Injections of RCAS were made into the tectum at E2-E2.5 (HH13--16). ", "To investigate the topographic mapping, small focal injections of DiI diluted in ethanol (10%) were made into peripheral areas of the temporal or nasal retina between E9 (HH35) and E16 (HH43). ", "Embryos were dissected between E11 (HH37) and E19 (HH45). ", "The location of labeled RGC bodies was determined in whole mounts of each retina (see [Fig S1A](#pone.0038566.s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) and the location of optic fibers and regions of EphA3 ectodomain overexpression were determined in whole mounts of the contralateral optic tectum. ", "Optic fibers were observed as long axons in the more superficial focal plane of the tectal whole mount because they form the SO extending along the rostro-caudal axis of the tectum. ", "Domains of EGFP expression were recognized as dense green fluorescent areas in which different types of cells and processes could be appreciated at different focal levels along the thickness of the tectal whole mount.", "\n\nWe also used vibratome sections to analyze the radial location and morphology of EphA3ΔC-EGFP or EGFPF-expressing cells. ", "At every examined developmental stage, cells expressing EphA3ΔC-EGFP or EGFPF formed columns that extended throughout the entire radial thickness of the tectum, including cellular processes located in the SO and making contact with the optic fibers (see [Fig. ", "S1B, C](#pone.0038566.s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} in the supporting information). ", "Expression of EphA3ΔC-EGFP did not affect the size, morphology, developmental gradient, or laminar organization of the tectum in comparison with EGFPF expression.", "\n\nWe performed two types of analyses to define whether EphA3 ectodomain misexpression alters topographic mapping: 1) analysis of the behavior of nasal and temporal optic fibers which make contact with EphA3 overexpressing-tectal areas versus EGFPF expressing-tectal areas and 2) topographic analysis performed by relating the location of labeled-RGC somas along the naso-temporal axis with the location of their optic fibers along the tectal rostro-caudal axis. ", "For this purpose, both retinal and tectal whole mounts were divided into three areas (nasal, central and temporal retina, and rostral, intermediate and caudal tectum). ", "In both types of analysis, the proportions of optic fibers which passed through and formed terminations zones were compared between EphA3 overexpressing and control tecta. ", "Labeled superficial fibers which passed along the total analyzed area were considered passing optic fibers when presenting neither increased density of filopodia nor ramified branches. ", "Labeled superficial fibers which presented an arborization located at the end or closed to the end of the axon over the analyzed area were considered fibers forming termination zones [@pone.0038566-Yates1], [@pone.0038566-Hornberger1].", "\n\nTo analyze the effects on the behavior of retinal optic fibers exerced by the overexpression of EphA3 ectodomain on the tectum, we compared the proportions of nasal and temporal axons which passed throughout or formed termination zones in contact with EphA3ΔC-EGFP versus EGFPF positive tectal regions. ", "RGC axons were evaluated in the corresponding target area. ", "Results were analyzed at the time point in which a mature retinotectal projection was established (between E15--HH41-- and E19--HH45-) [@pone.0038566-Yates1]. ", "We found that a significantly higher proportion of nasal optic fibers passed through EphA3ΔC-EGFP-positive areas (75.94 %+/−12) in comparison with EGFPF-positive areas in the caudal tectum (13.33 %+/−8.16,). ", "Conversely, a significantly lower proportion of axons formed termination zones in EphA3ΔC-EGFP-positive areas ([Fig. ", "6A, B, D](#pone-0038566-g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, temporal RGC axons did not show any significant difference in terms of proportions of axons which produce termination zones after making contact with EphA3ΔC-EGFP-positive areas (49.29%+/−3.52%) versus EGFPF-positive areas (50.68%+/−7.58%) in the rostral tectum ([Fig. ", "6A, C](#pone-0038566-g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results show that the EphA3 ectodomain stimulates axon growth and inhibits termination zones formation on nasal RGCs *in vivo* whereas it does not present any significant effect on temporal RGCs.", "\n\n{#pone-0038566-g006}\n\nTo analyze the retinotectal mapping along the rostro-caudal axis, we determined the proportions of temporal and nasal RGC axons which passed through or formed termination zones in the corresponding target area along the tectal rostro-caudal axis when a mature retinotectal projection was established (between E15 and E19). ", "This analysis showed that EphA3 ectodomain overexpression significantly decreased the proportion of termination zones formed by nasal RGC axons in the caudal tectum (21.18%+/−9.47) when compared to the control-EGFPF-expressing tecta, (75.82%+/−4.84) ([Fig. ", "7A, B, D](#pone-0038566-g007){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Thus, EphA3 ectodomain overexpression increased the proportion of nasal optic fibers which passed through the corresponding target areas and projected to the caudal end of the tectum. ", "However, EphA3 ectodomain overexpression did not produce any significant change in the proportion of termination zones formed by temporal RGC axons in the rostral tectum (74.38%+/−9.89% in EGFPF-expressing tecta versus 49.29%+/−3.52% in EphA3ΔC-EGFP overexpressing tecta) ([Fig. ", "7C](#pone-0038566-g007){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The penetrance of this phenotype was 100%. ", "These results demonstrate that EphA3 ectodomain overexpression alters topographic map formation by stimulating nasal axon growth to the caudal tectum and decreasing branch formation.", "\n\n{#pone-0038566-g007}\n\nDuring the remodeling period (between E11-HH37- and E14 --HH40-), EphA3 ectodomain overexpression produced a significant decrease in the proportion of termination zones formed by nasal RGC axons in the caudal tectum (20.70%+/−7.28) with respect to EGFPF-expressing tecta (42.47%+/−3.8) ([Fig. ", "7](#pone-0038566-g007){ref-type=\"fig\"}.F). ", "There was not any significant change in the proportion of termination zones formed by temporal RGC axons in the rostral area of EphA3-overexpressing-tecta (29.15%+/−8.52) with respect to EGFPF-expressing tecta (34.28%+/−3.13) ([Fig. ", "7E](#pone-0038566-g007){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Differences observed between EphA3-overexpressing-tecta and control tecta were significantly lower during the remodeling period than in the postremodeling period. ", "This is due to the fact that in control conditions several immature axons pass throughout their target areas before forming termination zones and pruning the leading axonal segment during the remodeling period [@pone.0038566-Yates1]. ", "However, the significant disruption in the location of nasal RGC axons appreciated during the remodeling period shows that tectal EphA3 is involved in topographic map formation from early stages.", "\n\nTaken together, our results show that tectal EphA3 is involved in retinotectal mapping, stimulates nasal RGC axon growth and inhibits nasal axon branching *in vitro* and *in vivo*.", "\n\nDiscussion {#s3}\n==========\n\nThis work aims at investigating the nature of the second gradient of activity which counterbalances the repulsive effect of tectal ephrin-As for mapping RGC axons along the rostro-caudal tectal axis.", "\n\nWe demonstrated that EphA3 stimulates nasal RGCs axon growth and decreases the density of interstitial filopodia of the nasal RGC axons *in vitro.* ", "We also showed that tectal overexpression of EphA3 ectodomain disrupts the retinotectal mapping sending nasal RGC axons toward the caudal tectum and preventing them from producing termination zones in their appropriate target area. ", "Both types of experiments strongly suggest that the tectal EphA3 is involved in the establishment of topographic ordered retinotectal connections by stimulating nasal axons growth toward the caudal tectum and preventing them from branching rostrally to their appropriate target area. ", "Therefore, this molecule behaves as a membrane-bound ligand and becomes, at least partially, responsible for the proposed second force necessary to explain the retinotectal mapping along the rostro-caudal axis.", "\n\nTectal EphA3 stimulates nasal RGC axon growth toward the caudal tectum and inhibits branching rostrally to their appropriate target area {#s3a}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n*In vitro* experiments demonstrated that EphA3 ectodomain produces a concentration dependent effect on RGC axon growth suggesting that it may act throughout a gradient distribution and this effect is specific to the RGC location ([Fig. ", "3](#pone-0038566-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "It was also shown by time-lapse experiments that nasal and temporal RGC axons choose growing on cellular expressed-EphA3 ectodomain. ", "Nasal RGC axons grow over EphA3 expressing-HEK293 cells whereas temporal RGC axons tend to adhere and grow slowly over these cells ([Fig. ", "4C--G](#pone-0038566-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}, see [videos S1](#pone.0038566.s002){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, [S2](#pone.0038566.s003){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, [S3](#pone.0038566.s004){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "These time-lapse results are compatible with the behavior of optic fibers *in vivo*, where nasal RGC axons grow over the rostral tectum --in which the EphA3 is highly expressed- and temporal RGC axons navigate a shorter distance before establishing their termination zones.", "\n\nMoreover, our *in vitro* results showed that EphA3 ectodomain reduces the number of interstitial filopodia in nasal axon shafts ([Fig. ", "5](#pone-0038566-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}) suggesting that tectal EphA3 might inhibit nasal optic fibers branching rostrally to their appropriate target. ", "Consequently, misexpression of EphA3 ectodomain stimulates nasal RGC axon growth toward the caudal tectum and inhibits axon branching ([Figs. ", "6B, D](#pone-0038566-g006){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [7B, D](#pone-0038566-g007){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nTaken together, our *in vitro* and *in vivo* results support the idea that the tectal gradient of EphA3 is required for retinotectal mapping by stimulating nasal RGCs axon growth toward the caudal tectum and inhibiting termination zones formation rostrally to their appropriate target area.", "\n\nThe role of Eph-ephrin system was not studied regarding specific populations of RGC axons which grow at different stages of development. ", "The mapping disruption produced by EphA3 overexpression from early stages of development ([Fig. ", "7E, F](#pone-0038566-g007){ref-type=\"fig\"}) suggests that tectal EphA3 is necessary for guidance of pioneer axons. ", "Furthermore, our finding that EphA3-Fc stimulates nasal axon growth in dissociated cultures of retinal neurons suggests that axonal interactions are not completely necessary to explain the effect of EphA3 ectodomain on axon growth. ", "On the other hand, given that the gradients of tectal EphA3 and axonal ephrin-As and tyrosine-phosphorylated-EphA4 are highly expressed along all the process of retinotectal mapping ([Fig. ", "1](#pone-0038566-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}), it is suggested that EphA-ephrin-A system is involved in axon guidance not only of pioneer axons but of the trailing ones as well. ", "This is consistent with the hypothesis that the level of axonal fasciculation and segregation can be influenced by Eph-ephrin system. ", "Accordingly, it was suggested that axons expressing high levels of EphAs could be segregated from those which express high levels of ephrin-As by a forward interaxonal signaling [@pone.0038566-Bonhoeffer1]. ", "Finally, it was postulated that EphA-ephrin-As fiber/target interactions play a main role in the global mapping whereas EphAs-ephrin-As fiber/fiber interactions are involved in local distribution of axons in later stages of development [@pone.0038566-Gebhardt1], [@pone.0038566-Tsigankov1], [@pone.0038566-Gosse1]. ", "However, the relative role of EphAs-ephrin-As in target/fiber and fiber/fiber interactions is an issue that remains unresolved.", "\n\nThe developmental patterns of expression of axonal ephrin-As and EphAs, the level of their colocalization and the coincident distribution of ephrin-As and the tyrosine-phosphorylated-EphA4 suggest that ephrin-As could activate EphA4 by tyrosine-phosphorylation. ", "Furthermore, the differential distribution of ephrin-As and activated-EphA4 between nasal and temporal RGC axons could explain the different response that nasal and temporal RGC axons present when they are exposed to EphA3 during retinotectal mapping. ", "These results suggest the existence of two possible molecular mechanisms of action for tectal EphA3 on RGC axons. ", "Thus, EphA3 could act throughout ephrin-As reverse signaling as it was supported in mice [@pone.0038566-Lim1], [@pone.0038566-Marler1], [@pone.0038566-Marler2], [@pone.0038566-Poopalasundaram1] and/or throughout indirect regulation of axonal EphAs forward signaling as it was suggested in chicks [@pone.0038566-Hornberger1], [@pone.0038566-Carvalho1], [@pone.0038566-Dutting1], [@pone.0038566-Muhleisen1], [@pone.0038566-Kao1].", "\n\nOther models proposed about the second force which participates in the retinotectal/collicular mapping along the rostro-caudal axis {#s3b}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nEphA7 and EphA8 [@pone.0038566-Rashid1], [@pone.0038566-Yoo1] have been also postulated as responsible for the second gradient that regulates mapping along the rostro-caudal axis of the retinotectal/collicular system. ", "Thus, rostrally shifted ectopic termination zones of nasal RGCs were obtained in EphA7 knock-out mice [@pone.0038566-Rashid1] and caudally shifted nasal RGC axons were obtained by overexpressing EphA8 [@pone.0038566-Yoo1]. ", "These results are consistent with the caudally shifted nasal RGC axons obtained by overexpressing the tectal EphA3 ([Fig. ", "7](#pone-0038566-g007){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Nevertheless, as EphA7-Fc repelled retinal axons in stripe assays, a repellent instead of a stimulating effect on axon growth was attributed to EphA7. ", "In our experimental conditions, however, EphA3 ectodomain was chosen by the RGC axons and stimulated nasal RGC axon growth. ", "With respect to this apparent discrepancy, it should be considered that EphA7-Fc was used in stripe assays [@pone.0038566-Rashid1], [@pone.0038566-Lim1], [@pone.0038566-Marler1], [@pone.0038566-Marler2], [@pone.0038566-Poopalasundaram1] at 30 fold higher concentrations than the highest concentration of EphA3-Fc used here ([Fig. ", "3C, D](#pone-0038566-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "At similar concentrations to the higher ones used in our experiments, EphA7 did not affect nasal RGC axon growth, but -in agreement with our results- decreased the density of interstitial filopodia [@pone.0038566-Marler1]. ", "Thus, the different responses of RGC axons to EphA7 and EphA3 ectodomains may represent the effects of different concentrations of EphAs *in vitro*.", "\n\nThe question about the effect of the second tectal/collicular gradient on RGC axon growth (stimulation versus repulsion) implies fundamental consequences on the way the optic fibers invade the tectum/colliculus. ", "As optic fibers invade the tectum/colliculus throughout the area where the highest concentration of EphAs are expressed, the repellent effect of EphA7 would prevent optic fibers from invading the target ([Fig. ", "8A](#pone-0038566-g008){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, the existence of a molecular gradient of EphA3, which stimulates axon growth throughout it, can explain how the optic fibers invade the tectum/colliculus [@pone.0038566-Scicolone1] ([Fig. ", "8B](#pone-0038566-g008){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#pone-0038566-g008}\n\nOn the another hand, the works about mice EphA7 [@pone.0038566-Rashid1], [@pone.0038566-Lim1], [@pone.0038566-Marler1], [@pone.0038566-Marler2], [@pone.0038566-Poopalasundaram1] and our work about chicken EphA3 agree because both EphAs diminish the density of interstitial filopodia in nasal RGC axons *in vitro* and inhibit branching rostrally to the appropriate target area *in vivo*. ", "It was shown that BDNF induces axon branching by promoting the formation of a TrkB/ephrin-A5 complex and that EphA7-Fc inhibits this effect throughout p75 neurotrophin receptor/ephrin-A5 complex activation [@pone.0038566-Marler1]. ", "These data suggest that BDNF plays a general role of branching stimulation and the caudal ephrin-As and the rostral EphAs repress -in a topographic specific way- branching caudally or rostrally to the appropriate termination zone [@pone.0038566-Feldheim1].", "\n\nThis model does not discard the role of other cues in mapping along the rostro-caudal axis of retinotectal system, such as engrailed [@pone.0038566-Brunet1], [@pone.0038566-Wizenmann1] and repulsive guidance molecule [@pone.0038566-Matsunaga1].", "\n\nOur results are very useful because neural topographic ordered connections are the base of the nervous system normal function and their restitution is the base of any therapeutic approach.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods {#s4}\n=====================\n\nAnimals {#s4a}\n-------\n\nPathogen free fertilized White Leghorn chicken (Gallus gallus) eggs were obtained from Rosenbusch Institute (Buenos Aires). ", "They were incubated at 38°C and 60% relative humidity. ", "Developmental stages were recorded according to Hamburger and Hamilton Table of Stages (HH) [@pone.0038566-Hamburger1]. ", "After hatching animals were reared under standard housing conditions and supplied with food and water ad libitum. ", "Animals were treated following the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals from the Institute of Laboratory Animals Resources, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council, USA, and approved by the Council for Care and Use of Experimental Animals from University of Buenos Aires. ", "Embryos were removed from the eggs, decapitated and dissected out in ice-cold Hank\\'s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) or in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). ", "Chicks were anesthetized by i.m. ", "injection of 20--40 mg ketamine/kg weight and 3--5 mg xylazine/kg weight and perfused intracardially with 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) followed by 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4).", "\n\nCultures of dissociated retinal neurons and retinal explants {#s4b}\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSix (E6) (HH 28--29) or seven days embryos (E7) (HH 30--31) were removed from the eggs, decapitated and their retinas were dissected out in ice-cold Hank\\'s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS).", "\n\nThe cornea, lens, marginal zone and vitreous humour were removed and discarded, exposing the neural retina which was separated from the retina pigmented epithelium. ", "Retinas were divided into three sections from nasal to temporal pole, middle third was discarded and nasal or temporal thirds were employed.", "\n\nFor cultures of dissociated retinal neurons, the neural retinal portions were mechanically and enzymatically dissociated with a solution containing trypsin (0.1%), EDTA (1 mM) and DNAse (0.05%). ", "The cells were resuspended in N2-supplemented (Invitrogen) F12/DMEM medium (Invitrogen) and cultured at 25,000 cells/cm^2^ on coated coverslips located onto culture dishes.", "\n\nRetinal explants were obtained by cutting small pieces from nasal or temporal retinas, and cultured in N2-supplemented F12/DMEM containing 0.4% methylcellulose (Sigma) on coated coverslips located onto culture dishes.", "\n\nIn oder to evaluate the effect of soluble EphA3 ectodomain, substrates were prepared by incubating coverslips with poly-L-lysine (200 µg/ml) (Sigma) and laminin (20 µg/ml) (Invitrogen) for 2 hours at room temperature (RT) each one. ", "To assay the effect substrate-bound EphA3 ectodomain, anti-human Fc polyclonal antibody (30 µg/ml) (Cappel), laminin (10 µg/ml) and human Fc (0.25 µg/ml = 7 nM) or EphA3-Fc at different concentrations (0.06 µg/ml = 0.5 nM to 1 µg/ml = 8 nM) (R&D Systems) were successively incubated 2 hours at RT each one [@pone.0038566-Wang1].", "\n\nBoth the dissociated retinal neurons and retinal explants were cultured at 37°C and 5% CO2 for 24 hs. ", "After it, the cultures were fixed with paraformaldehyde 2%-sacarose 2% in PBS for 30 minutes at RT.", "\n\nStimulation with EphA3-Fc {#s4c}\n-------------------------\n\nEphA3-Fc fusion protein (R&D Systems) -- the mouse EphA3 extracellular and transmembrane domain (Met1--His541) fused to Fc- was used to stimulate dissociated retinal neurons or retinal explants as substrate or as soluble clusters. ", "Fc (R&D Systems) was used as control. ", "In both cases EphA3-Fc and Fc were clustered with an anti-human Fc polyclonal antibody (Cappel). ", "In order to evaluate the effect of substrate-bound EphA3-Fc, an anti-human Fc polyclonal antibody (30 µg/ml) (Cappel), laminin (10 µg/ml) and human Fc (0.25 µg/ml = 7 nM) or EphA3-Fc at different concentrations (0.06 µg/ml = 0.5 nM, 0.125 µg/ml = 1 nM, 0.25 µg/ml = 2 nM, 0.5 µg/ml = 4 nM, or 1 µg/ml = 8 nM) (R&D Systems) were successively incubated 2 hours at RT each one [@pone.0038566-Wang1]. ", "In order to evaluate the effect of soluble clustered EphA3-Fc, the anti-human Fc antibody and the EphA3-Fc or Fc were preincubated for 1 hour at RT, and then added to the N2-supplemented F12/DMEM where the dissociated retinal neurons had been seeded or to the N2-supplemented F12/DMEM containing 0.4% methylcellulose where the retinal explants had been plated [@pone.0038566-Wang1]. ", "After titration, 0.25 µg/ml (2 nM) of EphA3-Fc was used because it produced the maximal effect on nasal RGC axon growth.", "\n\nTime-lapse experiments {#s4d}\n----------------------\n\nCulture dishes containing nasal or temporal explants were transferred to an inverted IX81 Olympus microscope (Tokyo, Japan) provided with a 37°C heated plate located in an incubation chamber with 5% CO~2~. Cultures were captured with phase-contrast imaging with a monitorized stage allowing for serial image adquisition. ", "Cultures were automatically photographed each 3 minutes. ", "Images were processed employing the NIH Image J software.", "\n\nIn order to evaluate the kinetics of axon growth, clustered EphA3-Fc or Fc were added to the medium and explants were followed for 18 hours from the beginning of the culture.", "\n\nIn order to evaluate the behavior of growth cones making contact with EphA3ΔC-EGFPN3 or EGFPF-stably transfected-HEK293 cells, HEK293 cells were cultured at a low confluence on a substrate of poly-L-lysine (200 µg/ml) and laminin (20 µg/ml) and then nasal or temporal retinal explants were added. ", "After 12 hours, the cocultures were followed for 120 to 480 minutes.", "\n\nHEK293 established commercial cell lines (human embryonic kidney epithelial cells) were obtained from ATCC.", "\n\nDNA construct and cell transfection {#s4e}\n-----------------------------------\n\nChicken EphA3 cDNA was cut from pBluescript KS1 (Stratagen) expression vector employing ECORI and Asp718 restriction enzymes to obtain a trunkated EphA3 (bp 1 to 1728) without the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. ", "This cDNA was introduced in pEGFPN3 N terminal protein fusion expression vector (Clontech) to obtain the fusion molecule EphA3ΔC-EGFPN3. ", "HEK293 cells were transfected with EphA3ΔC-EGFPN3 or EGFPF employing SuperFect (Quiagen) and were subcloned using G418 to obtain stably-transfected cells.", "\n\nDNA construct and retrovirus production {#s4f}\n---------------------------------------\n\nEphA3ΔC-EGFPN3 and EGFPF were cloned into a NcoI/SmaI vector of the pCla12NCO helper plasmid, from which the corresponding ClaI fragment containing the 5′UTR of v-src was cloned into pRCAS-BP-B [@pone.0038566-Hughes1]. ", "High-titers stocks of RCAS-BP-B-EphA3ΔC-EGFPN3 and RCAS-BP-B-EGFPF were generated by transfecting them into chicken embryo fibroblasts according to [@pone.0038566-Fekete1]. ", "Assembled viruses were harvested and concentrated. ", "All viral titers were \\>10^8^ IU/ml. ", "Polybrene (Sigma) was added to the injection cocktail at 45 µg/ml and Fast Green (1^0^/~00~) was added to visualize the solution.", "\n\nEphA3 ectodomain misexpression and anterograde labeling of retinotectal projection {#s4g}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nEggs were windowed at E2 (HH13--16) and retroviral solution (RCAS-BP-B-EphA3ΔC-EGFPN3 or RCAS-BP-B-EGFPF) was injected into the tectum by using a micropipette with a Picospritzer II microinjector (Parker Hannifin Corp, New Yersey, USA). ", "In ovo anterograde labeling of RGC axons was performed by local injection of 5 µl of DiI 282 (Invitrogen) (10^o^/~o~ w/v in ethanol) into the peripheral nasal or temporal retina between E9 (HH35) and E16 (HH42) [@pone.0038566-Yates1]. ", "Embryos were dissected and fixed with paraformaldehyde 4% in PBS between E11 (HH37) and E19 (HH45) (48 to 72 hours after DiI injection). ", "Whole mounts of both the tecta and the retinas were prepared to detect the areas of RCAS-BP-B-EphA3ΔC-EGFPN3 or RCAS-BP-B-EGFPF expression and retinotectal projection. ", "Some tecta were sectioned at 50 µm with a vibratome (World Precision Instruments Inc, Sarasota FL, USA) to determine the radial extension of the EGFP expression.", "\n\nImmunocytochemistry {#s4h}\n-------------------\n\nEyes and tecta were dissected out from chicken embryos every day between the 4^th^ (E4: HH23--24) and the 18^th^ days of incubation (E18; HH44), and from chicks between hatching and 7 postnatal days (P7). ", "Chicken embryos were fixed in paraformaldehyde 4% in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) overnight at 4°C and chicks were fixed by perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and the retinas and mesencephalon were post fixed for 3 hours in the same fixative at 4°C. ", "They were cryoprotected by immersion in 25% sucrose in PBS overnight, embedded in Tissue-Tek O.C.T. Compound (Sakura Finetek), frozen in 2-methylbutane (Mallinckrodt Baker Inc.) and dry ice and stored at −20°C before sectioning with a cryostat (Leica CM 1900) at 25 µm, collected in gelatinized slides and stored at −20°C. ", "All sections of optic tecta were performed along the rostro-caudal developmental gradient axis whereas all sections of retinas were performed along the naso-temporal axis. ", "This allowed us to compare photographs obtained from different areas (rostral versus caudal tectum and nasal versus temporal retina) of the same section. ", "Cultures were fixed with paraformaldehyde 2%-sacarose 2% in PBS for 30 minutes at RT and rinsed in PBS.", "\n\nFor immunofluorescence, nonspecific binding was blocked by preincubating in 5% normal goat serum (NGS) in PBS with or without 0.5% Tween 20 (Sigma) for 1 hour and then incubated with the primary antibodies. ", "Cultures were incubated for 30 min at RT whereas sections were incubated overnight at 4°C. ", "For double immunostaining, two antibodies were added at the same time. ", "The following primary antibodies were used: rabbit anti-ephrin-A2 (L-20, sc912), anti-EphA3 (L-18, sc920) and anti-EphA4 (S-20, sc921) (Santa Cruz Biotech.), ", "rabbit anti-ephrin-A5, anti-ephrin-A6, anti-EphA3 and anti-EphA4 (gifts from E.B. Pasquale, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA) [@pone.0038566-Simpson1], [@pone.0038566-Connor1], [@pone.0038566-Menzel1], rabbit anti-EphA4 (Tyr-602), phospho-specific antibody (Ep2731) (ECM Biosciences), mouse anti-EphA4 (D-4, sc 365503) (Santa Cruz Biotech.), ", "and mouse anti-neuron specific unique β-tubulin (βIII) (MMS-435P, clone TUJ1) (COVANCE). ", "They were diluted in PBS containing 2% NGS with or without 0.5% Tween 20 at 1--2 µg/ml. ", "A negative control was done by omission of the primary antibody. ", "Then they were incubated with Alexa Fluor 488 (green) or 594 (red)-conjugated F(ab\\')~2~ fragment of goat anti-rabbit antibody (A-11070, A-11072) (Molecular Probes) for primary polyclonal antibodies or with Alexa Fluor 488 or 594-conjugated F(ab\\')~2~ fragment of goat anti-mouse antibody (Molecular Probes)(A-11017, A-11020, Molecular Probes) for primary monoclonal antibodies, diluted 1∶2000 (1 µg/ml) in PBS containing 2% NGS for 2 hours at RT. ", "Sections were then rinsed in PBS and some of them were counterstained by a 10 minutes incubation with the nuclear dye Hoechst 33342 (B-2261, Sigma) in PBS (1∶1000). ", "They were mounted with Fluoromount-G (SouthernBiotech).", "\n\nActin cytoskeleton of RGC axons was labeled with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated Phalloidin (A-12379, Molecular Probes). ", "5 µl of methanolic stock solution into 200 µl PBS was used for each coverslip for 20 minutes at RT.", "\n\nPhotographs, quantification of axon outgrowth and interstitial filopodia, level of expression and colocalization {#s4i}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nRetinal cultures, sections and whole mounts were observed under an Eclipse TS100 Nikon inverted microscopy (New York, USA) or a Zeiss Axiophot 2 microscopy (Oberkochen, Germany) with phase-contrast or epifluorescence. ", "They were photographed with a Coolpix 4500 or an Axiocam HRC digital camera. ", "Images were captured and reproduced in exactly the same form for all conditions in each experiment. ", "Fluorescence intensity and distribution observed in sections were compared in different areas (nasal versus temporal retina or rostral versus caudal tectum) from the same structure in the same section. ", "All compared areas were successively photographed with the same camera and the order of areas to be photographed was changed in different experiments, presenting the same difference in all cases. ", "Images were assembled with PhotoShop software. ", "Brightness and contrast were adjusted in the same form inside each experiment. ", "Axonal and filopodia length were measured by using Image Pro Plus software. ", "Axonal level of EphAs-ephrin-As expression was assayed by calculating the integral optic density (IOD) with NIH Image J software.", "\n\nConfocal images were acquired on an Olympus FV300 microscope (Tokyo, Japan). ", "The exposure settings and gain of laser were kept the same for all conditions in each experiment. ", "Ten fields were acquired by condition, and a single focal plane by field was used for comparison. ", "Image analysis, algorithm generation and statistical analysis were performed under Image Pro Plus 6.0. ", "Before evaluating colocalization of two stainings in paired images, the relevant \"regions of interest\" (ROIs) were determined [@pone.0038566-Jaskolski1] in both images in order to separate signal from background but also to determine a common region for both images in which putative signal fluctuations might be relevant. ", "For the results to be compared, all background correction settings were the same for all images in a study. ", "Pearson\\'s correlation coefficient (values indicating colocalization: from 0.5 to 1.0). ", "and Manders overlap coefficient (values indicating colocalization: from 0.6 to 1.0) [@pone.0038566-Zinchuk1] were evaluated in order to establish the level of colocalization and perform comparisons. ", "We found similar results by using both coefficients of colocalization.", "\n\nImmunoblotting {#s4j}\n--------------\n\nSamples obtained from E8 nasal and temporal retina were homogenized in buffer lysis \\[TRIS 50 mM buffer containing EDTA 1 mM, ClNa 150 mM (pH:8), proteases inhibitor cocktail (1/100) (Sigma) and NaVo3 100 mM\\]. ", "They were centrifuged 10 min at 1000 g at 4°C and the supernatant was centrifuged 20 min at 20000 g at 4°C. ", "The second pellet was used after to be resuspended in buffer lysis with octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside 1% (Calbiochem) and Triton X100 0.5%. ", "Protein concentrations were measured using a Pierce BCA protein assay kit. ", "Equal amounts of protein were loaded in each lane. ", "Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE 10% and transferred onto a PVDF filter. ", "Filters were blocked in 4% NGS in TTBS for 1 hour and incubated overnight in 1% NGS in TTBS containing rabbit anti-EphA4 (Tyr-602), phospho-specific (Ep2731) (ECM Biosciences) (1/1000) or anti-ephrin-A2 antibodies (L-20, sc912) (Santa Cruz Biotech) (1/1000). ", "After washes filters were incubated for 2 hours with 1% NGS in TTBS containing HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP (sc-2005) or goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP (sc-2004) (Santa Cruz Biotech) (1/1000). ", "Filters were developed with chemoluminescent substrate (Pierce ECL). ", "They were stripped and reprobed with a rabbit anti-EphA4 antibody (S-20, sc921) (1/1000) or a mouse anti-actin antibody (2Q1055, sc58673) (Santa Cruz Biotech.) (", "1/5000) (load control). ", "Quantification of Tyr-602-phosphorylated EphA4, total EphA4, ephrin-A2, actin and their ratios was made by measuring the bands density with Gel Pro software.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#s4k}\n--------------------\n\nAll the quantifications were made in blind to experimental conditions. ", "Data were expressed as mean +/− SE. ", "ANOVA and Tukey postest or Student\\'s t test were used for comparisons of axon length and interstitial filopodia density, intensity of labeling in immunocytochemistry and in bands of Westernblots, proportions of labeled axons and proportions of passing axons and termination zones. ", "Non parametric Mann Whitney test was employed when samples did not present normal distributions. ", "Fisher\\'s exact test was used to compare proportions of growth cones with different behaviors in time-lapse experiments. ", "p\\<0.05 was considered significant.", "\n\nDevelopmental optic tectum: Layers Nomenclature {#s4l}\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nIn order to describe the developmental expression of EphA3 in the chicken optic tectum we used a nomenclature that describes the tectal lamination as a dynamic process of transient cell compartments segregation and establishes tectal developmental stages according to the lamination process [@pone.0038566-Scicolone1], [@pone.0038566-Rapacioli1]. ", "The designation of the embryonic lamina as \"transient cell compartment\" (TCC) emphasizes the fact that they are not precursors of particular adult layers, but transient aggregations or mixing of neurons that will later segregate into several different definitive layers. ", "As development progresses, an early TCC segregates into subsequent TCCs until particular neuronal populations reach their specific postmigratory sites. ", "In this nomenclature, the different TCCs that successively appear during development are designated with a number that refers to their chronological order of appearance. ", "The embryonic laminae are designated with a more specific name only when they can be topographically identified as precursors of particular definitive layers. ", "However, along the entire migratory phase the embryonic laminae are named as \"compartments\" (C) instead of layers because their cell composition does not necessarily coincide with that of the definitive layers. ", "From the end of the migratory process onwards, the nomenclature for the adult tectum can be properly used [@pone.0038566-Cowan1].", "\n\nSupporting Information {#s5}\n======================\n\n###### \n\n**Anterograde labeling of RGC axons in the retina and EphA3 ectodomain overexpression in the tectum.** (", "A) After DiI labeling at E11 (HH37), the retina was analyzed in a whole mount at E13 (HH39). ", "Photograph montage shows RGCs labeled with DiI. Arrows depict the local injection area (LIn) from which retrogradely labeled axons (OF) show the RGCs somas (S) and anterogradely labeled axons (OF) form two fascicles. ", "Scale bars: 200 µm. (", "B, C) After infection of the optic tectum at E2 (HH14--15) with RCAS-BP-B-EphA3ΔC-EGFP and DiI labeling of the naso-dorsal retina at E11, the tectum was analyzed in vibratome sections obtained along its rostro-caudal axis at E13. ", "EGFP expression depicts tectal cells which overexpress EphA3ΔC-EGFP (LI). ", "They form columnar arrangements along all the tectal radial extension. ", "Pial surface is upper and ventricular surface is at the bottom. ", "An optic fiber (OF) grows in the stratum opticum (SO) from rostral to caudal tectum in B. Scale bars: 100 µm and 50 µm respectively.", "\n\n(TIF)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### \n\n**Related to** [**Fig. ", "4C**](#pone-0038566-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"} **. ", "Behavior of nasal RGC axon growth cones making contact with EGFPF-transfected-HEK293 cells.** ", "Time-lapse experiment showed as movie. ", "A nasal growth cone indistinctly attaches and retracts from EGFPF-transfected-HEK293 cells (control). ", "Total time: 147 minutes, interval per photograph: 3 minutes.", "\n\n(MOV)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### \n\n**Related to** [**Fig. ", "4D**](#pone-0038566-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"} **. ", "Behavior of nasal RGC axon growth cones making contact with EphA3ΔC-EGFP-transfected-HEK293 cells.** ", "Time-lapse experiment showed as movie. ", "Nasal growth cones grow along EphA3ΔC-EGFP-transfected-HEK293 cells. ", "Total time: 183 minutes, interval per photograph: 3 minutes.", "\n\n(MOV)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### \n\n**Related to** [**Fig. ", "4E**](#pone-0038566-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"} **. ", "Behavior of temporal RGC axon growth cones making contact with EphA3ΔC-EGFP-transfected-HEK293 cells.** ", "Time-lapse experiment showed as movie. ", "A temporal growth cone adheres to EphA3ΔC-EGFP-transfected-HEK293 cells. ", "Total time: 471 minutes, interval per photograph: 3 minutes. ", "Each video is presented successively: a) without signals, b) with a circle depicting the growth cones, and c) with a circle depicting the growth cones and the surrounding surface in a darker grey level to highlight the growth cones inside the circle.", "\n\n(MOV)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nWe thank E. B. Pasquale (Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA) for helpful comments on the manuscript, and for the EphAs and ephrin-As antibodies. ", "We thank Ms. L.R. Teruel (Institute of Cell Biology and Neurosciences \"Prof. E. De Robertis\" -UBA-CONICET-, School of Medicine, UBA. ", "Buenos Aires. ", "Argentina) for skillful technical assistance and Mr. Sebastián Noo Bermúdez (Institute of Multidisciplinary Cell Biology -CONICET-CIC-, La Plata. ", "Argentina) for processing of time lapse videos. ", "We thank Ms. Patricia López and Ms. Sara Bizzotto for a constructive critical review about the English language of the manuscript.", "\n\n**Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.", "\n\n**Funding:**This work was supported by grants from Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (PIP 03135), University of Buenos Aires (M 096, M439), Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC 2010--1 to Dr NG Carri) and Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (PME--2006--00319). ", "The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.", "\n\n[^1]: Conceived and designed the experiments: ALO LF JDN NGC GS. ", "Performed the experiments: ALO LF JDN MR MS VS GS. ", "Analyzed the data: ALO LF JDN MR MS RE VF VS NGC GS. ", "Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RE VF VS NGC GS. ", "Wrote the paper: ALO LF JDN GS.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Reviews of music and some things that I like and don't like\n\nMain menu\n\nPost navigation\n\nRIVERS RUN DRY / TYRANNICIDE: Split: 12″\n\nTwo bands facing off on this album, RIVERS RUN DRY, a Hungarian political crust band and TYRANNICIDE, a Dutch anarcho-hardcore band. ", "These two political bands playing back to back, killer music will make you think with their great lyrics, as well as rage along with the music.", "\n\nStarting off with RIVERS RUN DRY’s four songs, we get manic vocals shrieked out mixed with clean vocals, songs going from slow dirges to fast, almost metal in sound with thick bass, pummeling drums and hyper fast guitar licks. ", "On TYRANNICIDE’s side we get six songs that have growled vocals, some slower, heavy parts mixed with blindly fast hardcore, crunchy guitar playing, and the devastating combination of the drums and bass to keep the huge bottom end booming.", "\n\nTwo bands, one 12″ record and one successful paring with both groups complimenting the other’s style so well, you would think that this would have happened more often. ", "A mighty fine release with both bands being equally aggressive and intriguing. ", "Good stuff!" ]

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[ "[3H]GBR-12935 binding to human cerebral cortex is not to dopamine uptake sites.", "\nThe binding of the dopamine uptake inhibitor [3H]GBR-12935 to 16 regions of the human brain was investigated in competition experiments with increasing concentrations of GBR-12909, mazindol, and dopamine. ", "The methodology used included a relatively high tissue concentration (8 mg/ml) and addition of 5 mM KCl in the assay buffer. ", "GBR-12909 inhibited 80-90% of the binding in most regions, whereas dopamine only inhibited the binding in the striatum. ", "Mazindol inhibited only part of the cortical binding at concentrations of > 1 microM, whereas the inhibition in the caudate and the putamen also contained a high-affinity component representing the dopamine uptake site. ", "It is concluded that the [3H]GBR-12935 binding sensitive to GBR-12909 cannot be regarded as specific binding to the dopamine uptake site because the displaceable binding most likely is not related to the dopamine uptake site." ]

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[ "Functional brain block preparation of the rat auditory cortex.", "\nTo maintain neural functions in brain block preparations of the rat auditory cortex in vitro, a pressurized oxygenated medium was injected into the blocks. ", "Distribution of indigo carmine contained in the injection medium indicated that a columnar region of 1-2 mm in diameter was homogeneously perfused from the white matter to the pial surface. ", "Stimulation of cortical layers just above the white matter produced supragranular field potentials of two negative peaks. ", "They represented antidromic and postsynaptic activities, of which only the latter was blocked by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX, 10 microM). ", "The depth profile and temperature-dependency of field potentials in the blocks were very similar to those recorded in usual slice preparations. ", "The responses in blocks were recorded stably for several hours. ", "The functional brain block preparation may be a useful tool for analyses of neocortical neural networks in vitro." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to automate OS/ECS-agent updating on a EC2 instance in ECS Auto Scaling environment?", "\n\nFirst off: I feel like I still don't understand some of the fundamental concepts of AWS, so please bear with me, if this question is noobish.", "\nI have the following set-up in AWS:\n\n1 ECS-Cluster with 1 single service\nThe Cluster is configured to use 1 single EC2 instance\nThis EC2 instance is part of an AutoScaling group, that is based on a specific Launch Configuration. (", "The Cluster Setup configured it like this, which makes sense, I guess.)", "\n\nI've developed a few preconceptions/conditions\n\nI don't care about the EC2 instance, because my service runs machine-agnostic\nMy service only ever needs to be run on 1 instance at a time. ", "I only use ECS to have a simple way to run a dockerized application.", "\nI don't care about downtime at specific times.", "\nThere is a predefined Elastic IP that has to be used with the service.", "\nI want this service to be as automated as possible. ", "When something goes wrong, we can fix things (uptime is not as critical), but I never want to SSH to the EC2 instance or anything like that.", "\n\nWith help of CloudWatch and Lambda, I have set-up the following tasks:\nThe instance is identified by the cluster name, that is automatically added to the Name tag.", "\n\nOnce a week, the cluster instance reboots. ", "This renews certificates and configuration, because the service does that on startup. (", "I probably could also have scheduled the service to be killed and restarted inside the cluster somehow...)\nEverytime a new EC2 instance of the cluster starts, it will be assigned the predefined Elastic IP.", "\nOnce a month, the EC2 instance gets terminated to be automatically replaced by a new one, started by the Auto Scaling Group.", "\n\nNow my hope was, that once a new instance gets created by the Auto Scaling Group, it will have the latest and greatest AMI including the latest ECS agent.", "\nCorrect me if I'm wrong, but when I looked at the Launch Configuration for this Auto Scaling Group, I figured this won't be the case, because it always takes the configured AMI.", "\n\nMy general question is: What use does this set-up have, when I need to manually check in every once in a while (when exactly?) ", "to update the AMI in the Launch Configuration and then terminate the instance to have a new one replace it? ", "\nI understand that many people probably don't want to automate OS updates in a production cluster, because they want to test it first. ", "But still, one might want to have a staging environment, where OS updates are applied automatically. ", "Why do I use a highly automateable platform, when I still need to roll out OS updates manually. ", "Is this a conceptual misunderstanding on my side?", "\n\nA:\n\nI have created a Lambda function to update the instance agent in all my ECS clusters:\nvar AWS = require('aws-sdk');\nAWS.config.update({ region: 'sa-east-1' });\n\nexports.handler = async(event, context) => {\n var ecs = new AWS.ECS();\n\n var responseArray = [];\n\n const clusters = await ecs.listClusters({}).promise();\n\n for (var i = 0; i < clusters.clusterArns.length; i++) {\n const clusterArn = clusters.clusterArns[i];\n\n const clusterInstances = await ecs.listContainerInstances({\n cluster: clusterArn\n }).promise();\n\n for (var j = 0; j < clusterInstances.containerInstanceArns.length; j++) {\n const containerInstanceArn = clusterInstances.containerInstanceArns[j];\n\n try {\n const response = await ecs.updateContainerAgent({\n containerInstance: containerInstanceArn,\n cluster: clusterArn\n }).promise();\n\n responseArray.push({\n cluster: clusterArn,\n containerInstance: containerInstanceArn,\n response: response\n });\n }\n catch (e) {\n responseArray.push({\n cluster: clusterArn,\n containerInstance: containerInstanceArn,\n response: e\n });\n }\n }\n }\n\n return responseArray;\n};\n\nThen I created a CloudWatch event rule to execute lambda function daily. ", "Works good for me.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Democrats were celebrating on Wednesday after winning big in governor, state legislative, county and mayors’ races across the country on a night full of symbolism, a year to the day from Donald Trump’s election as president.", "\n\nTheir victories included three major elections – Virginia governor, New Jersey governor and New York City mayor – and the first openly transgender person elected and seated in a state legislature.", "\n\nIt was the party’s most cheering night at the ballot box since Barack Obama’s re-election five years ago. ", "They handed Republicans what Obama once memorably called a “shellacking” when on the receiving end. ", "They now have the wind at their backs for the 2018 midterm elections and a decent shot at taking back the House of Representatives.", "\n\n“The Democratic party is back, my friends,” the Democratic national committee chairman, Tom Perez, declared.", "\n\nIt was a stinging rebuke to Trump as he arrives in China in an attempt to play global statesman. ", "The so-called resistance had shown it could amass vast women’s marches and skewer the president with witty epigrams on Twitter. ", "Now it heeded Obama’s plea to go beyond hashtags and memes by showing up. “", "This is what happens when the people vote,” Obama tweeted.", "\n\nThe results also represented a corrective, a restoration of some kind of equilibrium and a reminder that America as a whole did not make a sudden lurch to the populist right on 8 November 2016. ", "Trump lost the popular vote by nearly 3 million that day and won the Oval Office because of the arcane electoral college. ", "Republican strategists warned at the time that this was hardly grounds for confidence in total dominance for all time, although Trump celebrated it again with a tweet on Wednesday:\n\nCongratulations to all of the ”DEPLORABLES” and the millions of people who gave us a MASSIVE (304-227) Electoral College landslide victory! ", "pic.twitter.com/7ifv5gT7Ur — Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) November 8, 2017\n\nThe New York Times columnist Frank Bruni wrote: “Just when we needed a sign that his America is not all of America, Virginia came to the rescue and gave us a vivid one. ", "And I guarantee you that the Republicans up for re-election in 2018 saw it, shuddered and will spend the next weeks and months trying to figure out just how much trouble their party is in and precisely how to repair it.”", "\n\nDemocratic joy was mixed with palpable relief. ", "Defeat in Virginia and New Jersey, both of which backed Clinton over Trump last year, would have been catastrophic and prompted gloomy cliches of “being out of power for a generation”. ", "Virginia’s comfy northern suburbs include commuters to Washington DC, where Trump supporters are harder to find than tickets to Hamilton. ", "The newest local celebrity is Juli Briskman, a cyclist who gave the president’s motorcade the middle finger. ", "Losing Virginia would have suggested that there was something very, very wrong, that a tectonic plate had shifted.", "\n\nIn the end, they did more than just not lose. ", "The governor’s race wasn’t even close. ", "Democrat Ralph Northam beat Republican Ed Gillespie by nine percentage points, a much wider margin than expected and significantly bigger than Clinton’s win over Trump. ", "Steve Kornacki, a voting analyst on the MSNBC channel, dubbed it “the revenge of the suburbs” after a long 12 months of Trump.", "\n\nThe president himself, who had largely stayed out of campaigning for the biggest election day of 2017, found time while travelling in Asia and confronting North Korea’s nuclear threat to tweet: “Ed Gillespie worked hard but did not embrace me or what I stand for.”", "\n\nSurprisingly, Democrats also wiped out a 32-seat Republican advantage in Virginia’s house of delegates, with recounts likely to determine control. ", "Poetically, Bob Marshall, one of the chamber’s longest-serving and most conservative members, who earlier this year sponsored a bill that would have limited the bathrooms transgender people can use, was unseated by Danica Roem, a Democrat and former journalist who is transgender.", "\n\nIn New Jersey, term-limited Republican Chris Christie, the first governor to endorse Trump for president and now the most unpopular state chief executive in the country, must hand over the mansion keys to a Democrat after Phil Murphy trounced the Republican lieutenant-governor, Kim Guadagno.", "\n\nThe Democratic mayors of New York and Boston won re-election easily. ", "In Hoboken, New Jersey, Ravinder Bhalla became one of the first Sikh mayors of an American city. ", "A Democrat beat a Republican incumbent in Manchester, New Hampshire, to become the city’s first female mayor. ", "Charlotte got its first African American Democratic female mayor. ", "And voters in Maine approved a referendum to expand Medicaid for low-income adults, defying the Republican governor, Paul LePage. ", "The omens are very good for next year, especially as the party not occupying the White House always tends to do well.", "\n\nDave Wasserman, US House editor of the Cook Report, tweeted: “You can’t really look at tonight’s results and conclude that Democrats are anything other than the current favorites to pick up the US House in 2018.”", "\n\nThe greatest danger now is complacency. ", "This “tsunami election”, as the Richmond Times-Dispatch put it, could create the illusion that division between the Clinton and Bernie Sanders wings is healed, that the leadership vacuum left by Obama is no problem, that the tide of anti-Trump sentiment will drift inexorably into office by itself.", "\n\nBut for Republicans things are much worse. ", "The party succumbed to Trump’s divisive nativism and is still embroiled in a civil war. ", "Despite controlling the White House, Senate and House, it has failed to pass major legislation. ", "Now it has experienced the bitter taste of defeat at the ballot box and faces a terrible dilemma in the midterms. ", "It can embrace the president, field Steve Bannon-backed candidates and complete its transformation from the party of Lincoln to the party of Trump, or it can ostracise him as Democrats did Obama in 2014, which did not work out well.", "\n\nOr it can try to have it both ways, as Gillespie did in Virginia, playing the anti-immigration card in the south-west while seeking to appear moderate in the north. ", "It was a perilous tightrope walk and he fell to the ground with a splat." ]

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[ "LONDON -- Police and paramedics raced to a British courthouse after a defendant reportedly cut his own throat in the dock.", "\n\nThe Western Telegraph newspaper says its reporter was at Haverfordwest Magistrates’ Court in Wales when Lukasz Robert Pawlowski asked to go to the toilet, returned, then “started slashing at his throat.”", "\n\nPawlowski was in court Wednesday for sentencing after admitting sexually assaulting a shop assistant.", "\n\nGet Breaking News Delivered to Your Inbox\n\n“He returned to the dock very quickly, remained standing then muttered something through the glass,” the Western Telegraph’s reporter told Sky News.", "\n\nHaverfordwest Magistrates’ Court is seen in Wales, January 11, 2017. ", "REUTERS\n\n“Suddenly everyone in the courtroom turned as he made stabbing motions at his neck. ", "I couldn’t see what he had in his hand, but he made several frantic jabs at his throat.", "\n\n“It all happened so quickly, the paramedics and police were on the scene really quickly and treated him in the dock as the court was sealed off,” the reporter said.", "\n\nThe Wales Ambulance Service says a man was airlifted from the court to a hospital with a serious injury.", "\n\nPolice say they are not looking for anyone else over the incident." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nProcessing examples with different sequence lengths using Keras LSTM layers\n\nI need to train a stack of LSTM layers using examples with different sequence lengths. ", "If we use the Keras sequential model, we may implement the code as follows.", "\nmodel = Sequential()\nmodel.add(LSTM(32, return_sequences=True, input_shape=(None, 5)))\nmodel.add(LSTM(8, return_sequences=True))\nmodel.add(Dense(2, activation='sigmoid'))\n\ndef train_generator():\n while True:\n sequence_length = np.random.randint(10, 100)\n x_train = np.random.random((1000, sequence_length, 5))\n # y_train will depend on past 5 timesteps of x\n y_train = x_train[:, :, 0]\n for i in range(1, 5):\n y_train[:, i:] += x_train[:, :-i, i]\n y_train = to_categorical(y_train > 2.5)\n yield x_train, y_train\n\nmodel1.fit_generator(train_generator(), steps_per_epoch=2, epochs=2, verbose=1)\n\nThe above is based on what I searched in another question:\nhttps://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/26366/training-an-rnn-with-examples-of-different-lengths-in-keras.", "\nThe above code works fine, and the above model can be trained using examples with different lengths.", "\nHowever, in my case, I should subclass tf.keras.", "Model rather than using the sequential model.", "\nclass LSTMModel(tf.keras.", "Model):\n def __init__(self):\n super(LSTMModel, self).__init__()\n\n self._lstm_0 = LSTM(32, return_sequences=True, input_shape=(None, 5)) \n self._lstm_1 = LSTM(8, return_sequences=True)\n self._dense = Dense(2, activation='sigmoid')\n\n def call(self, inputs, training=False):\n output = self._lstm_0(inputs)\n output = self._lstm_1(output)\n output = self._dense(output)\n\n return output\n\nMy expectation is that this second code should be equivalent to the first one. ", "However, it crashes with the following error message.", "\nBaseCollectiveExecutor::StartAbort Invalid argument: Operation expected a list with 33 elements but got a list with 27 elements\n\nCould anyone tell me the reason and give some advice?", "\n\nA:\n\nEverything executed with Tensorflow 1.14\nI run the following code using to include all the utils:\nimport numpy as np\nfrom tensorflow.keras import Model\nfrom tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential\nfrom tensorflow.keras.layers import LSTM, Dense\nfrom tensorflow.keras.utils import to_categorical\n\ndef train_generator():\n while True:\n sequence_length = np.random.randint(10, 100)\n x_train = np.random.random((1000, sequence_length, 5))\n # y_train will depend on past 5 timesteps of x\n y_train = x_train[:, :, 0]\n for i in range(1, 5):\n y_train[:, i:] += x_train[:, :-i, i]\n y_train = to_categorical(y_train > 2.5)\n yield x_train, y_train\n\nThen the first model is:\nmodel_1 = Sequential()\nmodel_1.add(LSTM(32, return_sequences=True, input_shape=(None, 5)))\nmodel_1.add(LSTM(8, return_sequences=True))\nmodel_1.add(Dense(2, activation='sigmoid'))\nmodel_1.compile(optimizer=\"adam\", loss=\"mse\")\nmodel_1.fit_generator(train_generator(), steps_per_epoch=2, epochs=2, verbose=1)\n\nAnd the second model is:\nclass LSTMModel(Model):\n def __init__(self):\n super(LSTMModel, self).__init__()\n\n self._lstm_0 = LSTM(32, return_sequences=True, input_shape=(None, 5)) \n self._lstm_1 = LSTM(8, return_sequences=True)\n self._dense = Dense(2, activation='sigmoid')\n\n def call(self, inputs, training=False):\n output = self._lstm_0(inputs)\n output = self._lstm_1(output)\n output = self._dense(output)\n\n return output\n\nmodel_2 = LSTMModel()\nmodel_2.compile(optimizer=\"adam\", loss=\"mse\")\nmodel_2.fit_generator(train_generator(), steps_per_epoch=2, epochs=2, verbose=1)\n\nThe results were equivalent. ", "If it still fails on your end, include more information in the question such as the TF version you you are running.", "\n\nAs per the opened Github issue, this is a bug and has been solved in tf-nightly-gpu-2.0-preview. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Sketchbook Pro brush test piece By JasonHeeley Watch\n\n19 Favourites 8 Comments 1K Views\n\nThis is REALLY rough (about 20 minutes, just messing around until an image formed). ", "The brushes and brush stroke guides are ready to go up on Creative Market, I just have to put together a few small demo pieces and bundle it all together.", "\n\nIMAGE DETAILS Image size 648x900px 504.4 KB Show More\n\nPublished : Jan 31, 2017" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We investigate the relative importance of initial and final state effects on azimuthal correlations of gluons in low and high multiplicity p+Pb collisions. ", "To achieve this, we couple Yang-Mills dynamics of pre-equilibrium gluon fields (IP-GLASMA) to a perturbative QCD based parton cascade for the final state evolution (BAMPS) on an event-by-event basis. ", "We find that signatures of both the initial state correlations and final state interactions are seen in azimuthal correlation observables, such as $v_2\\left\\lbrace2PC\\right\\rbrace(p_T)$, their strength depending on the event multiplicity and transverse momentum. ", "Initial state correlations dominate $v_2\\left\\lbrace2PC\\right\\rbrace(p_T)$ in low multiplicity events for transverse momenta $p_T>2~{\\rm GeV}$. While final state interactions are dominant in high multiplicity events, initial state correlations affect $v_2\\left\\lbrace2PC\\right\\rbrace(p_T)$ for $p_T>2~{\\rm GeV}$ as well as the pT integrated $v_2\\left\\lbrace2PC\\right\\rbrace$.'\nauthor:\n- Moritz Greif\n- Carsten Greiner\n- Björn Schenke\n- Sören Schlichting\n- Zhe Xu\nbibliography:\n- 'library\\_manuell.bib'\ntitle: Importance of initial and final state effects for azimuthal correlations in p+Pb collisions\n---\n\n#### Introduction. {#", "sec:Intro .unnumbered}\n\nThe measured azimuthal momentum anisotropies of produced particles in heavy ion collisions are well described in the framework of event-by-event hydrodynamics. ", "In this picture a fluctuating initial geometry, dominated by fluctuating nucleon positions in the incoming nuclei, is converted into anisotropic momentum space distributions by the pressure driven final state evolution. ", "Hydrodynamic simulations agree well with a wide range of experimental observables from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN [@Heinz:2013th; @Gale:2013da; @deSouza:2015ena; @Song:2017wtw].", "\n\nMeasurements in smaller collision systems such as p+p and p+A [@Dusling:2015gta], in particular those of anisotropies in multi-particle correlation functions, have shown very similar features as those in heavy ion collisions. ", "While calculations within the hydrodynamic framework have been quite successful in describing observables in these small collision systems, alternative explanations relying entirely on intrinsic momentum correlations of the produced particles can also reproduce many features of the experimental data. ", "This includes two and more particle azimuthal correlations and their $p_T$ dependence [@Dusling:2015gta; @Schlichting:2016sqo; @Dusling:2017aot] and mass splitting of identified particle $v_n$ [@Schenke:2016lrs]. ", "Apart from the existence of alternative explanations, the applicability of hydrodynamics becomes increasingly doubtful as the system size decreases and gradients increase. ", "Some recent studies argue that hydrodynamics should be applicable in systems of sizes down to $\\sim 0.15\\,{\\rm fm}$ [@Romatschke:2016hle], but off-equilibrium corrections to particle distribution functions for momenta $p_T\\gtrsim 0.5\\,{\\rm GeV}$ can be significant [@Mantysaari:2017cni], which limits at least the quantitative reliability of the framework.", "\n\nSo far all calculations of multi-particle correlations in small collision systems have studied either only intrinsic momentum correlations or purely final state driven effects. ", "In this letter we present the first study where both effects are combined into a single framework to assess their relative importance.", "\n\nWe compute initial state gluon Wigner-distributions from the Impact Parameter dependent Glasma model (IP-Glasma) [@Schenke:2012wb; @Schenke:2012hg] and via sampling of individual gluons feed them into the partonic transport simulation ’Boltzmann approach to multiparton scatterings’ (BAMPS) [@Xu:2004mz]. ", "The initial gluon distributions [@Krasnitz:1999wc; @Krasnitz:2000gz] from the IP-Glasma model are anisotropic in momentum space [@Lappi:2009xa; @Schenke:2015aqa; @Schenke:2016lrs], thus contain the intrinsic momentum space correlations of the color glass condensate (CGC) picture [@Gelis:2010nm; @Gelis:2016upa]. ", "Final state interactions mediated by perturbative quantum chromo dynamic (pQCD) cross sections are then simulated microscopically in BAMPS.", "\n\nWe analyze the time evolution of the momentum space anisotropy of the partonic plasma by simulating events in two different multiplicity classes to understand how final state interactions modify initial state momentum correlations and whether signals of the latter can survive to affect final observables.", "\n\n#### Initial state & Phase-space distribution. {#", "sec:InitialState .unnumbered}\n\nBased on the IP-Glasma model, including event-by-event fluctuations of the proton’s geometrical structure[@Mantysaari:2016ykx], we calculate the solution to the classical Yang-Mills equations of motion up to $\\tau_0=0.2\\,{\\rm fm}/c$ following the standard procedures described in [@Schenke:2012wb; @Schenke:2012hg]. ", "Event-by-event we extract the Wigner distribution $\\frac{{\\mathrm{d}}N_{g}}{{\\mathrm{d}}y {\\mathrm{d}}^2{\\mathbf{x}_T}{\\mathrm{d}}^2{{\\mathbf{p}_T}}}$ in hyperbolic phase-space coordinates $x^\\mu=(\\tau\\cosh \\eta_s,{\\mathbf{x}_T},\\tau\\sinh \\eta_s),\\;$ $p^\\mu=({|\\mathbf{p}_T|}\\cosh y,{{\\mathbf{p}_T}},{|\\mathbf{p}_T|}\\sinh y),\\;$ by evaluating equal time correlation functions in Coulomb gauge and projecting them onto the transversely polarized mode functions $\\xi^{(\\lambda)}_{{{\\mathbf{p}_T}}}(\\tau)$ of the free theory [@Berges:2013fga], according to $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:CYMDistribution}\n\\frac{{\\mathrm{d}}N_{g}}{{\\mathrm{d}}y {\\mathrm{d}}^2{\\mathbf{x}_T}{\\mathrm{d}}^2{{\\mathbf{p}_T}}}&=\\frac{1}{(2\\pi)^2} \\sum_{\\lambda=1,2} \\sum_{a=1}^{N_c^2-1} \\tau^2~g^{\\mu\\mu'} g^{\\nu\\nu'} \\nonumber \\\\\n\\times\\int {\\mathrm{d}}^2{\\mathbf{s}}~ &\\Big(\\xi^{(\\lambda)*}_{{{\\mathbf{p}_T}},\\mu}(\\tau) i\\overleftrightarrow{\\partial_{\\tau}} A_{\\mu'}^{a}({\\mathbf{x}_T}+{\\mathbf{s}}/2) \\Big) \\nonumber \\\\\n&\\Big(A_{\\nu'}^{a}({\\mathbf{x}_T}-{\\mathbf{s}}/2) i\\overleftrightarrow{\\partial_{\\tau}} \\xi^{(\\lambda)}_{{{\\mathbf{p}_T}},\\nu}(\\tau) \\Big) e^{-i{{\\mathbf{p}_T}}\\cdot {\\mathbf{s}}}\\;.\\end{aligned}$$ Even though the position and momentum dependent Wigner distribution includes all relevant information about the initial state coordinate space eccentricity as well as the initial state momentum space anisotropies, it suffers from the deficiency that it is not necessarily positive semi-definite. ", "To warrant a probabilistic interpretation of a quasi-particle distribution entering the subsequent Boltzmann transport simulation, it is necessary to perform a smearing of the Wigner distribution over phase space volumes $\\sigma_{x} \\sigma_{p} \\geq \\hbar/2$. Accounting for the boost-invariant nature of the classical Yang-Mills fields the single particle distribution function $f^{g}_{0}$, which will enter the subsequent parton cascade, is obtained by performing the Gaussian smearing $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:InitialPhaseSpaceDensity}\n&&f^{g}_{0}({\\mathbf{x}_T},\\eta_s,\\mathbf{p}_\\perp,y)=\\frac{(2\\pi)^3}{2(N_c^2-1)} \\frac{\\delta(y-\\eta_s)}{{|\\mathbf{p}_T|}\\tau} \\\\\n&&\\qquad \\times \\int \\frac{{\\mathrm{d}}^2{\\mathbf{x}_T}' {\\mathrm{d}}^2{{\\mathbf{p}_T}}'}{(2\\pi)^2} e^{-\\frac{({\\mathbf{x}_T}-{\\mathbf{x}_T}')^2}{2\\sigma_x^2}} e^{-\\frac{({{\\mathbf{p}_T}}-{{\\mathbf{p}_T}}')^2}{2\\sigma_p^2}} \\frac{{\\text{d}}N_{g}}{{\\text{d}}y {\\text{d}}^2{\\mathbf{x}_T}'{\\text{d}}^2{{\\mathbf{p}_T}}'}\\;, \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ with $\\sigma_x=0.197~\\rm{fm}$ and $\\sigma_p=1~\\rm{GeV}$ chosen to achieve a reasonable compromise between spatial and momentum resolution.\\\n\n#### Final state interactions. {#", "sec:BAMPS .unnumbered}\n\nEven though the classical Yang-Mills evolution includes re-scattering effects at early times, the semi-classical description of the dynamics becomes inapplicable after a relatively short time when quantum effects become important and the subsequent dynamics is more appropriately described in terms of weakly interacting quasi-particles [@Baier:2000sb; @Berges:2013fga; @Kurkela:2015qoa]. ", "We simulate the dynamics within $0.2~\\rm{fm/c} < \\tau < 2.0~\\rm{fm/c}$, with a 3+1-dimensional Boltzmann approach to multi-parton scatterings (BAMPS), which, starting from the initial phase-space density of gluons in Eq.", " (\\[eq:InitialPhaseSpaceDensity\\]), solves the relativistic Boltzmann equation $$p^{\\mu }\\frac{\\partial }{\\partial x^{\\mu }}f^i(x,p)=\\sum\\limits_{j=g,q,\\overline{q}} C_{ij}(x,p),\n\\label{eq:BE}$$for the phase-space distribution function $f^i(x,p)$ of massless on-shell quarks, anti-quarks and gluons by Monte-Carlo techniques [@Xu:2004mz; @Xu:2007aa; @Xu:2014ega][^1]. ", "The collision integrals $C_{ij}$ include $2\\leftrightarrow2$ and $2\\leftrightarrow3$ interactions, based on perturbative QCD matrix elements (using a fixed strong coupling constant $\\alpha_s=0.3$) where internal propagators are regulated by a dynamically computed screening mass $m_D^2\\sim \\alpha_s\\int d^3p f^i(x,p)/p$ (see, e.g., Refs.", " [@Fochler:2013epa; @Uphoff:2014cba]). ", "Inelastic $2\\leftrightarrow3$ interactions are simulated based on the improved Gunion-Bertsch matrix elements [@Fochler:2013epa], and the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal (LPM) effect is treated effectively, based on a dynamically determined mean free path [@Uphoff:2014cba].", "\n\nSince in practice the Monte-Carlo implementation is based on individual particles, propagating along straight lines between scattering events, one needs to supply a list of particle positions $x^{\\mu}_{\\rm Init}$ and momenta $p^{\\mu}_{\\rm Init}$ as initial condition for BAMPS. ", "For every event we sample a collection of individual gluons from the momentum distribution $f^{g}_{0}({\\mathbf{x}_T},\\eta_s,{{\\mathbf{p}_T}},y)$ of the IP-Glasma model, such that the overall number of gluons is given by the integral of the distribution. ", "Since according to Eq.", " (\\[eq:InitialPhaseSpaceDensity\\]) the initial momentum rapidity $y$ is equal to the coordinate space rapidity $\\eta_s$, which we sample uniformly between $-2<\\eta_s<2$ from the boost invariant distribution, the initial position and momentum vectors of each particle are given by $x^{\\mu}_{\\rm Init}=\\left(\\tau_0\\cosh(\\eta_s),{\\mathbf{x}_T},\\tau_0\\sinh(\\eta_s)\\right)$ and $p^{\\mu}_{\\rm Init}=\\left({|\\mathbf{p}_T|}\\cosh(\\eta_s),{{\\mathbf{p}_T}},{|\\mathbf{p}_T|}\\sinh(\\eta_s)\\right)$.\n\nWe have checked explicitly, that the energy density $(T^{\\tau\\tau})$ and flow coefficients $(v_2)$ extracted from the sampled particle ensemble agree well with the corresponding quantities extracted directly from the IP-Glasma distribution. ", "Even though the IP-Glasma initial condition is boost invariant, the BAMPS calculation is performed in 3+1 dimensional Minkowski space. ", "We will therefore extract all observables at $|y|<0.5$ for different lab times $t$, where $y=\\log[(E+p_z)/(E-p_z)]/2$, noting that at midrapidity $|y|\\approx |\\eta_s| \\approx 0$ such that the lab time $t\\approx \\tau$.\\\n\n#### Evolution of azimuthal anisotropies. {#", "evolution-of-azimuthal-anisotropies. ", ".unnumbered}\n\nWe investigate the evolution of the azimuthal momentum space anisotropy characterized by the Fourier harmonics $v_{n}\\{2PC\\}$ of the two-particle correlation function. ", "We follow the experimental analysis[@Chatrchyan:2013nka] in decomposing the (normalized) two-particle correlation function for $N_\\text{trig}$ trigger particles in a momentum range given by $p_T^{\\rm ref}$ and $N_\\text{assoc}$ particles in a momentum bin around $p_T$, in Fourier harmonics w.r.t. ", "the relative azimuthal angle $\\Delta\\varphi_{{p_T}}$: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{2\\pi}{N_\\text{trig}N_\\text{assoc}}\\frac{{\\text{d}}N^\\text{pair}}{{\\text{d}}\\Delta\\varphi_{{p_T}}}&(p_T,p_T^{\\text{ref}})={\\nonumber \\\\}1+\\sum\\limits_n &2V_{n\\Delta}(p_T,p_T^{\\text{ref}})\\cos(n\\Delta \\varphi_{{p_T}}).\\end{aligned}$$ The two particle $v_2\\{2PC\\}$ is obtained as [@Chatrchyan:2013nka] $$\\begin{aligned}\nv_n\\{2PC\\}(p_T)=\\frac{V_{n\\Delta}(p_T,p_T^{\\text{ref}})}{\\sqrt{V_{n\\Delta}(p_T^{\\text{ref}},p_T^{\\text{ref}})}},\\end{aligned}$$ with the reference momentum range chosen as $0~\\mathrm{GeV}<p_T^{\\text{ref}} < 8~\\mathrm{GeV}$ by default[^2]. ", "Since in our model the double-inclusive spectrum in each event is given by the product of single inclusive spectra, we follow [@Lappi:2015vha; @Schenke:2015aqa] and directly compute $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:bn}\nV_{n\\Delta}(p_T,p_T^{\\text{ref}})=\\left\\langle \\text{Re} \\frac{b_{n}(p_T) b_{n}^{*}(p_T^{\\text{ref}})}{b_{0}(p_T) b_{0}^{*}(p_T^{\\text{ref}})} \\right\\rangle_{\\rm events}\\end{aligned}$$ where in each event $b_{n}(p_T)=\\int \\frac{{\\mathrm{d}}\\phi_{{{p_T}}}}{2\\pi} \\frac{{\\mathrm{d}}N_g}{{\\mathrm{d}}^2{{\\mathbf{p}_T}}} e^{in\\phi_{{{p_T}}}} $ is the azimuthal Fourier coefficient of the single-inclusive spectrum. ", "Since our model does not include correlations from back-to-back di-jet pairs, we also note that – contrary to the experimental analysis – no additional subtractions are required to eliminate such correlations.\\\n\n![", "Gluon $v_2\\{2PC\\}({{p_T}})$ at mid-rapidity ($|y|<0.5$) for different times in high multiplicity ($\\langle dN_{g}/dy\\rangle=26$, upper panel) and low multiplicity ($\\langle dN_{g}/dy\\rangle=6$, lower panel) p+Pb collisions.[]{data-label=\"fig:v2_2PC\"}](plots/v2_pt_times_LowHigh){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n#### Evolution of azimuthal anisotropy.", "\n\nIncluding both initial state effects and final state evolution, we analyze the time evolution of the momentum space anisotropy $v_2\\{2PC\\}(p_T)$ for $\\sqrt{s_{\\rm pA}}=5.02\\,{\\rm TeV}$ p+Pb collisions in Fig.\\[fig:v2\\_2PC\\]. ", "We show $v_2\\{2PC\\}(p_T)$ at different times, $t=0.2\\, \\text{(initial)},0.4,0.6,1,2\\,\\mathrm{fm}/c$ for low multiplicity ($0.5 < \\left( {\\mathrm{d}}N_g/{\\mathrm{d}}y\\right)/ \\langle {\\mathrm{d}}N_g/{\\mathrm{d}}y \\rangle < 1$) and high multiplicity ($\\left( {\\mathrm{d}}N_g/{\\mathrm{d}}y\\right)/ \\langle {\\mathrm{d}}N_g/{\\mathrm{d}}y \\rangle > 2.5$) events.", "\n\nWhile in both cases momentum correlations lead to a sizeable initial state $v_{2}$ [@Schenke:2015aqa], the subsequent dynamics is quite different: In high multiplicity events, we observe a pronounced effect of the final state interactions such that the high initial anisotropy at intermediate momenta $({{p_T}}\\sim2-5~\\mathrm{GeV})$ is significantly reduced within the first $0.2~\\mathrm{fm/c}$ evolution in the parton cascade, while at the same time the correlation strength at higher and lower momenta begins to increase. ", "Subsequently, the azimuthal anisotropy increases for all ${{p_T}}$ up to maximally $5\\%$. As a result, the pronounced peak at around ${{p_T}}\\sim 3~\\mathrm{GeV}$, present after the IP-Glasma stage, is washed out by the final state interactions. ", "In contrast, for low multiplicity events modifications due to final state effects appear to be less significant, as the final curve $v_{2}(p_T)$ closely resembles that of the IP-Glasma initial state. ", "Only at low transverse momenta, ${{p_T}}\\lesssim 2~\\mathrm{GeV}$ the azimuthal anisotropy is increased to $2-3~\\%$.\n\nWhile our results confirm the basic expectation that final state effects gain significance as the density of the medium increases in high-multiplicity events [@Schlichting:2016xmj; @Schlichting:2016sqo], the way this is realized dynamically is in fact very interesting. ", "We find that the average number of interactions in low-multiplicity events ($N_{\\rm{scat}}=4.5 \\pm 1.1$) is indeed almost the same as in high-multiplicity events ($N_{\\rm{scat}}=5.6 \\pm 1.1$). ", "Because of the nature of the QCD cross-sections, most interactions however correspond to small momentum transfers ${\\sim}m_D$ which itself depends on the density of the medium [@Arnold:2002zm], such that the average momentum transfer is larger in high-multiplicity events. ", "Hence, the average number of *large angle scatterings*, estimated according to $N_{\\rm{scat}}^{\\rm{large~angle}}= \\frac{1}{N_{\\rm{particles}}} \\sum_{\\rm{coll}} \\frac{3}{2} \\sin^2 \\theta^{\\rm{coll}}_{\\rm{c.o.m.}}$ where $\\theta^{\\rm{coll}}_{\\rm{c.o.m.}}$ is the scattering angle in the c.o.m. ", "frame of the partonic interaction[^3], is in fact significantly larger in high-multiplicity events $(N_{\\rm{scat}}^{\\rm{large~angle}}=1\\pm 0.18)$ as compared to low-multiplicity events $(N_{\\rm{scat}}^{\\rm{large~angle}}=0.53 \\pm 0.14)$.\\\n\n#### Initial state vs. final state effects. {#", "initial-state-vs.-final-state-effects. ", ".unnumbered}\n\nIn order to further disentangle the effects of initial state momentum correlations and final state response to geometry, we performed an additional set of simulations (henceforth labeled rand. ", "azimuth) where the azimuthal angle of the transverse momentum ${{\\mathbf{p}_T}}$ of each gluon is randomized ($0<\\varphi_{{p_T}}<2\\pi$) before the evolution in the parton cascade. ", "Our results are compactly summarized in Fig.", " \\[fig:RandAzimuthLowHigh\\], where we compare the azimuthal anisotropy $v_2\\{2PC\\}(p_T)$ in the different scenarios. ", "By construction no initial state momentum correlations are present in the rand. ", "azimuth case – shown as open gray symbols – and the initial state $v_2$ vanishes identically at $t=0.2~\\mathrm{fm/c}$. However, over the course of the kinetic evolution a $v_{2}(p_T)$ of $\\sim4\\%$ at ${{p_T}}\\sim2~\\mathrm{GeV}$ in high multiplicity events and $\\lesssim 3\\%$ at ${{p_T}}~\\sim 1~\\mathrm{GeV}$ in low multiplicity events is built up by $t=2.0~\\mathrm{fm/c}$. Nevertheless, for momenta above ${{p_T}}\\sim 2.0~\\mathrm{GeV}$ (low multiplicity) and ${{p_T}}\\sim 4.0~\\mathrm{GeV}$ (high multiplicity), the purely final state $v_2$ in the rand. ", "azimuth scenario remains significantly below the initial state + final state $v_{2}$ of the full calculation, indicating the importance of initial state momentum correlations.", "\n\n![", "Comparison of initial and final two-particle $v_2(p_T)$ for high (upper panel) and low (lower panel) multiplicity $\\sqrt{s_{pA}}=5.02~\\mathrm{TeV}$ p+Pb events. ", "Events including initial state momentum correlations (filled symbols) are compared to the same events where the initial momenta were randomized in azimuth (rand. ", "azimuth, open symbols).[]{data-label=\"fig:RandAzimuthLowHigh\"}](plots/v2_2PC_Compare_RandAzimuthLowHigh){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n![", "Comparison of initial and final $v_2(p_T)$ with respect to the eccentricity plane for high (upper panel) and low (lower panel) multiplicity $\\sqrt{s_{pA}}=5.02~\\mathrm{TeV}$ p+Pb events. ", "Events including initial state momentum correlations (filled symbols) are compared to the same events where the initial momenta were randomized in azimuth (rand. ", "azimuth, open symbols).[]{data-label=\"fig:RandAzimuthLowHigh_EccentrictiyPlane\"}](plots/RandAzimuthLowHigh_EccentrictiyPlane_FixedC_g3_energyweight){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nDespite the fact that initial state correlations have a significant impact on $v_2\\{2PC\\}$, we find that the additional $v_2\\{2PC\\}$ built up in the parton cascade can be attributed to the response to the initial geometry. ", "In order to demonstrate this feature more clearly, we have also computed the azimuthal anisotropy $v_2\\{\\text{ecc.~plane}\\}$ w.r.t to the coordinate eccentricity plane – obtained by replacing the reference momentum vector $b_{n}(p_T^{\\text{ref}})$ in Eq.", " (\\[eq:bn\\]) with the coordinate eccentricity vector $e_{n}=\\int d^2{\\mathbf{x}_T}~T^{\\tau\\tau}({\\mathbf{x}_T})~|{\\mathbf{x}_T}|^{n}~e^{in \\phi_{{{x_T}}}}$, where $\\phi_{{{x_T}}}$ is the azimuthal angle in space. ", "Our results in Fig.", " \\[fig:RandAzimuthLowHigh\\_EccentrictiyPlane\\] show that the initial anisotropy with respect to the geometric eccentricity plane vanishes, as the initial momentum space anisotropy is uncorrelated with the event geometry [@Schenke:2015aqa].", "\n\nIn contrast, during the kinetic evolution a clear correlation with the initial state geometry is built up. ", "The magnitude of this final state generated $v_2\\{\\text{ecc. ", "plane}\\}$ depends only weakly on the presence or absence of initial state momentum correlations. ", "While the comparison of the results for $v_2\\{\\text{ecc. ", "plane}\\}$ (Fig.\\[fig:RandAzimuthLowHigh\\_EccentrictiyPlane\\]) with $v_{2}\\{2PC\\}$ (Fig.\\[fig:RandAzimuthLowHigh\\]) indicates that in the rand. ", "azimuth case, the observed $v_{2}\\{2PC\\}$ can almost entirely be attributed to a geometric response, this is clearly not the case for the more realistic scenario including initial state correlations.", "\n\nEven though the effects of initial state momentum correlations are more apparent in low-multiplicity events, quantitative differences remain also in high-multiplicity events, as can also be observed from Fig.", " \\[fig:integratedV2\\], where we study the time-evolution of the ${{p_T}}$ integrated $v_2\\{2PC\\}$. While in the rand. ", "azimuth case, the $v_2\\{2PC\\}$ is built up slowly as a function of time in response to the initial state geometry, a qualitatively different behavior emerges in the more realistic case including initial state correlations. ", "In this case, large angle scatterings at early times begin to destroy initial state momentum correlations leading to an initial decrease of $v_2\\{2PC\\}$ as a function of time. ", "This happens because the directions of the initial state anisotropy and the eccentricity responsible for generating the final state $v_2$ are generally uncorrelated. ", "Subsequently, between $t\\sim 0.5 - 1~\\mathrm{fm/c}$ the response to the initial state geometry sets in, leading again to an increase of $v_2\\{2PC\\}$. Overall, we find that the relative effect of initial state correlations on the final $v_2\\{2PC\\}$ is on the order of $25-50\\%$, being larger for low multiplicity events.", "\n\n![", "Evolution of the ${{p_T}}$ integrated azimuthal anisotropy $v_{2}\\{2PC\\}$ for high and low multiplicity p+Pb events.[]{data-label=\"fig:integratedV2\"}](plots/integratedV2_fixedCoupling_Paper_bands_PDF){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n#### Conclusions. {#", "sec:Conclusions .unnumbered}\n\nThe observation of long range rapidity correlations with characteristic structures in azimuthal angle in small systems has challenged our understanding of the space-time evolution of high-energy nuclear collisions. ", "Despite the fact that several phenomenological works have attempted to explain various aspects of the experimental data, it remained unclear to what extent observed correlations should be attributed to initial state or final state effects. ", "Based on a weak-coupling picture of the space-time dynamics, we developed a new framework including both initial state momentum correlations and final state interactions. ", "By matching classical Yang-Mills dynamics (IP-GLASMA) to an effective kinetic description (BAMPS) on an event-by-event basis, we showed that the relative importance of initial and final state effects in p+Pb collisions at LHC energies depends on the event multiplicity as well as the transverse momenta under consideration. ", "Especially at low multiplicity, the initial state correlations are very important for integrated as well as differential $v_{2}$, and need to be taken into account in a quantitative theoretical description.", "\n\nWe also note that multi-particle correlations of more than two particles can provide additional insight into the nature of the observed correlations. ", "Since final state induced correlations emerge in response to the global event-geometry, these naturally produce $m$-particle correlations (with $m>2$) of similar strength. ", "Conversely, for initial state correlations the existence of pronounced multi-particle correlations is not a priori obvious. ", "However, it was shown recently in an Abelian model that initial state effects can generate similar 4-, 6-, and 8- particle correlations [@Dusling:2017dqg]. ", "Explicit studies of multi-particle correlations beyond $m=2$ within our framework are numerically very intensive and will be left for future work. ", "Our results indicate that a differential study of azimuthal correlations across a large range of multiplicities and transverse momenta, can provide new insights into properties of the initial state and the early time non-equilibrium dynamics of high-energy collisions. ", "In this context, it would also be interesting to include jet-like correlations at higher momenta, to achieve a fully comprehensive framework of multi-particle correlations.", "\n\n#### Acknowledgements. {#", "acknowledgements. ", ".unnumbered}\n\nM.G. is grateful to Tsinghua University in Beijing for their hospitality and acknowledges the support from the “Helmhotz Graduate School for Heavy Ion research”. ", "This work was supported by the Helmholtz International Center for FAIR within the framework of the LOEWE program launched by the State of Hesse. ", "S.S. acknowledges support by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Grant No. ", "DE-FG02-97ER41014. ", "B.P.S. is supported under DOE Contract No. ", "DE-SC0012704. ", "Z.X. was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants No. ", "11575092 and No. ", "11335005, and the Major State Basic Research Development Program in China under Grants No. ", "2014CB845400 and No. ", "2015CB856903. ", "Numerical calculations used the resources of the Center for Scientific Computing (CSC) Frankfurt and the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. ", "DE-AC02-05CH11231.", "\n\n[^1]: Even though the IP-Glasma initial state only contains gluons, quarks and anti-quarks are produced during the kinetic evolution of the fireball.", "\n\n[^2]: Because we are studying the momentum anisotropy of gluons, we choose the reference momentum to extend to larger values than the range used in the experimental analysis.", "\n\n[^3]: Note that the pre-factor $3/2$ is chosen such that for constant isotropic cross sections $N_{\\rm{scat}}^{\\rm{large~angle}}= N_{\\rm{scat}}$.\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Gut microbiota-derived endotoxin enhanced the incidence of cardia bifida during cardiogenesis.", "\nCytotoxicity and inflammation-associated toxic responses could be induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in vitro and in vivo, respectively. ", "However, the mechanism involved in LPS-induced cardiac malformation in prenatal fetus is still unknown. ", "In this study, we demonstrated that LPS was induced in gut microbiota imbalance mice, and next, LPS exposure during gastrulation in the chick embryo increased the incidence of cardia bifida. ", "Gene transfection and tissue transplantation trajectory indicated that LPS exposure restricted the cell migration of cardiac progenitors to primary heart field in gastrula chick embryos. ", "In vitro explant allograft of GFP-labeled anterior primitive streak demonstrated that LPS treatments could inhibit cell migration. ", "A similar observation was also obtained from the cell migration assay of scratch wounds using primary culture of cardiomyocytes or H9c2 cells. ", "In the embryos exposed to LPS, expressions of Nkx2.5 and GATA5 were disturbed. ", "These genes are associated with cardiomyocyte differentiation when heart tube fusion occurs. ", "Furthermore, pHIS3, C-caspase3 immunohistological staining indicated that cell proliferation decreased, cell apoptosis increased in the heart tube of chick embryo. ", "Meanwhile, in vivo, pHIS3 immunohistological staining and Hochest/PI staining also draw the similar conclusions. ", "The LPS exposure also caused the production of excess ROS, which might damage the cardiac precursor cells of developing embryos. ", "At last, we showed that LPS-induced cardia bifida could be partially rescued through the addition of antioxidants. ", "Together, these results reveal that excess ROS generation is involved in the LPS-induced defects in heart tube during chick embryo development." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "John Gans is director of communications and research at the University of Pennsylvania’s Perry World House and author of the new book White House Warriors, a history of the National Security Council from 1947 to today.", "\n\nAfter decades of ostracizing much of Washington with his hardline views and sharp elbows, John Bolton now finds himself more popular than ever.", "\n\nEveryone wants to talk to Bolton amid the inquiry into President Donald Trump and his associates’ pressure campaign against Ukraine, a scheme Bolton, then the national security adviser, reportedly likened to a “drug deal.” ", "On Twitter, some already have welcomed him to the “resistance”; others speculate he’ll end up one of the “heroes” of the impeachment story, a star witness. ", "High-profile agents want to sell his book. ", "And now, it appears Congress wants to hear from Bolton, too—his lawyers are reportedly arranging a deposition.", "\n\n\nBut no one should get too excited about what Bolton will ultimately say. ", "If he testifies before the congressional inquiry, Bolton will bring more to the hearing room than recollections about the Trump White House. ", "A look at his career—which has been animated by the fight for a strong presidency, especially on matters of foreign policy—suggests his testimony is unlikely to be everything the resistance wants to hear.", "\n\nLike many in his generation of Republican foreign policy operatives, Bolton began developing his views about the power of the presidency at its nadir. ", "After serving as an intern in Richard Nixon’s White House and graduating from Yale Law School, Bolton opted not to return to an administration mired in Watergate and instead headed into private practice. ", "In his first days as an associate at Covington & Burling, Bolton watched as Nixon was “forced to resign in disgrace,” as he later put it in a memoir.", "\n\nBolton’s phrasing was purposeful: In the Watergate era, he saw how an “overreacting” Congress, as he later called it, could limit the president’s authority—for example, with the War Powers Act and independent counsel statute. ", "On campaign finance in particular, Bolton soon made a name for himself and (a decent living) during Jimmy Carter’s administration, litigating against some of the perceived congressional overreach.", "\n\nBolton continued that fight when he joined Ronald Reagan’s Justice Department. ", "As assistant attorney general for legislative affairs, Bolton handled some of Congress’ investigations into the Iran-Contra affair, in which some White House aides sold weapons to Iran and then illegally funneled the proceeds to the so-called Contras battling the socialist government in Nicaragua. ", "A decade after Watergate, the scandal set off a firestorm of investigations and questions about the power of the presidency.", "\n\nEven though the president took responsibility for the mess and did not invoke executive privilege during it, Bolton considered the whole inquiry an “assault on the Reagan presidency,” he later wrote. ", "At the time, he accused special prosecutor Lawrence Walsh, a former judge appointed to investigate Iran-Contra, of using a “wacko theory” of law and spending too much money.", "\n\nBolton was not alone: Then-Congressman Dick Cheney opposed the investigation and any attempts to interfere with presidential foreign policy prerogatives. ", "To Cheney and Bolton, Iran-Contra became an important front in the bigger war to rebuild the power of the presidency. ", "In testimony before the Senate Governmental Affairs subcommittee, Bolton called the post-Watergate Ethics in Government Act, which included appointments of independent counsels, “unconstitutional.” ", "He argued in the hearing that, “under the constitutional system of separation of powers, the president or his delegate, must retain the unfettered ability to direct and supervise all executive officials.”", "\n\nBolton did not even believe Congress should investigate an actual drug deal. ", "Upon reports that allies of the Contras were also involved in drug running, then-Senator John Kerry sought to get to the bottom of it, only to run into resistance from Bolton. ", "The assistant attorney general stalled requests for information. ", "Then, according to reports by journalist David Corn and others, Bolton worked with Republican members of the committee to end the investigation. ", "One Senate staffer claimed Bolton had “tried to torpedo” the attempt at oversight.", "\n\nAfter the Reagan presidency, Bolton, Cheney and their allies continued a long, patient crusade to strengthen the presidency, especially with regard to foreign policy. ", "During the George W. Bush administration, they “supported vigorous executive authority to protect our national security after the 9/11 attacks,” as Bolton and a fellow lawyer later wrote. ", "That included Bolton’s own ambassadorship at the United Nations, which was only achieved through a recess appointment Bush made after Senate Democrats had blocked the nomination in Congress.", "\n\nAs a result of intellectual, administrative and legislative efforts by Bolton and other conservative lawyers, lobbyists and scholars, the presidency recovered much of the authority it had lost after Watergate and Iran-Contra, arguably becoming even more powerful during the post-9/11 wars. ", "Bolton’s long-term belief in the power of the presidency, in fact, is one reason he could work for Trump in the first place, despite his resistance to several Trump policies, on North Korea, Iran and Afghanistan: Bolton could defer, however grudgingly, because he has long believed the president gets the ultimate say.", "\n\nAlthough Bolton is now free from Trump, having left the White House in September after 17 months on the job, he faces a similar challenge in the Ukraine investigation, which is shaping up to be in part about the president’s authority over foreign policy. ", "Bolton again has to decide whether to give up on long-held beliefs—this time about the power of the presidency—to be popular in Washington. ", "Of course, subpoenas have a way of making decisions easier. ", "Bolton could just go along to get along, deciding to exact some revenge on Trump with a deposition filled with a detailed litany of any presidential crimes and misdemeanors.", "\n\nBut subpoenas rarely change anyone’s mind, let alone one as disciplined and devoted as Bolton’s. ", "The power of the modern presidency is Bolton’s career legacy, a project he has been working on longer than North Korea, Iran or any one issue. ", "When Trump and his defenders question the legitimacy of today’s inquiry, they’re not just speaking Bolton’s language—they’re using his talking points. ", "Even if Bolton soured on Trump or disagreed with his Ukraine scheme, the current resident of the White House is unlikely to have changed the former national security adviser’s belief that the United States needs a strong commander in chief.", "\n\nFor that reason, Bolton’s decision to consider providing a deposition is as momentous as it surely was tortured. ", "His testimony will likely be the same. ", "Such discomfort might be the reason for the awkwardness of the leaked line that so elated Twitter last week. ", "According to reports about former National Security Council staffer Fiona Hill’s private congressional testimony, Bolton, her boss, apparently wanted it clear, “I am not part of whatever drug deal [U.S. Ambassador to the European Union Gordon] Sondland and [White House chief of staff Mick] Mulvaney are cooking up” in Ukraine. ", "Again, the phrasing matters: If Sondland and Mulvaney were doing the cooking, the president wasn’t.", "\n\nWe should expect more of those sorts of phrases, distinctions and qualifications from Bolton if he testifies. ", "As he did during his tenure as national security adviser, Bolton will seek to keep his hands clean and stay true to his principles, even if he is participating in something that challenges them. ", "Ultimately, Bolton might be willing to undermine a president for pursuing an operation that would appear to violate Bolton’s policy preferences and view of the law. ", "But he is unlikely to undermine the presidency—and principles like executive privilege—any more than he has to.", "\n\nToward the end of the Bush administration, in response to a decision about North Korea that Bolton opposed, he wrote, “Nothing can erase the ineffable sadness of an American presidency, like this one, in total intellectual collapse.” ", "Whenever Bolton finally has his say about Trump’s Ukraine scandal, it is likely to be uttered not in anger but in sorrow, not gaily but grudgingly, and in the narrowest way possible. ", "For Bolton, there is something sadder than a presidency’s decline: the collapse of the office itself." ]

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[ "Spaceflight outside of the Earth's protective magnetic field is dangerous from a cosmic radiation perspective. ", "Inside Earth's magnetic field, where the manned International Space Station (ISS) orbits, the radiation encountered is minimal and almost all is deflected by our planet's magnetic fields. ", "However, outside that protective shield, the Sun's solar wind (high energy radiation, solar energetic particles or SEPs) consisting of protons, electrons, alpha particles and plasmas continuously bombards the spacecraft for the months or years of spaceflight. ", "On occasion the Sun produces a CME (Coronal Mass Ejection) that vastly increases the energy and volume of this radiation. ", "These particles damage human DNA as well as living tissue and can destroy sensitive electronics.", "\nThe typical remedy has been to harden the electronics and software from these high-speed particles and placing heavy shielding in these manned or sensitive areas. ", "This adds for considerable weight (and cost) to the launch vehicle, reducing needed payload, and is passive in nature.", "\nThese SEPs and CMEs can be deflected by a magnetic field as known by those skilled in the art to pass around the spacecraft and not be absorbed by it. ", "This deflection of solar wind and radiation is well understood to be due to the Lorentz force. ", "However, a magnetic field that is attached to the spacecraft (as seen in prior art) and enclosing it would cause other shielding issues with equipment and would require much more electrical power to operate (due to the need to enclose the entire spacecraft within that attached magnetic field), not to mention that it would perturb the data collection and transmissions of the spacecraft. ", "In addition, much like the Van Allen radiation belt around the Earth, the generated magnetic field can capture some of this solar radiation as a plasma within the magnetic torus further impeding scientific data collection with its close position to the spacecraft." ]

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[ "Attempt #2\n\nKaneohe Travel Blog\n\nAlthough the first attempt to hike the stairs failed, quite miserably I might add, attempt #2 was a resounding success. ", "With flashlights in hand, we started out early in order to beat the rush (aka. ", "anyone not wanting us to hike the mountain).", "\n\nWhile we were hiking, I soon realized we were not alone. ", "Someone beat us to the start. ", "Quickly we caught up to the other party and ultimately passed them. ", "It happened to be a guy who lived here and three girls visiting from Arizona. ", "I couldn't give them a hard time since I am from there though. ", "Anyways, passing them would ultimately set us up to be the first to reach the top for the day.", "\n\nFollowing a short rest break we started off again crossing the first knife-edge ridge.", "\n\nFortunately there was a walkway because it was windy and either side easily dropped off a few hundred feet. ", "This would provide a great photo op so I thought. ", "After taking a few pictures my camera decided it was out of a battery. ", "Ah crap... I won't be able to get any pictures of our hike.", "\n\nSo in the end we made it to the top. ", "Unfortunately two things occurred though:\n\n1) My camera died and I wasn't able to document the hike2) The summit was covered in clouds and the visibility sucked. ", "Quite a difference from the previous week.", "\n\nWith that said, I guess there will have to be another attempt trying to get the perfect picture from the Haiku Stairs. ", "Until next time........ Stay tuned." ]

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[ "Targeted delivery of intranasally administered nanoparticles-mediated neuroprotective peptide NR2B9c to brain and neuron for treatment of ischemic stroke.", "\nThe lack of effective therapies mandates the development of new treatment strategies for ischemic stroke. ", "The NR2B9c peptide can prevent N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated neurotoxicity induced by ischemia without affecting essential NMDAR activity and brings hope for stroke therapy. ", "However, it is very difficult for NR2B9c to cross by itself the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the neuron membrane. ", "To provide a suitable delivery for unleashing the therapeutic potential of NR2B9c, in consideration of a high affinity of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) for WGA receptors abundantly present on olfactory epithelium and neuronal surface, we developed WGA-modified nanoparticles carrying NR2B9c (NR2B9c-WGA-NPs). ", "Following intranasal administration, NR2B9c-WGA-NPs are able to bypass the BBB and effectively transport NR2B9c into the brain and neuron, and therefore can protect neurons against excitotoxicity, reduce ischemic brain injury in rats and ameliorate their neurological function deficits. ", "The intranasal administration of NR2B9c-WGA-NPs may serve as a practical stroke therapy." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "PHOENIX – A Lake Havasu City senator says he’s still has yet to be convinced that marijuana has any legitimate medical uses.", "\n\nBut Republican Sonny Borrelli said Monday the fact remains that voters did approve legalizing the drug for medical uses in 2010 and more than 150,000 Arizonans have state permission to buy and use it. ", "So, he figures, it’s the state’s obligation to ensure that buyers are getting a product that’s not tainted and has the amount of psychoactive THC that buyers are promised.", "\n\nSB 1420 would give the state Department of Agriculture the same authority over marijuana as it now has over other plants that are offered for sale for consumption. ", "The legislation, if it becomes law, would give agriculture inspectors the power to inspect the cultivation facilities where marijuana is grown.", "\n\nBorrelli wants what is being grown tested for what operators are using on the plants.", "\n\n“It’s the Wild West,’’ he said of the current state of marijuana regulation, with no rules on pesticides and other chemicals being used on the plants.", "\n\nFor example, he cited a fungicide marketed as “Eagle 20.’’ ", "Borrelli said federal regulations prohibit its use on tobacco “because it’s a heavy carcinogen.’’", "\n\nBut those same federal rules are silent on use on marijuana, so “Eagle 20” can currently be used on marijuana.", "\n\n“Well, I think the person that’s buying that stuff, they need to know there’s a heavy carcinogen in there,’’ Borrelli said. “", "If you’re a cancer patient, would you want to be taking medicine that could make you even sicker?’’", "\n\nNothing in the legislation would ban any specific chemical. ", "But it would require that when the marijuana is sold at the dispensary, buyers are made aware if “Eagle 20” was used in the production.", "\n\n“I want to concentrate on customer safety,’’ Borrelli said.", "\n\nMoldy marijuana is a slightly different question.", "\n\nBorrelli said he’s been told it can be treated to get rid of any fungus rather than retailers having to toss out the plants entirely. ", "At that point, it could be offered for sale — along with information on how it was treated.", "\n\nBut Borrelli’s legislation also has what might be considered the consumer fraud provision.", "\n\nIf approved, the measure would have another benefit for the more than 150,000 individuals who now have state-issued ID cards that allow them to purchase up to 2 1/2 ounces of marijuana every two weeks: More cash in their pockets.", "\n\nThe original 2010 voter-approved legislation did not set a fee, leaving that up to the Department of Health Services to charge enough to administer the program. ", "In fact, that law bars the proceeds from being used for anything else.", "\n\nThe agency currently charges patients $150 for one of the cards, a fee that has to be paid every year.", "\n\nBut Health Director Cara Christ has refused requests to lower the fees, even in the face of a lawsuit by medical marijuana users.", "\n\nChrist won the first round when Maricopa County Superior Court Judge Jo Lynn Gentry said she lacked the legal authority to declare the fees excessive, even with the health department running the program with a huge surplus.", "\n\nSB 1420 would lower that to $50 for the first year and $25 for renewals.", "\n\nHis legislation also would give $2 million out of that health department account to the Department of Agriculture to start administering then program.", "\n\nThe measure is being approached cautiously by the Marijuana Policy Project, the national organization that put the initiative on the 2010 ballot and worked to get it approved.", "\n\n“In principle, additional safeguards that prevent contamination with molds and pesticides is something we support,’’ said Morgan Fox, spokesman for the Marijuana Policy Project. ", "He added, however, that he wants to ensure they are “not too onerous” for caregivers.", "\n\nBut Fox said he wants to review it further before taking a position.", "\n\nThe legislation also appears to have the cautious support of Maricopa County Attorney Bill Montgomery, who has waged repeated unsuccessful efforts to have the Arizona initiative voided because it runs contrary to federal law, where possession of the drug remains a felony.", "\n\n“Unless and until the federal government takes action, we have an obligation to ensure the Arizona Medical Marijuana Act is truly operated as a system for people who have a medical basis for using marijuana,’’ Montgomery told Capitol Media Services. “", "Replicating the protections the users of any other type of medicine would have is a reasonable and responsible course of action.’’", "\n\nBecause the Arizona Medical Marijuana Act was enacted by voters, it can be amended only with a three-fourths vote of both the House and Senate. ", "Borrelli already is moving to achieve that requirement, getting another 78 of the state’s 90 lawmakers to sign on in support, including two legislative leaders from Chandler, Senate President Steve Yarbrough and House Speaker J.D. Mesnard.", "\n\nBut Borrelli’s bill also would have to survive a possible veto by Gov. Doug Ducey, who said as recently as last week that he has seen no evidence that marijuana has any legitimate medical uses.", "\n\nComments\n\nComments are not posted immediately. ", "Submissions must adhere to our Use of Service Terms of Use agreement. ", "Rambling or nonsensical comments may not be posted. ", "Comment submissions may not exceed a 200 word limit, and in order for us to reasonably manage this feature we may limit excessive comment entries." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "se 10 - 10 = -2*a. ", "What is the closest to a in p, -0.2, 1?", "\n-0.2\nSuppose -3*j + 35 = d + d, 3*d = 3*j + 90. ", "Let g = -18 + d. Suppose -4*w + w = 15, -2*m - w - g = 0. ", "What is the nearest to m in 5, 3/5, 2/9?", "\n2/9\nLet u be ((-3)/(-5))/((-6)/(-90)). ", "Suppose u = 4*q - 3. ", "Let m = q - 7. ", "What is the closest to 0.1 in -1/8, m, 3?", "\n-1/8\nLet x = 0.012 - -0.288. ", "Which is the nearest to 0.1? ", " (a) x (b) 3 (c) -0.3\na\nLet m = 3 + -3.3. ", "Let g = -0.37 + 0.07. ", "Let t = 0.4 + g. Which is the closest to 0.1? ", " (a) t (b) -5 (c) m\na\nLet f = -2 + 3. ", "Let v = -0.18 - -8.68. ", "Let w = v - 9. ", "Which is the nearest to -0.1? ", " (a) w (b) f (c) 0.5\na\nLet k = -59 - -58. ", "What is the nearest to 3/2 in k, 0, -2/9?", "\n0\nLet p = -8.9 - -9. ", "Let u = -1.4 - 0.6. ", "Which is the closest to 1/4? ", " (a) u (b) p (c) -0.2\nb\nLet v = 1.8 + -1. ", "Let x = v + -0.3. ", "Let f = 4 + -6. ", "Which is the nearest to 2? ", " (a) -0.5 (b) f (c) x\nc\nLet i = 86 + -87. ", "Which is the nearest to i? ", " (a) -1 (b) 2 (c) -2/7\na\nSuppose 0 = -k + 5*k. ", "Let y = -37 - -147/4. ", "Let f = y + -1/4. ", "What is the closest to k in f, 0.1, 4?", "\n0.1\nLet s = -0.17 - -0.27. ", "Let l = 6.86 - -0.14. ", "Let q = -5 + l. Which is the closest to -1? ", " (a) q (b) -0.4 (c) s\nb\nLet d be 1/(-5) + (-3)/(-10). ", "Let o = 2.45 - 0.45. ", "What is the nearest to 2 in -5, o, d?", "\no\nLet p be (-6)/4 + 438/284. ", "Let m = p + -175/781. ", "Which is the closest to 0.1? ", " (a) 5 (b) 0 (c) m\nb\nSuppose 0*x = -3*x. ", "Suppose 4*o = 5*t - 21, -2*t + x*t - 5*o - 18 = 0. ", "Suppose 3*r + r - 2*b = 16, 3*r = 5*b + 26. ", "What is the closest to t in -1/6, r, -2?", "\nr\nLet d = -8.9 + 9. ", "What is the closest to d in 0.4, 1/7, 4?", "\n1/7\nLet z be 10/(-4)*42/140. ", "What is the nearest to -0.1 in -5, z, -0.5?", "\n-0.5\nLet g be (-2)/4 + (-2)/4. ", "Let x be -2 - (g - 6/10). ", "Let q = -71 + 287/4. ", "Which is the closest to -0.1? ", " (a) -3/5 (b) q (c) x\nc\nLet y = -0.8 + 7.8. ", "Let r = y - 9. ", "Let i be (1/(-6))/(4/6). ", "What is the nearest to -2/7 in r, i, 0.3?", "\ni\nLet m be -2 + (-3)/7*-4. ", "Suppose 0*q = -q. ", "Which is the nearest to q? ", " (a) m (b) 5 (c) -2\na\nLet j = 112/3 + -37. ", "What is the nearest to -1 in -0.1, j, -5?", "\n-0.1\nSuppose 5 = 4*u + 1. ", "Which is the nearest to u? ", " (a) 2/7 (b) -5 (c) -2\na\nLet d = 2.69 - -0.31. ", "What is the closest to 11 in 0.1, -1, d?", "\nd\nLet g be (4 - 24/10) + -1. ", "Let s = 5/3 - 7/6. ", "What is the closest to s in -4, g, -2?", "\ng\nLet t = -45 + 44.8. ", "Which is the closest to t? ", " (a) 0 (b) -3 (c) 1\na\nLet r = -16 + 15.5. ", "What is the closest to -1/4 in -0.02, r, 2/7?", "\n-0.02\nLet g = -1.7 - 10.3. ", "Let j = g + 12. ", "Which is the closest to j? ", " (a) -0.1 (b) 0.5 (c) 2/3\na\nLet b = -3 - -5. ", "Let a = -2.87 - -2.8. ", "What is the closest to -1/3 in 1/2, b, a?", "\na\nSuppose 5 = 4*j + j + l, 0 = 3*j + 5*l - 3. ", "Which is the closest to 1? ", " (a) 16 (b) 1/11 (c) j\nc\nSuppose 0 = s + v - 5*v + 4, 0 = -2*s - 4*v + 28. ", "Let f be (-4)/9 + s/(-36). ", "Which is the closest to -1? ", " (a) -3 (b) f (c) 0.5\nb\nSuppose 2*m - 12 = 3*z, 2*m + 4*z = 3*m - 11. ", "Let d = m - -2. ", "Let i be (-7)/3 - (-3 + 1). ", "Which is the closest to i? ", " (a) 4 (b) -0.5 (c) d\nb\nLet s be (-6)/(-4)*8/(-3). ", "Which is the nearest to -1? ", " (a) s (b) 0.1 (c) -0.2\nc\nLet l = -0.06 - -3.06. ", "Let v = -0.3 - -0.4. ", "What is the nearest to 0.2 in v, l, 4/7?", "\nv\nLet k = 11.16 - 0.16. ", "Let m = 12 - k. Which is the nearest to 1/3? ", " (a) m (b) -4 (c) 4/7\nc\nLet c = -1.1 + -2.9. ", "Let h = 0 + 0. ", "What is the closest to -1/2 in h, -2/9, c?", "\n-2/9\nLet o = 42 - 43. ", "Which is the closest to o? ", " (a) 1/8 (b) 0.2 (c) -0.1\nc\nLet x = -23 + 22. ", "Let n = -0.11 + -3.89. ", "Which is the closest to 1? ", " (a) n (b) x (c) -2/11\nc\nSuppose 6*v - 12 = 3*v, 5*r + v + 6 = 0. ", "Let u = 0 + -1. ", "Which is the closest to u? ", " (a) -3 (b) r (c) -2/5\nc\nLet t = 103/291 + -2/97. ", "Which is the nearest to 0? ", " (a) -5 (b) t (c) 3\nb\nLet x = -0.4 + -4.6. ", "Let y = -5 + 11/2. ", "Let q be -2 - (-1 + 2/(-2)). ", "Which is the closest to q? ", " (a) -2 (b) y (c) x\nb\nLet t = 87 - 85. ", "Let b = -5 - -4. ", "What is the closest to 1/3 in b, -0.2, t?", "\n-0.2\nLet f be -2*2/14 - 2/(-56). ", "What is the nearest to 0.1 in -1, f, -2?", "\nf\nLet r = 1.07 + -0.07. ", "Let s = -3 + 4. ", "Let t be (s - 0) + 2 + -7. ", "What is the closest to 1 in t, -3/4, r?", "\nr\nLet h be ((-4)/42)/((-2)/12). ", "Let t be 0 + 6/(-3 + 0). ", "Suppose 0 = -w - 5*q - 3 - 3, 0 = 4*w + 3*q + 7. ", "Which is the nearest to t? ", " (a) w (b) -5 (c) h\na\nLet a = 0.19 - 1.19. ", "What is the nearest to a in -1, -2, 3?", "\n-1\nLet j be (-4)/(-22) - 108/(-495). ", "Which is the closest to -2? ", " (a) -1 (b) -2 (c) j\nb\nLet g = 59 - 54. ", "Which is the closest to 1/4? ", " (a) g (b) 2/5 (c) -2/5\nb\nSuppose 0 = 3*g + 6*g + 27. ", "Which is the closest to 4/5? ", " (a) -4 (b) g (c) -0.3\nc\nLet f = 0.01 - 3.01. ", "Let x = 409/987 - -2/141. ", "What is the closest to 0.1 in f, 1, x?", "\nx\nLet g be (-1)/2*(1 - 0). ", "Let f(h) = h**3 - h**2 + 1. ", "Let r be f(-1). ", "Let x = -40/189 + -2/27. ", "Which is the nearest to g? ", " (a) r (b) x (c) 0.3\nb\nLet m = 20 - 22. ", "Which is the nearest to -5? ", " (a) m (b) -0.2 (c) -1\na\nSuppose -s - 2*v = -5, -s - 4*s + 5*v + 25 = 0. ", "Let y = 4.7 + -4.9. ", "Let l = -5 - 0. ", "Which is the nearest to y? ", " (a) 0 (b) s (c) l\na\nLet u = -906/5 + 182. ", "Suppose 18*z - 6*z + 36 = 0. ", "Let j = -6.7 + 7. ", "What is the nearest to 0.1 in j, z, u?", "\nj\nSuppose -2*u - 41 - 50 = -5*h, -5*u - 28 = -2*h. ", "Suppose 1 = -6*n + h. Which is the closest to -2/3? ", " (a) n (b) 2 (c) 0\nc\nLet x = -7.4 + -1.2. ", "Let j = x + 1.6. ", "Let p = 2 + j. What is the nearest to 0.1 in 1, p, 1/5?", "\n1/5\nLet t = 8 - 7.7. ", "Let l = -2.9 - -3. ", "Let z be (-10)/(-55) + (-16)/(-33). ", "What is the nearest to z in 2, l, t?", "\nt\nLet m = -25 - -24.9. ", "Which is the nearest to 2/9? ", " (a) m (b) 1 (c) 2\na\nSuppose 0*r = -r. ", "Let l be 1*-1*(2 + -3). ", "Let f = 0.1 - -0.3. ", "What is the nearest to r in l, -5, f?", "\nf\nLet p = 1.1 - 1.6. ", "Which is the closest to 1? ", " (a) 1 (b) p (c) -6\na\nLet b = -214 + 1928/9. ", "Let g = -4 - -4.4. ", "What is the nearest to 0 in b, g, -4?", "\nb\nSuppose -g - 5*x + 8 = 0, -8*g - 5*x + 14 = -10*g. ", "Let k(r) = r - 4. ", "Let n be k(0). ", "Let q be (-2 - -1)*(-1 + 1). ", "What is the closest to q in -0.3, n, g?", "\n-0.3\nLet k = 1 + 0. ", "Let g = 73 + -73. ", "What is the nearest to g in 0.4, k, -0.3?", "\n-0.3\nLet z = 0.2 - 0.3. ", "Let h = 0.22 - 0.07. ", "Let k = h - 0.05. ", "What is the nearest to k in z, 3, -5?", "\nz\nLet p = 2.3 + -2.1. ", "What is the closest to -1 in -2, -4, p?", "\n-2\nLet g = -0.52 + 0.02. ", "What is the closest to 0.5 in g, -4, 2?", "\ng\nLet o = -211/264 - -14/33. ", "What is the nearest to 6 in -0.2, 0, o?", "\n0\nLet o = 1055/9 + -117. ", "Let r = 79 - 399/5. ", "Let i = 46 + -48. ", "Which is the nearest to o? ", " (a) -3 (b) i (c) r\nc\nLet w = 6.8 - 6.8. ", "What is the closest to w in 4, -1, -0.1?", "\n-0.1\nLet v = 20/3 - 146/21. ", "Let x be ((-2)/(-2))/(3 - 4). ", "Let j be 4 + -6 - (x - 0). ", "What is the closest to -1/4 in 0, j, v?", "\nv\nSuppose -21 = -4*s + d, 2*d = -5*s + d + 15. ", "Which is the closest to -0.1? ", " (a) 0 (b) s (c) -4\na\nLet r = -2/7 - 5/56. ", "Let i = -5/14 + 73/126. ", "What is the closest to -1 in i, r, 4?", "\nr\nLet p = 13.6 - 14. ", "What is the nearest to 0.1 in 0.3, 0, p?", "\n0\nLet s = -0.21 - 2.79. ", "Let z = -2 - s. Which is the nearest to -2? ", " (a) z (b) 3 (c) -4\nc\nSuppose 2*o - 30 + 24 = 0. ", "Which is the closest to 6? ", " (a) o (b) 0.3 (c) 4\nc\nSuppose 0 = w + 3*w. ", "Suppose -5*y + 1 - 6 = w. Which is the nearest to -2? ", " (a) y (b) 0.1 (c) 3/5\na\nLet v = -0.02 - -2.02. ", "Let m = 3.1 - 5.4. ", "Let h = -0.7 + m. What is the nearest to v in 3/8, -0.3, h?", "\n3/8\nLet l = 17/2 - 8. ", "Let j be (-38)/(-72) + (-3)/4. ", "What is the closest to 0 in l, j, 3/2?", "\nj\nLet j = -5.13 - -0.13. ", "Which is the closest to -3/5? ", " (a) j (b) 0.5 (c) 0.4\nc\nLet t = 26 - 80/3. ", "Let w = 4.1 + -4.3. ", "What is the closest to t in -2, w, -0.5?", "\n-0.5\nLet h = 3.1 + -6.1. ", "Let v = 46 - 324/7. ", "Which is the nearest to -1/4? ", " (a) v (b) h (c) -1/3\na\nLet i = 0.11 - 0.01. ", "Let l = -3 - -3. ", "Which is the closest to 1? ", " (a) i (b) 1 (c) l\nb\nLet j = -2 + 1.5. ", "Let m = -1 - -0.8. ", "Let c = 37.1 + -37. ", "What is the nearest to c in 2/17, j, m?", "\n2/17\nLet q = -35 + 42. ", "Which is the closest to 0? ", " (a) -0.3 (b) q (c) -1/4\nc\nLet s = 19 - 16. ", "Which is the nearest to -2/3? ", " (a) s (b) 4/3 (c) 3/2\nb\nLet h = -1.4 - -0.4. ", "Suppose -4*o + 4 - 8 = 0. ", "What is the nearest to o in 1/4, h, 3/8?", "\nh\nSuppose 0*w + 2*w = -5*u + 15, 2*w = 4*u + 24. ", "Let x be (2/w)/(20/(-25)). ", "Let g = 4 - 7. ", "Which is the nearest to x? ", " (a) -4 (b) 0.2 (c) g\nb\nSuppose 3*s - 2 = 5*s. ", "Let l = -493 - -492.9. ", "What is the nearest to l in s, -2, 4/" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Multiferroic properties of the PbTiO3/La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 interface studied from first principles.", "\nMagnetoelectric coupling and spin polarization at the multiferroic PbTiO3/La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 (PTO/LSMO) interface is studied from first principles in view of the recent experimental observation of the tunneling magnetoresistance sign inversion in Co/PZT/LSMO tunnel junctions (Pantel et al 2012 Nat. ", "Mater. ", "11 289). ", "Our results confirm the stabilization of the locally antiferromagnetic order in the manganite when the PTO polarization points away from the LSMO side, which changes the interface magnetization by 6.3-6.9 [Formula: see text] per surface unit cell in agreement with previous studies. ", "We contribute by analyzing the charge transfer from the half-metallic LSMO side which induces metallicity and local magnetic moments in the interface PTO layers. ", "This results in either p- or n-doped conductive behavior, depending on the polarization direction. ", "Electronic correlations were determined to qualitatively change the picture for certain configurations, as far as the magnetic phase transition in the manganite and the spin character of the interface states are concerned. ", "Most importantly, depending on the interface termination, the spin polarization of the PTO/LSMO interface is positive for one polarization state of PTO and acquires a 'spin-valve' character upon the ferroelectric switching." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "The present invention relates to expandable endoprosthesis devices, generally called stents, which are adapted to be implanted into a patient's body lumen, such as a blood vessel, to maintain the patency thereof. ", "Stents are particularly useful in the treatment and repair of blood vessels after a stenosis has been compressed by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), or removed by atherectomy or other means, to help improve the results of the procedure and reduce the possibility of restenosis.", "\nStents are generally cylindrically shaped devices which function to hold open and sometimes expand a segment of a blood vessel or other arterial lumen, such as coronary artery. ", "Stents are usually delivered in a compressed condition to the target site and then deployed at that location into an expanded condition to support the vessel and help maintain it in an open position. ", "They are particularly suitable for use to support and hold back a dissected arterial lining which can occlude the fluid passageway there through.", "\nA variety of devices are known in the art for use as stents and have included coiled wires in a variety of patterns that are expanded after being placed intraluminally on a balloon catheter; helically wound coiled springs manufactured from an expandable heat sensitive metal; and self-expanding stents inserted into a compressed state for deployment into a body lumen. ", "One of the difficulties encountered in using prior art stents involve maintaining the radial rigidity needed to hold open a body lumen while at the same time maintaining the longitudinal flexibility of the stent to facilitate its delivery and accommodate the often tortuous path of the body lumen.", "\nPrior art stents typically fall into two general categories of construction. ", "The first type of stent is expandable upon application of a controlled force, often through the inflation of the balloon portion of a dilatation catheter which, upon inflation of the balloon or other expansion means, expands the compressed stent to a larger diameter to be left in place within the artery at the target site. ", "The second type of stent is a self-expanding stent formed from shape memory metals or super-elastic nickel-titanum (NiTi) alloys, which will automatically expand from a compressed state when the stent is advanced out of the distal end of the delivery catheter into the blood vessel. ", "Such stents manufactured from expandable heat sensitive materials allow for phase transformations of the material to occur, resulting in the expansion and contraction of the stent.", "\nDetails of prior art expandable stents can be found in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,868,956 (Alfidi et al.); ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,512,1338 (Balko et al.); ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,553,545 (Maas, et al.); ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,733,665 (Palmaz); U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,762,128 (Rosenbluth); U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,800,882 (Gianturco); U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,514,154 (Lau, et al.); ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,421,955 (Lau et al.); ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,603,721 (Lau et al.); ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,655,772 (Wallstent); U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,739,762 (Palmaz); and U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,569,295 (Lam), which are hereby incorporated by reference.", "\nFurther details of prior art self-expanding stents can be found in U.S.\nPat. ", "No. ", "4,580,568 (Gianturco); and U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,830,003 (Wolff, et al.), ", "which are hereby incorporated by reference.", "\nExpandable stents are delivered to the target site by delivery systems which often use balloon catheters s the means for delivering and expanding the stent in the target area. ", "One such stent delivery system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,158,548 to Lau et al. ", "Such a stent delivery system has an expandable stent in a contracted condition placed on an expandable member, such as an inflatable balloon, disposed on the distal portion of an elongated catheter body. ", "A guide wire extends through an inner lumen within the elongated catheter body and out its distal end. ", "A tubular protective sheath is secured by its distal end to the portion of the guide wire which extends out of the distal end of the catheter body and fits over the stent mounted on the expandable member on the distal end of the catheter body.", "\nSome prior art stent delivery systems for implanting self-expanding stents include an inner lumen upon which the compressed or collapsed stent is mounted and an outer restraining sheath which is initially placed over the compressed stent prior to deployment. ", "When the stent is to be deployed in the body vessel, the outer sheath is moved in relation to the inner lumen to \"uncover\" the compressed stent, allowing the stent to move to its expanded condition into the target area.", "\nIn many procedures which utilize stents to maintain the patency of the patient's body lumen, the size of the body lumen can be quite small which prevents the use of some commercial stents which have profiles which are entirely too large to reach the small vessel. ", "In particular, often in PTCA procedures, the stenosis is located in the very distal regions of the coronary arteries which often have diameters less than three millimeters. ", "Many of these distal lesions are located deep within the tortuous vasculature of the patient which requires the stent to not only have a small profile, but also high flexibility to be advanced into these regions. ", "As a result, the stent must be sufficiently flexible along its longitudinal axis, yet be configured to expand radially to provide sufficient strength and stability to maintain the patency of the body lumen. ", "Since many commercial stents lack both the low profile and extreme flexibility needed to reach such distal lesions, they are not available for utilization for such procedures.", "\nWhat has been needed is a small vessel stent which has a low profile and a high degree of flexibility so that it can be advanced through tortuous passage ways of the anatomy and can be expanded within small vessels to maintain the patency of the vessel. ", "Additionally, the expanded stent must have adequate structural strength (hoop strength) to hold the body lumen open once expanded. ", "Such a stent should also have sufficient radiopaque properties to permit it to be sufficiently visualized on external monitoring equipment, such as a fluoroscope, to allow the physician to place the stent in the exact target location. ", "The present invention satisfies these needs." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "By Mark S. Thomas and Robert W. Shaw\nThe U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit has affirmed an unusually large award of $3.8 million in a case involving the denial of long-term disability benefits. ", "In Rochow v. Life Insurance Company of North America , No. ", "12-2074 (6th Cir. ", "Dec. 6, 2013) [ enhanced..." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0196078431372549, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0 ]

[ "Kazumi Evans\n\nKazumi Evans (born September 14, 1989) is a Canadian voice actress and singer who participates in a number of dubs for cartoon shows, including the singing voice for Rarity and Princess Luna in My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic, Adagio Dazzle in My Little Pony: Equestria Girls - Rainbow Rocks, Mad Madeline on The Deep, and Skipper in the Barbie films. ", "One of her biggest roles to date is Iris the lead character in the French animated show LoliRock which was released in English by Netflix in May 2016.", "\n\nCareer\nIn 2007, Evans appeared as a contestant on the first season of the reality television series Triple Sensation to win a scholarship to a theatrical training institution. ", "She was among the twelve finalists to reach the Master Class stage, but did not win.", "\n\nFilmography\n\nLive action\n\nAnimation\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1989 births\nCategory:Actresses from Vancouver\nCategory:Canadian female singers\nCategory:Canadian film actresses\nCategory:Canadian actresses of Japanese descent\nCategory:Canadian musicians of Japanese descent\nCategory:Canadian television actresses\nCategory:Canadian voice actresses\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Musicians from Vancouver\nCategory:21st-century Canadian actresses\nCategory:21st-century Canadian singers\nCategory:21st-century women singers" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "import {Component} from '@angular/core';\n\n@Component({\n selector: 'ge-toolbar',\n templateUrl: 'toolbar.component.html'\n})\nexport class ToolbarComponent {\n}\n" ]

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[ "Neurons in sensory areas of the brain receive continuously varying inputs in response to stimuli in the surrounding environment. ", "In addition, they also receive spontaneous, intrinsically generated background input from the local network of cells. ", "Despite numerous advances in neuroscience that have begun to elucidate sensory system function at the cellular level, we know surprisingly little about how individual brain cells integrate and process these two kinds of input. ", "The experiments proposed here will examine the basic cellular rules governing the integration of visually driven synaptic inputs by single cortical neurons and explore how changes in network activity modulate synaptic input integration and cortical cells' input-output gain. ", "The cellular mechanisms of input integration will be examined by recording intracellularly from primary visual cortex neurons in intact animals and analyzing the synaptic potentials and spike output evoked by visual stimulation. ", "This work will provide insights into the fundamental cellular mechanisms underlying visual processing and elucidate basic principles of sensory cortical function. [", "unreadable] [unreadable] [unreadable]" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWord/phrase to describe that a path is in the way of two frequented routes?", "\n\nIs the phrase \"along the way\" or \"in passing\"? ", "Example sentence:\n\nMark didn't know why Marta had gone to that strange place. ", "It\n didn't/wasn't __ her university to her house.", "\n\nA:\n\nI'd suggest using en route: \n\nMark didn't know why Marta had gone to that strange place. ", "It wasn't en route to her university or to her house.", "\n\nEn route is defined by The Free Dictionary as: \n\non or along the way; on the road\n\n" ]

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[ "1905 Brighton by-election\n\nThe Brighton by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. ", "It was one of only eight ministerial by-elections in the UK not to be retained by the incumbent.", "\n\nVacancy\nGerald Loder had been Conservative MP for the seat of Brighton since the 1889 Brighton by-election. ", "He vacated his seat upon appointment as Lord Commissioner of the Treasury so as to seek re-election.", "\n\nElectoral history\nBrighton returned two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system. ", "The seat had been Conservative since they gained it in 1885. ", "They easily held both seats at the last election:\n\nCandidates\nThe Conservatives re-selected 44-year-old Gerald Loder to defend the seat. ", "He was private secretary to the President of the Local Government Board (Charles Ritchie) from 1888 to 1892 and to Lord George Hamilton (the Secretary of State for India) from 1896 to 1901.", "\n\nThe local Liberal Association selected 42-year-old Ernest Villiers as their candidate. ", "He was ordained as an Anglican priest. ", "After three years as a curate in Halifax, he became rector of Haveringland, Norfolk. ", "He resigned from holy orders to pursue a political career.", "\n\nCampaign\nPolling Day was fixed for 5 April 1905.", "\n\nResult\nThe Liberals gained the seat from the Conservatives:\n\nAftermath\nAt the following General Election, the Liberals gained the other seat from the Conservatives, the result was:\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1905 elections in the United Kingdom\nCategory:1905 in England\nCategory:20th century in Sussex\nCategory:Politics of Brighton and Hove\nCategory:By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in East Sussex constituencies" ]

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[ "Add a Friend\n\nAdd a Friend is a German comedy-drama created and written by Sebastian Wehlings and Christian Lyra for TNT Serie. ", "The series follows a group of people and their lives in the social network.", "\n\nThis is the first German production produced exclusively for premium television. ", "A first season consisting of ten episodes were ordered. ", "Add a Friend is set to premiere on September 19, 2012, on Wednesday nights at 8:15 pm.", "\n\nSynopsis\nAfter Felix (Ken Duken) had a car accident he is left bedridden with a complicated leg fracture. ", "His sole window to the outside world becomes his laptop. ", "Via his social network he stays in contact with his best friend Tom (Friedrich Mücke) and gets in touch with his old high-school crush Julia (Friederike Kempter). ", "Then there is the mysterious girl Vanessa (Emilia Schüle) and Felix' parents, Gisela (Gisela Schneeberger) and Gerd (Dieter Hollinder), who he only has contact to through video chat.", "\n\nCast\n Ken Duken as Felix\n Friedrich Mücke as Tom\n Friederike Kempter as Julia\n Emilia Schüle as Vanessa\n Gisela Schneeberger as Gisela\n Dietrich Hollinderbäumer as Gerd\n Ralph Herforth as Marc\n Jo Kern as Rita\n\nProduction\nAfter the announcement of the first television series by Turner Broadcasting System in Germany, the production could win actor Ken Duken, who's internationally known for his performance in Inglourious Basterds and started filming a 10-episode season in January 2012. ", "The production ended after almost two months at the end of February.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:2012 German television series debuts\nCategory:2014 German television series endings\nCategory:2010s German television series\nCategory:German comedy-drama television series\nCategory:German-language television programs\nCategory:TNT Serie television series\nCategory:Grimme-Preis for fiction winners" ]

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[ "\n\nSemi-synthetic bug extends ‘life's alphabet’ - choult\nhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-27329583\n\n======\nchoult\nOriginal paper here:\n[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/natu...](http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature13314.html)\n\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1}\n===============\n\nPrebiotics are defined as feed ingredients, which are not digested by endogenous enzymes of the animal and are available as a substrate to be used by the intestinal microflora ([@bib14]). ", "Mammalian and avian endogenous enzymes are unable to hydrolyze the β-linkages between galactose monomers in trans-galacto-oligosaccharides as observed by [@bib7]. ", "Therefore, they can be classified as prebiotics. ", "The presence of prebiotics in the intestinal tract could lead to enhanced proliferation of beneficial microorganisms. [", "@bib4] reported that growth of *Bifidobacteria* was promoted in infants supplemented with galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides. ", "This finding was confirmed by [@bib3], who observed increased growth of *Bifidobacteria* and Lactobacillaceae after supplementing infants with galacto-oligosaccharides. ", "According to [@bib29] galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides also act as suppressors for pathogens including Clostridiaceae in infants. ", "Other studies, though not directly assessing the impact of prebiotics on gut microbes, have shown positive effects on fish ([@bib6]), poultry ([@bib17]) and pigs ([@bib35], [@bib37], [@bib36]).", "\n\nThe effect of non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDO) on calves during the milk-feeding period has so far been only little studied. ", "No influence on growth performance of calves up to 6 weeks in age was reported by [@bib16] and [@bib25] using mannan-oligosaccharides. ", "However, [@bib21] and [@bib11] observed an increase in liveweight gain in calves receiving mannan-oligosaccharides. ", "Determination of apparent digestibility might be helpful to evaluate whether prebiotics alter nutrient digestibility in calves, possibly by changing the population of gut microbiota. ", "While the total collection technique is the most accurate method to determine digestibility, it is also very time-consuming and labor-intensive. ", "An alternative is faecal spot sampling in combination with inert markers mixed into the diets.", "\n\nChromium (III) oxide (Cr~2~O~3~) is an established marker ([@bib5], [@bib9]) and has been successfully used in digestion trials with calves ([@bib1]). ", "However, Cr~2~O~3~ might be carcinogenic ([@bib27]) and it alters the appearance of feed, which might result in a reduction of feed intake in *ad libitum* study designs. ", "Consequently, it is favorable to establish an alternative marker to Cr~2~O~3~. In ruminants, alkanes have been widely used as markers because of the natural alkane occurrence in herbages. ", "A disadvantage of alkanes is the incomplete faecal marker recovery (FMR), which has been observed in horses ([@bib22], [@bib24], [@bib26]) and pigeons ([@bib15]). ", "Because, according to [@bib33] *Bifidobacteria* might be able to degrade hydrocarbons and consequently alkanes, the increased growth of these microorganisms caused by galacto-oligosaccharides might alter FMR of alkanes.", "\n\nThe main objective of this current study was to evaluate the suitability of Cr~2~O~3~ and 2 different even chain-length synthetic alkanes, n-dotriacontane (C32) and n-hexatriacontane (C36), as digestibility markers in pre-ruminant calves. ", "The results can then be compared with the total collection method. ", "We aimed to investigate whether feeding of galacto-oligosaccharides influences FMR, which might cause a bias in determination of nutrient digestibility, and also have an effect on nutrient digestibility itself.", "\n\n2. ", "Material and methods {#sec2}\n=======================\n\nThe study was conducted at the experimental station of the Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI) in Brunswick, Germany. ", "The experiment was carried out in accordance with the German Animal Welfare Act approved by the LAVES (Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Germany).", "\n\nThe experimental design was a 2 × 3 factorial design with 2 different milk replacers (MR) and 3 different markers (Cr~2~O~3~, C32 and C36). ", "Each of 2 groups of 4 individually fed calves received a distinct MR with added markers for 14 days. ", "The first 10 days were an adaptation period and from day 11 until day 14, all faeces were collected completely.", "\n\n2.1. ", "Animals and diets {#sec2.1}\n----------------------\n\nFor this current study, 8 male German Holstein calves (average age ± SD at the beginning was 52 ± 8 days, ranging from 39 to 66 days) were used. ", "The animals were weighed at the start and at the end of the study. ", "Their average weight at the beginning was 83.6 ± 5.8 kg. ", "Over the course of the experiment, the calves were housed individually in calf hutches with rubber floor in a non-climatized barn.", "\n\nThe animals were divided into 2 feeding groups (MR A and B) with 4 animals per group. ", "Milk replacer A contained 6.7% galacto-oligosaccharides (non-commercially available, Norlac GmbH, Zeven, Germany) on a dry matter (DM) basis. ", "Each animal was fed restrictively twice daily at 06:30 and 17:30 whereby each animal received 882 g/d concentrate and 88 g/d hay on DM basis. ", "Additionally, each animal was given 677 g/d of MR A or B dissolved in 5 L water and 144.5 g/d of MR-marker-mix dissolved in 1 L water. ", "The MR-marker-mix consisted of 137.85 g MR A or B, 3 g Cr~2~O~3~, 75 mg C32 and 75 mg C36. ", "Before the start of the study the MR-marker-mix had been prepared by mixing MR and the markers homogeneously over a period of 5 min in a ploughshare laboratory mixer (Type M20 GR, Gebrüder Lödige Maschinenbau GmbH, Paderborn, Germany) with a capacity of 5 kg. ", "The mix was then weighed into the amounts necessary per day for each calf. ", "Shortly before each feeding time the MR and the MR-marker-mix were dissolved in water.", "\n\n[Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the average chemical composition of the feedstuffs. ", "The main component of the concentrate was soybean meal.", "Table 1Ingredients and chemical composition of concentrate, hay, milk replacer with 6.7% and without galacto-oligosaccharides during the experimental period (DM basis).ItemConcentrateHayMilk replacerA[1](#tbl1fn1){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}B[2](#tbl1fn2){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}Ingredient, %Soybean meal30.5Oat30Barley18Wheat17Soybean oil1.5Mineral premix[3](#tbl1fn3){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}2Lime1Skimmed milk powder37.837.8Sweet whey powder2621.3Galacto-oligosaccharides6.7--Whey powder, partly desugared15.319.5Soybean protein11Wheat protein1.51.5Pre-gelatinized wheat starch0.90.9Plant oil15.413.8Mineral premix[3](#tbl1fn3){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}2.14.2Chemical analysisDry matter, g/kg880880970970Nutrient, g/kg of DMCrude ash62629087Crude protein22682230233Ether extract4512168167Crude fiber75354----NDF~OM~238703----ADF~OM~92389----[^1][^2][^3][^4]\n\n2.2. ", "Sampling procedures and sample preparation {#sec2.2}\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nAt the beginning of the study, hay and concentrate were mixed and samples of each feed were taken. ", "The calves were fed the experimental diets for an adaptation period of 10 days. ", "After that, faeces were collected for 4 consecutive days, whereby the first sampling day started at 12:00, and the last sampling day ended at 12:00, and the animals were observed continuously. ", "Faeces were collected, labeled and weighed. ", "After the determination of the dry matter content for the individual faeces samples, pooled samples were made for each calf and the dried samples then stored at −18 °C. ", "Samples of the feed components did not need further drying for storage until analysis. ", "The concentrate, hay and faecal samples were ground to pass through a 1 mm screen (Retsch Schneidwerkmühle, Retsch GmbH, Haan, Germany).", "\n\n2.3. ", "Analysis of feed and faecal samples {#sec2.3}\n----------------------------------------\n\nFeed and faeces samples were analyzed according to the standard methods defined by the Verband Deutscher Landwirtschaftlicher Untersuchungs-und Forschungsanstalten ([@bib28]; method numbers in brackets) for DM (3.1), ash (8.1), CP (4.1.1), EE (5.1.1), crude fiber (6.1), neutral detergent fiber (6.5.1, using heat-stable alpha-amylase) and acid detergent fiber (6.5.2).", "\n\n2.4. ", "Alkane extraction, gas chromatograph (GC) analysis and calculation of alkane concentrations {#sec2.4}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo extract the alkanes, we used the basic method described by [@bib20] with several modifications described by [@bib12]. ", "Ground samples of feed and faeces were weighed into McCartney-bottles (1 g for feed components and 0.5 g for faeces), and 0.15 g of an internal standard solution containing n-tetracosane and n-tetratriacontane dissolved in n-undecane (C24 and C34 in C11: 1,795 and 1,630 mg/g, respectively) were added. ", "Furthermore, 10 mL of 1.5 mol/L ethanolic KOH were added to the samples. ", "Then the samples were heated in a dry-block at 90 °C for at least 4.5 h and shaken several times to ensure complete saponification.", "\n\nBefore the beginning of the extraction the samples were heated to about 70 °C as this had been shown to be beneficial for extraction ([@bib23]). ", "After adding 8 mL of heptane to the samples, they were shaken intensively, next placed in the dry-block again and re-heated to 70 °C. ", "Then, 5 mL of deionized water were added. ", "Next, the samples were shaken again and placed into the dry-block. ", "After that they were separated into aqueous and solvent layers. ", "The solvent (top) layers were transferred to a scintillation vial using a Pasteur pipette. ", "Again 5 mL of heptane were added to the original samples and the extraction procedure was repeated.", "\n\nThe scintillation vials were placed in the dry-block to evaporate at 80 °C. ", "Heptane (2.5 mL) was added to the residues and then the solvent was pipetted onto columns filled with 10 mL silica gel (mesh size 63 to 200 mm). ", "Both the scintillation vials and the pipettes were washed twice with 5 mL of heptane. ", "Next, the solvent was pipetted twice onto the column and its eluate collected in scintillation vials. ", "After the elution of solvent from the columns was completed, 1.5 mL of the eluate were transferred into vials suitable for gas chromatography. ", "Lastly, the samples were stored in the refrigerator until analysis.", "\n\nThe GC used to analyze the alkanes was connected to an autosampler-autoinjector unit (Shimadzu GC2010 with AOC20i+s), a temperature programmable on-column injector and a flame ionization detector. ", "The column used was a RTX-1 with Integra-Guard column (30 m column length, 0.53 mm inner diameter with a guard column length of 5 m). ", "In the injector, helium was used as carrier gas, flowing with a linear velocity of 30 cm/s (column flow: 3.73 mL/s). ", "The starting temperature was 80 °C, which was held for 6 sec. ", "Then it was heated at a rate of 100 °C/min to 310 °C and held for 10 min with an injection volume of 0.5 mL. After being held at 80 °C for 6 s, the oven was heated at a rate of 50 °C/min to 240 °C and then held for 1 min. ", "Heating continued at a rate of 6 °C/min to 264 °C, then at a rate of 4 °C/min to 284 °C and finally at a rate of 2 °C/min to 296 °C, which was held for 10 min. ", "The temperature in the detector was 315 °C. ", "A gas mixture consisting of helium (flow rate 30 mL/min), H~2~ (flow rate 40 mL/min) and air (flow rate 400 mL/min) was used. ", "One sample was injected every 35 min. ", "A self-mixed standard sample was used to determine the retention time of the alkanes. ", "The standard sample contained all alkanes from C24 to C36. ", "Peak areas were calculated using the Shimadzu GC solution software.", "\n\nAlkane concentrations were calculated by making use of peak area ratios (sample alkane: internal standard). ", "Longer-chain alkanes can be discriminated by temperature. ", "Therefore, the ratio of the peak areas of the internal standard was compared to the ratio of the internal standard alkane concentrations in the standard solution in order to correct the peak areas for any observed discrimination. ", "For this correction, a linear discrimination depending upon the chain length was assumed.", "\n\n2.5. ", "Chromium analysis {#sec2.5}\n----------------------\n\nFor Cr~2~O~3~ analysis in feed and faeces, the respective samples were prepared according to [@bib31] and chromium content was quantified using an optical emission spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES Quantima; GBC Scientific Equipment Pty. ", "Ltd., Melbourne, VIC, Australia).", "\n\nSolutions were prepared for the ICP analysis of chromium. ", "Fifteen milliliters of the phosphorus manganese sulphate solution (7.579 g of MnSO~4~·H~2~O in 100 mL deionized H~2~O) were pipetted into a 500 mL flask filled with 85% H~3~PO~4~. For the blank solution needed for the chromium type curve, 30 mL phosphorus manganese sulphate solution and 40 mL potassium bromate solution (11.25 g KBrO~3~ in 250 mL deionized H~2~O) were heated, cooled again and then transferred into a 2 L flask with deionized water. ", "In a next step, we added 250 mL of calcium-chloride-2-hydrate solution (29.344 g CaCl~2~·2H~2~O) and deionized H~2~O until the flask was filled up to the 2 L point.", "\n\nFirst, 1 g of each freeze-dried sample was weighed into 45 mL ash crucibles and dried overnight at 105 °C in order to determine the DM. ", "Samples were then ashed in the muffle furnace overnight at 550 °C. ", "Next, 3 mL of phosphorus manganese sulphate solution were added, as well as the 4 mL of 4.5% potassium bromate solution. ", "Samples were heated for 20 to 30 min until they stopped boiling and a blue color could be observed. ", "After that, the samples were cooled and transferred into 250 mL flasks of deionized water, which contained 25 mL calcium-chloride-2-hydrate solution. ", "The mixture was filtered and then measured by ICP and compared to a standard curve, in which 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg/L chromium were plotted. ", "Additionally, a blank value for faeces, which did not contain any chromium, was determined.", "\n\n2.6. ", "Calculations and statistical analysis {#sec2.6}\n------------------------------------------\n\nApparent digestibility of the OM, CP and EE was calculated as the proportion of feed OM, CP and EE, which was not recovered in the faeces. ", "Digestibility of OM and nutrients based on total excreta collection was calculated using the following formula:$$\\text{DiT}\\ \\left( \\% \\right)\\ \\ = \\ 100\\ \\times \\ \\left( \\frac{\\text{DI} - \\text{DE}}{\\text{DI}} \\right)$$where $\\text{DiT}$ is the apparent digestibility measured using the total collection method, DI is the daily intake (g) and DE is the daily faecal excretion (g).", "\n\nApparent digestibility of OM and nutrients was calculated by the marker method:$$\\text{DiM}\\ \\left( \\% \\right)\\ = \\ 100\\ \\ \\times \\ \\left( {1 - \\frac{\\text{MF}\\ \\times \\ \\text{NFa}}{\\text{MFa}\\ \\times \\ \\text{NF}}} \\right)$$where $\\text{DiM}$ is the apparent digestibility collected using the marker method, MF is the concentration of marker in feed (g/kg DM); NFa is the concentration of OM or nutrient in faeces (g/kg DM); MFa is the concentration of marker in faeces (g/kg DM) and NF is the concentration of OM or nutrient in feed (g/kg DM).", "\n\nThe FMR of the alkanes and chromium were calculated as the proportion of the ingested markers, which were recovered with the faeces. ", "The statistical analysis was carried out using SAS 9.3.", "\n\nThe statistical model was:$$Y_{ijk} = \\mu + \\alpha_{i} + \\beta_{j} + \\left( {\\alpha\\beta} \\right)_{ij} + e_{ijk}$$where *μ* is the overall mean, $\\alpha_{i}$ is the FMR, $\\beta_{j}$ is the marker, $\\left( {\\alpha\\beta} \\right)_{ij}$ is the interaction between FMR and marker and $e_{ijk}$ is the residual.", "\n\nA difference was considered significant at *P* \\< 0.05, and *P* ≤ 0.10 was considered to be a trend. ", "We used PROC MIXED to evaluate influences of MR, method of estimation and the interaction between them on the calculated digestibilities of OM and nutrients. ", "Differences between methods of estimations and the MR groups for OM and nutrient digestibilities were evaluated using ANOVA. ", "We used orthogonal contrasts to compare results found with total collection and markers.", "\n\n3. ", "Results {#sec3}\n==========\n\nThere was an observed difference in daily liveweight gain between the 2 MR groups (*P* = 0.005). ", "The average daily gain during the 14-day study period for group A was 996 g (SD = 6 g), whereas the average daily gain for group B was 686 g (SD = 130 g).", "\n\nThe average amount of faeces collected per day was 325 g DM (SD = 68 g) for group A and 330 g DM (SD = 15 g) for group B. The amount of faeces per individual defaecation ranged from 14 to 601 g OM.", "\n\nDietary marker concentrations for Cr~2~O~3~, C32 and C36 were 932, 51 and 52 mg/kg DM in group A, and 843, 45, 46 mg/kg DM in group B, respectively. ", "The analyzed faecal marker concentrations are presented in [Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The daily feed intake of the calves was 1,790 g/d DM without refusals. ", "Calculating these marker concentrations resulted in a daily marker intake for Cr~2~O~3~, C32 and C36 were 1,668, 91 and 93 mg in group A and 1,509, 81 and 82 mg in group B, respectively.", "Table 2Concentrations of Cr~2~O~3~, n-dotriacontane (C32) and n-hexatriacontane (C36) (means ± SD) in faeces and faecal marker recoveries (FMR, means ± SD) for calves receiving a milk replacer with 6.7% (*n* = 4) and without (*n* = 4) galacto-oligosaccharides.", "MarkerFMC, g/kg DMFMR, %A[1](#tbl2fn1){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}B[2](#tbl2fn2){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}A[1](#tbl2fn1){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}B[2](#tbl2fn2){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}Cr~2~O~3~6.54 ± 0.745.76 ± 0.42100 ± 1^a^102 ± 11^a^C320.20 ± 0.020.20 ± 0.0480 ± 12^b^72 ± 14^b^C360.23 ± 0.020.22 ± 0.0588 ± 13^ab^82 ± 15^ab^[^5][^6][^7][^8]\n\nFaecal marker recoveries of C32 was lower than that of Cr~2~O~3~ (*P* = 0.034). ", "Feeding galacto-oligosaccharides did not affect the FMR of the 3 markers ([Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nDigestibilities of OM and nutrients are presented in [Table 3](#tbl3){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The methods of digestibility calculation affected estimates of total tract digestibility of OM (*P* = 0.002), CP (*P* \\< 0.001) and EE (*P* = 0.002). ", "For OM (*P* = 0.035), CP (*P* = 0.012) and EE (*P* = 0.004), calculated digestibility using C32 was lower compared to the 3 other methods. ", "Feeding galacto-oligosaccharides reduced apparent digestibility of EE (*P* \\< 0.001). ", "Apparent digestibilities of CF, ADF~OM~ and NDF~OM~ were not influenced by MR or markers.", "Table 3Organic matter and nutrient digestibilities calculated by total collection method (Di~T~) and by using markers not corrected for faecal marker recovery (Di~M~) (means ± SD; *n* = 4).ItemDi~T~[1](#tbl3fn1){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}Di~M~[2](#tbl3fn2){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}*P*-valueCr~2~O~3~C32[3](#tbl3fn3){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}C36[4](#tbl3fn4){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}MRMarkerMR × markerDi~T~ vs. markersCr~2~O~3~ vs. alkanesC32 vs. C36Organic matterA[5](#tbl3fn5){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}82.7 ± 3.8^a^83.1 ± 2.9^a^76.0 ± 2.3^b^80.9 ± 1.9^ab^0.7590.0020.8350.0420.0040.035B[6](#tbl3fn6){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}82.3 ± 0.8^a^82.3 ± 1.1^a^77.3 ± 4.8^b^79.3 ± 4.5^ab^Crude proteinA[5](#tbl3fn5){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}80.7 ± 1.7^a^81.0 ± 1.4^a^72.8 ± 3.6^b^78.3 ± 2.7^ab^0.174\\<0.0010.8370.0270.0020.027B[6](#tbl3fn6){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}78.9 ± 1.7^a^78.9 ± 1.9^a^72.9 ± 5.8^b^75.3 ± 5.2^ab^Ether extractA[5](#tbl3fn5){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}81.6 ± 2.2^aB^81.3 ± 2.4^aB^73.2 ± 5.0^bB^78.6 ± 3.9^abB^\\<0.0010.0020.2720.0450.0050.030B[6](#tbl3fn6){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}89.3 ± 0.9^A^89.3 ± 1.0^A^86.2 ± 2.8^A^87.5 ± 2.6^A^Crude fiberA[5](#tbl3fn5){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}72.6 ± 11.473.2 ± 9.674.0 ± 10.876.5 ± 9.70.9850.6040.9850.8720.9480.742B72.7 ± 3.773.3 ± 4.173.3 ± 3.873.3 ± 3.8ADF~OM~A[5](#tbl3fn5){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}74.0 ± 10.874.5 ± 9.272.6 ± 11.475.3 ± 10.30.9850.8050.9850.8700.9120.740B[6](#tbl3fn6){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}73.3 ± 3.872.6 ± 4.172.7 ± 3.872.7 ± 3.8NDF~OM~A[5](#tbl3fn5){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}33.0 ± 23.842.2 ± 15.642.5 ± 16.445.3 ± 15.40.2360.2050.8160.1100.2360.583B[6](#tbl3fn6){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}28.0 ± 8.527.8 ± 9.738.3 ± 5.443.2 ± 5.7[^9][^10][^11][^12][^13][^14][^15][^16][^17]\n\n4. ", "Discussion {#sec4}\n=============\n\nWhen evaluating the suitability of alkanes as a digestibility marker for calves, it is necessary to compare their characteristics to the 7 criteria for ideal markers defined by [@bib18]. ", "Alkane markers meet several of these criteria. ", "Toxic effects caused by them are not known, they do not add any bulk to the feed as they also occur naturally in plant cell walls, and they can be measured quantitatively. ", "However, in this current study faecal recoveries for alkanes were lower than 100%. ", "There are several possibilities for the lower recovery of alkanes observed in this current study. ", "Alkanes could either have been absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized by the enterocytes or microflora or chemically interacted with other substances in the digesta (e.g., nutrients or enzymes) and thus form new chemical compounds ([@bib2]). ", "There have been no investigations yet where and how alkanes may disappear during their gastrointestinal passage.", "\n\nIn this current study, faecal recovery of C32 was numerically lower than that of C36. ", "This is in accordance with the literature regarding ruminants ([@bib20], [@bib10]), where higher FMR for longer-chain alkanes were observed. [", "@bib22] as well as [@bib24] could not find this relationship between alkane-chain-length and faecal recovery in horses. ", "The same is true for the study of [@bib15] who found recovery rates in pigeons of 0.81 and 0.80 for C32 and C36, respectively. ", "However, this was the first study determining faecal recovery rates of alkanes in calves and future research is necessary to validate the faecal recovery rates observed in this current study.", "\n\nWhereas recovery rates of both alkanes are numerically lower in calves receiving galacto-oligosaccharides, these differences were not significant. ", "Therefore, we might conclude that galacto-oligosaccharides did not increase the population of *Bifidobacteria* up to a level, at which a breakdown of alkanes might occur at a significant amount. ", "A possible explanation might be that soybean, which was used in the concentrate in this current study, does contain up to 1.95% galacto-oligosaccharides itself ([@bib13]) and may mask the effect of the added galacto-oligosaccharides. ", "However, another study would be necessary to investigate, whether gut microbiota are actually changed by galacto-oligosaccharides. ", "For that purpose, samples of rumen and duodenal fluid need to be analyzed for their microbiota population.", "\n\nCalves receiving galacto-oligosaccharides in this current study showed a lower EE digestibility, which could be attributed to enhanced bile acid excretion. ", "An adverse relationship between bile excretion and fat digestibility in calves was reported by [@bib32]. ", "Although we did not investigate bile excretion with faeces in this current study, [@bib19] observed increased fecal bile acid excretion in rats supplied with different NDO. ", "Therefore, it could be hypothesized that calves supplemented with galacto-oligosaccharides excreted a higher level of bile acid, which in turn was not reabsorbed. ", "Consequently, digestibility of fat might be impaired by galacto-oligosaccharides.", "\n\nThe apparent digestibility of OM and the other nutrients was not altered by galacto-oligosaccharides. ", "Nevertheless, we observed a higher daily liveweight gain in calves receiving galacto-oligosaccharides. ", "While the weight of calves in the current study was assessed only for 14 days, the difference in liveweight-gain due to galacto-oligosaccharides is in line with previous unpublished in-house studies (Meyer, unpublished). ", "However, the mechanism behind the difference is unclear. ", "Increased feed intake in calves supplied with mannan-oligosaccharides was observed by [@bib11]. ", "Research using NDO in pigs revealed that the enhanced growth performance is mainly attributable to an enhanced daily feed intake as well ([@bib8], [@bib34]). ", "However, calves in our study were fed restrictively and it was assured that each calf did consume his individually measured ratio at each feeding time. ", "Therefore, the daily feed intake between individual animals and hence the 2 groups did not differ.", "\n\n5. ", "Conclusion {#sec5}\n=============\n\nWhen using markers, Cr~2~O~3~ as well as C36 can be employed to calculate OM digestibility and digestibility of nutrients without correction for FMR. ", "However, without correcting for FMR there are differences between digestibilities of OM, CP and EE calculated using C32 compared to the total collection and using Cr~2~O~3~ and C36 in calves. ", "Therefore, it is not advisable to use C32 to calculate digestibilities in calves without correcting for FMR. ", "Because the reason for the lower recovery rate of C32 is unknown at present, further studies are warranted to establish a consistent FMR correction for C32, which might afterwards be used for correction. ", "Therefore, in digestion studies with pre-ruminant calves, C36 and Cr~2~O~3~ appear to be more suitable markers.", "\n\nThe authors would like to thank Dr. Tobias Gorniak of the Department of Animal Sciences at the Georg-August-University of Göttingen for his excellent assistance during the course of the investigation.", "\n\nPeer review under responsibility of Chinese Association of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine.", "\n\n[^1]: NDF~OM~ = neutral detergent fibre expressed exclusive of residual ash; ADF~OM~ = acid detergent fibre expressed exclusive of residual ash.", "\n\n[^2]: Milk replacer with 6.7% galacto-oligosaccharides.", "\n\n[^3]: Milk replacer without galacto-oligosaccharides.", "\n\n[^4]: Ingredients per kg mineral feed: 160 g Ca, 80 g P, 100 g Na, 30 g Mg, 1,000 mg Fe, 800 mg Cu, 6,000 mg Zn, 50 mg I, 50 mg Se, 30 mg Co, 800,000 IU vitamin A, 80,000 IU vitamin D~3~, 1,000 mg vitamin E.\n\n[^5]: FMC = faecal marker concentrations.", "\n\n[^6]: ^a,b^ Within a column, means without a common uppercase superscript differ (*P* \\< 0.05).", "\n\n[^7]: Milk replacer with 6.7% galacto-oligosaccharides.", "\n\n[^8]: Milk replacer without galacto-oligosaccharides.", "\n\n[^9]: MR = milk replacer; NDF~OM~ = neutral detergent fibre expressed exclusive of residual ash; ADF~OM~ = acid detergent fibre expressed exclusive of residual ash.", "\n\n[^10]: ^a,b^ Within a row, means without a common lowercase superscript differ (ANOVA; *P* \\< 0.05).", "\n\n[^11]: ^A,B^ Within a column, means without a common uppercase superscript differ (ANOVA; *P* \\< 0.05).", "\n\n[^12]: Digestibility calculated by total collection method.", "\n\n[^13]: Digestibility calculated by marker method.", "\n\n[^14]: *n*-dotriacontane.", "\n\n[^15]: *n*-hexatriacontane.", "\n\n[^16]: Milk replacer with 6.7% galacto-oligosaccharides.", "\n\n[^17]: Milk replacer without galacto-oligosaccharides.", "\n" ]

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[ "ABOUT Ready Steady Pan\n\nTeam Fortress 2 Competitive Format - 6v6 Ready Steady Pan!", "\n\nReady Steady Pan is a competitive format for Team Fortress 2 revolving around the update on May 3rd 2012, where the Frying Pan promotional item was made a multi-class melee weapon. ", "The format of the competition is a ladder style 6v6 tournament where only food items and pans were whitelisted. ", "The result was the loudest, and most exciting format of competitive Team Fortress 2 out there.", "\n\n\n\nPlease direct any questions, suggestions, anything to our Discord channel, linked below. ", "There, you may ask our staff for help directly and chat with the other participants.", "\n\n\n\nHappy panning!", "\n\n\n\nSpecial thanks to radio! ", "and KaiThePhaux for the RSP logo and poster designs!" ]

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[ "Image copyright Llandaff 50+ Image caption The building's walls were found to be 1m (3.3ft) thick and standing 2m high\n\nA \"high status\" medieval building has been discovered under public toilets in Cardiff, according to archaeologists.", "\n\nThe site is next to the 13th Century Old Bishop's Castle in Llandaff, which suggests to experts that an important person would have lived there.", "\n\nA community dig which began in September also unearthed a fireplace, chequered ceramic floor tiles, animal bones and old horse shoes.", "\n\nArchaeologists said the medieval building dates back to about 1450.", "\n\nThe dig, which involves more than 200 school children and 35 other volunteers, began as the former toilets are being converted to make way for a community and heritage centre.", "\n\nThe toilets were built in the 1930s on an area known as the Pound as it had been used to house stray animals since the 17th Century.", "\n\nLead archaeologist Dr Tim Young said: \"This was a surprise to find a high status building.\"", "\n\nHe said the house, about 10m in length, could be regarded as \"prestigious\" because Bath stone had been used to construct the fireplace. ", "The stone was not commonly used at the time, although it can be found at Llandaff Cathedral.", "\n\nImage copyright Llandaff 50+ Image caption Two sides of a 14th Century jeton counting token found at the toilets\n\nIt is not known who lived at the house, although Dr Young said it could be a person of status as it was located next to the Old Bishop's Castle, and bishops at that time held manorial rights.", "\n\nAmong the items discovered by Dr Young was a counting token, called a jeton, which was believed to have been struck in Paris in the early 1300s.", "\n\nThe medieval building will now be covered to make way for the construction of a new community venue set up by Llandaff 50+, a charity promoting social inclusion among the over 50s in the local community." ]

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[ "We spoke with The Plot In You vocalist Landon Tewers about their new record, Dispose and the progression of the band's sound.", "\n\nTell us about your experience with Stay Sick Recordings. ", "Obviously, you’ve switched to Fearless Records now but what prompted the change?", "\n\nWe had signed with Stay Sick for just one album, we had a pleasant experience through that cycle but once our deal was up we decided to explore other options and landed with Fearless.", "\n\nHappiness In Self Destruction had 15 tracks and is almost 1 hour long whereas Dispose has 10 tracks (9 if you ignore the 1 minute interlude) and is 35 minutes long. ", "Any particular reason for this given the 2+ years between releases?", "\n\nWe had 20+ songs written for DISPOSE but wanted to cut the fat and release the most powerful and cohesive set of tracks on the album. ", "There wasn’t much comparison between the two releases.", "\n\nWhat made you wanna bring in a producer (Drew Fulk) for this record as opposed to previous records where you produced them yourself?", "\n\nWe wanted another set of ears on the songs and were a fan of Drew’s work." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to microprocessors in general and in particular to a system for reprogramming a microprocessor through a standard serial port.", "\n2. ", "Background of the Invention\nPrinted circuit boards are built into many machines which contain microprocessors, EPROM chips, or other memory devices, which perform a variety of specialized functions. ", "Such machines may include, but are not limited to, printers, copiers, or other dedicated devices.", "\nMany microprocessors require that operational code, called firmware, be loaded into a programmable memory during manufacturing. ", "This is accomplished using a device programmer. ", "The programmed microprocessor is then installed into the printed circuit board. ", "This separate programming results in higher costs for labor, and requires additional programmable device sockets on the circuit board. ", "The separate programming also reduces the overall reliability of the board due to human error in programming the devices, and socket and interconnect failures.", "\nHigher costs are also incurred for new software program upgrades in the field because the machine must be disassembled to gain access to the printed circuit board. ", "The microprocessor is removed from the circuit board, reprogrammed, replaced on the circuit board, and the machine is re-assembled. ", "Use of diagnostic programs to detect and correct malfunctions after manufacture is also a problem. ", "For example, if a problem occurs the machine frequently must be disassembled to load a diagnostic program to analyze the system for non-functional components.", "\nThus, it would be desirable to load firmware upgrades, calibration data, customer specific information, preferences, or configuration selections into the machine with little or no disassembly. ", "Some prior art attempts to solve this problem have used a floppy disk drive, or tape drive, to load the required data. ", "These systems, however, are costly and significantly increase the price of the machine. ", "Some printed circuit boards use flash memory and have a \"boot block flash\" wherein a block of the flash is never erased. ", "The intent of this system is that the boot block section of the firmware would always be resident to load new code. ", "However, the problem of initial device programming still exists in this system because something must program the boot block flash with the new firmware." ]

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[ "Club Atlético de Madrid were just two minutes away from winning the UEFA Champions League in May. Now last season's runners-up start all over again in their opening Group A fixture at Olympiacos FC.", "\n\nPrevious meetings\n\n• Atlético prevailed 4-2 on aggregate in the clubs' only past encounter in the 1992/93 European Cup Winners Cup' quarter-finals.", "\n\n• The teams for a 1-1 first-leg draw in Athens were:\n\nOlympiacos: Mirtsos, Pachatouridis, Karataidis, Mitsibonas, Vlachos (Savidis 61), Tsalouchidis, Mavrommatis, Tsiantakis (Sofianopoulos 75), Lima, Karapialis, Vaitsis.", "\n\nAtlético: Resino, López, Toni, Solozábal, Ferreira, Juanito, Alfredo (Tomás 83), Schuster, Moya, Manuel Alfaro (Orejuela 87), Luis García.", "\n\nMatch background\n\n\n\nOlympiacos\n\n• Reached the round of 16 last season where they beat Manchester United FC 2-0 at home before falling 3-0 at Old Trafford.", "\n\n• Lost their opening group match 4-1 at home to Paris Saint-Germain on 16 September last term, but then beat SL Benfica, RSC Anderlecht and United at Stadio Georgios Karaiskakis.", "\n\n• Olympiacos won a fourth consecutive Greek Super League title in 2014.", "\n\n• The Thrylos have lost five and drawn one of their last six matches against Spanish sides.", "\n\n• Their last victory against Liga opposition was a 2-1 home success against Real Madrid CF in the 2005/06 group stage, Rivaldo hitting the 87th-minute winner.", "\n\nAtlético\n\n• Atlético led last season's final against neighbours Real Madrid in Lisbon until the 93rd minute, before losing 4-1 after extra time. ", "It was their best European Cup campaign since finishing runners-up to FC Bayern München in 1974.", "\n\n• Diego Simeone's men won their tenth Liga title in 2014 – their first Spanish crown since 1996.", "\n\n• Unbeaten in all six UEFA Champions League away games in 2013/14, they won at FC Porto, FK Austria Wien, AC Milan and Chelsea FC.", "\n\n• Their away record in Greece is W1 D2 L3. ", "The Rojiblancos' only win was 3-2 at Panathinaikos FC in the 2009/10 UEFA Champions League play-offs.", "\n\n• Raúl García, Diego Godín, Tiago and substitute Mario Suárez played in Atlético's 1-0 loss at Aris FC in their opening game of the 2010/11 UEFA Europa League group stage.", "\n\nPlayer links\n\n• As a Real Madrid player, Olympiacos coach Míchel faced Atlético 25 times between 1984 and 1996 (W15 D5 L5), scoring three goals. ", "His record as a coach against them with Getafe CF and Sevilla FC was W2 D2 L2.", "\n\n• Simeone helped Argentina beat Greece 4-0 in the latter's FIFA World Cup debut appearance in the United States in 1994. ", "His only club appearance against Greek opposition also brought a 4-0 victory, for SS Lazio against Xanthi FC in the 2002/03 UEFA Cup first round.", "\n\n• Roberto came through Atlético's youth ranks, playing four Liga games between 2005 and 2009. ", "He returned to the club briefly in 2013 before joining Olympiacos.", "\n\n• Other former team-mates are Roberto and Gabi (Real Zaragoza), David Fuster and Diego Godín (Villarreal CF), Alejandro Domínguez and Cristian Ansaldi (FC Rubin Kazan), Alejandro Domínguez and Miguel Angel Moyá (Valencia CF), Éric Abidal and Tiago (Olympique Lyonnais).", "\n\n• Alberto Botía won none of ten matches against Atlético with Sporting de Gijón, Sevilla and CD Elche, losing eight.", "\n\n• Fuster scored for Villarreal on his solitary Liga outing against Atlético in a 2-1 away win in December 2009.", "\n\n• Guilherme Siqueira played for Benfica against Olympiacos in last term's group stage, a 1-1 draw in Lisbon.", "\n\nMatch facts\n\nOlympiacos\n\n• Jimmy Durmaz scored his first goal for Olympiacos in Saturday's 3-0 win at home to OFI Crete FC, a fixture that marked Kostas Mitroglou's first outing since returning to the club.", "\n\n• Olympiacos won 16 out of 17 at home in the league last season – the exception a 3-0 defeat by Panathinaikos FC in March.", "\n\n• Nine Olympiacos players made their Super League debuts in the season-opening 3-1 victory at home to Niki Volos on 23 August: Ibrahim Afellay, Abidal, Omar Elabdellaoui, Jorge Benítez, Botía, Arthur Masuaku, Pajtim Kasami, Mathieu Dossevi and Gevorg Ghazaryan.", "\n\n• Afellay scored against Niki Volos, his first goal in 662 days since finding the net in FC Schalke 04's German Cup victory over SV Sandhausen on 30 October 2012.", "\n\n• Kasami scored in the opening two rounds of the Greek Super League season. ", "Only two Olympiacos players have managed that before: Rafik Djebbour (2012/13) and Ieroklis Stoltidis (2005/06).", "\n\n• Olympiacos were held 1-1 at Panaitolikos GFS in their second outing, vacating the top of the table for the first time in 29 months – since 4 March 2012. ", "The intervening 73 matchdays at the summit is a Greek top-flight record.", "\n\n• Dimitris Diamantakos made his senior international debut as a second-half substitute in Greece's 1-0 home defeat by Romania in UEFA EURO 2016 qualifying on 7 September.", "\n\n• Giannis Maniatis has not featured since spraining his left ankle against Panaitolikos on 30 August.", "\n\n• Dimitris Siovas, who has not featured since January, is close to a return to action following an ankle injury.", "\n\nAtlético\n\n• Atlético are five matches unbeaten in all competitions this term.", "\n\n• Substitute Arda Turan scored the winner on first appearance of the season on Saturday as Atlético beat Real Madrid CF 2-1.", "\n\n• Four of Atlético's last six competitive games have been against their city rivals, recording a draw and a win in the Spanish Super Cup - and, of course, losing in last season's UEFA Champions League final.", "\n\n• The Rojiblancos started the season by defeating Real Madrid 2-1 on aggregate to win the Spanish Super Cup for the second time.", "\n\n• Summer recruit Mario Mandžukić scored the decisive goal against Madrid and then opened his Liga account on 30 August in a 2-1 home victory against top-flight newcomers SD Eibar.", "\n\n• Raúl García made his debut for Spain in the European champions' 1-0 friendly loss to France on 4 September.", "\n\n• On the same day, Saúl Ñíguez scored the only goal in Spain's UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifying success in Hungary." ]

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[ "[Principles and indications of electrostimulation of the urinary bladder].", "\nNeurostimulation to restore the essential elements of lower urinary tract function is a very promising approach in the management of the neuropathic bladder. ", "The goal of neurostimulation is to restore the three main functions of the lower urinary tract: the reservior capacity of the bladder, the sphincteric activity of the continence mechanism, and the ability of the bladder to evacuate completely. ", "In extensive experimental studies conducted over the past 18 years, the physiological foundations of micturition and sphincteric control were investigated, which made the clinical application of neurostimulation in the management of the neurogenic bladder possible. ", "In human studies, the essential experimental model of ventral root stimulation after dorsal rhizotomy and selective peripheral neurotomy proved to be the most successful. ", "To date, over 220 patients have been treated, of whom 35 have spinal cord injury or severe neuropathy and received multiple sacral root implants. ", "25 of the 35 patients are evaluable, 15 (60%) of these achieved the three goals of the study: complete continence, restoration of reservoir function with adequate capacity, and voiding to neurostimulation with minimal residual urine or none. ", "The remaining 185 patients with a variety of voiding dysfunctions classified under four main headings: 1) urge incontinence; 2) post-prostatectomy incontinence; 3) pelvic dysfunction syndrome in the male; 4) pelvic dysfunction syndrome in the female were treated by single electrode implantation in order to modulate spastic voiding dysfunction and pelvic floor activity. ", "Success rates (improvement of 50% or more) were 72%, 38%, 46%, and 47% in the four groups, respectively." ]

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[ "A Belgian soldier stands guard around a security perimeter (Picture: Getty Images)\n\nBrussels is under lockdown tonight as police carry out operations across the city.", "\n\nSpeculation is rife on social media – but officials have asked Belgians and the press not to share any details about the operations on social media.", "\n\nSo now people are flooding Twitter with pictures of cats to confuse terrorists.", "\n\nMORE: Brussels in lockdown as police carry out raids\n\n\nMORE: Brussels on lockdown as police continue hunt for Paris attacks fugitive\n\nJe propose une dernière recrue pour en finir et libérez #Bruxelles ? #", "BrusselsLockdown bonne nuit les bruxellois ? ", "pic.twitter.com/2D0uFzchX5 — Firda (@Firda_Ous) November 22, 2015\n\nArmed forces swooped on the Belgian capital earlier this evening, guarding hotels and telling locals to stay inside, according to local reports.", "\n\nGuests at the Radisson Blu were reportedly told to stay inside as the hotel came under heavy guard.", "\n\n\n\nSoldiers were pictured surrounding the building this evening.", "\n\nA spokesperson for the hotel told DeMorgen: ‘There is no imminent threat, but we want our guests to keep as safe as possible.’", "\n\nMORE: Paris attacks fugitive ‘visited gay bars, flirted with men and took drugs’\n\nA police operation is believed to have carried out tonight (Picture: Getty Images)\n\nBelgian police block a road leading to the city centre (Picture: EPA/STEPHANIE LECOCQ)\n\nSoldiers stands guard over the Grand Place of Brussels (Picture: REUTERS/Yves Herman)\n\nThe alert comes after ten jihadists attacked a Radisson Blu hotel in Mali and held around 170 people hostage.", "\n\nAt least 27 people were killed in the raid.", "\n\nIt has since emerged that the terrorists were hunting members of an Air France crew which were believed to have been staying there at the time.", "\n\nMembers of special forces are seen inside the Radisson Blu hotel in Bamako (Picture: Barcroft Media) Members of special forces are seen inside the Radisson Blu hotel in Bamako… Soldiers from the presidential guard patrol outside the Radisson Blu hotel in Bamako, Mali (Picture: AP Photo/Jerome Delay) Soldiers from the presidential guard patrol outside the Radisson Blu hotel in… A room is seen in the Radisson hotel in Bamako, Mali (Picture: Reuters) A room is seen in the Radisson hotel in Bamako, Mali (Picture: Reuters) UN officials exit the Radisson hotel in Bamako, Mali, November 20, 2015 (Picture: Reuters) UN officials exit the Radisson hotel in Bamako, Mali, November 20, 2015… Bullet holes are seen at a staircase of the Radisson hotel in Bamako, Mali (Picture: Reuters) Bullet holes are seen at a staircase of the Radisson hotel in Bamako, Mali… Malian officials carry a corpse outside the Radisson hotel in Bamako (Picture: Reuters) Malian officials carry a corpse outside the Radisson hotel in Bamako (Picture:…\n\nBrussels has endured a heightened terror alert since the Paris atrocities.", "\n\nIt will see Brussels in lock-down for a third day as the international community prepares to intensify action against Islamic State.", "\n\nBelgian prime minister Charles Michel said schools, universities and the underground system would have to remain closed tomorrow amid fears of a repeat of the simultaneous gun and bomb attacks in the French capital.", "\n\nKey suspect Salah Abdeslam is just one of several feared to be at large in the city, where the usually thronged streets have been eerily quiet." ]

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[ "export * from './model/columns';\nexport * from './model/config';\nexport * from './model/event.enum';\nexport * from './model/pagination';\nexport * from './model/api';\nexport * from './services/config-service';\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUITableView Mix of Static and Dynamic Cells?", "\n\nI know you cannot mix Static and Dynamic cell types in a single UITableView but I couldn't think of a better way to describe my issue.", "\nI have several predetermined cells with fixed content, I also have an unknown number of cells with dynamic content which sits in the middle. ", "So I want to my table to look something like this:\nFixed\nFixed\nFixed\nDynamic\nDynamic\nDynamic\nDynamic\nDynamic\nFixed\nFixed\n\nSo how exactly do you recommend I approach this in my cellForRowAtIndexPath method?", "\nThanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nAs you stated you can't mix static and dynamic cells. ", "However, what you can do is break up the content into different data arrays that correspond to each group. ", "Then break the table up into difference sections and load the data from the correct array in cellForRowAtIndexPath:.", "\n- (UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath\n{\n static NSString *cellID = @\"CELLID\";\n UITableViewCell *cell = [tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:cellID forIndexPath:indexPath];\n\n switch (indexPath.section) {\n case 0:{\n cell.textLabel.text = self.arrayOfStaticThings1[indexPath.row];\n }break;\n\n case 1:{\n cell.textLabel.text = self.arrayOfDynamicThings[indexPath.row];\n }break;\n\n case 2:{\n cell.textLabel.text = self.arrayOfStaticThings2[indexPath.row];\n }break;\n\n default:\n break;\n }\n\n return cell;\n}\n\n- (NSInteger)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView numberOfRowsInSection:(NSInteger)section\n{\n switch (section) {\n case 0:{\n return self.arrayOfStaticThings1.count;\n }break;\n\n case 1:{\n return self.arrayOfDynamicThings.count;\n }break;\n\n case 2:{\n return self.arrayOfStaticThings2.count;\n }break;\n\n default:\n return 0;\n break;\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nAfter struggled for 1 day, found best solution\nUpdated for Swift 4\nfor the case of the question:\n\nSet sections of the tableView to 3 \n\nAdd a empty tableview cell in the second section which you want to apply the dynamic cells, change identifier of the cell as WiFiTableViewCell\ncreate a new XIB file called WiFiTableViewCell\n\nregister the Nib in the function ViewDidLoad in tableViewController\ntableView.register(UINib(nibName: \"WiFiTableViewCell\", bundle: nil), forCellReuseIdentifier: \"WiFiTableViewCell\")\n\nadd the following code to use both dynamic and static cell\noverride func numberOfSections(in tableView: UITableView) -> Int \n{\n return 3\n}\noverride func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, numberOfRowsInSection section: Int) -> Int {\n if section == 1 {\n return self.dataSource.count\n //the datasource of the dynamic section\n }\n return super.tableView(tableView, numberOfRowsInSection: section)\n }\n\noverride func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, cellForRowAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> UITableViewCell {\n if indexPath.section == 1 {\n let cell = tableView.dequeueReusableCell(withIdentifier: \"WiFiTableViewCell\") as! ", "WiFiTableViewCell\n return cell\n }\n return super.tableView(tableView, cellForRowAt: indexPath)\n}\n\n override func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, indentationLevelForRowAt indexPath: NSIndexPath) -> Int {\n if indexPath.section == 1 {\n let newIndexPath = IndexPath(row: 0, section: indexPath.section)\n return super.tableView(tableView, indentationLevelForRowAt: newIndexPath)\n }\n return super.tableView(tableView, indentationLevelForRowAt: indexPath)\n }\n\n override func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, heightForRowAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> CGFloat {\n if indexPath.section == 1 {\n return 44\n }\n return super.tableView(tableView, heightForRowAt: indexPath)\n }\n\nA:\n\nBest and Easiest Way Yet \n1) Place Two Container Views in the Header and in the Footer of a Dynamic TableView\n2) Assign the Static TableViews to these Containers and Untick the \"Scrolling Enabled\"\nPlease check out my illustration at https://stackoverflow.com/a/22524085/1537178\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMax with inner join need more column in SQL Server\n\nHere is my query :\nSELECT * \nFROM a\nINNER JOIN b ON b.id_a = a.id\nINNER JOIN c ON c.id_b = b.id\nINNER JOIN d ON d.id_c = c.id\nINNER JOIN e ON e.id = d.id_e\n\nMy problem is it returns some rows which are excatly the same except for the 'c' table values. ", "I need to take the max of one column of 'c' but I don't know how exactly.", "\nExample of what this query returns :\na.fields b.fields c.id c.gamut c.position d.fields e.fields\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n ... ... 1 2 1 ... ... \n ... ... 2 2 2 ... ...\n ... ... 3 2 3 ... ...\n ... ... 4 3 1 ... ...\n ... ... 4 3 2 ... ...\n\nWhat i need to have :\na.fields b.fields c.id c.gamut c.position d.fields e.fields\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n ... ... 3 2 3 ... ...\n ... ... 4 3 2 ... ...\n\nI need to get the max position for the same gamut.", "\nInformation:\n\n'...' means the values for tables columns are the same for each rows by gamut \n\nA:\n\nThis is a simple application of the ROW_NUMBER() function:\n;WITH Ordered AS (\nSELECT *,\n ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY c.gamut ORDER BY c.position desc) as rn \nFROM a\nINNER JOIN b ON b.id_a = a.id\nINNER JOIN c ON c.id_b = b.id\nINNER JOIN d ON d.id_c = c.id\nINNER JOIN e ON e.id = d.id_e\n)\nselect * from Ordered where rn = 1\n\n(If there are multiple rows with the same max Position for the same gamut, this will select an arbitrary one. ", "If there are further tie-breaking columns, add those to the ORDER BY. ", "If you want the ties to show up, switch to RANK() rather than ROW_NUMBER())\n\n" ]

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[ "Part-time Bookkeeper - Preston\n\nSalary\n\n£18000 - £20000 per annum + Pro Rata\n\nLocation\n\nUnited Kingdom,--Preston\n\nJob Type\n\nPermanent\n\nDescription\n\nI am currently working with an established retail organisation based in Preston, who are looking for an experienced bookkeeper to join their organisation on a permanent basis. ", "This role would be part-time 3 days per week (21 hours). ", "Responsibilities within this role are as follows:\n\nBookkeeping for the complete accounting function\n\nPurchase & Sales Ledger\n\nRaising Invoices and Allocating Customer Payments\n\nMonth end reports\n\nMaking supplier Payments\n\nBank reconciliations\n\nCashier experience\n\nStock control\n\nSage line 50\n\nCredit Control\n\nIf this is something you're interested in, please contact Sam Fish on 01772 278078 or apply direct with an updated CV.", "\n\nApply for this job\n\nNamePhone NumberEmailCovering LetterCV Upload\n\nNorth West accountancy, finance and HR recruiters\n\nGet in Touch\n\nGet Social\n\nFollow our Tweets\n\nFirst Step is registering with us for career opportunities is Accountancy & Finance, Analytics and HR.", "\nFor a chat… https://t.co/lh4HWjZUnI View on Twitter\n\nFirst Step is registering with us for career opportunities is Accountancy & Finance, Analytics and HR.", "\nFor a chat… https://t.co/lh4HWjZUnI View on Twitter\n\nFirst Step is registering with us for career opportunities is Accountancy & Finance, Analytics and HR.", "\nFor a chat… https://t.co/lh4HWjZUnI View on Twitter" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nTwo Queries: Group by Column, Subtract Similar Columns, Show Totals\n\nI have the following two queries setup in Access. ", " Each query has only 1 line per org and the org names are consistent across the two queries.", "\nQuery A (budget model based on Table A)\nOrg, Jan, Feb, ... Dec, Total\n-----------------------------\nA, $68, $25, ... $51, $809\nB, $23, $39, ... $13, $423\n...\nE, $11, $90, ... $84, $789\n\nQuery B (budget model based on Table B)\nOrg, Jan, Feb, ... Dec, Total\n-----------------------------\nA, $67, $25, ... $70, $821\nB, $23, $39, ... $13, $423\n...\nE, $15, $45, ... $71, $755\n\nHow can I create a report with all of the following information? ", " I'm having troubling bringing together the two queries, subtracting their values and then ultimately showing the totals rows all in the same report/query.", "\n Jan, Feb, ... Dec, Total\nOrg A:\n\n Model A: $68, $25, ..., $51, $809\n Model B: $67, $25, ..., $70, $821\n A - B : $ 1, $ 0, ..., ($19), ($12)\n\nOrg B:\n\n Model A: $23, $39, ..., $13, $423\n Model B: $23, $39, ..., $13, $423\n A - B : $ 0, $ 0, ..., $ 0, $ 0\n\n...\n\nOrg E:\n\n Model A: $11, $90, ..., $84, $789\n Model B: $15, $45, ..., $71, $755\n A - B :($ 4),$45, ..., $13, $ 34\n\n-------------------------------------------\nTotals:\n\n Model A: $102, $154, ..., $148, $2021\n Model B: $105, $109, ..., $154, $1999\n A - B :($ 3), $45, ..., ($ 6), $ 22\n\nA:\n\nIf you create a UNION query with one set of values multiplied by -1, you can use a group sum on organization to get the subtraction in your report. ", "The report wizard will do this for you.", "\nSELECT \"a\" as Source, qa.", "Org, \n qa.", "Jan, qa.", "Feb, qa.", "Dec, qa.", "Total\nFROM qa\nUNION ALL \nSELECT \"b\" as Source, qb.", "Org, \n qb.", "Jan * -1, qb.", "Feb * -1, qb.", "Dec * -1, qb.", "Total * -1\nFROM qb\n\nYou can group by source to create a summary that can be included as a subreport.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Beekman Real Estate\n\nTwo of the city's most sought-after residential addresses, Sutton Place and Beekman Place comprise the neighboring enclaves of elegant—though not overwhelmingly so—buildings along the East River, east of First Avenue with Midtown to the west. ", "With dramatic views of the Queensboro Bridge and Roosevelt Island and easy access to the F.D.R. Drive, these neighborhoods are tiny oases of calm and community amid hectic Midtown commerce.", "\n\nSutton Place benefits from two public parks. ", "One Sutton Place South—a neo-Georgian style mansion—is one of the city's grandest addresses. ", "Two townhouse rows—between 57th and 58th Streets—share a large communal garden overlooking the East River.", "\n\nBeekman Place runs from 49th to 51st Streets, consisting of two blocks of ivy-covered townhomes and co-op buildings. ", "The neighborhood was named for the Beekman family, which built its mansion, Mount Pleasant, there in 1764. ", "The grand apartment house at One Beekman Place was built in 1929, setting the tone for the little street. ", "One Beekman Place opens directly to the river, and its south facade overlooks the United Nations and its gardens.", "\n\nThough the area is a bit far from the nearest subway on Lexington and Third Avenues, an upside is that housing prices tend to be below those of the Upper East Side. ", "The neighborhood boasts plenty of retail activity, including the vast Bridgemarket Food Emporium just below the Queensboro Bridge. ", "Sutton East Tennis Club, an enclosed winter tennis facility, is another convenient amenity for neighborhood residents." ]

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href=\"javascript:void(0)\" onclick=\"searchBox.", "OnSelectItem(12)\"><span class=\"SelectionMark\">&#160;</span>Pages</a></div>\n\n<!-- ", "iframe showing the search results (closed by default) -->\n<div id=\"MSearchResultsWindow\">\n<iframe src=\"javascript:void(0)\" frameborder=\"0\" \n name=\"MSearchResults\" id=\"MSearchResults\">\n</iframe>\n</div>\n\n<div class=\"header\">\n <div class=\"summary\">\n<a href=\"#define-members\">Macros</a> </div>\n <div class=\"headertitle\">\n<div class=\"title\">Macros for defining the class factory<div class=\"ingroups\"><a class=\"el\" href=\"group__sdkBase.html\">Common SDK Implementation Helper Classes</a></div></div> </div>\n</div><!--header-->\n<div class=\"contents\">\n\n<p><b>Example</b> - How to use the class factory macros: \n<a href=\"#details\">More...</a></p>\n<div id=\"dynsection-0\" onclick=\"return toggleVisibility(this)\" class=\"dynheader closed\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">\n <img id=\"dynsection-0-trigger\" src=\"closed.png\" alt=\"+\"/> Collaboration diagram for Macros for defining the class factory:</div>\n<div id=\"dynsection-0-summary\" class=\"dynsummary\" style=\"display:block;\">\n</div>\n<div id=\"dynsection-0-content\" class=\"dyncontent\" style=\"display:none;\">\n<center><table><tr><td><img src=\"group__classFactoryMacros.png\" border=\"0\" alt=\"\" usemap=\"#group____classFactoryMacros\"/>\n<map name=\"group____classFactoryMacros\" id=\"group____classFactoryMacros\">\n<area shape=\"rect\" id=\"node1\" href=\"group__sdkBase.html\" title=\"Common SDK Implementation\\l Helper Classes\" alt=\"\" coords=\"6,4,189,44\"/></map>\n</td></tr></table></center>\n</div>\n<table class=\"memberdecls\">\n<tr class=\"heading\"><td colspan=\"2\"><h2 class=\"groupheader\"><a name=\"define-members\"></a>\nMacros</h2></td></tr>\n<tr class=\"memitem:ga24a0ad042738fc4de8c584cfb7759669\"><td class=\"memItemLeft\" align=\"right\" valign=\"top\">#define&#160;</td><td class=\"memItemRight\" valign=\"bottom\"><a class=\"el\" href=\"group__classFactoryMacros.html#ga24a0ad042738fc4de8c584cfb7759669\">BEGIN_FACTORY</a>(vendor, url, email, flags)</td></tr>\n<tr class=\"separator:ga24a0ad042738fc4de8c584cfb7759669\"><td class=\"memSeparator\" colspan=\"2\">&#160;</td></tr>\n<tr class=\"memitem:gaae295af1798ff7bd4e2eaa31978142b3\"><td class=\"memItemLeft\" align=\"right\" valign=\"top\">#define&#160;</td><td class=\"memItemRight\" valign=\"bottom\"><a class=\"el\" href=\"group__classFactoryMacros.html#gaae295af1798ff7bd4e2eaa31978142b3\">DEF_CLASS</a>(cid, cardinality, category, name, createMethod)</td></tr>\n<tr class=\"separator:gaae295af1798ff7bd4e2eaa31978142b3\"><td class=\"memSeparator\" colspan=\"2\">&#160;</td></tr>\n<tr class=\"memitem:gab3eefdf2ed46dcacaf8d3c2f07fbac93\"><td class=\"memItemLeft\" align=\"right\" valign=\"top\">#define&#160;</td><td class=\"memItemRight\" valign=\"bottom\"><a class=\"el\" href=\"group__classFactoryMacros.html#gab3eefdf2ed46dcacaf8d3c2f07fbac93\">DEF_CLASS1</a>(cid, cardinality, category, name, createMethod)</td></tr>\n<tr class=\"separator:gab3eefdf2ed46dcacaf8d3c2f07fbac93\"><td class=\"memSeparator\" colspan=\"2\">&#160;</td></tr>\n<tr class=\"memitem:ga03b55027b836c02c341dfe4023d77059\"><td class=\"memItemLeft\" align=\"right\" valign=\"top\">#define&#160;</td><td class=\"memItemRight\" valign=\"bottom\"><a class=\"el\" href=\"group__classFactoryMacros.html#ga03b55027b836c02c341dfe4023d77059\">DEF_CLASS2</a>(cid, cardinality, category, name, classFlags, subCategories, version, sdkVersion, createMethod)</td></tr>\n<tr class=\"separator:ga03b55027b836c02c341dfe4023d77059\"><td class=\"memSeparator\" colspan=\"2\">&#160;</td></tr>\n<tr class=\"memitem:gaffe42b5a7a92bf985d533dab7d442eb0\"><td class=\"memItemLeft\" align=\"right\" valign=\"top\">#define&#160;</td><td class=\"memItemRight\" valign=\"bottom\"><a class=\"el\" href=\"group__classFactoryMacros.html#gaffe42b5a7a92bf985d533dab7d442eb0\">DEF_CLASS_W</a>(cid, cardinality, category, name, classFlags, subCategories, version, sdkVersion, createMethod)</td></tr>\n<tr class=\"separator:gaffe42b5a7a92bf985d533dab7d442eb0\"><td class=\"memSeparator\" colspan=\"2\">&#160;</td></tr>\n<tr class=\"memitem:ga962bbf29e9f424c00fd43493fb8f9489\"><td class=\"memItemLeft\" align=\"right\" valign=\"top\">#define&#160;</td><td class=\"memItemRight\" valign=\"bottom\"><a class=\"el\" href=\"group__classFactoryMacros.html#ga962bbf29e9f424c00fd43493fb8f9489\">END_FACTORY</a></td></tr>\n<tr class=\"separator:ga962bbf29e9f424c00fd43493fb8f9489\"><td class=\"memSeparator\" colspan=\"2\">&#160;</td></tr>\n</table>\n<a name=\"details\" id=\"details\"></a><h2 class=\"groupheader\">Detailed Description</h2>\n<p><b>Example</b> - How to use the class factory macros: </p>\n<div class=\"fragment\"><div class=\"line\"><a class=\"code\" href=\"group__classFactoryMacros.html#ga24a0ad042738fc4de8c584cfb7759669\">BEGIN_FACTORY</a> (<span class=\"stringliteral\">&quot;Steinberg Technologies&quot;</span>, </div>\n<div class=\"line\"> <span class=\"stringliteral\">&quot;http://www.steinberg.de&quot;</span>, </div>\n<div class=\"line\"> <span class=\"stringliteral\">&quot;mailto:info@steinberg.de&quot;</span>, </div>\n<div class=\"line\"> PFactoryInfo::kNoFlags)</div>\n<div class=\"line\"></div>\n<div class=\"line\"><a class=\"code\" href=\"group__classFactoryMacros.html#gaae295af1798ff7bd4e2eaa31978142b3\">DEF_CLASS</a> (INLINE_UID (0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000),</div>\n<div class=\"line\"> PClassInfo::kManyInstances, </div>\n<div class=\"line\"> &quot;Service&quot;,</div>\n<div class=\"line\"> &quot;Test Service&quot;,</div>\n<div class=\"line\"> TestService::newInstance)</div>\n<div class=\"line\"></div>\n<div class=\"line\"><a class=\"code\" href=\"group__classFactoryMacros.html#ga962bbf29e9f424c00fd43493fb8f9489\">END_FACTORY</a></div>\n</div><!-- fragment --> <h2 class=\"groupheader\">Macro Definition Documentation</h2>\n<a class=\"anchor\" id=\"ga24a0ad042738fc4de8c584cfb7759669\"></a>\n<div class=\"memitem\">\n<div class=\"memproto\">\n <table class=\"memname\">\n <tr>\n <td class=\"memname\">#define BEGIN_FACTORY</td>\n <td>(</td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">vendor, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">url, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">email, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">flags&#160;</td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td></td>\n <td>)</td>\n <td></td><td></td>\n </tr>\n </table>\n</div><div class=\"memdoc\">\n<b>Value:</b><div class=\"fragment\"><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">using namespace </span>Steinberg; <a class=\"code\" href=\"pluginfactoryvst3_8h.html#af3a922cb183dcf388438f2d78b3865a0\">\\</a></div>\n<div class=\"line\"><a class=\"code\" href=\"pluginfactoryvst3_8h.html#af3a922cb183dcf388438f2d78b3865a0\">\tEXPORT_FACTORY</a> <a class=\"codeRef\" doxygen=\"/Volumes/SSD/Builddata/re/147463379/b/VST_SDK/VST3_SDK/doc/base/base.tag:../base/\" href=\"../base/classSteinberg_1_1IPluginFactory.html\">IPluginFactory</a>* PLUGIN_API <a class=\"codeRef\" doxygen=\"/Volumes/SSD/Builddata/re/147463379/b/VST_SDK/VST3_SDK/doc/base/base.tag:../base/\" href=\"../base/group__pluginBase.html#ga843ac97a36dfc717dadaa7192c7e8330\">GetPluginFactory</a> () { \\</div>\n<div class=\"line\"> if (!", "gPluginFactory) \\</div>\n<div class=\"line\"> { <span class=\"keyword\">static</span> <a class=\"codeRef\" doxygen=\"/Volumes/SSD/Builddata/re/147463379/b/VST_SDK/VST3_SDK/doc/base/base.tag:../base/\" href=\"../base/structSteinberg_1_1PFactoryInfo.html\">PFactoryInfo</a> factoryInfo (vendor,url,email,flags); \\</div>\n<div class=\"line\"> gPluginFactory = <span class=\"keyword\">new</span> <a class=\"code\" href=\"classSteinberg_1_1CPluginFactory.html\">CPluginFactory</a> (factoryInfo); \\</div>\n<div class=\"ttc\" id=\"structSteinberg_1_1PFactoryInfo_html\"><div class=\"ttname\"><a href=\"../base/structSteinberg_1_1PFactoryInfo.html\">Steinberg::PFactoryInfo</a></div></div>\n<div class=\"ttc\" id=\"classSteinberg_1_1CPluginFactory_html\"><div class=\"ttname\"><a href=\"classSteinberg_1_1CPluginFactory.html\">Steinberg::CPluginFactory</a></div><div class=\"ttdoc\">Default Class Factory implementation. ", "</div><div class=\"ttdef\"><b>Definition:</b> pluginfactoryvst3.h:48</div></div>\n<div class=\"ttc\" id=\"pluginfactoryvst3_8h_html_af3a922cb183dcf388438f2d78b3865a0\"><div class=\"ttname\"><a href=\"pluginfactoryvst3_8h.html#af3a922cb183dcf388438f2d78b3865a0\">EXPORT_FACTORY</a></div><div class=\"ttdeci\">#define EXPORT_FACTORY</div><div class=\"ttdef\"><b>Definition:</b> pluginfactoryvst3.h:124</div></div>\n<div class=\"ttc\" id=\"classSteinberg_1_1IPluginFactory_html\"><div class=\"ttname\"><a href=\"../base/classSteinberg_1_1IPluginFactory.html\">Steinberg::IPluginFactory</a></div></div>\n<div class=\"ttc\" id=\"group__pluginBase_html_ga843ac97a36dfc717dadaa7192c7e8330\"><div class=\"ttname\"><a href=\"../base/group__pluginBase.html#ga843ac97a36dfc717dadaa7192c7e8330\">GetPluginFactory</a></div><div class=\"ttdeci\">Steinberg::IPluginFactory * GetPluginFactory()</div></div>\n</div><!-- fragment -->\n</div>\n</div>\n<a class=\"anchor\" id=\"gaae295af1798ff7bd4e2eaa31978142b3\"></a>\n<div class=\"memitem\">\n<div class=\"memproto\">\n <table class=\"memname\">\n <tr>\n <td class=\"memname\">#define DEF_CLASS</td>\n <td>(</td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">cid, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">cardinality, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">category, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">name, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">createMethod&#160;</td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td></td>\n <td>)</td>\n <td></td><td></td>\n </tr>\n </table>\n</div><div class=\"memdoc\">\n<b>Value:</b><div class=\"fragment\"><div class=\"line\">{ <a class=\"codeRef\" doxygen=\"/Volumes/SSD/Builddata/re/147463379/b/VST_SDK/VST3_SDK/doc/base/base.tag:../base/\" href=\"../base/namespaceSteinberg.html#a32680add5f0b1c8a81e5b1c4cfe6a30c\">TUID</a> lcid = cid; <span class=\"keyword\">static</span> <a class=\"codeRef\" doxygen=\"/Volumes/SSD/Builddata/re/147463379/b/VST_SDK/VST3_SDK/doc/base/base.tag:../base/\" href=\"../base/structSteinberg_1_1PClassInfo.html\">PClassInfo</a> componentClass (lcid,cardinality,category,name); \\</div>\n<div class=\"line\"> gPluginFactory-&gt;registerClass (&amp;componentClass,createMethod); }</div>\n<div class=\"ttc\" id=\"structSteinberg_1_1PClassInfo_html\"><div class=\"ttname\"><a href=\"../base/structSteinberg_1_1PClassInfo.html\">Steinberg::PClassInfo</a></div></div>\n<div class=\"ttc\" id=\"namespaceSteinberg_html_a32680add5f0b1c8a81e5b1c4cfe6a30c\"><div class=\"ttname\"><a href=\"../base/namespaceSteinberg.html#a32680add5f0b1c8a81e5b1c4cfe6a30c\">TUID</a></div><div class=\"ttdeci\">int8 TUID[16]</div></div>\n</div><!-- fragment -->\n</div>\n</div>\n<a class=\"anchor\" id=\"gab3eefdf2ed46dcacaf8d3c2f07fbac93\"></a>\n<div class=\"memitem\">\n<div class=\"memproto\">\n <table class=\"memname\">\n <tr>\n <td class=\"memname\">#define DEF_CLASS1</td>\n <td>(</td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">cid, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">cardinality, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">category, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">name, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">createMethod&#160;</td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td></td>\n <td>)</td>\n <td></td><td></td>\n </tr>\n </table>\n</div><div class=\"memdoc\">\n<b>Value:</b><div class=\"fragment\"><div class=\"line\">{ <span class=\"keyword\">static</span> <a class=\"codeRef\" doxygen=\"/Volumes/SSD/Builddata/re/147463379/b/VST_SDK/VST3_SDK/doc/base/base.tag:../base/\" href=\"../base/structSteinberg_1_1PClassInfo.html\">PClassInfo</a> componentClass (cid,cardinality,category,name); \\</div>\n<div class=\"line\"> gPluginFactory-&gt;registerClass (&amp;componentClass,createMethod); }</div>\n<div class=\"ttc\" id=\"structSteinberg_1_1PClassInfo_html\"><div class=\"ttname\"><a href=\"../base/structSteinberg_1_1PClassInfo.html\">Steinberg::PClassInfo</a></div></div>\n</div><!-- fragment -->\n</div>\n</div>\n<a class=\"anchor\" id=\"ga03b55027b836c02c341dfe4023d77059\"></a>\n<div class=\"memitem\">\n<div class=\"memproto\">\n <table class=\"memname\">\n <tr>\n <td class=\"memname\">#define DEF_CLASS2</td>\n <td>(</td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">cid, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">cardinality, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">category, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">name, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">classFlags, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">subCategories, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">version, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">sdkVersion, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">createMethod&#160;</td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td></td>\n <td>)</td>\n <td></td><td></td>\n </tr>\n </table>\n</div><div class=\"memdoc\">\n<b>Value:</b><div class=\"fragment\"><div class=\"line\">{ <a class=\"codeRef\" doxygen=\"/Volumes/SSD/Builddata/re/147463379/b/VST_SDK/VST3_SDK/doc/base/base.tag:../base/\" href=\"../base/namespaceSteinberg.html#a32680add5f0b1c8a81e5b1c4cfe6a30c\">TUID</a> lcid = cid; <span class=\"keyword\">static</span> <a class=\"codeRef\" doxygen=\"/Volumes/SSD/Builddata/re/147463379/b/VST_SDK/VST3_SDK/doc/base/base.tag:../base/\" href=\"../base/structSteinberg_1_1PClassInfo2.html\">PClassInfo2</a> componentClass (lcid,cardinality,category,name,classFlags,subCategories, 0 ,version,sdkVersion);\\</div>\n<div class=\"line\"> gPluginFactory-&gt;registerClass (&amp;componentClass,createMethod); }</div>\n<div class=\"ttc\" id=\"structSteinberg_1_1PClassInfo2_html\"><div class=\"ttname\"><a href=\"../base/structSteinberg_1_1PClassInfo2.html\">Steinberg::PClassInfo2</a></div></div>\n<div class=\"ttc\" id=\"namespaceSteinberg_html_a32680add5f0b1c8a81e5b1c4cfe6a30c\"><div class=\"ttname\"><a href=\"../base/namespaceSteinberg.html#a32680add5f0b1c8a81e5b1c4cfe6a30c\">TUID</a></div><div class=\"ttdeci\">int8 TUID[16]</div></div>\n</div><!-- fragment -->\n</div>\n</div>\n<a class=\"anchor\" id=\"gaffe42b5a7a92bf985d533dab7d442eb0\"></a>\n<div class=\"memitem\">\n<div class=\"memproto\">\n <table class=\"memname\">\n <tr>\n <td class=\"memname\">#define DEF_CLASS_W</td>\n <td>(</td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">cid, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">cardinality, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">category, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">name, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">classFlags, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">subCategories, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">version, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">sdkVersion, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\">createMethod&#160;</td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td></td>\n <td>)</td>\n <td></td><td></td>\n </tr>\n </table>\n</div><div class=\"memdoc\">\n<b>Value:</b><div class=\"fragment\"><div class=\"line\">{ <a class=\"codeRef\" doxygen=\"/Volumes/SSD/Builddata/re/147463379/b/VST_SDK/VST3_SDK/doc/base/base.tag:../base/\" href=\"../base/namespaceSteinberg.html#a32680add5f0b1c8a81e5b1c4cfe6a30c\">TUID</a> lcid = cid; <span class=\"keyword\">static</span> PClassInfoUnicode componentClass (lcid,cardinality,category,name,classFlags,subCategories, 0,version,sdkVersion);\\</div>\n<div class=\"line\"> gPluginFactory-&gt;registerClass (&amp;componentClass,createMethod); }</div>\n<div class=\"ttc\" id=\"namespaceSteinberg_html_a32680add5f0b1c8a81e5b1c4cfe6a30c\"><div class=\"ttname\"><a href=\"../base/namespaceSteinberg.html#a32680add5f0b1c8a81e5b1c4cfe6a30c\">TUID</a></div><div class=\"ttdeci\">int8 TUID[16]</div></div>\n</div><!-- fragment -->\n</div>\n</div>\n<a class=\"anchor\" id=\"ga962bbf29e9f424c00fd43493fb8f9489\"></a>\n<div class=\"memitem\">\n<div class=\"memproto\">\n <table class=\"memname\">\n <tr>\n <td class=\"memname\">#define END_FACTORY</td>\n </tr>\n </table>\n</div><div class=\"memdoc\">\n<b>Value:</b><div class=\"fragment\"><div class=\"line\">} <span class=\"keywordflow\">else</span> gPluginFactory-&gt;<a class=\"codeRef\" doxygen=\"/Volumes/SSD/Builddata/re/147463379/b/VST_SDK/VST3_SDK/doc/base/base.tag:../base/\" href=\"../base/classSteinberg_1_1FUnknown.html#aaa3c5a2a5410d41153d7f5e3f4e0a635\">addRef</a> (); \\</div>\n<div class=\"line\"> return gPluginFactory; }</div>\n<div class=\"ttc\" id=\"classSteinberg_1_1FUnknown_html_aaa3c5a2a5410d41153d7f5e3f4e0a635\"><div class=\"ttname\"><a href=\"../base/classSteinberg_1_1FUnknown.html#aaa3c5a2a5410d41153d7f5e3f4e0a635\">Steinberg::FUnknown::addRef</a></div><div class=\"ttdeci\">virtual uint32 addRef()=0</div></div>\n</div><!-- fragment -->\n</div>\n</div>\n</div><!-- contents -->\n<html>\n <head>\n\t <title>Empty</title>\n\t <meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=iso-8859-1\">\n\t <meta name=\"Author\" content=\"Steinberg\">\n </head>\n <body>\n <br/>\n <hr width=\"100%\" size=\"2\" align=\"left\" />\n <div align=left>\n Copyright &copy;2017 <a href=\"http://www.steinberg.net\" target=\"_blank\"><u>Steinberg Media Technologies GmbH</u></a>.", "\n All Rights Reserved. ", "This documentation is under this <a href=\"http://www.steinberg.net/sdklicenses\" target=\"_blank\"><u>license</u></a>.", "\n </div>\n</body>\n</html>\n" ]

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[ "…the Voice of the Sneakerhead Community\n\nFeeture – For the Love of Jordans – The Man with the Michael Jordan Tattoo\n\nWith the rise of Jordan Brand appearing to be an unstoppable one and with more and more hype surrounding each release we decided to take a look at some folks with some serious love for the most famous number 23 ever and his signature shoe.", "\n\nOn a humid night in Queens, NY, we were lucky enough to be invited into the home of Chris Washington – the Man with the Jordan Tattoo. ", "Now of course there are plenty of Michael Jordan and Air Jordan fans out there who have taken their love of either or both to the tattoo parlour but we felt that Chris’ tattoo and the story behind it is something quite special, as is his Jordan collection, so we’ll start by saying thanks to Chris for letting us interview him and peep his tattoo and just a little bit of his Jordan collection.", "\n\nChris is a real down to earth guy in his late twenties who works for Cole Haan in the Roosevelt Field mall in New York and who from an early age was a huge fan of Michael Jordan. ", "No bandwagon jumping here as Chris told us about how he remembered watching MJ play and watching him play in his signature Nike Air Jordans. ", "He became a huge fan of Michael Jordan and a huge fan of the shoes. ", "This is a little part of the Man with the Jordan Tattoo’s story." ]

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[ "online\n\nIf you are a small business owner and don’t have a user friendly website, is that a death sentence for your business? ", "It could be!", "\n\nIn an article that I read recently online about starting and marketing your small business stated that you HAVE to be in the yellow pages or no one will be able to find your business. ", "That may have been relevant several years ago, but now an increasing number of people skip the phonebook and google it instead.", "\n\nOwners of small business, as I have been, are always thinking of different ways to make their company easier to find. ", "If your potential customer is looking for your services or products online, your yellow page ad that cost you so much money is not doing you one dimes worth of good.", "\n\nPeople are becoming an online society, even the ones that were completely against using the internet to find things that they needed for business or their household needs.", "\n\nMany friends of mine are Ranchers and farmers. ", "Most of them have resisted the progression of business purchasing etc online, but now are slowly changing over from the older methods. ", "They are doing this in two ways. ", "First they try to find things online by themselves, and second, they ask one of the younger generation that is working for them to look it up for them. ", "Either way, they are beginning to get the products and information that they need from the internet more and more. ", "This is in the really rural industry of Farming and Ranching.", "\n\nSo what is the first step to being found by customers online? ", "Have a user friendly website!", "\n\nYou will never be found online if you don’t have a website. ", "A website lets potential customers see what your company offers and how it can benefit them. ", "Here are a few things to consider when adding a website to your companies marketing strategy.", "\n\nHosting: You will need somewhere to host your website. ", "There are an amazing number of options out there for hosting and many are not what you want. ", "I look for a company with a good shared hosting plan and, (this is really important to me) 24 hour phone support. ", "A couple that I have had very good luck with are Godaddy.com and Bluehost.com. ", "Another option is to find a web developer that will take care of the Hosting for you (recommended).", "\n\nWeb-developer: Finding a good web developer is sometimes daunting, but there are many good developers out there. ", "If you are looking for the best price without sacrificing quality, look for a new developer that has some experience in design, programming and Online Marketing.", "\n\nOne more thing that is optional but is a great benefit to small business owners, especially when the owner doesn’t have online experience, is to pay a monthly fee for Online Business Management, or Website management. ", "Keeping your website up to date with your business can be a very time consuming thing and having an experienced webmaster do that work for you can pay dividends in the future.", "\n\nYes, there always seems to be more and more that you have to keep abreast of when owning a small business, but when it comes to getting your business in the black, some things are just not optional. ", "So find a good web developer and get ahead in this internet culture." ]

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[ "This Tippmann X7 Phenom folding butt stock is perfect for compact action as well as heavy fire fight.", "\nThe stock can be folded completely out of the way when you want to keep everything tight against your body for close quarter battle.", "\nWhen needed it can be open up with the shoulder support bracket to keep the stock lock in position for fast and furious fire fight. ", "Enjoy your ultimate battle with this action pack folding stock.", "\n\nThought I would like this stock. ", "In concept, I do, but it's not constructed sturdy enough. ", "The plastic feels brittle, some patterns in the molding, \"spiderwebs\" where the mold is weak, right where it meets the receiver. ", "I haven't messed w/ it much, but everytime I fold it, lots of lil black plastic flakes fall off from the locking junction of the hinge. ", "When deployed it locks sturdy side to side, but up/down there's a LOT of wiggle, enough to concern me. ", "The spring & pivot pin are WAY too weak. ", "It flops around when folded against your gun a lot, gets in the way. ", "Plan was to leave this on as I bounced from woods to speedball & just fold it out of the way. ", "I hope to get some use out of it, but as much as I baby my gear, I fully expect this to break on me in the field." ]

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[ "The video will start in 8 Cancel\n\nDon't get stuck in a rut! ", "Have the top stories straight to your inbox for free - once a day, every day Yes please! ", "Thank you for subscribing We have more newsletters Show me See our privacy notice Invalid Email\n\nA father and son who attacked two members of an animal welfare charity filming a Leicestershire fox hunt – breaking one man’s neck – have been sentenced for their crimes today.", "\n\nGeorge Grant (57) and 25-year-old Thomas Grant, both associated with the Belvoir Hunt, attacked the two monitors in March 2016.", "\n\nDarryl Cunnington, a monitoring investigator with the League Against Cruel Sports, suffered a broken neck.", "\n\nHis colleague, Roger Swain, was also injured and had his video recorder stolen.", "\n\nThe Grants, who live in Belvoir, where the hunt is based, had pleaded guilty to charges of causing grievous bodily harm, theft, criminal damage to property and assault causing actual bodily harm during an earlier trial.", "\n\n(Image: Chris Gordon)\n\nGrant senior, the Belvoir Hunt's terrier man, and his son appeared at Leicester Crown Court today to be sentenced.", "\n\nThey were each given 13 month jail sentences, suspended for two years.", "\n\nThey were also ordered to carry out 200 hours of unpaid work and to pay each pay £500 compensation to their victim.", "\n\nThe incident happened off Tofts Lane, Stathern, near Melton, as the victims were surveying the hunt’s activities – although there was no report that the hunt was acting unlawfully on that day.", "\n\nWhen the Leicester Mercury reported the incident in 2016, Mr Cunnington said: “We’d set up in woods next to the Jubilee Way path, near Stathern, about half or three-quarters of a mile from where the hunt was.", "\n\n“It’s a good vantage point and you can see for about 15 miles, and the cameras we have can film from up to a mile away.", "\n\n“We operate covertly. ", "The hunts often don’t know we’re there.", "\n\n“We see what they’re up to, whether they’re hunting illegally and, if they are, gather video evidence and write statements to pass on to the police.”", "\n\nThe attack happened at about 2.30pm. ", "However, although the emergency services attended promptly, the challenging terrain meant it took more than three hours to get Mr Cunnington on to a spinal board in a specialist vehicle.", "\n\nHe had sustained a broken vertebrae in his neck and had to wear a neck collar for about seven weeks.", "\n\nMr Cunnington told the Mercury at the time: “We travel all over the country monitoring the activities of hunts, on about 150 occasions, and I’ve never been attacked before.", "\n\n“We sometimes get a bit of verbal grief, but the hunts generally treat us differently to the hunt saboteurs because we’re professionals doing a job.”", "\n\nWe've just launched our very own app for Android and Apple devices which can be tailored to deliver the news and sport that you're interested in.", "\n\nTo download the IOS app click here.", "\n\nTo download the Android app click here." ]

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[ "Blog Stats\n\nWhere my Old writing lives!", "\n\nBest in Show? (", "Post #332)\n\nWhat I’m going to talk about happened a while ago. ", "Over the Thanksgiving holiday. ", "My mother came down to stay with us for a day or so after being flown in by my brother and his boyfriend to stay for a big turkey gathering. ", "I also visited my brother and my mom at the Palm Springs house they had rented for Thanksgiving. ", "I mention that because it’s pertinent to the story later.", "\n\nYou see, I noticed something interesting about my mom during the holiday. ", "She’s a performer. ", "I always knew she was funny, but a performer? ", "I’m not sure I would’ve said it before. ", "Often, my mother is the loudest person in the room. ", "Louder than me…with a heart of gold, mind you, but loud, nonetheless. ", "It can be hard for me -sometimes- because my mother is the light in the room. ", "And in a group setting, she likes that light shining on her. ", "I realized she’s a performer when she did one particular thing. ", "Mom was about to launch into a story for a group of invited guests, but before doing so, she literally pushed away from the table and stood up to “perform” it. ", "It was so interesting to me. ", "My brother and I (and I think I can speak for him on this point alone) have always experienced my mother as a storyteller, a ham, and the center of attention in a lot of ways. ", "My mother, however, likes to tell us that she grew up depressed and pretty much battled depression for most of her life. ", "That’s hard to reconcile with the person we see today, but I don’t doubt that it’s true.", "\n\nThe Stage…a family affair?", "\n\nAnother important thing to note – before I launch into the heart of the matter. ", "My mother (and father) have been ‘banned’ from seeing me perform stand up for many years now. ", "I think I banned them about ten years ago on the advice of my therapist. ", "The ban came about because I would do well at a show and I would get this critique from my parents…\n\n“I don’t know…,” said Mom.", "\n\n“What do you mean you don’t know?” ", "I asked. “", "The audience really seemed to like it.”", "\n\n“Well, I don’t know if you should be saying those things about Jesus…,” she replied.", "\n\n“Oh, Christ,” I said.", "\n\nWay back when I had a joke that went something like this…\n\n“I’m on the subway train and this Jesus freak gets on. ", "He’s waving a sign around and screaming, REPENT, JESUS IS COMING. ", "REPENT, JESUS IS COMING. ", "To which I respond…Well, if he’s coming tell him to stand clear of the closing doors. ", "I’d like to get to work in a reasonable amount of time.”", "\n\nNot a groundbreaking joke by any stretch, but not really soooo offensive either.", "\n\nTen years after the ban my stand up is very changed. ", "Quite frankly it’s much better. ", "I mean, She-sus Christ, I would hope it would be better after doing it for so many years.", "\n\nThe story begins thus. ", "Mom’s in town and there’s this show I want to do, but I can’t leave her at home. ", "I decide to bring her, but with a warning that she can’t critique what I do or get crazy. ", "Literally, I said this to her. ", "I said, “The ban is lifted, but don’t make me regret lifting it.”", "\n\nWifesy, mom, and I have a nice dinner and head out to the show. ", "The show begins and I’m the second person up on the bill. ", "Now, let me be clear on this…I am NOT always the best person on the show. ", "Truly. ", "There are a lot of comics I would consider way better than me. ", "However, on this particular night, I was the best. ", "It was clear. ", "There was only one other guy who was even close to the level I was performing at. ", "The guy who did as close to well as I did is an old friend of mine from the early days back in New York.", "\n\nHere’s where the story gets interesting. ", "The show wraps up and we’re all heading out. ", "Wifesy is talking to another audience member about two feet away from me and mom. ", "Mind you, mom has said NOTHING to me at this point about my set. ", "Not, “good job.” ", "Not, “funny stuff.” ", "NOTHING. ", "Perhaps it’s because of the “ban” I’m thinking. ", "My male friend who also did well on the show is standing next to me. ", "Mom walks up to him and says, “You were the best.”", "\n\nMy friend says, “No, actually SHE was the best,” and points at me.", "\n\nI say, “SHE never thinks I’m the best. ", "That’s why I do stand up,” and we both laugh.", "\n\nMeh, the other guy was better…\n\nUgh. ", "I mean are you feckin’ kidding me??!! ", "Not even one kind word?? ", "In the car all mom says to me is that “I talk too fast.” ", "Wifesy hears her say that and says, “No, actually, she doesn’t.” ", "And I -as emotionally exhausted as can be- say, “Mom, you and dad always say that. ", "I’ve been doing comedy for 16 years now. ", "I’ve been critiqued millions of times and the ONLY people who have ever said I talk too fast are you and dad.”", "\n\nGood god.", "\n\nThe next day I mention to Wifesy what my mom said about the other comic being the best on the show and Wifesy just about loses her mind.", "\n\n“Are you feckin’ kidding me????” ", "she screeches.", "\n\nAnd, thank god, in a millisecond, I feel justified.", "\n\nYou SHOULD be able to see the GOOD that your kid does whether they are 4 or 40. ", "You SHOULD be able to get past your own nonsense to see it. ", "That is your job as a parent.", "\n\nMy job as an adult is to separate from mom’s opinion of me. ", "Not easy, but a struggle worth engaging in.", "\n\nWhat about you? ", "Who is your supportive rock in your life and who is your biggest detractor? ", "Hopefully they’re not one and the same…\n\nPost navigation\n\n37 thoughts on “Best in Show? (", "Post #332)”\n\nIsn’t it funny that a parent’s critique even though you know it’s not deserved or accurate can be so cutting?! ", "No matter how old you get, it still hurts to hear the slightest of disapprovals or disappointments.", "\n\nwhy in the heck is that sh*t hard to express tho? ", "no, i get it. ", "i love her, she loves me, but – uuuuuggggggghhhhh – why the drama. ", "just say, ‘nice job’ and let’s all move on. ", "family is strange. ", "xoxox, sm\n\nthe most supportive person in my life has four legs and a cold nose, but after him, I would have to say that my older sister has become that person for me (and I’m still getting used to knowing how to believe in her sincerity) … that’s because, once upon a time, in a previous chapter in our relationship, she was also my biggest detractor … guess I finally wore her down … or maybe she finally began believing in me … or maybe she just grew up a little bit … whatever the case, it’s nice to have someone in your corner …\n\nand sad for you, that in your case, you have to make the adjustment and accept that your mom is shaking her pom-poms in your face to call attention to what she perceives as your deficiencies, rather than to cheer you on. ", "Thankfully, it sounds like you are working on identifying what is truth, and what is false, and you’re growing past her same old shtick. ", "Good for you.", "\n\nit’s so interesting that she went from your worst to your best support. ", "probably she grew up. ", "i was a sh*t to my younger brother when we were kids and now i adore the guy. ", "and i call my french bulldog my ‘writer’s assistant.’ ", "seriously. ", "yeah, my mom is wonderful in some ways and then there’s this. ", "but, i do know it’s my job to move past it, so i shall. ", "great commentary, nt. ", "thank you for stopping by here. ", "xoxo, sm\n\nOh, parents.", "\nPart of their raising method is completely mind-fuck you, then deny deny deny when called out. ", "Why, SweetMoms? ", "Why?", "\nUgh.", "\nJust as wifesy is probably yours, my lady is my biggest supporter. ", "She helped me reach the ‘so what?’ ", "phase/boost I needed to write.", "\nNow my parents are onboard, and everyone’s happy-pants.", "\n\nyep, wifesy is my biggest supporter and your lady sounds amaze-balls. ", "and that is my highest form of phrase. ", "you said so many good things here, mike. ", "like she helped me reach the ‘so what?’ ", "isn’t that the huge epiphany of any artistic pursuit… and such a necessary one. ", "and if my mother read any of this, she’d have no idea what i was talkin’ about. ", "sigh. ", "xoxo, sm\n\noh my god, my mother so does that too. ", "she says things like, ‘i don’t know why you’re not getting paid…everyone else manages to get paid.’ ", "i mean, what in the feck. ", "and nope, most people DON’T manage to get paid at their art and i get paid more than most, less then some, but christ – i’m so happy i’m in the ‘often paid’ section of my life. ", "but, moms, she will never see that. ", "in other words, i feel your paid, dear friend, i feel your pain. ", "sm\n\nYour mom sounds a lot like my mom, SM. ", "It took me a very long time to release myself from craving my mom’s acceptance. ", "Never going to happen, and I’m okay with that. ", "I also know she loves me and is proud of me even though she’ll never say it in so many words. ", "I’ve stopped making that my problem, love my mom, and tell my daughter I love her and I’m proud of her every single day. ", "xoxoM\n\nwhy is it that it is somehow built into our dna to crave their acceptance because it is. ", "but, right YOU are. ", "one must release themselves from that to become fully their own being. ", "i’m workin’ on it – day by day. ", "you, on the other hand, are giving that daughter of yours such an incredible gift. ", "that i KNOW. ", "xoxo, sm\n\nMama, my mother is also the bane of my existence. ", "I cannot stand her on every single level of mother-daughter interaction. ", "I would wax on about this, but I am not going to hijack your post. ", "Suffice it to say, I think you and I are kindred.", "\n\nkindred, indeed. ", "my mother is difficult in that she is truly the life of the party. ", "so everyone always thinks, ‘ohhhhh, she must be so great to have as a mom.’ ", "but, there’s a dark side to that upness. ", "for ex, the above. ", "lol. ", "but, truck on, we must, undercover. ", "and that sux about your mom. ", "in my mind, you do NOT deserve that. ", "XOXO, SM\n\nYou wrote about your mom today, and I wrote about being a mom. ", "I hope my kids will see me clearly, but I think it’s hard to see our parents without our child filters. ", "My mom made it really hard, very critical, but I also see her differently as the years go on. ", "My friends are my support system and I am my own worst enemy/detractor. ", "Come by and say hi Mom. ", "It’s been ages!", "\n\ni’m so busy looking for a ‘real’ job, second mom. ", "as you can see from my own blog, i’m having a hard time keeping up with my own comments. ", "but, i promise i’ll stop in and i promise it will be soon. ", "as for moms, you are a good one. ", "that’s easy to see. ", "mine is too, but she has a VERY hard time seeing her own faults. ", "in her mind, i’m ‘making things up.’ ", "sigh. ", "but, an adult’s job is to move past it. ", "so, that’s what i do. ", "xoxo, sm\n\nWow; it’s a bummer eh… As far as giving me words of appreciation, my parents are very supportive. ", "The only people giving me more praise are my in-laws but they are just insanely nice. ", "Yet my parents also have very high standards of ‘success’ and I’ve noticed I’ve grown so needy of their praise that when I don’t get it, or when they openly criticise something, it feels like the end of the world for a while. ", "Trying to address that recently…\n\nI take it she doesn’t read your blog. ", "I can totally relate from a writing perspective. ", "I receive glowing compliments about my writing from total strangers on a regular basis, but neither my mother or father follow my blog. ", "Mom says that “it’s just not her thing.” ", "Dad still chastises me when I drop an F-bomb, B-bomb, S-bomb…any bomb at all. ", "I fear that if he ever actually read my blog, he’d have an aneurysm.", "\n\nNo matter what your mom says, I bet you were the best!", "\n\nI could add so much more here, but it’s your blog, not mine. ", "One day, we should chat about this topic. ", "Really.", "\n\nohhhhhh, why do mothers do that, why??!! ", "as for the blog, i’ve banned my mother from my facebook TWICE. ", "literally unfriended her and blocked her. ", "my own mother. ", "but, i don’t want her judging and my social media stuff has really become an outlet for my creativity. ", "so, it’s mine. ", "plain and simple. ", "and that sucks about your parents. ", "your blog is fantastic. ", "WHAT IS WRONG WITH PEOPLE??!! ", "xoxo, sm\n\nI have had three mothers in my life:\nFirst mother, gave birth to me and gave me up for adoption. ", "I met her when I was 25, struggled with a relationship with her for years gave up. ", "Now many years later we have re-connected peacefully. ", "She is crazy but kinder.", "\n\nSecond mother, she adopted me and beat the hell out of me for 30 years. ", "Physically and emotionally. ", "She was toxic as anyone in my life. ", "At 35 I cut her out of my life. ", "For the sake of my baby brother I now assist with her care both financially and emotionally. ", "I can do this because she has dementia and doesn’t remember a thing, including who I am most of the time.", "\n\nThird mother, step-mother and heart mother. ", "She married my dad twenty years after his divorce from second mother. ", "She was also my aunt (widow of his brother). ", "I had known her all my life. ", "She was my rock for a great number of years, even before she married my dad. ", "I miss her even today.", "\n\nI have a few supporters, friends who I have known for years. ", "But honestly? ", "I am pretty isolated (self-imposed). ", "I am my biggest detractor.", "\n\nFunny what our parents do to us, sometimes out of fear; sometimes out of self-denial. ", "Sometimes out of plain old ignorance their words cut like knifes.", "\n\nthank god for your step-mom. ", "seriously. ", "you are such a dear person, sweet val. ", "you didn’t deserve any of that. ", "and i’m so glad on the third try it was done right. ", "and i can not believe how many people said they were their OWN detractors in this forum. ", "such a popular answer and such an interesting thing. ", "if we could only love ourselves a bit more, i suppose. ", "xoxo, sm\n\nYou’re right, of course – they should be supportive. ", "I’m sorry. ", "Nothing totally takes away the sting of that sort of stuff, but how great that you have people around you to not only recognize your skill, but speak up about it.", "\n\nIt’s funny, because I can’t even say who my biggest supporter/detractor is. ", "This will sound weird – and probably boastful – but when I was a youngun’ a lot of people (teachers, family friends, etc.) ", "thought I was destined for very big things. ", "For some reason, this meant that no one ever gave me advice or encouragement of what to do; how to proceed. ", "Mostly I just got warnings about how bad it is to stand out too much. ", "So my detractors have been subtle but dedicated. ", "You know the scene in Gone W/ The Wind with the endless field of wounded soldiers? ", "That’s basically a metaphor for my career decisions, when left to my own devices. ", "So that would make my biggest detractor… me?… ", "I’m not sure.", "\n\nAh, never mind. ", "I got very little sleep last night. ", "My comment appears to be incoherent griping, doesn’t it…\n\nthat is so interesting, byronic. ", "and i do think the ‘direction’ thing is HUGE. ", "praise without direction is nothing, but hot air. ", "i loved your comment. ", "didn’t feel like griping at all. ", "in fact, it was a totally unique perspective. ", "so, thank you for leaving it here. ", "xo, sm\n\nI’m in your boat: my husband is my biggest supporter, and my mom is my biggest detractor. ", "She never has anything positive or supportive to say. ", "I don’t think she does it on purpose, but it still drives me up a wall.", "\n\n‘i don’t think she does it on purpose…’ that’s the funny thing, i don’t think my mom does either. ", "and if you tried to tell her about it, she wouldn’t see it at all. ", "she’d just feel defensive/ attacked. ", "don’t know why people behave like this with the ppl they love the most. ", "i know my mom love me, i’m sure your mom loves you — SO WHAT IN THE FECK ARE THEY DOING??!! ", "thank god for our partners. ", "seriously. ", "xoxo, sm\n\nIt’s odd how we always, no matter how old we are, want our parent’s approval. ", "I think it is a mistake.", "\n\nSurprisingly, for me, I found when I needed it the most the people I thought would be the most supportive weren’t. ", "Not at all. ", "The people I would have expected wouldn’t care either way were right there for me propping me up.", "\n\n-sigh- Do I ever know how you feel. ", "Many years ago I invited my parents over for lunch. ", "It was a bit of a celebration, for me at least, because I had just received a slim little book that contained my first ever published user manual [I was doing tech writing back then].", "\n\nI brought this beautiful little book out with coffee and handed it to my parents. ", "I knew they wouldn’t have a clue about the contents, but my NAME was right there, on the front.", "\n\nThe reaction from both parents was the Hungarian equivalent of ‘That’s nice dear, can I have another coffee?’ ", "I gave up after that. ", "Apparently nothing could compensate for not having what they termed a ‘proper’ job.", "\n\nFirst of all, I’ve seen your standup and you rock. ", "It’s your delivery. ", "You are one of those people who can harness what makes you unique to make whatever you’re saying funny. ", "Chris Rock does it. ", "He’s the only example I can think of off the top of my head but really, he’s Chris Rock, a funny motherfecker–do we really need another example?", "\nSecond, I’m dumb-founded that your mom did that. ", "Maybe she feels that she is keeping you grounded. ", "I haven’t even met her so I can’t really do anything but speak out my @ss on the subject. ", "However, if I were to venture a guess (because I’m prone to speaking out my @ss), given what you said about her natural inclination to perform, I would say that there is a bit of envy there. ", "You are doing the thing that she might not even admit to herself that she really wants to do and it bothers her. ", "That would be my guess. ", "Now I will tell my @ss to shut up." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDoes Stack Overflow use EventSourcing to keep tracking of each change on a post edit?", "\n\nI'm curious to know how does Stack Overflow store the revisions/versions of each post edition in the database?", "\nDoes it represent each edition version in the database, following the Temporal Pattern?", "\nMeaning each time an edition is submitted, a new insertion is made incrementing the edition version?", "\nOr does it implement Event Sourcing? ", "Storing only events and replaying them to build the history.", "\n\nA:\n\nNo, no Event Sourcing here. ", "\nWe have a PostHistory table with timestamps - not exactly a temporal pattern either (no version/edition field). ", "This table records any changed post.", "\nThe Posts table holds the current version of a post.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "condition:\n-excellent overall pre-owned condition\n-care tag has been removed for comfort\n-still has a slight perfume smell\n-this is a consignment item and is only available for a limited time\n-see pics for details" ]

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[ "Hemo the Magnificent\n\nHemo the Magnificent is a one-hour Technicolor made-for-television educational film, released in 1957 by Bell Laboratories and directed by Frank Capra, and first telecast by CBS. ", "It details the workings of the circulatory system. ", "Although Time magazine gave it an extremely negative review, calling it \"condescending\" and citing it as an example of how the scientific information was presumably \"dumbed down\" by including cute cartoon animals, it quickly became a classic of the genre, featuring incredibly detailed television animations for its time. ", "It is one in a series of nine Bell Telephone science specials telecast in prime time on commercial network television, from the late 1950s to the mid-1960s. ", "All but one of these specials starred Frank C. Baxter; the last of them starred Walt Disney.", "\n\nBaxter played his usual role as \"Dr. Research\", the resident scientist in the film series. ", "Richard Carlson played the other recurring character in The Bell Laboratory Science Series, a writer for television. ", "Several well-known voice artists were employed for the animated sequences, including Marvin Miller as the title character, Hemo. ", "Also appearing were Mel Blanc and June Foray, as a squirrel and a deer respectively. ", "Sterling Holloway appeared in an uncredited role as a lab assistant.", "\n\nHemo the Magnificent and another Bell Laboratories film, Our Mr. Sun, were favorites for showing in school science classrooms.", "\n\nHome media\nThe film was released on DVD with another film featuring Dr. Baxter, The Unchained Goddess (1958).", "\n\nIn popular culture\nA brief sequence from Hemo the Magnificent is seen in the film Gremlins and also in Disney's Bill Nye the Science Guy. ", "One of the evil gremlins sneaks into a classroom while the science teacher (Glynn Turman) is showing Hemo to the class.", "\n\nThe film is mentioned in the Freaks and Geeks episode \"Discos and Dragons\" by the A/V supervisor.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:American films\nCategory:1957 animated films\nCategory:1957 films\nCategory:Sponsored films\nCategory:American television films\nCategory:Bell Labs\nCategory:1950s educational films\nCategory:Films directed by Frank Capra\nCategory:1950s American animated films" ]

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[ "Welcome to the Chicago Beer Pass : Your ticket to all the great beer events happening in and around Chicago.", "\n\nThis week on Chicago Beer Pass it’s Brad Chmielewski & Nik White back in the studio, no guest this time. ", "If you missed last weeks episode with Frank Lassandrello, the Brewmaster at Motor Row Brewing be sure to check it out. ", "Before diving into the events this week Brad and Nik talk about a few breweries they hit up and give a little re-cap of Beerhoptacular.", "\n\nComing up this weekend is FOBAB! ", "FOBAB is an amazing festival and slightly overshadows a lot of other events during the week but there are still a few worth checking out. ", "One of those events that you should check out is November 10th at Village Tap and is their “2016 Couldn’t Get a Ticket to FoBaB Barrel Aged Beer Event.” ", "This event is a great excuse to go drink some barrel aged beers.", "\n\nCheers & thanks for listen to Chicago Beer Pass!", "\n\n\n\nHaving issues listening to the audio? ", "Try the MP3 (46.4 MB) or subscribe to the podcast on iTunes or Stitcher.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "US taxpayers could be on the hook for as much as $24 billion to rescue embattled Washington Mutual, the country’s No. ", "1 savings and loan, a top banking analyst is warning.", "\n\nThe jaw-dropping tab would come in the form of federal mortgage loss guarantees needed to coax a buyer into purchasing WaMu, according to Landeburg Thalmann’s Dick Bove, whose view on the need for a federal backstop is shared by an official with the Office of Thrift Supervision, WaMu’s regulator.", "\n\nBove, in an exclusive interview with The Post, said the crushing $32.5 billion in mortgage defaults he is estimating WaMu will face over the next five quarters will force the federal government to guarantee as much as $24 billion in losses on defaulted option-ARM and subprime mortgages and home-equity lines of credit, or HELOCs.", "\n\nAfter crunching numbers on WaMu’s balance sheet, Bove said a sale price for the Seattle-based bank could be in the neighborhood of $2 a share. ", "The possibility that WaMu will be sold, he said, increased recently.", "\n\n“Killinger was fighting to shrink the balance sheet and keep the bank independent,” Bove told The Post. “", "By adding Fishman, who’s known as a guy who can get a bank ready for a sale, they removed an important obstacle.”", "\n\nBove was referring to the ouster last week of Kerry Killinger, the longtime WaMu CEO, who had steadfastly balked at selling the thrift. ", "Alan Fishman, the new CEO, was in charge of Independence Savings Bank when it was sold to Sovereign in 2006.", "\n\nWaMu shares have fallen 80 percent this year under the weight of a balance sheet that held:\n\n* $52.9 billion in Option ARM mortgages.", "\n\n* $60.4 billion in HELOC loans.", "\n\n* $16.1 billion in subprime mortgages.", "\n\nKillinger fueled WaMu’s rapid expansion by pressing hard into the dicey areas of the negative amortization mortgage business.", "\n\nBove estimates that 25 percent of WaMu’s holdings in these three products – or $32.4 billion could be a loss by the end of 2009.", "\n\nAn OTS official, speaking on the condition of anonymity, agreed with Bove’s loss rates but saw even higher loss rates, at 35 percent on some regions.", "\n\nWith its mortgage assets crumbling, WaMu has been working hard to maintain its deposit base – $181.9 billion as of June 30 – by offering some of the best interest rates in the sector.", "\n\nThe move seems to have worked as WaMu reported last week that the deposit base held steady.", "\n\nOne veteran mergers and acquisition-focused banker who has recently reviewed the bank’s books described Washington Mutual’s predicament as one of the most challenging he’d seen.", "\n\nThe potential acquirers of WaMu include Wells Fargo, HSBC and Royal Bank of Canada and the Royal Bank of Scotland.", "\n\nBove thinks Wells Fargo would benefit the most from savings in combining similar operation costs, and is the most viable candidate for a WaMu buy. ", "Wells Fargo has told analysts they continue to look for acquisitions in banking that have fill-in opportunities. ", "It refused to comment further.", "\n\nWhile taxpayers are likely to take a hit on WaMu, TPG, the private equity group that recently invested in the thrift at $8 a share, will get back 100 percent of its investment if there is a change of control in WaMu within 18 months." ]

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[ "\nHas physicist's gravity theory solved 'impossible' dark energy riddle? - ", "BerislavLopac\nhttps://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jan/25/has-physicists-gravity-theory-solved-impossible-dark-energy-riddle\n======\nssivark\nLooking at the paper abstract it seems like an interesting technical exercise\nto learn from. ", "One of the challenges with ascribing a tiny mass to the\ngraviton is that all the nice properties (symmetries) we’re used to in the\ncontext will go out of the window. ", "Maybe there are some intricate tricks which\nwill unlock most of the value of having those exact symmetries.", "\n\nFurther, if the graviton has a mass, then it would be very\nsurprising/difficult to reconcile it with observational evidence. ", "Forces\nmediated by massive force carriers have an exponentially decaying effect over\ndistance (dominating over the inverse-square effect). ", "That would seriously\nclash with our understanding of the action of gravity over large/cosmological\ndistances.", "\n\n------\neddietejeda\nGood talk on the challenges of modifying gravity:\n[https://youtu.be/iu7LDGhSi1A?t=1159](https://youtu.be/iu7LDGhSi1A?t=1159)\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to send both HTML and Javascript through Ajax\n\nI want to retrieve HTML and Javascript from the same page using AJAX calls. ", "However, I'm not sure what the best, cleanest, and safest way to do this is. ", "I want my Javascript to edit an already defined object on the client. ", "So far, my idea is:\nClient-side script executed on some event:\ngetMoreStuff = function () {\n $.ajax({\n url: '/someRoute',\n success: function (data) {\n $data = $(data);\n $things = $data.find('#things');\n $('#content').append($things);\n // Execute the script\n }\n })\n}\n\nBody of AJAX request:\n<div id=\"things\">\n <div class=\"post\">...</div>\n <div class=\"post\">...</div>\n <div class=\"post\">...</div>\n <div class=\"post\">...</div>\n <div class=\"post\">...</div>\n</div>\n<script>\n (function() {\n window.things || (window.things = []);\n things.concat([...some array...]);\n })();\n</script>\n\nI'm not sure if my jQuery code executes it when I define $data. ", "Or should I send the script as a string and use eval?", "\nWould this work?", "\n$(document.body).append($data.find('script'));\n\nA:\n\nSee dataType here\n\n\"html\": Returns HTML as plain text; included script tags are evaluated\n when inserted in the DOM.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Stuckenia\n\nStuckenia is a genus of flowering plants. ", "It contains 32 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars found in the nearly worldwide seas. ", "Pondweed is a common name for plants in this genus.", "\n\nDescription\nThese herbs present rhizomes but not turions; the tubers can be absent or present. ", "The main difference between Stuckenia and Potamogeton is that the stipule joins the leaf base, when it is pulled the sheath and stipule comes away, similar to a grass sheath and ligule.", "\n\nSpecies\n Stuckenia aldanensis \n Stuckenia amblyophylla \n Stuckenia arctovaginata \n Stuckenia austrosibirica \n Stuckenia borealis \n Stuckenia bottnica \n Stuckenia carbonata \n Stuckenia chakassiensis \n Stuckenia clavata \n Stuckenia fennica \n Stuckenia filiformis (Slenderleaf-pondweed) \n Stuckenia gibbosa \n Stuckenia helvetica \n Stuckenia interior \n Stuckenia macrocarpa \n Stuckenia marina \n Stuckenia matyrensis \n Stuckenia meinshausenii \n Stuckenia mirabilis \n Stuckenia mongolica \n Stuckenia omoloica \n Stuckenia palaeofiliformis \n Stuckenia pamirica \n Stuckenia pectinata (Fennel pondweed, sago pondweed) \n Stuckenia praepectinata \n Stuckenia praevaginata \n Stuckenia pseudorostrata \n Stuckenia punensis \n Stuckenia sakmarensis \n Stuckenia striata (Broadleaf pondweed) \n Stuckenia subretusa \n Stuckenia suecica \n Stuckenia tenuicarpa \n Stuckenia vaginata (Sheathed pondweed) \n Stuckenia vaginatoides \n Stuckenia zosteracea\n\nReferences\n\n Börner, C. 1912. ", "Botanisch-systematische Notizen. ", "Abhandl. ", "Naturwiss. ", "Vereine. ", "Bremen 21: 245--282. ", "\n Doweld, A. B. 2015. ", "On the nomenclature of fossil Stuckenia (Potamogetonaceae). ", "Phytotaxa 236: 86-90.", "\n Holub, J. 1997. ", "Stuckenia :* Börner 1912---”the correct name for Coleogeton (Potamogetonaceae). ) ", "Preslia 69: 361--366.", "\n The INTERNATIONAL FOSSIL PLANT NAMES INDEX|23-Mar-16\n Les, D. H. and R. R. Haynes. ", "1996. ", "Coleogeton (Potamogetonaceae), a new genus of pondweeds. ", "Novon 6: 389--391.", "\n Moore, E. 1913. ", "The potamogetons in relation to pond culture. ", "Bull Bureau Fish. ", "33: 251--291.", "\n Reveal, J. L. 1977. ", "Potamogetonaceae. ", "In: A. Cronquist et al. ", "1972+. ", "Intermountain Flora. ", "Vascular Plants of the :* Intermountain West, U.S.A. 4+ vols. ", "New York and London. ", "Vol. ", "6, pp. ", "24--42.", "\n\nCategory:Potamogetonaceae" ]

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[ "What a great work. ", "The more you look at it the more you see in the details. ", "Real Good Job. ", "I can't add any helpful hints or criticisms because I can only barely draw water from a well much less draw anything more than stick people. ", "That's why I try to concentrate on taking the occasional good picture with my dated 5 meg Kodak DX7590." ]

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[ "BLACK STAR RIDERS FRONTMAN RICKY WARWICK ON SINGING THIN LIZZY MATERIAL LIVE FOR THE FIRST TIME: ” I STUDIED PHIL LYNOTT AND HOW HE SANG..I WANTED TO KNOW THE SONGS BACKWARDS”\n\nRuben Mosqueda of the Oregon Music News spoke with Black Star Rider’s frontman Ricky Warwick. ", "Excerpts from the interview appear below.", "\n\nOMN: There was a little bit of a bug planted in [guitarists] Scott’s [Gorham] ear by Joe Elliot [Def Leppard] to call you up wasn’t there?", "\n\nRW: Yeah, I think that was pretty much where it came about. ", "Joe has been a huge supporter and champion of my work. ", "Joe was in the studio with Scott remastering some of the Thin Lizzy albums a couple of years or so ago. ", "Scott mentioned to Joe that he wanted to put Thin Lizzy back together he asked Joe if he had any ideas on a singer. ", "Joe said that he should talk to me about it. ", "We had worked together before and he liked the way I sang. ", "I got a call from Scott I thought nothing of it. ", "Scott and I have been friends for a while, I’d speak with Scott every 6 months or so. ", "We talked about life and family as we typically do and then he asked if I wanted to sing for Thin Lizzy? ", "I immediately said yes! [", "laughs].", "\n\nOMN: Anyone who knows rock music knows that Def Leppard are a high energy, electrifying rock ‘n’ roll band. ", "You came out to support them with just an acoustic guitar? ", "That sounds terrifying. ", "Was it?", "\n\nRW: [Laughs] Oh you could just hear the groans from the crowd as I walked on stage with my acoustic guitar! [", "laughs] Here we go another singer/songwriter! [", "laughs] Listen, anyone that knows me knows that I’m a diehard rocker. ", "I took the stage with my guitar slung low and I beat the hell out of the guitar. ", "I’m there to entertain, I want to entertain; I’m not there to wallow in self pity and stuff like that. ", "I have a fantastic life and a fantastic job. ", "I’m very lucky. ", "When I’m on stage I want to enjoy myself and I want those who came out to see the show to enjoy themselves as well. ", "The [Def] Leppard fans were truly great to me and accepted me; it was one of the best experiences of my life.", "\n\nOMN: I asked you earlier about being scared coming out in front of an audience of Def Leppard fans with an acoustic guitar. ", "I would have to believe that going out in front of a Thin Lizzy audience must have been even scarier than that? ", "What was going through your head when you stepped on stage to sing these classic songs?", "\n\nRW: [long pause] You know without a doubt that was the scariest thing that I’ve ever done in my life. ", "The first show I did with the band was in Aberdeen, Scotland the show was sold out. ", "We started out the show behind this huge curtain that would then drop and we’d kick into Are You Ready. ", "I remember standing on the riser behind the curtain and being able to smell the anticipation of the crowd. ", "My knees went, my mouth dried and I said to myself “What did you get yourself into? ", "What am I doing?” ", "I remember talking to a friend prior to the show and he said “After tonight no matter what happens your life will never be the same again.” ", "He was right. ", "Leading up to the first show we had done countless rehearsals. ", "I recall that I have from May to December to get my stuff together. ", "We all know the Thin Lizzy choruses but the hard part was learning the third verse to this song or that song. ", "I had 25 [Thin] Lizzy songs that I learned inside out and I really do mean inside out. ", "For a period of six months I didn’t listen to anything other than Thin Lizzy. ", "I listened to a lot of [Thin] Lizzy anyway but this more than usual. ", "My wife works for a record label and she’d say “You have to check this band out.” ", "I would reply “Nope I’m not doing it!” [", "laughs] It went beyond listening to the music I studied Phil Lynott and how he sang and how he wrote. ", "I was fully immersed for that six months and I do believe that by having done that it allowed me to do a respectful job when singing his songs. ", "I wanted to know the songs backwards! ", "I worked my ass off, I really did. ", "I know there will never be another Phil Lynott and he can never be replaced; but if people can leave the venue thinking that’s as close as it’s ever going to get. ", "Then that’s a great honor.", "\n\nWe were prepared but ever on the first tour Ruben it took 3-4 songs before the crowd settled down. ", "It was like they didn’t know what I was going to sound like, if I was going to screw things up, was it going to be any good–all that. ", "Let’s be honest I would be thinking the same thing if I was out there with them! [", "laughs] So it certainly took those 3-4 songs before you started looking out into the crowd and seeing in their faces “You know what? ", "This guy is pretty good!”", "\n\nOMN: So you toured for three years then you reconvened to write some new music. ", "What inspired the change from Thin Lizzy toStar Riders? ", "was it due to the departure of of Brian Downey and Darren Wharton?", "\n\nRW: Well we had been on the road for a long time and one of the things that kept coming up was if we were going to write new material. ", "I started writing with Damon [Johnson] and demoing songs for a new album. ", "It was at that juncture that a couple of things happened Brian Downey expressed that he didn’t want to be on the road that much. ", "You have to keep in mind we were doing something like 150 shows a year since Scott [Gorham] launched this version of Thin Lizzy. ", "Shortly after we noticed that Darren [Wharton] was feeling the same. ", "They didn’t want to be on the road anymore where Scott, Damon, Marco and I are the road dogs–we’ll do that 150 shows per year, no problem. ", "As time went on in the songwriting process Darren, Brian, and Scott all reflected on what would be the new Thin Lizzy album in 30 years. ", "It was without Phil Lynott and it was really weird. ", "I think Marco and I as long time Thin Lizzy fans were thrilled to be getting our names on a new Thin Lizzy album but it felt like we were taking things a step too far. ", "Phil’s not here and maybe we should let the legacy be the legacy. ", "So all that came to a head; we had a band meeting and we all let it pour out. ", "We decided right there and then that we would record a new album, that Brian and Darren would step aside. ", "We brought in drummer Jimmy Degrasso and we carried on as Black Star Riders. ", "We can still play the Thin Lizzy songs in the Black Star Rider set—it’s the best of both worlds I think.", "\n\nOMN: Ricky I believe you’re the man responsible for naming the band correct?", "\n\nRW: Yeah that’s right. ", "You know they left it up to me. ", "Scott said “You come up with the lyrics, you come up with the name!” [", "laughs].", "\n\nOMN: As a fan of Thin Lizzy I’m curious what your thought was on the John Sykes and Scott Gorham re-launch of Thin Lizzy?", "\n\nRW: I never saw it live for whatever reason I was working really hard on the solo stuff at the time. ", "I was touring hard and never managed to get to a show. ", "John is a great guitar player and a great singer too. ", "He was a part of Thin Lizzy…they had every right to go out [as Thin Lizzy]. ", "Who am I to criticize them for doing that? ", "What I have hear it was great. ", "John came in at the tail end of Thin Lizzy’s career and they went for this harder and more metal kind of sound. ", "That’s fine. ", "I think the difference between John and I is that I’m a ‘dirty rock ‘n’ roller.’ ", "I’d like to think that I kept Lizzy more in the same vibe that it was; more rock ‘n’ roll. ", "That’s certainly no slight on John; two different people, two different takes.", "\n\nRead more at the Oregon Music News.", "\n\nsource: oregonmusicnews.com\n\nAmazon.com Widgets" ]

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[ "Pseudopanurgus parvus\n\nPseudopanurgus parvus is a species of bee in the family Andrenidae. ", "It is found in North America.", "\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n \n \n\nCategory:Andrenidae\nCategory:Articles created by Qbugbot\nCategory:Insects described in 1892" ]

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[ "Rains’ Long Jacket is a longer version of the urban Jacket and both are essential Rains classics. ", "Made from a water-resistant lightweight fabric with a matte finish, this unisex rain jacket has an elegant appearance. ", "Designed in a casual raincoat silhouette, it has double welded slanting pocket flaps, adjustable cuffs and a fishtail.", "\n\nSubscribe to our newsletter and read about travel, architecture, food, fashion and art in addition to staying updated with Rains.", "\n\nThis website uses cookies to give you the best shopping experience. ", "By continuing to browse the website we assume that you agree to use of such cookies. ", "Learn more about cookies and how we use them." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "export 'tiktok/tiktok_page.dart';\nexport 'auto_change_next_source_page.dart';\nexport 'download_page.dart';\nexport 'full_video_page.dart';\nexport 'window_video_page.dart';\nexport 'file_video_page.dart';" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0 ]

[ "@doc{tests specific aspects of generic functions and generic data-types in Rascal}\nmodule lang::rascal::tests::basic::Generics\n\nimport Exception;\nimport util::Maybe;\n\ndata Wrapper[&SAME] = something(&SAME wrapped);\nalias Graph[&SAME] = rel[&SAME from, &SAME to];\n\n@doc{it matters for testing that '&SAME' is the same name as in the definition of Wrapper}\n&SAME getIt(Wrapper[&SAME] x) = x.wrapped;\n\ntest bool hygienicGenericADT() {\n // in the same context, we bind the same type parameter in\n // different ways to see if nothing is leaking.", "\n int i = something(1).wrapped;\n int j = getIt(something(2));\n int k = getIt(something(3));\n str x = something(\"x\").wrapped;\n str y = getIt(something(\"y\"));\n \n return i == 1 && j == 2 && k == 3\n && x == \"x\" && y == \"y\";\n}\n\nint recursiveGenericFunction(&T n) {\n if (str _() := n) {\n return 0;\n }\n \n // test rebinding the generic type to another unrelated type: \n assert recursiveGenericFunction(\"\"()) == 0;\n \n if (str _(value arg) := n) {\n // call a recursive function, if the type resolution is not hygienic,\n // then &T would be bound to itself or to a caller instance type\n // which might lead to infinite instantiation cycles in vallang\n // if not corrected for.", "\n return 1 + recursiveGenericFunction(arg);\n }\n \n return 1;\n}\n\ntest bool genericFunction1() = recursiveGenericFunction(\"aap\"(\"noot\")) == 2;\ntest bool genericFunction2() = recursiveGenericFunction(\"aap\"(\"noot\"(\"mies\"))) == 3;\n\nbool less(&T a, &T b) = a < b;\n\ntest bool lessIsConsistentThroughTypeParameters(num x, num y) = (x < y) ==> less(x, y);\n\n&T avoidEmpty(list[&T] _) { return 1; }\n&T avoidEmpty(list[&T] _) { throw \"this should happen\"; }\n\ntest bool voidReturnIsNotAllowed() {\n try {\n return avoidEmpty([]); \n } catch \"this should happen\":\n return true;\n}\n\n&T cast(type[&T] _, value x) = y when &T y := x;\n\ntest bool typeParametersAreCheckedStaticallyButAlsoBoundDynamically() {\n // statically type[num] but dynamically type[int]\n type[num] t = #int;\n num r = 1r2;\n \n try {\n // we can only guarantee cast will return `num`\n // but it should still fail because r is not an int\n // the run-time does not know the static types of all expressions\n // passed to a generic function, so all it has are the dynamic\n // types then. ", "Even for reified types this is the case, due\n // to the co-variance of the type[_] type.", "\n num n = cast(t, r); \n return false;\n }\n catch CallFailed(_):\n return true;\n}\n\n// the filter functies guarantees statically all elements will be sub-type of the static instance of &T at the call\n// site, by making sure to use the _dynamic_ type of the reified type value t during pattern matching! ", "The compiler\n// does not require to maintain information about static types at run-time because of this.", "\nlist[&T] \\filter(type[&T] _, list[value] elems) = [e | &T e <- elems];\n\ntest bool typeParametersAreCheckedStaticallyButAlsoBoundDynamically2() \n = [1,2,3] == \\filter(#int, [1, \"1\", 1r, 2, \"2\", 1r2, 3, \"3\", 1r3]);\n \ntest bool typeParametersAreCheckedStaticallyButAlsoBoundDynamically2_2() \n = [1,2,3] == \\filter(t, [1, \"1\", 1r, 2, \"2\", 1r2, 3, \"3\", 1r3]) when type[num] t := #int; \n \ntest bool typeParametersAreCheckedStaticallyButAlsoBoundDynamically3() \n = [1,1r,2,1r2,3,1r3] == \\filter(#num, [1, \"1\", 1r, 2, \"2\", 1r2, 3, \"3\", 1r3]); \n \ntest bool typeParametersAreCheckedStaticallyButAlsoBoundDynamically3_2() \n = [1,1r,2,1r2,3,1r3] == \\filter(t, [1, \"1\", 1r, 2, \"2\", 1r2, 3, \"3\", 1r3]) when type[value] t := #num; \n \ntest bool typeParametersAreCheckedStaticallyButAlsoBoundDynamically3_3() \n = [1,\"1\",1r,2,\"2\",1r2,3,\"3\",1r3] == \\filter(t, [1, \"1\", 1r, 2, \"2\", 1r2, 3, \"3\", 1r3]) when type[value] t := #value; \n \ntest bool staticTypeParametersKeepElementLabelsAlsoWithListMatch() {\n &T first([&T head, *&T _]) = head;\n \n lrel[int first, int second] myList = [<1,2>,<2,3>];\n \n myElem = first(myList);\n \n return myElem.first == 1 && myElem.second == 2;\n} \n\ntest bool staticTypeParametersKeepElementLabelsAlsoWithSetMatch() {\n &T take({&T some, *&T _}) = some;\n \n rel[int first, int second] mySet = {<1,2>,<2,3>};\n \n myElem = take(mySet);\n \n return myElem.first == 1 && myElem.second == 2;\n} \n\ntest bool recursiveOverloadedGenericFunction() {\n str f(int i) = \"<i>\";\n str f(map[&K, &V] m) = \"(<for (k <- m) {><f(k)>:<f(m[k])>, <}>)\";\n str f(list[&E] l) = \"[<for (e <- l) {><f(e)>, <}>]\";\n \n return f((1:(1:2))) == \"(1:(1:2, ), )\";\n}\n\n\ntest bool voidMaybeShouldShouldThrowException() {\n &T testFunction(Maybe[&T] m) = m.val; \n \n try {\n Maybe[value] m = nothing();\n value x = testFunction(m);\n return x !", "= 123; // this comparison never happens\n }\n catch NoSuchField(_) :\n return true;\n}\n\ntest bool voidListsShouldThrowException() {\n tuple[&T, list[&T]] headTail(list[&T] l) {\n if ([&T h, *&T t] := l) {\n return <h, t>;\n }\n \n fail;\n }\n \n try {\n list[value] m = [];\n tuple[value,list[value]] x = headTail(m);\n return x !", "= <123,[456]>; // this comparison never happens\n }\n catch CallFailed([[]]) :\n return true;\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.01107011070110701, 0.0014064697609001407, 0, 0, 0.0031746031746031746, 0, 0.0021344717182497333, 0.0027548209366391185, 0.009900990099009901 ]

[ "Data processing unit\n\nA data processing unit (DPU) is a programmable electronic component that processes streams of data.", " The data is transmitted to and from the component as multiplexed packets of information.", " DPUs have the generality and the programmability of central processing units but are specialized to operate efficiently on networking packets, storage requests or analytics requests.", "\n\nA DPU differentiates itself from a CPU by a larger degree of parallelism (required to process lots of requests) and from a GPU by a MIMD architecture rather an SIMD architecture (required as each request needs to make different decisions and follow a different path through the chip).", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Electronics\nCategory:Data processing" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0, 0.01048951048951049, 0 ]

[ "\"What if we tore down that wall over there?\" \"", "For special events.\" \"", "I mean, how hard is it to take down a wall?\" \"", "How much is this gonna cost?\" \"", "Well, more than we made tonight.\" \"", "If there's someone that you care about in this world, the risk lies in not letting them know while you have the chance.\" \"", "Shelby, will you marry me?\" \"", "Yes?\" \"", "I almost choked to death the other day on a donut hole, which is why I'm here, to tell you\" \"I like you.\" \"", "Actually, I'm pretty sure that you are the one for me and...\" \"Are you out of your freaking mind right now?\" \"!\" \"", "I am sorry you almost choked to death with a head full of regrets, but next time, take smaller bites.\" \"", "Hello, I am vodka.\" \"", "Hello, vodka.\" \"", "I'm coffee liqueur.\" \"", "Mwah.\" \"", "Okay, uh, this is weird.\" \"", "It's like an episode of Sesame Street they decided to never air.\" \"", "These are the ingredients for a mind eraser drink that the Internet guarantees will erase your brain of anything stupid you might have done last night or anything you might have said that you very, very much regret.\" \"", "Yeah, Zoe, what the hell was that last night?\" \"", "I mean, I'm with Tansy now.\" \"", "We have been over...\" \"Over this.\" \"", "I know.\" \"", "I am so sorry.\" \"", "It was a crazy thing to do.\" \"", "I've been a little crazy lately.\" \"", "You're a lawyer.\" \"", "You've heard of the insanity defense.\" \"", "Yeah, but those people still get locked up.\" \"", "Zoe, I just need to know that this is not gonna be a nightly occurrence, okay?\" \"", "No, one time thing, I swear.\" \"", "Well, that's also what the guy across the river says about letting his dog out at obscene hours of the evening, but still, every night at 2:30 a.m.,\" \"I hear, \"Go potty.\" \"", "Go potty.\" \"", "Go potty.\"\" \"", "I promise.\" \"", "Look, I never should have brought my craziness to you.\" \"", "I felt so bad that I didn't sleep all night.\" \"", "While I wasn't sleeping, I had a revelation, and I started an online dating profile.\" \"", "You're online dating now?\" \"", "Yup, moving on.\" \"", "Fishing in a whole new pond.\" \"", "The dating world no longer knows me as Dr. Zoe Hart.\" \"", "I am my screen name, LetsGetAPhysical.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Yeah, it seemed better at 4:00 a.m.\" \"Daddy, I really have a lot going on here.\" \"", "Can't you just tell me over the phone?\" \"", "Okay, okay, I'll be right over.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "Um, I have to run to see my father.\" \"", "Can you fix the damage?\" \"", "Of course he can fix the damage.\" \"", "And so can I, like I told you.\" \"", "Yeah, it's not the damage you can see that's a problem, miss.\" \"", "You see, inside the ceiling, you got old knob-and-tube wiring, areas of dry rot, a galvanized sprinkler pipe starting to fail.\" \"", "It's beyond what your handyman should be taking on.\" \"", "No offense.\" \"", "Oh, none taken.\" \"", "I can hardly understand all those big words.\" \"", "Um,\" \"Wade isn't my handyman.\" \"", "He's my business partner.\" \"", "Oh, well, I'm just gonna go ahead and work up an estimate and call you later.\" \"", "Is this number you gave me okay to use?\" \"", "Yeah, it's great.\" \"", "I-I mean, it's fine.\" \"", "Mm-hmm.\" \"", "Now you see why you don't call a guy like that?\" \"", "Not at all.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "I just passed Zoe Hart going the other way.\" \"", "Huh.\" \"", "Oh, it's probably because she was here.\" \"", "Okay, and why was she here?\" \"", "Uh, to... apologize.\" \"", "For?\" \"", "Saying that she... had feelings for me last night.\" \"", "Dolly Parton, go inside.\" \"", "Daddy and I are gonna fight.\" \"", "Okay, look, she came by.\" \"", "You were out with your brothers, and she was upset, and she said the thing, but then this morning, and here's the important part, she apologized.\" \"", "Said she was way out of line, and it will never happen again.\" \"", "And did she say she doesn't have feelings for you?\" \"", "I... don't recall that coming up, but that doesn't matter because, and here's the really important part,\" \"I don't feel the same way, and she's moving on.\" \"", "She's online dating.\" \"", "So see, all in the past.\" \"", "Also, free vodka.\" \"", "Okay then.\" \"", "Okay then.\" \"", "Bye.\" \"", "Thanks for letting me raid your closet for ninth- and tenth-grade prom.\" \"", "I just hope it isn't too painful for you that I'm going with Max.\" \"", "I mean, that could have easily been you on his arm, but for a small twist of fate.\" \"", "No, I have put Max on the pile of old business, but now thanks to this dating site, new business is flooding in.\" \"", "Flooding or oozing?\" \"", "Okay, maybe they're not all winners, but at least I'm out there.\" \"", "I have to go to a med school friend's wedding in New York, so now when people ask me if I'm seeing anyone,\" \"I don't have to lie.\" \"", "I can say, \"Yes, his name is RollTide420.\"\" \"", "Yikes.\" \"", "Can I have another run at Max?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "You're getting bottom-feeders because you're fishing with the wrong bait.\" \"", "Your profile sucks.\" \"", "What's wrong with it?\" \"", "Well, to start, it's four pages long.\" \"", "It looks like one of those manifestos the FBI finds in serial killers' apartments.\" \"", "Hey, you just deleted the whole fourth grade.\" \"", "That was a very pivotal time in my life.\" \"", "And what is this picture of you in a lab coat?\" \"", "It's my hospital ID photo.\" \"", "I used to get lots of compliments from my recovering surgical patients.\" \"", "Hey!\" \"", "I don't know much about men, obviously, but I bet they'd rather play doctor than date one.\" \"", "Ha!\" \"", "Some men like to date doctors.\" \"", "Look at this.\" \"", "Banker from Mobile, plays tennis, went to Vanderbilt.\" \"", "Score.\" \"", "Okay, but just in case you and the banker don't work out,\" \"I am posting the new and improved Zoe Hart.\" \"", "Hey, wait.\" \"", "When asked what I was looking for, what did you check?\" \"", "Relationship or casual sex?\" \"", "And that answers that.\" \"", "Well, Daddy, don't leave us hanging here by our thumbs.\" \"", "Why'd you want to see us?\" \"", "Lemon,\" \"Magnolia.\" \"", "Present.\" \"", "Girls,\" \"Shelby and I... are engaged.\" \"", "Well, you could at least fake a congratulations.\" \"", "I can always make it seem real later in my head.\" \"", "When did this happen?\" \"", "Oh, um, when I was in the hospital.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "What?\" \"", "You were in the hospital?\" \"", "Which is also news, I realize.\" \"", "Okay, why were you in the hospital?\" \"", "Just a brain tumor.\" \"", "You have a brain tumor?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Okay, is this your strategy, to tell us the worst thing possible so this bad news doesn't seem so bad?\" \"", "No, no, I do not have a brain tumor.\" \"", "If I'd known you hadn't planned any of this,\" \"I would've written something up.\" \"", "Yeah, but the point is no tumor, engaged, yay!\" \"", "Also, just to clear the air,\" \"I apologized completely to your father for running away when I thought he was dying.\" \"", "You ran away?\" \"", "But I understand it, and it's fine.\" \"", "She was scared.\" \"", "It-it was scary, and we talked about it, and, uh, oh, doesn't bother me a bit.\" \"", "Well, why not?\" \"", "It should bother you.\" \"", "It bothers me plenty.\" \"", "And I said it doesn't.\" \"", "I have to meet my friends to shop for the prom, so if you guys are married by the time I get back, save me some cake.\" \"", "She's a firecracker.\" \"", "Hey, Wade.\" \"", "I'm sorry, but I just got a call from the county building department who got word from a contractor.\" \"", "You're gonna have to shut down for repairs, man.\" \"", "Yeah, except I already did the repairs, so problem solved.\" \"", "You know, those government storm troopers tried shutting us down once before just 'cause I hired a perfectly nice, large-breasted, underage girl to serve alcohol.\" \"", "It's like we're living in Pakistan, Lavon, Pakistan.\" \"", "Carry on.\" \"", "Huh, yeah.\" \"", "Tansy, you okay?\" \"", "Oh, it's...\" \"probably nothing.\" \"", "Just that Zoe Hart came over last night and told George she had feelings for him.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Yeah, but George said she's over it and moving on and even online dating, and I know it shouldn't matter if she has feelings for George because he doesn't have feelings for her.\" \"", "Tansy, you're probably just insecure about where you and George stand.\" \"", "What you need is absolute scientific proof that you two are meant to be together, like Tom and me, so even in the rough times, you don't worry how it'll end up.\" \"", "Well, that sounds nice, but I can't imagine how you'd prove that.\" \"", "Having your star charts done.\" \"", "Oh, my God, is that a thing?\" \"", "How does it work?\" \"", "Where do I go?\" \"", "Madame Van Horn, here.\" \"", "Ooh, Internet dating, huh?\" \"", "Better be careful; a lot of freaks and weirdos online.\" \"", "Well, there are plenty in here, too.\" \"", "Mm, zing.\" \"", "Dr. Hart?\" \"", "Hey, Meatball.\" \"", "Here I am.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "You're the tennis-playing banker from Mobile who went to Vanderbilt?\" \"", "You made it all up?\" \"", "Not Vanderbilt.\" \"", "That's a real place;\" \"I checked.\" \"", "Oh, you got to be kidding me.\" \"", "Shut up.\" \"", "Crap.\" \"", "This'll be a great story for our wedding toast.\" \"", "No, I'm sorry, I can't.\" \"", "Please?\" \"", "Two prom chaperones just dropped out, and if you don't do it, they'll replace them with 80-year-old teachers who don't allow slow dancing.\" \"", "Or fast dancing.\" \"", "Uh, last year, Mrs. Pike kept Gladys Day off of the dance floor in case her \"childbearing hips\"\" \"caused a frenzy amongst the gentlemen.\" \"", "I appreciate your problem, but I went to one prom my senior year where my date broke up with me during the \"Thong Song,\"\" \"and I spent the rest of the night in the corner with the other losers.\" \"", "So no, going to prom again would just remind me that I've always sucked at picking guys.\" \"", "You do push love away.\" \"", "Is the online dating a bust?\" \"", "No, I'm getting lots of responses from all kinds of guys.\" \"", "Although looking closer, I am realizing now that most of them are actually Meatball.\" \"", "I did go on two dates just today.\" \"", "One reminded me too much of someone who I am trying to move on from, and the other, too much of someone who I already have.\" \"", "Look, I don't know.\" \"", "You know, maybe I should just do the opposite of what my instincts tell me, just go a totally different way.\" \"", "Ooh, hey.\" \"", "This one looks promising.\" \"", "Good job, graduated from...\" \"Oh, no, wait.\" \"", "Meatball again.\" \"", "Hey, George called with great news.\" \"", "Oh?\" \"", "Yeah, not only did the court uphold our injunction against Fillmore's mall, but a new survey might give us a right to pursue damages of adverse possession under the Coastal Preservation Act.\" \"", "Goodness.\" \"", "Save some of that sexy talk for bedtime.\" \"", "Yeah, but the important thing is not that we won.\" \"", "It's that Mayor Gainey lost.\" \"", "Let's go get him a nice little card that says,\" \"\"Sorry you lost, you fat loser.\"\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "Smells like garbage.\" \"", "Smells like it's coming from this way.\" \"", "Then why aren't we going that way?\" \"", "Ooh, please don't be a dead body.\" \"", "I will never stop throwing up.\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "This is the Fillmore town line.\" \"", "Gainey put his dump right up next to us just to get back at me.\" \"", "You want to play that game,\" \"I am more than willing.\" \"", "Oh, but that's the reaction he's expecting.\" \"", "You do something back, he does something, and pretty soon it's just about who can be more childish.\" \"", "Me!\" \"", "I can.\" \"", "I'm sure.\" \"", "But don't.\" \"", "The goats are a nice touch.\" \"", "Hey, Magnolia.\" \"", "What's wrong?\" \"", "Hey, whoa now.\" \"", "Now stop!\" \"", "Stop!\" \"", "Just, would you tell me what's wrong?\" \"", "It's the stupid school.\" \"", "They said I can't go to prom if I have one tiny nose piercing.\" \"", "So what?\" \"", "You don't have a...\" \"Oh, Lord, you do.\" \"", "Magnolia Breeland, when did you have that done?\" \"", "Yesterday, right after you told us that we have a new mommy.\" \"", "And-And you did this without consulting me?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "I thought that was the new rule around here;\" \"we do whatever we want without consulting anyone else.\" \"", "Okay, I do not appreciate that attitude.\" \"", "And you will take that out, or you will have it taken out now.\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "Shelby said it looked cute.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Oh, Shelby saw it?\" \"", "Mm-hmm, yeah, at breakfast.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Shelby?\" \"", "Shelby, honey?\" \"", "Magnolia says that you knew all about this, this nose-piercing stunt?\" \"", "Mm-hmm.\" \"", "Isn't it cute?\" \"", "No, I don't think so, no.\" \"", "How could you let her get away with this?\" \"", "I'll give you two some private time.\" \"", "Well, I didn't think she should've done it either, but I also didn't know if I could say anything.\" \"", "Well, you can, you definitely can.\" \"", "Well, I didn't know that.\" \"", "I'm not her mom.\" \"", "I don't know how much say-so I have around this house with your girls, or anything else.\" \"", "Oh... you're right, you're right.\" \"", "I understand.\" \"", "The answer is, you have exactly as much say-so as I do.\" \"", "We are partners in family matters and everything else.\" \"", "So feel free to step up and speak out.\" \"", "Well, thank you, that means the world to me.\" \"", "So, okay, partner.\" \"", "The nose-piercing?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "I am on it.\" \"", "Magnolia!\" \"", "Oh, hey.\" \"", "Uh, Rose Hattenbarger came by a little while ago and said they need chaperones for the prom.\" \"", "So could we...?\" \"", "I mean, she sounded real desperate.\" \"", "Oh, yes, of course.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "Look what I got.\" \"", "What is all that?\" \"", "Star charts.\" \"", "Star...\" \"Star charts.\" \"", "An astrological forecast of our lives.\" \"", "I gave Madame Van Horn $19.95 and the exact dates and times of our birth, and we came back totally compatible!\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Well, all right.\" \"", "Look at that.\" \"", "That's...\" \"You don't believe all this, I can tell.\" \"", "No, no, I just think that if something's gonna, I don't know, determine the course of my whole future,\" \"I'd want it to cost a little more than $19.95.\" \"", "Well, you can be skeptical, but now I don't have to worry about Zoe Hart, because I know we are destined to be together.\" \"", "It says so right here.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Birth time 6:05 a.m., huh?\" \"", "Yeah, I got it from your file of \"If I die\" papers.\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "Uh, no reason, no reason.\" \"", "I just...\" \"I didn't realize I was always such an early riser.\" \"", "I'm like, I'm like a rooster!\" \"", "Yeah!\" \"", "Yeah!\" \"", "Cock-a-doodle-doo!\" \"", "Oh, my God, you guys look so nice.\" \"", "Thanks inviting me to join you.\" \"", "I hope I am not a third wheel.\" \"", "Oh, no, no, no, not at all.\" \"", "Although nothing says\" \"\"smooth rid\"\" like a fourth wheel.\" \"", "What's going on?\" \"", "We found you a date.\" \"", "Well, Max did.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Oh, and here he is.\" \"", "Dr. Hart, meet Michael, my father.\" \"", "Your...?\" \"", "So nice to meet you.\" \"", "Oh, my gosh, would you look at the time!\" \"", "Oh, we have to go and do homework before the prom.\" \"", "Bye.\" \"", "Mm-hmm.\" \"", "Rose!\" \"", "Well, you did say \"totally different.\" ", "Bye!\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "Thanks for coming out so fast, man.\" \"", "All your online reviews say how in demand you are.\" \"", "Yeah, it's a good thing you got me between jobs.\" \"", "Your main support beam is near-about busted all the way through.\" \"", "No way.\" \"", "Whoa!\" \"", "See there?\" \"", "Hell, I'm afraid to even let go of it long enough to get my jack and shore it up.\" \"", "Well, here, let me help you out.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "Yeah, keep it just like that, perfectly straight.\" \"", "That thing moves even a little bit, every wall in this place will come down.\" \"", "Fun as it may be to watch, your joy is liable to be short-lived.\" \"", "Yeah?\" \"", "Well, I got it.\" \"", "Why don't you go get that jack, huh?\" \"", "Hey!\" \"", "What are you doing?\" \"!\" \"", "Hey!\" \"", "Like I said,\" \"I'm between jobs.\" \"", "Well, hey, get back here, damn it!\" \"", "Well, I will not be writing a very favorable online review!\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "Goll...\" \"Well, Max's mom remarried to a real nice guy.\" \"", "Nice enough guy.\" \"", "People seem to like him.\" \"", "So, I think Max worries about me, wants me to have someone.\" \"", "Seems like he wants me to have someone, too.\" \"", "You know, I don't even have time to think about dating, what with all my interests and work and parenthood.\" \"", "But Max told me about you, and, well,\" \"I just couldn't say no.\" \"", "That is so nice.\" \"", "He's a good kid.\" \"", "He lacks boundaries.\" \"", "True, mm-hmm.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Well, I hate to end this, but I am actually chaperoning the prom.\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "Max isn't too thrilled about it, but it beats finding out later that he left with his math teacher.\" \"", "Funny.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Well...\" \"See you later.\" \"", "Mr. Burgess.\" \"", "Wade, I called Eric, the contractor, to find out why he never called me, and he said he was fired.\" \"", "Do you know...?\" \"", "I suppose you have something to say about this.\" \"", "Well, I really wouldn't know where to begin.\" \"", "Well, I hired a guy on the cheap.\" \"", "And I put the money to pay him in the till.\" \"", "And then he took it.\" \"", "I'm inclined to believe that his Web site was not authentic.\" \"", "Now if you would please find something to help me brace this beam up with.\" \"", "Sure.\" \"", "I just need to hear those three little words.\" \"", "I'm an idiot.\" \"", "Those are the ones.\" \"", "I'm sorry, Lemon.\" \"", "I really am.\" \"", "Now we don't have money for repairs, and we can't open the restaurant to get the money without doing the repairs.\" \"", "It's fine.\" \"", "I'll figure something out.\" \"", "Everybody makes mistakes.\" \"", "Well, that's very nice of you.\" \"", "Guess what mine was.\" \"", "Why are we stopping here?\" \"", "Our barbecue's gonna get cold.\" \"", "Just need to make one quick delivery.\" \"", "In Fillmore?\" \"", "Is this Mayor Gainey's house?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Oh, no.\" \"", "Lavon!\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "What are you...?\" \"", "How do you like that how, Gainey?\" \"!\" \"", "Well, I should have knowed by the smell someone from BlueBell was outside.\" \"", "No offense.\" \"", "Yeah, that smell is from the dump you put up right up against our town line!\" \"", "And how's anyone supposed to know the difference between a dump and the bluebell town line?\" \"", "Todd Sr., ", "get back in the house!\" \"", "Remove the dump, Gainey, or things are gonna get real ugly.\" \"", "Oh, is is time for the Miss BlueBell contest again?\" \"", "What?\" \"!\" \"", "Lavon, get in that car!\" \"", "This ain't over, Gainey!\" \"", "Oh, it'd be over right here and now if someone hadn't taken my crossbow!\" \"", "Oh, I'm here.\" \"", "I'm right here.\" \"", "In the house now.\" \"", "Sorry for the mess.\" \"", "Y'all eat a lot of fruit.\" \"", "We should eat more fruit.\" \"", "That is what I was talking about!\" \"", "One thing leads to another, and then suddenly BlueBell is nothing but a smoking hole in the ground!\" \"", "Well, I'd rather it be destroyed than polluted by Gainey!\" \"", "Shh, shh.\" \"", "Mrs. Gainey seemed reasonable.\" \"", "Maybe the two of us could talk.\" \"", "No, no.\" \"", "You can't trust her.\" \"", "This is mayor stuff.\" \"", "You don't understand.\" \"", "I understand this is how wars get started.\" \"", "The trouble in the Middle East is probably over something just as stupid.\" \"", "Although, to be honest, I don't keep up with it like I should.\" \"", "Evening.\" \"", "Sorry if I'm interrupting.\" \"", "No, come on in, sit.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "What is it?\" \"", "You look so serious.\" \"", "Well, that's because I'm here on a serious errand of a business nature.\" \"", "I was hoping that we could talk.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Oh, I can go read in another room.\" \"", "Such a big old house.\" \"", "It's funny how every conversation seems to happen in this one room.\" \"", "No, stay now.\" \"", "Lemon, I was telling Shelby today how she is now an equal part of my life, so there's no reason she should go.\" \"", "Well, all right.\" \"", "Uh, the short version is that the Rammer Jammer was robbed this evening.\" \"", "It what?\" \"!\" \"", "Oh, my God, are you okay?\" \"", "I'm fine, the police have been notified.\" \"", "But it's created a lack of funds to make the necessary repairs for us to open.\" \"", "Say no more.\" \"", "How much do you need?\" \"", "Listen, it's not a handout.\" \"", "It would be a business loan, with interest.\" \"", "I haven't had time to go to the lawyer's to draw up the papers, but it's amazing what you can do these days with the Internet and $19.95.\" \"", "Mm...\" \"Is there something you want to say, hon?\" \"", "Well you told me to speak up in family matters.\" \"", "Well, I'm sure he was just being polite.\" \"", "No, I meant it.\" \"", "Say what you want.\" \"", "It's just that you have been so proud of Lemon standing on her own two feet with all the slings and arrows coming her way this year.\" \"", "It is true...\" \"I'm very proud.\" \"", "And I don't see how bailing her out now will do her any favors.\" \"", "Oh, well, it's not a favor.\" \"", "It's-it's a loan.\" \"", "But isn't that what banks are for and insurance, and all the other things that business owners have when they can't run to their family?\" \"", "Well, I-I'm sure that that's true and of course it-it kills me to come here...\" \"But it's none of my business, then it's not.\" \"", "But it seems to me, that the kindest thing is the hardest and that's to let Lemon work this out on her own like she has been doing so amazingly well so far.\" \"", "Well, you-you have been pretty adamant about that very point.\" \"", "You know what?\" \"", "Of course I have been.\" \"", "And... you're so right.\" \"", "Thank you, Shelby, for popping up and reminding me of that.\" \"", "Well, this is absolutely for the best.\" \"", "I will work this out on my own.\" \"", "Shelby, enjoy your wine.\" \"", "Take small sips.\" \"", "Don't choke.\" \"", "Hey, Tansy?\" \"", "Have you seen that blue shirt that I had laid out for tonight?\" \"", "Oh, I forgot.\" \"", "After seeing how well our star charts worked out,\" \"I went back to Madame Van Horn, and... had our color charts done.\" \"", "And it turns out that you have been wearing too many cool colors when warm colors are more in harmony with your natural energy, so I put some stuff in the giveaway pile.\" \"", "Yeah, but I liked that blue shirt.\" \"", "Also I realized after studying our star charts why I have been feeling so off balance lately.\" \"", "It's because you and I are both fire signs and we live on the water.\" \"", "Our energy is being doused.\" \"", "Of course, duh.\" \"", "But\" \"I like living on a boat, so...\" \"Me, too, and we still can, we just have to move it up on to land, you know, I called a guy who has a trailer, so...\" \"Okay, no, Tansy, no, we're not moving the boat.\" \"", "And I would really like my blue shirt back, please.\" \"", "And I am not surprised.\" \"", "The chart says that you, Saturn, um, can be hard to change your ways and critical of Mercury's new ideas.\" \"", "Yeah, that's because her ideas are nuts.\" \"", "I'm sorry?\" \"", "Tansy, listen, the only reason\" \"I let you believe all that nonsense is because you seem to need some external validation of our compatibility.\" \"", "Uh, what do you mean \"let me believe\"?\" \"", "The birth time that you gave her... 6:05 a.m.\" \"I was born at 6:05 p.m., okay?\" \"", "But nevertheless\" \"I believe that we still belong together.\" \"", "And that psychic?\" \"", "Well, she-she can just stay the hell out of it.\" \"", "Okay, then.\" \"", "I appreciate your honesty.\" \"", "We should get ready for prom now.\" \"", "Don't want to be late.\" \"", "Yeah, I got you a corsage.\" \"", "Ooh.\" \"", "Another Internet date?\" \"", "A blind date if you must know.\" \"", "You tell him you love him yet?\" \"", "Hey, you know what guys really like is when you stand outside their house with a boom box over your head, yeah.\" \"", "Yeah, you heard what I told George?\" \"", "Well, if it bothers you so much, just say so...\" \"don't be an ass.\" \"", "Oh, it doesn't bother me.\" \"", "You know, I love watching you and your little drama...\" \"it's kind of... what passes for entertainment around here.\" \"", "Drama?\" \"", "Drama!\" \"", "Ooh, my God.\" \"", "Drama is the last thing I want.\" \"", "All this... the makeups, the breakups, the emotions?\" \"", "Look, all I want is a stable adult and calm.\" \"", "You know, someone I can relax with.\" \"", "Sure.\" \"", "Laugh with.\" \"", "Kind of like the guy I was with tonight.\" \"", "Oh, my God, that is who I should date.\" \"", "Someone who doesn't make me feel like I'm always back in high school.\" \"", "Where you going?\" \"", "To prom.\" \"* ", "You don't love me like you used to *\" \"* Just a spirit\" \"* Haunting my bedroom...\" \"Mr. Burgess?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "I don't want to get anyone in trouble... but I'm worried that someone spiked the punch.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Well, let's see.\" \"", "I can't tell, so just to be safe,\" \"I'll take this and you pour a new batch in that clean bowl.\" \"", "Of course.\" \"* ", "I always wanted just to hold you close *\" \"* I'm buried in the pockets of my coat *\" \"* Alone with all...\" \"\"Magic in the stars\".\" \"", "Poor kids don't know there isn't any.\" \"", "The stars are just gassy balls that died a long time ago.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "That wouldn't have made a pretty banner.\" \"", "Listen, Tans, we can go get our charts redone if you want to with the right information, but it seems to me, for some reason, you are looking for a problem in our relationship where there really isn't one.\" \"", "I have been known to do that.\" \"", "Well, you don't need a strip-mall psychic, okay?\" \"", "Just listen to your gut and trust us.\" \"", "And stop worrying that Zoe Hart's gonna keep on popping up everywhere.\" \"", "Okay?\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "Nice prom.\" \"", "Oh, my God, are you kidding me?\" \"", "Ooh, excuse me.\" \"", "Have fun.\" \"", "Hey, Lemon.\" \"", "I heard the Rammer Jammer's closed up...\" \"I'm sorry.\" \"", "Only for a short while.\" \"", "We'll reopen as soon as I secure the necessary finances.\" \"", "Scratchers?\" \"", "This is your financial plan?\" \"", "Well, I mean, it wasn't.\" \"", "I was going to get a business loan from my father until Shelby stuck her nose in.\" \"", "Oh, I'm sorry.\" \"", "Is there anything I can do to help?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Can you scratch these?\" \"", "My hand's cramping.\" \"", "I mean, maybe I could give you a loan.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Lavon, no.\" \"", "That's sweet of you, but I can't take money from you.\" \"", "Don't be silly.\" \"", "Why is it silly to take money from me?\" \"", "I don't know, it's just... because...\" \"You know, because...\" \"Shelby was right.\" \"", "Crap.\" \"", "Where you going?\" \"", "I have no idea.\" \"", "But I'm gonna get there on my own two feet.\" \"", "Not on my knees begging.\" \"", "Shelby, I need to run a quick little errand.\" \"", "I will be right back.\" \"", "Don't forget the check you wrote Lemon.\" \"", "And on the memo line where it says what it's for, why don't you just write \"Undermining my fiancée\"?\" \"", "Okay, look, I-I was not undermining you.\" \"", "You told me to involve myself like I was a partner in this family.\" \"", "And you should, you are.\" \"", "But then you go to Lemon behind my back like I'm not a partner and I don't know where I stand.\" \"", "Look, Lemon is my daughter, and she is hurting.\" \"", "And I think when someone you love needs your help, you don't turn your back on them.\" \"", "I realize that.\" \"", "Well, I'm not so sure you do.\" \"", "Well, what does that mean?\" \"", "Because you are supposed to be there for people you care about.\" \"", "And not just run away the second things get rough and go shopping.\" \"", "I thought you weren't mad about that.\" \"", "Well, apparently I am.\" \"* ", "You could break a heart\" \"* In your sleep\" \"* Yeah, the way...\" \"Oh, my God, Michael?\" \"", "I totally forgot you were chaperoning prom, too.\" \"", "Zoe?\" \"", "I thought you weren't coming.\" \"", "Joking.\" \"", "You never get my jokes.\" \"", "Well, my dad's not dancing, and you're not dancing, so...\" \"Oh...\" \"Oh, I don't want to...\" \"Dance.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"* ", "You've never been alone...\" \"I have a confession.\" \"", "I wasn't sure about our setup at first.\" \"", "Well, you were a good sport.\" \"", "Listen.\" \"", "I'm used to dating a different kind of guy.\" \"", "But I had a great time with you.\" \"", "I've been running around chasing dysfunctional relationships ever since I got to BlueBell.\" \"", "But a different guy is what I need.\" \"", "Someone more adult.\" \"", "Hey, turns out you're an adult.\" \"", "Yeah... no.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "I'm sorry, I'm not interested.\" \"", "But why not?\" \"", "Frankly, um, I don't need the drama.\" \"", "Drama?\" \"", "What is this drama I keep being accused of?\" \"", "I don't want the drama either.\" \"", "That's why I'm here.\" \"", "I've listened to your dating stories and you may think you don't want drama, but you do.\" \"", "Maybe you do.\" \"", "Or what did you mean when you said you heard about me and you couldn't say no?\" \"", "I meant I couldn't say no.\" \"", "Max and Rose wouldn't let me.\" \"", "They were worried about you.\" \"", "I'm sorry.\" \"", "What?\" \"!\" \"", "You think you can do better?\" \"", "Look around, pal, look around.\" \"", "Hey, there, homewrecker.\" \"", "Oh, look.\" \"", "There's a happy couple.\" \"", "Maybe you should break them up.\" \"", "Okay, I'm gonna go home.\" \"", "I should never have come here anyway.\" \"", "When has that ever stopped you?\" \"", "Tansy, I said that I was sorry for the other night.\" \"", "Not to me.\" \"", "Oh, well, I am, and I promise that it will never happen again.\" \"", "And this is where I say, \"Oh, that's all right,\"\" \"like I do every time it looks like there's something going on between you and my boyfriend.\" \"", "What did you think was gonna happen anyway?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "Were you hoping that he'd run off with you and leave me brokenhearted?\" \"", "No...\" \"I don't know.\" \"", "Look, I'm sorry.\" \"", "I wasn't thinking about anyone else.\" \"", "Because we are not all characters in the Zoe Hart \"Who do I love today?\" ", "story.\" \"", "And you can't just say you have feelings for someone's boyfriend and then say, \"Oops, never mind\".\" \"", "You're right!\" \"", "There is something terribly wrong with me, okay?\" \"", "I am... very, very sorry!\" \"", "Again... drama.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Me?\" \"", "But she...!\" \"", "No.\" \"", "You gotta go.\" \"", "Man...\" \"From the lady down the bar.\" \"", "I can't see anything.\" \"", "Neither can I.\" \"Oh!\" \"", "Good.\" \"", "It's you.\" \"", "Um, Mrs. Gainey, thank you for meeting me here to talk things out.\" \"", "I'll admit, it's not easy being here.\" \"", "Oh, because you're deceiving your husband?\" \"", "No, because I'm an alcoholic.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Sorry.\" \"", "As your Mayor Hayes suspected, the dump was Todd's retaliation for losing his beloved mall.\" \"", "The mall was a nonstarter for the mayor.\" \"", "But I'm sure two women of reason can find a compromise.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "But I can't ask the mayor to remove the dump without taking back something significant in exchange.\" \"", "There may be something\" \"I can persuade the mayor to part with.\" \"", "But it'll hurt him to do it.\" \"", "Well... it's not a compromise unless everyone hurts a little.\" \"", "Tans, hey, Tansy, hold on.\" \"", "Baby, where you going?\" \"", "I think there might be something wrong with the punch.\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "What... what happened?\" \"", "George, I'm sorry.\" \"", "I'm not trying to find a problem where there isn't one, but there is one.\" \"", "To me.\" \"", "All right?\" \"", "I just can't be in the same place as Zoe Hart.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "Well, you're not anymore, you're out here, so...\" \"No.\" \"", "Listen... as long as we're in bluebell, she'll be around.\" \"", "And you say you don't have feelings for her, and you probably believe that's true, but I don't.\" \"", "I'm sorry, I just don't.\" \"", "And you said \"Go with your gut\"\"\" \"and my gut says, \"Get out of town.\"\" \"", "Whoa.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "Tansy, what...\" \"What exactly are you saying, here?\" \"", "We live on a boat.\" \"", "It's not that hard to go someplace else.\" \"", "I mean, three-quarters of the world is water.\" \"", "Okay, are you seriously asking me to... to leave BlueBell?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "George, if you really do think we belong together, like you said we do, then... you will start over with me.\" \"", "Someplace else.\" \"", "Away from here.\" \"", "To our grand experiment in bar ownership.\" \"", "Nope, I'm not ready to give up yet and prove those naysayers right.\" \"", "I'll find the money somehow.\" \"", "I'll turn to crime...\" \"sell my body.\" \"", "What, to medical science or...?\" \"", "Hey, don't be mean.\" \"", "Hey, don't be drinking up all your stock yet.\" \"", "You need it to reopen.\" \"", "Hey, buddy, you want to buy a bar?\" \"", "We almost have a skylight.\" \"", "I want to help, and, uh, don't worry, I'm not here to offer money.\" \"", "Really?\" \"", "Is it too late to ask again?\" \"", "Yup.\" \"", "Instead I brought this.\" \"", "I figure with all of us pitching in, we'll get this place up and running by breakfast.\" \"", "Now, I would like scrambled eggs and some wheat toast, please.\" \"", "Lavon, everyone, I don't even know what to say.\" \"", "See, I told you we didn't need to hire that fancy contractor.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "I'm sorry\" \"I blew up like that.\" \"", "I wish you'd come in here sooner.\" \"", "I just bought four pairs of shoes I can't afford, and I'm still a purse away from feeling better.\" \"", "You know, I wasn't aware of it, but clearly I am having trouble trusting you.\" \"", "With my girls and... with my heart.\" \"", "For good reason.\" \"", "I know that.\" \"", "We decided to get married so fast and under duress.\" \"", "Yeah, and maybe even under sedation.\" \"", "Kidding.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "And I had just gotten scared and run away, and you got scared that I got scared.\" \"", "And I think that the problem is neither one of us know where we stand with each other.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Except we love each other.\" \"", "Yes, we do.\" \"", "You know, sad part is if-if we were already married, I probably wouldn't even be worried about you committing to me anymore.\" \"", "Because I'd already be committed to you.\" \"", "Yeah, I mean, I was married.\" \"", "I know how to do that, it's just this in-between part.\" \"", "Oh, it's so confusing.\" \"", "I didn't ask you to be my fiancée for God sake.\" \"", "I asked you to be my wife.\" \"", "We should've just skipped this whole part.\" \"", "I know, right?\" \"", "It's like Chutes and Ladders.\" \"", "Yup, zoom.\" \"", "Here we go.\" \"", "Well, that wouldn't be the most rational move.\" \"", "No, no, it wouldn't.\" \"", "Although being rational is kind of overrated.\" \"", "True.\" \"", "I've been rational my whole life.\" \"", "Me, I've been mostly the opposite.\" \"", "Show me how.\" \"", "I'm free tomorrow.\" \"", "So am I.\" \"Are we getting married?\" \"", "Mm-hmm.\" \"", "You know, we should probably do this out of town.\" \"", "BlueBell weddings, they can be fraught with peril.\" \"", "Lavon?\" \"", "Lavon, guess what?\" \"", "Guess who made a deal tonight with Mayor Gainey's wife?\" \"", "I really hope it's not you 'cause I asked you to stay out of it.\" \"", "I know, but I didn't.\" \"", "Oh, AnnaBeth, this is official business.\" \"", "This is like if the First Lady talked to North Korea without telling the president.\" \"", "Okay, well, it's not.\" \"", "But what if the First Lady got Fillmore to move its dump, and all BlueBell had to do was cancel its Fourth of July fireworks.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "The fireworks?\" \"", "Now we have to cancel the town's fireworks?\" \"", "Take your time.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "There you go.\" \"", "The fire department won't let us have fireworks this year anyway.\" \"", "On account we burned down the old pier last year.\" \"", "That is correct.\" \"", "So, you got rid of the dump and gave up nothing?\" \"", "Aren't you glad I'm on your side?\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Hey, George.\" \"", "Glad you could make.\" \"", "Tansy coming?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Later?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "You all right?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "You want to hit stuff?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Have fun.\" \"", "Ooh, ooh, let me guess.\" \"", "Somebody else got voted prom queen.\" \"", "I've had a very hard night.\" \"", "And I feel terrible.\" \"", "So for awhile... tonight...\" \"I'd like to feel better.\" \"", "And not talk.\"" ]

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[ "Justice News\n\nAustin men arrested in Bossier City plead guilty to using card skimmers to steal identities, money\n\nSHREVEPORT, La. –United StatesAttorney David C. Joseph announced that two men from Austin, Texas, pleaded guilty last week to using a credit card skimmer to steal information to create fake credit cards and steal thousands from private accounts.", "\n\nEmicel Artigas Garcia, 39, and Adalberto Ramos Cuellar, 42, both of Austin, pleaded guilty Friday before U.S. District Judge S. Maurice Hicks Jr., to one count of conspiracy to commit wire fraud and one count of aggravated identity theft.", "\n\nAccording to the guilty pleas, the defendants were observed on July 14, 2017 at a Bossier City retail store’s self-checkout counter swiping multiple cards in order to purchase prepaid money and gift cards. ", "Bossier City police later approached the defendants in the parking lot and found seven credit cards and three gift cards in Cuellar’s possession, which bore the defendants’ names. ", "After the electronic information was obtained from the cards, law enforcement agents found that stolen identities were on the cards even though they were labeled with the defendants’ names. ", "Police later searched the defendants’ car and found seven USB thumb drives, one laptop, eight additional re-encoded cards, a cell phone, a gas pump key and a gas pump skimmer. ", "Gas pump skimmers are illegal devices used to steal credit card information. ", "The evidence from the seized devices showed that the defendants downloaded private card information between October 2016 and July 2017. ", "The cell phone contained pictures of screens showing the stolen information, and the laptop contained compromised credit/debit card data for 793 additional cards.", "\n\nThe defendants face up to 20 years in prison for the conspiracy count and two years in prison for the identity theft count, which will run consecutive. ", "They also face five years of supervised release, restitution and a $250,000 fine. ", "Sentencing is scheduled for July 31, 2018.", "\n\nThe U.S. Secret Service and the Bossier City Police Department conducted the investigation. ", "Assistant U.S. Attorney Tennille M. Gilreath is prosecuting the case." ]

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[ "The Headspace app achieves design zen\n\nExplore the universally popular Headspace app from a designer's perspective in the next in the series of app teardowns.", "\n\nBy Simon McCade\n\nNov 2018\n\n•\n\n7\n\nmin read\n\nThe background\n\nHeadspace is a mindfulness app that is focused on improving our digital health by providing digestible meditation sessions that fit right into busy lives.", "\n\nWe’re seemingly living through busier routines than ever before, which means an app like this is perfectly positioned to provide the kind of respite most of us crave.", "\n\nDoes it work for its audience?", "\n\nThe most important point to start with here – and this is critical in such a busy, modern world – is that Headspace’s value proposition is immediately clear from the get-go. ", "It takes seconds to understand that it serves its customers’ needs (you might even argue that it takes half a second, given the suitability of the snappy moniker it goes by – it does what it says on the tin).", "\n\nAny app that allows you to sign up in a single screen with form-filling kept to a minimum gets a tick in my book. ", "It gets to the point about what you might need from such an app and isn’t restrictive when it comes to the personal experience; you can answer a short series of nicely designed questions with large icons to personalise the experience from the very beginning, which leaves the first impression that you will get a great user experience out of it.", "\n\nThe basic course offers a smooth introduction to the app and it is clear that there is something for everyone – this is reflected in the variety of the reviews on the app stores, which we’ll come onto a bit later.", "\n\nHow does it sit in the market?", "\n\nHeadspace has come along at a time in which digital health and wellbeing is a hot topic in the tech industry. ", "We all spend plenty of time immersed in some kind of digital experience – so much so that both Google and Apple have recently integrated user-facing usage dashboard features for their phone operating systems. ", "Their idea is to open our eyes to how much we use our devices by giving us stats down to the detail of how many times we’ve unlocked them in any given day, which makes it a perfect time for Headspace to enter the frame.", "\n\nHeadspace has come along at a time in which digital health and wellbeing is a hot topic in the tech industry.", "\n\nWith ‘mindfulness’ being such a buzzword at present, it’s no surprise to see a number of apps emerging in the market. ", "The likes of Calm and Aura are giving you the chance to put you first with quickfire meditative sessions for the digitally obsessed amongst us.", "\n\nHeadspace has before reached the top spot in both the Google Play Store and Apple App Store, however, so it’s clearly striking a pleasant chord in the market. ", "Reviews on the App Store are extremely positive in many cases, with a number of people stating that it has helped them get through some rather difficult times in their lives. ", "What more can you ask for from an app if it provides perspectives like that?", "\n\nWhen we take a look at overall interest in the topic of ‘mindfulness’ in the United Kingdom alone, we can see that it has almost tripled in the last five years on Google Trends:\n\nGoogle Trends: Interest in 'mindfulness' (2012-2017)\n\nMindfulness trends in the United States were recently reported by CNBC, too; significant increases in the practising of yoga and meditation were recorded in the five years between 2012 and 2017 and Headspace’s competitor, Calm, was also reported to be worth a cool $250 million (apparently a lot to do with having Donald Trump in the White House, but let’s not get into that…).", "\n\nThe market is a busy one for meditation-focused startups, which means the differentiators have to be based on the in-app user experiences – let’s take a look at that in Headspace to see how it fares.", "\n\niOS Headspace app designs as of Nov 2018\n\nWhat are the UI and UX like?", "\n\nThe interface is clearly kept to a minimum to keep things simple – there are three main sections: Home, Library and Profile.", "\n\nThe Home screen provides the portal into your meditation course with current sessions highlighted above the necessary social proof to show that hundreds of thousands of people have benefited from Headspace throughout the day.", "\n\nThe Library section provides the deep dive into the features, which are divided into an abundance of categories. ", "Over time, you’ll no doubt become familiar with the structure of its content, but for early starters, a search function with additional filters could be helpful for getting to grips with it.", "\n\nThe Profile section highlights the gamification aspect of the app, which is altogether necessary if you are going to get any long-term benefits out of this kind of activity.", "\n\nOn the whole, the UX is very good and it’s a pleasure to simply explore the app. ", "High response rates and engaging content make for the kind of experience you actually want to come back to and, with the indications of session or course duration, you know from the off how much of your time you’ll be committing to it.", "\n\nHigh response rates and engaging content make for the kind of experience you actually want to come back to\n\nOne of Headspace’s greatest strengths is that it has a truly unique identity. ", "It’s all been so well-considered from a design point of view; everything from the muted colour palette to the beautiful illustrations help to communicate a distinctive and calming presence.", "\n\nHow does it fit into the company’s customer journeys?", "\n\nWhether your first encounter with Headspace is through the website, the app or the sponsored social posts, it’s immediately clear how it could fit into your digital life. ", "There appears to have been a pretty seamless branding exercise behind launching the app and the mostly positive media coverage is testament to that. ", "It's easy to navigate between the app and its website, as well as jumping seamlessly from ads to meditation in just a couple of steps if you're new to the concept.", "\n\nRoom for improvement\n\nOn first impressions, the £10/month fee seems a little steep to me, so I can’t help but think that a free 30-day trial or even a refer a friend scheme with a free first month would go down well. ", "New users could have a grace period in which they explore the richness of the content to decide whether or not to part with their money, but everybody is different so it depends on how much you might need such easy access to meditative techniques in your daily routine.", "\n\nBad reviews are hard to come by for both iPhone and Android, but those who do have gripes are typically down to bugs and glitches that cause audio to cut out halfway through a session and the progress fails to update.", "\n\nHeadspace is walking a digital tightrope in the sense that the slightest hint of annoyance or inconvenience for the user causes a major wobble in the distraction-free experience it is trying to create.", "\n\nHeadspace is walking a digital tightrope...the slightest annoyance causes a major wobble in the distraction-free experience...\n\nIt seems to have mastered it in the most part; nevertheless, some people are disappointed enough to write two-or-three-star reviews online, but the creators of the app seem to be on the case almost every time.", "\n\nReasons to be wary\n\nThe aforementioned fact that ‘mindfulness’ is so hot right now means that Headspace’s main cause for concern is the high level of competition it faces from the likes of Calm, which has similarly raving reviews across the board.", "\n\nThere’s no doubt that Headspace occupies a pretty clear space in the market, but the freshness of the content and the responsiveness to the bugs and glitches will be key to maintaining its position as a sought-after app around the world.", "\n\nWhether or not it is clinically proven to work remains to be seen, so this might be one to address as the popularity of 'digital health' continues to rise.", "\n\nFinal thoughts\n\nThe range of content available in Headspace coupled with a fantastically designed UX means that it succeeds in having a broad appeal to people interested in meditation. ", "Whether you’re a beginner or a zen master, Headspace seems to have the content for you.", "\n\nThe price-point is the only apparent concern that could hold it back, but the sheer number of downloads and positive reviews might quash that argument in one fell swoop.", "\n\nHeadspace app\n\nVery Good\n\nThe good stuff\n\nA beautiful design that makes great content accessible\n\nThe smooth onboarding process means you can be meditating within seconds\n\nOverwhelmingly positive reviews mean that it’s clearly providing a useful gateway to meditation for a range of people\n\nThe not-so-good stuff\n\nThe lack of a free trial might put some meditation newbies off\n\nThe £10/month subscription fee seems a little steep on first impressions\n\nMany reviews report bugs and glitches that ruin the ‘meditative’ experience for some" ]

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[ "You've found your Tribe! ", "Put Email below and I'll send you our juicy newsletter with relevant healthy fun ways to live life, free, awesome & easy recipes that you'll love and oh so much more ...\n\nSo happy you have found yourself here.", "My mission in life is to make our lives as interesting, passionate, healthy and fun as possible.", "Here, we break all the rules, explore new sublime ways of living, forage for wild foods, drink up beautiful landscapes, learn from deep earth cultures, walk our talk, take divine / glorious action to bring our Vision to fruition!If you want to dive deeper into the life you were born to live ~ then you have found your tribe, you are in good company and together we will journey beyond ... dare to be different ... and create a new world that we love to live in and one that our future generations will turn around and say \"Wow, you did it - thank you!\"Please add your email to the newsletter link above to receive all of these beautiful offerings ~ Jules x" ]

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[ "Kevin Fischer is a veteran broadcaster, the recipient of over 150 major journalism awards from the Milwaukee Press Club, the Wisconsin Associated Press, the Northwest Broadcast News Association, the Wisconsin Bar Association, and others. ", "He has been seen and heard on Milwaukee TV and radio stations for over three decades. ", "A longtime aide to state Senate Republicans in the Wisconsin Legislature, Kevin can be seen offering his views on the news on the public affairs program, \"InterCHANGE,\" on Milwaukee Public Television Channel 10, and heard filling in on Newstalk 1130 WISN. ", "He lives with his wife, Jennifer, and their lovely young daughter, Kyla Audrey, in Franklin.", "\n\nWay back in May 2007, I was filling in for Mark Belling at NewsTalk1130 WISN with one of my topics a father who left his two-month old baby in the back seat of his car in the hot sun while he and his 9-year old son went shopping in Greenfield for a Mother's Day gift. ", "One listener called in with a response I admit I just hate:\n\n\"You have to give him the benefit of the doubt. ", "We all do it, we misplace our car keys or our wallets. ", "The father deserves our empathy.\"", "\n\nTo his three points:\n\nNO I DON’T\n\nNO WE DON’T\n\nAnd\nNO HE DOES NOT\n\nAnd yet that caller wasn’t alone. ", "Other chimed in sympathizing with the neglectful parent and blasting anyone that dared spew criticism, like me.", "\n\nThis is a serious issue. ", "America has an epidemic of too many parents or guardians wandering off after locking their children in sweltering cars resulting in calls to medical examiners and funeral parlors. ", "The parents’ defense:\n\n“KidsAndCars.org conducted extensive research on how often children are injured, abducted, disabled, or killed because they are left unattended in or around vehicles. ", "To date the organization has captured information about almost 10,000 children whose lives have been endangered because they were left unattended in or around vehicles on private property. ", "KidsAndCars.org has documented over 2450 child deaths and knows these data vastly underestimate the true magnitude of this problem. ", "The statistics from this growing database is what is being used to create a social norm change in the United States so children will no longer be left unattended in or around motor vehicles. “", "\n\nCommendable? ", "Of course. ", "Balfour’s effort would be even more commendable if not for her many flawed arguments.", "\n\nThe website The Stir recently did an exclusive report on Balfour including a lengthy Q and A. There are numerous problems with Balfour’s thinking about this important issue.", "Here are excerpts from The Stir followed by my thoughts in red. ", "The emphasis in the excerpts is mine:\n\nThe 13-year veteran of the US Army, member of the Army Reserves, and mother of five -- including three children 6 and under -- left her son Bryce in her car on March 30, 2007. ", "By the time she realized her mistake, her 9-month-old son was dead.", "\n\nAfter being charged with his death and later being found not guilty, Balfour has became a fierce advocate for educating parents on these accidental tragedies. ", "She spoke with The Stir about the day her son died, and what kind of mom leaves a child in a hot car:\n\nCan you walk me through that day?", "\n\nThis particular week, my husband had accidentally backed into my sister's car in the driveway, so her car was in the shop and she was using my husband's. ", "So, he was riding with me to work, and I was dropping him off first and then the baby ...Thus begins the litany of excuses.", "\n\nThis particular week, my son Bryce had been really fussy. ", "He had a bad head cold, wasn't sleeping well because he couldn't suck on his pacifier at the same time, so he kept waking up.", "\n\nEXCUSE\n\nThe first three nights of the week, I had gotten up with him the majority of the night, and I was exhausted. ", "That last night, my husband agreed to get up with him, but then he couldn't find his pacifier in his bed. ", "Bryce went ballistic, woke up completely, and then I got up, was up with him for another hour and a half to two hours.", "EXCUSE\n\nThat was about 5 o'clock in the morning. ", "I had to be up at 6:30 in order to get ready for work. ", "I didn't actually get up until 7:15 because I was exhausted.", "\n\nThe initial thought in my mind was just to call in, stay home with Bryce because he was just very lethargic, he wasn't being normal because he was really tired too. ", "But I had appointments that day -- at the [Judge Advocate General school in Charlottesville], students were graduating and I had no way to call the students that I had appointments with. ", "I was like, you know what? ", "It's Friday, I've just got to get through today and I can sleep tomorrow.", "\n\nThat particular morning, Jarrett got Bryce ready. ", "He went to get in the vehicle, but before I came outside we were talking about a spare car seat that we could not get into the car correctly. ", "He had been in the car seat for a couple of weeks, but it just wasn't sitting as secure as we felt it should be so we took that car seat out and put it in his old car seat.", "\n\nThat particular day, he said, \"When are you going to get the car seat put in?\" ", "I said, \"Put it in the car today, and I will go to like the fire department and get them to put it in correctly at lunch time.\"", "\n\nHe put the spare car seat in the car behind the front passenger seat in my field of view, and that car seat was empty. ", "The other car seat, which is the car seat Bryce was in, when he put him in he put it behind my seat, the driver's seat.", "MORE EXCUSES\n\nOn the way to work ... we don't remember hearing him. ", "We don't remember talking with him or him cooing or anything like he normally would. ", "We just assume it was because he was really tired.", "\n\nI dropped my husband off, and shortly after that I got a phone call from work, from a co-worker. ", "It was the first sergeant of the school very upset because we were honoring a fallen soldier from Iraq, his family was supposed to be coming in from California and the tickets had not been purchased through the travel agent that the military uses.", "\n\nThat was my area of responsibility -- I was transportation officer for the JAG school. ", "I immediately got on the phone, started making phone calls, called the family that was waiting at the airport, talked to the gate agent, said please don't let the plane go, this is very important for this family to get on the flight.", "\n\nIs this while you were still driving?", "\n\nYes, when I was on my way to work.", "\n\nIn my mind, I'd already made a stop, baby's dropped off. ", "I passed right by where I would normally turn left to drop Bryce off to daycare.", "\n\nBefore I got to work, I got things resolved. ", "I got ahold of the travel agent, they paged the tickets, everything.", "\n\nI got to work, got out of the car and went into work like normal...\n\nI get a phone call about 10:30 in the morning from the babysitter asking how Bryce was doing that day. ", "The problem was I didn't get the phone call because she called my personal cellphone because the Friday before she had gotten a brand new cellphone and didn't have any of my work contact information in her phone.", "\n\nThat was communication failure number one.", "\n\nThe second thing was that in her file in her home she had all our contact information, my work cellphone number, my work office number, my husband's work office number but she just naturally assumed -- because it had happened in the past -- that I stayed home and he wasn't feeling well.", "\n\nShe didn't think to continue to communication, not thinking that he was accidentally not dropped off.", "\n\nCOMMUNICATION FAILURE??!!", "\n\nWhat time frame was this when she made the call?", "\n\n10:30 in the morning.", "\n\nI wasn't in the office when she called, but around 2 p.m., I pulled my cellphone personal cellphone out of my purse and I saw a missed call from her.", "\n\nShe had called me twice that morning. ", "She called that first time and left a message and then she called again. ", "It said missed call, but it never told me there was a message available.", "\n\nAt 2:30, I saw the missed call, I called her back, and I left her a message. ", "She'd taken her other daycare kids to McDonald's as a treat, and around 2:30 she was still out ... So, I called and left a message ... she called me back when she saw a missed call from me at about 10 to 4.", "\n\nI was just walking out of my office because we'd been given an hour out early. ", "She asked me how Bryce was doing, and I was like \"what do you mean?\"", "\n\nI didn't understand. ", "I said, \"Did Jarrett pick him up early?\" ", "not thinking that he didn't have a car because I had dropped him off.", "\n\nShe's like no, he's not here. ", "She began to panic because I was so adamant that he was there.", "\n\nThen, she turned around and she's like, \"No Lyn, you didn't drop him off.\"", "\n\nThe whole morning flashes through my mind, and I can remember dropping him off. ", "I can remember having a conversation with her. ", "And that memory never happened. ", "That conversation never happened.", "\n\nAt this point, I panic. ", "I ran to the car because I couldn't believe there was a possibility he could still be in the car and then I saw him in the car.", "MORE EXCUSES\n\n\"How can I forget my kid? ", "I can manage $47 million for the US military with every penny accounted for, and I was awarded a Bronze Star for those efforts, but how can I forget my kid? ", "How can a loving, responsible, detail-oriented parent forget him, something so precious, something so valuable?\"", "\n\nExactly…there is no excuse\n\nI started educating myself and doing research on why it was possible and how it was possible.", "\n\nI started looking for ways to rationalize my neglect, i.e., excuses\n\nThe more research I did, the more I learned ... we have educated ourselves on babyproofing our home, but we do not educate ourselves on babyproofing our vehicles and that's what we need to do.", "\n\nTHIS IS A FLAWED ARGUMENT. ", "YOU DON’T BABYPROOF A VEHICLE. ", "YOU USE YOUR HEAD, YOUR BRAINS, YOUR COMMON SENSE.", "\n\nUnlike some parents I was absolutely blessed to have the opportunity to hold my son one last time and tell him goodbye, and I made a promise to him that no matter how painful it would be to go through my story over and over and over again if just one parent listens and understood about the dangers and educated themselves and took the prevention measures for vehicles ... his death would be worth it.", "It would be worth losing a child to save 100? ", "So, one baby’s life is expendable. ", "Another flawed argument. ", "Sorry, I don’t profess to this mentality, especially when this kind of death is entirely preventable.", "\n\nForty minutes after my son's funeral was over, I was at my house and the attorney I had spoken to, they called her and told her that I was going to be arraigned the following day.", "\n\nI was really upset…UPSET?", "\n\nWhen they punish you for a crime they think you committed, it's supposed to be a deterrent, but how do you deter someone from accidentally forgetting your kid?", "\n\nReal easy. ", "Punish them.", "\n\nThis has happened to a mathematical genius. ", "This has happened to a NASA scientist. ", "It has happened to a pediatrician. ", "It's happened to numerous university professors. ", "It's happened to the poor. ", "It's happened to rich people. ", "It's happened to middle class. ", "It doesn't matter.", "\n\nI explain to people who try to tell me they couldn't be that irresponsible, I was one of those parents. ", "I had heard stories about that happening, and I said that could never happen to me, I'm not an irresponsible parent, that's got to be somebody who didn't do the right thing. ", "That cannot be me.", "\n\nI have found out it absolutely can be me, and that's why I educate.", "\n\nNOT BUYING IT\n\nThe reality is our brains don't differentiate between a child, a purse, a cellphone, a pair of glasses. ", "It doesn't matter.", "\nTHERE’S A BIG DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN INANIMATE OBJECT AND A SMALL CHILD\n\nI know plenty of people who take medication every day. ", "If you didn't take that medication but you swear up and down that you did, it's call mis-remembering.", "\n\nIf that's happened to you, you can forget your child.", "\n\nIf you've ever driven anywhere, and you can't remember how you got there, that's a function of your brain going on auto-pilot. ", "If that's ever happened to you, you can forget your child.", "\n\nThis is merely attempting to rationalize criminal neglect\n\nIf you've ever forgotten your cellphone, your pager, your wallet, your keys, your sunglasses, and you swear you know where you put them but they are not there, and you find them in a completely different location, you can accidentally forget your child.", "\n\nAGAIN WITH THE INANIMATE OBJECTS. ", "IS SHE SERIOUS?", "\n\nThere's nothing to forgive, but I will be accountable, I am absolutely accountable for his death.", "DO YOU REALLY THINK YOU ARE?", "\n\nI should have been the type of parent that knew about these dangers and made sure there were steps in place to prevent that.", "\n\nAND EXACTLY WHAT STEPS WOULD THOSE BE?", "\n\nI'll never see him grow up. ", "I'll never see him graduate from school. ", "I'll never see his children.", "\n\nWHO’S THE REAL VICTIM, HERE? ", "YOU HAVE YOUR LIFE TO LIVE.", "\n\nPut a stuffed animal in the vehicle, and always, always, if you have one or 50 children, if there's a child in the car, put that animal up front with you or put something in the backseat that you're going to need when you get out of the car. ", "I don't like that idea as much as the stuffed animal up front because you can forget your cellphone that you need and you remember 30 minutes later ... and you're in the same situation.", "\n\nAGAIN, SERIOUSLY?", "\n\nIf you don't know the type of person I am, how can you judge me?EASY COPOUT.", "\n\nRemember, Balfour left her child alone to die. ", "Now she wants, and this is mind-boggling, people to sign a petition, a petition to the White House demanding that President Obama order the Dept. ", "of Transportation:\n\n• Provide funding for research and development of innovative technology.", "\n\n• Identify, evaluate and test new technology to accelerate implementation of the most feasible and effective solutions.", "\n\n• Require installation of technology in all vehicles and/or child safety seats to prevent children from being left alone left alone in vehicles.", "\n\nIn other words, we need government to substitute technology for common sense.", "\n\nNo, Mrs. Balfour, we don’t need steps, an action plan, Uncle Sam, or cars with expensive new mandated gadgets. ", "We need parents to be responsible.", "\n\nThis site uses Facebook comments to make it easier for you to contribute. ", "If you see a comment you would like to flag for spam or abuse, click the \"x\" in the upper right of it. ", "By posting, you agree to our Terms of Use." ]

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[ "According to reports, Bhagat went on to add that he felt like an idiot that he was chatting with another woman and claimed that his view about his wife changed that day.", "\n\nIn the wake of the Indian #MeToo movement, author and columnist Ira Trivedi had sent in a legal notice to Chetan Bhagat on 22 October.", "\n\nThe notice charged Chetan with eve-teasing, harassment, cyber-bullying and other cyber crimes under the IT Act ie (Sections 66, 499, 500, 503 IPC). ", "She has also gone ahead and shared a mail trail of her conversation with Bhagat which, she alleged, was misreported.", "\n\nChetan Bhagat also denied allegations made by another woman against him." ]

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[ "After 6 years of marriage, my husband's Muscular Dystrophy diagnosis and subsequent physical decline, my gastric bypass surgery, depression, and apparent infertility, this is where I find my new normal.", "\n\nThursday, August 03, 2006\n\nThe Secret of my Unsuccess\n\nJust got a call from Bob. ", "Gas has jumped from the $2.92 it was this morning to $3.19! ", "And guess who need gas!!! ", "Crap, crap, crappity,crap.", "\n\nIn other news I am part of the Big Bank CoPower ball pool. ", "Man, we almost need to win the lottery in order to fill our gas tanks these days. ", "The drawing is on Sunday. ", "If we win, I am NOT coming in Monday. ", "AND I will be going post haste to our independent builder and getting our barrier free home and lot set and built. ", "That’s my plan and I’m sticking to it.", "\n\nJust in case we DON’T win the lottery, I have an informational interview with the manager of the communications department in my building. ", "She told me that she doesn’t have the funds to build her team this fiscal year, but that she IS definitely going to be adding to her team next year and would like to meet with me. ", "I told her I am graduating next year with a Communications degree and would like to know what kinds of things she will be looking for so I can plan, learn, grow, and build accordingly. ", "I also have an actual interview on Monday with another department at Big Bank Co. I like to keep my options open.", "\n\nCounseling has been going well this week. ", "I am learning still more about me and how I see/view myself. ", "For instance, I rarely think I will succeed in things I set out to accomplish unless I have already tried and succeeded. ", "Hence mysolid stance on trying anything new and/or different. ", "I am not afraid of success, I just can’t conceive of it. ", "If I try something and mess it up or do it wrong, I almost immediately want to quit or run away as the thought,“What’s the point of even continuing to try. ", "I wreck everything. ", "I can’t do anything right.” ", "No wonder I am unhappy and depressed, huh? ", "No wonder I’ve never really had goals and plans beyond marriage and children. ", "Today I learned that I need to be more communicative with Bob about things. ", "Imagine this…he cannot read my mind! ", "I knew this and yet I have kept many things bottled up inside me because of fear. ", "Why do I fear my husband? ", "He’s never been anything but supportive and loving towards me. ", "It must be part of mybrokenness. ", "Anyway, the thing I most want to talk to him about is starting a plan on the path to adoption. ", "We have always said we want to but we have never put any kind of a plan in motion. ", "I think it’s time to talk about the plan.", "\n\nIt has finally cooled off here. ", "Not that 88 is cool by any stretch of the imagination. ", "However, 88 degrees is not 101. ", "It’s also nice because the dew point and humidity levels are most lower which really ups the comfort level around here. ", "Speaking of the new cooler temps, Bob turned off the air and opened the windows up night before last while I was sleeping but before he went to bed. ", "Around5:30 I heard the kittens playing in the vertical blinds. ", "I got up to fix them so they wouldn’t rattle and saw that the sliding glass door was open…and so was the screen door! ", "They were romping out on the patio all by themselves. ", "Our bedroom balcony is about 20 feet off the ground or more. ", "The kittens are not so good with depth perception at this age so I was alittlefreaked out. ", "I managed to get them inside all safe and sound though. ", "When I mentioned it to Bob last night he said he never goes out there and that I was the last one to come from the balcony. ", "I asked him if he was blaming this on me and he kind of sheepishly hung his head and said in a small little voice,“no”. “", "Good,” I said and mentioned that when he opens the sliding glass door in the dark, all he has to do to check to see if the screen is closed is to try and stick his hand through the doorway. ", "If it goes all the way through, the screen is opened and needs to be shut. ", "Heagreed.", "\n\nI took pictures at a co-worker’s wedding shower yesterday and was just reminded once again how muchI love to do that. ", "Maybe I should look into starting my own“event” photography business. ", "I would need a better camera(an SLR)and maybe some initial money for advertising. ", "How fun would it be to offer my services for family and class reunions, birthday parties,baptisms,field trips, anniversary parties,work team building exercises, trade shows, etc. ", "The premise behind the idea is that people all have their own cameras now but who has time to actually take photos at these events…especially if you are the host/ess. ", "I would be there to catch all the money shots and magical moments freeing these people up to do what they need to do to ensure a successful event. ", "Also, they would actually appear in the photos instead of always being the person behind the camera. ", "Also, it would eliminate one person having to take the same photo 20 times because everyone hand them their camera.", "AllI would have to do is take the photos and then set up a Flickr or Snapfish account for the person paying for my services. ", "Once the bill has been paid,Iwould email them the link to the photos and they just order the prints and share the link from there so others can order their favorite prints too. ", "Easy peasey right? ", "See above regarding my incomprehensible fear of all things new andinconceivability of the success of anything I try. ", "Still…the idea has been planted. ", "I don’t know how I would promote my business, what I would name it (although I have ideas), and how much to charge…by the hour? ", "By the photo? ", "Flat fee based on packages and if so what and how? ", "I need a business partner to take care of all those details while I run around and have fun taking pictures and uploading them online. ", "Also, would it be possible to contact Snapfish, Flickr, or Shutterfly and set up a deal where I get a tiny percentage of the money they make from the prints ordered. ", "After all, I will be throwing new business their way with every event. ", "I wonder how I would check into that? ", "I wonder what I would do when they say no?", "\n\nThank goodness tomorrow is Friday. ", "This week has been the longest of my life. ", "Thankfully the month of August is pretty low key and unbusy for us. ", "September, however is the very definition of crazy busy.", "\n\n2 comments:\n\nNatalie\nsaid...\n\nI am so glad that someone else has the same thoughts on success and confidence as I do ---- I never picture myself being successful but can easily picture myself failing. ", "I don't know why I do that but I do.", "\n\nSuccess can be determined in so many ways! ", "The way \"the world\" expresses it, the way God expresses it and the way we determine it. ", "Does success mean a family, a career, a huge paycheck, lots of really nice possessions~and the list goes on!?!Your business idea sounds like it could be something to work towards. ", "Networking comes to mind! ", "Talking with other people who are in business for themselves. ", "People who do something similar. ", "Picking other's brains can really give a wealth of knowlege. ", "Maybe the library too has info and of course the internet. ", "Best wishes in your quest!Heard that gas has gone up all over! ", "I think it's the sheiks in the middle east and not what the news casters are giving for the reason. (", "Sigh)\n\nAbout Me\n\nWelcome. ", "My name is Amy. ", "I am married to a hunky guy named Bob. ", "We live in Minneapolis with our 3(you read that right) cats and 1 crazy dog. ", "This is my space to rant, write, whine, and work things out in my brain. ", "Your comments are welcome as long as you are not a troll and don't leave assvice. ", "Read on!" ]

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[ "Quote:\n\nMODERATOR NOTE: Bounties are not encouraged on XDA, however some have resulted in needed breakthroughs.", "\n\nA legitimate bounty should be started by someone other than the recipient, preferably an established member of the community. ", "The recipient should be aware of and endorse the bounty and agree to its purpose. ", "A set goal should be announced and totals kept current. ", "No money should be collected up front but pledged to be sent to the recipient's donation link once goal is reached. ", "Please also note bounties should be for significant critical development projects, not to get your favorite developers a new toy....that is what their DONATE link is for.", "\n\nPlease stay within these guidelines.", "\n\nThank you for your understanding and cooperation." ]

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[ "Many Teen Drivers Don't Think They're Inexperienced\n\nTUESDAY, May 6 (HealthDay News) -- America's teen drivers often underestimate their level of driving experience, putting them at risk for accidents and injuries, a new study finds.", "\n\nAnd while many teens recognize that drinking and driving don't mix, many don't recognize other hazards, such as the distraction posed by having friends in the car.", "\n\n\"We listened to teenagers all around the country to try to get a sense of what they believe made a difference to safety in cars and what they were actually exposed to,\" said lead researcher Dr. Kenneth R. Ginsburg, from the Center for Injury Research and Prevention at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. \"", "People don't normally go to teenagers and get their viewpoint,\" he said.", "\n\nOne factor making a difference in whether or not teens will be safe in cars is how they gauge their experience behind the wheel, Ginsburg said. \"", "Teenagers are not recognizing themselves as inexperienced drivers. ", "They are really viewing experience as something that is solved by getting a driver's license,\" he said.", "\n\nBut lack of driving experience continues to play a major role in teen injuries and fatalities among new drivers. ", "In 2004, 4,767 U.S. teens died from injuries caused by car crashes and, in 2005, almost 400,000 teen drivers and passengers sustained injuries severe enough to require treatment in an emergency room, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).", "\n\n\"Kids need to learn to take one step at a time as their skills build, and until their skills build, they need to protect themselves from distractions that can really make people unsafe in cars,\" Ginsburg said.", "\n\nThe report was published in the May issue of Pediatrics.", "\n\nIn the study, Ginsburg's team surveyed 5,665 high school students about their attitudes to 25 risky driving situations, as part of the National Young Driver Survey: Teen Perspective and Experience With Factors That Affect Driving Safety.", "\n\nSixty percent of the young people interviewed said that driving experience was very important, but only 15 percent said they personally hit the roads with inexperienced drivers. \"", "And yet everyone they are driving with is virtually inexperienced,\" Ginsburg noted.", "\n\n\"There is no shame or disgrace in being inexperienced. ", "It's just a fact of life,\" Ginsburg said. \"", "Until you gain that experience, everything is more dangerous,\" he said.", "\n\nDriver distractions mixed with inexperience are dangerous, Ginsburg added, and \"alcohol mixed with inexperience is truly deadly,\" he said.", "\n\nIn addition, only 10 percent of teens recognized that having passengers in the car was potentially hazardous, but nearly two-thirds (64 percent) said they often traveled with other teen passengers. ", "Many more believed that only passengers who \"act wild\" or \"dance or sing\" posed a risk.", "\n\nThe researchers also found differences among subgroups of teens. ", "For example, white teens tended to think speeding was less risky (although it commonly occurred) compared to black or Hispanic youths.", "\n\nHowever, black and Hispanic teens viewed drinking while driving as less risky than white teens did. ", "And more black and Hispanic teens said that their peers sometimes drank while driving, compared with white teens.", "\n\nThere is a solution for inexperienced drivers, Ginsburg said. \"", "That solution is graduated driver's licenses, where exposures to dangerous situations are minimized while teens continue to gain experience,\" he said. \"", "Making sure the kids learned one step at a time, until they gain experience, will save many lives.\"", "\n\nGraduated driver's licenses limit teens from driving during certain times of the day or carrying young passengers. ", "These restrictions can be state-mandated or enforced by parents, Ginsburg said.", "\n\nListening to teens can help in learning how to communicate better with them, Ginsburg added. \"", "When we know how teenagers think and we use their understanding of what is dangerous to help them understand how to be safer, we might get our messages across much more effectively,\" he said.", "\n\nAnother expert agreed.", "\n\n\"Parents of teen drivers often finding themselves saying to them: 'What were you thinking?'\" ", "said Dr. Karen Sheehan, medical director of Injury Prevention and Research at Children's Memorial Hospital and medical director of Injury Free Coalition for Kids in Chicago.", "\n\n\"Thanks to this paper, we are beginning to understand how teens perceive risk of motor vehicle crashes,\" Sheehan said. \"", "By better understanding the teens' perspective, we can develop safe teen driving messages and interventions that resonate with teens,\" she said." ]

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[ "New radio access technologies (RATs), such as Long Term Evolution (LTE), offering faster data rates to support the capabilities of modern wireless communication devices continue to be developed and deployed at a rapid pace. ", "These newer RATs are often co-deployed in areas of overlapping coverage with older legacy RATs. ", "For example, Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks are being developed and deployed in regions of overlapping coverage with second generation (2G) networks, such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) networks, and/or third generation (3G) networks, such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks. ", "However, the coverage area of co-deployed RATs is often not co-extensive. ", "Moreover, some RATs can be deployed in certain regions, but not in other regions.", "\nGiven the multitude of RATs in deployment and the general lack of universal deployment of various RATs, modern wireless communication devices are often configured for operation as multi-mode devices supporting operation on multiple RATs so as to allow continued network connectivity of the device in mobility scenarios in which the device can move between areas of coverage of various RATs. ", "Further, as each RAT can generally use multiple bands, a multi-mode device can be configured for operation on each band that can be used by a supported RAT.", "\nWhen a multi-mode wireless communication device is first powered on and/or is attempting to recover from an out of service (OOS) condition, the device is presently configured to scan every band used by each RAT supported by the device to attempt to detect an available wireless signal regardless of whether a RAT/band is deployed in a region in which the device is operating. ", "Accordingly, the device can waste time and battery power performing a service scan for a band(s) and/or RAT(s) which are not even deployed in the device's region of operation." ]

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[ "A new survey from LendEDU shows that bitcoin enthusiasts will be ‘hodling’ their coins with respondents willing to sell them when they hit over $190,000 each.", "\n\nThe marketplace for student and personal loans conducted a new survey of 564 Americans who have invested in the digital currency. ", "The aim was to determine the current sentiment and future expectations relating to bitcoin investors.", "\n\nThe poll found that the average bitcoin investor doesn’t plan on selling their investment until the coins have reached a value of $193,165, roughly 24 times its current value.", "\n\nInterestingly, 40.78 percent of respondents claimed that the cryptocurrency is a ‘world-changing technology,’ whereas, 21.81 percent see bitcoin as a long-term store of value, like gold or silver. ", "Surprisingly, only 8.16 percent said that they were using the digital currency for transactions and purchases, rather than as an investment.", "\n\nThe survey also determined how long investors were planning on holding their coins for. ", "The report said:\n\nIn our thinking, a short investment time horizon would be a negative for the price of bitcoin. ", "Alternatively, a long investment time horizon would be a positive for the price of bitcoin.", "\n\nOf those asked, only 16.49 percent indicated that they were planning to hold their bitcoin for less then one year. ", "This highlights that a number of investors are only in it for the short-term. ", "Those planning to hold their digital currency for one to three years rose to 39.54 percent. ", "However, on the flip side, only 11.70 percent expect to hold on for over 10 years.", "\n\nJust 32.62 percent of respondents have sold some of their bitcoin since investing; however, the majority, at 67.38 percent, stated that they had not sold any since their first purchase.", "\n\nThis is not the first time that LendEDU have conducted a survey regarding the crypto market. ", "In September, it asked 1,000 American students whether they had heard of the digital currency, with a large majority responding that they had.", "\n\nThe student loan refinancing market also conducted a poll in October, which found that younger Americans – between 18 and 34 – are far more likely to invest in ethereum, bitcoin, and other digital currencies compared to people from older age groups.", "\n\nThis latest survey from LendEDU comes at a time when bitcoin is experiencing a surge in value. ", "Over the weekend, the digital currency rose to $8,100 for the first time, clawing its way back from the previous weekend’s low of $5,500. ", "With renewed confidence in the market, it remains to be seen where it will rise to next.", "\n\nFeatured image from Shutterstock." ]

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[ "RASA1 somatic mutation and variable expressivity in capillary malformation/arteriovenous malformation (CM/AVM) syndrome.", "\nGermline mutations in RASA1 are associated with capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation (CM-AVM) syndrome. ", "CM-AVM syndrome is characterized by multi-focal capillary malformations and arteriovenous malformations. ", "Lymphatic anomalies have been proposed as part of the phenotype. ", "Intrafamilial variability has been reported, suggesting modifiers and somatic events. ", "The objective of the study was to identify somatic RASA1 \"second hits\" from vascular malformations associated with CM-AVM syndrome, and describe phenotypic variability. ", "Participants were examined and phenotyped. ", "Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood on all participants. ", "Whole-exome sequencing was performed on the proband. ", "Using Sanger sequencing, RASA1 exon 8 was PCR-amplified to track the c.1248T>G, p.Tyr416X germline variant through the family. ", "A skin biopsy of a capillary malformation from the proband's mother was also obtained, and next-generation sequencing was performed on DNA from the affected tissue. ", "A familial germline heterozygous novel pathogenic RASA1 variant, c.1248T>G (p.Tyr416X), was identified in the proband and her mother. ", "The proband had capillary malformations, chylothorax, lymphedema, and overgrowth, while her affected mother had only isolated capillary malformations. ", "Sequence analysis of DNA extracted from a skin biopsy of a capillary malformation of the affected mother showed a second RASA1 somatic mutation (c.2245C>T, p.Arg749X). ", "These results and the extreme variable expressivity support the hypothesis that somatic \"second hits\" are required for the development of vascular anomalies associated with CM-AVM syndrome. ", "In addition, the phenotypes of the affected individuals further clarify that lymphatic manifestations are also part of the phenotypic spectrum of RASA1-related disorders. ", "© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc." ]

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[ "STORIES FROM THE WEB\n\nThe 9 Most Memorable In-Game Traditions (Videos)\n\nIn the old days, the only way to experience a special moment at a stadium was to be there. ", "Well, that’s changed quickly. ", "The internet age has enlightened tens of millions as to what goes on in big rivalry games. ", "Is it tantamount to treason? ", "God help us for the Beijing 2028 Olympiad where they have the psychological tactics to brainwash us all. ", "Just kidding. ", "We’ll be fine.", "\n\n9. ", "Wisconsin: “Jump Around” While everyone knows that “Jump Around” is the official song of white people trying to appear less white by listening to a hip hop song sung by white people, for some reason that doesn’t diminish the awesomeness in suburban Wisconsin. ", "They jump, they get down, they came to mess around and whatnot. ", "All in all, the crowd puts their back into it, and what could be farcical becomes seriously awesome, if not intimidating.", "\n\n8. ", "Toronto Maple Leafs: “The Leafs’ Song” You know why sports are awesome? ", "Cause they can take something as truly uncool and unspectacular as this song and make it downright inspiring. ", "Is there a reason for this? ", "Yup. ", "Do I want to talk about it? ", "Nope. ", "Things get cooler when they’re associated with winners. ", "Just look at Dennis Rodman in the mid-90’s. ", "However, unlike others that pander to the lowest common denominator, this song stays true to its original weird message. ", "And that’s cool for some reason. ", "Remember: I’m just giving you traditions; the reasons will cost you extra.", "\n\n7. ", "Lakers: “I Love LA” Not the most noble or venerable of traditions, but that doesn’t make it any less important. ", "Once that asshat Randy Newman starts singing the first few verses, the crowd gets reminded that they are attending “showtime” and the rest will sort itself out. ", "It’s easy to mock the stars-potting when you’re on the outside looking in, but when you’re there and you realize that Jack is in the house, it adds an element of exclusivity that Chicagoans thought was only reserved for his airness. ", "Hate it when you’re not one of ‘em, love it when you are. ", "Isn’t that what these traditions are about?", "\n\nAnd, yeah, this version isn’t traditional, but few things about LA are, so enjoy it or hate it. ", "The way Lakers fans see it, the sun will rise another day, regardless.", "\n\n6. ", "Cubs: “Take Me Out to the Ballgame” Easily the most trite and replicable tradition on this list, but it works. ", "The scrappy Cubs always seem to be the ones raising the dead to appreciate a nice day at the ballpark, regardless of how the team is performing. ", "Historically, that has been a bone of contention with the Cubbies, who seem to have a loyal fan base regardless of whether or not they actually expect wins from their players" ]

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[ "The negative influence of N-mediated TMV resistance on yield in tobacco: linkage drag versus pleiotropy.", "\nResistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is controlled by the single dominant gene N in Nicotiana glutinosa L. This gene has been transferred to cultivated tobacco (N. tabacum L.) by interspecific hybridization and backcrossing, but has historically been associated with reduced yields and/or quality in flue-cured tobacco breeding materials. ", "Past researchers have suggested the role of pleiotropy and/or linkage drag effects in this unfavorable relationship. ", "Introduction of the cloned N gene into a TMV-susceptible tobacco genotype (cultivar 'K326') via plant transformation permitted investigation of the relative importance of these possibilities. ", "On average, yield and cash return ($ ha(-1)) of 14 transgenic NN lines of K326 were significantly higher relative to an isoline of K326 carrying N introduced via interspecific hybridization and backcrossing. ", "The negative effects of tissue culture-induced genetic variation confounded comparisons with the TMV-susceptible cultivar, K326, however. ", "Backcrossing the original transgenic lines to non-tissue cultured K326 removed many of these unfavorable effects, and significantly improved their performance for yield and cash return. ", "Comparisons of the 14 corresponding transgenic NN backcross-derived lines with K326 indicated that linkage drag is the main factor contributing to reduced yields in TMV-resistant flue-cured tobacco germplasm. ", "On average, these transgenic lines outyielded the conventionally-developed TMV-resistant K326 isoline by 427 kg ha(-1) (P < 0.05) and generated $1,365 ha(-1) more (P < 0.05). ", "Although transgenic tobacco cultivars are currently not commercially acceptable, breeding strategies designed to reduce the amount of N. glutinosa chromatin linked to N may increase the likelihood of developing high-yielding TMV-resistant flue-cured tobacco cultivars." ]

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[ "Every 100,000 years or so over the past million years, relatively small changes in the amount of sunlight that reaches the Arctic region in summer have spurred dramatic shifts in the proportion of Earth’s surface that is covered in ice. ", "During the most recent of these massive transformations, up to 30% of the planet’s surface was covered in glaciers, including an ice sheet over Canada and the northern United States that at places reached more than a kilometer and a half thick.", "\n\nNow, researchers have produced a new, more detailed model of this latest glacial cycle, spanning from 150,000 years ago to the present. ", "To reconstruct the volume of ice covering the globe, Lisiecki and Stern analyzed the shells of single-celled ocean floor creatures called foraminifera, which capture two different isotopes of oxygen in their shells. ", "In the environment, the lighter isotope, 16O, evaporates easily from the ocean and falls on land as rain or snow. ", "When the climate cools, it becomes trapped in ice sheets as snow freezes to the ground. ", "Meanwhile, the heavier isotope, 18O, stays in the ocean. ", "As they get buried in layers of ocean sediment over time, foraminifera shells provide a snapshot of the isotope ratio left in the ocean, which can be used to calculate the volume of global ice sheets and changing deep-sea temperatures.", "\n\nThe authors’ prior work averaged this ratio (known as δ18O) from 57 sediment cores from oceans across the globe to reconstruct the evolution of glacial ice sheets over the past 5 million years. ", "Because of the small number of samples and certain assumptions built into this model, however, the margin of error for the timing of events such as sea level rise could be as much as 4000 years.", "\n\nBy including 5 times as many records as in the previous version, the authors have reduced that error rate to approximately 1000 years over the past glacial cycle. ", "First, the team took δ18O data from 263 cores from eight regions in the North and South Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. ", "Then they correlated ice-rafted debris and temperature data from North Atlantic cores with independent data on temperature from an ice core in Greenland and stalagmites from China and the Alps.", "\n\nThe new, more accurate model suggests that sea levels rose more rapidly than previously thought in response to increases in solar energy. ", "This finding could improve future predictions of how quickly glaciers will respond to future solar radiation and other factors that drive climate change, such as the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. (", "Paleoceanography, doi:10.1002/2016PA003002, 2016)\n\n—Emily Underwood, Freelance Writer" ]

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[ "(Title Image: © Copyright Penny Mayes and licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons Licence.)", "\n\nThe Motion\n\nThe Senedd: Believes that there needs to be a substantial increase in the scale of building social housing in Wales.", "\n\n£200,000 “affordable” homes?", "\n\nRepeating something she said in a previous housing debate, Leanne Wood AM (Plaid, Rhondda) said there was a 4,000 unit gap between the current rate of social housing construction and social housing need.", "\n\nThe Welsh Government have a target to create 20,000 affordable homes, but there was a need for a greater distinction between “affordable” and “social” as the definition of the two were increasingly muddied.", "\n\n“….since the 2016 election when the target of 20,000 affordable homes was brought in, the 3,458 homes sold through Help to Buy since will be counted towards that target. ", "Now, this is a particular issue when we consider that 1,390 of those homes – 40% of those homes – were sold for over £200,000. ", "There’s clearly a misuse, therefore, of the term ‘affordable’. ", "How many first-time buyers can really save up and afford to buy a home at £200,000?”", "\n\n– Leanne Wood AM\n\nPlaid Cymru will pledge to build 20,000 social houses and will separate the social housing sector from the private sector. ", "Relying on “joke Section 106 agreements” wouldn’t cut it anymore.", "\n\nMike Hedges AM (Lab, Swansea East) said as recently as 1974, in most constituencies more than half of all housing was social/council housing, while in some areas it was 80-90%. ", "Since 1980, council house building has almost ground to a halt and housing associations have grown from small local organisations to major national companies, but:\n\n“Housing associations aren’t going to meet the gap. ", "When people talk about social housing, too often they’re talking about housing associations. ", "We need councils building houses. ", "We’ve seen the beginning of it in places like Swansea. ", "There has been some small-scale development of council housing, but nowhere near what was happening between 1945 and 1979.”", "\n\n– Mike Hedges AM\n\n“Delivery hasn’t matched demand”\n\nDr Dai Lloyd AM (Plaid, South Wales West) said the raw statistics spoke for themselves; local authorities granted planning permission for 13,335 affordable homes over the last ten years yet just 6,746 have been built. ", "Council were relying on profit-driven private developers to meet demand but will try to wriggle out of affordable housing commitments.", "\n\nShadow Housing Minister, David Melding AM (Con, South Wales Central), said a 40:60 split between social and market housing was a reasonable minimum expectation. ", "He didn’t think allowing councils to build vast estates as they did in the past was a viable option, but housing associations needed to be further empowered, perhaps via pension funds or a co-operative model – which is used internationally.", "\n\nIn addition to calling for loopholes – which allow second home owners to register second homes as a small business, avoiding all tax and getting business rate relief – to be closed, Sian Gwenllian AM (Plaid, Arfon) outlined the human impact of housing pressures:\n\n“….there are 2,000 families on the waiting list in Gwynedd for social housing. ", "My surgeries are full of people living in unacceptable conditions in private rented accommodation that is damp, too small or expensive to heat, leading to fuel poverty, or families come to me and they have to share homes with their parents or other relatives or friends.”", "\n\n– Sian Gwenllian AM\n\nLater on, Helen Mary Jones AM (Plaid, Mid & West Wales) made a point that social housing needed to be good quality housing; poorly constructed social housing from the second half of the 20th century led to a stigma about social renting.", "\n\n“Absolutely committed”\n\nMinister for Local Government & Housing, Julie James (Lab, Swansea West), said the Welsh Government were “absolutely committed” to delivering more social housing through housing association; there was no point quibbling over figures as everyone knows they’re needed. ", "The Welsh Government’s 20,000 target does include a proportion of social homes:\n\n“….homes for social rent make up very much the largest proportion of the 20,000 target, and I’d be very keen to see that target extended….I’m confident we’ll deliver that commitment in partnership with local authorities and registered social landlords, who have made a record investment of £1.7 billion in housing during this Assembly term.”", "\n\n– Minister for Local Government & Housing, Julie James\n\nThe Minister said it was important not to create “ghettos” of social housing divided from everything else, but instead create mixed communities.", "\n\nThe motion was carried unanimously." ]

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[ "Lot 179.1970 Hi C NFL Mini Poster set of 10. ", "These 6 5/8” x 13 ¾” posters draped the cans of Hi C drinks with the football players on the inside of the poster. ", "Included in the group is Gayle Sayers, Sonny Jurgensen and Mel Renfro. ", "Usually found with tears or pieces missing, this is as nice a set as imaginable.", "\nWinning Bid $250\n\nLot 182.1984 O.P.C. Hockey box with 48 unopened packs. ", "Each pack has 15 cards and a contest card. ", "If the contest card was a “winner” it is quite valuable. ", "The set contained rookie cards of Steve Yzerman, Pat LaFontaine and Cam Neely. ", "We would expect a set to be included in the unopened box, we can’t be sure. ", "Also included in the set are Ray Bourque, Doug Gilmore, Wayne Gretzky and Chris Chellios. ", "The lid of the box has been separated but is all there.", "\nWinning Bid $578" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to make two rows to have the same ending and starting point?", "\n\nI want to make cal and email to have same starting and ending point means ending and starting should be aligned for all screens. ", "How to do that?", "\n <span style=\"text-align: center;font-family:Myriad Pro;font-weight:bold\">\n Call :- <span class=\"word\">91</span>&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"word\">number</span><br>\n + <span class=\"word\">91</span><span class=\"word\">number</span><br>\n Email :- care@\n\nA:\n\nPut your content in a table, it will make your content neater.", "\nFor example :\n <table>\n <tr>\n <td>Call</td>\n <td>\n Number One<br>\n Number Two\n </td>\n </tr>\n\n <tr>\n <td>E-mail</td>\n <td>email@email.com</td>\n </tr>\n </table>\n\nYou can see my example here. ", "Or you can check this link for more example W3School Tables\n\n" ]

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[ "Check out our new site Makeup Addiction\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nWe should all get therapists." ]

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[ "\nAsk HN: How do i teach my autistic son to code? - ", "reviseddamage\nHe is 7, and has receptive and expressive disorders in language. ", "On all other matters, he is doing just fine, excels in math and generally picks up new skills rather quickly, other than ones where communicating is a key component. ", "I wanted to know if there are tools, software, apps, games that would help him (or kids like him) learn how to code (any software language) while gamifying. ", "His addiction is beating high scores and achievement unlocking for virtually every game he plays on ipad or PC. ", "Many thanks!", "\n======\ntelebone_man\nI have two siblings who are autistic. ", "One is currently studying Artificial\nIntelligence and the other writes software for media environments (mainly TV).", "\nBoth struggle with communication skills (empathy... they take EVERYTHING\nliterally... they don't know when someone is disinterested...). ", "One is 24 the\nother 31. ", "Both are 'aware' of their Autism.", "\n\nAs both write software as part of their pursuits, I asked them what got them\ninto software.", "\n\nThey referred to one single experience that started them on their paths. ", "Funny\nas they have a large generation gap and went to different schools.", "\n\nThey told me about this robot they had in school. ", "You would program steps\n(move forward 1 step... turn left 90 degrees.. move forward 10 steps.. etc.)", "\nand it would action them. ", "They both became obsessed with it because in their\neyes they were communicating with something and it was responding in a\npredictable and literal way. ", "Both stated they found the predictability of\nsoftware comforting.", "\n\nI asked about software, and they said they would still recommend physical\ntoys. ", "Their reasoning was, even though they struggle with social skills,\nlearning from apps would have further forced them to remain indoors..\nreclusive.. Having a physical toy meant they were forced to interact with\nother people and learn from it.", "\n\nYou have Autistic son, so you'll understand his personality better than me.", "\nBut if he shares the same traits as my siblings, then perhaps getting one of\nthose toys will help.", "\n\nLastly, it warms my heart that you're taking his situation into account. ", "It's\ncontroversial, but Autism can become a disability. ", "But it can also become a\ntrait which benefits someone in a way non-autistic people could ever attain.", "\nApologies if this is patronising, but having an autistic child can be\ndifficult, but it sounds like you're on a better than worse path. :)", "\n\n------\nbrudgers\nWait until your son is interested. ", "Very very very few children are interested\nin programming at age seven. ", "Something that most children enjoy at that age is\nsitting on a parent's lap while the parent shares what they are doing with the\nchild with a focus on sharing rather than on the thing they are doing.", "\n\nMy observation based on limited anecdotal evidence is that an interest in\nvideo games does not correlate to an interest in programming among children\n(or adults). ", "Video games seem like fun to a lot of people and programming only\nseems like fun to a very few people.", "\n\nGood luck.", "\n\n~~~\nreviseddamage\n>Wait until your son is interested.", "\n\nWhat an obvious realization that I hadn't thought about, lol. ", "I guess I could\nwait, but I am thinking of pushing him (lol) to developing interests for\npossible occupations that I know that can be reliably done independently where\nverbal expression of language is not primarily essential, but not manual\nlabor. ", "I can wait too and see if he bites or drop hints to see whether he\ndevelops slow interest.", "\n\n~~~\nbrudgers\nBetween the two of us, you're not the first one to want to push their child\ntoward something at age seven. ", "For me that was about a decade ago. ", "What I know\nnow is that in a decade your child will still be a child and in that\nintervening decade they will have many interests and pretty much all of them\nwill pass. ", "Of the few of them that stick, maybe one or two will be constant\nand the rest that stick will come back occasionally for brief periods and then\ndisappear for a few years.", "\n\nIn terms of occupations, who knows what programming will be like in fifteen\nyears? ", "In 2002, most people would not have expected pair programming and two\npizza teams or Github's social coding to be mainstream methodologies.", "\n\n~~~\nDamonHD\nAs far I am concerned the core skills for programming (and the fascination)\nhave not changed much in 40+ years, when my mum 'ran' my first ever typed-out\nFortran program pretending to be what we'd now call a VM!", "\n\nWriting a Z80 assembler space-invaders game for an MZ-80K then ... and 10\nyears of school and then AI+CS honours and then a MSc in theoretical CS and\nthen 20 years of banking and Y2K type nonsense etc etc ... and now I'm writing\ncode for something of about the same power as that Z80 again, though\ndeveloping with nice compilers and GB of storage on SSDs rather than kB\ncassette tapes so can get rather more useful loc working.", "\n\n------\nramtatatam\nHave you tried cubetto, robot teaching kids programming even before they can\nwrite? [", "https://www.primotoys.com/](https://www.primotoys.com/)\n\nThere's great medical improvement in treating autism, especially in US - my\nsimple understanding of those advancements is that they try to remove cause of\nautism which in many cases seems to be related to brain being damaged by\ntoxins.", "\n\nWish your son lots of health! ", "And fun quality time with you :-)\n\n------\ngoldenkey\nYou can always hire a teacher that uses an interactive notebook language like\nMathematica that is chock loaded with easy to use APIs for graphics sounds\ndictionaries graphs atlas data etc... I actually teach programming from the\nground up using Mathematica -- send the email in my profile a message if\nyou're interested in having your son try a few lessons. ", "Inspiration is really\nkey for young kids and I do provide that. ", "I also have a few autistic/asperger\nspectrum students so thats a plus. ", "Gotta know how to communicate best - I'm\nsure you know as a father that unless you gain their interest, certain\npursuits are a hard sell. ", "Thats why languages that have a lot of ways to do\nthings and are in interactive notebooks, ie. ", "Sage Jupyter Mathematica -- they\nmake it much easier to give a child the vision and desire of things they can\ndo if they learn more.", "\n\n------\nsmt88\nI can't help you, but you shouldn't be frustrated if you fail to find a\nsatisfying answer. ", "There aren't great or universal answers even on broader\nquestions like, \"How do I teach my child to code?\" ", "and even, \"How do I teach a\nperson to code?\"", "\n\n------\nfreehunter\nIf he's really into PC games, does he play Minecraft? ", "I've seen a lot of\narticles and books about teaching kids to program Minecraft add-ons. ", "That will\nlet him customize his own world a little more, and also give him a great\nreason to learn and stick with it.", "\n\n~~~\nreviseddamage\nSure, but he prefers blockcraft for some reason.", "\n\n~~~\ntempfriend\n[https://www.nostarch.com/programwithminecraft](https://www.nostarch.com/programwithminecraft)\n\nMaybe will like this book as a gift ;]\n\n------\njason_slack\nInstead of coding, I am teaching my 15 year old autistic daughter Chinese,\nbecause she wanted this instead. ", "It has been a fascinating year long journey\nthus far.", "\n\nHis addiction sounds like he wants to do better and better each time. ", "Perhaps\nlearning a language and being able to read/write/speak more and more might fit\nwith him.", "\n\n------\nMz\n_His addiction is beating high scores and achievement unlocking for virtually\nevery game he plays on ipad or PC._", "\n\nI suggest you look into 2xe resources. ", "This sounds like my oldest child, until\nwe figured out how to get him adequate accommodation. ", "A child who is both\ngifted and has challenges is often enormously frustrated. ", "They tend to go for\nthe only thing that works to get them some relief from the boredom of a bright\nmind trapped behind barriers and treated like they are dumb.", "\n\nI also will recommend that instead of trying to find him a non-language outlet\nthat you focus on helping him overcome his receptive and expressive disorders\nenough to adequately connect with the world around him. ", "This was the approach\nI took.", "\n\nI addressed individual pieces of the puzzle. ", "I got him to learn to talk\nthrough things. ", "I taught grammar, vocabulary, typing, and all the different\npieces of how to write separately. ", "We homeschooled for a long time and the\nfirst five years, he was incredibly resistant to writing anything. ", "I did as\nmuch as possible without requiring him to actually write (other than working\nsome on his handwriting). ", "Then he discovered FanFiction.net and wrote several\nthousand words the first few days.", "\n\nIt is important for the child to be interested. ", "That is the motive. ", "But a 2xe\nchild also needs help overcoming a lot of different barriers.", "\n\nI have sympathy for what you want to do here and why, but I think you have a\nlot different things backwards.", "\n\nMy son has a tremendous interest in video games. ", "He blogs about it and he has\ntaken up modding games, but it has taken a long time to get here. ", "I know a\nlittle html and css and I was able to explain coding to him in a way that made\nsense to him. ", "He already knew a little html because of some forum he\nparticipated in. ", "When they changed what was available, he kept using the font\ncolors and other effects he liked because he had memorized the code. ", "He didn't\nyet understand that was \"coding.\"", "\n\nI don't remember the discussion he and I had about all that, but I do remember\nit was a big deal to him.", "\n\nThere are lots of things that can help kids like this. ", "You haven't really\ngiven the kind of information that would allow me to tell you specific things\nyou could try. ", "But, generally, you want to try to help him overcome his\nweaknesses enough such that they don't prevent him from doing what he wants,\nhelp him finds ways to get around things he just can't do (because they often\naren't actually pertinent anyway) and support his interests.", "\n\nI found it really helpful to do personality profiles and learn about learning\nstyles. ", "Instead of treating my son as a handicapped child who couldn't do\n\"normal\" things, I treated him as an interesting, quirky kid who needed a\ncustom fit approach. ", "I think this generally works better and gets better\nresults. ", "I also think it is a more accurate concept for people who are\ndifferent.", "\n\nIf you haven't heard of Temple Grandin, I suggest you google her and start\nreading books and articles by/about her. ", "She is autistic and also very\naccomplished. ", "Another good resource is the book \"Children with Emerald Eyes.\"", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Meta menu\n\nTop menu\n\nLeft menu\n\nInternational\n\nBERLIN-CHEMIE is responsible within the global Menarini Group for activities in more than 30 countries of central and eastern Europe, as well as central Asia. ", "BERLIN-CHEMIE is represented with subsidiaries or representative offices in most of these countries." ]

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[ "\n422 Pa. 258 (1966)\nSpringman Estate.", "\nSupreme Court of Pennsylvania.", "\nArgued May 2, 1966.", "\nJune 24, 1966.", "\n*259 Before BELL, C.J., MUSMANNO, COHEN, EAGEN, O'BRIEN and ROBERTS, JJ.", "\nPaul Maloney, with him Paul C. Wagner, and Pepper, Hamilton and Scheetz, for appellant.", "\nCharles J. Biddle, with him Morgan R. Jones, Cuthbert H. Latta, and Drinker, Biddle & Reath, for appellee.", "\nOPINION BY MR. ", "CHIEF JUSTICE BELL, June 24, 1966:\nChristina K. Springman died testate March 19, 1945. ", "In Paragraphs Seventeenth to Twentieth of her *260 will, dated July 31, 1939, she provided in detail for the disposition of the principal of and the income from her residuary estate. ", "Appellant Scott Reckefus,[*] who is an income beneficiary thereunder, appeals from a final Decree of the Orphans' Court which confirmed an adjudication which appellant contends misinterpreted his share of income.", "\nIn the first 16 paragraphs of her will, testatrix made some specific and pecuniary gifts to relatives and friends. ", "In the Seventeenth paragraph, she gave all her residuary estate to her trustees upon certain trusts, including permission to her sisters and brothers to occupy premises 1233 South 52nd Street rent-free during their lifetime, and upon the death of the survivor to convey said property unto Scott in fee simple. ", "She then gave a specific monthly annuity to her sisters and brothers with direction to pay the balance of the net income quarterly to her husband for his life.", "\nIn the Eighteenth paragraph of her will she provided that upon the death of any of her brothers or her sister Gladys before the death of her husband, the income theretofore paid to him or her should be paid to her husband for his life, and if her sister Irma predeceased her husband, the income theretofore paid to her should be paid to her son Scott not for his life, but only until the death of her husband.", "\nThere then follow these very important paragraphs:\n\"NINETEENTH: At and immediately upon the death of my said husband,[**] I order and direct my Trustees. . . ", "to pay the net income from my entire residuary estate, in even and equal parts, unto such of my four brothers and sisters who may be living at that time, in quarter-yearly installments, for and during the term of their natural lives. ", "PROVIDED, however, that if my sister, Irma Reckefus, shall have predeceased my husband, *261 or if she shall have survived him, then upon her death, I desire that her son, Scott Reckefus, shall receive the share of income [not which Irma was then receiving, but] which she would have received had she been living at the time of his [her husband's] death — which said share shall be paid to the said Scott Reckefus for and during the term of his natural life, without augmentation, after the death of his mother, by virtue of the death of any of his said uncles or aunt, as hereinafter provided.", "\n\"At and immediately upon the death of my said brothers, Robert Klee and Herbert Klee, and my sister, Gladys Woelpper (and of my sister, Irma Reckefus, should her son Scott predecease her) the income theretofore paid to the one so dying shall be added, in equal shares, to that then received by my said brothers and sisters.", "\n\"TWENTIETH: At and immediately upon the death of the survivor of my husband, my brothers, Robert Klee and Herbert Klee, and my sisters, Gladys Woelpper and Irma Reckefus, if my nephew, Scott Reckefus, shall then be living, I order and direct my Trustees, and the survivor of them, to set aside for the use and benefit of the said Scott Reckefus assets sufficient to produce an income approximately equal to that which he shall then be receiving, and to pay the income from such assets (or any properly substituted therefor) unto the said Scott Reckefus for and during the term of his natural life.", "\n\"Upon the death of the said Scott Reckefus, my Trustees, and the survivor of them, shall transfer and assign the principal or corpus of said fund [the assets sets aside for Scott] unto THE PENNSYLVANIA INSTITUTION FOR THE INSTRUCTION OF THE BLIND, now located at Overbrook, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and its successors, absolutely.", "\n*262 \"Of the balance of the corpus of my residuary estate (upon the death of the survivor of my husband, brothers and sisters) I give and bequeath as follows:\n\n\n (a) Lankenau Hospital $ 5,000\n (b) The Children's Seashore House $ 3,000\n (c) Betty Bacharach Home for\n Crippled Children $ 3,000\n (d) Northern Home for Friendless\n Children $ 2,000\n (e) Woman's Club of Philadelphia $ 1,000\n (f) Wiley Mission $ 1,000\n (g) University of Pennsylvania $25,000\n\n(h) And all the rest, residue and remainder of my residuary estate, I give, devise and bequeath unto THE PENNSYLVANIA INSTITUTION FOR THE INSTRUCTION OF THE BLIND, now located at Overbrook, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and its successors, absolutely.\"", "\nTestatrix's husband predeceased her — an event apparently not contemplated by testatrix; her two brothers and two sisters as well as her nephew Scott Reckefus, the appellant, survived her. ", "Her sister Gladys died January 15, 1952, her brother Herbert died June 20, 1954, and her brother Robert died November 4, 1960. ", "Neither Gladys nor Herbert nor Robert ever had any issue. ", "Testatrix's other sister, Irma Reckefus, who was the mother of appellant, died May 31, 1964.", "\nThe Orphans' Court, sur the audit of the account of testatrix's trustees (which showed a balance of personalty of $318,765.84 and of real estate carried at $3,750) made the following awards: (1) To appellant — the real estate which had been specifically devised to him; (2) To the testamentary trustees — (a) One-quarter of the principal of her residuary estate in further trust to pay the income therefrom to appellant for his life, and upon his death to transfer \"the principal or the corpus of said fund\" to Overbrook School for the *263 Blind, formerly known as the Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind; and (b) to pay out of the balance of the corpus of her residuary estate (not after the death of Scott but) \"upon the death of the survivor of my husband, brothers and sisters,\" the above mentioned pecuniary legacies which were specifically bequeathed to each of the seven named charities enumerated in Paragraph Twentieth of the will; and (c) \"all the rest residue and remainder of my residuary estate\" to the Overbrook School for the Blind.", "\nAppellant contends that these awards were erroneous and that — except for the $40,000 in pecuniary legacies which were bequeathed to the seven named charities on the death of the survivor of testatrix's husband and brothers and sisters — the entire balance of the residuary estate and not merely a quarter thereof, should have been awarded to the testamentary trustees in trust to pay all the income therefrom to him.", "\nThe law governing the interpretation of wills is well and clearly settled. ", "In Wachstetter Will, 420 Pa. 219, 216 A. 2d 66, the Court said (pages 222-223): \"The law is aptly stated in Hoover Estate, 417 Pa. 263, 207 A. 2d 840, where the Court said (page 266): `In Houston Estate, 414 Pa. 579, 201 A. 2d 592, the Court, quoting from prior decisions, said (pages 586-587): \". . . ", "`\"It is now hornbook law (1) that the testator's intent is the polestar and must prevail; and (2) that his intent must be gathered from a consideration of (a) all the language contained in the four corners of his will and (b) his scheme of distribution and (c) the circumstances surrounding him at the time he made his will and (d) the existing facts; and (3) that technical rules or canons of construction should be resorted to only if the language of the will is ambiguous or conflicting, or the testator's intent is for any reason uncertain: Dinkey Estate, 403 Pa. 179, 168 A. 2d 337; *264 Pruner Estate, 400 Pa. 629, 162 A. 2d 626; Wanamaker Estate, 399 Pa. 274, 159 A. 2d 201; Hope Estate, 398 Pa. 470, 159 A. 2d 197.\"'", "\n\"`\". . ", ".`\"it is not what the Court thinks he might or would or should have said in the existing circumstances, or even what the Court thinks he meant to say, but what is the meaning of his words. ", "Kelsey Estate, 393 Pa. 513, 143 A. 2d 42; Britt Estate, 369 Pa. 450, 87 A. 2d 243; Sowers Estate, 383 Pa. 566, 119 A. 2d 60; Cannistra Estate, 384 Pa. 605, 121 A. 2d 157\"; Saunders Estate, 393 Pa. 527, 143 A. 2d 367. ", "See to the same effect Althouse Estate, 404 Pa. 412, 172 A. 2d 146 . . .'; ", "Woodward Estate, 407 Pa. 638, 640, 182 A. 2d 732.\"'\"", "\nIn spite of the fact that the will is not as expertly drawn or always as clearly expressed as it should have been, we believe that with respect to the questions here involved, the intent, the meaning and the general scheme of testatrix's will are clear, namely, after the death of his mother Irma, Scott was to receive for his life an income approximately equal to the income which his mother was entitled to receive at the death of testatrix's husband[*] (i.e. one-quarter) without any subsequent augmentation.", "\nIn the particularly important Nineteenth Paragraph of her will, testatrix gave the net income from her entire residuary estate in equal parts unto such of her four brothers and sisters as were living at the death of *265 her husband, for their respective lives. ", "Furthermore, testatrix desired and intended and said that upon the death of Robert and Herbert and Gladys \"the income theretofore paid to the one so dying shall be added in equal shares to that then received by my said brothers and sisters\". ", "In other words, the share of income payable to each of her brothers and sisters was to be augmented by adding thereto the share of income which the dying one had been receiving. ", "How different is this provision from the provision which testatrix made for Scott, who was to be paid upon the death of his mother Irma the share of income, not which Irma was then receiving, but which she would have received had she been living at the time of the death of testatrix's husband and without any augmentation by virtue of the death of either of his uncles or aunt. ", "In this sentence testatrix clearly said, not once but twice, what share of income she wished Scott to receive if his mother Irma survived testatrix's husband and if Scott survived his mother.", "\nThis intent, meaning and scheme of the testatrix to give Scott — not the augmented income which his mother Irma was receiving at her death, but — only the share of income Irma was entitled to receive if she survived testatrix's husband, is further evidenced in and by the Twentieth Paragraph of testatrix's will.", "\nIn that paragraph testatrix provided that after the death of the survivor of her husband and her brothers and sisters, if her nephew Scott should then be living, the trustees should \"set aside assets sufficient to pay Scott for his life [not all the income from the residuary trust estate but] an income approximately equal to that which he shall then be receiving,\"[*] i.e., the share *266 of income given to his mother Irma at the death of testatrix's husband, without any augmentation.", "\nTestatrix's intent to give Scott only approximately[*] one-quarter of the income from her residuary estate is further evidenced by her direction to her trustees, upon Scott's death, to transfer to the Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, not the principal of her entire residuary trust estate but \"the principal or corpus of said fund.\" ", "Our interpretation and construction is further fortified by the very next sentence of her will.", "\n\"Of the balance of the corpus of my residuary estate (upon the death of the survivor of my husband, brothers and sisters) I give\" specific pecuniary legacies to seven named charities.", "\n\"And all the rest, residue and remainder of my residuary estate I give, devise and bequeath unto the Pennsylvania Institution . . . ", "for the Blind . . . ", "absolutely.\"", "\nIn the light of these bequests \"of the balance of the corpus of my residuary estate\", upon the death, not of Scott, but of the survivor of her husband and brothers and sisters, followed by gifts of pecuniary legacies totaling $40,000 \"And all the rest residue and remainder of my residuary estate\", it is impossible to construe the *267 trust which she set up for Scott for his life, as a trust of the entire principal of her residuary estate, as appellant contends. ", "Appellant's interpretation would give (1) the entire residuary estate after Scott's death to the Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, and (2) after the death of the survivor of testatrix's husband, brothers and sisters give (a) $40,000 of the same residuary estate to the seven named charities and (b) the balance to the Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind — thus making these two provisions directly and flatly conflicting and irreconcilable.", "\nMoreover, if testatrix was so concerned for the welfare of her nephew Scott, as appellant contends, isn't it strange that she left him from her residuary estate only income for life, and made no gift or provision for his wife or his children after his death?", "\nDecree affirmed, each party to pay own costs.", "\nMr. Justice JONES took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.", "\nNOTES\n[*] Hereinafter referred to as Scott.", "\n[**] Italics throughout, ours.", "\n[*] We believe that one of appellant's contentions is that whenever the testatrix provided \"upon the death of my husband\" she must have meant and intended the will to read \"upon my death\", because of the fact that testatrix's husband predeceased her. ", "Since Irma and her sister and brothers survived both the testatrix and her husband, we fail to see what difference this would make. ", "However, assuming arguendo that this would make a legal difference in this case, Metzgar Estate, 395 Pa. 322, 148 A. 2d 895, is factually specifically in point and directly rules this point adversely to any such contention.", "\n[*] Interpreted literally and out of context Scott was not receiving at that time any income, but all the parties and all the Judges of the Orphans' Court wisely and correctly agreed that considering the will in its entirety, testatrix meant and intended Scott to receive an income for life of (at least) approximately one-quarter of the income from the residuary estate.", "\n[*] The dissenting Judges in the Orphans' Court found great difficulty with the words \"approximately equal\". ", "Analysis will demonstrate that this language was an accurate expression of testatrix's intent. ", "Where a legatee is given one-fourth of the income from an entire residuary estate, the ascertainment thereof is a matter of simple arithmetic. ", "However, it is much more difficult to express an intent to set aside shares of common stocks (the assets in this estate) which will produce the exact amount of income which a legatee would have received if he had been given one-fourth of the income from the residuary estate. ", "This intent was accurately expressed by the words \"approximately equal\", since the income from common stocks often varies from year to year.", "\n" ]

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[ "City Officials Hold Community Forum To Discuss Witness Intimidation Problems\n\nBaltimore City State's Attorney Marilyn Mosby attended a community forum on Wednesday that focused on witness intimidation problems in Baltimore City.", "\n\nWBAL-TV 11 reports that Mosby said victim and witness intimidation is a major problem, and that's why she wanted to talk about the issue at a Court in the Community forum.", "\n\n\"We've been able to increase the grant funding for the Victim/Witness Division, double the size of that unit. ", "We got $4.1 million to be able to relocate individuals, to provide court assistance, to provide transportation costs,\" Mosby said.", "\n\n\"The biggest and most important stakeholder in all of this is the community. ", "People have to be able to come forward,\" Mosby said.", "\n\nRead more here." ]

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